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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31895-h.zip b/31895-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..56e1847 --- /dev/null +++ b/31895-h.zip diff --git a/31895-h/31895-h.htm b/31895-h/31895-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b78428 --- /dev/null +++ b/31895-h/31895-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8157 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of In and Out of Rebel Prisons, by Lieut. A. Cooper. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} + + .blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .poem {margin-left:15%; margin-right:15%;} + + .right {text-align: right;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold; text-align: center;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none} + + .spacer {padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;} + + ins.correction {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin solid gray;} + + .hang {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's In and Out of Rebel Prisons, by Lieut. A. [Alonzo] Cooper + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: In and Out of Rebel Prisons + +Author: Lieut. A. [Alonzo] Cooper + +Release Date: April 5, 2010 [EBook #31895] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IN AND OUT OF REBEL PRISONS *** + + + + +Produced by Suzanne Shell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs01.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> +<h1>IN AND OUT<br />OF<br />REBEL PRISONS,</h1> +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h3>BY</h3> +<h2>LIEUT. A. COOPER,</h2> +<h4>12th N. Y. CAVALRY.</h4> +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h3>ILLUSTRATED.</h3> +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h5>OSWEGO, N. Y.:<br />R. J. OLIPHANT, JOB PRINTER, BOOKBINDER AND STATIONER.<br />1888.</h5> +<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> +<h5>Copyrighted 1888,<br />BY A. COOPER.<br />All Rights Reserved.</h5> +<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> + +<p class="center"> +To CAPTAIN ROBERT B. HOCK,<br /> +THE GALLANT AND LOYAL COMRADE IN THE FIELD,<br /> +THE FAITHFUL AND CONSTANT FRIEND DURING THE DARK<br /> +DAYS OF MY PRISON LIFE,<br /> +<br /> +The Daring Companion of my Escape<br /> +<br /> +AND THREE HUNDRED MILE TRAMP THROUGH THE CONFEDERACY,<br /> +WHO, WHEN I BECAME TOO FEEBLE TO GO FARTHER, SO<br /> +GENEROUSLY TOOK OUT HIS PURSE AND GAVE ME THE LARGEST HALF OF ITS CONTENTS,<br /> +THIS BOOK IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED<br /> +BY THE AUTHOR.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn01.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> +<h2>AUTHOR’S PREFACE.</h2> + +<p>Many books have been written upon prison life in the South, but should +every survivor of Andersonville, Macon, Savannah, Charleston, Florence, +Salisbury, Danville, Libby and Belle Island write their personal +experiences in those rebel slaughter houses, it would still require the +testimony of the sixty-five thousand whose bones are covered with Southern +soil to complete the tale.</p> + +<p>Being an officer, I suffered but little in comparison with what was +endured by the rank and file, our numbers being less, our quarters were +more endurable and our facilities for cleanliness much greater. Besides, +we were more apt to have money and valuables, which would, in some degree, +provide for our most urgent needs.</p> + +<p>In giving my own personal experiences, I shall endeavor to write of the +prison pens in which were confined only officers, just as I found +them—“Nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice.”</p> + +<p>Being blessed with the happy faculty of looking upon the bright side of +life, and possessing a hopeful disposition, unaccustomed to give way to +despondency, I also write upon the bright side of my subject. The reader +who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> expects to find in this book a volume of sickening details of the +horrors of starvation and suffering endured by those whose misfortune it +was to be confined in Andersonville, under that inhuman monster Wirz—the +mention of whose name causes a shudder—will be disappointed. Having kept +a complete diary of events during my ten months’ imprisonment, I am able +to give a reliable account of what came under my personal observation. I +have often heard it said, even here in the North, that our men who were +prisoners, were cared for as well as the limited means of the Confederacy +would admit; but the falsity of this is seen when you remember that +Andersonville is situated in a densely wooded country, and that much of +the suffering endured was for the want of fuel with which to cook their +scanty rations, and for the want of shelter, which they would have +cheerfully constructed had the opportunity been afforded them. The +evidence all goes to show that instead of trying to save the lives or +alleviate the sufferings of those whom the fortunes of war had thrown into +their hands, they practiced a systematic course of starvation and cruelty, +that in this nineteenth century, seems scarcely believable. In this +scheme, the arch traitor, Jeff. Davis, was most heartily assisted by the +infamous Winder and his cowardly assistants, Wirz, Dick Turner, Tabb and +others, whose timid hearts unfitted them for service in the field, but +just qualified them for acts of atrocity and cruelty, such as were +inflicted upon the loyal sons of the North who were in their power. Prison +life,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> at best, to one who has been educated beneath the flag of freedom, +is a trial hard to be endured; but when accompanied with indignities, +insults and tortures, such as were inflicted upon the occupants of those +prison hells of the South, it becomes simply unbearable.</p> + +<p class="right">A. COOPER.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn02.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs02.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Description of Plymouth, N. C.</span></p> + +<p>Plymouth, in 1863-4, was a small town, situate on the Roanoke river, about +six miles from where the waters of that stream enters the Albermarle +Sound.</p> + +<p>The river at Plymouth is nearly a quarter of a mile wide, and with a +sufficient depth of water to float the largest draught gunboats. The shore +next the town was supplied with a wharf for landing steamers that navigate +the river; but the gunboats, of which there were quite a number stationed +there, were usually anchored in the middle of the stream. The town was +enclosed with earthworks, with the exception of about two hundred yards on +the left next the river which was rather low and marshy, and covered with +quite a thick growth of alders and other bushes. On the extreme right, on +the bank of the river, was Battery Worth; a small earthwork, just large +enough to work a two hundred pound Parrot gun, with which it was supplied, +and accommodate twenty or thirty men to handle and support it. This was +surrounded with a deep ditch; but on the side next the town it was +protected only with a low breastwork with a wooden slat door, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> a +person could jump across the ditch and step over into the redoubt.</p> + +<p>Extending south from this small earthwork ran a line of breastworks to the +south-west corner of the town, when it turned at right angles, making a +continuous line of works nearly two miles in length, completely +surrounding the place, with the exception of the short space next the +river on our extreme left, as before stated.</p> + +<p>In the south center stood Fort Williams, a strong work; and some distance +from the line of works on the right center was Fort Wessels, a small +redoubt.</p> + +<p>On the left of Fort Williams on the works facing east, were Comphor and +Coneby redoubts, one each side of what was called the Columbia road. On +each side of Fort Williams, which faced south, were sally ports, on what +was called the Washington road and the middle road.</p> + +<p>In our front, to the south, was an open field for a thousand or twelve +hundred yards, the farther part of which was partially covered with the +brush and stumps of the newly cleared field, and beyond this was woods. +About a mile up the river, on what was called War Neck, as a protection to +our extreme right, was Fort Gray, a work of considerable strength, +garrisoned by the 96th New York.</p> + +<p>Such is a brief description of Plymouth as it appeared in April, 1864.</p> + +<p>Brig. Gen. W. H. Wessels was in command of the post, and Lieut. Commander +Flusser was in command<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> of the fleet of gun-boats, which consisted of the +Miama, a large wooden double-ender, the Southfield, an old New York +ferryboat under command of Capt. French, the Whitehead, Capt. Barrett, the +Bombshell, and a small supply boat called the Dolly, with one or two other +boats whose names I do not now remember.</p> + +<p>These were all wooden boats, but were supplied with a good armament of +heavy metal, and their commander, W. H. Flusser, was as gallant an officer +as ever trod the quarter deck, and thoroughly determined to sink the rebel +ram Albemarle, which had been built near Richmond, and was daily expected +to come down the river, and attempt the destruction of our fleet, or sink +every boat under his command. Being very intimately acquainted with Lieut. +Commander Flusser, and knowing his plans, having been instrumental with +the detachment of cavalry stationed there, in getting much valuable +information in regard to the progress of the building and intentions of +this ram, I can speak by card of his preparations for its destruction, +when it should make its appearance.</p> + +<p>Gen. Wessel’s brigade consisted of two companies of the 12th N. Y. +Cavalry, A and F, 85 men; two companies, H and G, of the 2d Massachusetts +H. A., garrisoning the fort and redoubts; the 16th Connecticut, the 101st +and 103d Pennsylvania, the 85th New York Infantry, and the 24th New York +Independent Battery, Capt. Cady. There was also a company of North +Carolina<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> colored troops, Capt. Eastmond, and two companies of loyal North +Carolinians, making in all about two thousand troops.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn03.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">the battle of plymouth—the cavalry pickets driven in—hoke appears +in our front with eight thousand men—a magnificent artillery +duel—four days hard fighting—sinking of the southfield and defeat +of the fleet by the ram albemarle.</span></p></div> + +<p>On Sunday morning, April 17th, 1864, the consolidated morning report +showed eighteen hundred and fifty men for duty. The day was warm and +bright, and the men were scattered about the town with no thought of +approaching danger. The cavalry had scouted the day before, a distance of +twelve or fifteen miles, and found no signs of the enemy, but about 4 p. +m., the cavalry pickets on the Washington road were driven in, and the +Corporal, named Geo. Wilcox, came tearing through the company quarters of +the 85th New York down to cavalry headquarters, with the nose bag still on +his horse, which he had not had time to exchange for his bridle, swinging +his hat and shouting: “The Rebs are coming! the Rebs are coming!”</p> + +<p>By the absence of Capt. Roach, of Company A, and the sickness of Capt. +Hock, of Company F, I was in command of the detachment of cavalry, and at +once ordered a bugler who happened to be standing near, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> sound <span class="smcap">boots +and saddles</span>; sent Lieutenant Russel, who was mounted, having just rode up, +to headquarters, to notify General Wessels that our pickets had been +driven in and ask for orders for the cavalry. He returned just as I had +formed the two companies into line with orders to make a reconnoissance on +the Washington road, and, without getting into a fight, ascertain, as near +as I could, the strength of the enemy in our front.</p> + +<p>I ascertained by a careful reconnoissance that Maj. Gen. Hoke was in front +with about eight thousand troops. In this reconnoissance I lost one man, +“Amos Fancher,” killed, and one, “Lieut. Russell,” severely wounded. Hoke +formed his line and threw out his skirmishers, but made no further +demonstrations that night, a few shells from Fort Williams having the +effect of checking any further movement.</p> + +<p>At 11 o’clock that night, Gen. Wessels sent the steamer Massasoit, +carrying the women and other non-combatants, and the wounded, to Newbern. +Among the women were Mrs. George H. Hastings, Mrs. Dr. Frick, Mrs. Capt. +Hock, Mrs. Bell, Mrs. and Miss Freeman and Mrs. A. Cooper (who had been +with me from the 7th of February), and others. Preparations were made for +a stout resistance by Gen. Wessels, who was a gallant officer. He +established a strong skirmish line nearly two miles in length along our +entire front and had everything in readiness to repel any attack that +might be made; but the night passed without any further demonstration.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>Early on the morning of the 18th there was slight skirmishing commenced +along our entire front, and a bombardment was commenced upon Fort Gray, +which was our extreme right and about one and one-half miles up the river.</p> + +<p>In this bombardment the gunboat Bombshell, which had been sent to the +assistance of the fort, was so crippled that she sank immediately upon +reaching the wharf.</p> + +<p>The attack on Fort Gray was repulsed, and our skirmish line in front +maintained its position all day. At 5:30 p. m. I received orders to take +the two companies of cavalry, dismounted, up to the breastworks near Fort +Williams.</p> + +<p>Fortunately I was mounted at the time, and rode up to the front, where, +sitting on my horse, I had a splendid view of the battle that ensued.</p> + +<p>We had just arrived at the breastworks when the skirmishing became brisk, +our boys pushing the enemy’s skirmishers back some distance, when +suddenly, as if by magic, a line of battle over a mile in length seemed to +spring up out of the ground and charged our skirmish line, driving them +back towards the works. As they fell back, firing as they retired, Fort +Williams opened with her entire armament, which, in a moment, was joined +in by Comphor and Coneby redoubts, Fort Wessels, Cady’s Independent +Battery and the entire fleet of gunboats in the river.</p> + +<p>Hoke opened on the town with forty-two pieces of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> artillery; Wessels +replied with just about the same number of pieces, but of heavier calibre. +From 6 until 8.30 p. m. was kept up a most terrific cannonade, which +presented a spectacle awfully grand and magnificent. The gunboats, which +were supplied with an armament of very heavy guns, sending immense shell +shrieking and bursting over our heads as they were hurled into the lines +of the enemy, the forts on our right and left keeping up an incessant +roar, a stream of fire belching from the hot throats of Hoke’s forty-two +pieces in our front, the comet-like trail of fire from his shells as they +hurried on their mission of death towards us, the rattle of grape and +cannister as they were hurled against the wooden buildings in our rear, or +the woodwork of the forts and earthworks along the line, the loud bray of +an immense number of mules, with which Hoke’s artillery was supplied, the +groans and shrieks of the wounded, combined to give me such a picture of +“grim visaged war” as I had never before beheld.</p> + +<p>Several assaults were made on our works, which were repulsed with heavy +loss to the enemy. The heaviest fighting occurred on our right centre, +where were stationed the 85th New York; but to quote from the gallant +Phil. Kearny—“There was illegant fighting all along the line.” A fearful +assault was made on Fort Wessels, which was isolated from the line of +works, and was a quarter of a mile distant on our right. This small fort +or redoubt was defended by Lieut. H. Lee Clark,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> with part of a company of +the 2d Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. It was protected by a deep ditch, +twelve feet wide, with an abattis of pine limbs outside, with a draw +bridge, which, when raised, formed a door to the entrance. It mounted four +or five guns and was well supplied with hand grenades from one-half to two +pounds. A number of determined assaults were made upon this work, and in +one about sixty of the enemy got inside the abattis and surrounded the +ditches; but Lieut. Clark used the hand grenades so effectually, the boys +tossing them over with such precision, and at the same time keeping up +such a succession of explosions at the sallyport, that they all +surrendered, laid down their arms and were taken inside. Thus Lieut. Clark +had twice the number of prisoners he had men under his command.</p> + +<p>The small garrison of this fort were finally overcome by vastly superior +numbers, but not until the enemy had lost in killed over triple the number +of its brave defenders. The capture of this small redoubt was all they had +gained in two day’s persistent fighting, and then only after a fearful +loss in killed and wounded. At 8.30 in the evening Hoke withdrew, having +been defeated at every point with the exception of the capture of this +small redoubt. Our loss was insignificant, as we were behind good works. +During the engagement I was struck on the leg by a bullet out of a +spherical case shot, but as my pants and drawers were inside of a heavy +cavalry boot leg, and owing to the fact that the force of the ball was +nearly spent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> it only made a black and blue spot on the side of my leg. +We lay at the breastworks all night, but no further demonstrations were +made in our front that night. Before daylight the next morning, however, +we were aroused by a shot from the two hundred pound Parrot gun in Battery +Worth, and soon the gunboats opened their batteries and a terrific +canonading on the river apprised us of the fact that the long expected ram +Albemarle had come down and encountered our fleet. Within twenty minutes +all was again still, and we anxiously awaited the dawn to learn what had +been the result. When the dawn finally came we were both mortified and +surprised to find that there was no fleet in sight and that the powerful +iron-clad ram Albemarle had full possession of the river, cutting off both +our retreat and re-inforcements.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn04.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">a description of the battle between the albemarle and our gun +boats—death of captain flusser—captain french cuts loose from the +sinking southfield and runs away.</span></p></div> + +<p>With the reader’s permission I will stop here to narrate the struggle +between our gun boats and this ram, as it was detailed to me while a +prisoner, by one of the crew of the Southfield, which, if correct, shows +how the death of one brave officer and the cowardice and incompetency of +another, served to make prisoners of two thousand brave men, and by the +fall of Plymouth supply the Confederacy with an immense amount of +artillery, ammunition and supplies of all kinds, of which they stood +greatly in need.</p> + +<p>Lieut. Commander Flusser, as I have said, was one of the most gallant and +efficient Commanders in the U. S. naval service, and was fully resolved to +either sink that ram or sink every gunboat under his command. As I have +before stated, the Miama was a large double-ender, and she was also a very +high boat, being a double-decker as well. This was Flusser’s flagship, and +she and the Southfield, which as I said, was an old New York ferry boat, +with wales reaching ten or twelve feet over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> the water, were fastened +together fore and aft with heavy cables, and lay out in the channel with +steam up and lights out, intending to let the ram drop in between them and +then push her ashore, or sink her. It was three a. m., when the ram passed +battery Worth, where a two hundred pound Parrot gun, all shotted and +waiting her appearance, was located. But when the ram passed battery +Worth, she was so low in the water and came down so still, and the night +was so very dark, that the lookout at battery Worth failed to see her +until she had passed the work, although the gunboat Whitehead, Capt. +Barret, dropped down just ahead of her, having been stationed up the river +on picket, and notified Lieutenant Hoppins, who was in command of battery +Worth, of the approach of the ram. Only one shot was fired at her, and +this after she had passed the redoubt, but as she had got by, the aim of +the gun was inaccurate, so she passed on uninjured.</p> + +<p>She ran between the Miama and Southfield, striking the latter with her +horn on the forward quarter, just at the water line. The bow of the ram +had passed under the forward cable and her horn was, of course, under the +wide spreading wales of the Southfield. This boat was now rapidly sinking, +while both she and the Miama were all the time sending solid shot in quick +succession against her iron-clad deck and sides. The ram was trying to +disengage her horn from the fast settling Southfield, which was drawing +her down with her as she settled,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> making it every minute more difficult +for her to extricate herself. The water was pouring into the forward ports +of the iron monster, when unfortunately Capt. Flusser was struck in the +breast by a piece of a shell, that had by some mistake been placed in one +of his guns, and exploded as it struck the ram at short range, killing him +instantly.</p> + +<p>As soon as Capt. French, who was in command of the Southfield, learned of +his death, he jumped aboard the Miama, calling his crew to follow him, but +they bravely staid by their ship. He then ordered the cables cut loose and +steamed away down into the Sound, thus leaving the ram in a position to +extricate herself from the Southfield, as she could not do while held down +by the cable. If French had, instead of cutting the cables, just put on +steam, he could have run the ram on the shore stern foremost, as Flusser +had intended to do, and for which purpose he had the boats lashed +together. Extricating herself from the Southfield, from whose guns she was +continually receiving solid shot, she opened her batteries upon her and +soon sent her to the bottom, picking up and making prisoners of the crew. +These were very bitter in their denunciation of Capt. French, whose +cowardice alone, they said, saved the ram from being run ashore and +captured, as it would have been had Flusser lived.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">our retreat cut off—a perilous reconnoissance by the +cavalry—cavalry sent to capture a boat’s crew—fleeing north +carolinians—walking back into prison rather than to skulk a +fight—firing the two hundred pounder at the ram—squelching a rebel +sharp-shooter—a furious attack and fearful slaughter—a prisoner of war.</span></p></div> + +<p>Being now in possession of the river, the Albemarle took her station about +a mile below the town, just opposite our left, which, as I have said, was +unprotected by works. This was the only weak point in our defence, and +while our own fleet was in the river, they could effectually protect this; +but now that they were replaced by the Albemarle, Hoke would have no +trouble in getting through and gaining our rear. The greatest obstacle now +to be overcome by the enemy, was the passage of a deep, wide creek and +swamp, half a mile from the river, which was commanded by Comphor and +Coneby redoubts.</p> + +<p>At daylight of this, the 19th, we also discovered that the enemy had +gained possession of Fort Wessels, the small works mentioned as being over +a quarter of a mile on our right, and on a line with Fort Williams.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> This, +taken with the fact that our retreat was cut off, made us feel a good deal +as though we were prisoners.</p> + +<p>At 6 a. m. Capt. Hodges, brigade-quartermaster on Gen. Wessel’s staff, +came to me and said the General had assigned me to a very delicate and +dangerous duty, which was to take thirty picked men of my command, and +pass between Hoke’s right and the ram, and proceed to Stewart’s Hill, +which was on the river about one and a half miles below the ram, where he +thought a boat’s crew from the ram would land and attempt to communicate +with Hoke. My duty was to capture this boat’s crew, if possible. For a +fourth of a mile we were compelled to ride in water up to our stirrups, +and within eight hundred yards of the ram, which was in full sight. Any +one who has ever seen a troop of cavalry ford a stream, knows what a roar +they make in the water, a noise that can be heard for nearly a mile. We +could not expect to reach this place without attracting the attention of +those on board the ram, and as we could not go faster than a walk, we +would make a fine target for their shell, and we were in momentary +expectation of having them exploding about our heads.</p> + +<p>For some reason that I never could explain, we were allowed to reach our +destination without being disturbed. Stewart’s Hill, as it was called, was +only a little pine knoll, containing about three acres, and is not over +five feet higher than the river. After placing my men where they would not +be seen, and cautioning a number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> of North Carolinians who had congregated +there for safety, to keep out of sight, I took my station on the bank to +watch for the boat.</p> + +<p>I soon saw a boat crew put off the ram and start down the river, but they +kept the north shore, which was a quarter of a mile away, and passed on +down below me. Having thus failed to accomplish my mission, and knowing +that marching back to Plymouth was equivalent to going into prison, I will +say candidly that the temptation was great to patch up an old leaky boat I +found there, or build a raft, and try to reach our gun boats in the Sound, +only a little over five miles distant. But if I did, I would most likely +be accused of sneaking out of a fight; for although I had no orders to +return, I knew I was expected to do so, and we therefore mounted and +retraced our steps back to Plymouth.</p> + +<p>I found on my return, that Capt. Hodges had taken some men and attempted +to get down the creek, but the boat was capsized and the Captain being +unable to swim, was drowned. When I reported to General Wessels, he +ordered me to take my men into battery Worth, which I did, spending the +balance of the day and night in piling up bags of sand to strengthen our +little redoubt; firing an occasional shot with our two hundred pound +Parrot at the ram, which we struck many times during the day, but we could +see by the aid of our field glasses, the immense projectiles glance off +her heavily armored sides, like peas thrown against the round surface of a +stove pipe. The projectiles were of such immense size that we could +easily watch their course from the time they were twenty rods from the +gun, without the aid of our glasses, and could trace their course the +whole distance.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs03.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">THE CAVALRY SENT TO CAPTURE A BOAT’S CREW.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>While we were busy as beavers, packing up sand bags, I noticed two or +three times the zip of a minie ball past my ears, and watching the window +of an old house about five hundred yards to our right, I discovered the +cause. Taking a carbine from one of our men, I raised the sight for that +distance, and placed it between two sand bags, and when a form appeared at +the window again, took a good aim, and had the satisfaction of seeing the +form suddenly disappear, and I think he received a detail for some other +duty, for he did not return again to annoy us.</p> + +<p>We worked during the whole night, expecting an attack on the right that +night or the next morning, as the enemy were busy all day, throwing up an +earthwork from Fort Wessels, which they had taken the night previous, +running it parallel with our right towards the river. Instead of this, a +furious attack was made early the next morning on our left, Hoke having, +during the night thrown a pontoon across the deep, wide creek, in spite of +Cady’s light battery which was stationed there. Furious assaults were made +on Comphor and Coneby redoubts, which were supported by the 16th +Connecticut, and after two or three unsuccessful assaults, these works +were carried, and the 16th Connecticut fell back towards Fort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> Williams, +stubbornly contesting every foot of the ground; once or twice charging the +advancing enemy, and driving them back, but overpowered by greatly +superior numbers, they were driven under the protection of the fort, where +rifle pits were hastily thrown up.</p> + +<p>At the same time another column charged up along the river to Battery +Worth, where I was stationed with thirty men of the 12th New York Cavalry, +the ditches being filled with loyal North Carolinians. The ditches were so +deep, however, that they were of no use, for the heads of the troops were +at least three feet below the surface of the ground.</p> + +<p>Cady fell back with his light battery as the enemy advanced, losing two +pieces within two hundred yards of there doubt. These pieces were +immediately turned upon our redoubt, which, as I have said, was +unprotected on that side, this battery having been built solely for the +use of the two hundred pound Parrot placed there for the destruction of +the ram. These guns were trained on the slat door, and on the opposite +side was the door of the magazine, which was well supplied with hand +grenades, shell, and a large supply of powder. Should a shell come through +the door and explode inside this magazine, it would blow us all into +eternity.</p> + +<p>The boys were using their carbines with terrible effect upon those serving +the pieces; and although there were but thirty or forty of us, so rapid +and accurate were the discharges, that for some time the enemy were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>prevented from using them upon us; but the heavy column of Confederates +that had poured in on our left and gained the rear of our entire works, +were closing in upon us along the river bank, which served them +excellently as a protection; while they were within a few feet of the +unprotected portion of our redoubt, so near were they, that after a +council of the officers, a white flag was raised on a bayonet as a token +of surrender, and it had scarcely appeared above the low earthwork, which +was only about breast high, when half a dozen rebs stood upon it peering +down curiously at us, whom they were surprised to find so few in number, +having supposed from the rapidity and effectiveness of our firing, that +there were at least a hundred of us.</p> + +<p>When I found that a surrender was inevitable, I seized my pistol by the +muzzle (a weapon that had been presented me before leaving home) and threw +it far out into the river, rather than have it fall into the hands of the +enemy. At the same time the Sergeant in charge of the big gun spiked it, +by driving in a rat-tail file with a hammer and breaking it off close to +the piece. We were at once asked to lay down our arms, and were marched +under guard down to the left, receiving, as we went, a furious discharge +of grape from Fort Williams, under the supposition that we were +Confederates, Hoke’s main column following along the line of works, taking +them in detail until Fort Williams alone remained to Gen. Wessels; and +this was completely surrounded, and hemmed in on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> all sides, while the +sharpshooters of the enemy were stationed in the houses, where they could +effectually prevent the men from serving the guns. Bravely did Wessels +defend his stronghold, repelling all assaults until nearly noon, when he +met Hoke under a flag of truce, to agree upon terms of the surrender, +Wessels asking that he be allowed to march out with his colors, the +officers retaining their side arms. This Hoke refused to grant, though +complimenting Gen. Wessels on the gallant manner in which he had defended +his works. He said that any further show of resistance would only result +in an unnecessary sacrifice of life, and if Wessels still persisted in +holding the works, and he was obliged to carry them by assault, he (Hoke) +would not be responsible for what followed. This Gen. Wessels construed as +a threat of a repetition of the Fort Pillow massacre, and saying, “You may +go back and open fire,” haughtily turned on his heel and returned to the +fort. The men were well protected by heavy bomb-proofs, and only those who +were serving the guns were exposed to the fire of the rebel sharpshooters, +who occupied every available place on all sides, and were making fearful +havoc among them.</p> + +<p>Twice was the flag staff shot away and replaced, and so effectual was the +fire of these sharpshooters, that it was almost certain death for any one +to approach a gun; when, after his nephew and aide-de-camp, Lieut. Foot, +had received a very severe wound while trying to rally the men to the +guns, the gallant old General re<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>luctantly hauled down his flag, and +Plymouth was once more in the hands of the enemy.</p> + +<p>Hoke had won a victory after four days of hard fighting, but at what a +fearful price. With eight thousand and veteran troops, and the assistance +of the huge iron-clad ram Albemarle, he had made prisoners of nearly two +thousand Union troops, after a loss of nearly or quite two thousand men in +killed and wounded. In fact the Petersburg papers of the 27th acknowledged +a loss of seventeen hundred in this battle.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn01.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">marched off over the battlefield a prisoner—among the enemies dead +and wounded—evidences of our deadly work—the rebs go a gunning for +“niggers”—the johnnies appropriating my wardrobe—massacre of the +colored troops—they are drawn up in line and shot down like dogs by +order of general hoke—caring for our wounded and burying our dead.</span></p></div> + +<p>This attack commenced at half-past four, and at half-past six a. m. of +April 20th, I was a prisoner. As we marched past Comphor redoubt to the +Johnson farm, a mile to the south, we had an opportunity to witness the +terrible slaughter the victory had cost the enemy.</p> + +<p>Dead bodies of men and animals were strewn in every direction. Broken +caissons and disabled cannon in front of these two redoubts showed plainly +what a terrific struggle had been gone through with in their front.</p> + +<p>The piteous cries for help of the suffering, the groans of the wounded +that had not yet been removed (the ambulance corps not having yet been +able to reach them) the roar of artillery and the rattle of musketry where +the battle was still going on, the riding back and forth of mounted +orderlies hurrying up re-inforcements, all served to make up a picture +that I am unable to adequately describe.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>The Johnsons, who were wealthy planters, had taken the oath of allegiance +and claimed to be Union men, and were somewhat embarrassed at having us, +with whom they had been on such friendly terms, brought to their farm as +prisoners. They seemed to feel a sympathy for us, and one of them said to +me, privately, that they were really in sympathy with the Union cause, but +were obliged to be very careful of their conduct toward us while the +Confederate troops were there, for their property, and even their lives, +were at stake. I now believe they were honest. I do not wish to confound +these Johnsons with one of the same name, who lived on the Washington +road, near our vidette post. He pretended to be loyal, but we did not take +any stock in him, and found after our capture that he was an open and +exultant Secesh. While at the Johnson farm we could hear the crack, crack, +crack of muskets, down in the swamp where the negroes had fled to escape +capture, and were being hunted like squirrels or rabbits, I can think of +no better comparison, and the Johnnies themselves laughingly said (when +questioned about where they had been after their return), “They’d been out +gunning for niggers.”</p> + +<p>After the surrender of Fort Williams we were marched back into Plymouth, +where I received permission, on the pretext of getting some linen bandages +for a wounded Confederate, to go into my quarters. I found half a dozen +Johnnies in there hauling over my wardrobe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> and appropriating what they +took a fancy to. I picked up my blanket, a cavalry jacket, a pair of new +shoes and a satchel containing my papers, and tried hard to get a fellow +to give up my dressing gown that I had received as a Christmas present a +few months before, but he was so well suited with the bright colors and +fit of the garment, that he could not be persuaded to give it up. Taking +what I could carry, I went and delivered the linen bandages and fell into +line with the rest, when we were all marched out on the Washington road, +where we were joined by those who had been taken at Fort Gray and Fort +Wessels. All the inhabitants of the town, with the exception of those who +were known to be Secesh, were sent out to join us, men, women and +children, white and black.</p> + +<p>The negro soldiers who had surrendered, were drawn up in line at the +breastwork, and shot down as they stood.</p> + +<p>This I plainly saw from where we were held under guard, not over five +hundred yards distance. There were but few who saw this piece of atrocity, +but my attention was attracted to it and I watched the whole brutal +transaction. When the company of rebs fired, every negro dropped at once, +as one man.</p> + +<p>General Hoke had the reputation of being a brave soldier, and with the +exception of this cowardly murder, so far as I had the chance to observe +him, seemed to be a gentleman. We were certainly treated by himself and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +those under him, with marked courtesy. Our gallant defence of Plymouth +seemed to inspire them with a respect for us, and they accorded to us +every privilege consistent with our position. For instance, we were drawn +up in line—I mean the officers—and were told that they did not wish to +subject us to the indignity of being searched for arms, but would ask us +to give our word as gentlemen, to surrender everything that was contraband +of war, and upon our so pledging ourselves, we were allowed to pass over +what arms we had without further question. I was also allowed to send two +of my sergeants who were wounded, Gleason Wellington and Sergt. Fisher, to +the hospital. As I was near the spot where I lost a man in the +commencement of the battle, I was allowed to take a squad to find his body +and bring it into the camp and bury it, which I did, Chaplain Dixon, of +the 16th Connecticut, holding the service. This was Private Amos Fancher, +the first man killed in the battle.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn03.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">on the march—an eighteen mile march—treated to a drink of our own +commissary at the end of the first days march—uniform good treatment +by our captors—an attempt to escape frustrated—march to +williamstown—the band at foster’s mills treats us to “dixie”—kind +hearted mrs. piffin gives us all the provisions she had cooked for +dinner—hopes some one will do as much for her son (who is in the +confederate army)—a ride in filthy cattle cars through charleston, +savannah and macon—arrival at andersonville.</span></p></div> + +<p>The next day, April 21, we left camp at 12 m., having been issued rations +of some of the hard tack and coffee they had captured, and guarded by the +35th North Carolina, Colonel Jones, were marched about eighteen miles. We +were well treated by officers and men, and so far as my own observation +went, no insults or indignities were suffered by any. I marched all day at +the head of the column, which I preferred to do, as it is much easier to +march at the head than the rear, in dusty roads. As a specimen of Colonel +Jones’ treatment to me, I will state that at the end of the first days +march, when we were halted to go into camp, he rode up to me and handing +me a pint flask filled with captured commissary, told me to take a drink +and pass it down the line as far as it would go, which I don’t think was +very far if all took as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> big a drink as I did. Being a cavalry officer and +unused to marching, I was very tired with the long tramp and the last few +days of hard service, and imagined I could see a look of envy on the faces +of some of those farther down the line, as I held my breath on that +bottle.</p> + +<p>As we were making camp, Capt. Hock and myself went into the woods, on the +opposite side of the road, ostensibly to gather some dry limbs with which +to cook our coffee, but really in the hope of getting outside of the guard +and sneaking off. We walked along, picking up sticks, and had as we +supposed, got beyond the line, and were just discussing our chances, when +we were ordered back into camp by one of the Johnnies who was still +outside of us, so we took our wood and went into camp, cooked our coffee, +rolled ourselves up in our blankets and slept as only tired soldiers can +sleep.</p> + +<p>Among those whom I had learned to rely upon as truly loyal and counted as +my friends, were Captain Wynn, who lived near our vidette picket post, and +a lawyer named Jones, who frequently visited me in my quarters. I also had +a guide named Wynn, a relative of the captain, who had been with me on a +good many expeditions, and another named Modlin, who had done me much +service in giving information from outside our lines, and who had finally +moved his family inside the lines for better protection. These two guides +I furnished with our cavalry uniform and passed them as part of our +detachment.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>On our third day’s march +however, they were spotted as “Buffalos” by some +of their North Carolina friends and concluded that the only way to save +their necks was to escape, which they both did and reached our lines at Newburn.</p> + +<p>The next day, April 22, we broke camp at 6 a. m., and marched to +Williamstown, passing through Foster’s Mills, which was surrounded with +entrenchments and garrisoned with some North Carolina troops that we had +often encountered in our frequent reconnoissances, their band treating us +to “Dixie” as we passed. The next day we reached Hamilton, N. C., where we +remained until ten o’clock Sunday morning. Col. Jones, who had thus far +been in command, and who had treated us with marked kindness, often +dismounting to give some weary Yankee a ride on his horse, here took his +leave and turned us over to Lt. Col. Crowley, of the Holcomb Legion, who +started us for Tarboro. It gives me great pleasure here to relate another +instance of hospitality which I enjoyed, for up to this time we had +received more acts of kindness than of rudeness.</p> + +<p>We were out of rations and stopped for a few moment’s rest in front of the +plantation of Mrs. Piffin, and I received permission to go to the house +and buy some provisions. This lady had just boiled a ham and baked some +biscuit for the dinner, and upon learning of our not having had anything +to eat that day, freely gave us all she had. I offered to remunerate her, +but she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> would not take any pay, saying she had a son in the Confederate +army and she was only doing by me, as she hoped some one would do by him +should they see him in like circumstances. I sought out this lady after my +return to Tarboro in 1865, and had the pleasure of a visit with that son, +who was then home suffering from a wound, when I had the satisfaction of, +in a measure, repaying her for her kindness to the Yankee stranger.</p> + +<p>When we reached Tarboro we were a hungry and tired crowd. We camped on the +east bank of Tar river opposite the town, where I prevailed upon the +Sergeant to send a guard with me into the town to buy some provisions. I +went to the hotel and bought nine sandwiches for ten dollars. The hotel +was crowded with people from the surrounding country, who had come to town +to see the Yankee prisoners, and I seemed an object of a good deal of +curiosity dressed in the full uniform of a cavalry officer.</p> + +<p>All were talking about the great victory that Hoke had gained in the +capture of Plymouth. He had taken Plymouth and made prisoners of the +garrison, but at what a fearful loss. A few more such victories would ruin +the Confederacy! We remained at Tarboro until ten o’clock the next day, +26th, when we were crowded into cattle cars of the most filthy +description, forty of us being placed in each car, besides two guards at +each of the side doors. These cars had been used for the transportation of +beef cattle and had not been cleansed in the least since thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> used. It +was, therefore, like lying in a cow stable. We now began to realize what +short rations, or no rations, meant. I bought a pie when we arrived at +Goldsboro, for which I paid five dollars. At this rate a millionaire could +not long remain outside the poor house. At 5 a. m. on the 27th, we arrived +at Wilmington, where we disembarked and crossed the river on the ferry. +Rations of soft bread and spoiled bacon were here distributed, and we were +again put on board the cars, which were even more filthy than those we had +just left. We arrived at Florence at midnight, where we were allowed to +disembark and remain until the morning of the 28th. Here our guard was +again changed and the 19th Georgia took charge of us.</p> + +<p>We passed through Charleston in the night, and reached Savannah at 3 p. m. +the 29th. While we stopped at Savannah, a large crowd congregated to see +the live Yankees. They all seemed pleased to see us, and some of our great +political aspirants would feel proud of such an ovation as we received +here, ladies waving their handkerchiefs and the men cheering us lustily, +hurrahing and swinging their hats. One lady actually threw a kiss at me on +the sly, and I believe she was in favor of the union—no pun. The next +morning, April 30th, we passed through Macon, making a stop of two hours, +then we started again, and at 4 o’clock we arrived at Andersonville.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">andersonville—separated from the enlisted men—an interview with the +inhuman monster “wirz”—placed in a church—divine service sunday +morning—sent back to macon—drawing rations—a blind-folded man +divides them—ladies visit our camp and show their sympathy—union +girls forever—bouquets and notes sent us—a drunken riot—reckless +shooting of the guards—prices of provisions in macon.</span></p></div> + +<p>Andersonville, one year before, had never been heard of a hundred miles +away, but is now a place whose name is associated with all that is +revolting, a place whose name is synonymous with suffering, hunger, +starvation, despair and death. A place the recollection of which recalls, +with a chill of horror, the most terrible scenes of anguish that were ever +suffered or beheld. A place whose history can never be fully written. For +were all the survivors of that Confederate Hell, presided over by that +incarnate fiend, Wirz, capable of portraying the horrors they had endured +there, it would still remain for the fifteen thousands, whose emaciated +forms passed through its gates to their final rest, to write up the +history of the torments through which <span class="smcap">they</span> passed during so many days of +agony and wretchedness, of suffering, despair and death, before the +history would be complete and the “finis” affixed. Thank God I was not +doomed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> to be a resident of this charnal house, where out of eighty-five +of my brave comrades who belonged to our detachment of cavalry, and who +were destined to suffer its blood-curdling horrors, only eighteen ever +lived to relate the tales of fiendish cruelty to which they were obliged +to submit.</p> + +<p>On the plateau in front of the pen the officers and enlisted men were +separated, as no officers were held in Andersonville, except a few who +commanded colored troops, whose rank would not be recognized by such +<span class="smcap">gentlemen</span> (?) as Wirz and his aids. Though I had heard much of the +hardships of Andersonville, I then had no idea what the real horrors were, +and after being separated I called Sergeant Cunningham towards me, was +talking to him about caring for them, and endeavoring to maintain +discipline as far as he could, when a Dutchman, mounted on a white horse, +rode up with a cocked revolver in his hand and ordered him, with a +terrible oath, to “Git back dere in de ranks, and if you come oud again I +blow your tam head off.”</p> + +<p>Having up to this time been treated with the respect supposed to be due an +officer, I must say that I was not quite prepared for such a bombastic +display of authority. The ludicrous gestures and evident bravado of the +man (for I believed then, and do now, that he was a craven coward) only +caused me to laugh as I told him that the place for men who were fond of +shooting was at the front; that I called my Sergeant out of the ranks and +was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> alone to blame for his leaving his place in the line. Knowing +Sergeant Cosgrove (or Cunningham, as his right name was, he having, as he +told me on leaving the service, enlisted under an assumed name), and +having been with him in places that tried what kind of stuff men were made +of, I could understand the look of contempt with which he quietly took his +place again in the line.</p> + +<p>After the enlisted men had been sent to the pen, the officers were +conducted to a small church, or rather chapel, on the opposite side of the +road, where we remained over night. We were not very closely guarded, and +if there had been a probability of getting through I could have got away, +for I went some distance alone to a house and bought some milk, and had a +supper of hard tack and milk. The next morning I again went out and bought +some beefsteak and milk for breakfast. This being Sunday, Chaplain Dixon +held divine service in the little church, preaching from the text, “I have +been young and now am old, yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken nor +his seed begging bread.” The service was held immediately after breakfast, +and at ten o’clock we were on board the cars, again headed for Macon, +where we arrived at 4 p. m. We were placed in Camp Oglethorp, a fair +ground, and were furnished with shelter tents, no stockade having then +been built there, and were furnished with rations of salt pork and corn +bread. Here for the first time our rations were furnished in bulk, and we +divided them ourselves. It was here that I first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> witnessed the amusing +spectacle of a blindfolded man dividing rations.</p> + +<p>The manner was this: The bacon would be cut into as many pieces as there +were men in the mess, and as nearly equal as possible, then a man was +blindfolded, and as the officer of the mess touched a piece of meat he +would say, “Who shall have this?” and the blindfolded man would name one +of the mess, and so on until all were served.</p> + +<p>I was now out of money, but I had brought along an extra pair of shoes and +quite a supply of extra clothing, so I sold my shoes to Captain Freeman +for ten dollars Confederate money and two dollars in greenbacks, which was +about as much more. I bought with this money six radishes for one dollar, +a pound of rye coffee for three dollars, and a pound of sugar for ten +dollars, so that all I had for my shoes was these three articles, which +could be had to-day for ten cents, and six dollars of Confederate money +which amounted to about one dollar in greenbacks.</p> + +<p>Many ladies visited our camp, some coming out of mere curiosity and to see +what the Yankee officers looked like, for in Macon, at this time, Yankee +soldiers were not as common as they were when the war closed. The march +through Georgia had then not been made and “Sherman’s bummers” were not +yet known.</p> + +<p>Some seemed to openly sympathize with us, and brought us books and +bouquets of beautiful flowers. One young lady—Maggie Langley—handed me a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>bouquet, in the centre of which I found concealed a note giving her +address, and saying that if I should make my escape, to come to their +house and they would conceal me until I could get away. Lieut. Fish, of +the 2d <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'Massachussetts'">Massachusetts</ins> Heavy Artillery, received a book from a couple of +ladies named Richardson bearing a similar note on one of the fly leaves. +Thus early we found that although we were held as prisoners by a hostile +enemy, we were still in the midst of sympathizing friends.</p> + +<p>Having so recently come from Plymouth, where we had been in garrison, we +were dressed in our best uniforms, and being all officers, we, of course, +presented a very creditable appearance. The Misses Richardson spoken of, +said they were natives of New York State, and were heartily in sympathy +with the North.</p> + +<p>There was a stream that ran through the camp grounds, in which it was my +daily habit to bathe. In fact, during all my prison life, I never +neglected an opportunity to take a bath whenever I could get a chance to +do so. To this I attribute, more than anything else, the good health I +enjoyed during nearly all the time spent in Southern prisons.</p> + +<p>I do not mean to say by this, that bathing would have saved the lives of +all, or any great proportion of those who died in prison, but I do say +that when the facilities of cleanliness were afforded us, there was a +notable decrease in the mortality.</p> + +<p>Hence the difference in the mortality of the officers’<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> prisons and those +of the enlisted men, where bathing was impossible. Had our men in +Andersonville been placed in good, roomy, clean quarters, through which +flowed a good stream of pure running water, thousands who now sleep in +that densely populated city of the Union dead, would now be here to relate +the sufferings and privations they endured. It was not altogether the +insufficiency of food that killed off those true-hearted patriots, but the +need of wholesome quarters, and the facilities for cleanliness as well. +There is nothing so invigorating to the system as a daily bath in pure, +cold water, and on the other hand there is nothing more debilitating, or +conducive to disease and death, than crowded and filthy quarters, without +the necessary sanitary conveniences to permit the enjoyment of this +invigorating luxury.</p> + +<p>On the 7th a fire broke out, and nearly all of the guards who were on duty +at the time, went to town; when they returned they were drunk, and for a +time it looked as though we would have to turn out and assist in their +arrest. Guns and pistols were used, and the bullets came whizzing over our +heads in the most reckless manner. This, of course, was very interesting +for us, who were obliged to lie in our tents, surrounded with armed men, +and take all the chances of a fight without being able to participate in +it. The melee finally ended by four of the guards who were crazy drunk, +being bucked and gagged to keep them quiet.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>On the third day of May, twenty-nine officers were brought into camp, who +had been taken at Chattanooga. This gave us some news from our western +army, and for a day seemed to divert our minds. I see by a diary kept by +me in prison, that on that day I paid ten dollars for a coffee pot, and +three dollars for a cup, and on the 5th of May I bought one quart of +strawberries for three dollars, and four dozen eggs for ten dollars. This +was for our mess, which consisted of Captain R. B. Hock, 12th New York +Cavalry, Captain Cady, 24th New York Independent Battery, and myself. I +make this statement for fear some one who had kept track of my receipts +and expenses, would think I was buying too much with the money received +from the sale of that pair of shoes, and I will say here, although it may +seem paradoxical, that although I had when I arrived at Macon, only one +dollar in Greenbacks and a ten dollar North Carolina bill, still I spent +while in prison, over ten thousand dollars in Confederate money, and got +it all honestly too. And I wish to say here, that I had enough to eat +nearly all the time I was a prisoner. We were always pleased to welcome +new arrivals, for then we could get news from our armies that we could +rely upon, and were cheered to hear by every <i>fresh fish</i> that came, that +our bully boy Grant was pushing Lee back on to Richmond, and that +Petersburgh was beseiged. New arrivals were almost daily coming in, and we +always crowded about them to hear the latest news from the front. It was +noticeable that every one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> gave us something that was cheerful. Never +while I was a prisoner did I hear any doubt expressed as to the ultimate +result, either by those Union prisoners or the new arrivals. Naturally of +a hopeful and cheerful disposition, and always looking upon the bright +side of every question, I (to use a slang phrase) soon “tumbled to the +situation,” and tried to accommodate myself to the circumstances that +surrounded me.</p> + +<p>I found that in prison, as at home, there were some who were fitted for +one thing and some for another. The same adaptability for different +pursuits were found there as are found in our home every day life. There +were mechanics, tradesmen, artists and laborers. Some could take beef +bones and out of them fashion all manner of beautiful trinkets, such as +napkin rings, bibles, crochet needles, etc., others could make pencil +sketches of the different scenes that were daily witnessed, portraits of +prisoners, sketches of the different portions of the stockade and +quarters. Others were better adapted to buying and selling, and still +others could repair or make shoes. I remember seeing one pair of shoes +made that I must describe. The sole was shaped out of a piece of pine +board or plank, and the uppers were made out of an old pair of boot legs; +a groove was made entirely around the sole, and the leather pegged on, so +that the sole came out about half an inch each side, making a really +artistic pair of shoes, and durable too, fastened together with wooden +pegs whittled out by hand. I had a pair of slippers made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> out of the cape +of my overcoat that were not only comfortable, but serviceable as well, +and not at all bad looking. In this prison every trade was represented and +nearly all were plied to some extent, sometimes for the purpose of gaining +a living and sometimes to keep the mind occupied, and to make their +quarters more comfortable.</p> + +<p>As for myself, having up to the time of entering the service been a +salesman, I found this to be my most profitable vocation. I sold on +commission; I see by referring to a diary kept by me during my +imprisonment, that on the 11th of May I sold a pair of gauntlets for one +officer for twenty dollars and another pair for twenty-five dollars; also +a hat for Lieutenant Hastings, 24th New York Independent Battery, for +twenty dollars. By thus selling for others who could not sell such +articles, or buying of them and selling to the Johnnies, I could make +enough, with an occasional sale of some of my own surplus stock, to buy +enough provisions to add to my drawn rations to make myself quite +comfortable most of the time. I was always fond of a good meal, and I fear +when I give a list of what I bought and the price I paid, the reader will +think I had rather extravagant notions in this respect. For instance, one +day I paid fifteen dollars for a beef shank and fifty-six dollars for a +smoked ham, five dollars for a dozen eggs, and three seventy-five for a +cabbage, and was offered peas in the pod at one dollar a quart, but I +thought this would be rather too rich for my blood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> and postponed the +purchase, hoping for a decline in the market. Now do not think that I ate +all of this myself. There were three of us in the mess, and I did the +buying and cooking for the party. The above purchase was only one of many, +but will serve to show how much it cost us to live. When it is considered +that five dollars in Confederate money was only equal to one dollar in +greenbacks, and that a dollar greenback was only about forty cents in +gold, it will be conceded that the price paid after all was not so very +high, especially when it is remembered the scarcity of provisions at that +time, May, 1864; for instance, the ham, for which I paid fifty-six dollars +was only four dollars and fifty cents.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn02.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">moving into the stockade—skirmishing—mr. cashmeyer’s sutler +wagon—captain irsh bucked and gagged by order of tabb—captain tabb +relieved—how we passed the time—the meetings—gambling +houses—social and singing circles.</span></p></div> + +<p>On the 17th of May the stockade was completed and we were moved inside, +where we were joined by eight hundred other officers, who had been +confined in Richmond, among whom were Brigadier Generals Wessels and +Scammon. Twenty-one others, who had been confined in jail in the city of +Macon, were also added to our number. Most of the Richmond prisoners had +been there a long time and were out of money and nearly destitute of +clothing. We had up to this time been comparatively free from vermin, +having thus far been in an open field with only a guard around us and with +some facilities for cleanliness. But contact with these old “salt cod,” as +they were called (we being designated as fresh fish), soon brought us to +the daily skirmish line, and we thereafter found plenty to do to keep the +graybacks in any kind of subjection. At first it was with a good deal of +embarrassment and attempted concealment that this necessary duty was +performed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>I shall never forget my first efforts in this new duty. All day I had been +annoyed by something tickling my leg at a certain spot, and had tried all +sorts of ways to rid myself of the annoyance, but though for a moment +relieved, it would every time return to pester me. I more than half +suspected the cause, but did not dare to let my companions see that there +was anything the matter, lest they should drive me out of the tent and +refuse to associate with me. I finally managed to be left alone in the +tent, and quickly taking off my pants and drawers proceeded to investigate +the affair. I was nervous and excited, fearing while I was prosecuting the +investigation one or both of them might return and discover what I was +doing. I felt like a culprit and blushed like a school girl at the sound +of approaching footsteps. A sense of guiltiness took possession of me, and +I felt as though I was committing some terrible crime. I know I should +have fled most ignominiously had either of them come back, while I was +thus employed, for such a thing had not been thought of as possible to us, +and it would forever disgrace me to be the one who should bring such a +filthy plague into our hitherto tidy and carefully-kept tent. It did not +take long to solve the mystery, and to say that I was thoroughly disgusted +and overcome to find my worst fears realized, in discovering two good, +fat, healthy-looking graybacks under the seams of my drawers, would but +faintly express the sensations I experienced.</p> + +<p> </p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs04.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">SKIRMISHING AT MACON, GA.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>After assuring myself that there were no more I hastily resumed my +apparel, and tried to look as though nothing had occurred when my comrades +again returned. But that guilty feeling would not forsake me, and I was +really ashamed to look them in the face, and though I tried hard to appear +natural, I thought they looked at me suspiciously.</p> + +<p>“Conscience makes cowards of us all.”</p> + +<p>I know I was gloomy and dejected all the balance of the evening. This was +noticed by my tent mates, but was attributed to a far different cause. +They thought I was homesick, while the discovery had only made me sick at +the stomach. It was not many weeks, however, before I could set down with +my pipe in my mouth, in company with half a dozen others, and go through +the same operations with the nonchalance that the same number of old +ladies would gossip over their <span class="smcap">knitting work</span>.</p> + +<p>Before our prison life was over, it was no uncommon occurrence to receive +a morning call from some old comrade, who would do as these old ladies +used to do when they went a visiting, bring his k—nitting work along, and +in passing one another’s quarters such dialogues as this would frequently +be heard: “Hello, Johnny! on the skirmish line, what luck?” “Oh I ain’t +doing much this morning, kind er drivin’ in the pickets, git a stray shot +now and then, but I keep annoying them so they don’t get a chance to +form.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>It is astonishing how quickly we became accustomed to things of this sort. +The Brigadier General, who in garrison or field seemed so reserved and +dignified, was here on the level with the Lieutenant in the company. And +while rank in prison, as in the field, was respected, and genius was +honored, on the skirmish line all met on an equality. In other words rank +was waived in the presence of a common enemy—and the officer who +neglected to daily inspect his clothing, was unmindful both of his own +comfort, and the respect of his comrades. Our facilities for washing and +boiling our clothing was very limited, and nothing but boiling them would +have any effect in exterminating these troublesome pests; soap was a +scarce commodity, and kettles for heating water were difficult to obtain, +so the only way to rid ourselves of vermin, was to strip off our woolen +shirt, (white shirts were seldom seen in prison) set down and carefully +scrutinize the seams, where they would be found hid away; for it is a +singular fact, that although while the shirt was on we could feel them +roaming around all over the body, no sooner was it doffed than with a +celerity that is perfectly unaccountable, they would all be found securely +hid away under the seams of the garment, where they would leave an +innumerable number of eggs, which were soon to be hatched out and become +almost full, grown by the next morning. Having thoroughly exterminated the +living, and destroyed as many of the still inanimate as possible, we would +resume our shirt, and removing our pants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> and drawers, repeat the +operation on these garments, and would then be comfortable the balance of +the day.</p> + +<p>This duty was usually performed just after breakfast, while we were +enjoying our pipes, and talking over plans for the day, and would occupy +about an hour. After coming off of duty on the skirmish line, it would be +about time to fall in for roll call, or more properly speaking, for count. +We were made up into squads of ninety each, and one of our comrades chosen +as commandant, who would, at a signal, fall in his squad in two ranks, +when each squad would be counted to make sure that none had escaped. This +counting was always done by a reb sergeant, who would be accompanied by an +armed guard of twenty-five or thirty soldiers. When the count was +completed, we would break ranks and separate, to pass the day as best +suited each individual. Usually the first thing to be thought of was the +purchases for the day, or as we would call it here at home, marketing. +These purchases were generally made of a reb sutler named Cashmeyer, who +was allowed to come into the enclosure, accompanied by a guard and +attended by a negro, driving a mule hitched to a cart. The cart would be +loaded with beef, bacon, potatoes, onions, cabbage, tobacco, cigars, soap, +etc., which had been ordered the day previous. We also had two or three +sutlers of our own number, who bought of the reb sutler in large +quantities, and then retailed it out at a small profit, say about two +hundred per cent, to those whose means were too limited to buy at +wholesale.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>Our mess, consisting of Capt. R. B. Hock, 12th New York Cavalry, Capt. +Cady, 24th New York Independent Battery, and myself, was probably as well +supplied with funds as any in the camp; and as I was caterer and cook, and +unrestricted in my expenditures by Capt. Hock, who supplied most of the +funds, our table was usually as well supplied as the scanty market would +allow. I would send out by this reb sutler for fifty or seventy-five +dollars’ worth of provisions at a time, and by thus buying in large +quantities, get the lowest rates. I have spoken about buying our +provisions in large quantities—I mean by this a half peck of potatoes, a +dozen eggs, a couple of loaves of soft bread, a whole ham which down there +would weigh, perhaps, ten or twelve pounds, a quart of onions, etc. Now a +small quantity as sold by our sutler inside would mean a couple of +potatoes, an onion, a pint of corn meal, and half a pound of meat of some +kind. This, in addition to the rations we drew, would suffice for a day +very well. We drew three or four days’ rations at a time. These rations +consisted of two ounces of bacon, half a pint of rice, a pint of corn +meal, and a teaspoonful of salt a day per man; but when Capt. W. Kemp Tabb +took command of the prison camp he at once cut these down one-third. Capt. +Tabb took command the 18th of May, relieving Major Turner (not Dick +Turner), who was a gentleman and a soldier, and who seemed to try to make +our imprisonment as endurable as possible. On the other hand, Tabb was a +cowardly rascal, who seemed to delight in nothing so much as in adding +to our discomfort and annoyance.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs05.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">CAPT. IRSH BUCKED AND GAGGED BY CAPT. TABB, AT MACON, GA.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>He did not hesitate to plunder or rob the prisoners under his charge, and +if any one reposed confidence enough in him, to let him have anything of +value to sell for them, they were just out that amount. Captain Francis +Irsh, of the 45th New York, let Tabb take his watch and chain to see if he +could sell it to some jeweler for $400, and after having been put off on +one excuse and another for several days, threatened to report Tabb for +swindling him, when he was bucked and gagged for three hours, setting in +the hot sun, as a punishment for his offence. His watch and chain was +subsequently returned, Tabb being afraid that keeping it would get him +into trouble. The next day, he having heard that I had a good field glass, +tried by soft talk about buying it, to get it into his possession, but +learning from one of my comrades that he was aware that I owned one, and +was trying to buy it, I took it apart and divided it up among half a dozen +of my friends, and when he came I told him I had disposed of it, which was +true, for I had done so most effectually. He succeeded, however, by +pretending to wish to buy, in inducing Doctor McPherson to show his, and +when he got it into his possession, claimed it as a contraband article, +and confiscated it to himself. I find in my diary of the same day (June +second), this note: Captain Tabb was relieved to-day by Captain Gibb, and +started for Richmond. <span class="smcap">May he get shot.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>He was well known to all to be an unprincipled coward, and on two +different occasions at least, he was most effectually snubbed. On one +occasion it was by Chaplain White, of the 5th Rhode Island H. A., who was +an earnest christian, and in connection with Chaplain Dixon, 16th +Connecticut, regularly held divine service every Sunday, and prayer +meetings once or twice during the week. In these services it was his +custom to pray for the President of the United States.</p> + +<p>One Sunday morning Tabb came in at roll call, and notified the Chaplain +that he would not hereafter be allowed to offer prayer for the President. +Chaplain White told him that while he retained his power of speech, his +prayers should be dictated only by his conscience and his sense of duty. +Chaplain Dixon opened the service that morning and made in his prayer an +eloquent appeal, not only for the President of the United States, but for +the success of our army, and for every Union soldier, whether in hospital, +in prison, or in the field, and was not interrupted or interfered with by +Tabb, who could hear every word from his quarters.</p> + +<p>On another occasion he told Col. Lagrange, who was in command of number +nine squad, to which I belonged, that he should hold him responsible for +any tunnelling, or attempted escape of the men in his squad, who haughtily +replied that he was not placed there as a spy or detective, and that he +should not betray the secrets of his comrades, but would, to the utmost of +his ability,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> render them any assistance they needed. This speech was +cheered by the squad in the most hearty manner.</p> + +<p>We always found that our treatment was fair whenever we were guarded by +old soldiers who had seen service at the front; but when the <i>new issue</i>, +who were a cowardly lot of home guards, were placed over us, there was no +extremity of cruelty and meanness that they would not resort to, to render +our condition more miserable and unbearable, even to shooting an officer +who was quietly attending to his own business. A case of this kind +occurred on the 11th of June, when Lieut. Gerson of the 45th New York +Volunteers, who was returning from the sink about 8 o’clock in the +evening, was shot and killed by one of the guards named Belger, of the +27th Georgia Battalion (Co. E). This was a <span class="smcap">brutal and deliberate murder</span>, +as the officer was not within ten feet of the dead line and was coming +from it towards his quarters, besides the full moon was shining brightly, +and the sentry could not have thought he was trying to escape. The truth +is, he had told his girl when he left home, that he would shoot a Yankee +before he returned, and was too cowardly to attempt to kill one who was +armed. This fellow was promoted to a Sergeant and given thirty days’ leave +for his cowardly act. Of course, in a prison like Macon, where none but +officers were confined, the indignities and abuses were less frequent and +severe than in Andersonville, where the enlisted men were held. Officers +of intelligence were less liable to submit tamely to these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> indignities +than were the men, who had been schooled to obey orders, and could and +did, command more respect; besides, there were less of us, and our prison +was more roomy and better kept.</p> + +<p>A certain number were detailed every morning from each squad, to +thoroughly police the quarters, and keep them in a good, clean, healthy +condition. Then, officers were usually possessed of more money and +valuables than the enlisted men, and were better prepared to subsist +themselves, when rations were cut down to starvation points. The wonder is +not with me, that so many of our boys died in prison, but that any of them +got out alive. When I saw officers reduced to skeletons, and driven to +insanity by the treatment they received, and then think of the poor +fellows whose sufferings were a thousand fold greater, the only wonder is +that human nature could endure it all. But I started to tell how we passed +the time.</p> + +<p>After doing our marketing, which, by the way, was happily illustrated by a +reb, who said he used to go to market with his money in his vest pocket, +and carry a basket on his arm to bring home his purchases in; but now, he +was obliged to take his money in the basket, and could almost carry home +his purchases in his vest pocket.</p> + +<p> </p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs06.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">CAPTAIN ALBAN ON POLICE DUTY.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>We amused ourselves by reading, playing cards, chess, checkers, and other +games, while those wishing exercise played cricket or practiced the sabre +exercise or fencing, to keep our muscles up, and perfect ourselves in +the use of arms. Sabres and foils were whittled out of pine or ash sticks, +with which we supplied ourselves. One German whose name I failed to take +down, gave daily lessons in fencing, and he was not only an excellent +teacher, but an expert swordsman. I have seen him allow three of his most +advanced pupils come at him at once, and tell them to go at him as though +they meant to kill him, and he would successfully defend himself against +them all. One thing I distinctly remember was that he could not speak very +plain English, and when he would give the order, “On guard en carte,” in +his quick way of speaking it, a person who did not know what he intended +to say, thought he said “Cut-a-gut,” and he was known in prison as “Old +Cut-a-Gut” always after.</p> + +<p>After we had exercised sufficiently we would lay down in the shade and +read or sleep during the hottest portion of the day. A number of us formed +a literary association, each subscribing toward the purchase of a library +that a citizen of Macon had to sell. He said he had a library of about one +hundred books, that he would sell for $500, as he was destitute and was +obliged to part with them to buy provisions for his family. So twenty of +us chipped in $25 apiece around and started a circulating library, +appointed one of our number librarian, and in this way we were well +supplied with reading matter for a long time.</p> + +<p>I do not remember all, or any considerable number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> of the titles of these +books, but what interested me most were some old Harper’s magazines, in +the reading of which I found days and weeks of profitable enjoyment. I do +not think I ever fully appreciated until then, how much real comfort it +was possible to extract from those old literary productions. Our reading +was usually done during the hottest part of the day while lying in our +quarters, when out of door exercise was too uncomfortable, and when we got +tired of reading we would take a nap or go visiting to some of our friends +in other portions of the camp, and there sit and talk over affairs, +discussing the prospects of exchange, spinning yarns, cracking jokes, or +singing old war songs to cheer each other up and pass away the time. +Others would resort to the gambling tent, where there was always a game of +cards going on; sometimes it was three card loo and sometimes poker; but +they would sit there from early morning until dark and play for money, +and, as is always the case, some would come away happy and some broke. But +somehow or other the same gang would be there the next day, anxious to +retrieve their broken fortunes of the previous day, or add to their gains. +Men would there as here, sell the last button off their coat to raise +money to continue the game, with a hope that luck would come their way. +Thus, some who came into prison with enough to subsist them for quite a +long time, would soon be obliged to live on the rations they drew, while +others, who were nearly destitute when they came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> in, would live like +fighting cocks. I could rehearse incidents of this kind that came under my +personal observation, but as I could not do so without giving names, as +the boys say, I won’t give it away.</p> + +<p>All sorts of games were played, some for money, and some for pastime. +Cribbage, back gammon, euchre, seven up, and sometimes we would play poker +for the beans we drew for our rations. When the bean ration was given out, +each man would have perhaps a good tablespoonful, then five or six would +sit down and play until one would have the whole, which would make him +quite a respectable dinner, and the rest would have to go without. Thus it +will be seen that our prison camp was a village, where all kinds of +business was carried on, and all sorts of characters were to be found. We +had our church, our prayer meetings, our social circles, our singing, our +visiting, and our gambling houses, all in a space of four or five acres of +ground.</p> + +<p>We had some excellent singers, and were frequently entertained during the +long evenings with solos, quartettes, and choruses, patriotic, sentimental +and pathetic.</p> + +<p>Among the patriotic songs oftenest heard, were “The Star Spangled Banner,” +“The Red, White and Blue,” “The Sword of Bunker Hill,” and “Rally ’Round +the Flag;” but the one that touched a tender chord in every prisoner’s +heart, and that even the rebs used to call for, was this which I quote +entire:</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +In the prison pen I sit, thinking mother most of you,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the bright and happy home so far away,</span><br /> +While the tears they fill my eyes, spite of all that I can do,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Though I try to cheer my comrades and be gay.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Chorus.</span>—Tramp, tramp, tramp, the boys are marching,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Cheer up, comrades, they will come,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">And beneath the starry flag, we shall breathe the air again,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Of the freeland, in our own beloved home.</span><br /> +<br /> +In the battle front we stood, when their fiercest charge was made,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And they swept us off, a hundred men or more,</span><br /> +But before we reached their lines, they were driven back dismayed,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And we heard the shout of victory o’er and o’er.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Chorus.</span>—Tramp, tramp, etc.<br /> +<br /> +So within the prison pen, we are waiting for the day,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That shall come and open wide the iron door,</span><br /> +And the hollow eye grows bright, and the poor heart almost gay,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As we think of seeing friends and home once more.</span></p> + +<p>Then there was another, the chorus of which I can only remember, that the +boys used to sing. The chorus was this:</p> + +<p class="poem">Hurrah, boys, hurrah! Shout glory and sing;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For the rebels look sad and forsaken.</span><br /> +Our glorious old eagle is still on the wing,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Vicksburg is taken, boys, taken.</span></p> + +<p>Among the beautiful singers who were in the habit of entertaining us, I +distinctly remember Capt. Palmer, who had a good voice, and to whose +singing I was delighted to listen. I do not know to what regiment he +belonged, but I do know that he afforded me a great amount of pleasure by +his sweet songs.</p> + +<p>Not being much of a singer myself, I nevertheless enjoy listening to +others, and as I once heard a noted preacher say, it depends as much on a +good listener as a good talker to have an enjoyable meeting, I thought +that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> contributed as much as any one towards the entertainments.</p> + +<p>Whenever there was any singing going on, there was always a good audience +of appreciative listeners, and among eighteen hundred officers, I need not +say there was plenty of talent to select from, and these evening +entertainments were a source of great enjoyment to all, even though the +same songs were sung over and over again by the same persons.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn04.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">fresh fish—arrival of col. miller—death of lieut. wood, 82nd +indiana—more fresh fish.</span></p></div> + +<p>Upon the arrival of new prisoners at the gate of the stockade, there would +be a cry raised throughout the camp, commencing near the entrance, and +spreading rapidly to the farthest extremity of the enclosure, of “fresh +fish! fresh fish!!” It was like the alarm of fire in a city, and quickly +collected a crowd, and as the numbers increased, the din became more +deafening, and to the new comer who did not know what it meant, perfectly +appalling.</p> + +<p>I have seen prisoners come in who looked perfectly bewildered as they +gazed upon the mob of ragged, shoeless, hatless, unshaven, long-haired, +howling beings who confronted them, looking more like escaped lunatics +than officers; when some one back in the crowd would sing out, give the +gentleman air, don’t take his haversack, keep your hands out of his +pocket, don’t put that louse on him, why don’t some of you fellows take +the gentleman’s baggage, and show him to his room, Johnny show the +gentleman up to No. 13. I remember especially, the look of perfect +bewilderment on the face of Col. Frank C. Miller, of the 147th New +York, as he stood at the entrance of the enclosure, and the look of joyful +relief as I called out, hello Frank, come over here, and he recognized an +old and intimate friend. And he told me afterwards, that he never in his +life was so pleased to see any one as he was to see me just at that +moment, for, said he, I thought they were putting me into a lunatic +asylum.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs07.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">FRESH FISH.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>A stinging rebuke was given by, I think it was Gen. Schaler, who said to +his escort, loud enough to be heard by all: “I thought I was going to be +put in an officer’s prison.” This practice was mostly confined to the old +Libby prisoners, who had, some of them, been confined for more than a +year, and had, in a measure, become demoralized; for I do not believe +there can be anything more demoralizing than the sufferings, privations, +and hardships endured by our prisoners; and I wish to say right here, that +to Chaplain Dixon, of the 16th Connecticut, and Chaplain White of the 5th +R. I. Heavy Artillery, the officers owe a debt of gratitude for the +faithfulness with which they performed their christian duties. They were +both earnest christian workers, zealous in the cause of the Master, +anxious for the eternal welfare of the souls of those who were placed in +their keeping, and fearless in the discharge of the duties devolving upon +them as embassadors for Christ. While all did not profit by their earnest +exhortations, there were few who were not benefitted by their presence and +faithful counsels, and all held them in high respect and admiration for +their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> christian qualities. Speaking of Col. Miller’s entrance into Macon, +as soon as the crowd saw that he had found an old friend, <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'thay'">they</ins> gave way +and I escorted him to our quarters, where I went to work, and soon had the +satisfaction of seeing him happy in the enjoyment of a good breakfast. I +cooked a couple of eggs, with a small piece of bacon, and fried a few +sliced potatoes, which, with a biscuit, made what we called an elegant +meal. The Colonel was busy talking and eating when, looking up, he said, +as he helped himself to the last egg and biscuit, “By George, Lon, they +give you good rations here, don’t they?”</p> + +<p>“Good rations!” said I, “good rations! why, Frank how much do you think +this breakfast cost?”</p> + +<p>“Why, I don’t know, I supposed you drew this for rations.”</p> + +<p>“Well,” said I, “this meal cost just about eleven dollars. All the rations +you draw for two days, wouldn’t make such a meal as this.”</p> + +<p>Colonel Miller, who had been a near neighbor and associate of mine long +before the war broke out, received a severe wound in the chest by a minnie +ball, at the Battle of the Wilderness, and was reported dead and was +mourned as such by his family for a long time, but was rescued from the +flames that broke out, after the battle, and taken a prisoner to +Salisbury, and placed in the hospital there, whence he was removed when +convalescent, to Macon. He soon found the Adjutant of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> regiment, +Lieutenant H. H. Lyman, who gave him a place in his quarters, and they +afterwards remained together.</p> + +<p>On the 23d of May, Lieutenant Wood, 82nd Indiana, died in the hospital, +just outside the stockade, and was buried the next day at 1.30 p. m. +Chaplain White being allowed to hold the funeral service, a number of us +offered to give our parole to attend the funeral, but our request was +denied. On the same day one hundred and eleven <i>fresh fish</i> were brought +in, among whom were Brigadier Generals Seymour and Schaler. That night +about ten o’clock a tremendous storm came up, which drowned out all who +had not built themselves sheds, and the main building, where were +quartered the general officers, etc., was crowded with those driven from +their quarters by the drenching rain. This main building as it was called, +was a large hall, that had been built for the display of goods during the +fair, which had heretofore been held on these grounds, and was the only +building in the stockade that was clapboarded and shingled, and with the +exception of an old tumble down affair on the opposite side, east, was the +only building in the enclosure when we took possession.</p> + +<p>Having built myself a shelter on the first day I entered the stockade, I +was all right; but those who had burrowed for shelter were driven out like +rats from a flooded cellar, and were obliged to seek shelter in the large +hall from the pitiless storm. There was not room<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> for all, and those who +could not crowd in there had to rough it out as best they could. On the +25th of May, I first met Adjutant H. H. Lyman, of the 147th New York, from +whom I learned that Col. Miller was wounded and a prisoner.</p> + +<p>About this time, they brought us in lumber, pine poles and nails, to build +ourselves some sheds, and all went to work on the construction. I belonged +to No. 9 squad, and on the 27th of May, our lumber and other materials +were furnished, and we all went to work, and by night had our shed so +nearly completed that we moved in, though it took us several days to get +our bunks finished and everything comfortably arranged. It was amusing to +see a squad of ninety men go to work to erect one of these sheds.</p> + +<p>Out of the ninety, about thirty would do the work, and the rest would +stand around and make suggestions. Among so many who should be equally +interested, it was astonishing how many bosses there would be, who could +tell how it ought to be done, but seemed indisposed to do it. Nothing was +done to suit these Superintendents, but when their grumblings became too +loud and boisterous, some one who was tugging away at the big end of one +of these fifty feet pine poles, would rest it on his knees long enough to +shout “Louder, old pudden head.” This was a favorite epithet, used to +quiet any one in camp who got too excited or eloquent on any subject, and +I remember one <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'Tennesee'">Tennessee</ins> officer, Captain Hayes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> who so objected to it +that he was ready to fight any one who called him “old pudden head”—and I +have seen him furiously searching for the man who had yelled this, while +he was loudly proclaiming his sentiments on some subject, but it only +caused him to be annoyed the more, for when it was seen how sensitive he +was on this point, there were plenty to be found to thus pester him, while +they dexterously avoided the blows, aimed at their heads with a stick he +hurled after them. He was a large, powerful man, with a voice that could +be heard from one end of the camp to the other, very excitable when +talking, and could never understand a joke, but took everything in +earnest, and nothing afforded the boys more pleasure than to get him +boiling mad.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn03.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">manner of tunnelling.</span></p> + +<p>The manner of digging a tunnel was this: The place selected to commence a +tunnel would usually be in some shed nearest the stockade. In these sheds +we had built ourselves bunks, ten or twelve inches from the ground, which +would usually be movable, and, after the camp had become quiet, one of +these bunks would be removed and a well sunk five or six feet, first +taking the precaution to carefully lay aside the dirt that was just +shoveled off, because that would be dark and look old. Then a guard would +be stationed to prevent any one from seeing what was going on. Pickets +would be thrown out, who, if any one approached, would enter into +conversation with them, in a tone loud enough to be heard by the +tunnellers, and caution them to suspend operations until the danger was +over, when the work would be resumed.</p> + +<p> </p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs08.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">TUNNELLING AT MACON, GA.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>In a camp of eighteen hundred, with always some sick, there would be no +time in the night when some were not going to or returning from the sinks; +so that seeing anyone moving about camp in the night attracted no +particular notice. One would dig and fill haversacks or bags, and +another, with an overcoat on, would carry it concealed beneath that +<ins class="correction" title="original reads 'garmemt'">garment</ins> to some place that had been selected as a dumping ground and +deposit it, returning to the shed by a roundabout way so as not to attract +attention. After a well had been sunk about five feet, the tunnel proper +would be started horizontally, in the direction desired, always keeping as +accurate a measure of the distance tunnelled as possible. When it came +time to suspend operations for the night, boards that had been previously +prepared, would be fitted in the well, two feet below the surface, and +covered over with some of the earth that had been removed, always being +careful to put the old dirt that had been preserved on top, thus giving +the surface the same appearance as the rest of the ground; all would then +be carefully swept over, and all traces of new or fresh earth removed. The +bunk would then be replaced and everything resume the careless appearance +of everyday life.</p> + +<p>So cautiously would this work be carried on that officers sleeping only a +few feet away would not be disturbed, and never suspect that anything +unusual had been going on. Thus, night after night, would the work be +prosecuted, the men spelling each other in digging and doing sentry duty, +until, by careful measurement, it was ascertained that the tunnel had +reached a sufficient distance beyond the stockade to insure an escape. No +one in the prison, except those engaged in the work, would be let into the +secret until the work was completed and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> tunnel was to be opened. This +secrecy was necessary to prevent a curious crowd from hanging around, +which would attract the attention of the rebs, who, in blissful ignorance +of any plot, would sing out: “Post number fo, twelve o’clock, and a-l-l’s +w-e-l-l. Post number six, twelve o’clock, and a-l-l’s w-e-l-l!” When, +perhaps, some wakeful wag of a Yankee prisoner would answer: “Post number +fo, twelve o’clock, and the Confederacy has gone to h—l,” in the same +sing-song way the reb guard had just given it. Sometimes the Johnnies +would take all of this good-naturedly, and at others would call out: +“Here, you Yanks, if youens don’t keep still I’ll shoot in thar,” which +would have the effect of quieting them for a time.</p> + +<p>On the 17th of May, we were moved into the stockade, and it was not long +before we commenced prospecting to find an opening for an escape.</p> + +<p>A tunnel was commenced almost immediately, but after working ten nights +upon it, it was discovered and filled up. This did not discourage them, +however; they must have something to occupy their time; and although we +were busy all day building sheds, this did not prevent us from trying +nights to find a way out of our confinement. When the first tunnel was +discovered, that had just been started, all hands were fell into line, and +a general search was made for tunnels, but none were discovered. On the +next day, however, Captain Tabb succeeded in discovering another, and in +an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> altercation with Maj. Pasco, of the 16th Connecticut, who was claiming +that he had a right to escape whenever he could, slapped the Major in the +face for asserting his rights. This was a cowardly act, for Tabb was not +only armed, but surrounded by a guard, while, of course, Major Pasco was +an unarmed prisoner. It made a fellow’s blood boil to witness and suffer +such indignities; but what could we do under such circumstances? To resist +was certain death, while to submit was a mortification and humiliation +that it was hard for a proud-spirited officer to submit to, in the +presence of his comrades. All we could do was to hoot and hiss him from a +safe distance, and chaff and exasperate him by sneering, deriding and +laughing at him; so that although he was the king, and we the subjects, we +managed to insert in the crown he wore, more thorns than laurels. On the +second day after the discovery of this second tunnel, Tabb had a platform +built on the northwest corner of the stockade, and another on the opposite +side, upon each of which he mounted a twelve-pounder brass-piece.</p> + +<p>Here was a good chance to have some fun, and as we watched the progress of +the erection of the platforms and mounting of the guns, we indulged in all +sorts of comments and criticisms. Some one would sing out, “Say, Captain, +get a good, strong force behind that gun when you fire it, to catch it +when it goes over;” “Say, Johnny, that gun is like the Irishman’s musket, +there’ll be more danger behind it than in front;” “Tabb, when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> you fire +that gun, just stand plumb behind it, and we’ll be satisfied;” “I’ll let +you shoot that gun at me for a dollar a shot, and take Confederate money, +if you will pull the laniard yourself.” “How is it that Lee never found +you out, and placed you in command of his engineer corps or artillery, +instead of keeping such a genius here, guarding Yankee prisoners, with no +chance of immortalizing yourself?” “Barnum would make a fortune out of +you. Why, he paid five thousand dollars once for a fellow that wasn’t half +as big a humbug, and done well out of the speculation.” “Oh! go soak your +head.” “Don’t shoot, Tabb; we won’t tunnel any more.” “We don’t want to +get away; we just dig a little once in a while for exercise.” “You can’t +drive us out of the Confederacy with that gun; we have come to stay.”</p> + +<p>Such exasperating expressions were kept up from morning till night, for +the two days they were at work erecting these guns on the frail platforms, +to prevent tunnelling. But these precautions did not for a moment +interfere with our tunnelling, and while we were thus pestering Tabb, +others were busy preparing other avenues of escape. Two tunnels were +started simultaneously, one commencing in an old building on the east side +of the camp, and the other in what was called No. 7 Squad, which was on +the opposite side of the stockade. The one on the east side was already to +open, and the one on the west nearly ready, when they were both discovered +and filled up. There was strong evidence of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> treachery in the discovery of +these tunnels, as Captain Tabb went directly to both of them, and seemed +to know just where to find them.</p> + +<p>There was at this time in the prison, one Hartswell Silver, who claimed to +be a Captain in the 16th Illinois Cavalry, but who was generally believed +to be a spy, placed in there to detect our efforts at escape, and to him +was attributed the disclosure of our plot. Had these two tunnels been +completed, at least half of the officers would have escaped, and as the +force guarding us was small at that time, there is no doubt but that the +majority of us would have succeeded in getting away. In fact the evening +before, two or three officers escaped, by crawling under the stockade, +where the branch or stream entered the camp. They were fired upon by the +guard, and one was brought back. The long roll was sounded and the whole +force turned out in expectation of a general break. All officers were +notified that any one leaving their quarters, even to go to the sink, +would be fired upon by the guard. A great excitement prevailed among the +rebs all night, which was aggravated by those in their bunks calling out +every little while—“Corporal of the guard post number fo.” “Dry up there +will you.” “Oh! give us a rest.” “Louder old pudden head.” “What’s the +matter with you.” “Put him out.” “Shoot him.” “Lie down.” “Tabb try your +big gun on this fellow,” and like expressions, making a perfect uproar in +camp all night long. After a moment’s silence, some fellow would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> imitate +the plaintive caterwaling of a cat, another barking like a hound, and +another would answer from away off with the deep bark of the mastiff, +another would crow like a cock. Sleep was out of the question, you might +as well try to quiet a barroom full of drunken politicians who had elected +their favorite candidate as to keep those fellows still. Once in a while +the guard would call out, “keep still there you Yanks or I’ll shoot in +there,” when some one at a safe distance would sing out “Put him in the +guard house.” “Buck and gag him.” “Stone the loafer,” etc., and so it kept +on during the whole night.</p> + +<p>The next morning Tabb had two more field pieces planted in the woods to +the south of our camp, and horsemen appeared with hounds to track and +capture the fugitives, but for some reason they could not get on the right +trail and only succeeded in treeing a coon. There were several other +escapes about this time. One by Lieut. H. Lee Clark, 2d Massachusetts H. +A., who sought out Miss Frankie Richardson, who made arrangements to help +him out of the city, but this same Hartswell Silver, who was boarding +there, betrayed him and he was brought back again. This Silver was paroled +the day the tunnels were discovered and was never in camp afterwards, and +it is just as well for him that he was not, for, as the boys said, Silver +was at that time at a premium, and would have been higher, if he had put +in an appearance. Lieut. Frost, 85th New York, also escaped in a reb +uniform, as did several others, and Lieutenant Wilson of the regulars +was sent out in the sutler’s vegetable box. This Lieutenant Wilson was +an Englishman, and I think belonged to the regular army.</p> + +<p> </p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs09.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">MR. CASHMEYER’S SUTLER WAGON, MACON, GA.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>Mr. Cashmeyer came in one afternoon, as was his daily custom, with his +cart, driven by a negro. Upon the cart was a dry goods box, filled with +potatoes, onions, cabbage, turnips, bacon, beef, eggs, &c., which he +usually disposed of to the Yankee sutler and others whose means justified +them in purchasing, in what we call large quantities. He stopped as usual, +at the shanty of the camp sutler, and there sold out his load. While he +was in the shanty settling up, the crowd as usual gathered around his +cart, and this Lieut. Wilson clambered into the box on the cart, while the +crowd stood about the door of the shanty, the negro driver all the time +maintaining that stolid look of innocence, so peculiar to the race, as he +(the Lieutenant) was covered with empty sacks, that had contained the +vegetables. And when Mr. Cashmeyer mounted the seat beside the driver, and +left the camp, he was as innocent of helping a Yankee to escape, as the +innocent looking negro seemed to be. The negro drove directly to the barn +and unharnessed the mule, and as it was nearly dark, went to his quarters. +The Lieutenant finding himself alone clambered out of the box and started +off. Taking the railroad, he walked about five miles, when, as he said, he +met a man who looked very fierce and who asked him where he came from, and +where he was going. And after giving an equivocal answer the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> man asked +him if he was not a Yankee officer, which he was too scrupulous to deny, +and gave himself up, and allowed himself to be brought back, although the +man who brought him back was like himself unarmed. But as he said on his +return, the man spoke so gruff like, and looked so stern, that he thought +there was no use of remonstrating. We nicknamed him George Washington, and +tried to find a little hatchet for him, as an emblem of his innocence and +truthfulness. As he remained in prison for a long time thereafter however, +I think he may have regretted before he was exchanged, the conscientious +scruples that would not allow him to tell a lie, even for the sake of +freeing himself from the jeers of his comrades, and the tortures of prison +life, which he had to endure afterwards.</p> + +<p>It was a long time before he heard the last about that daring attempt to +escape and the heroic defence he made against that unarmed reb who had +recaptured and brought him back, and the desperate and successful +resistance he had made against the temptation to tell a lie.</p> + +<p>There is not an officer living who witnessed it, but will remember the +celebration we held on the 4th of July. I will here quote what I that day +briefly wrote in my diary of this celebration.</p> + +<p>The day dawned bright and beautiful. I was up before the sun and prepared +breakfast for Captains Hock, Cady and myself, which consisted of corn +bread and butter, fried eggs, fried potatoes and coffee.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>Our thoughts, now more than ever, turned towards the loved ones at home, +who we see in imagination, with cheerful faces and bright smiles, hailing +another anniversary of the day upon which <i>our glorious republic was +born</i>, and methinks I can sometimes detect a shade of sadness flitting +over the joyous features of kind friends, as the memory of the loved and +absent is briefly recalled.</p> + +<p>As we were being fell in for roll call, an officer displayed a miniature +flag bearing the stars and stripes, which was greeted with cheer after +cheer, by eighteen hundred prisoners. All gathered around that little +emblem of liberty, and while every heart seemed bursting with patriotic +enthusiasm, a thousand voices joined in singing that old song, which never +fails to fire the patriotic heart—<i>The Star Spangled Banner</i>. After roll +call, the officers by a common impulse assembled in and about the main +building, in the center of the camp, and the services were opened by +singing “Rally ’Round the Flag,” by the entire audience, after which +Chaplain Dixon was called upon for prayer. He appealed in eloquent terms +in behalf of our beloved but distracted country, for the success of our +cause, for the President of the United States and all in authority, for +universal freedom all over our land and the world, and for the speedy +return of peace, when we could beat our swords into plow shares, and our +spears into pruning hooks.</p> + +<p>At the conclusion of the prayer, the entire congregation joined in singing +“My Country ’Tis of Thee.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> Captain Henry Ives was then called for, and +mounting the platform gave us a very eloquent and stirring address. He was +followed by Lieut. Ogden, 1st Wisconsin Cavalry, Lieutenant Leigh, 132nd +New York, Captain E. N. Lee, 5th Michigan Cavalry, Captain Kellog, +Chaplain Whitney, Chaplain Dixon and Lieut. Col. Thorp, 1st New York +dragoons. I have during my life participated in a great many Fourth of +July celebrations, but I never before—and I believe every officer at that +time in Macon will say the same for himself—really and truly appreciated +what a genuine celebration of the day meant.</p> + +<p>If a stranger had come into camp Oglethorp at 3 o’clock that afternoon, he +would have thought every man in prison was drunk, so intense was the +enthusiasm, and yet there had not been a drop of anything of an +intoxicating nature, to be had at any price for two months. Officers were +drunk with excitement. The sight of that little flag that had been +presented to Captain Todd by his sweetheart and smuggled into prison, +sewed up in the lining of his vest, when shown in the morning, had created +a degree of patriotic excitement that could not be kept down, and when +some one said that Gibbs was coming in with a guard to take that flag, and +suggested that it be secreted, a thousand voices shouted—stand by the +flag boys—no traitor’s hand shall touch that flag—keep her +swinging—there’s not rebs enough in Macon to take that flag to-day, +&c.,—and I really and firmly believe that a terrible and bloody struggle +would have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> ensued, had there been any attempt on the part of the +authorities, to interfere with it or take it from us. I never saw men +wrought up to such a pitch of excitement, and the rebs were afraid all +day, that an attempt would be made to assault the stockade and break out. +From nine o’clock in the morning until three in the afternoon, the +celebration was kept up, with speaking and singing, when finally the rebel +commandant sent in his officer of the day, who said we had been permitted +to have a good celebration, and now he wished us to quietly adjourn which +we did; giving three hearty cheers for the flag, three for Lincoln, and +three for the cause. No officer who participated in this celebration can +ever forget it while reason holds its sway.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Col. Thorp who had made a ringing speech, full of patriotic +fire and enthusiastic confidence in the justice of our cause, and the +ability of the Northern soldiers to maintain our national unity, restore +the glorious old flag, with the stains of treason cleansed from its +shining folds by the blood of loyal hearts, with not a star missing from +its azure field, urged with the most impassioned eloquence, every officer +in that prison pen to consecrate himself anew on this sacred day, to the +cause of universal liberty, and the perpetuity of our national +institutions, and pledge himself anew beneath that beautiful little emblem +of freedom, to never sheathe his sword, until every traitor in all this +broad land had kneeled beneath its tattered and blood-stained folds, and +humbly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> craved the pardon of an outraged people, for their dastardly +attempt to trail it in the filthy slough of Secession. I cannot pretend to +give his words, and cannot fitly portray the fierce impetuosity, with +which his scathing sentences were hurled like red hot shot into the ranks +of treason. It was one of the most masterly efforts of patriotic eloquence +I ever listened to, and when he had finished his address, which had been +heartily applauded throughout, his hearers were wrought up to such a pitch +of patriotic frenzy, that I really believe that had he at its close, +called upon that unarmed crowd to follow him in an assault against the +wooden stockade that surrounded us, that few would have been found to lag +behind. He was at that time senior officer in the camp, and as such had +been assigned by Col. Gibbs, the rebel commandant, to the command of the +prison inside.</p> + +<p>But shortly after this speech, a notice was posted on the side of the +large building where this meeting had been held, removing him from the +position, for making an inflammatory speech, and appointing another +officer to the place. Col. Thorpe seemed to feel almost as much pride in +this recognition of his effort at a Fourth of July speech, as in the +applause he had received from his prison companions, or as he would had he +been complimented on the field by his superior for a dashing cavalry +charge, and the compliment was all the more appreciated because it had +been paid to him so unconsciously by Col. Gibbs.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>The stockade at Macon was built of inch pine boards, twelve feet long, put +up endwise and made as tight as possible. On the outside of this fence, +and about four feet from the top, was a platform for the sentry to walk +on, where they could keep a lookout over the camp to see that we were not +trying to escape. Upon this platform were posted sentinels at intervals of +about thirty yards, with instructions to shoot any prisoner who touched or +attempted to pass the <i>dead line</i>, which was a row of stakes, or sometimes +a fence of light slats, such as a farmer would build to keep his chickens +or ducks from roaming, and was about twenty-five feet from the stockade. +The original object in establishing the dead line was a precaution against +a sudden raid on the stockade, but it often afforded an excuse for some +cowardly guard to shoot a Yankee prisoner, who inadvertantly came near +enough to place his hand against it. We were not allowed to hang our +clothes on this fence to dry, and on no account could a prisoner pass it +with impunity.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn02.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">receiving and sending off the mail—attempts to smuggle through +forbidden matter—samples of letters sent home—boxes of letters +received—my feelings at not receiving any.</span></p></div> + +<p>We were allowed to write home, and by putting on a Confederate postage +stamp costing 10 cents each, were promised that our letters would be +forwarded to our friends, provided there was nothing objectionable in +them.</p> + +<p>We were obliged to leave them unsealed, so they could be examined by the +postoffice department, and in order to ensure an examination they must be +limited to fifty words. I wrote home a number of times, and my letters, as +a general thing, came through all right. I wrote some that I did not +expect they would forward, and was much surprised when I reached home to +find they had been received all right, and in some cases published in the +daily papers. I will give you a sample of one or two. The first was +written to my cousin, H. M. Cooper, and read as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right">C. S. MILITARY PRISON,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Macon</span>, Ga., July 6, 1864.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Hal</span>:—</p> + +<p>Nearly four months have now elapsed since I took up my abode in this +land of bacon and corn dodgers, and like the prodigal son, I often +think of my <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>father’s house, where there is bread enough and to +spare. I dream nightly of fatted calves, but awake daily to the sad +reality that my veal cutlets have all been transformed into salt +bacon, my wheaten loaves into corn dodgers, and my wine into bran +coffee.</p> + +<p>I had purposed to visit the North during the summer months, but the +many friends I have found here are so anxious to have me remain, that +I find it impossible to tear myself away. But I expect the General<small><a name="f1.1" id="f1.1" href="#f1">[1]</a></small> +will soon be here, when I shall be obliged to say farewell to my +Southern friends and with much reluctance leave their sunny clime for +my cold, chilly, Northern home.</p> + +<p>But their kindness and hospitality will ever be green in my memory +and I shall improve every opportunity to show them the gratitude I +feel for the hospitality they have actually <i>forced</i> me to accept.</p></div> + +<p>This letter, as I have said, was sent through all right, whether it was +because they did not read it or because they failed to discover the +satire—perhaps it should like Nasby’s have been labelled a joke—I never +knew. The next was written in the same vein, after I had escaped and been +recaptured. Both had been published in the daily papers here, at the time, +but the last one I have thus far failed to find. It was written after my +escape and recapture, and detailed how, rather than risk the scene that +would be sure to ensue, should I announce my intention of departing to my +friend, the Confederate Colonel, and fearing I might be overcome by such +an affecting leavetaking, that I concluded to start at three o’clock in +the morning, while he was still sleeping, and thus spare not only him, but +myself, an interview that would certainly be embarrassing to one or both +of us.</p> + +<p>But that, after I had traveled three hundred miles, his couriers overtook +me, and were so urgent in their appeals for me to return, that I could not +deny them, and had concluded to stay and see a little more of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +beautiful Southern country before my return. But just as soon as I could +persuade my friends to consent to my departure, I should surely return, +and would try and make my friends in the North a good long visit, at +least, before making another journey.</p> + +<p>My letters were generally received by my friends in due time, but although +they were promptly answered I never received a line to tell me whether my +wife, who left for Newbern on the night of the first day’s fight, had got +home or not, and when I was finally released, after nearly a year’s +confinement, I did not know whether she was living or dead until I +telegraphed from Annapolis and received an answer. We resorted to all +sorts of devices to get letters through to our friends in the North, that +contained matter that we were aware the Confederate authorities would not +permit. I once wrote a short note in ink on a page of foolscap, and then +filled up the sheet with a long letter, written with soda, which would be +invisible until heated. My short note was an acrostic, and taking the +first word of each line and reading it down formed this sentence: “I write +with soda.”</p> + +<p>But this letter never reached its destination. The reb authorities soon +got onto these dodges, and were very careful in their examination of all +correspondence of prisoners, and everything that looked at all suspicious +was destroyed.</p> + +<p>I only received one letter while I was in prison, and that was from Col. +James W. Savage, of my regiment,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> which, for brevity and news, I think I +never saw equalled. I have the letter yet, soiled, faded and worn, but +quote it entire:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right">HEADQUARTERS 12TH N. Y. VOL. CAVALRY,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Camp Palmer</span>, July 31st, 1864.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Cooper</span>:—</p> + +<p>Russell is in a Northern hospital, nearly well; Maj. Clarkson is +assistant inspector; Rocha temporarily in command of “I;” Ellison and +Mahon have resigned; Maj. Gasper also, though his resignation has not +been accepted. We have lost a few men in skirmishes since you were +taken. Prewster and Rice, of D, and June, of G, are dead. You and +Hock are constantly remembered by us all.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Signed, <span class="smcap">J. W. Savage</span>, Col. 12th N. Y. V. Cavalry.</span></p> + +<p>My regards. <span class="smcap">J. A. Judson</span>, Capt. and A. A. Gen’l.</p></div> + +<p>On the 14th of June the first box of letters were received in camp, and as +the adjutant mounted a table and called off the names, eager hands were +held out to receive a missive from home; and to show my feelings I quote +from my diary of that date:</p> + +<p>“I listened with bated breath to hear my name called, but the last letter +was called off, and I was obliged to turn away disappointed, as were a +good many others. It seems too bad that even this comfort must be denied +me. I feel as though I was dead to the outer world, and only for hope, of +which I always possessed a good share, I believe I should die.</p> + +<p>“If I could only get a letter from home, and know that my wife had arrived +safely and knew of my safety, I could better bear this imprisonment; but +this uncertainty and suspense is enough to drive one <i>mad</i>.”</p> + +<p>I quote this to show how blue it made us feel, after having waited so +long, hoping that a mail would come,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> and then find that it contained +nothing for us; it made us envious of those who had been more fortunate.</p> + +<p>Not getting any letters, made us doubt whether the ones we had written +home, had ever reached their destination. Here is a modest order I had +sent in my last. Please send me two pounds of dried peaches, five of +coffee, five of corn starch, ten of sugar, two of tea, one bar of castile +soap, four cans condensed milk, one codfish, five of dried beef, one of +cheese, two cotton shirts, two pair drawers, thread, etc. Oh, what visions +of good living were mine, while I waited for the arrival of the box +containing all of these good things, but that box never came. I was not +starving, far from it, I had plenty to eat such as it was, and in this +respect was much better off than the most of my comrades, but I so longed +for something from home, something to remind me that I was remembered. It +was the subject of my thoughts through the day, and of my dreams at night; +and I used to have such vivid dreams of home, that after I had been +paroled and returned, I have stood and looked around and pinched myself, +to be sure that I was really out of prison, and not merely dreaming again, +fearful lest I should wake up, as I so frequently had, to find myself +still a prisoner.</p> + +<p>I had so frequently had such vivid dreams of home, and as frequently awoke +with such a feeling of despair and anguish, when I found I was still a +prisoner, that even in my dreams, I would doubt the truth of what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> seemed +so evident to me, and would look about for some familiar object, and say +as I saw something I recognized, I know now that this cannot be a dream. +The first place I would make for when I arrived at Oswego, in my dreams, +was the old Fitzhugh House, which at that time was <span class="smcap">the</span> first class house +of the city, and order a dinner, determined to have a good square meal the +first thing, even before visiting my family. These dreams had become so +frequent, and seemed so real, and the reaction so great when I awoke to +the consciousness that it was only a dream, that I could scarcely suppress +a wail of despair, as the truth was forced upon me, that I was still in +that rebel pen, surrounded by an armed guard, with no prospect of release, +and little chance of escape, I can scarcely command language to fitly +describe my feelings at such times.</p> + +<p>On the 10th of June the following officers were called out, it was +understood, to be sent to Charleston, to be placed under fire of our +batteries on Morris Island: Generals Wessels, Seymour, Shaler, Scammon and +Hickman; Colonels Grove, Hawkins, Harrison, Lehman, LaGrange, Lee, White, +Bollinger, Brown, Dana, Fordella; Lieutenant Colonels Burnham, Baldwin, +Bartholomew, Cook, Dickinson, Fellows, Fairbanks, Glenn, Hays, Hunter, +Higginbotham, Joslyn, Mackin, Mills, Maxwell, Mahew, Moffit, Alcott, +Postley, Rodgers, Hepford, Stuart, Swift, Taylor, Lascella, and Majors +Beers, Baker, Bates, Clark, Carpenter, Crandall, Grant, Hall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> and Johnson. +We were quite in hopes that these officers were to be exchanged. I again +quote from my diary of this date: “Exchange stock in this market has been +very dull, but is advancing a little to-day. I do not take any stock yet.”</p> + +<p>In a few days, forty-four fresh fish came in from Grant’s army, which gave +us nearly our full number again, and as every few days brought us fresh +additions, we soon had considerable more than when they were sent away. +These officers all brought us cheering news from the seat of war, and +strengthened our confidence in the ultimate triumph of our cause, but +could give us but little encouragement in regard to exchange. In fact +those in the field seemed to be too actively engaged in breaking up the +Confederacy, to give much thought to their comrades in prison, or what +provisions were being made for their release.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn01.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">the first division leaves camp oglethorp—plans for escape—their +destination, charleston—thirty union officers and four of the “reb” +guard are missing on their arrival at charleston—the story of the +lieutenant in charge of the train as told to maj. lyman—departure of +the second division—stopped at savannah, thus foiling our plans for escape.</span></p></div> + +<p>At roll call on the 27th of July, the first division was notified to be +ready to move to Charleston that evening. The prison camp presented a +lively appearance all that day, baking, washing, packing up and getting +ready to move.</p> + +<p>About six p. m. we bid them good bye, and went back to our now half +deserted quarters, to await our turn.</p> + +<p>Plans of escape between Savannah and Charleston were freely discussed, and +an organized break was agreed upon, when they came to the point nearest +our forces.</p> + +<p>This organized plot fell through in some way, but not being aboard of this +train, I only know what I learned afterwards about the failure. About +thirty officers did escape, by sawing through the floor of the cars, and +were not missed until the train arrived at Charleston.</p> + +<p>The following account of the affair, told by Lieut. Rogers, of the +Confederate army to Maj. H. H. Lyman, this summer, however, throws a +little light on the subject.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>Lieut. Rogers said: “I was very young at the time, though a Lieutenant in +the Confederate service, and was detailed to transport the Yankee +prisoners from Macon to Charleston. I was very particular to instruct my +men to be very vigilant, as the prisoners they were guarding were no +ordinary fellows, but were a shrewd, sharp lot of Yankee officers, and +would need a heap of watching; for if there was any chance to escape, they +would improve it, and they must be constantly on the alert to prevent any +of them getting away. Savannah was passed without any trouble, the Yankees +seeming to enjoy themselves, singing, laughing and joking, and they and +the guard seemed to be on the best of terms. Charleston was reached, and I +proceeded to turn over my prisoners and turn them into the jail yard. I +had been congratulating myself upon the successful accomplishment of my +mission, when, upon counting them into the jail yard, what was my horror +to ascertain, that I was thirty-four Yankee officers, and four guards +short.</p> + +<p>Instead of going to headquarters and reporting the situation, I sat down +upon the curbstone in front of the jail to collect my thoughts, and +consider what I should do.</p> + +<p>While I was sitting there brooding over the affair, and feeling about as +blue as though I was myself a prisoner, a Captain rode up and inquired if +I was Lieut. Rogers and was in command of the guard, that brought the +Yankee prisoners from Macon. I told him I was, and he told me I was +ordered to report to the General’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> headquarters under arrest. I went up +to headquarters, not knowing whether I was to be shot or sent to prison, +but concluded to make a clean breast of it, and tell all there was about +it.</p> + +<p>The General listened to my story, and after keeping me in suspense for +what seemed to me to be a long time, released me from arrest, and told me +to go back to Macon with the balance of my men, and be careful that I +didn’t lose any on my way back.</p> + +<p>The Lieutenant continued, I never afterwards heard from either the +prisoners or my men. I didn’t care so much about the Yankee prisoners +getting away, but would like to have got my guard back.</p> + +<p>He did not know whether they were killed by the Yankee prisoners or had +been induced by them to desert, the latter however, is the most probable, +but as I have never heard from any of them since, I am equally in the dark +concerning the affair, and, like the Lieutenant, can only guess at what +took place.</p> + +<p>The next day we were notified to be ready that evening, and that night we +were counted out and placed on board the cars. Instead of taking us to +Charleston, as we had been told they would, we were stopped at Savannah, +and placed in the United States marine hospital yard, around which a +stockade had been built, thus spoiling our plans of escape. “The best laid +plans of mice and men aft gang aglee.” This was a yard of about two acres, +quite well shaded with live oak trees, some of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> which grew to enormous +dimensions, one on the south side, spreading over nearly or quite a +hundred feet of ground. Here we drew rations of fresh beef, the first in +many months, and our rations were generally better than we had heretofore +received. We were strictly guarded, but, with few exceptions, were well +treated. Colonel Wayne, of the 1st Georgia Regulars, was in command, who +designated Colonel F. C. Miller, 147th New York, as senior officer of the +camp, and all communications were forwarded through him.</p> + +<p>Of course almost the first thing to do when we had got fairly settled in a +new prison, was to commence a tunnel. Two were started, and had progressed +nearly to completion, when as in Macon, these were both discovered and +filled up. Another was soon started in a different direction, and was +already to open, which would have given egress to half the camp, when, by +a most unfortunate accident, it was discovered on the morning preceding +the night we were to make the break. We had reached within a few inches of +the surface, and ten minutes’ work would complete the opening, but it was +so near daylight we thought we would be already that night, and get a good +early start the next.</p> + +<p>That morning, however, as the sentry was watching a cow cropping the grass +just outside the camp, what was his surprise to see her suddenly break +through and nearly disappear. Of course an investigation showed what had +been done, and again had our toil been in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> vain—no, not in vain, for it +had kept us employed, and diverted our minds from the misery of our +situation.</p> + +<p>While in Savannah, we built ourselves what is known as the old fashioned +Dutch oven, in which we could bake our pomes. To the younger readers a +description of this oven may be interesting. A flat stone was secured +about two feet square, for the bottom, and around and over this stone was +erected an oven of stone, brick and mortar, capable of holding about four +good sized pomes. Wood was then split up fine, and a good rousing fire +built, and kept up until the oven was thoroughly heated, when it would be +filled to its capacity with pomes, the different messes taking turns to do +their baking, and in half an hour after closing the oven up tight, they +would be taken out nicely baked, and when properly made, afforded a very +palatable meal. In order to have them light, we would mix up a quart or so +of corn meal in cold water, and set in the sun to sour. The pome was then +mixed in the same way, stirring in a little of this sour rising and adding +a little soda. This sour meal was kept on hand, so as to have enough for +three or four days ahead.</p> + +<p>A corn dodger was made in the same way, but was made the size of a large +biscuit, and was baked in a skillet with an iron cover, a fire being built +both over and under the skillet, and when not made light by the use of +this sour rising and soda, would make a dangerous missile to throw at a +man or dog.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>Having now served an apprenticeship of about four months as cook for the +mess, I flattered myself that I was qualified to take charge of any first +class restaurant as chief cook and bottle washer, and I would bring my +corn pome on the table, with all the pride with which a young wife, would +present her best efforts at cooking to a tea party. And when I had wheat +flour, I would be just a little put out, if my biscuit did not receive the +fulsome praise I thought they were entitled to. Our rations in Savannah, +were more liberal than they had been during our captivity, and by buying +such things as were not issued to us, we always had a little ahead.</p> + +<p>Colonel Wayne issued an order after the discovery of this first tunnel, +that in order to give a better chance for inspection, tents must be raised +three and a half feet from the ground. This order was usually complied +with, but some claiming that they had no lumber, neglected to do as +directed, and the result was that a detail was sent in, and removed +sixteen tents that had not yet been raised, causing much inconvienence and +suffering to those former occupants, as that night a severe storm came up, +and being without shelter, many were drenched to the skin. These tents +were returned in a day or two however, by recommendation of the surgeon in +charge. Platforms were built at different points, upon which were built +fires at night, to better enable the guard to see what was going on +inside. Around these fires we would gather and sing old army songs, which +served to put a little spirit into us.</p> + +<p> </p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs10.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">WASHING CLOTHES AT SAVANNAH, GA.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>These fires, while they were not built for our comfort or convenience, +really were both to us. They drove away the musquitoes and purified and +warmed the chill, night air, thus making it more comfortable sleeping than +it would otherwise have been. On the 2d of August an order came for our +two Chaplains and seven surgeons to be ready to leave for parole. It was a +day both of joy and gloom. We had learned to love those two earnest +christian soldiers, who had been so faithful to us, and were sorry to part +with them, though we rejoiced at their good fortune and fondly hoped that +it might be our turn soon. Most of them took with them only what they were +sure to need, and freely gave to their most intimate comrades all else +that could be of any value to them. But to show the difference in the +dispositions of people, I wish to refer to two cases as illustrations of +distinct sides of human nature. Dr. Robert Rae had a fine case of surgical +instruments, which, although valuable to him, even after he was free, he +gave to Adjutant H. H. Lyman, 147th New York, telling him they could be +sold for money enough to subsist him for some time.</p> + +<p>The other case is that of Dr. Brets, who had a mattress and some other +camp property, that would be of no earthly use to him and which he could +not take with him, so he magnanimously consented to sell them to the +highest bidder, which happened to be Captain Hock of my mess. This +mattress was quite a comfort to us and we were glad to get it, even at the +exorbitant price we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> were obliged to pay. We did not begrudge the generous +Doctor the greenbacks we paid him, and hope he is still living to enjoy +them, for to such a generous soul, a few dollars, more or less, must be a +great source of comfort. If I could find out his address, I would donate +him a copy of this volume, just to show my gratitude. Before leaving, the +Chaplains had a rousing <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'farwell'">farewell</ins> meeting, and each delivered a brief but +eloquent address, and amid hearty hand-shakings and fervent God bless +you’s, they took their way out of the camp. Only one officer escaped while +we were at Savannah—Captain Sampson, 2d Mass. H. A., and he was soon +recaptured and brought back.</p> + +<p>He escaped by crawling out through a hole under the high board fence and +tried to reach the fort on the coast about six miles away, but the swamps +were simply impassible, and after wandering about through water and mud +nearly knee deep for two or three days, was obliged to abandon the attempt +to reach the coast, and was arrested by a patrol, who accidentally run +upon him while he was trying to extricate himself from the impassible +swamp.</p> + +<p>He said that at one time he was in sight of the fort, but the water +deepened so fast as he approached the shore, that he was obliged to +retrace his steps.</p> + +<p>It was a source of some little comfort to us to be once more within +hearing of the morning and evening guns of a Union fort, but surrounded as +we were by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> guard of a hostile enemy, how long a distance that six +miles seemed.</p> + +<p>While at Savannah we were also furnished kettles, in which to heat water +for washing our clothes; and as we had no extra changes of clothing, some +ludicrous scenes were witnessed while the washing and drying was going on.</p> + +<p>Lieut. Abbot, while boiling his clothing, tied a blanket around his waist +until they were dry enough to wear again, making him look like an old +woman, and while thus employed was sketched by an artist named Dahl, and +presented with his own picture.</p> + +<p>On the 13th of September we were placed on board the cars and arrived at +Charleston the same evening, where we were placed in the jail yard, to be +knocked out by General Gilmore’s batteries on Morris Island. This was +without exception the most filthy, lousy, dirty place I ever saw. There +were only fifty A tents for six hundred prisoners, and scarcely any wood +with which to cook our rations. At Charleston occurred the first death by +starvation that I had witnessed, the deceased being a member of my +company.</p> + +<p>Soon after we entered the jail yard Capt. Hock and myself were greeted by +two skeletons, whom we never would have recognized had they not made +themselves known to us. They were reduced to mere skin and bone, and +neither could walk, being on the very verge of death from starvation. As +soon as possible I made them some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> gruel and tried to nurse them back to +life. We fed them sparingly through the evening and then left them a pot +of food to eat during the night, being particular to caution them not to +eat too much, Sergeant Sweet, who was the stronger of the two, promising +to be careful of his comrade, who could not be depended upon to control +his craving for food. In the night this poor fellow crawled near enough to +reach the pot of food while the Sergeant was asleep and ate it all.</p> + +<p>It was his last meal on earth, for his poor starved stomach was too weak +to endure so much, and the next morning he was dead. The guard carried him +outside the dead line, where he lay all day, festering in the sun, and +would not let me approach near enough to spread a blanket over his dead +form, to hide the sight from our gaze.</p> + +<p>There were a number of negroes belonging to some Massachusetts regiment, +confined in jail, but were not allowed to come down into the yard. They +were beautiful singers, and entertained us almost every evening while we +remained there. This, with one exception, was the only sound that gave us +any pleasure.</p> + +<p>We could hear the boom of Gilmore’s guns on Morris Island, and watch the +course of the shell he was every fifteen minutes tossing into the doomed +city. Two or three times pieces of shell fell inside the yard, one piece +cutting off a limb of the locust tree that was at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> time affording me +shade, while I was reading one of those old Harper’s that I brought along.</p> + +<p>The only escape made from the jail yard was by Lieut. H. Lee Clark, 2nd +Mass. H. A., who bought a reb lieutenant’s uniform, and walked out without +a question. He was subsequently brought back, however. Upon his return to +the jail yard he gave the following narrative of his escape:</p> + +<p>As he passed out of the gate, the sentry seeing his uniform and insignia +of rank, faced and came to a present arms, which he answered by a salute, +and passed on. Being now free from the prison, he started off, but being a +stranger in the city, he did not exactly know what direction to take.</p> + +<p>He had wandered about for some time, trying to think of some plan to reach +our lines, when his attention was attracted by two ladies who seemed to be +watching his movements, from the stoop of a house that looked as though it +was occupied by people in moderate circumstances. After passing and +repassing the house two or three times, he concluded to try to get +something to eat there, and for this purpose approached the ladies. They +asked him into the house and set a lunch before him, and thinking he would +be safer here than in the street, he concluded to stay as long as +possible. He found the conversation of the ladies entertaining, and by +cautiously drawing them out in conversation, he found them to be strongly +tinctured with union sentiments. Finally after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> satisfying himself that it +would be safe to do so, he told them who and what he was, and appealed to +them for shelter and protection, until he could devise some plan for +leaving the city.</p> + +<p>This they cheerfully promised, and also agreed to assist him to the utmost +of their ability. They kept him at their house two or three days, until +they could exchange his officer’s uniform for that of a private, and then +procured him a pass, as their brother, to visit Sullivan’s Island, which +was opposite Morris Island, and at one place was only separated from it by +about three hundred yards.</p> + +<p>This Island was reached by steamer and was strongly fortified. The bay +between there and Morris Island was full of torpedoes to prevent attack by +water.</p> + +<p>He roamed about the Island all day, trying to find some means of crossing, +but could discover no boat, not even a plank that would sustain his +weight.</p> + +<p>He staid on the Island all night and tried again the next day to find some +means to get across the short belt of water to Morris Island. He could not +swim, and not a board was to be found that would assist him in his +extremity.</p> + +<p>He was without food and was now taken ill, and was finally obliged to go +back to Charleston, and give himself up, when he was placed in the +hospital, and after his recovery, sent back to prison.</p> + +<p>September 26th, we were told that if we would give our parole not to +attempt to escape, good quarters would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> be furnished us, and as escape +from here seemed impossible, we gladly accepted the proposition.</p> + +<p>Upon giving our parole eighty of us were sent to a house on Broad Street, +which looked out on the bay. It was a three story, white house, with wide +piazzas facing the water, and just across the street were bath houses, +that we were permitted to use whenever we pleased. Here for the first time +since we were placed in the pen at Macon, we had the facilities for +cleanliness so necessary to insure good health. Then in the evening we +could sit out on the piazza, and, looking down the bay, see the flash of +the guns five miles away, anon hearing sharp quick reports, and then watch +the course of the shell by the trail of fire, as it pursued its course +into the city, while we amused ourselves by singing and commenting upon +the bombardment.</p> + +<p>We were visited almost daily by the Sisters of Mercy—God bless these +brave, noble women—who brought in delicacies for the sick, and tobacco +for those that used it, which they gave freely to those without means to +buy, or sold to those who were able to pay. They also traded Confederate +money for our greenbacks, giving us better rates than we could get +elsewhere. Then they would take the greenbacks to the reb prisoners on +Morris Island, for they had free access through both lines in prosecuting +their christian duty, and they were worthy of the confidence of both +governments, as they never acted the part of spy for either. Braving every +danger,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> and only intent on doing service for the Master, and relieving +suffering wherever they could find it. How many of our poor boys, who were +brought there from Andersonville, and were suffering from disease and +starvation, were soothed, nursed and comforted by those noble women. May +God reward them for all their self sacrifice, all their tedious +pilgrimages, from one camp to another, all their weary watching beside the +squalid pallets of the wretched suffering heroes, despite the hurtling +missiles of death, that were flying in every direction about the city; +nothing daunted or deterred them from making their regular daily visits, +though I know of one instance, (and it was probably only one of many,) +where a shell struck and burst only a few feet in front of the carriage +that was bringing them to our quarters.</p> + +<p>They were frightened badly, and what woman would not be, but this did not +deter them from making their daily visits to the sick and suffering +soldiers of both armies, and doing all in their power to alleviate +distress, feeding the hungry, and watching by the bedside of the dying, +administering the consolation of Christian faith and hope to those who +were passing away, their only reward the consciousness of a duty well +performed. “Verily they shall have their reward.”</p> + +<p>On the 5th of October we were again on board a train, and this time our +destination was Columbia, the capital of South Carolina. We were placed in +box cars, with two guards at each door, some of the same men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> who had been +guarding us while in Charleston, and with whom we had been on terms of +intimacy, we having been allowed many privileges while on parole, and had +not been under as strict surveillance as heretofore, being permitted to go +in and out during the day, whenever we pleased, and had gained the +confidence of our guardians to such an extent, that they did not think it +necessary to watch us very closely. This we thought would be a good chance +to escape. It was agreed between us that Captains Cady, Hock and Eastmond +and Lieut. Masters should jump from the car, which was running only about +ten or twelve miles an hour, and I was to go on to Columbia with our +baggage, of which we had considerable, so that in case of recapture, they +would not lose all of this, to us, valuable property, but would again be +in condition to commence housekeeping. Cady and Masters sat in the door +with their legs hanging out, and I sat beside the guard, and after dark +got into conversation with him. I had a pine stick which I was whittling, +and as he would frequently bring his gun to an order beside me, I managed +to remove the cap from his gun, and insert this pine stick into the tube.</p> + +<p>This I communicated to my comrades. I then went back, and, standing +alongside of this verdant reb, soon had him in good humor by getting off +some funny yarns, joking, laughing and keeping him amused by swapping lies +with him, until he thought I was one of the jolliest Yanks he had ever +seen. And I did feel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> jolly, for I had a dead sure thing on <i>him</i>. We +finally got on such friendly terms that he asked me to hold his gun while +he took off his shoe to see what in h—l it was hurt his foot so; some dog +gone thing was pestering him awfully; he reckoned it was a dog gone peg +sticking up thar. Now was their time, and if I only had his belt +containing the caps and cartridges, it would have been my time, too. We +were passing through a swampy piece of woods, and none of us knew how deep +it was or how far to high ground; but Capt. Cady and Lieut. Masters took +in the situation and jumped. To show myself worthy of the confidence he +had reposed in me, I snapped the old musket, but that only served to drive +the pine plug more securely into the tube, and by the time he had put on a +new cap they were out of range, even if the gun had been discharged. He +exploded the cap, however, in the direction of the fugitives, and then +relieved himself by cursing the d—n old gun; but my zeal was duly +recognized, and our friendship was more firmly cemented than ever, as I +was so mad to think they would play such a scurvy trick, especially while +I was on guard. It was not long before the frequent report of arms told us +that others were making a “jump for life and liberty.”</p> + +<p>About one hundred and fifty jumped from the cars and escaped into the +swamp that night, and amidst all the firing there was not one hurt that I +ever heard of. After Cady and Masters jumped, the guard at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +opposite door was so watchful that Hock and Eastman could not get a chance to escape.</p> + +<p>Had I not promised to stay on board and take care of the baggage, I should +have taken the gun and followed Cady and Masters, which I think would more +than ever convince my reb friend that I was zealous in the performance of +military duty. I could see from my position in the door, dark objects +leaping from the car in front, followed by a streak of fire from the gun +of one of the guards, showing that the caps had not all been replaced with +pine plugs, though I was told afterwards that a number of caps had been +removed. I think the safest way, however, to prevent a gun going off, is +when you remove the cap, to insert a plug into the tube. We were a jolly +crowd that night, that passed through the swampy country between +Charleston and Columbia, for it was fun to see our comrades getting away, +and witness the frantic efforts of the guard to prevent them. Officers +were shouting to their men to shoot the d—n Yankees, and the guards were +doing their level best to obey orders.</p> + +<p>But they had been deceived by the apparent submissiveness of the Yankees, +and as I heard the fellow say whose gun I had fixed, “I didn’t think they +would do such a dog gone trick on me, when I’d used them so well.” He +seemed to lose confidence in all but me, and was mad all through, to think +that the fellows he had treated like gentlemen should thus abuse his +confidence.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>We could have easily captured the whole force and taken the train if we +had made an organized effort. But the great trouble was to get officers to +obey orders and follow instructions; all wanted to be bosses. I would +rather go into action with one regiment of enlisted men than with a whole +division of brigadiers.</p> + +<p>This fact probably accounts for the rebs always keeping the officers and +enlisted men in separate prisons.</p> + +<p>We arrived at Columbia October 6th, about 4 p. m., and were at once turned +into a field of about five acres, on a sort of side hill. We had not drawn +any rations during the day, and having had no opportunity to cook the raw +rations we brought from Charleston, or buy anything to eat on the road, we +were half starved.</p> + +<p>There had been no preparation made for our coming, and the bakers were +obliged to fire up and bake bread to feed this unexpected addition to +their customers. This, of course, took time, and to men with empty +stomachs the hours seemed like days. Women come to the fence that +surrounded our camp, with pies, cakes, biscuits and other provisions to +sell, and done a thriving business while provisions lasted; but the stock +was soon sold out, and yet only a few had been fed. They only had to come +to the fence with what they had to sell, and it was bought at whatever +price was placed upon it.</p> + +<p>I had just bought some bread of one of these venders, when Lieutenant H. +Lee Clark, 2d Massachusetts H. A., came up and asked a woman the price of +a pie,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> which she told him was five dollars; he handed her the five +dollars, and was reaching through the fence for the pie, when one of the +guard that had been placed in the camp, gave him a bayonet thrust in the +back, without a word of warning or an order to fall back. It was a +terrible thrust and made a wound three-fourths of an inch wide and one and +a half inches deep, near the spine. A number of us saw it and watched for +this fellow to come on guard again that night, but fortunately for him and +perhaps for us, he was relieved and did not again make his appearance. If +he had, we had determined to settle him quietly with a stone. An old +wooden freight house formed the west boundary of our camp, and under it +was stored a quantity of bacon. A number of hams were fished out by means +of a hook attached to a long pole, and some even crawled under it to get +their rations. Finally about dark, rations of white bread, warm from the +ovens, were served and this, with the stolen bacon, made us a good hearty +supper.</p> + +<p>About this time a terrible rain storm came up, accompanied by a cold +northwest wind, which caused intense suffering to those who had no +shelter; and as none had any except such as could be made with blankets, +nearly all were all that night exposed to one of the worst storms I ever +experienced. As was my custom on going into camp, the first thing I did +was to gather some boards and improvise a tent from our blankets, using +some for a floor on which to place our mattress. This afforded but slight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +protection from such a terrible storm of wind and rain as that night swept +down upon us, but over one thousand of the twelve hundred officers were +destitute of even this slight protection, and many were suffering from +wounds and disease. To those it was a night of terrible suffering such as +few ever experienced before or since. In such a drenching rain fires were +impossible, and there was nothing for them to do but tramp all night long +in the wind and rain, to keep from perishing. Yet above the howling +tempest and amid the drenching rain, could be heard the cheering chorus, +“Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching.”</p> + +<p>Water was running down the slope in torrents, forming miniature rivers as +the storm progressed, cutting deep furrows in the soft clay soil, and +covering the whole camp with water and mud nearly ankle deep. Few who +passed that night of the 6th of October, 1864, in the prisoners’ camp at +Columbia, will ever forget it while they live.</p> + +<p>The next day we were asked to again give our parole, in which case we +would be placed in a beautiful grove about three miles out, where we would +have all the facilities for cleanliness and comfort that we could desire. +We rather thought we would first see this haven of bliss, and then decide +for ourselves about the bargain.</p> + +<p>We hung our wet blankets up to dry in the sun which had come out once more +to cheer us, and made ourselves as comfortable as possible during the day, +not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> knowing where we were to go next. About four o’clock, teams were +brought up to the fence along the road, and we were ordered to load on our +traps and get ready to move into camp. Not having much baggage, we were +soon ready and the line was formed, and we were again on the march. We had +not gone more than half a mile, when we passed the building where was +manufactured the Confederate money with which to carry on this great +<i>rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p>The windows were illuminated with the bright faces of about a hundred +young ladies, who were employed in this great printing house, and some of +the boys failed to keep step as they cast furtive glances in the direction +of the upper story windows, some even going so far as to give a salute +that was made a good deal like throwing a kiss, while a few cheeky +fellows, who seemed to have forgotten their manners during their long +imprisonment, actually had the audacity to sing out: “Say, sis, chuck me +down a roll of <i>Confed</i>. Got any new issue to spare? Give us a bundle; you +can make more.” But what surprised me most, the girls seemed to enjoy all +this chaffing, and some of them actually attempted to get up a flirtation +with the detested Yankee prisoners, waving handkerchiefs, throwing kisses, +and making such remarks as: “Ain’t he handsome? Oh! look at that fat +fellow; ain’t he a daisy,” &c., keeping up a chatter loud enough for us to +hear until the whole column had passed.</p> + +<p>After a march of three miles, we turned into a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> ploughed field that was +bounded on three sides by what new settlers in the back woods call a +slashing. There was not a tent or shelter of any kind, and this was the +place that we had been told would afford us every facility for cleanliness +and comfort, and for which we had been asked to give our parole.</p> + +<p>A guard was formed around this field and we were turned in like so many +mules into a corral. For fear of losing our mattress and other camp +equipages, if we loaded them on the cart, we fortunately decided to lug +them, not knowing how much of a tramp we had to make, and although it was +a hard lug, we were well repaid for our labor when we reached the camp, +for while many lost things that were invaluable to them, in that they +could not be replaced, we were ready to go to housekeeping at once, when +we were ordered to break ranks.</p> + +<p>Like squatters in a new country, each man was permitted to select his +location, and I at once pre-empted a dry knoll, under the shade of a pine +tree, as a suitable place to squat and, dumping our household goods there, +proceeded at once to improvise a shelter and skirmish around for something +for supper.</p> + +<p>Again, thanks to <span class="smcap">Doctor Brets’</span> generosity (?) our mattress, which we had +tugged on our shoulders for three miles, came into play to make us a +comfortable bed on the ground, and, after such a supper as we could pick +up, and a good smoke, we curled up in our blankets and lay down to dream +of home and sumptuous dinners.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> While we were thus comparatively +comfortable that night, there were a thousand of our less fortunate +comrades who spread their still damp blankets on the cold wet ground, and +almost supperless, passed a night of sleepless misery. The next week I +spent in building a brush tent. I received permission to take an axe and +go outside the camp, under guard, and cut brush and limbs to build it +with. I cut six posts and planted them firmly in the ground, putting poles +across to make a ridge tent, and then thatched the steep roof with pine +boughs, making it water proof. It required a good deal of labor to +complete the quarters, but when done it was warm and comfortable. Having +completed our quarters, and got everything snug, I made up my mind that I +would like to move North.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn04.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">the escape—i turn over my tent and household effects to colonel +miller and adjutant lyman—crawling across the guard line—our escape +discovered and we fired upon—captains geere and eastmond +recaptured—tramp, tramp, tramp.</span></p></div> + +<p>There was one of the guard, who had come with us from Charleston, and to +whom I had sold my watch, who had become quite attached to me, and had +always been ready to do me a favor, when he could. From our frequent +interviews, I had been led to believe that he was strongly tinctured with +unionism, and thought perhaps he could be induced to give me a chance to +escape, if he could do so without danger to himself. Finding him on guard +the 12th of October, at the northwest corner of our camp, which was the +best place on the line to cross, I wrote a note to him, offering him fifty +dollars if he would let me and some of my comrades cross his beat that +night.</p> + +<p>Wrapping a small stone in this note, I sauntered along near where he was +pacing his beat, and, watching my opportunity, when none of the other +guard were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> looking, tossed the note to him and sat down under the shade +of a small tree to await the result. It would be impossible to describe +with what feelings of hope, doubt, anxiety, and fear I awaited the answer +to this note, as he paced his beat carefully reading it.</p> + +<p>If he consented, I was free; but if he refused and reported me to Captain +Semple for attempting to bribe him, there was no telling what would be my +punishment; for attempting to bribe a sentry on duty was no slight +offense. The stake for which I was playing was a great one, and the hazard +was equally great. It was liberty on the one hand, and perhaps death on +the other. No wonder then that the moment was an anxious one.</p> + +<p>After carefully reading it, he walked to the farther end of his beat and +wrote on the back of the note, and wrapped a stone up in it, and, on his +return, when opposite where I sat, after cautiously glancing around, +tossed it back to me. This act satisfied me that my secret was safe, at +least; but when I read his answer, my gratitude to this noble friend was +greater than I could express. He wrote: “I do not want your money; but if +you will come just as the moon goes down and throw a pebble at my feet I +will leave my beat; but be very careful not to make any noise.” With a +joyful heart I hurried to my companions to tell them the good news.</p> + +<p>That was a busy day for me. I bought some flour, sweet potatoes and meat, +and commenced making biscuit, roasting sweet potatoes, and frying meat to +fill our haversacks.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> This, with our slight conveniences for cooking, was +no easy task. I made two dozen biscuits; and this, with our other +provisions filled our haversacks, and together with our blankets, +overcoats, etc., was about all we could carry. Having completed our +preparations, I went to where Col. Miller and Lieut. H. H. Lyman had taken +up their quarters, which consisted of a dry goods box with one end knocked +out, and about half long enough to cover their bodies. They were both too +ill to build a brush tent as I had done. I told them that I was going to +take a walk the next morning, and asked them to move into my tent, and if +I was brought back I would take it back, but if not, then it was theirs, +together with the mattress, extra blankets, and cooking utensils.</p> + +<p>We then lay down and took a good sleep and rest, waiting for the moon to +set, which would be at three o’clock.</p> + +<p>By that hour we had eaten our breakfast, picked up what we intended to +carry, and cautiously, one by one, gathered under a tree, a few feet from +the dead line, where, concealed in the shade, we could plainly see my +friend pacing up and down his beat. When the moon had disappeared long +enough so that it was quite dark, I tossed a pebble, which struck right at +his feet, at which he said in a low tone, “all right” and walked away, and +commenced talking to the other sentry.</p> + +<p>This was our opportunity, and lying flat on the ground, we crawled across +the guard line like so many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> snakes. There were seven of us, viz.: +Captains Geere, Hock, Eastmond, Hays, and Cratty, and Lieutenant Winner +and myself. Having all got across, we raised up and stole softly away. We +had not gone far, however, before some one stumbled over some dry brush in +the darkness, which made considerable noise and attracted the attention of +one of the guard, who immediately sent a bullet in our direction and +called out lustily: “Corporal of the guard, post number fo.” This was +followed by other shots; but they could only shoot in the direction of the +noise, and if ever seven fellows made good time, we did for about half a +mile, till we gained a small patch of woods. We did not stop here long, +but getting our direction, we made for another and larger woods about +three miles away.</p> + +<p>We entered these woods just as it was getting light; and making our way +far into its dark recesses, made our camp for the day. We could plainly +hear the reveille in the prison camp, from where we lay that morning, and +would not have been surprised to have heard the dogs on our trail that +day. But the dogs had been kept pretty busy for the past few days, and +were perhaps busy then, following some other track. We spread down our +blankets and took a nap for an hour or two, and then after eating a light +breakfast, commenced perfecting our plans for the future.</p> + +<p>We each cut a good, stout hickory staff, and then agreed upon our manner +of march. Captain Geere, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> had escaped once before and been recaptured, +was chosen leader, and we were to march in single file, about ten paces +apart, Geere first, Eastmond next, myself third, and the others behind. If +the leader saw any danger, he was to raise his hand as a signal for all to +drop down; and if he wanted to consult, he would stop and wait for us to +come up.</p> + +<p>The moon was full, and shone brightly nearly all night; so that when we +were in the open road, these signals could be plainly seen by the man next +behind, who was to raise his hand, and so pass the signal back to the +rear. About ten o’clock that night we started for the road, which we had +reconnoitered and found during the day. We had nearly reached the road, +when we heard a dog baying as though on a trail of some kind, and also +heard the voices of men shouting to him. Making quite a long detour, we +again approached the road, this time where the timber was sparse, and the +greensward soft beneath our feet. Captain Geere had just reached the +middle of the road, and Captain Eastmond was near the edge of the woods, +when suddenly a large white dog, with a loud bay attacked Geere. I was +near enough to see Geere swinging his stick in front of the dog to keep +him off, and dropped flat down. I saw two armed men come up and silence +the dog, but waited for no more, and stealthily glided away as fast as I +could, back into the woods.</p> + +<p>The greensward beneath my feet, the barking of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> dog, and the loud +talking of the men, prevented them from hearing me, and I assure you it +was not long before I was out of their hearing, no matter how much noise I +had made. I was all alone, and did not know in what direction I was +running, I only knew I was getting away from the sound of that dog. I had +run, I should judge, about a mile, when I again came to the road and +crossed it. Soon getting into a swampy piece of ground, I climbed over +fallen trees, plunged into mud holes, tore through brier bushes, and +stumbled over stumps, and finally sat down, completely out of breath, to +listen.</p> + +<p>It was now about 11 o’clock, and there was not a sound to be heard. After +listening some time I again started for the road, feeling that I must make +the balance of the tramp alone. I soon found the road, and then put in +some of the tallest walking I had ever done, knowing that every stride I +made was a stride towards safety. I had walked about five miles, as near +as I could judge, and had just come to the open country again, when from +the fence beside the road just behind me, I heard my name spoken; and +knowing that no one but my comrades would know my name, I at once halted +and answered. It proved to be Captain Hock and Adjutant Winner, who had +heard me coming and waited for me.</p> + +<p>We pushed on rapidly, knowing that our safety depended on the distance we +placed between ourselves and Columbia that night, and at daylight went +into camp in a piece of woods about fifteen miles from Columbia. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> did +not take any blanket with me; but had a good overcoat, which we spread on +the ground, and covering ourselves with the blankets of Hock and Winner, +slept soundly until about ten o’clock, when we awoke and took our +breakfast of two biscuits each, and spent the balance of the day in +chatting, smoking, snoozing, etc. About half past nine that evening (the +14th) we started on again, proceeding cautiously in single file, but we +did not make more than twelve miles that night, on account of being +obliged to make a long detour two or three times, to flank some wagons +that had camped beside the road, on their way to market at Columbia.</p> + +<p>People going to market there are frequently eight or ten days on the road, +camping like gypsies, wherever night overtakes them. They would build a +fire beside the road, and cook their supper, picket their horses, and go +to sleep in their covered wagons.</p> + +<p>In these detours, we sometimes came across a few sweet potatoes, or some +corn in the field, which we would gather to roast for our breakfast. In +fact, after the third day, our biscuits were all gone, and we had nothing +to eat except what we could thus find along the road. On the third night +out, my legs began to pain me, and the next morning they were quite +swollen and inflamed. This was Sunday, and we camped in a pine grove, near +a clear brook; and after breakfast I took a good bath in the cold water, +and felt quite refreshed after it. That night, just after we started, we +found a guide board, and mounting Captain Hock’s shoulders, I got near +enough to read that we were thirty-four miles from Columbia, having +averaged not quite twelve miles a night.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs11.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">ESCAPED PRISONERS SEARCHING FOR THE ROAD AT NIGHT.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>Being now out of provisions, much of our time was spent in looking for +sweet potatoes along the road. Sometimes we would see a nice patch in +front of some wayside house; but almost every house had a dog or two, and +they ever seemed on the alert for tramps; and it was quite a risk to +attempt to dig sweet potatoes with those dogs making such a racket, and we +were often glad enough to get away without being detected, and even +without the desired potatoes. How those dogs would bark! It seemed as +though they would arouse the whole neighborhood with their eternal +yelping. I took a solemn oath during that journey that if I ever lived to +get free, I would thereafter shoot every dog I could find, and I pretty +near kept that oath, too. We were not so much afraid of their biting us as +we were that they would be followed by their masters with loaded guns; and +often we would make a detour of a mile, rather than have attention +attracted to us by those yelping curs.</p> + +<p>The fifth night of our tramp was cloudy and dark, so much so that the +little North Star, that had thus far been our guide, as well as the full +moon that had lighted up our road, was completely hidden from our view, +and we were left to grope our way as best we could. In the darkness we +came to where the roads forked, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> although there was a guide board, it +was in vain that I tried by mounting Captain Hock’s shoulders and lighting +matches, to read the directions, to find which road led in the right +direction.</p> + +<p>After talking the matter over, and consulting our little map as well as we +could by the aid of lighted matches, we took the road to the right, and +although it may seem paradoxical, for this once right was wrong.</p> + +<p>We traveled on this road two or three miles, when we were satisfied that +we should have taken the other fork, but thinking we would come to a road +soon that bore in the right direction, we kept plodding along in the +darkness and finally in the rain, and when near daylight we went into +camp, we only knew we were in the woods somewhere in South Carolina, but +in what particular portion of that state we could not tell. Of one thing +we were satisfied, and that was that we were tired out and half starved. +We spread our blankets on the wet ground and, with the rain falling in our +faces, slept as soundly as though our bed was one of down instead of the +wet ground.</p> + +<p>Awaking about 10 o’clock, I started out on a reconnoissance, and, after +carefully skirmishing around for an hour, found that we were near the +Saluda river, and that there was a ferry near by, the river at this point +being very wide. We did not wish to cross this river, and had tried hard +to avoid it, but by taking the wrong road at the forks had run right onto +it.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>Instead of laying by this day, we started out to try to find a road that +led in the right direction. We found some persimmons, which we gathered +and ate to satisfy our hunger; but tramped all day in the rain until 4 +o’clock in the afternoon before we found a road that seemed to run in the +direction we wished to go. When we finally came to a road that seemed to +point to the northwest, we pushed on rapidly for sixteen miles before +halting, although we were hungry and tired; and when we finally came to +another guide board, we found that we were only forty-four miles from +Columbia. This was Tuesday, the 18th, and we had left Columbia the morning +of the 14th, thus making an average of only eleven miles a day, or rather +a night.</p> + +<p>We had nothing to eat but raw corn, which we shelled from the cob, and +munched as we walked. My legs had now became swollen and inflamed to such +an extent that, had I been at home, I would not have thought I could walk +a dozen blocks, still we marched sixteen miles that night, and the next +morning we went into camp within the sound of passing cars. That night we +started out again, but had not gone more than half a mile before we again +came upon the river. This was discouraging for, as I have said, we did not +wish to cross the river but to go in a parallel direction, and this road +ended at a ferry.</p> + +<p>There was nothing to do but go back and try to find a road that branched +off from the one we were just traveling.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> The country through which we +were passing was densely wooded, and the weather was cloudy and rainy, +and, after tramping all day and all the next night, we finally went into +camp again; but where we could not tell, except that it was in the woods. +We had traveled hither and thither for thirty-six hours without anything +to eat.</p> + +<p>After resting and sleeping until about 11 o’clock in the forenoon, we +started out again to find a road. We found a corn field in which some +beans had been planted between the hills, and gathered the ears of corn +and picked some of the beans, which we shelled and cooked in a tin plate +that I had brought along. We were near a spring of water, and, by placing +the tin plate on three stones and building a fire with twigs under it, we +could, by frequently pouring in water from a tin cup, manage to keep them +from burning until they were soft enough to eat. It took a good deal of +time and patience to cook enough for three in this way; but by working +faithfully all day, I cooked enough to make us think we had had quite a +dinner.</p> + +<p>During the day, Captain Hock in skirmishing around the woods came across +four or five shoats and an old sow feeding on the nuts and persimmons, and +tried by shelling corn to coax them near enough to knock one over to cook +for rations; but they were so wild he could not get near enough to capture +one. He worked a long time to gain their confidence; and they would come<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +within a few feet, and then, with a loud snort, would scamper off into the +woods again, patiently followed by the Captain. Finally, however, he was +obliged to give up the chase, and the prospects of a good dinner vanished.</p> + +<p>About four o’clock we found a road, and then completely tired out, we lay +down and slept. It was nearly midnight when we started on, and then it was +with difficulty that I could walk at all. My legs gave me such pain that +it seemed as if they would break off at every step. They were swollen to +three times their natural size and were so inflamed that I thought I would +be obliged to give up. The agony I suffered that night can never be told, +but I would not let my comrades halt for my sufferings, and they would not +go on without me—God bless them! They would not desert me, but rather +stay and share my fate, whatever it might be. I never can forget those two +noble comrades, who so faithfully stood by me, when, by leaving me behind, +as I begged of them to do, they, who were strong and hearty, could have +made double the distance I could make in my enfeebled condition.</p> + +<p>We soon found the railroad, and knowing that it would take us to +Knoxville, where we were making for, we started along the track. Although +my sufferings were almost unbearable, I trudged along uncomplainingly, for +I would not impede their progress; and when, shortly after, we came in +sight of a covered bridge, which we thought might be guarded, I +volunteered to make<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> a reconnoissance, for I thought it better for me to +be re-taken than either of them.</p> + +<p>Fortunately, there was no guard at the bridge, and we crossed. Captain +Hock was obliged to crawl across on his hands and knees for fear of +falling, as there was nothing but the ties and stringers to cross on and +it made him dizzy to walk upright. After crossing this bridge, we came to +a sweet potato patch and filled our haversacks so as to have a breakfast.</p> + +<p>Just at daylight that morning, we met a negro going to work in a mill; +but, as we were afraid to trust him, we did not speak except to say “good +morning” as we passed. This was the first person, black or white, that we +had met since our escape, and we had then been out six days. We went into +a piece of woods near by, and I cooked sweet potatoes in that tin plate +nearly all day to satisfy our appetites.</p> + +<p>We had our camp this day in a small thicket near a sweet potato field; +and, knowing that we could lay in a good supply after dark, we cooked and +ate all we wanted of our former supply. It kept me pretty busy cooking +them in that tin plate, as I was obliged to slice them up and then keep +adding water as it boiled away; but we managed to make out a good dinner, +and then lay down and slept until nearly dark. We made our supper on some +of the potatoes that I had roasted in the hot embers, so we had a variety +that day, boiled sweet potatoes for dinner, and sweet potatoes roasted for +supper.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> After supper we went into the field, and filled our haversacks +for the next morning’s breakfast. It was hard digging, as the soil was +gravelly, and we had nothing but our fingers to dig with.</p> + +<p>If any one thinks that a peck of sweet potatoes is not heavy, let him try +carrying a peck all night, and walk the railroad ties. This, the seventh +night, we started out early, taking the railroad track, which would take +us direct; but it was hard walking, and especially for me, as my legs were +so swollen and lame. I had been obliged on account of my swollen feet and +limbs to cut off the legs of my cavalry boots, and split down the vamp +nearly to the toe, to make them more roomy and comfortable, for my +stockingless feet.</p> + +<p>I used to think during that tramp on the railroad, how much better walking +it would be, if they would place the ties straight across the road bed, +and at an equal distance apart, say about eighteen inches, instead of +putting every third or fourth one on a bias. We dis-<i>cussed</i> this thing +pretty thoroughly during the time we were engaged as track-walkers between +Columbia and Wallhalla, and came to the conclusion that a reform was +necessary, in this regard.</p> + +<p>We were continually obliged to take one or two short steps and then a long +one, and if the reader does not believe that to be tiresome, let him try +it for two or three hundred miles, and he will believe that I am right, +and that I know something about how railroads ought to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> be built for foot +passengers. At any rate, I was so completely used up by one o’clock that +night that I tried to have my comrades go on and leave me to try to get +some negro to take care of me until I was able to resume my journey. I +told them that it was impossible for me to proceed; but they said they +would go into camp there, and see what success I met with in finding +shelter.</p> + +<p>We went into a piece of woods near the railroad and in sight of the +village of Greenwood, S. C., at one o’clock in the morning, and lay there +all day, watching for some negro to come along the road, which here ran +along the railroad. Towards night, I walked out to the railroad, and saw a +negro coming along on horse back. I sat upon the fence with my blue +overcoat on, and the following dialogue took place:</p> + +<p>“Hello uncle!”</p> + +<p>“Howde massa?”</p> + +<p>“Uncle, did you ever see a Yankee?”</p> + +<p>“No sah, I spects I never did.”</p> + +<p>“Well, now, take a good look at me and you’ll see one.”</p> + +<p>“Is you a Yankee, massa?”</p> + +<p>“Yes, I am a Yankee, and I want you to help me. You know we are going to +make the darkies all free. We are your friends. I have been a prisoner at +Columbia, and have escaped to get back North; but I am sick, and cannot go +any farther until I get better. Now I would like to go home with you and +have you take care of me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> until I am able to travel again, and I will pay +you well for your trouble.”</p> + +<p>“Well massa, you see I would like to do it mighty well; but I live six +miles back, and there’s so many chiller bout dare, and all the house +servants dey can’t be trusted. Our oberseer he’s a black man, but he do +any ting massa say. I don’t dare trust him, and if dey kotch me, dey’d +hang me, sure. But ders a collored fellah up the road, ‘Free Mitchell,’ +he’ll keep you if you get dere.”</p> + +<p>After making inquiries how to find “Free Mitchell,” and getting as +definite directions as it was possible to obtain from a black, which was +quite vague, I bid him “good bye,” after enjoining the strictest secrecy, +and receiving his most solemn promise not to say a word. I went back to my +comrades, and reported what I had done, and proposed that as soon as it +was dark we should hunt up this free negro, and try and get help.</p> + +<p>Soon after dark, we all started and walked two miles to the little village +of Greenwood. Thinking by the directions given, that we were nearing the +house, Hock and Winner lay down in the corner of the fence to wait until I +could find this place of refuge, and, if possible, bring them something to +eat.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">assailed by a dog—scaring a negro—free mitchell—he dare not let me +into his yard on account of a yankee schoolmaster who kept blood +hounds—flanking the hounds—meeting captain alban—losing my former +companions i start out with him.</span></p></div> + +<p>I walked part way into town trying not to attract attention, when a large +dog came bristling up, and acted as if he would like a piece of me; but +his master, who was a negro, gruffly called him back, and just then coming +to the railroad, I turned up the track and walked rapidly for half a mile +to get out of the village. I soon came to the place where the road crossed +the railroad, and thought I would wait until my companions came up. I had +told them that if I was not back in an hour to go on and leave me; for, if +nothing happened, I would be back within that time with something for them +to eat; and if I was not back they might make up their minds that I was +recaptured, or something had occurred to prevent me getting back.</p> + +<p>When I parted from them, Captain Hock, with his usual thoughtfulness and +generosity, took out his pocket book and divided the contents with me, +saying I might<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> need more than he would. I sat down in the shadow of a +large pine tree that stood close to the road, and, after about half an +hour, I heard someone approaching from the direction of the village; and +thinking it might be my companions, I waited until a large negro came up. +Just as he passed me, I stepped up behind him and touched him on the +shoulder, at the same time saying, “hello!” I think that negro jumped two +feet straight up, when I thus abruptly saluted him. As soon as he could +speak, he said, “Golly, massa, how you skeered me!”</p> + +<p>I asked him where he was going, and he said he “done got a pass from de +massa to go see his wife, about two miles up de road.”</p> + +<p>“Well,” said I, “then you go past Free Mitchell’s, don’t you?”</p> + +<p>“No, not zacly; but I go right near.”</p> + +<p>“Well, Uncle,” said I, “I am going to Free Mitchell’s, and if you show me +to his house, here is a dollar for you.”</p> + +<p>“All right, massa; but you walk behind aways, for if we meet any one, and +dey see me wid a white man, dey’ll take me back agin, sure.”</p> + +<p>So we started on, and after walking about two miles came to a small cabin +in the woods. My guide went in and called out the owner, who proved to be +an intelligent looking mulatto, and who said he was “Free Mitchell.”</p> + +<p>I told him who I was and who had directed me to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> him, and asked him if he +could keep and feed me for a few days, telling him that I had plenty of +money to pay for the trouble I should cause him. But he said he would not +dare even to let me in his yard, for he was already suspected of secreting +fugitives; and there was a Yankee schoolmaster living just beyond, who +kept a pack of hounds, and hunted around his house every two or three +days, and if he found any tracks leading into his yard they would hang him +right quick. He advised me not to make any stops until I got safely beyond +those hounds. He had nothing cooked up to give me a bite to eat, so I +thought I would start on and get beyond those dogs, and try for some safer +place.</p> + +<p>About a mile beyond this cabin I saw a house back from the road, and a +pack of hounds commenced a fearful baying before I was within a quarter of +a mile of the premises. Knowing the keenness of scent possessed by those +brutes, I made a detour of about half a mile, and got into a marshy piece +of ground covered with alders. Through this I tramped some distance, half +way to my knees in the soft mud, and tearing myself on the bushes, until I +finally came out on the road again, out of hearing of the dogs. I soon +came to a place where the road crossed the railroad again and, thinking +that my comrades must come on one or the other of these, I sat down on a +pile of ties beside the track to rest and wait for them.</p> + +<p>It was now nearly midnight and the moon was shining bright, while all +around was still as death. Just<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> behind me on the railroad was quite a +deep cut and, after waiting some time, I heard some one approaching from +that direction, their steps on the railroad ties resounding on the still +night air with a wonderful distinctness. Thinking it must be my comrades, +as no one else would be likely to be out at that time of night, I sat +still and waited for them to come up.</p> + +<p>Suddenly, a large powerful looking man emerged from the shade of the cut, +and was so near before I saw him, that I could not have escaped detection +if I had tried. Thinking to have the first word, I raised up before he +discovered me, and sung out:</p> + +<p>“Hello!”</p> + +<p>“Good evening,” said he, very civilly.</p> + +<p>“Where are you going?” I asked somewhat sternly.</p> + +<p>He hesitated and stammered out, “to Greenville, sir.”</p> + +<p>“Do you live in Greenville?” I asked.</p> + +<p>“No, sir,” said he, “I live in—in Columbia,” hesitatingly.</p> + +<p>“You are a Yankee officer, I believe!” said I.</p> + +<p>“Well, sir,” said he, “there is no use in denying it, I am.”</p> + +<p>“So am I, old boy,” exclaimed I, grasping his hand, “put it there.”</p> + +<p>If ever two fellows were pleased to find a friend when they had both +expected to find an enemy, we two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> were, just then. The hearty hand +shaking that followed showed that we were mutually pleased to find, that, +instead of running onto an armed reb, we had run across an old comrade. We +had been in prison together in Macon, Savannah, Charleston and Columbia, +and still were strangers to each other. This officer proved to be Captain +H. H. Alban, 21st Ohio Vols., who was taken prisoner at Chicamauga. He had +two dressed chickens, and a quantity of corn bread, that he had just +bought in Greenwood of a negro.</p> + +<p>He gave me a good sized piece of corn bread, which I thought the sweetest +morsel I had ever tasted, for I had not eaten anything all day, and was +half starved.</p> + +<p>I bought one of the chickens for ten dollars, Captain Alban excusing +himself for taking the money, by saying that he had just paid the last +dollar he possessed for those two chickens and corn bread, and when they +were gone he would be obliged to forage or starve.</p> + +<p>He urged me to go on with him, promising to carry my haversack and do all +the buying, taking the risk of recapture, if I would furnish the money. I +showed him my legs, and told him that I would only be a hindrance to him, +and would wait there until my companions came up.</p> + +<p>Finally, after talking the matter over, I agreed that if my comrades did +not come within an hour, I should think they had got ahead of me, and +would go on with him, for this night at least. We sat there and waited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +until about one o’clock, and, as they did not come, I started on with him, +feeling like a new man after the good lunch and the rest. Captain Alban, +who was a large, strong man, six feet high and in robust health, took my +haversack. This lightened me up a good deal, and I was too plucky to let +him think I could not keep up, and so I stubbed along, notwithstanding my +swollen legs and feet, and that night we put in seventeen miles, after I +met him, before we went into camp.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn01.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">how to roast a chicken—a good square meal once more—on the tramp +again—we meet a darkey who furnishes us supper and chickens from his +master’s hen coop—surprised by two white men while eating +breakfast—passing through walhalla—avoiding some cavalry.</span></p></div> + +<p>When we made camp on this, the twelfth day of my tramp, it was back of a +plantation, in a large woods, near a spring. We always made our camp near +good water, if possible. Here I showed the captain how to cook a chicken; +and for the benefit of camping parties I give the receipt here, which, if +followed, will, I assure them, afford as fine a dinner as can be made from +a chicken.</p> + +<p>Bending over a small sappling about two inches through at the butt, I +fastened the top to the roots of a tree, and then trimmed off the +branches. From the centre of the bow thus formed, I hung the chicken by +means of a limb with a hook on the lower end, so that the chicken nearly +reached the ground. Then building a fire in a circle around the fowl, with +dry twigs and bark, as a blacksmith would to heat a wagon tire, I soon had +a chicken as finely browned as ever was cooked in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> an oven. I salted it as +it roasted and within an hour I ate the first satisfactory meal I had +eaten in eleven days, roast chicken and corn bread, with a tin cup full of +cold water. After a good sleep which lasted until nearly dark, I felt like +a new man, and only for my swollen and inflamed feet and legs, would have +felt fit to endure anything.</p> + +<p>We started out at dark, having made a supper of the remains of the chicken +and some corn bread, and, before daylight had made twenty miles, though my +legs kept getting worse, if possible, and pained me so that at times I +could scarcely keep from crying out in my agony.</p> + +<p>Captain Alban would not leave me, and encouraged me to renewed efforts +when I was almost fainting from pain.</p> + +<p>It was Saturday night that I met Alban, and on Monday we ate the last of +our chickens and corn bread, and with full stomachs, but empty haversacks, +we started out at dark again. About nine o’clock, as we were going along +through a piece of woods, we suddenly came upon a negro with a large +wooden trunk on his head. He was frightened at first but after finding out +that we were Yankees, he was about the most delighted darkey I ever saw. I +told him I would give him twenty dollars if he would get me five chickens, +and corn bread enough to eat with them. This he promised to do, and told +us to wait there until he toted the trunk over to his old grannies, and +when he came back he would whistle, to let us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> know it was him, and when +we answered the whistle, he would take us to the house and give us some +supper. He was soon back and we went with him to the edge of the woods, +near the shanty, when he again left us to make sure that everything was +all right. It was not long before we again heard the low, musical whistle, +which I answered, and he came up with two other negroes and took us to a +cabin, where a good fire was burning and an old black woman was cooking +some bacon and corn bread, or hoe cake, as they call it. While auntie was +getting our supper prepared, the three men went out to see about the +chickens.</p> + +<p>It was not long before they were back, and had five nice fat fowl, which +they proceeded at once to dress for us, and by the time we had finished +our supper, which we greatly relished, the fowl were ready, the feathers +burned, and the floor carefully swept, so that every trace of the +transaction was removed. I had a silver quarter in my pocket which I gave +to aunty, and which she received with profuse expressions of joy and +gratitude. We staid with them until eleven o’clock, and although we only +walked eleven miles after that, I was completely used up the next morning +when we went into camp again. I cooked three of the chickens that day, and +we eat one for dinner and one for supper.</p> + +<p>That night we walked twenty miles on the railroad, crossing four long iron +covered bridges, and went into camp in a large piece of woods some +distance back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> from the railroad, as daylight again warned us to seek +shelter.</p> + +<p>About eight o’clock we made a fire and were roasting our last chicken, +making our breakfast in the meantime, on the one left from the night +before. I had laid aside my overcoat, and was therefore in the full dress +of a cavalry lieutenant, shoulder straps and all, and we were chatting +over our breakfast, when I heard the brush crackle close by, and looking +up we saw two white men within a few rods of us; one dressed in the +homespun usually worn by citizens in the south, and the other wearing the +uniform of a Confederate soldier.</p> + +<p>I just had time to say to Alban, they are unarmed and I can handle one if +you can the other, when they came up to where we were sitting. They both +seemed a little embarrassed, and the situation was slightly embarrassing +to us.</p> + +<p>After the usual salutation, the elder of the two said, somewhat +apologetically: “We saw the smoke out here, and thought some one had built +a fire while possum hunting last night, and was afraid it might get into +our fence, which is just through yonder thicket.”</p> + +<p>We assured him that we would put the fire out carefully when we went away, +which we would do as soon as our chicken was done. I was well aware that +they must know we were Yankees, and feared that our tramp was over for the +present, but anything was better than suspense, and rising to my feet I +said to the old man<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> who stood near me: “Well, sir, I suppose you know +that we are Yankees; now, what do you propose to do with us?”</p> + +<p>“Yes,” said he, “I know you are Yankees, but you need have no fear of us, +we are Union men.”</p> + +<p>“How is it, then, that this young man wears the Confederate uniform?”</p> + +<p>“Well, sir, to save being conscripted and sent to the field, he joined a +company of home guard, who are nearly all Union men, and by doing so is +kept about here.”</p> + +<p>I well knew he was telling the truth, and I grasped his hand and shook it +heartily, and while we all sat around the fire, I told them of our +imprisonment and escape, and of our long tramp for freedom. They told us +their names were John Addis and William Addis, father and son, and that +they would do anything they could to assist us.</p> + +<p>They went to the house and had some wheat biscuit baked, and some sweet +potatoes roasted for us, the young man promising that if his mother would +consent, he would go with us to our lines; but she was so fearful that he +would be captured and shot as a deserter, that she would not listen to the +proposition for a moment, but sent by him a hearty God-speed to us.</p> + +<p>Mr. Addis directed us to his brother in Towns County, Georgia, and said +that he had heard, that the Union forces were in that county a few days +before, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> it would be perfectly safe for us to travel in the day time, +passing ourselves for Confederate soldiers on furloughs.</p> + +<p>He said that at Walhalla, thirteen miles ahead, they were very vigilant, +and at Tunnel Hill, (nineteen miles) there was a picket station, at a gap +in the mountain, which it would be necessary for us to flank. He gave us +the name of the captain of a company of youths who guarded this pass, +which I carefully noted, and instructed us as well as he could, how to get +around this gap. The young man went with us about two miles, to get us +past the depot without being noticed, and then bade us good bye, saying +that he would like to accompany us north if he could. We started on, +feeling much encouraged, expecting to get beyond the picket at Tunnel Hill +before daylight. But it soon commenced raining fearfully, and the walking +was slippery, which made it intensely painful to my poor inflamed limbs, +and chafed the skin off my stockingless feet, as they slipped up and down +in legless boots.</p> + +<p>I stood it as long as I could, but at twelve o’clock I was obliged to give +up, and drenched to the skin, we lay down under a pine tree beside the +road, and covering ourselves with a wet blanket, with my overcoat for a +bed, and the rain beating in our faces, we slept the sound refreshing +sleep of tired soldiers. We awoke just before daylight, wet, cold and +stiff, and started on towards Walhalla, which was about a mile ahead. I +thought the one street that passed through that little hamlet, was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +longest I ever saw. It was daylight when we entered the town, and the +early risers were stirring, but they were all negroes. We walked rapidly, +but it seemed as though we would never get through the village and gain +the woods beyond. And finally seeing some covered wagons just at the +further edge of the town, with the owners cooking their breakfast, we +concluded to make a flank movement to the right, as though we were going +to work in the woods. We gained the woods in safety, and crossing the +road, went in a considerable distance, and sat down on a fallen tree, ate +our breakfast and rested for about an hour.</p> + +<p>As it was still raining and very cloudy, we concluded to go on, and try +and flank the picket post at Tunnel Hill before night, thinking they would +not be as watchful during the day. We kept in sight of the road, and +hearing some mounted men coming, we hid until they passed. We could +plainly hear them talking, and concluded that it was the relief, going up +to change the guard. Going on, we kept the road in sight, until we came to +a plantation, which we thought best to go around, keeping in the edge of +the woods that skirted it. It was a long detour, and when we tried to come +out on the road again, we could not find it. There was a path in the +woods, leading up quite a steep looking hill. It seemed to be well +traveled, and thinking we could go over this hill and probably come out on +the road, we followed this path in a circuitous way for nearly a mile,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> +when we came to the top of a ridge, that seemed about ten rods wide, and +densely covered with large timber. Looking down on either side, we could +see through the clouds and fog, a valley of wooded land on one side, and +clear land on the other. We walked along this ridge all day, and as the +sun was completely obscured, we could not tell in what direction we were +moving. We examined the moss on the trees, but sometimes it would be on +one side, and then on the other. About five o’clock, our path led down the +mountain, and in half an hour more, we were surprised to find, that +although we had followed the path all day, we had come out just where we +went up in the morning. We learned after, that this was Cheat mountain, +and is a high ridge shaped like a bowl, with a valley in the center, and +we had walked around the crest all day, making nearly ten miles. It was +now about sundown, and reconnoitering in different directions, we finally +found the road again, and laying down in some weeds, waited for darkness.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn02.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">back into walhalla—we run into a rebel picket in the dark and are +taken in—a little judicious lieing secures our release—overtaking +some wagons going from market—chatting with a company of rebel cavalry.</span></p></div> + +<p>Starting out again at dark, we walked on rapidly for about five miles, +when we came to some covered wagons beside the road, and just after +passing them, I said to Alban, “I believe this is Walhalla again.” He +thought it impossible; so said I, “we won’t go far before we come to a +carpenter shop, with a bench outside.” Sure enough, we soon came to the +carpenter shop that I had noticed as we passed hastily through the town +that morning. Turning about we walked back, and soon found how we had made +the mistake in the darkness. Near where these wagons were camped, there +was a fork in the road; we had taken the right hand fork in the morning, +and turned into the woods to the left of the road. The road we had found +at night, was the other branch of the fork and turning to the left again, +we had walked directly back to where we started from in the morning.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> It +was now nine o’clock, and again taking the right hand road, we started +back towards Tunnel Hill.</p> + +<p>There were mile boards on this road, that told the distance, and as we had +been told it was six miles to Tunnel Hill, we walked along briskly for +nearly four miles, when all of a sudden there rang out clear and distinct +that well known challenge: “Halt! Who comes there?”</p> + +<p>The voice was not five rods ahead, and through the darkness we could +discern the outline of the sentry, and just beyond a dim fire of dying +embers.</p> + +<p>“Soldiers!” was the prompt reply to the challenge by Captain Alban. “Have +you got any showance?” (pass.) “Yes, sir,” he answered. “Well, come in and +let’s see it.” Alban was about twenty yards ahead of me, and as I had not +yet spoken, I thought perhaps I might not have been seen, and as he +approached the sentry, I crouched down, preparatory to sliding into the +woods. But the guard saw me, and asked if that was another soldier behind, +and upon being answered in the affirmative, told me to come in too. I said +I didn’t think he would allow us both to approach at once; that we never +would at the front allow but one to approach at a time.</p> + +<p>“Oh, we’ve got force enough to take care of both of youans,” said he. So +we walked in, and he took us up to the smoldering fire, where six or eight +others were sitting and lying around, and speaking to some one whom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> he +called Dock, told him to get up and look at our “showance.” While Dock was +crawling out, pulling on his boots, and rubbing his eyes, the guard asked +what command we belonged to. We told them that we belonged to the 32d +Georgia. (This was the regiment that was guarding Yankee prisoners at +Columbia.) That we were stationed at Columbia, guarding Yankee prisoners; +that we had just come to Walhalla by the train, and thought we would walk +as far as Tunnel Hill, and stay there all night, and see the Captain, +(giving his name,) who was an old friend of mine, that I had not seen +since the war broke out, and I wanted to have a visit with him. That we +were going to Towns County, Georgia, where my sister (giving a ficticious +name), who was Alban’s wife, lived; that I had a sick furlough for thirty +days, and Alban had a pass for ten days, to go and see his wife. We +mentioned two or three names that had been furnished us by Mr. Addis, and +asked if they knew them.</p> + +<p>By the time “Dock” was ready to examine our papers, we had got them +thoroughly interested in us, and had so thoroughly impressed upon them the +belief that we were all right, and then I showed them my legs which were +so terribly inflamed, and told them that I was suffering from inflammatory +rheumatism,—which was the nearest the truth of anything that I had yet +told them—and groaned over the excruciating pain I was suffering. When I +had fully impressed them with the truthfulness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> of my story, I took from +my pocket an enlistment paper that I had, and produced it as my furlough. +I told them that I bought that overcoat of a Yankee for five plugs of +tobacco, and got the pants for two plugs; that you could buy any thing of +those Yankee prisoners for tobacco; They would sell the shirt off their +back for tobacco. Finally “Dock” took my furlough, and as it was raining +hard, and the fire would not burn, he got down on his knees beside it, and +would blow up a little blaze, and try to make out the papers; but could +only see that it was a printed and written document of some kind. At the +same time I was groaning over my suffering legs, and rubbing them, and +wishing I was at the captain’s quarters, where I could rest and care for +them. After “Dock” had tried in vain for sometime to make out my furlough, +I said it was too bad to keep me there in the rain where I was sure to +take cold in my legs; that the Captain could examine the papers in the +morning, and see that they were all right. So he finally said, well I +reckon you are all right, you can go ahead. If you want to go to Clayton +it is the nearest way to take the left fork, but if you want to go to +Tunnel Hill take the right. We passed on a few yards to the forks, and not +wishing to let them see how anxious we were to get away, we stopped and +discussed the question whether we would go on to Tunnel Hill, or turn +towards Clayton.</p> + +<p>We finally turned towards Clayton, as we had all the time intended, and +when we got out of sight and hearing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> of the picket post, we just lay down +and rolled and laughed. Up to the time that “Dock” told us we could go on, +we had scarcely the slightest idea that they would not detect the fraud, +and march us off under guard to headquarters. Sick and lame as I was, I +could not restrain my laughter at this adventure, for hours after.</p> + +<p>We hurried forward however, for fear the officer of the guard might be +making his rounds, and learning of our passing the picket, follow us up to +ascertain that we were all right. About one o’clock we halted, completely +tired out with our almost incessant march of nearly forty-eight hours, in +the mud and rain, with little to eat, and as wet as we were, we lay down +in a thicket beside the road, and slept soundly until daylight. When we +awoke, we were wet through and completely chilled, and started on to try +and get warm. We soon came to a river which we were obliged to ford, the +water being nearly up to our waist, but as we were already as wet as we +could be, it did not make much difference whether we were in the water or +on dry land.</p> + +<p>We soon came upon some teams that were camped beside the road, being on +their way back from Walhalla to Cherokee County, North Carolina. There +were two rebel soldiers acting as guard for the teams, and the owner was a +Doctor Washburn, formerly from Livingston County, N. Y., as he informed +me. They were cooking their breakfast, but did not say anything about our +taking breakfast with them. They, however, directed us to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> the house of a +widow, a little farther on, where we could be accommodated. We stopped +there, and she got us up a nice breakfast of corn bread, sweet potatoes +and fried mutton, and I guess she thought by the way we eat that we had +not had anything before in some days, and did not know when we would get +anything again. This widow was quite bitter towards the Confederacy on +account of her son having been conscripted, and she left alone, with no +one to work her little farm or care for her children. She was too poor to +hire the work done, and was obliged to do all that was done towards +supporting herself and children; as her son’s pay scarcely amounted to +enough to keep him in tobacco, and left nothing towards the support of his +mother and a family of small children. Having eaten and paid for our +breakfast, we waited for the teams to come along, and then we concluded to +travel with them, as it would give us the appearance of being all right, +if we should meet any soldiers on the road.</p> + +<p>We soon made ourselves at home in their company and I found Dr. Washburn a +very kind-hearted gentleman, and I think that he more than half suspected +our true characters, though he did not pretend to doubt that we were +Confederate soldiers, belonging to the 32d Georgia. He offered to loan me +all the money I needed, which, as he was a perfect stranger, seemed to me +pretty good evidence that he knew I was an escaped prisoner and wanted to +help me to get home. He inquired<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> whether there were any prisoners at +Columbia who were from Livingston County, N. Y., which he said was his +native place; and I said I didn’t know where any of them were from, except +I had heard Captain Cady say that he was from Rochester, N. Y., but I did +not know what part of the North that was. I was more than once on the +point of revealing myself to him, and now believe that had I done so, he +would have assisted me. We traveled in company with them two days, and it +was quite a help, to me especially.</p> + +<p>The teams were so heavily loaded that I could not ride much, but on down +grades and at the different fords we came to, he asked me to get on and +rest up a little, which offer I gladly accepted, crossing the Chatuga +river on the back of one of the mules. Dr. Washburn had a Columbia paper, +which gave the particulars of Sheridan’s famous fight with Early in the +Valley. When they went into camp the first night, Alban and I went into a +barn near by, and slept until morning. Having travelled until ten o’clock +and forded three streams, we were very tired and slept soundly. The next +day we started on ahead of them, but they overtook us before night; as +they halted early, however, we kept on and were overtaken by a man on +horseback who told us he lived about five miles further on, and if we got +that far, we were welcome to stay over night with him. We found his house +about dark, and he gave us a good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> supper and a good drink of apple-jack, +which he fished out from under the bed.</p> + +<p>Alban would not drink any, and tried by winks and sly nudges, to keep me +from accepting a second invitation, but I didn’t take the hint worth a +cent. Mr. King (for that was his name) was running an illicit distillery +near where we first met him.</p> + +<p>After we had taken two or three drinks, he became talkative, and I think +my tongue was a little loose. He did not go a cent on the Confederacy, and +thought the whole thing was about gone up; and he didn’t care much how +soon it collapsed. If he was in my place, he would not go back into the +Confederate army and I told him that I did not intend to. Before we went +to bed, we were on pretty good terms with one another and the world in +general, with the exception of the Confederate government. He lived near +the bank of the Teroria river, and before breakfast we went down to the +river, and cold as it was that morning, stripped off and took a good bath. +When we went back to the house, he again fished out the demijohn from +under the bed, and we took a good one for an appetizer. Alban was fidgety +and nervous, for fear my tongue would run away with me, but I was as jolly +as a lord, and as wary as a member of Congress.</p> + +<p>After a good breakfast, for which he would take no pay, we crossed the +Teroria river and pushed on briskly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> I felt just in humor for any +adventure, and one soon presented itself.</p> + +<p>We had not gone far when we saw a company of reb cavalry coming towards us +from ahead. We sat down on a log beside the road and waited for them to +come up, as there were no woods to slip into just there. When they came +along I saluted the Captain and asked, “Whar youans going, Captain?” “Oh, +just going up the road a piece,” he answered, and passed on without +questioning us.</p> + +<p>One of the men at the rear of the column stopped long enough to ask us +where we’uns were from, and I told him we had just come from the valley +and had had some right smart fighting with Sheridan. I then hastily +detailed the fight as I had read it in the Columbia paper. He seemed +flattered with the fact that he had talked with two old soldiers who had +been with Earley (for they were home guards), and rode briskly forward to +overtake his comrades.</p> + +<p>We soon came to Clayton, Georgia, and the court being in session, there +was quite a crowd gathered about the court house. We were debating whether +or not it would be safe to keep the road, which led directly past the +court house, when a mounted officer, who had evidently found some +applejack somewhere, came riding down to meet us, and when he learned from +us that we belonged to the 32d Georgia, and had just come from Earley’s +army, wanted the latest news. We told him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> that we had had a right smart +fight with Sheridan, and taken his camp, with all of the stores and a +number of pieces of artillery, but that while the boys were plundering the +camp, Sheridan had surprised us and cut us all up. Having filled him as +chock full of news as he was of applejack, we told him we were going to +Hiawassee, and asked the most direct road.</p> + +<p>He directed us across a common, that would take us to the road leading to +Hiawassee, that would not necessitate our passing the court house, and +rode back to retail the news we had given him.</p> + +<p>After passing Clayton two or three miles, we stopped at a farm house to +get dinner. As we sat down at the table, the host introduced us to the +sheriff of Rabun county. We chatted pleasantly with him during the meal, +but felt greatly relieved when we were once more on the road.</p> + +<p>The next day (Sunday) we struck the Hiawassee river, and fording it, we +pushed on, and just about sundown, came to a house that seemed to promise +good fare, and, representing ourselves to be Confederate soldiers on a +furlough, asked for supper and lodging.</p> + +<p>The gentleman, who had the appearance of a wealthy planter, hesitated, but +when I told him we wished to pay for the accommodation, he said he +reckoned they could keep us, and invited us in. The family consisted of +the planter—Major Carter—his wife, and one daughter, and a lady teacher, +who seemed to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> of Northern birth. After supper the conversation +naturally turned on the war, and we discussed the situation freely, and +finding that he was a rank reb, we were, of course, in favor of a vigorous +prosecution of the war as long as there was a soldier left to fight or a +dollar in the treasury. We got on swimmingly for a time. Major Carter was +a man of intelligence, and was thoroughly posted on the situation, as well +as the position of the two armies. In fact, I began to fear that he was +too well posted to make it safe for me to attempt to tell too much of +where I had served, and it soon became convenient for my inflamed legs to +pain me so much that his good wife had one of the colored servants bring +me some warm water out on the stoop to bathe them in.</p> + +<p>This brought the conversation, which was getting a little too deep for me, +to a close; and I asked to be shown to my room, after offering him a +ten-dollar bill to take out for our supper and lodging. I told him we +should probably wish to start before he was up and so preferred to pay +that night. The fact was, I did not wish to meet him the next morning, +after he had taken time to think over the matter, for I was quite sure his +suspicions had been partially aroused. He would have taken two dollars, +but could not change the ten, and I told him I would call on my way back +and pay him.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">at major carters—my swollen limbs give me an excuse to cut off the +conversation—rev. mr. burch gives us a hearty welcome and a good +breakfast—passing a confederate soldier—recaptured—eccentric but +loyal tom hubbard—taken back to fort emory.</span></p></div> + +<p>Having partaken of a good hearty supper, we were given a room, and, for +the first time in many months, I enjoyed the luxury of a good feather bed. +Oh, how gratefully my poor tired limbs revelled in its downy recesses. It +seemed almost too bad, to soil those snowy sheets with our dusty and +travel stained clothing. Weary and tired as we were however, we soon +forgot all our troubles, and were revelling in sweet dreams of home and +loved ones.</p> + +<p>We were awake bright and early next morning, and hastily dressing, we +quietly left the house before any of the other inmates were awake.</p> + +<p>This was Monday, the eighteenth day of our tramp, and we had passed +through South Carolina and Georgia, and were near the extreme north-west +corner of North Carolina.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>We walked about two miles, when we came to the house of the Rev. Mr. +Burch. He had been milking and was just going to the house with a pail of +milk when we came up and asked if we could get some breakfast there. He +gave us a hearty welcome to such fare as they could give us, and invited +us into the house. We soon discovered that he was a strong Union man, and, +although we did not reveal ourselves to him as Yankees, I believe he at +least mistrusted we were. We learned from him that the Union forces had +been at Murphy, and when we got across the river from there we would be in +Tennessee, where we would be safe, as our forces held the ground there. We +had told him that we did not intend to go back into the army, but intended +to get inside the Union lines and stay there.</p> + +<p>I being a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, gave him some +signs of that order, which he thought was a clumsily given Masonic sign, +and, as he belonged to that fraternity, he tried to test me in the signs +of that society. I told him I was not a Mason, but was an Odd Fellow, and +he could trust me just as freely as though we both belonged to the same +order. He said: “I do trust you, and believe you are all right, but when +we express Union sentiments in this section of the country, you know, we +do so with a halter around our necks. I have already said and done enough +to hang me if it were known to the rebel authorities, and I know they +would resort to any trick to trap me into saying or doing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> something that +would convict me of treason to the Confederacy. But I will trust you, +though I place my life in your hands by so doing, for God and my own +conscience tell me that I am doing right.”</p> + +<p>He then gave us explicit directions about getting across the river, near +Murphy, which was about twenty miles further. He said it would not do to +cross the bridge at that place, as it was guarded night and day; but we +could probably find boats above there that we could use in crossing. After +breakfast he walked with us a short distance, and bidding us an +affectionate good-bye and God speed, he turned back and we pursued our +way.</p> + +<p>About three miles further on we passed the little hamlet of Fort Emory, +where I noticed a Confederate officer sitting on the stoop of the only +store in the village. Passing by with a nod and a good morning, we were +soon out of sight, and as we felt a little uneasy after this, we walked as +rapidly as it was possible in my enfeebled condition.</p> + +<p>The country through which we were passing now was mostly woods and +sparsely settled. In fact, I think we did not pass but two or three houses +in the next ten miles. At that distance from Fort Emory we came to a large +house that looked as though it belonged to a well-to-do planter, and +seeing the owner out near the road we stopped and asked if we could get +some supper. We had as yet said nothing about paying, and he put on a +long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> face when he told us that he had nothing cooked in the house. He was +a miserly looking old seed, and thinking a little money might tempt him, I +said that we were not particular what it was, but would pay him for any +kind of a “snack,” if he could manage to give us something that would stay +our stomachs until we got to Murphy.</p> + +<p>Mr. Harshaw—for that was his name—thought he might find something if we +would wait awhile, till he could go into the house. While we were yet +talking two mounted, armed men, came suddenly around a bend in the road, +and galloped down to where we were standing, each with a drawn pistol, and +a carbine slung over his shoulder. Dick Hancock the Sergeant, asked, to +what command do you belong? 32d Georgia I answered. Where are you going? +To Murphy to see my sister; giving him a ficticious name. Let me see your +pass said he. I felt in my pocket and said, by golly Alban I left those +passes in my haversack at Maj. Carters; and then turning to the Sergeant, +I explained that we staid at the Major’s last night, and as we intended to +go back to-morrow or the next day, we thought we would leave the haversack +which was pretty heavy, and our passes were in the haversack.</p> + +<p>You can consider yourselves under arrest, said the Sergeant; and told his +companion, Tom Hubbard, to dismount and search us. Tom was a very +excitable person, and had a habit of spitting about sixty times a minute. +He first took a large Morocco pocketbook that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> carried in the breast +pocket of my coat, and looking over the papers, came across my recruiting +authorization paper, which I had received from the Governor, authorizing +me to recruit volunteers, for the service of the United States. Tom read +this aloud, spitting between each sentence. He read along until he came to +the clause above spoken of, when he stopped suddenly and said: “You are a +Yankee officer, by thunder!” I laughed and said: “Well, a Yankee could not +guess better than that.”</p> + +<p>“Well, you are, by jingo.”</p> + +<p>“Well, who said I wasn’t?”</p> + +<p>Tom got terribly excited, and spit faster than ever, as he said: “Well, by +thunder, you are a Yankee.”</p> + +<p>I should have laughed if he had been going to shoot me, and I did laugh +heartily at his excitement. This made him more excited still, and by the +time he had finished reading the paper, he was so excited that I could +easily have disarmed him, but the Sergeant sat there, with his pistol +ready to shoot if we made any attempt to get away.</p> + +<p>I then told them that we were Yankee officers, and that we had for six +months suffered the horrors of prison life, that we had escaped from +Columbia, and had walked three hundred miles to gain our liberty, and +pulling up my pants I showed them my legs, which were swollen to three +times their natural size, and very much inflamed, and asked if, after +having tramped so far with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> such a pair of legs, I was not entitled to my +liberty. The tears started into Tom’s eyes, his mouth twitched +convulsively, he spit with fearful rapidity, and he finally said in a +choking voice, “By thunder, I am sorry I ever saw you.”</p> + +<p>If I had my way I would let you go, but if we did old Harshaw, who is a +bitter Confederate, would report us and we would be shot. And Tom meant +what he said; for as will appear further on, he was a Union man at heart. +But the Sergeant was unmoved by our distress, and was only too proud to +think he had captured two Yankee officers, to contemplate letting us go; +so he ordered us to walk between them back to Fort Emory, ten miles. No +Sergeant, I said, I am your prisoner, only because my legs gave out; and I +shall never walk back. If you want me to go back to Fort Emory, you will +have to carry me, for if I could have walked you would not have seen me. +He insisted that I start on, but I told him plainly that I would not walk +a step, that I had just about as leave he would shoot me right there as to +take me back into prison.</p> + +<p>Tom finally said, Dick, you take him up behind you, and I will take this +big fellow up behind me, and we will get along much faster. To this +proposition the Sergeant consented, and we both mounted and started back. +If I could have had a chance to have said a dozen words to Alban before +starting, without their seeing us, we would not have gone far; but the +Sergeant and I rode ahead,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> followed by Tom and Alban, and if I had made a +move to disarm my man, Tom would have been just in a position to have +helped him. I was on the alert, thinking that perhaps Alban would pinion +Tom’s arms from behind, and give me a signal to do the same for the +Sergeant, which I could have easily done.</p> + +<p>If I had only known what was going on behind me that night, this narrative +would have a different termination. But I did not know Tom Hubbard then, +nor did I know how strongly he was attached to the old flag. I learned all +this afterwards, and learned to appreciate him, for a true-hearted, loyal +man, whose fidelity could always be relied upon, and whose sympathetic +nature was as tender as a woman’s. The circumstances which surrounded him, +compelled him to assume an allegiance to the Confederacy that his loyal +soul revolted at. And there is no man North or South that I would give +more to see to-day than this same eccentric <span class="smcap">Tom Hubbard</span>.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn01.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">in prison again.</span></p> + +<p>We arrived at the house of <span class="smcap">Captain Sanderson</span> about ten o’clock that night, +and were treated by him like gentlemen. Late as it was, after placing us +in an out-house, in which was a weaver’s loom, he brought us a good lunch, +and gave us every possible privilege he could.</p> + +<p>We were strictly guarded, but were made to feel our captivity as little as +possible.</p> + +<p>We were allowed to go down to a stream near the house the next day, and +wash our clothes, which we had worn nearly a month, and the captain, in +every way, treated us more like guests than prisoners.</p> + +<p>Captain Sanderson was in command of a company of home guards, and had +never seen active service. He was a well-to-do farmer, and most of his +command were his neighbor’s sons, who, like himself, did not care to go +into the regular service, and most of them were strongly tinctured with +Union sentiments. I don’t think he was a very bitter Confederate himself.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>The next afternoon, after having washed and dried our clothes and took a +good bath in the stream near by, we were started under guard for <span class="smcap">Franklin</span>. +We walked about three miles, when we stopped at the house of a Union man +named Johnson, and whose son had joined Captain Sanderson’s company of +home guards to save conscription, and who was detailed as one of our +guard.</p> + +<p>They filled our haversacks with choice fruit, and Captain Lyons, of the +1st Georgia Regiment, whom we met there, loaned me a horse to ride. Our +guard the first day was Lieutenant R. N. Leatherwood, Sergeant Dick +Hancock, and D. J. Johnson. We found by talking to Mr. Johnson that he was +a Union man, and that Captain Lyons, who had so kindly loaned me his +horse, was one also, but they dare not show it. We only went three miles +the first afternoon, and the next morning Tom Hubbard overtook us, leading +a mule for me to ride, as I had only borrowed Captain Lyons’s horse for +the first afternoon. Tom Hubbard soon found an opportunity to tell me, +that his brother and a Captain Tidwell were going to try to assist us to +escape. This Captain Tidwell was in command of another company of home +guards, and we had not gone far on this second day of our march, before he +met us as if by chance, and we halted, and after chatting a few minutes, +Tom asked him to ride along with us.</p> + +<p>He had a canteen of applejack, and invited all hands to take a drink. This +we all did, though Captain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> Alban and I drank very sparingly. The canteen +was passed quite often, and though we all seemed jolly, I noticed that it +held out pretty well, and concluded that they were all trying to get the +rest drunk, without getting drunk themselves. What we wanted was, to get +enough of this apple brandy down Lieutenant Leatherwood and Sergeant Dick +Hancock, to affect them, and then make a break; but it did not work. They +pretended to drink, but were as wary as ever, and were evidently onto our +little game.</p> + +<p>We were a noisy crowd that passed along that road through the woods that +day, we sung, shouted, laughed and swaggered, but that canteen still held +out. Finally as we were passing a spur of the Nantahala mountains, we saw +some mules feeding upon the mountain to our left and rear, and as all were +mounted except Captain Alban, it was suggested that the Lieutenant and +Sergeant try to catch one of the mules for him, so we could get along a +little faster.</p> + +<p>The Sergeant gave Captain Tidwell his revolver, to guard us while he was +gone, and they started up the mountain in pursuit of the mules. When they +had got half way up, Captain Tidwell told us to run into the woods and up +a ravine that separated the two spurs, and he would fire his revolver +towards us, to make believe he was trying to shoot us, but would be +careful not to hit either of us. We had never seen him until an hour +previous, and of course did not know but this was only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> a dodge to give +him an excuse for shooting a Yankee, but we took the risk, and started +into the woods.</p> + +<p>He shouted halt! halt!! and fired three shots in quick succession; the +bullets sounded uncomfortably near our heads, but we kept on. My legs were +stiff and cramped from riding, and I made very poor headway. I threw off +my overcoat and haversack to lighten me, but it seemed as though I was in +a nightmare; and though I strained every nerve to make the utmost speed, I +seemed to be moving at a snail pace. Alban, who had been walking, and was +strong and robust, outstripped me and was gaining at every step. I was +perspiring at every pore, and my breath was short and hot, but still I did +not seem to get ahead much. I was just thinking I would soon be out of +sight, when I heard Lieutenant Leatherwood’s voice close behind me, +saying, hold on Lieutenant, I don’t want to shoot you; and looking over my +shoulder, saw him within five rods of me, with his revolver pointed at my +head.</p> + +<p>Seeing that any further effort at flight would only result in my getting +the contents of that revolver, and not hankering after anything of that +kind, as I was near enough dead already, I stopped and went quietly back, +Alban, who was five or six rods ahead of me, doing likewise.</p> + +<p>One of the bullets from Captain Tidwell’s revolver had struck a rock near +me, and a piece of the bullet hit me just under my right eye, thus saving +his reputation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> as a marksman, and giving color to his intentions to shoot +me.</p> + +<p>As we slowly made our way back to the road, I picked up my traps that I +had discarded in my flight, and laughingly told the boys that I only came +back because it was so much more pleasant to ride than go on foot. Dick +Hancock, the Sergeant, however, did not seem to relish the joke, and, +demanding his revolver of Captain Tidwell, said he would shoot the d—d +Yankees anyhow.</p> + +<p>Captain Tidwell told him that he wouldn’t shoot any one who was a +prisoner, that if there was any shooting going on, he would have a hand +in. Dick swaggered considerable, but I finally told him that if he really +wanted to shoot some one, he had better go to the front, where he would +find lots of it to do. Said I, (for I was then satisfied that in case of a +row the chances were in our favor) “I want you to understand now, that +while I am a prisoner in your hands, I shall make every effort to escape; +and it is your duty to keep me if you can, and if you shoot me while I am +trying to get away, you will only be doing your duty; but while I am a +secure prisoner, you have no more right to murder me than you have to +murder anyone else.”</p> + +<p>You must watch me closely, for I give you fair warning, that I shall +escape if I can. This talk seemed to exasperate him more than ever, and +regaining his revolver, he swore that he would shoot the d—d Yankee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> any +way. Said I, “Dick, if Captain Tidwell will let me take his revolver, I +will step out here and shoot with you for a while, and see who is the best +shot; for I had about as soon die here, as to be a prisoner much longer.”</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Leatherwood finally ordered him to put up his pistol or he +would put him under arrest. He then subsided, but was grouty all the +balance of the day. That evening we came to a school house in the woods, +and concluded to stay there all night.</p> + +<p>Gathering up some dry wood we soon had a roaring fire going in the large +open fire place, and as we had been supplied with two days rations we ate +our supper, and then lighting our pipes, enjoyed ourselves just as though +we all belonged to the same army. I got even Dick Hancock in good humor, +by telling stories, and with Captain Alban, who was a good singer, +treating them to the “Red, White and Blue,” the “Star Spangled Banner,” +and “Rally ’Round the Flag.”</p> + +<p>When we came to the line, “And we’ll hurl the rebel crew from the land we +love the best,” they fairly made the woods ring with applause.</p> + +<p>Before bed time, Dick Hancock came up to me and apologized for his +rudeness to me that afternoon, saying, “You are a d—d good fellow, +anyway, and I don’t care a d—n how quick you get away after I turn you +over to the guard at Franklin.” I asked him to caution the boys against +saying anything at Franklin about our attempted escape, and he promised to +do so.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>We laughed, sang, swapped funny stories, and cracked jokes until 10 +o’clock, and a stranger going by would not have mistrusted that there were +any heavy hearts in that crowd of boisterous soldiers.</p> + +<p>At 10 o’clock the door was securely fastened, one of the guard spreading +his blanket and lying down against it, and Dick and the Lieutenant took +the precaution to have Alban and myself sleep between them.</p> + +<p>About two o’clock the next morning, I awoke and asked to have a guard sent +out of the house with me, and Captain Alban said he guessed he would go +too.</p> + +<p>I was in hopes the Lieutenant would send young Johnson with us, but Dick +Hancock had not forgotten what transpired the day before, and said he +would go along with the guard.</p> + +<p>He was mistrustful of young Johnson, and rightfully so, for had we went +out with him alone we would both have got into the woods and taken his gun +along with us; and once in the woods in the night, it would have been next +to impossible to find us again.</p> + +<p>As it was we made no attempt to escape, but went back and slept until +daylight. After breakfast that morning we again saddled up and started for +Franklin, which place we reached about ten o’clock, and were then turned +over to another guard, who were made up of some of the best citizens of +that beautiful village. I have none but pleasant recollections of +Franklin, and would like to visit the place again under the changed +condition of things.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">a hospitable host—franklin jail—charitable women—a thoughtful, +motherly gift—a generous guard—ashville jail—attempt to break out.</span></p></div> + +<p>Upon our arrival at Franklin we were taken to the jail, but before we were +locked up, Doctor Moore, of the village, invited us to his house to +dinner, and upon his agreeing to be responsible for our safe return, we +were allowed to go with him unattended by any guard. Although no promise +had been exacted from us not to escape, we would not have attempted to +leave, had an outlet presented itself. We would have considered it a base +betrayal of his confidence, as much so as the violation of a parole, to +have taken advantage of so kind and generous a host. We were received at +his house with all the cordiality of distinguished guests, and nothing was +said or done, by any member of the family, that could be construed into a +hint that we were other than welcome visitors.</p> + +<p>Dr. Moore was an ardent supporter of the Confederacy, but was too much of +a gentleman to allude to any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> thing during our visit, that would be +offensive to our ears. Books and papers were on the parlor table, +photographs of the family and friends were shown us; a stereoscope was +also on the table, supplied with views of scenes both in the North and +South. I was looking at some of the views, when I, without knowing what it +was, put one into the stereoscope and looking at it, almost imagined that +I was in New York. It was a view of Broadway from the Battery up. Oh! how +this picture reminded me of home. It seemed as though I could call a stage +by raising my hand. I looked at it long and earnestly, so long that I +almost forgot my surroundings, forgot everything, and was again among +friends at home.</p> + +<p>Altogether, we passed a very pleasant afternoon with the genial doctor and +his interesting family.</p> + +<p>As we were leaving, Mrs. Moore and a neighbor, Mrs. Siler, having noticed +our stockingless feet, presented us each with a pair of nice, warm, woolen +socks, that they had knitted for some member of their own family, and +filling a basket with choice apples and potatoes, sent them with us to the +jail, which was to be our quarters that night. Arriving at the jail, we +found that the doctor, thoughtful of our comfort, had caused a fire to be +built in the wide fireplace, the cheerful glow of which made our +imprisonment more tolerable. These little acts of kindness left a green +spot in our memory of prison life, that still remains as an oasis in the +otherwise cheerless desert we passed through. When God makes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> up his +rewards and punishments, I am sure he will say to the kind-hearted doctor +and his family, “I was sick and in prison, and ye visited me.”</p> + +<p>The next day a Mr. Johnson was detailed as our guard, and instead of +staying with us at the jail, he invited us to his house, where he kept us +over night, giving us a good clean bed and a good supper and breakfast, +and treating us as had Doctor Moore, more as guests than as prisoners.</p> + +<p>The next day we were started for Ashville, N. C., with a guard, under +Lieutenant Ammon. The Lieutenant, sympathizing with me in my enfeebled +condition, furnished me with a mule to ride, and showed me every kindness +possible.</p> + +<p>One of our guard on this trip was Hon. Thomas S. Siler, ex-member of +Assembly of Macon county. He was a very agreeable gentleman, who still had +a strong attachment for the Union. He was intelligent and well posted on +every subject, and my conversation with him during the march, seemed to +lessen the tediousness of the journey.</p> + +<p>We arrived at Ashville, N. C., on the 7th of November, and were crowded +into an upper room in the jail, about twelve feet square, in which there +were besides us, twenty-seven rebel deserters, two of them sick with the +measles. I had not been able up to this time, to do anything for my +swollen and inflamed legs, and they were in a most frightful condition, +causing me intense pain and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> suffering, so much so that I was fearful of +<ins class="correction" title="original reads 'loseing'">losing</ins> them entirely, as they had been neglected so long. A surgeon +visited me in the jail, and recommended my removal to the hospital, but +although I offered to give my parole for that purpose, Colonel Lowe, who +was in command, refused to allow me to be sent there.</p> + +<p>The room was so full, that it was impossible for all of us to lie down at +once, and we were obliged to take turns standing up. Our water closet +consisted of a wooden pail in one corner of the room, which was twice a +day carried out and emptied by the guard; as we were none of us allowed to +leave the room for any purpose. The intolerable stench from this pail, and +the filthy slops around it, was enough to create an epidemic.</p> + +<p>The atmosphere of the room was simply insufferable, and we were obliged to +keep the windows raised, notwithstanding the cold weather, in order to get +ventilation. We had one old stove in the room, but our supply of wood was +quite insufficient to keep the temperature anything like comfortable, +although the village was surrounded by good timber.</p> + +<p>One intensely cold night our wood had given out, and so I took the large +iron poker and commenced prying off the wainscoting of the room for fuel, +and by morning I had completely stripped one side. That morning when the +Sergeant came in he raised a great row about it, threatening to punish the +one who had done it. I told him that I was the one, and that I had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>considered it a military necessity, and that if we were not furnished +with wood, he would wake up some morning and find the old jail burned +down. He said I should be reported and punished for destroying government +property, but the only thing done was to give us thereafter a more liberal +supply of fuel.</p> + +<p>We occupied a front room in the north-west corner of the jail, and in the +room back of us were twenty-nine more reb deserters and a large, powerful +negro, who had been placed there by his master as a punishment for some +alleged misdemeanor. There was only a board partition between the two +rooms, and it was not long before I had established communication with our +neighbors, by cutting a hole through the partition large enough to allow +us to carry on conversation. Upon our entrance into the jail they had +deprived us of our case knives that we had carried with us thus far, for +fear we would cut our way out with them.</p> + +<p>But I had a screw driver to a gun which they happened to overlook in their +search. This I sharpened on the bricks on which the stove rested, and then +commenced making an outlet for our escape. I took a strong cord, and +lashed the screw driver to a round stick of stove wood, and at night +removed one of the sick men, and commenced by punching across two boards +in the floor just over the joist, to cut through the floor. It was hard +work, but by spelling each other, we had the two boards completely loose +before midnight. Upon removing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> the loose boards we found that there was a +ceiling of the same thickness still between us and freedom. The floor and +ceiling were both Norway pine, and very hard, and as we could not work +with our short handled chisel we adopted another plan for that.</p> + +<p>We took the large poker which I had used to tear off the wainscoting, and +heating it red hot in the stove, commenced burning holes through the under +ceiling. We had a pail of water for drinking, and when it blazed up too +much, we would dash on a cup full of water. This was slow work, but just +at daylight we had removed the last board and then carefully swept up all +traces of our work, and placing the boards back in their place, carried +the sick men back and laid them over them. Our windows were grated, and +the room below was used as a store room and there were no grates at the +windows there.</p> + +<p>Once down in that room after dark, and we could easily make our escape. +Everything went along smoothly that morning. The guard came in to bring +our breakfast and empty our slop pail, without any suspicion that any +thing was wrong, but about ten o’clock the Sergeant came up with a guard, +and commenced looking around as though in search of something.</p> + +<p>I knew instinctively what was up, but as he had the stove removed and +commenced poking around the brick platform without saying a word, I could +not restrain my laughter, and asked him if he had lost something; saying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> +that if he had, perhaps I might tell him where to find it. He did not seem +to take kindly to my offer of assistance, nor feel in a mood to enjoy the +pleasure his frantic efforts to find the lost treasure, appeared to afford +me. In fact he seemed to take it as a piece of Yankee impertinence. After +satisfying himself that there was nothing under the stove, he had us all +take up our blankets and other traps, without deigning to tell us what it +was all for.</p> + +<p>We all cheerfully complied with his order except the two sick rebs, who +were too weak to get up. After thoroughly searching every other part of +the room, he had the two sick men removed, and there discovered the loose +boards and seemed satisfied and pleased. Was that what you was looking for +Sergeant? said I. If you had told me what you wanted I could have told you +where to look when you first came up, and saved you all this trouble. +You’ens Yanks think you are d—d cute, don’t you? was all the reply I +received. He left the guard in the room while he went and got a carpenter +to repair the floor; He soon returned with a carpenter, and told him to +nail them boards down securely. I told some of my associates, to keep him +interested, by asking him how he discovered the hole, and I would fix the +carpenter.</p> + +<p>Carelessly lounging up to where he was working, I said in a tone that +could not be heard by anyone else: “I can get those boards up easier if +you break the nails off.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>He replied in the same +undertone: “I don’t care a d—n how soon you get them up when I get away.”</p> + +<p>I watched him, and saw that he followed my suggestion, breaking the nails +in two with the claw of his hammer, so that they only a little more than +went through the flooring. After he had finished the Sergeant inspected +the work, and judging from the number of nails that it was securely done, +took his guard and went away.</p> + +<p>It seems that the family who lived in the lower part of the jail, kept a +barrel of corn in that room below us, from which they fed their chickens, +and that barrel set right under the hole we had cut; and when the old +woman went to get some corn for her chickens that morning, she found it +covered with chips and cinders, and looking up to ascertain the cause, +discovered the hole in the ceiling. She at once notified the Sergeant of +the discovery, and the result was we had our trouble and work for nothing.</p> + +<p>Captain Alban and myself were the only Yankee prisoners in the jail, and +until our arrival there had been no attempt at escape, and to us therefore +was attributed all of the attempts to break out.</p> + +<p>While the reb deserters were willing to share with us all the benefits to +be derived from a break, they were too shiftless and lazy to fully enter +into our plans for an escape.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">another attempt at escape discovered—a bold plot—lack of sand in +the reb deserters—a brave negro—the flogging.</span></p></div> + +<p>Being satisfied that I could remove the flooring at any time within a few +minutes, I told my fellow prisoners what I had said, and what I had seen +done, and that when everything had become quiet, I would guarantee to get +them out with ten minutes work. Some of the rebs were not satisfied, and +insisted upon loosening the floor again at once, and despite all I could +do, they persisted in doing so. The third night after was settled upon as +the one to leave, as it promised to be dark and rainy, but just before +night, the Sergeant took it into his head to try the floor, and procuring +a long pole he went into the room below and punched at the loose boards, +which immediately yielded, and then he brought in another carpenter, and +personally superintended stopping up the aperture, which was done by +spiking pieces of joist, against the floor joists, completely closing it +up.</p> + +<p>As I said, we had cut a hole through the partition, so that we could +communicate with our neighbors in the next room. We made up a plot with +them to seize the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> Sergeant when he came in at night to empty their slop +pail, lock him in the room, take the keys and unlock our door, and we +would all leave at once. We had bribed one of the guard to let us disarm +him, and then we would be free to go out. When we got outside we would +encounter another guard, but with one gun we could easily overpower and +disarm him, and then trust to the two guns and our agility to gain the +woods, which were close by.</p> + +<p>It was all arranged that the large, powerful negro should seize the +Sergeant from behind and hold him, while his companions secured his pistol +and the keys. That night when the Sergeant came up, he brought one armed +guard to the head of the stairs, and proceeded to unlock the door. As he +entered, the negro, who stood behind the door, caught him from behind, +securely pinioning his arms, and the keys and revolver were taken from him +and all passed out except the negro, who was holding the Sergeant as +securely as though he was in a vice.</p> + +<p>When they had all got out the Sergeant was pushed into the cell and the +door locked. The guard at the head of the stairs shouted, loud enough for +the Sergeant to hear him: “Go back, or I’ll shoot! go back!” all the time +expecting they would rush up and disarm him; but the cowards, fearing he +was in earnest, fell back and unlocked the door, released the Sergeant, +and gave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> him back his pistol without unlocking the door to our room.</p> + +<p>Not knowing that the prisoners in our room were in the plot, the Sergeant +paid no attention to us, but calling the officer of the guard, told him +what had occurred.</p> + +<p>They took the negro out into the hall, and bringing up a plank, proceeded +to lash him securely to it, with his face down, after having stripped him.</p> + +<p>They then took a strap something like a tug to a single harness, and gave +him one hundred lashes with it upon his bare back, the blood flowing at +every blow.</p> + +<p>We had cut slits in the door, and through them watched this brutal +transaction. I watched the operation of binding him with some curiosity +and a good deal of indignation, and was astonished to find such brutality +among those who professed civilization. Unaccustomed to such scenes, I +must say it was the most sickening transaction I ever witnessed.</p> + +<p>The shrieks and groans of this poor fellow, was enough to send a chill of +horror through the most hardened. He begged for mercy in the most piteous +terms, and as the cruel strap laid open the quivering flesh, and the blood +trickled down his body, I shouted indignantly to his inhuman persecutors, +that the poor fellow was not to blame, half as much as the white men; that +he was only carrying out the instructions of the cowardly whites, who had +basely deserted him after promising to stand by him. I told them that the +poor ignorant black’s only fault<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> had been, his confidence in the courage +of his white associates, to as faithfully carry out their part of the +programme, as he had carried out his.</p> + +<p>That if any one should be punished it should be those whose lack of <i>sand</i> +had got this poor fellow into a scrape and then like cowards basely +deserted him. Finding that the infuriated monsters were bound to vent +their spite upon this poor fellow, I turned away, and by holding my hands +to my ears tried to shut out the sound of his pitiful cries for mercy. +While reason remains to me I can never forget the scenes of that terrible +night.</p> + +<p>And to those inhuman monsters it seemed a pleasant pastime—such is the +brutalizing effect of the system of human slavery. Once in a life-time is +enough to witness such a revolting scene as this; I have witnessed one +such, and I trust in God it may never be my misfortune to be obliged to +witness another.</p> + +<p>After this exhibition of fiendish cruelty, I am ready to believe that the +system of human slavery was capable of developing total depravity into the +hearts of slave holders. What man in the North could look on complacently +and see such a cruel punishment inflicted? And yet the Southern whites +seemed to look upon this brutality as a matter of course, and even before +the preparations were made for the flogging, knew what would be the +punishment inflicted upon the poor black, for his unsuccessful attempt to +liberate his white skinned, and white livered comrades; and while they +seemed to feel a sort of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> sympathy for their black skinned, but brave +hearted comrade, they offered no remonstrance to his cruel tormentors, nor +made a plea for mercy in his behalf.</p> + +<p>When they seemed to become exhausted with their violent exercise, in +swinging that cruel strap, they began to question the poor, fainting negro +thus:</p> + +<p>“What did you do it for, anyhow?”</p> + +<p>“Oh, massa, dem white men dey told me to,” moaned the poor fellow.</p> + +<p>“Will you ever mind them fellows again?”</p> + +<p>“No, massa; if you only let me go this time I’ll never pay mo’ ’tention to +dem white trash dan I would to a fly,” he said in a pleading voice.</p> + +<p>He was not put back into the jail again, and what became of him we never +learned. Our plan for escape had been well matured, and had it succeeded, +as it would have done but for the weakening of the rebel deserters, there +is scarcely a doubt but that we would have safely reached our lines, as +these deserters were thoroughly acquainted with the country around +Ashville and knew every turpentine path through the pine forests, and all +of the mountain passes, as well as an old resident of Oswego knows the +streets of the city.</p> + +<p>Our plan was, to disarm the guard at the door, and then rush for the stack +of arms belonging to the relief, who were not then on duty, and then fight +our way through to Tennessee, where the loyal inhabitants of that state +would join us in resisting recapture by the Confederates.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>It was well understood by all, that once in Tennessee we were safe from +molestation. This had been our objective point upon our escape from +Columbia; and when we were unfortunately recaptured by Dick Hancock and +Tom Hubbard, we were just intending, after getting something to eat at Mr. +<ins class="correction" title="original reads 'Harshaws'">Harshaw’s</ins>, to at once go into the woods, and not leave them again until we +had gained the river, which was only about two miles ahead.</p> + +<p>Once at the river we were to search for a boat of some kind with which to +cross it, and failing to find one, to build a raft that would float us +over to the Tennessee shore. But it was destined otherwise. We learned +after our recapture, that the officer we had seen sitting upon the stoop +of a store at Fort Emory, was a paroled prisoner of war who was suffering +from a wound, and by having been a prisoner at the North, recognized us as +Yankees, and informed Dick Hancock and Tom Hubbard, who thereupon mounted +and followed us up.</p> + +<p>They had about given up overhauling us when they arrived at Mr. Harshaw’s, +and said that if they had not found us there or learned by him that we +were near by, that they would not have followed us any further, as it was +then almost dark and they had already followed us ten miles. They said +that until they found that authorization paper upon me they did not +believe that we were Yankees, but supposed we were deserters from the +Confederate army, who were trying to make our escape into the Tennessee +border.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">placed in an iron cage—breaking out and attempting to dig through a +brick wall—an unexpected surprise.</span></p></div> + +<p>The next morning, we were all marched into a room on the opposite side of +the hall, and to the south side of the jail, and were placed in an iron +cage, made of flat bars two inches wide, and half an inch thick, firmly +riveted together, and as I told the Sergeant, although we could not wear +diamonds, we could look through them. We were packed into this cage like +sardines in a box, scarcely having room to move. There were iron benches +along the sides for us to sit upon, but lying down was quite out of the +question.</p> + +<p>When all was quiet that night, we thought as we could not sleep we would +try and get out.</p> + +<p>The door was fastened with a round iron prop that fitted into a socket in +the floor, and was fastened to the door by a padlock. This prop we +wrenched from its fastenings by reaching out through the diamond in the +door, and then with it broke the lock, and the iron door swung back, +giving us free egress to the room. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> cage was about twenty feet long +and eight feet wide, with a partition in the centre. This cage set in the +middle of the room, and was about six feet from the walls of the room on +all sides. With the bar thus wrenched off, we at once attacked the brick +wall, and while some detached the brick, others held a blanket underneath +to prevent the falling brick and mortar from falling to the floor, as they +would make a noise that would attract the attention of those beneath us. +We had made an opening nearly halfway through the outer wall, which was +large enough for a good sized man to pass out, when most unexpectedly two +more prisoners were brought in, and our operations were discovered, and +the attempt to escape was again frustrated.</p> + +<p>A guard was then placed in the room, and as we could not sleep, we spent +the night in singing “Rally ’Round the Flag,” and other Union songs, and +chaffing with the guard, who were nearly all, more or less, tinctured with +Union sentiments, and only kept us from escaping, for fear of the +consequence to themselves. Morning came and with it an order to get ready +to go to Danville, Va.</p> + +<p>I told the officer that I could not march on account of my inflamed legs, +but he said that if I had got out of jail my legs would not have bothered +me much, and he reckoned that it would do me good to take a walk anyway. +And he would put us d—d Yanks where we wouldn’t bother him any more. So, +after furnishing us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> with two days rations to last to Morgantown, they +started four of us, Captain Alban, myself, and the two Union prisoners +brought in the night before, whose names I do not now remember, under a +guard consisting of a Lieutenant and four men, for a tramp over the +mountains.</p> + +<p>Our march over the mountains was a tedious one, interspersed now and then, +however, with some amusing incident. We were in good humor with the guard, +and laughed and joked along the road in a free and easy sort of way, and +succeeded in making ourselves agreeable to them, gaining their confidence +as much as we could, and after we had been marching half a day, a casual +observer would have hardly distinguished the prisoners from the guard. We +straggled along much the same as a dozen rebs would have done on a march +by themselves.</p> + +<p>On the afternoon of the first day’s march, we came along to a hickory +grove, where about a dozen black and gray squirrels were sporting about on +the top branches, gathering nuts, and I asked one of the guard to let me +take his gun a minute and I would get a couple of them for our supper. He +was about handing the gun to me, when the Lieutenant stopped him by +saying: “You d—d fool, do you know what you are carrying that gun for? +That Yankee might miss the squirrel and shoot you.”</p> + +<p>I laughed, and said he must think I wasn’t much of a shot. But he said he +was afraid I was too good a shot to be handling one of their guns; anyway +the squirrels<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> were probably tame ones belonging to the house near by, and +his orders were not to disturb anything along the line of march. That +night we stopped at an old farmer’s and I thought that if we had a room +with a window looking outside there might be a chance for escape, and +asked to be given a room to sleep in that was well ventilated, as I always +liked lots of fresh air in my room; but we were placed in a middle room up +stairs, and a guard placed in the room with us all night.</p> + +<p>The next morning, after a good hearty breakfast with the family, for which +the Lieutenant gave the farmer a receipt, we started on again, and at noon +we descended a mountain that was so steep that the road was made zig-zag +to allow wagons to gain the summit; and as we came to the foot of the +mountain we found a rude, log hut in which lived a hunter. We stopped +there to get dinner, and were all at a loss to guess what kind of fresh +meat we were eating, and in answer to my inquiry the host said: “That, +Mister, is bar meat; I was up on the mounting one day last week, and came +upon this varmint eatin’ blackberries, and I fetched him home for winter. +Don’t be afeared; bar meat won’t hurt ye more’n liftin’ on a stick o’ +basswood.”</p> + +<p>That afternoon one of the most amusing incidents of the march occurred.</p> + +<p>We came to a farm house, and the farmer being at home, we all sat down on +a log he had hauled up to the front of the house, for cutting up into fire +wood, for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> chat with him and to rest a little. The farmer sat on one end +of the log, the Lieutenant next, and the rest of us were strung along.</p> + +<p>The fellow who sat next to me had an ear of corn, and there were quite a +number of chickens picking around the wood pile. While the Lieutenant and +farmer were talking, this fellow took out his iron ramrod and laid it +against the log beside him, and then commenced shelling the corn and +feeding the chickens. Watching the farmer, he would tap a chicken across +the back of the neck with his ramrod, stuff him in the breast of his +overcoat, and innocently go on shelling the corn for the other chickens.</p> + +<p>In this way I saw him gobble three good fat chickens, when he told the +Lieutenant he was going to walk on a piece. When we overtook him about +eighty rods further on, he was sitting in the woods beside the road, +picking the chickens he had stolen from the farmer. The Lieutenant called +to him and said, sternly: “I thought I told you not to plunder while on +the march.” “Well,” said he, with a comical drawl, “I don’t allow no +doggone chicken to come out and bite at me.” That settled it; we had +chicken for supper that night, and the Lieutenant seemed to relish the +supper as much as any of us.</p> + +<p>The next day we marched to Morgantown, and there took the cars for +Danville, Va. We saw no opportunity to escape, for we were guarded very +strictly, though at the same time we were treated with all the courtesy +that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> could possibly be shown us, and I believe our guard would have +defended us with force, against any one who had attempted to molest us.</p> + +<p>When we arrived at Salisbury, which was one of the most notorious rebel +slaughter houses of the South, a place that vied with Andersonville in +atrocities, cruelties, starvation and death. A place where thirteen +thousand Union soldiers, became victims to the vindictiveness of their +captors—no not their captors but their jailors—for the soldier, whether +federal or confederate, who had the courage to risk his life in the field +where prisoners were captured, possessed too great a sense of honor to +treat with such heartless cruelty, those who so gallantly opposed them.</p> + +<p>I say that when we arrived at Salisbury, we learned that there had been a +desperate attempt made by the enlisted men confined there, to overpower +the guard and make their escape that afternoon, and the artillery had +opened on the prison pen with grape and cannister, killing, and wounding, +many of the Union prisoners confined there. Great excitement still +prevailed when we arrived, and threats of shooting the d—d Yanks were +freely indulged in by the “new issue,” as the home guard were called.</p> + +<p>But we were not molested; probably owing to the fact that we had a guard +over us, of soldiers who were ready and willing to protect their prisoners +from interference from outside parties.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>We staid in Salisbury until about eleven o’clock p. m., during which time +the reb guard, and their lady friends, were parading around the depot +where we were waiting for the train, singing, flirting, and talking about +the Yankee prisoners.</p> + +<p>While we were sitting on the depot platform waiting, we were smoking, and +as the platform was filled with bales of cotton, we were, while apparently +uninterested spectators of what was going on, emptying our pipes into the +cotton bales.</p> + +<p>We thus managed to set fire to a number of these bales of cotton, well +knowing that after we were gone and the guard had retired, there would be +apt to be a blaze; and the next day we heard that the depot at Salisbury +was burned the night before, destroying a large amount of cotton stored +there. On my arrival at Danville, I met Colonel W. C. Raulston, of the +24th New York Cavalry, with whom I was acquainted, and who introduced me +to the members of his mess, Brigadier-General A. N. Duffie, +Brigadier-General Hays, and Lieutenants Leydon and VanDerweed, who were +all anxious to talk with me about the chances of escape. Knowing that I +had had considerable experience in that line, they naturally concluded +that I could give them some valuable points on how to escape, and how best +to reach our lines after we had got out.</p> + +<p>Well, we held a long and animated conference, in which I gave some of my +own experience, in and out of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> rebel prisons, telling them of the +hardships and exciting scenes through which I and my comrades had passed +in trying to reach our lines, of the difficulties we had encountered, and +the privations we had been obliged to endure. To get out of prison was not +a difficult task for one or two, but a successful prison delivery was +quite another thing to accomplish.</p> + +<p>Two hundred officers, each having ideas of their own, were harder to +control than five times that number of enlisted men, who had been +disciplined to obey; and as no one had any authority to command, or +control the actions, of his fellow officers, we lacked the greatest +essential to success—organization. Various plans were suggested and +discussed, but none which seemed to promise success, appeared to be +practical just at that time. Almost daily conferences were held, but the +prevailing opinion seemed to be, that an attempted general outbreak, +without thorough organization, would prove disasterous, and only end in an +unnecessary sacrifice of life, and almost certain failure.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">danville prison—a cold winter—double-quicking around the room to +keep warm—excitement caused by the arrival of fresh troops—they +stack arms in front of our prison—plans for escape.</span></p></div> + +<p>Danville in 1864-5 was a town of considerable importance to the +Confederacy, being the base of supplies for the Confederate army at +Richmond and Petersburg. There were three or four military prisons there, +in which were confined about two thousand enlisted men, captured from the +Union forces, and four hundred officers. They were all confined in tobacco +warehouses in different parts of the city, the officers being separate +from the enlisted men.</p> + +<p>The prison in which the officers were confined, was a three story tobacco +warehouse, 40x100 feet, near the River Dan. The windows were securely +grated with iron bars, and the whole building was rendered secure by heavy +oaken doors.</p> + +<p>The building faced the east, and a street ran in front and, also, one on +the south side. In front, and on the south side, sentries were pacing up +and down, night and day; and there were also two sentries stationed on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> +the ground floor, inside, one along the south side, and the other across +the west end.</p> + +<p>The sinks used by the prisoners, were just outside the west end of the +building, and were surrounded by a high board or plank fence. The second +and third floors were occupied by the prisoners, and at the time I was +there—the winter of 1864-5—were each supplied with two large Peckham +stoves, to furnish warmth to the building. On the ground floor where the +guard was stationed, there was no stove; and during the winter, the cold +air from below was anything but comfortable, as it found its way through +the wide cracks in the floor, and came in contact with the thinly clad +bodies, of those especially, who were sleeping on the second floor.</p> + +<p>The winter of 1864-5, in Virginia, was extremely cold. The river that +winter was frozen over solid enough to make a safe crossing on the ice; +and the officers were frequently obliged to get in line and double quick +around the room to keep from freezing. This could not be done unless all +or a large proportion joined in the exercise; for if one or more attempted +it while the rest were lying down, they would be obliged to step over the +bodies of their recumbent comrades.</p> + +<p>During the daytime, the ground floor was used for exercising, twenty being +allowed down there at a time, and as there was plenty of room, it was no +uncommon thing to see that number, or even more, down there at a time +taking their exercise.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>The rule of the prison was, that no one should approach within less than +six feet of a sentry, or hold any conversation with them; and although +there was no dead line in this prison, an imaginary line six feet from the +sentry, was pretty generally observed. We were obliged to pass the sentry +at the back end of the building, in going to and from the sink; but as he +was continually pacing back and forth, it was his lookout that we did not +come within the prescribed distance of him.</p> + +<p>The prisons in which the enlisted men were confined were of the same +description, or at least some of them were. Two or three of them were in +sight of our front windows, one being just across the street.</p> + +<p>Some of the enlisted men were detailed in the cook house, for which +service they received extra rations.</p> + +<p>This brief description of the Confederate prisons in Danville, is +necessary, that the reader may more easily understand some of the +incidents that follow.</p> + +<p>In the last chapter I spoke of the conference between Col. W. C. Raulston, +Gen. A. N. Duffie, and myself, as to the prospects of getting through to +our lines if we should escape from prison. Many difficulties lay in the +way of a general break being successful.</p> + +<p>Danville at this time was guarded by quite a large force; and even should +we be successful in getting out of prison, we would be obliged to +overpower this armed force, and then make our way through the enemies’ +country in order to reach the Union lines; and on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> march we would be +liable to be intercepted by large bodies of Confederate troops. The +nearest point at which we could reasonably expect to reach the Union +forces, would be the Shenandoah Valley; and this would be to us a long, +and difficult march, unless we could be well supplied with arms and +rations before we started.</p> + +<p>All this time however, a sharp lookout was kept up, for anything that +looked like a favorable opportunity for a strike for freedom and home.</p> + +<p>On the 9th of December, about sixteen days after my arrival, the +opportunity seemed to present itself. On that day, a company of +Confederate soldiers were drawn up in front of our prison, where they +stacked arms. They were new comers, and of course at once attracted our +attention.</p> + +<p>Shut up as we were in a tobacco warehouse, with absolutely no knowledge of +what was transpiring in the outside world, except such information as we +could pick up from our guard, whose ignorance of passing events seemed +almost as great as our own, the arrival of new troops was something to +excite our curiosity, and give us something to think about.</p> + +<p>Anything to excite our curiosity and relieve the monotony of the daily +routine of prison life, acted upon us much the same as a band of music in +the streets to-day affects the street idlers of the city. All who could do +so, gathered at the windows to inspect the new comers, and speculate upon +the occasion that brought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> them there. We judged them to be troops who had +seen service, by their rough and ready appearance, and their well-worn +and, in some cases, shabby uniforms.</p> + +<p>Various were the speculations as to who they were, where they came from, +and the reason of their appearance in Danville at this time. Had they come +to relieve those who had thus far been our guards, and with whom we had +became somewhat familiar?</p> + +<p>Had they come to take us to Richmond to be exchanged? (This word exchange +was ever uppermost in our thoughts while awake, and mingled in our dreams +while sleeping.) Or had they been merely sent here, to more securely guard +against any attempted outbreak?</p> + +<p>All of these questions suggested themselves to our minds, and were freely +discussed, while they were being formed into line in front of our prison, +where they stacked arms.</p> + +<p>Soon the order came, break ranks, and they dispersed without taking the +precaution of leaving a guard over the stacks of arms. Soon there was a +buzz of excitement throughout the building.</p> + +<p>Longing eyes were directed towards those stacks of arms; if we could only +get the door open upon some pretext, how easy it would be to gobble those +forty guns, and the well filled cartridge boxes that hung from the +bayonets, and before the old guard could be called out, overpower them, +take their arms, capture Danville and be in the field once more. Groups +assembled throughout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> the building, and excitedly discussed the chances of +success or failure, if we should make the attempt. Some were for making an +immediate sally down stairs, call the Sergeant of the guard, and as he +opened the door to see what was wanted, seize him, fling wide open the +door, make a rush for the arms, and let circumstances govern our actions +afterwards. Others more cautious, counciled delay and a thoroughly +organized attack.</p> + +<p>A council of field officers was immediately called, and it was decided to +make a perfect organization of the entire prison, having each arm of the +service, Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery, in separate detachments, +commanded by sets of officers of their own choosing, the whole to be under +the command of Colonel W. C. Raulston, 24th New York Cavalry, Brig. +General Duffie waiving his rank and being second in command.</p> + +<p>This advice was finally accepted, and the work of organization was +immediately commenced. Colonel Raulston was known to be a gallant Cavalry +officer, whose coolness and courage could be relied upon, and whose +military ability was well understood by all. Officers were chosen for the +different detachments, the others all promising to cheerfully obey all +orders, and perform all duties assigned them.</p> + +<p>This necessarily occupied considerable time, and before the organization +was completed, the guard, who were all unconscious of our plans, came out, +took their arms and marched around to the shed on the north side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> of the +building, that was used for the men’s quarters, where they were out of +sight, as there were no windows on that side of the building.</p> + +<p>Thus the golden opportunity had been allowed to pass. The hour we had +spent in perfecting our organization, and maturing our plans, while it was +well employed, was the hour of our great opportunity, and had now gone, to +be added to the many hours of great opportunities lost.</p> + +<p>The work of organization went steadily forward however, hoping for another +favorable opportunity to occur.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn04.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">prison rules—starving in the midst of plenty—organizing for a +break—trading with the guard—business in prison.</span></p></div> + +<p>Although the orders were very strict that the guard should hold no +conversation with prisoners, and they were instructed to shoot anyone who +attempted to approach them, their cupidity often led them to violate their +instructions, which were equally well understood by us, and deterred many +from attempting any familiarity. But there were those, who had tact and +pluck enough to take all risks, to make a trade with them, of boots, +rings, watches, and other valuables, for bacon, tobacco, flour, and other +necessaries. In fact this had been my daily occupation, with the exception +of the first week, since my arrival in Danville.</p> + +<p>Buying gold pens, rings, watches, and everything of value, and selling +them to the guard; and in return buying of them, provisions for myself, +and to sell to my fellow prisoners, who had money, but did not wish to +take the risk or trouble, to get up in the night and go down stairs to +trade.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>Most of the exchanges were made in the night, just after the eleven +o’clock relief came on; although the bargains were usually made in the +daytime.</p> + +<p>Thirty men were allowed to go down stairs to the sinks at a time, and from +fifteen to twenty, were allowed two or three times a day, to go out doors +for the purpose of bringing water from the river, which was about forty +rods from our prison, and get wood and coal, to supply the two large +stoves on each floor, and do our cooking with.</p> + +<p>I have been thus minute in my description, that the reader might better +understand what follows. The four hundred officers were organized into +eight companies, with full sets of officers for each, and the balance +acting as privates. I belonged to the Cavalry detachment, and we were to +mount ourselves as fast as we could get horses, as far as it was possible +for us to do so, and act as the advance guard or vidette. There were, at +this time, about eighteen hundred prisoners in Danville, scattered about +in different buildings, and the plan agreed upon, if we succeeded in the +break was, to seize all the arms we could, overpower the guards at the +different prisons, release the enlisted men, capture and hold the town, +take possession of the telegraph office (operators having been detailed +who were experts in telegraphing), impress into the service all the horses +we could find for the Artillery and Cavalry; supply ourselves with arms as +far as possible, supply ourselves with rations and forage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> from the +Confederate storehouses, form the enlisted men into companies, and march +through as an army and join Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley.</p> + +<p>Danville was at this time, the depot of supplies for Lee’s army at +Richmond, and contained a large amount of Artillery and ammunition; +besides having storehouses, well stocked with captured hard tack, so that +there would be no lack of supplies for our army. We were therefore, +actually dying of starvation in the midst of plenty. In going daily from +the prison to the river for water, we passed a building 20x40 feet, two +stories high, that was packed from bottom to top with captured U. S. hard +tack, and others filled with bacon, and other provisions; and tried to get +Colonel Smith, commanding the prisons, to give us rations of hard tack +once or twice a week, but were told that this was held for the use of +their troops in the field.</p> + +<p>For fresh meat, we were supplied with the heads and lights of beeves, and +for twenty-six days we did not even receive that; our only rations during +this time, being a piece of corn bread, or johnny-cake, made from unbolted +corn meal, four inches long, three wide, and two inches thick, for +twenty-four hours.</p> + +<p>This would not more than half satisfy an ordinary man for his breakfast, +and a good feeder would then want a couple of eggs, a good sized potato +and one or two cups of coffee for a full meal, and even a half-pound of +beef steak would not be left to be thrown into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> slops. While the +rations we received would have been considered princely fare by our +famished comrades at Andersonville and Salisbury, still it was just enough +to keep us constantly hungry, and make us think what we would eat if we +should ever get the chance to again sit down to a <span class="smcap">good square meal</span>. Like +the castaway upon the great ocean, with “Water, water, everywhere, and not +a drop to drink,” so we were dying of starvation in the midst of plenty. I +say we, by that I mean the great majority of prisoners. As for myself, +while in Danville, I only lived exclusively on the prison rations drawn +for five days, and I thought I should die of starvation in that short +time.</p> + +<p>Then, as I have heretofore stated, I went <i>into business</i>, buying and +selling jewelry, etc.</p> + +<p>Now I suppose the reader would like to know where the capital came from +with which to commence business; for goods must be bought before they are +sold, and as I have before stated, I had sold even the buttons off my +uniform, in order to supply myself with food to satisfy my hunger.</p> + +<p>Well, I happened to be talking one day with Captain Albert Thomas, 24th +New York Cavalry, who has now a studio in Syracuse, N. Y., and he showed +me a gold pen and silver case, that he had been trying to sell, without +success. He was entirely out of money, having some days before used the +last cent of a one hundred dollar bill, which he had most ingeniously +secreted upon his person,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> when stripped and searched at Libby prison, +upon his entrance into that notorious rebel prison hell, presided over by +the equally notorious Dick Turner. He said he had offered the whole thing +for fifteen dollars in Confederate money, but said he, while some folks +can sell any worthless article, I can never sell anything.</p> + +<p>I told him to let me take it, and I would either return him his pencil or +bring him fifteen dollars within half an hour. He gave me the pencil, and +I went down stairs to interview the guard. It would not do to approach him +and offer to sell, as he might assert his authority by trading me a +Confederate bullet instead of scrip, and I was not hankering after rebel +lead just then. So I walked up and down the floor near him, holding the +pencil in my hand so that he could get a good view of it. After a while, +looking around to assure himself that no Confederate officer was near, he +asked in a low tone, “what d’ye ask for it?”</p> + +<p>This gave me an opportunity to speak, and I answered as cautiously, +“Twenty-five dollars.” “Let me take it; I’ll give it back in a minute.” I +walked up and handed it to him and stepped back, while he paced up and +down examining it carefully. Finally counting out the amount, he beckoned +me to come to him, and handed me the money. Of course, I was perfectly +safe in allowing him to examine the pencil; for if he had refused to +return or pay for it, I could have had him severely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> punished for +disobedience of orders, in allowing a prisoner to approach and converse +with him.</p> + +<p>Within twenty minutes from the time I took the pen and case, I returned to +Captain Thomas with the fifteen dollars, and had made ten dollars for +myself. This ten dollars I immediately invested in a similar pencil, and +immediately sold it to the same guard for thirty dollars. With this start, +I succeeded in making enough to live upon, by buying of prisoners, and +selling to the guard, and in return buying of the guard at night and +selling to my comrades the next day.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn03.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">organization for a break completed—the attempted break—the guard +disarmed—too late, go back—colonel raulston shot.</span></p></div> + +<p>Our organization being now perfected, and our plans matured, we lay down +that night, and held whispered consultations about our proposed future +operations. I have already stated that the prisoners occupied the second +and third floors of the building; the stairs being located in the +north-east corner, and at the foot of the lower flight, was a room about +twelve feet square, with a door leading to the street. In this room we +usually waited with pails, to be let out to bring water, wood and coal, +for the supply of the prison.</p> + +<p>The next day everything seemed quiet, and at nine o’clock, when we were +fell in for count, nothing could be detected that would indicate that +anything unusual was contemplated.</p> + +<p>During the forenoon, I had a long talk with Colonel Raulston, and General +Duffie, who both seemed to think that we had better be prepared, and hold +ourselves in readiness to take advantage of any favorable circumstance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> +that might occur, but that it was best for the present, to remain quiet, +and bide our time. What was my surprise then, while sitting with the +Colonel at dinner, to see a gunboat officer approach with his overcoat and +traps all on, and say, Colonel we are waiting for you, sir. The Colonel +replied, well, if that is all you are waiting for, you won’t have long to +wait; and leaving his half-eaten dinner, got up, put on his overcoat, and +started down stairs.</p> + +<p>About the same time, about a dozen or fifteen went down with pails, and +entered the room that opened on the street.</p> + +<p>Colonel Raulston approached the guard near the foot of the stairs, and was +trying to trade boots with him, while General Duffie approached the one at +the back end of the room, and began bantering him for a trade; the +Colonel, and General, each wearing a pair of long riding boots, which was +something the average reb seemed to have a great weakness for.</p> + +<p>The men with the pails, asked the sentry with whom Colonel Raulston was +talking, to call the Sergeant of guard and he called as usual—Sergeant of +the guard post number fo. Then Colonel Raulston gave the signal—now—when +simultaneously both he and the General, seized and floored their man.</p> + +<p>Raulston placed his hand over his man’s mouth, telling him to keep quiet +and he would not be hurt, while Duffie held his man by the throat, to +prevent him making any alarm. Lieutenant McGraw, 24th New York<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> Cavalry, +who had been assigned to the duty, took the guns away from the guard, and +at the same time the officers from above commenced filing down the stairs. +The Sergeant came to answer the call, but he must have heard the scuffle, +for he only opened the door about two inches, when he slammed and locked +it again, and immediately called out the guard to surround the building. +Each officer had armed himself with a stick of stove wood, and all were +packed up and in marching order.</p> + +<p>An attempt was made with these clubs to batter down the door, but it was a +heavy oak door, and would not yield to their blows. Satisfied that the +attempt was a failure, General Duffie called out, “Too late, go back!”</p> + +<p>Owing to the fact that there was by this time quite a crowd down there, +and the stairs being only wide enough for two to go up abreast, it was +some time before all could reach the top.</p> + +<p>Colonel Raulston and myself were the last to go up, and I had just reached +the landing, the Colonel who was three or four steps behind me, had +stopped to look out of the window, when the report of a gun rang out from +below, and he started suddenly, and hurrying past me, went up the next +flight, to the place he occupied on the floor above.</p> + +<p>Although shot through the bowels, and at so short a range, strange as it +may seem, he did not fall or make any outcry; and it was not until some +time after, that I learned that he was wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>I subsequently learned by some of my comrades, that he went to the place +where he slept, took off his overcoat, opened his clothing and examined +the wound, saying as he lay down, “boys, I guess my goose is cooked.”</p> + +<p>Within a very few minutes, the guard led by the Colonel in command, filed +up the stairs, where they found every thing as quiet as though nothing had +occurred.</p> + +<p>Some were playing checkers, backgammon or cards, some reading scraps of +newspapers, some washing dishes, and others smoking and talking; in fact, +the whole building had on its every day appearance, and no one would have +supposed that there had been the least disturbance.</p> + +<p>It was really laughable to see the singular expression on the faces of the +guard, as they looked around upon the peaceful looking room. I sat in my +place just at the head of the stairs reading, and remember that one of the +fellows who followed the Colonel up, had his gun cocked, and with a good +deal of bluster, said, as he reached the landing: “Colonel, show me any +d—n Yank you want shot,” to which the Colonel replied, sternly, “Put up +your gun, sir; I’ll let you know when I want any shooting done.” Colonel +Smith, who was in command of the Confederate prisons at Danville, was a +cool, brave man, and though strict in his prison regulations, was a humane +gentleman who would not voluntarily inflict any unnecessary hardships upon +those under his charge.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>He and Col. Raulston had been great friends, and I believe they both +belonged to the Masonic order, Col. Smith often visiting Col. Raulston, +bringing him books to read, and showing him many courtesies which, though +perfectly consistent with his position, showed him to be a gentleman of +generous impulses. In fact, I heard Col. Raulston say that the most +distasteful duty he had promised to perform, was to go to Col. Smith’s +office and secure him as a prisoner.</p> + +<p>Guards were at once stationed about the rooms, and Colonel Smith proceeded +up stairs where Raulston lay bleeding, and questioned him in regard to the +affair.</p> + +<p>This brave, unselfish officer, at once said, Colonel I am wholly +responsible for all that has occurred; I am the instigator of the whole +plot, and no one but me is to blame for what was attempted to be done, and +I alone if any one, deserve the punishment for this attempted outbreak.</p> + +<p>He was immediately removed to the hospital, where all that skillful +surgery could accomplish was done to save his life, but the wound was of +such a nature, that neither skillful surgery, nor tender nursing was of +any avail, and on the 15th of December, he passed away—was mustered out. +The shot that terminated his life, was fired by the guard he had disarmed, +and the gun used, was the same one Raulston had taken from him, and had +returned after the failure of the attempted outbreak.</p> + +<p>We all felt deeply mortified at the failure of our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> plot, but our greatest +sorrow was occasioned by the loss of so gallant and beloved an officer and +comrade.</p> + +<p>Lieut. Leyden and myself asked permission of Col. Smith to be allowed to +go to the hospital and nurse him during his illness, offering to give our +parole for that privilege. I urged, that as Col. Raulston and myself were +both from the same place, and I was well acquainted with his family, it +would be a source of some comfort to them, to know that his last moments +were soothed by the presence of one of his comrades, who could receive +from him his last message to loved ones far away.</p> + +<p>Our request was not granted, but we were assured that he should have every +attention shown him that was possible, and that all that medical skill and +science could accomplish, would be done to save his life.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant McGraw, who was recognized by the guard as the one who relieved +them of their guns, while Colonel Raulston and General Duffie had them +down on the floor, was placed in solitary confinement for a few days, and +was then released without further punishment.</p> + +<p>It was greatly feared that he would be shot for the prominent part he had +taken in the affair, and I now believe that he would have been more +severely punished, had not his dying Colonel interceded for him. There was +one rather amusing episode in this tragic affair, that caused some +merriment notwithstanding the fatal ending.</p> + +<p>General Duffie was a Frenchman and did not speak very good English. While +he had his man down, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> his fingers firmly clutched in his throat, to +prevent his giving the alarm, the man in his efforts to release himself +from this uncomfortable position, made a gurgling noise, which some of us +thought, might have caused the Sergeant to mistrust there was something +wrong.</p> + +<p>The General in trying to explain, said in his broken English: “I try to +shut off ze wind, but ze more I chuck ze more he holly.”</p> + +<p>In a few days the affair blew over, and everything moved along as usual. I +have said, that two or three times a day, from fifteen to twenty prisoners +were allowed to pass out under guard, to carry water, wood and coal, for +use in the building.</p> + +<p>I was often with this squad, for I was willing to do the work for the sake +of getting out, where I could get a breath of fresh air; besides I could +sometimes get a chance to buy something, that I could not otherwise +obtain. In going to the river for water, we passed an oven, where they +baked the cones for casting shell over. This oven was large enough to hold +two men, and the door was usually open.</p> + +<p>Just before dark, we would go out to bring water for the night. Some would +have one pail, and some two. In coming back, we would halt when the head +of the column reached the oven, and sit our pails down to rest, and while +some one in the rear would attract the attention of the guard, one man at +the head would slip into the oven, and the man next to him would take up +his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> pail, and his absence would not be noticed, as they never counted us +on these occasions. When darkness came on, those who had thus escaped +would quietly cross the river and walk away.</p> + +<p>To prevent them missing the absent, a hole was cut through the floor of +the upper room, and as soon as the Sergeant was through counting those on +the lower floor, a number corresponding to those who had escaped, would be +shoved up through this hole to be counted again on the upper floor; thus +keeping our count all right. A crowd would always be around the hole up +stairs, so that the Sergeant upon going up would not see what was going +on.</p> + +<p>One fellow had his blanket spread over this hole, and would be lying down +there when the guard reached the room, so that it would have a natural +appearance, and would not attract any more attention than any other part +of the room. In this way some six or seven made their escape, and the +count was kept all right, by sending a corresponding number up through the +hole in the floor, and they were not missed for two or three weeks. In +fact the only reason we had to believe that they had been missed at all +was, that one day the reb Sergeant brought up his guard and counted us +over a second time, and after figuring up the count, counted us over +again, and seemed to still be unsatisfied, and repeated the count seven or +eight times. Every time the count came out all right, which seemed to +puzzle and perplex him terribly. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> could not understand how it could be, +that he still had his full number of prisoners, while he seemed to have +positive evidence that half a dozen had escaped. His information was that +several had escaped, but his figures told him that we were all there.</p> + +<p>Every time he counted us and found us all present, his perplexity +increased; for he seemed to have proven the falsity of the old saying, +“that figures can’t lie.” He finally concluded to fall us in on both +floors at once, and then he found he was short six or seven prisoners. +This seemed to puzzle him worse than ever, and I don’t believe he has up +to this day found out, just how the thing was done. He certainly had not +at the time we left Danville. After this there was no effort made to have +the count overrun, and the use of that hole in the floor was abandoned.</p> + +<p>All the time the different counts were going on, the officers, who of +course understood perfectly well what all the fuss was about, were +laughing and joking at the expense of the perplexed Sergeant, telling him +that it seemed to be as much enjoyment to him to count Yankee prisoners, +as it was for a miser to count his gold; asking all sorts of questions and +offering all sorts of suggestions to tease and annoy him.</p> + +<p>As he would call upon us to fall in again for count, some one would say, +“well Sergeant what was the matter that time? Was there too many of us or +not enough? What kind of an arithmetic did you study when you went<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> to +school? Let me figure that up for you. This is a new military rule you +adopt, turning out the guard every time the Sergeant comes in.” Others +would say as they saw him coming up stairs again, “turn out the guard for +the commanding officer!” “Turn out the guard for the officer of the day!” +Others would attempt to beat the long roll on the floor, with sticks of +stove wood, or try to whistle, “Boots and Saddles,” or the assembly. In +fact they all seemed to try to see how exasperating they could be.</p> + +<p>The Sergeant, who by the way was a clever fellow, courteous and +gentlemanly in his demeanor towards us, took all of this chaffing, with as +good a grace as possible.</p> + +<p>He tried hard to conceal his perplexity and the annoyance our joking +caused him, and with a determined look that seemed to say, “I’ll unravel +this mystery if it takes all day,” kept up the count until it came out as +he wanted it to, or as he seemed to know it ought to come out.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV.</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">borrowing seven hundred dollars of a reb.</span></p> + +<p>Along in January, 1865, I began to get short of money, and as the jewelry, +watches, etc., were about played out, I was in danger of being obliged to +suspend, for want of stock to sell from. Just at this time, the reb +Sergeant came in one day and inquired if any one had greenbacks, they +wished to exchange for Confederate money.</p> + +<p>He came to our mess, as it was the one most likely to be able to +accommodate him, and said there was a gentleman outside who would give +seven hundred dollars in Confederate for one hundred in greenbacks, or, if +we had not the currency, a check on Riggs & Co.’s bank, of Washington, +D. C., would be accepted, provided we would write a letter and give it to +him, asking our friends at home to deposit the amount there, stating that +we had drawn a check for one hundred dollars on that bank, to subsist +ourselves while in prison.</p> + +<p>I took seven hundred dollars of him and Lieutenant Leyden of my mess, took +the same amount, just to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> accommodate him; and I wrote the required letter +to my wife, while Leyden wrote one to his brother, in Rochester, N. Y. +These checks and letters were given by him to General Hayes, who had been +ordered to Richmond, as was supposed, for exchange; and who agreed to +bring them through the lines, and forward the letters to their address, +and deposit the checks with Riggs & Co. When I got all this money I was +flush again; and distributed it around among my friends and comrades, ten +dollars to one, and twenty to another, as their necessities seemed to +warrant, keeping what I thought would do me until I got out, or could make +another raise.</p> + +<p>I laid in quite a stock of provisions for myself, and helped those of my +friends who had no money, and needed something more than the rations they +drew to live upon.</p> + +<p>Colonel Smith had established a rule, that three officers could go every +day, under a guard of two soldiers, to visit their friends in the +hospital, a mile or so distant, by applying for permission by letter to +him. Applications for this <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'priviledge'">privilege</ins> would be filed, and permission +granted when their turn came; it might be a week after the application was +filed, before we could go. Lieutenant Leyden, myself and another, made our +application, and waited for our turn, to take a walk of a couple of miles +in the open air; for this was really all we wished to do. We were called +out one day soon after, and with two guards over us, strolled over to the +hospital, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> was about a mile from where we were confined. We had a +nice walk, and as we were returning, we asked the guard to take us into a +saloon, where we could get a drink before we went back to prison.</p> + +<p>The guard did not know whether they would be allowed to do this, but +meeting an officer they asked him, if it would be right to go with us. Why +of course, said he, take them wherever they want to go. They then took us +into a little ten by twelve room, where there was a bar, and I asked all +hands to have a drink. Applejack was the only beverage, so all five of us +took that; and thinking as the Governor of North Carolina, has been quoted +as saying to the Governor of South Carolina, that “it’s a long time +between drinks,” I set ’em up again. The guards refused to drink a second +time, probably fearing that it might incapacitate them from properly +guarding us, so I only had eight drinks to pay for altogether. We were not +given a bottle and glasses to help ourselves as is usual, but the +bartender poured out a wine glass full for each. How much do you want I +asked, pulling out a roll of Confederate; forty dollars was his reply. I +handed him a fifty dollar bill and receiving my change, went on, stopping +at two or three stores on the way back to make other purchases. We had a +jolly time that night and whooped things up a little, for by the time we +got back into prison, the applejack, which was old and powerful, began to +work, and we were just in the proper frame of mind to make things look +cheerful to us. I am afraid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> we were somewhat annoying to some of our +comrades who wanted to sleep that night, and not having had any applejack +could not appreciate the fun.</p> + +<p>I shall never forget the Christmas dinner I ate in Danville prison in +1864, and I do not think any of the half dozen who dined with me that day, +will ever forget it either. I bought a turkey weighing thirteen and +three-fourths pounds for forty dollars, and took it over to the bake-shop +to be roasted. The cooks were Union soldiers, who did the baking for the +sake of getting better rations, and I got them to stuff the turkey with +crusts of white bread, that they had baked for the rebs.</p> + +<p>They brought it in nicely roasted, and I managed, by giving one of the +guards ten dollars, to get a canteen of applejack, and I also bought a +loaf of white bread, so that we had quite a civilized dinner. Six of us +sat down together, viz: General Hayes, Captain Seeley, Captain Albert +Thomas, Lieutenant Leyden, Lieutenant VanDerweed, and myself, “and we +drank from the same canteen.” Talk about starvation in Southern prisons! +Why just see what a dinner six of us had that day; and all it cost was +about seventy dollars. We could live like that nearly two weeks on a +thousand dollars.</p> + +<p>Of course every prisoner did not have the money to afford these luxuries, +and were obliged to put up with the corn bread ration, served out by the +rebel authorities; but the Confederate government “of course was not to +blame if the poor boys starved, because they did not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> have money to buy +all they wanted.” There was plenty to eat, only our boys did not have the +money to buy it with. I never asked Riggs & Co. whether they ever paid +that check for seven hundred dollars or not, and have forgotten the name +of the generous hearted reb who loaned it to me, but this I know, that I +am still indebted to some one for my good fare for a month or two, during +my last days in Danville. Now I have told you how I managed to get a +living in Danville, and will tell how some others managed to get theirs.</p> + +<p>I have spoken of Captain H. H. Alban, who was my companion during the +latter part of my tramp through South Carolina, Georgia and North +Carolina, and who was recaptured with me. The same opportunities were +afforded him to make money enough to subsist himself, as were enjoyed by +me, but he was not adapted to buying and selling. He earned money enough +to get along, however, by hard labor.</p> + +<p>He would go out with the water detail once in a while, and when he came +back he would bring along on his shoulder a good straight stick of cord +wood. Then with a case knife that he had made into a saw, he would cut it +up into pieces about eight inches long, and with wooden wedges that he had +whittled out, would split these up fine, say about half an inch thick, and +tie them up into bundles for cooking rations with. These bundles would be +about six inches in diameter and eight inches long, which he would sell +for two dollars each.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>By being economical, one of these bundles of hard wood splinters, (they +were usually beach or maple) would last a person two or three days to cook his rations with.</p> + +<p>Nearly all of the cooking was done in one quart tin pails or in tin +plates.</p> + +<p>Broken pieces of flat iron were sometimes used to build the fires upon, +but most of the prisoners cooked on the stoves that were in the two rooms.</p> + +<p>Some of the officers in the different prisons made beautiful trinkets out +of beef bones, such as napkin rings, paper cutters, crochet needles, pen +holders, imitations of books, etc., and sold them to their +fellow-prisoners to take home with them as souvenirs of their prison life.</p> + +<p>Some of these bone-workers were skilled artists, and could fashion +anything out of a beef bone. I have seen as fine a piece of work of this +kind, done with the rude tools that the mechanic had made himself, as I +have ever seen made with the latest and most approved machinery. Carving +of the most exquisite patterns, and in beautiful designs could be seen in +one of these collections.</p> + +<p>I remember of seeing one napkin-ring carved out in open work, connected +with a continuous vine with beautiful clusters of grapes, the price of +which was $100. I bought, and brought home with me, $35 worth of these +trinkets.</p> + +<p>A number of us belonging to five or six different messes bought a small +cook stove for which we paid, I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> believe, a hundred or a hundred and fifty +dollars. There were two griddle holes in it and a small oven in which one +loaf of bread could be baked at a time. It was an old affair that here +would not bring more than it would come to as old iron, but to us it was a +great treasure. We arranged among ourselves to take turns cooking upon it, +for instance one would have the first use of it one day, and then the next +day he would be the last to use it, and so each in their turn would have +the first chance to cook for one day.</p> + +<p>Those who had the last chance would have a pretty late breakfast, dinner +and supper, for it would take each one at least half an hour to get a +meal. Those who had no means of cooking their rations, would come and beg +the privilege of setting their tin cups on our stove to warm their coffee, +which was usually made out of burnt rye or peas, and sometimes of scorched +wheat bran.</p> + +<p>Every morning the whole surface of the stove would be covered with these +tin cups during the whole time the stove was in use; and even after the +different messes had all got through it would be engaged by outside +parties for nearly the whole day, each taking their turns in the order +that their applications were made. Of course those who owned a share in +the stove always took precedence if they wished to do any extra cooking or +baking during the day. We often used to make griddle cakes for breakfast, +either out of our corn bread rations soaked up in water with a little corn +meal added, or mixed up with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> flour and water with sometimes an egg +stirred in if we could afford it, but as eggs were twelve to fifteen +dollars a dozen this expensive luxury was dispensed with most of the time.</p> + +<p>The two large Peckham stoves for warming the room were always in use, the +boys hanging their pails by hooked wires against the hot sides so that, +especially in the morning, they would be completely encircled with these +hanging pails, and there would always be a crowd waiting for the next +chance. Some would hold their cups by the handle against the stove, +changing hands whenever it became too hot, and others would stand, holding +a pail out on a stick run through the bale.</p> + +<p>Quarrels were frequent over their turns, for all were tenacious of their +rights, and there, as here, some were always ready for a quarrel, and very +jealous of their rights and watchful lest they were trespassed upon.</p> + +<p>There were at least three artists in this Danville prison, viz: Captain +Albert Thomas, who now has a studio in Syracuse, N. Y., Lieutenant +VanDerweed and another, whose name I do not now remember; but almost every +prisoner who was confined in Danville, will remember him as the officer +who was once sent down the river from Richmond for exchange, but who, +while passing Fort Fisher, was detected by the Confederate officer in +charge, in making a sketch of that fortification, and return to prison. He +was finally paroled with the rest of us, and we chaffed him considerable +while we were going<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> down the river, some of the boys teasing him to make +them a sketch of the Reb iron-clads in the river, or of Fort Fisher.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant VanDerweed made a number of sketches of prison scenes and some +fine pencil sketches of officers. He also went outside to make pencil +sketches of Confederate gentlemen and ladies, and while thus engaged, of +course, lived well and enjoyed pleasant society.</p> + +<p>Captain Albert Thomas was solicited to do the same, but said in his +expressive way, that he would starve and see all the rebs in —— (he +mentioned some warm climate) before he would make a picture of one of +them. He made some excellent pencil sketches of different officers in the +prison and among them one of Colonel W. C. Raulston, who met so sad a fate +in the attempted outbreak on the Tenth of December, 1864, but this sketch +unfortunately, was lost.</p> + +<p>He also made a good one of myself, from which I have procured a cut for +this volume, and which I highly prize.</p> + +<p>There were also in Danville, as in other prisons where I was confined, +sutlers who bought provisions of the Johnnies and sold to their comrades +at a profit. They would buy two or three pounds of bacon of the Johnnies +and cut it up into small pieces of about two ounces each, and sell these +to their comrades, who either had not money enough to buy more, or were +too fond of their own comfort to go down stairs at eleven o’clock at night +to buy of the guard.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/gs12.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">PENCIL SKETCH OF AUTHOR, BY THOMAS, AT DANVILLE.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI.</h2> + +<p>On the 17th of February we were ordered to get ready to leave for Richmond +for exchange. The order was received with the most extravagant +demonstrations of joy; officers who had heretofore been sedate and gloomy, +throwing their arms around each other in the wildest excitement. Some +laughed and shouted, some wept for joy, while others gave vent to their +feelings by singing “Rally ’Round the Flag,” “The Red, White and Blue,” +“The Star Spangled Banner,” and other patriotic songs. All were jubilant, +all were happy, and all were excited. With buoyant hearts and happy faces +the preparations to move were made. Not having many possessions, +everything was soon in readiness, and never was the order to fall in +obeyed with greater alacrity, or with more cheerfulness, than was the +order of the Reb Sergeant that morning at Danville.</p> + +<p>Soon we were all comfortably (?) seated in the sweetly perfumed cattle +cars, and were flying towards Richmond at the rate of twelve miles an +hour. On to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> Richmond, was shouted by the jubilant prisoners, as we +started from Danville.</p> + +<p>The next day we were ushered into that notorious prison hell of the South, +Libby prison, presided over by the equally notorious Dick Turner. While at +Danville one officer was shot in the hand, by the guard, who fired at +random through the window, because one of the officers accidentally +spilled some water on the window sill, and it ran down upon him. Major D. +Colden Ruggles, died in the hospital, and Lieutenants Baily, Quigley, +Harris, Helm and Davis, escaped by means of the oven heretofore described. +How many of the nearly two thousand enlisted men in Danville died, I have +no means of knowing, but the mortality was not as great there as in +Salisbury. Libby prison, and the treatment of federal prisoners there, has +been so frequently described that I will not attempt a description.</p> + +<p>I was there but a short time, but was told by those who had been there +before, that Dick Turner seemed to be on his good behavior, and was +evidently thinking of the day of reckoning.</p> + +<p>We found Libby prison nearly filled with our enlisted men, whose emaciated +forms told more plainly than words could possibly do, the terrible +sufferings they had endured. They were confined in separate rooms from us, +but we managed to pass them provisions through the openings in the +partition, and also to converse with them. We were shown where and how the +wonderful tunnel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> that secured freedom to quite a number of officers, and +came near setting the whole prison at liberty, was started and where it +ended. We were shown Castle Thunder, which at one time contained a number +of prisoners, and where I believe Dr. Mary Walker, of Oswego, was at one +time confined.</p> + +<p>While at Richmond, General Hayes came in to see us, and said he was +detailed to distribute the clothing to our men, which our government had +sent for them, and as we would be home before he would, he gave us, Lieut. +Leyden and myself, the letters and checks we had given to the old reb at +Danville, in exchange for fourteen hundred dollars in Confederate money. +And, shall I confess it, in a fit of absent-mindedness (?) I tore them up +and threw them into the stove, thus saving the bother of taking them to +Riggs & Co., at Washington. I have forgotten the old gentleman’s name who +so greatly befriended me by giving me such a liberal supply of money +which, although worthless to him, served to supply myself and a number of +my comrades, with the best the Confederacy afforded, for the balance of +our stay in rebeldom.</p> + +<p>Our stay in Richmond was of short duration, but we left it without regret.</p> + +<p>On the twentieth of February, we were again ordered to “pack up,” and this +time for home. I cannot describe the wild tumult of joy with which the +order was received. Many of the enlisted men, who with us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> occupied the +building, though in a separate appartment, and to whom we had managed to +smuggle some of our rations, were too weak to walk alone, and were obliged +to walk between two of their comrades, who supported them to the boat and +tenderly cared for them. Their emaciated forms and lusterless eyes, told a +painful story of the starvation and suffering they had endured for the +preservation of their country, and for their loyalty to the flag.</p> + +<p>And yet there are those even here in the North, who grew rich through +<span class="smcap">their</span> sufferings, who begrudge them the beggarly pittance of a pension of +a few dollars a month, to keep them from the poor house; when, by their +heroic fortitude, and their indescribable sufferings, they made it +possible for the bonds of the government to be worth a <i>hundred cents on +the dollar in gold</i>; made it possible for these very men to be to-day +enjoying the luxury of wealth in a happy and prosperous land; to be +citizens of a country whose treasury is overflowing to such an extent that +the President of the United States has deemed it necessary to cry out in +alarm, that the country is in danger from a too plethoric treasury. These +same heroic souls who twenty-five years ago, by their loyalty to the old +flag, and whose patriotic devotion to the principles of universal freedom, +led them to offer themselves upon the altar of their country, if they +escaped a horrible death by starvation and are still living, are looked +upon by many who profited so largely by their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> sacrifices, as beggars, +because they ask to be remunerated for their shattered health, by a small +pittance of ten or twelve dollars a month, to assist them in their old age +and decrepitude.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 20th of February, 1865, the last ration of corn +bread was issued, and I determined to preserve mine and bring it home to +show to my friends. This I did, and have kept it ever since. It was +twenty-three years old the 20th of February, 1888, and is still in a fair +state of preservation, and on every anniversary of its issue to me, that +old Libby prison ration and I have a little celebration, and revive old +memories.</p> + +<p>We were placed on board river steamers, which were skillfully piloted +around the numerous torpedoes that had been sunk for the destruction of +our gun-boats, should they attempt to assist in the capture of Richmond, +and past the iron-clad monsters that were stationed all along for the +protection of that rebel stronghold, and were conveyed to Varina landing, +where, as we disembarked, we were met by an equal number of rebs who had +been prisoners in our hands, and who returned on the same boats that took +us down.</p> + +<p>The contrast in the looks and appearances of these gray-backs and our poor +boys, was painfully apparent. They were in robust health, full of life and +vitality, and fit to at once take the field again, while our boys were +scarcely able, many of them, to climb up the bank at the landing, without +assistance. While they showed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> effects of rest and plenty of wholesome +food, our poor comrades showed equally the terrible effects of starvation +and disease. They were in excellent condition to again at once go into +active service, while we would need months of careful nursing, before any +of us could again endure the hardships of camp life; and a large +proportion, were forever broken in health, and would never again be able +to perform the duties of a soldier.</p> + +<p>We still had a march of six miles to make, before we reached the Union +lines. Ambulances were in waiting, to convey those who were too feeble to +endure the march, and the rest of us who had strength enough left, trudged +along on foot.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn02.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII.</h2> + +<p>The march from the landing to the headquarters of General John E. Mulford, +was through a swampy piece of ground and the road was muddy, but, with +freedom almost in sight, we tramped along cheerfully, with buoyant steps +and hopeful hearts, singing snatches of army songs, though we were still +inside the lines of the enemy. After a march of about five miles we passed +the reb picket line, and about three hundred yards ahead, saw once more +floating in the breeze, on a tall flag staff, the glorious old banner for +whose defence we had suffered so long and so fearfully.</p> + +<p>When the head of the column came under the shadow of “<span class="smcap">Old Glory</span>,” both our +cheers and our old dilapidated hats went heavenward with all the velocity +that we were able to impart to them. Some were too feeble to more than +faintly whisper their greeting to the dear old flag they loved so dearly, +while tears of joy attested the genuineness of their affection for that +beautiful emblem of liberty, the sight of which had so long been denied +them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>I never before realized how much I loved the dear old stars and stripes, +or how much protection there was beneath its shining folds. How I longed +to press it to my heart and lips. And not me alone, but of the nearly two +thousand skeletons who that day saw it proudly waving high over their +heads for the first time in many months; there were few indeed who would +not have fervently kissed and caressed it had it been within their reach. +As a mother’s love goes out to her first born that has come to her amid +suffering and pain, so that old flag seemed a thousand fold more beautiful +and precious to us, for the sufferings and privations we had passed +through in its defence.</p> + +<p>Cheer after cheer went up as the straggling column passed along, feeble +hands were waived, and feeble voices joined in the huzzahs, with which we +celebrated our return to “God’s country.”</p> + +<p>Arriving at General Mulford’s headquarters, we were obliged to wait two or +three hours for a boat to take us down the river. Once on board the +steamer, our first thought was for a good square meal.</p> + +<p>But, alas! a meal on board that steamer cost a dollar, and Confederate +money was no good there.</p> + +<p>A comrade whom I had befriended, however, invited me to take dinner with +him, which invitation you may be sure I readily accepted; and for the +first time in many months, sat down to a regular dinner of roast beef,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> +Irish potatoes, bread and butter, and a genuine cup of coffee.</p> + +<p>On the morning of Sunday, the 22d of February, we arrived at Annapolis. As +the steamers were approaching the wharf, a band which had come down to +welcome us, struck up “Home, Sweet Home.” Involuntarily every officer took +off his hat and bowed his head, as though receiving a benediction, so +impressively solemn sounded that sweet, familiar tune just then.</p> + +<p>Arriving at parole camp, the first person I met whom I knew, was Captain +Eastmond, who escaped with me at Columbia, and who was recaptured the next +night.</p> + +<p>He told me that a few days after my escape, my name was called for special +exchange, and he answered to my name, signed my name to the parole, and +had been out nearly three months.</p> + +<p>As soon as he reached General Mulford’s headquarters he told him of the +deception he had practiced, and the General told him it was all right and +as soon as he could find out where I was he would send another special for +me. But I, in blissful ignorance of what my friends were trying to +accomplish in my behalf, was being shifted from one place to another, so +that he did not get track of me again. The first thing I did upon my +arrival at Annapolis, was to hunt up the store of the Ladies’ Sanitary +Commission, and get a complete outfit from head to foot, for which they +would take no pay, and then getting a room in a hotel, I stripped off my +lousy rags, and after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> taking a good bath, dressed myself in my new suit, +throwing my old prison garments out of a window into an alley, thus +effectually ridding myself from the annoying companions that had so +persistently stuck by me during my imprisonment. I parted with them +without a sigh, and have never to this day had a desire to renew their +acquaintance.</p> + +<p>I then applied for a twenty day’s leave and wrote a long letter home, +giving a brief synopsis of my experience in the prisons of rebeldom for +the last ten months. This letter I directed to my wife, though I did not +know whether she was dead or living, not having heard a word from her +since parting with her at Plymouth, on the night of the first day’s fight. +After waiting a week I received my leave of absence, and at once started +for home. I found that my letters had nearly all been received and +promptly answered, but they were never delivered to me. I can never be +made to believe but that our letters were purposely destroyed by order of +General Winder, as a part of his plan to discourage and dishearten us, +well knowing how much this would do towards undermining our health and +destroying our lives.</p> + +<p>I was home for days before I could feel fully assured that I was really +out of prison; fearing all the time that it was only one of those vivid +dreams that had so often come to me while there, and fearing lest I should +awake and find myself still surrounded by stockades and rebel guards, +often I would stop and pinch myself to see if I were really awake, and at +home among friends.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>Upon the expiration of my twenty days’ leave, I returned to my regiment +near Goldsboro, (having been exchanged) and was just in time to assist in +taking in the North Carolina troops of Johnson’s army, and seeing the +conquered rebels lay down their arms, dejected and subdued, and seemingly +heartily rejoiced, that the fearful struggle was finally at an end.</p> + +<p>I reached Albany on my way back to Annapolis, on the 3rd day of April, and +there first learned of the evacuation of Richmond. The first person I met +whom I knew, as I disembarked from the cars near the Delavan House, was +Hon. Elias Root, then Member of Assembly from Oswego Co. He saluted me +with, “hello Cooper, you here and sober? Haven’t you heard that Richmond +has fallen? The orders are that any man found sober here after four +o’clock will be arrested.” This coming as it did from a staunch temperance +man, and an active and consistent christian, was a stunner; and I +apologized by saying that I had just arrived in Albany and had not yet +been able to comply with the order, but would attend to it immediately. I +managed to avoid being arrested that day, for I had seen enough of prison +life and did not care to be deprived of my liberty again so soon.</p> + +<p>Proceeding to Washington and then back to Annapolis, and from there back +to Newbern, via the Keretuck canal, I immediately joined my regiment at +Mosley Hall, near Goldsboro, and reported for duty.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>A few days after my return to headquarters we received the joyful news of +the surrender of General Lee, at Appomattox, on the 9th of April. This +news was received with great demonstrations of joy by every one, and was +celebrated with the wildest enthusiasm. About this time I was ordered to +Camp Palmer, near Newbern, on some business, and saw an order posted, of +which the following is substantially a copy:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Headquarters Department, &c.</span></p> + +<p>General Orders, No. —.</p> + +<p>The news having reached the headquarters of this department that General +Lee surrendered the army of Virginia to General U. S. Grant on the 9th +inst. at Appomattox Court House, the following order is promulgated.</p> + +<p>1st. Any soldier found sober after four o’clock to-day will, if an +enlisted man, be confined in the guard house, and if an officer, will be +placed in arrest and charges preferred against him. By order of</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 24em;"><span class="smcap">Gen. Palmer.</span></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">[Signed.] <span class="smcap">A. A. Judson</span>, Capt. & A. A. G.</span></p></div> + +<p>I also found Capt. Judson at Camp Palmer to see that the order was +properly enforced. I will only add that there were no arrests made under +that order.</p> + +<p>Upon joining my company I found Captain R. B. Hock, who had escaped with +me at Columbia, and with whom I had parted from in the suburbs of +Greenwood, S. C.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> when I started out to find the cabin of “Free +Mitchell,” and whom I had not seen or heard from since that time.</p> + +<p>The meeting was a joyful one to both, and Captain Hock related to me the +experience of himself and Lieut. Winner after we separated.</p> + +<p>They took a route more to the east, and after walking about three hundred +and fifty miles, which took them, I think, about twenty-one days +altogether, they came out at Marysville, Tenn., where they struck the +Union lines, and were, after resting a few days, sent on to Washington, +and from there to join their respective regiments.</p> + +<p>Captain Hock afterwards participated in the battle of Wise’s Forks and was +there again taken prisoner, but escaped the same night and walked through +to Plymouth, N. C., the scene of the battle where we were both taken by +General Hoke a year before.</p> + +<p>Plymouth at this time was again in possession of the Union forces, and +from there he again went to Newbern. He was subsequently made a prisoner +again during another engagement near Goldsboro with Johnson’s army, and +again succeeded in making his escape, and after a long and tedious march +once more reached his regiment.</p> + +<p>When he came back this time the regiment was just out for dress parade, +and Colonel J. W. Savage had him accompany him out in front of the line, +where he introduced him to the command as the <span class="smcap">Greasy Captain</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>Company F., Captain R. B. Hock, of which I was 1st Lieutenant, was for a +time thereafter stationed at Kinston, N. C., and after taking the paroled +men of Johnson’s army, relieving them of their arms, but leaving them +their “critters,” we joined the regiment again and were encamped for a +while at Goldsboro, and then marched to Tarboro, which place I had not +visited before since I passed through there in April, 1864, a prisoner of +war. Here I was placed in command of Company D, Captain Turner of that +company having been detailed for duty in the Freedman’s Bureau.</p> + +<p>We remained in Tarboro until the middle or latter part of July, and while +there I assisted in disinterring the remains of five of my comrades, of +the 12th N. Y. Cavalry, who were killed in a charge near that place in +July, 1863, and give them a christian burial.</p> + +<p>The following letter, which was written at the time and was published in +the city papers, gives a brief description of the funerals:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="right"><span class="smcap">Camp Near Tarboro</span>, N. C., May 17, 1865.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Samuel Miller</span>:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>—I have just returned from assisting in performing the +last sad duties to the heroes who fell in the gallant charge near +this place in July, 1863. I personally superintended the disinterment +of the bodies, and readily recognized your brave boy by his hair, +teeth, and the shape of his head. I also recognized the body of +William Davis. Capt. Simeon Church was there, and recognized his twin +brother, Capt. Cyrus Church, and others who were present recognized +the others.</p> + +<p>Six were buried in one grave, and all were in a perfectly nude state, +the fiendish brutes having appropriated to their own use every +article of wearing apparel. We had a coffin made for each one. When +disinterred they were placed in coffins made of white wood, and their +names written on the covers. The bodies were brought into camp, when +the funeral procession was formed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> in the following order, viz: +First, the regimental band; next, forty men mounted on white horses, +with drawn sabres; next, the chaplain; next, the ambulance, with the +bodies of Capt. Cyrus Church, and Sergt. John P. Miller and William +Davis, with six officers acting as pall bearers by the side; next the +officers of the regiment; next twelve men mounted on bay horses, with +drawn sabres and commanded by a Sergeant; next the ambulance +containing the bodies of S. Mulligan, H. Rood and David Carl, and in +the rear the dismounted men of the regiment.</p> + +<p>At 2 o’clock the procession moved with sabres reversed, the band +playing a solemn dirge, and marched to a beautiful burying ground in +the village, where the Episcopal burial service was read by Chaplain +Palmer of our regiment. We are thankful that we have at last had the +mournful privilege of giving a christian burial to our fallen +comrades.</p> + +<p>Appropriate headboards were placed at the graves. The coffins were +made small enough to be placed in other coffins for removal. I shall +do all I can to send the remains of your son home, and if Captain +Church sends his brother, I will send your son with him. I send you a +lock of Johnny’s hair, and some of the hair of Wm. Davis, which +please give to his wife.</p> + +<p>Deeply sympathizing with you and your family I remain,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 10em;">Your obedient servant,</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;"><span class="smcap">A. Cooper</span>,</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">1st Lieutenant, Commanding D Troop, 12th N. Y. Cavalry.</span></p></div> + +<p>From Tarboro the 12th Cavalry were moved to Raleigh, N. C., where we made +up our returns and turned over our horses, and were then mustered out of +the service.</p> + +<p>From Raleigh we made the march to Petersburgh, and from there to City +Point, where we took steamers for New York. We were sent to Hart’s Island, +where we were paid off and were soon at home again.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">more about charleston—exchange on the brain—more about +macon—charleston jail yard more fully described—the old privy—the +gallows or gibbet—terrible suffering for want of food and shelter—a +fire and how gillman helped it along.</span></p></div> + +<p>We remained in Charleston thirteen days, viz., from September 13th until +the 26th, and it was thirteen days of intense suffering to many, and of +great discomfort to all.</p> + +<p>This jail yard itself was filthy to a fearful degree, and was enough to +create an epidemic. An old privy occupied the south-west corner of the +ground, the vault of which overflowed into the yard and emitted an +effluvia that would be certain to create disease, even in an otherwise +healthy locality. We petitioned to have this nuisance abated, and after a +week or more, upon the recommendation of Dr. Todd, who was the attending +physician, and who tried to do all within his power to render our +situation more bearable, some men were sent in one night to tear down the +old privy and clean out the vault.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>This took all night and most of the next day, and during that time, +Charleston jail yard was the most revolting place that civilized humanity +ever occupied and lived.</p> + +<p>As I have said, there were only fifty “A” tents to accommodate six hundred +officers and, as not over two hundred and fifty could possibly be crowded +into these, there were three hundred and fifty officers without shelter of +any kind, and as the weather part of the time was rainy, the suffering +among those was fearful and a frightful mortality must have ensued, had we +been compelled to have remained there much longer. As it was, I have no +doubt that the germs of disease were planted there that afterwards cropped +out in some form, and perhaps in many cases resulted in broken +constitutions, and even death.</p> + +<p>Another prolific source of suffering was the lack of fuel with which to +cook our scanty rations.</p> + +<p>In our extremity we broke up the lumber of the old privy that had been +torn down, and tried to cook with that; but as the pails we used to cook +in were mostly without covers, and the old lumber was so thoroughly +permeated with the filth it had so many years covered, that the rations +thus cooked were too revolting to the stomach to be eaten.</p> + +<p>The ground of the jail yard was a sandy loam, and the yard having been +occupied by prisoners for a long time, was actually alive with vermin, +with which we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> were soon supplied to an extent that was discouraging to +those who had any ideas of cleanliness.</p> + +<p>In the centre of the yard was a gallows, which had evidently been erected +for a long time, and had probably done considerable service. This was a +post about twenty-five feet high, with a horizontal arm extending out +about eight feet; at the extreme end of this arm and also at the top of +the post where the arm joined it, there were pulleys for a rope to run +through. A weight at the end of the rope running down the posts, acted as +a drop to elevate the body of the victim from the ground and lifted him +towards the end of the extending arm. This gallows we cut down and used +for fuel. Dr. Todd, as I have said was the prison physician, and was, I +believe, a brother of Mrs. President Lincoln.</p> + +<p>Reader, do you wonder that we were willing to give our parole not to +escape, for the privilege of exchanging this loathsome and pest breeding +jail yard, for good, healthy, clean quarters, where we could have all of +the facilities for cleanliness, such as were offered to us?</p> + +<p>About the 1st of October a fire broke out just after noon, about six or +eight hundred yards to the north-east of where we were then confined, on +Broad street, overlooking the bay.</p> + +<p>As the alarm was sounded, we gathered upon the piazzas to watch its +progress. We could see the firemen dragging their apparatus to the fire, +and were watching their preparations to extinguish it, when suddenly, we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> +heard the familiar boom of Gilmore’s “Swamp Angel,” and presently saw a +shell explode among a group of firemen, who hastily scattered in every +direction.</p> + +<p>Shell after shell dropped into the burning building, or exploded among +those who were endeavoring to extinguish the flames, and for a time it +looked as though another terrible conflagration was inevitable.</p> + +<p>When a well directed shell would drop in, and explode where the firemen +were at work and scatter them, we would send up a cheer that must have +been heard where the flames were raging.</p> + +<p>Citizens gathered upon the flat roofs of their dwellings and watched the +conflict, between the Charleston firemen on one side, and the crackling +flames and General Gilmore’s batteries on Morris Island, on the other.</p> + +<p>I saw a man and woman upon their roof near the burning building, and when +the shells began to drop in pretty thick and fast, and some of them most +uncomfortably near to where they stood, the gentleman seemed to suddenly +think of some duty he was obliged to attend to below, while the lady +pluckily staid it out. The wonderful accuracy with which General Gilmore +sent those immense projectiles into any part of the city, from his +batteries on Morris Island, five miles away, was simply astonishing. He +seemed to be able to drop them just where he pleased and there was no +time, day or night, when the citizens of that doomed city had not good +reason to expect that they might receive one of Gilmore’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> compliments, as +we used to call them. While we were waiting in the Broad Street House for +the order to start for Columbia, after we had got all packed up, the +officers commenced writing their names on the wall near where they had +slept, and being in rather a poetical mood just then, I took my pencil and +wrote on the wall in the corner where my quarters had been, the following:</p> + +<p class="poem">I have slept in this corner for many a night,<br /> +A prisoner of war in a pitiful plight,<br /> +I have ate my corn dodger, my bacon and rice,<br /> +And have skirmished my shirt and my drawers for lice.<br /> +<br /> +Here’s health to Jeff Davis and bad may it be,<br /> +May mercy and pardon afar from him flee,<br /> +May he find, when too late, to his sorrow and cost,<br /> +That not only the Confederacy, but Heaven he’s lost.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn04.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX.</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">exchange on the brain.</span></p> + +<p>Many of the prisoners were afflicted to a greater or less extent, with +what was termed exchange on the brain.</p> + +<p>This disease would manifest itself in various ways, and different persons +would be differently affected by it.</p> + +<p>I remember numerous cases of this malady, (for it really was a malady) in +the different prisons. Persons thus afflicted, would improve every +opportunity to inform themselves of the prospects of there being an +exchange of prisoners, and every paper they got hold of would be carefully +scanned for exchange news, and whenever they came across an article on +this subject ever so vague and unsatisfactory, they would pore over it, +and try to construe it as an evidence that an exchange would soon take +place.</p> + +<p>If papers were not to be had they would stroll around the camp, stopping +to talk with any one that could be induced to listen to them, about what +they had heard on this subject, and try to hear something that they could +console themselves with, and in their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> perambulations about the grounds, +their whole and only theme was “Exchange.” Should those they met commence +talking upon any other subject, they were uninterested and would, as soon +as possible, change the subject to the prospects for exchange.</p> + +<p>The first question they would ask upon meeting an acquaintance would be, +“Do you hear anything about exchange?” Should they find two or three +officers talking together, especially if they seemed to be talking rather +earnestly, they would get up near enough to find out whether the subject +under discussion was exchange.</p> + +<p>It was the subject of all their thoughts and conversation by day, and of +their dreams by night.</p> + +<p>The most improbable rumors would be started in camp in regard to exchange, +just to play upon the credulity of those who were afflicted with exchange +on the brain, and they would believe them too, and would excitedly +circulate the rumors.</p> + +<p>One officer in Savannah, Captain Johnson, was afflicted badly with this +malady, and could never see two or three officers together talking, +without trying to ascertain if there was anything being said about +exchange. We used to play upon his credulity to an extent that was really +cruel.</p> + +<p>While at Savannah, Col. F. C. Miller, 147th N. Y., was detailed as senior +officer of the camp, and all communications to the commandant of the +prison had to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> forwarded through him, and all orders from the +commandant to us were received through him.</p> + +<p>Being very intimate with Col. Miller, I was supposed, next to him, to be +the most probable one to know what was going on. The Colonel had made a +backgammon board, and we used to sit in his tent and play a good deal of +the time.</p> + +<p>Captain Johnson and I both belonged to the same squad, which was +designated as No. 9. One evening, I had been up to Colonel Miller’s tent +until quite late, and when I returned, the squad had all retired. As I +came to my tent, which was just opposite Capt. Johnson’s, I said to my +tent-mates somewhat excitedly, and in a tone loud enough for Johnson to +hear: “Well, boys, I have now got some news that is reliable. I just came +from Col. Miller’s tent, and the Colonel told me that Col. Smith told +him—” here I dropped my voice so that Johnson could not hear. In a second +Johnson jumped out of bed and came across the street, minus everything but +his night clothes, and asked excitedly: “What did Col. Miller tell you?” +“Well,” said I, “Col. Miller told me that No. 9 squad would be detailed to +police the camp to-morrow.”</p> + +<p>Johnson, without saying a word, returned to his bunk amid the roars of +laughter from the whole squad. I know it was cruel, to laugh at, and play +jokes upon men who were half insane upon the subject. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> were those +who were clearly insane upon the subject of exchange, and were really to +be pitied.</p> + +<p>A Captain, whose name I have forgotten, became perfectly insane while we +were at Savannah, and I think he died while in prison. At first those who +noticed his peculiar actions thought he was playing a dodge to get paroled +and sent North, but we were all soon convinced that the poor fellow had +brooded over his imprisonment until his mind had completely lost its +balance.</p> + +<p>His mind seemed to be continually dwelling upon exchange, and for days and +weeks he could not be induced to talk upon an other subject. He would tell +the most improbable stories, that no one else had heard, about a general +exchange of prisoners that was soon to take place, but as such stories +were continually floating around the camp, not much attention was paid to +him, and if any one thought upon them at all, they looked upon his stories +as silly canards, gotten up to fool some one with.</p> + +<p>His mind finally seemed to run to sumptuous dinners, and he would invite +eight or ten of his prison companions to dine with him at a certain hour, +and upon their arrival, they would find perhaps a half baked corn meal +pome, that had been cooked in a dirty old wash basin, over a smoky fire, +having been mixed up without salt or rising of any kind, to be the +princely spread he had invited them to.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>He would do the honors in a courteous and dignified manner and seem to +think he was at home entertaining some distinguished guests in a royal +manner, to a regal feast.</p> + +<p>Of course his comrades would excuse themselves on one pretext and another, +and would leave him to enjoy his dinner alone.</p> + +<p>He would eat his pome with all the apparent relish, with which he would +have partaken of a dinner such as he seemed to imagine he was indulging +in.</p> + +<p>Of course, in its half-cooked condition, it would be not only perfectly +unpalatable, but injurious to the health as well. When it is remembered +that rumors of exchange were being almost weekly circulated through our +camp, sometimes by the reb authorities in order to keep us from trying to +escape, and sometimes I believe for very cussedness, the only wonder is +that the majority of the prisoners were not driven to insanity. I have +seen men sit moping for hours with a look of utter dejection, their elbow +upon their knee, and their chin resting upon their hand, their eyes having +a vacant far-away look, brooding over the cruel fate that placed them in +the prison pen, and wondering why an exchange of prisoners was not made, +and whether they would ever be released.</p> + +<p>On the 21st of June, 1864, a Catholic priest came into the prison at +Macon, and gave us such a harrowing picture of Andersonville, which place +he had visited the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> day before, that it made our own sufferings seem +insignificant.</p> + +<p>He said that he passed up between two lines of Union dead, who had been +laid there that morning by their comrades to be carted off to the burying +ground, that must have numbered at least a hundred, and that he saw +thousands there that were scarcely able to walk, or in many cases even to +sit up.</p> + +<p>Some to whom he administered the last rites of the Catholic church, showed +by the glassy expression of their lusterless eyes, that the grim visitor +already held them within his grasp.</p> + +<p>The picture he drew of the sufferings, starvation and death he had +witnessed there, sent a chill of horror to the heart of his listeners, and +created a feeling of indignation that could scarcely find expression in +words.</p> + +<p>The next day, upon the advice and recommendation of the Confederate +authorities, two from each squad met in the large hall that was used for +the field officers, and also as a sort of hospital, and drew up a petition +to the Rebel Secretary of War, for permission for Majors Marshal, Beatie +and Owen of the army, and Lieutenant Alexander, of the navy, to go to +Andersonville and examine into the condition of the enlisted men and then +proceed to Washington and urge upon the United States government a speedy +exchange of prisoners.</p> + +<p>When it became known throughout the camp that such a scheme was on foot +and that the petition had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> signed by this self-constituted delegation +and was about to be forwarded to Richmond, an indignation meeting was held +from the steps of this building, and was addressed by Captain Ives and +others, and the action of the Committee was denounced, as not being in +accordance with the sentiment of the prison camp.</p> + +<p>The almost unanimous sense of the meeting was, that we had faith in our +government and believed it was doing all it could do, consistent with its +dignity to relieve and release us, and that we would rather suffer the +tortures of prison life, than to harass our government and thereby give +aid and comfort to their enemy. The meeting closed by our asserting our +confidence in the wisdom and ability of our friends at the North, to do +what was for the best interests of the country, and that if we could do +more or better service for the country in prison than in the field, as +good soldiers and true patriots it was our duty to submit to all the +indignities that were being heaped upon us, rather than even impliedly +stigmatize the U. S. government as being unmindful of our sufferings, and +screen the fiendish brutes who were heaping all of this suffering upon us.</p> + +<p>While the meeting was in progress the petition was secretly taken out of +camp by a rebel officer, who had instigated their preparation, and as we +supposed, forwarded through to rebel Capt. Gibbs to Richmond. We never +heard anything from the petition, and the belief was that the rebel +authorities, seeing the indignation they had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> caused, concluded their +interests would not be advanced by complying with its provisions.</p> + +<p>To show how the large majority of officers confined in Macon felt about +how the affairs of the government had been conducted under the +administration of President Lincoln, I quote from my diary of June 7th, +1864:</p> + +<p>“This being the day upon which the Convention is to meet at Baltimore to +nominate a candidate for President, our camp went into convention and +nominated Abraham Lincoln by a vote of 533 out of a total vote cast of +625.”</p> + +<p>This was considered not only an endorsement of the policy pursued by the +President in the prosecution of the war, but also our approval of his +exchange policy.</p> + +<p>We well understood that the cartel was suspended, because the South +refused to exchange the negroes taken in arms, but proposed to return such +soldiers to servitude, and we believed that as they were taken while +bearing arms in defence of the government, that government was in duty +bound to protect them in their rights and it was our duty as good soldiers +to suffer and even die, if need be, in prison or in field, to maintain the +dignity of the nation.</p> + +<p>This is why such indignation was manifested when we were asked to lend +ourselves to the scheme of Jeff. Davis, to even impliedly stigmatize the +authorities at Washington, as being derelict in their duties towards us, +by demanding an immediate resumption of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> exchange cartel, unless all +who wore the blue could be classed in the category of United States +soldiers. We believed that all whose loyalty to the flag, had led them to +risk their lives in its defence, whether their skin was white or black, +were entitled to protection beneath its folds.</p> + +<p>While on the tramp with Captain Alban through the Confederacy, after our +escape, he told me an amusing story about his capture at Chicamauga. He +belonged to the 21st Ohio, and that regiment was armed with the Henry +rifle.</p> + +<p>The portion of the line occupied by the 21st Ohio, was assaulted with +determined gallantry six or seven times, and was every time repulsed with +heavy loss.</p> + +<p>The Johnnies would charge with an impetuosity that was wonderful, and +would advance until they received the sixth or seventh discharge from +those repeating rifles, which shoot sixteen times without reloading, when +they would break and fly in disorder; receiving as they went back two or +three more shots, before they would be out of range. They would again be +re-formed and make another gallant assault, only to again be broken and +driven back with fearful slaughter.</p> + +<p>After having charged, as I have said, six or seven times, and each time +been repulsed with great loss, Captain Alban was taken prisoner and +hurried to the Confederate rear. One of the privates was taken at the same +time, and his rifle which he had just emptied, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> examined with much +curiosity by the reb who had taken him, who, after looking it over +thoroughly, turned to Alban and said, “What kind of guns do youens use! +You load up Saturday night and shoot all the week, don’t you?” After +having learned how to handle it he thought it would be a good one for him, +but as the soldier had exhausted his supply of ammunition, the piece would +be useless until they could get some to fit it.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn03.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXX" id="CHAPTER_XXX"></a>CHAPTER XXX.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><span class="smcap">scouting in north carolina—sergeant c—— in a well—the accident +prevents a fight with our own troops—a fight with north carolina +troops—mrs. modlin turns a back somersault—our irish lieutenant.</span></p></div> + +<p>While at Plymouth on detached service, with “I” and “F” troops, we were in +the habit of scouting ten to fifteen miles once or twice a week, sometimes +in one direction and sometimes in another. We were seldom ordered out on a +scout by General Wessels, but all that was necessary for us to do when +going out on one of these scouts, was to notify the General of the fact +that we were going out on a certain road, ten or fifteen miles, at a +certain time, and would be back about such a time.</p> + +<p>I have frequently taken twenty-five or thirty men for a scout into the +country, to capture parties with loads of provisions for the Confederates, +or to bring in some prisoners.</p> + +<p>I have mentioned two guides, Modlin and Wynn, who were in the habit of +going with me on these raids, and who were both taken prisoners at +Plymouth, and escaped into the woods while on the march, after being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> +spotted by some of the North Carolina troops as “Buffaloes.”</p> + +<p>These two guides, who were natives of North Carolina, and who knew every +turpentine path through those immense pine forests, and who had friends +outside our lines who kept them well posted on what was going on outside, +while they in turn kept me posted as to the movements of the rebs.</p> + +<p>One day Wynn came to me and said that he had positive information that +five or six loads of bacon, for the Confederate army, would stop over +night at a certain house about fifteen miles south of Plymouth, on the +Washington road, and that the guard would consist of ten men besides the +teamsters. I immediately rode up to General Wessel’s headquarters and told +him that I was going to take thirty men and go out on the Washington road +at five o’clock that afternoon, and would return the next morning. I, as +usual, procured the countersign for that night, so as to be able to get +inside the picket post if I should come back in the night, and selecting +thirty men, started at five p. m., guided by Wynn for the South.</p> + +<p>After getting out about five miles, we left the road and followed one of +the turpentine paths through the woods in a parallel direction.</p> + +<p>It had become quite dark by this time and we proceeded in single file, +Wynn and myself riding at the head of the column.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>Among the men under my command that night was Sergeant C——, a tall, +powerful man, and an excellent soldier, whose pluck could always be relied +upon, but who had a great weakness for following up any noise on the +march, especially if it sounded anything like the crowing of a cock, and +was therefore not always in the line while on the march.</p> + +<p>We had proceeded about five miles through the woods when our path crossed +a road at right angles, just at a school house.</p> + +<p>As we crossed the road the guide said to me, there is a well on our left, +keep to the right a little. We turned a little to the right and at the +same time I ordered the word passed down to the rear that there was a well +on the left, keep to the right. This word was passed from one to another +until it had reached the rear of the column.</p> + +<p>Now Sergeant C—— had stopped a little way back on some important +business, probably connected with a chicken roost, and of course did not +hear the cautionary word and after we had passed on about two hundred +yards a cry came from the rear of the column, C—— is in the well.</p> + +<p>I halted the column, and going back found, by the aid of a lantern we +carried, that both C—— and his horse were in a dry well about ten or +twelve feet deep, and about as wide as it was deep. There was nothing to +do but to buckle our saddle straps together, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> C—— placed under his +horse, and lift it out bodily and then pull C—— out.</p> + +<p>This took us half an hour, and I was fearful that we would not reach the +house before the teams had got started, and we would be unable to capture +the guard. It was just daylight when we came out on the road, about six +hundred yards from the house, and I at once charged down and surrounded +it.</p> + +<p>I secured six yoke of oxen and six loads of bacon, but could find no guard +or teamsters. After placing my pickets I had some of the boys bring in a +ham, and that, with some eggs and sweet potatoes, and a hoe cake that the +woman cooked for us, together with some coffee, which we always carried +with us, made us a good breakfast.</p> + +<p>To our enquiries about the teamsters and guard, the woman told us that +about half an hour before we came a company of Cavalry came from the +opposite direction and passed on towards Plymouth, and that at their +approach, the guard and teamsters fled to the woods.</p> + +<p>I took the teams and loads of bacon and, throwing out an advance and rear +guard, proceeded back to Plymouth, not knowing what moment I might run +onto this Cavalry troop, which I thought must be rebel Cavalry, as there +were no Union Cavalry between Plymouth and Little Washington, which were +about eighty miles apart, and knowing that no other troop had left +Plymouth, and none would leave until my return.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>I reached Plymouth without opposition and then learned that the troop that +had passed the house just before we got there, was thirty of our Cavalry +from Little Washington, with dispatches for Plymouth, and had already +arrived.</p> + +<p>When I learned this I was very thankful that C—— had got into the well, +for otherwise, we would have reached the road half an hour sooner and +would in all probability have met this troop, and mistaken them for the +reb guard, have charged them; and as they were not expecting to meet any +one but enemies, they would very likely have attempted to break through +and a fight would have taken place between us, which must have resulted in +loss of life before the mistake was found out.</p> + +<p>Shortly after this, Modlin, our other guide, wanted to move his wife and +household effects into Plymouth and asked Captain Roache, who was then in +command of the detachment of Cavalry, to accompany him to his farm, which +was about fourteen miles from our lines, as a protection against a company +of rebs that were sometimes in the neighborhood.</p> + +<p>Captain Roache took eighty-five men of Companies “A” and “F,” and with +Captain Hock, Lieutenant Russel and myself, accompanied him home.</p> + +<p>I had command of the advance going out, and after we reached the house, +was sent with twenty-five men across a piece of woods to another road, and +about a mile out on that road, to a house where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> he thought I might +capture some prisoners. Modlin went along as my guide, and as we emerged +from the woods, and came out on the road near a school house, I dismounted +and went into the school house to see if there was anyone there. I found +on the hearth the dying embers of a fire and quite a number of egg shells, +showing that the school house had been occupied the previous night and +assuring me that there were rebs in the vicinity.</p> + +<p>I did not delay, but moved rapidly down upon the farm house and surrounded +it, but after a thorough search of the premises failed to reveal the rebs +I was in search of, I mounted again and returned to Modlin’s house, and +found two carts loaded with his furniture, &c., and ready to start for +Plymouth.</p> + +<p>On our return trip Lieutenant Russel was placed in command of the advance, +and I was given command of the rear guard of twelve men to protect the +carts. The mule in the head cart was driven by one of my guards, who led +his horse behind, and the other was driven by a darkey boy, and upon this +cart was seated Mrs. Modlin, upon the top of a load of bedding, etc.</p> + +<p>We had proceeded perhaps a mile, when we came to a small stream or run, +where we stopped to water the horses. We were passing through a swampy +piece of woods, called cedar swamp, and just up the road, perhaps six +hundred yards from the stream, was a small wood-colored meeting house.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>The advance and the main column had watered and started on, and I was +watering the horses of the rear guard, when a brisk fire of musketry was +opened upon the column now four hundred yards ahead, from the woods on our +right.</p> + +<p>The column pushed by, and then halted and dismounted, while I told the +mule-driver to drive up past before they had time to reload; but the mules +were frightened at the firing and were hard to manage, and while I was +assuring Mrs. Modlin that she had nothing to fear, as they would not fire +at a woman, my guard galloped past the firing up to the column, the one +who was driving the mule deserting it, and mounting his horse, going with +the rest. The mule thus left without a driver, ran away up towards the +company, scattering the goods along the road. The darkey jumped off the +other cart and ran into the woods, and as this mule started to run, Mrs. +Modlin, turned a back somersault off the back end of the cart and followed +the darkey; the mule running against a tree beside the road, demolished +the cart and spilled the goods in a most promiscuous manner. My position +behind them all, enabled me to take in the whole of this ludicrous scene +and I should have laughed if they had all been killed.</p> + +<p>Being deserted by my guard and left alone, I started towards the column, +firing a small pistol that had been presented to me, into the woods, the +rebs being within five or six rods of the road, but a cap got foul and it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> +would not revolve, so I returned it to my belt and drew my navy revolver. +As I passed them they gave me a volley, but all fired over my head, and +neither myself or horse were touched.</p> + +<p>As I rode up towards the column, I saw Captain Hock out in front five or +six rods, firing his pistol into the woods, and every one seemed to be +fighting on his own hook.</p> + +<p>I called out and asked where Captain Roache was, and some one said he was +hurt. I then called to the men to come out, where I was still sitting on +my horse, and form, which they did with alacrity. Capt. Roache, soon +recovering from a stun he had received in dismounting, took command and we +soon had the Johnnies driven back. Our men were all dismounted and +followed the rebs a short distance, but as they were in the swamp we +remounted and started on towards Plymouth without further molestation, +except that they came out into the road again, after we had gone eight +hundred or a thousand yards, and fired one volley at my rear guard.</p> + +<p>We had five horses wounded, but lost no men either in killed or wounded. +Five or six months after, when I was taken prisoner at Plymouth, I saw the +Lieutenant, who was in command of the ambushing party, and in talking +about that skirmish he said, that when that volley was fired at me at such +close quarters (not over fifteen rods) and I being such a splendid mark +sitting on my horse, he thought I was gone sure.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>Mrs. Modlin, the next day having recovered her mules, and picked up her +household goods, came into Plymouth alone.</p> + +<p>We had an Irish Lieutenant in the 12th Cavalry, whose quaint expressions +gave us much merriment. When we first went to Camp Palmer, we had daily +drills; he being 1st Lieutenant, drilled the first platoon of the company, +and I the second. We used to take them out separately, and I used to be +greatly amused at the orders he would give. We commenced by drilling the +men in the sabre exercise, and I was watching him the first day. When he +got his men into line, and after having them take the proper distance, he +gave the command something like this: “Attention, min! Now I am going to +larn yees how to draw sabre. Whin I say ‘draw!’ don’t you draw; but whin I +say ‘sabre!’ out wid it.” Now those who do not understand the sabre drill +may want a little explanation as to how this was to be done. At the +command “draw” the sabre is loosened from the scabbard and drawn about six +inches; and at the command “sabre” it is drawn out and describing a half +circle to the front, carried to the shoulder.</p> + +<p>Another favorite order of his when he wished to give the order, “fours +right” and then form the squad on right into line, was this: “On ladin set +of fours, form line of battle, faced to the rare, march!” Turning to the +Major, who was watching him drill one day, after executing this +manœuvre he said, “Major this is a bully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> movement on a retrate.” While +we were near Camp Palmer, our advance picket post was about five miles +from camp, at a place called Deep Gully; and it was usual for the officer +of the day after guard mount, to march his guard under command of the +Sergeant, to Deep Gully, in <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'colums'">columns</ins> of fours. This Irish Lieutenant, being +officer of the day one time, after the inspection of the guard was +completed and the Adjutant had turned them over to him with the usual +instructions, rode out in front and gave his orders thus: “Attention +guard, draw sabre! carry, sabre! be twos or be fours, whichever yees like. +Deep Gully, to the front! Away wid yees.”</p> + +<p>While at Plymouth, the two Captains and four Lieutenants, of our two +Cavalry companies, formed a mess, each officer contributing his share +towards the expenses. After a while, however, one of the Captains offered +to run the mess, for so much a head per week, agreeing to give us good +board. Well, for a week or two, every thing went smoothly and all seemed +satisfied with the fare. One day we had chicken for dinner, made up into a +sort of soup, or more properly speaking, gruel. This, by breaking some +hardtack into it, though rather thin, was rendered quite palatable by +judicious seasoning, and there being plenty left it was warmed up for +dinner again. The third day as we sat down to dinner, we found another +dish of this gruel on our plates, somewhat diluted, and looking rather +feeble.</p> + +<p>When this Irish Lieutenant sat down to dinner he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> took a look at the soup, +and recognizing in it some infinitesimal portions of the old friend of the +two previous days, shoved back his plate and with flushed face ejaculated: +“Be jabers I like soup; I’m fond of soup, I like soup for forty or fifty +meals, but by jabers as a gineral diet I don’t think much of it.”</p> + +<p>We had good quarters in Plymouth. Our quarters were in a two-story white +house, built as most of the houses in the South are, with a wide hall +running through the centre and instead of a cellar, the house was set upon +posts, so as to give free access to the air underneath. Our Irish +Lieutenant occupied one large room up stairs, and I occupied one just +across the hall from him. One Sunday morning I heard a noise in his room, +and stepping across the hall, opened his door, and at first thought by his +language that he was engaged in his Sunday morning devotions, as he was a +strict Catholic. When I opened the door and took a look at him, I was +startled at the sight which met my gaze. He was standing in the middle of +the room, with a new white flannel shirt about half on, his head +protruding, and his face of apoplectic hue, his arms extending upward, and +he seemed incapable of either getting out of or into the shirt. It was one +of those heavy white flannel shirts such as we all took with us at the +commencement of the service, which would shrink in washing to about +one-half their original size.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>As I entered the room there was a look of discouragement upon his face, +which from a liberal use of commissary and natural swarthiness, was always +somewhat flushed, and now looked like a boiled lobster, which gave it a +frightful appearance. The first sentence I heard sounded like a prayer; he +said, “Oh! may the Lord take particular pains to damn the nagur that +washed this shurret.” Taking in the situation at a glance, I discreetly +withdrew and allowed him to conclude his devotions.</p> + +<p>Making Yankees out of the Contrabands, was a pleasing pastime for our boys +after the war had ended; and hundreds of these dusky “innocent causes” +flocked into Tarboro, N. C., after we occupied that Secesh town, to be +transformed into “Lincum Yankees.” Instead of going to headquarters, they +would generally go directly to the company quarters, where the boys would +heartily welcome them. To the question, “well boy, do you want to be made +a Yankee?” They would say “yes massa, I spects I does.” A good strong +blanket would be brought out and six stalwart fellows would hold it on +either side and the candidate would be gently placed upon it.</p> + +<p>The question would then be asked, “Do you promise to support the +Constitution of the United States?” to which they would usually respond, +“I ’spects I does, massa.” The order would then be given, attention! one, +two, three, go; and he would go. At first they would toss him gently, but +at every successive toss he would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> go higher and higher, until he could +almost, as one expressed it, see the “gates ajar;” some would almost turn +white when they were tossed up to such a fearful height, but as soon as +one was pronounced reconstructed and entitled as such to all the rights +and privileges of an American citizen, another would step forward and +signify his desire to become a Yankee. There was very seldom any accident +in these initiating exercises, but I remember of one, in which some of the +boys became too weak, from excessive laughter, to hold onto the blanket, +and a strapping young negro came near being killed; as I think he surely +would have been, had he not fortunately struck the ground head first.</p> + +<p> </p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h2>CONCLUSION.</h2> + +<p>Reader, while I do not claim for this volume any rare literary merit, I +trust a perusal of its pages may have afforded you some little pleasure, +and instruction. I can cheerfully place it in the hands of my old prison +associates, confident that they will testify to its truthfulness and +fairness.</p> + +<p>While the language is my own, I can confidently claim that it conveys no +imaginary sufferings and privations. I have endeavored to speak of the +Southern prisons and of the treatment meted out to those whom the fortunes +of war compelled to endure and suffer the hardships, tortures and +privations of a lingering confinement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> in those loathsome pens of +starvation, provided by the self-styled Southern Confederacy, as a +punishment for loyalty to country and the flag, just as I found them. Not +to the <i>people of the South</i> do I lay the blame of the frightful mortality +among prisoners, in those pens of starvation, but to Jeff. Davis and the +infamous Winder; who boasted that they were doing more execution among the +prisoners, than Lee’s whole army was doing in the field; to them I say +that the blood of thirty-five thousand loyal hearted patriots, cry from +the ground of Andersonville, Salisbury, Florence and Belle Island, unto a +just God, for vengeance upon those who so cruelly, heartlessly and +fiendishly <i>murdered them</i>.</p> + +<p>To them I say that should they flee to the uttermost parts of the earth, +they cannot escape the contempt of an outraged world, nor the curse of the +thousands of mothers, widows, and fatherless children, whom they have in +their fiendish hatred, robbed of their beloved sons, husbands and +fathers.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn02.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2> + +<p>The author of this volume, Alonzo Cooper, was born in the town of Victory, +Cayuga Co., N. Y., April 30th, 1830. His father John Cooper, who was born +August 15th, A. D. 1794, enlisted from Scoharie County in the war of +1812-13-14, and during his term of service, was for a time employed on the +construction of the famous 110 Gun, line of battle ship “NEW ORLEANS” at +Sackets Harbor, which was built and all ready for caulking in six weeks +from the time the first tree was felled. Abraham Cooper, an older brother +of John, was also in the service during the war of 1812, serving as +Captain in a Militia company.</p> + +<p>The mother of the author, Amanda Cochran, was a daughter of John Cochran, +a Revolutionary soldier. John Cochran was an Irishman by birth and as such +was claimed as a British subject, and was arrested by the “press gang” as +they were then called, and taken on board an English man-of-war to be +impressed into the service of Great Britain.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>The vessel was anchored about one and a half miles from shore, the better +to prevent the escape of the impressed seamen; but, notwithstanding the +strict surveillance under which they were placed, John Cochrane and a +comrade one dark night, tied their clothing into a bundle, which they +fastened on their heads and dropped into the water from the fore chains of +the vessel where they were stationed, and swam to the shore and made good +their escape. The story as frequently told me by my mother, is a long one +and filled with thrilling incidents, as was also the military life of my +father, John Cooper. My father died October 23d, 1831, when I was only +eighteen months old, leaving my mother with a family of nine children, one +of whom was a babe only a few weeks old. Her only income was the products +of a farm of 25 acres, and the trifling wages as a carpenter’s apprentice +of my eldest brother, Lorenzo.</p> + +<p>In the spring of 1836, my mother having sold her farm in Victory and +bought fifty acres in Sterling, we moved into a new log house that my +brother had built during the winter and early spring, and around which he +had made a clearing of sufficient dimensions to avert the danger of the +house being crushed by falling trees. This clearing was extended during +the summer to ten or fifteen acres by cutting off the timber, and afforded +us youngsters plenty of work, piling brush and burning them, and the log +heaps which a bee of neighbors had constructed. The house had not been +chincked, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> floor was made of split basswood slabs, hewn smooth and +nicely fitted together, which if not as elegant as the more modern floors, +at least possessed the elements of strength and durability. A large Dutch +fire place, and a wide chimney built of sticks and mud, took up nearly +half of the north side of the house, while at the right of the fire place +was constructed a rude pair of stairs leading to the upper rooms. The +lower part of the house consisted of this one room, about 16x18, which +served as parlor, dining room and kitchen, and a bedroom and recess +occupied the south side.</p> + +<p>The upper rooms were two in number and were supplied with rough board +floors, and with a window in each room. A cellar was dug under the front +room for the storage of apples and vegetables during the winter, and was +entered by a trap door near the center of the floor.</p> + +<p>The district school was about half a mile north and was kept in what was +called the VanPetten school house. Here it was that the author first +attended school, which was taught that summer by Miss Rachel Lester—now +Mrs. McFadden. For seven seasons I attended school there under the +instruction of different teachers, among whom were, Miss Sarah J. McCrea, +now Mrs. George Turner, Mr. Emerson Crane, Mr. Mathew B. VanPetten, +Obediah Cooper, Dennis Cooper, John B. VanPetten, and others. Up to the +time of my mother’s death, which occurred January 17, 1845, just before I +was fifteen years old,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> I had attended school summer and winter, with the +exception of part of the last two summers, when I was obliged to stay at +home to assist in the farm work, and being easy to learn, had acquired a +fair education in the primary branches for a boy of my age—14 years.</p> + +<p>At the death of my mother the only legacy I inherited was a robust +constitution, a cheerful and happy disposition, and the faculty of always +looking upon the bright side of life. These characteristics were clearly +inherited from my mother, to whom obstacles that would have seemed +insurmountable to most women seemed only an incentive to more determined +efforts.</p> + +<p>To her household duties were added the work of the loom and the spinning +wheel, and up to the time of her death there were very few clothes worn by +the family that she did not weave and afterwards make up into garments.</p> + +<p>The linen trowsers and shirts that were bleached to snowy whiteness for +our summer wear, and the full suits of comfortable sheeps-gray for winter, +were alike the production of her own toil. The dresses worn by the girls, +especially those for Sunday wear, were also the production of her loom, +and were dyed and pressed by herself. Besides all this, all the time that +could be spared from the duties of her own household was employed in +weaving for others.</p> + +<p>Both she and my father were members of the old Reformed Dutch Church at +Cato—now Meridian—that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> was at that time under the pastorage of the good +old dominie Houghman, and her well worn Bible bore testimony to her +faithfulness in her Christian duties. She was faithful in instilling into +the hearts of her children the religion she practiced, but rather appealed +to their sense of duty than to the fear of punishment.</p> + +<p>After the death of my mother I followed the pursuit of a farmer, attending +the district school during the winter, until I was 19 years of age, when I +entered the employ of Mr. Charles Burnett, of Skaneateles, N. Y., in his +dry goods and grocery store. I remained with Mr. Burnett one year and +then, as he retired from business, I came to Oswego and entered the drug +store of the late James Bickford, jr.</p> + +<p>Not liking the drug business, I at the end of the first year entered into +the employment of the late Worden Newkirk, as a dry goods clerk, with whom +I remained three years, and was afterwards for a short time in the large +dry goods house of Downs & VanWick, of Chicago.</p> + +<p>Thrown out of employment in Chicago by the panic of 1856, and being fond +of adventure, when the great “Lager Beer Riot,” as it was called, broke +out in that city in the spring of that year, I went to the city hall in +response to a call for three hundred special police and was sworn in as a +special to serve during the riot. The riot lasted three days and was a +lively skirmish.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>We took three hundred prisoners in the first three hours and there were a +number killed and wounded.</p> + +<p>The rioters marched across Clark street bridge in good order, armed with +shot guns, pistols, hatchets and clubs, and were met by the police at the +corner of Clark and Lake streets, where the first conflict took place.</p> + +<p>Almost the first shot fired by the rioters wounded the man next to me in +the arm near the shoulder, and he fell as though he had been knocked down +by a powerful blow. I was too closely engaged to pay any attention to him +and for a time it was pretty lively work for all of us.</p> + +<p>I commenced business for myself in the spring or summer of 1857, by +starting a fruit, confectionery and oyster store on West First street, +about where the middle of the Lake Shore Hotel now is. I moved around on +Utica street while the “Revenue Block” (now the Lake Shore block) was +under process of construction, and upon its completion, took the store in +the north end of that block, which I kept until after the war of the +Rebellion broke out. Having served six years in the Old Oswego Guards, and +become somewhat proficient in the drill, I was anxious to join one of the +regiments then being raised. But the store could not be disposed of, and +needed, at that time, my individual attention. Finally, without disposing +of my store, I enlisted in the 12th N. Y. Cavalry, which was then being +recruited in Oswego, by Major Ward Gasper; who intended at first to raise +two companies of Cavalry for the “Harris Light,” but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> subsequently went on +and made the two companies, then raised a nucleus, from which the 12th was +finally formed.</p> + +<p>The two companies were taken to Albany, where we were again examined by a +surgeon as to our fitness to perform military duty, and from there went to +Staten Island.</p> + +<p>Authorization papers having been procured for me I was sent on recruiting +service, and was subsequently mustered as 1st Lieutenant of company “I” +Sept. 1st 1862.</p> + +<p>We remained on Staten Island all winter perfecting ourselves in the +Cavalry tactics and drill; but before spring the men had become so +dissatisfied with the inactivity on the Island, that by desertions, our +eight companies were reduced to four, and by order of General John E. +Wool, the eight companies were consolidated into four, thus rendering four +Captains and eight Lieutenants supernumerary, who were ordered mustered +out of the service as such. I was among the number so mustered out, but +went to work immediately recruiting more men and was in due time again +mustered in, this time as 2nd Lieutenant of Company “I.” With this Company +I joined the regiment at Camp Palmer near Newbern, N. C.</p> + +<p>I was soon sent to Plymouth, N. C., on detached service, under General W. +H. Wessels.</p> + +<p>On January 25th, 1864, I was promoted to 1st Lieutenant of Co. “F,” but +was not able to get to the mustering office, and was therefore not +mustered as such until after my return from prison in 1865, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>consequently could not be promoted to a Captain, as I otherwise should +have been, when a vacancy occurred.</p> + +<p>During my service I never lost a day’s duty, except once, when I was +disabled by having two of my ribs broken, and my back severely injured, +and never applied for leave of absence, except as a paroled prisoner, as +before stated.</p> + +<p>The detachment to which I was assigned were never defeated in any of the +numerous skirmishes while at Plymouth, until the battle of Plymouth, which +lasted four days and in which the enemy acknowledged a loss nearly equal +to the whole number engaged on our side, and in which battle the enemies +force amounted to 8000 and the Ram Albemarle, and ours less than 2000.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn01.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p> +<h2>LIST OF OFFICERS CONFINED IN MACON, GA.</h2> + +<p>The following is a list of officers who were confined as prisoners of war +at Macon, Ga., in 1864. I do not claim the list to be complete, but as +nearly so as I can make it at this time:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="Officers"> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">BRIGADIER-GENERALS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wessels,</td><td> </td><td>Seymour,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shaler,</td><td> </td><td>Scammon,</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">Hickman.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">COLONELS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Grove,</td><td> </td><td>Hawkins,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Harrison,</td><td> </td><td>Lehman,</td></tr> +<tr><td>LaGrange,</td><td> </td><td>Lee,</td></tr> +<tr><td>White,</td><td> </td><td>Bollinger,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Brown,</td><td> </td><td>Dana,</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. A. Bartleson, 100 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>R. W. McClain, 51 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Carlton, 89 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Powell, 2 Va. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. D. Cesnola, 4 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>Tho. E. Rose, 77 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. G. Ely, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>A. D. Streight, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. P. Kindrick, 3 W. T. C.</td><td> </td><td>Chas. W. Tilden, 16 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>O. A. Lawson, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. H. Tippin, 58 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. LeFavour, 22 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>W. T. Wilson, 123 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Ashworth, 1 Ga. U. V.</td><td> </td><td>Pennock, Huey, 6 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. H. Butler, 5 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>F. C. Miller, 147 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. J. Crooks, 22 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. Shedd, 13 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Frasier, 140 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>Daniel White, 31 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">C. W. Fardella, 85 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">LIEUT. COLONELS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Burnham,</td><td> </td><td>Baldwin,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bartholomew,</td><td> </td><td>Cook,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dickinson,</td><td> </td><td>Fellows,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fairbanks,</td><td> </td><td>Glenn,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Higginbotham,</td><td> </td><td>Mills,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Maxwell,</td><td> </td><td>Moffit,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alcott,</td><td> </td><td>Postley,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rogers,</td><td> </td><td>Hepford,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stewart,</td><td> </td><td>Swift,</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. M. Archer, 17 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>W. P. Lasselle, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>I. F. Boyd, 20 A. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. E. McMackin, 21 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. F. Cavada, 114 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>D. A. McHolland, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Farnsworth, 1 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>C. C. H. Mortin, 84 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. A. Glenn, 86 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. D. Mayhew, 8 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. P. Hunter, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>D. Miles, 79 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. P. Henry, 15 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. B. McCreary, 21 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. L. Hays, 100 O.</td><td> </td><td>R. S. Northcott, 12 Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. C. Hobert, 21 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>M. Nichols, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. C. Johnson, 15 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>Wm. Price, 139 Va. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>G. C. Joslin, 15 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>P. S. Piver, 77 Penn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>I. J. Polsley, 8 Va. V. I.</td><td> </td><td>A. Van Schrader, A. I. G.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. F. Rogers, 80 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>I. H. Wing, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. P. Spofford, 79 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. N. Walker, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Sanderson, S. O.</td><td> </td><td>J. Williams, 25 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Von Helmrich, 4 Mo. C.</td><td> </td><td>T. S. West, 24 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. B. Buffum, 4 I. R.</td><td> </td><td>Benj. B. Morgan, 75 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Conyngham, 52 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>H. R. Stoughton, 2 U.S.S.S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. W. Clancy, 52 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. H. Sanders, 16 Iowa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. A. Leeds, 153 O.</td><td> </td><td>T. J. Thorp, 1 N. Y. Drag.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. C. Matson, 6 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. Von Helmrick, 4 Mo. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. B. McCreary, 145 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>G. Wallace, 47 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. Moulton, 25 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>Taylor.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">MAJORS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Beeres,</td><td> </td><td>Baker,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bates,</td><td> </td><td>Clark,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carpenter,</td><td> </td><td>Crandall,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Grant,</td><td> </td><td>Hall,</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. N. Bates, 80 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. McMahan, 21 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. T. Beatly, 2 O.</td><td> </td><td>D. M. Kercher, 10 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Beers, 16 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>M. Moore, 29 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. P. Collins, 29 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>W. S. Marshall, 5 Ia.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. E. Clarke, 5 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>S. Marsh, 5 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. A. Carpenter, 2 Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>J. R. Muhlman, A. A. G.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. J. Edwards, 32 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>W. P. Nieper, 57 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. W. Fitzsimmons, 30 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>W. N. Ovens, 1 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>N. Goff, jr., 4 W. Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. M. Pope, 8 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>J. H. Hooper, 15 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>L. N. Phelps, 5 Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Hall, 1 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. Phillips, 77 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Henry, 5 O. C.</td><td> </td><td>T. B. Rodgers, 140 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Hill, 17 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>W. I. Russell, A. A. G.</td></tr> +<tr><td>I. H. Johnson, 11 Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>I. C. Vananda, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. Kovax, 54 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. Von Mitzel, 74 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. D. Morton, 14 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. A. White, 13 Pa C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. McIrvin, 2 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Wade, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. B. McDonald, 101 O.</td><td> </td><td>Harry White, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Dewees, 14 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Isett, 8 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Dunn, 19 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>C. M. Lynch, 145 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. N. Denny, 51 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>P. McLernan, 22 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. English, 11 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. P. Mattock, 17 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. K. Fleming, 11 Vt.</td><td> </td><td>P. Nelson, 66 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. B. Fox, 75 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. E. Pratt, 4 Vt.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Forbes, 2 Mass. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. L. Parsons, 2 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Filer, 55 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>D. Quigg, 14 Ill. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. J. Hasley, 11 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Reynolds, 14 N. Y. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. P. Hall, 6 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Steele, 2 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. H. Smith, 2 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>D. Thomas, 135 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. B. Speece, 7 Pa. V. R. Cps.</td><td> </td><td>D. Vickers, 4 N. J.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. A. Smith, 7 Tenn C.</td><td> </td><td>G. G. Wanzer, 24 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. H. Soper, 5 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Young, 76 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Johnson.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">CHAPLAINS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>White,</td><td> </td><td>Dixon.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span>CAPTAINS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. B. Hock, 12th N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>— Cady, 24 N. Y. Ind. Bat.</td></tr> +<tr><td>— Sampson, 2 Mass. H. A.</td><td> </td><td>— Geere.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. F. Armstrong, 74 O.</td><td> </td><td>H. R. Bending, 61 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. C. Arthurs, 67 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>M. R. Baldwin, 2 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Airey, 15 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. D. Brown, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. C. Alexander, 1 Del.</td><td> </td><td>W. P. Bender, 123 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. B. Avery, 132 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>John Bird, 14 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>I. A. Arthur, 8 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>L. B. Blinn, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. H. Alban, 21 O.</td><td> </td><td>D. E. Bohannon, 3 T. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. R Adams, 89 O.</td><td> </td><td>Dav. I. Bailey, 99 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. A. Adams, 1 Verm.</td><td> </td><td>A. J. Bigelow, 79 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Albright, 87 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Birch, 42 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. W. Atwood, 16 Me.</td><td> </td><td>D. M. Barrett, 89 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Boyd, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>W. M. Beeman, 1 Va. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chas. Byron, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>F. Barton, 10 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Baas, 20 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Barton, 1 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. T. Borgers, 67 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>E. B. Bascom, 5 Ia.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. P. Barker, 1 R. I. C.</td><td> </td><td>B. V. Banks, 13 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. K. Boltz, 181 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>John G. Bush, 16 Ill. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. J. Barnes, 83 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>G. C. Davis, 4 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Carley, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>R. H. Day, 56 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Casker, 1 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. Day, Jr., 80 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. F. Conrad, 25 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>R. Dinsmore, 5 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Chamberlain, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>E. J. Dunn, 1 Tenn. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. S. Caldwell, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>E. Dillingham, 10 Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Carroll, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>F. C. Dirks, 1 Tenn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. C. Carpenter, 67 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>H. H. Eberhardt, 120 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>B. G. Casler, 154 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>B. F. Evers, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. C. Comee, 94 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>S. H. Ewing, 26 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Charleer, 157 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>M. Ewen, 21 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Cutler, 34 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. Eglin, 45 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. T. Cornwall, 57 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. M. Flinn, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Craig, 1 Va. Cav.</td><td> </td><td>E. A. Fobes, C. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Christopher, 16 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>B. F. Fischer, S. O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. P. Cummins, 9 Md.</td><td> </td><td>A. Field, 94 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. A. Cochran, 16 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Fay, 154 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. Clarke, 79 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>E. Frey, 82 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Cusac, 21 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. Forrester, 24 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. A. Collins, 10 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Foster, 42 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. F. Campbell, 36 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>D. Getman, 10 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. S. Canfield, 21 O.</td><td> </td><td>G. C. Gordon, 24 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. Cummins, 19 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Green, 19 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Miles Caton, 21 O.</td><td> </td><td>H. W. Gimber, 150 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. S. Cannover, 125 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>W. L. Gray, 151 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. A. Crocker, 6 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Green, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. N. Cochran, 42 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>Chas. Gustaveson, 15 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Callahan, 9 Md.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Gallaher, 2 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. E. Conway, 9 Md.</td><td> </td><td>J. Goetz, 22 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. P. Cummins, 9 Md.</td><td> </td><td>A. G. Galbraith, 21 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. C. Carns, 3 Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>J. Gates, 33 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. R. Copeland, 7 O. C.</td><td> </td><td>O. C. Gatch, 89 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. R. Calhoun, 1 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>S. A. Glenn, 89 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. S. Curd, 11 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Grose, 18 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. M. Driscoll, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>B. Grafton, 64 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. N. Deung, 51 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>H. H. Gregg, 13 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>B. Domschke, 26 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>Jas. Galt, A. Q. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. B. Doten, 14 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>M. Gallagher, 2 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. W. Dillion, 1 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>Dan’l Hay, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. C. Davis, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>A. Hodge, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Dunce, A. D. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. G. Hagler, 5 Tenn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Douglas, C. S.</td><td> </td><td>A. M. Heyer, 10 Va. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>K. S. Dygert, 16 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>J. Hendricks, 1 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Dietz, 45 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>John Heil, 45 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Dushane, 142 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>A. Haack, 18 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. G. Hamlin, 134 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>D. H. Mull, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. L. Hubbell, 17 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>D. A. McHolland, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. H. Hart, 19 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. McRoberts, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Heffley, 142 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>McMoore, 29 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. W. Hant, 100 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. M. Morris, 93 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chas. Hasty, 2 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. C. McGuiddy, 1 T. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. G. Hamilton, 12 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>F. Mennert, 5 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. Handy, 79 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>E. J. Matthewson, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>V. K. Hart, 19 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>W. F. Martins, 14 Mass. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Hescock, 1 Mo. A.</td><td> </td><td>P. Marsh, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. Harkness, 10 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>D. B. Meany, 13 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. E. Hawkins, 78 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>C. C. Moses, 58 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. C. Huntley, 16 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>C. A. Mann, 5 Ill. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Herold, 9 Md.</td><td> </td><td>S. Marsh, 5 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. C. Honeycutt, 2 E. T.</td><td> </td><td>J. McMahon, 94 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. Irvin, 3 Iowa.</td><td> </td><td>E. A. Mass, 88 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. F. Jones, 80 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. J. Makepeace, 19 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Imbrie, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>H. H. Mason, 2 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. Johnson, 6 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. W. Medcalf, 42 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>F. Irsh, 45 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. S. McDowell, 77 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. C. Johnson, 149 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. G. Williams, 51 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. R. Josselyn, 11 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>J. Meagher, 40 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. O. Ivro, 10 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>W. McGinnis, 74 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. I. Jones, 1 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. M. McComas, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. S. Jackson, 22 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. W. Metcalf, 14 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Johnson, 6 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>M. R. Milsaps, 2 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Johnson, 11 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. Marney, 2 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. T. Jennings, 45 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. M. Murray, 2 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. M. Kendall, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Martin, 1 Tenn. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. M. Koch, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>S. Meade, 11 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. B. King, 12 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. A. Noel, 5 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. M. Keeler, 22 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>H. Noble, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. A. Kelly, 1 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>T. W. Olcott, 134 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Kelly, 73 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>E. O’Brien, 29 Mo.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. F. Kelly, 73 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>N. C. Pace, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Kennedy, 73 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. D. Phelps, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. D. Lucas, 5 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>F. A. Patterson, 3 Va. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. F. Lownsberry, 10 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Porter, 14 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. P. Lovett, 5 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Pennfield, 5 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Lucas, 5 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>E. Porter, 154 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Lewis, 4 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>S. V. Pool, 154 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. M. Lee, 5 Mich. C.</td><td> </td><td>F. Place, 157 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. E. Love, 8 Ks.</td><td> </td><td>S. H. Pillsbury, 5 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. R. Land, 66 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>R. Pollock, 14 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. McKee, 14 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. S. Pierce, 19 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. W. Perry, 10 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>A. H. Stanton, 16 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. J. Pennypacker, 18 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>R. H. Spencer, 10 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>W. F. Pickerill, 5 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>S. A. Spencer, 82 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. E. Page, 5 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>E. L. Smith, 19 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Richley, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. P. Singer, 33 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Russell, 51 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>A. P. Seuter, 2 E. Tenn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. C. Reed, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>P. S. Scott, 85 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. C. Rossman, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>T. Thornton, 161 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Randolph, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>John Teed, 116 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Robbins, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>O. Templeton, 107 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Riggs, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>H. D. Taylor, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. H. Rosenbaum, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>B. E. Thomson, A. D. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Rowan, Indp. C.</td><td> </td><td>T. Ten Eyck, 18 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Rollins, 2 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>A. Tubbs, 9 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. C. Rose, 4 Mo. C.</td><td> </td><td>T. Thornton, 5 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thos. Reed, 1 Va.</td><td> </td><td>G. C. Urwiler, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. A. Robinson, 77 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>J. D. Underdown, 2 E. D.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. F. Riggs, 18 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Vanderhoef, 45 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>N. S. Randall, 2 O.</td><td> </td><td>G. M. Van Buren, 6 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Rice, 73 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. Wilson, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. J. Robb, 1 Va.</td><td> </td><td>W. R. Wright, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Rodgers, 4 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Wistlake, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Rowan, 96 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>Wm. Walleck, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. B. Ryder, 5 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Warner, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Reynolds, 8 Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>C. W. White, 3 Va. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Robbins, 2 E. Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>W. Willets, 7 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Russell, 93 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Whiteside, 94 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. W. Searce, 51 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>T. E. Wentworth, 16 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. A. Swayze, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. C. Wilson, 104 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. D. Smith, 1 Tenn. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. C. White, 94 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>E. Szabad, A. D. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. C. Widdis, 150 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. W. Sawyer, 1 N. J. C.</td><td> </td><td>Geo. M. White, 1 Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. A. Shepherd, 110 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Williams, 4 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. Schirtz, 12 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>P. Wellsheimer, 21 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geo. L. Schell, 88 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>H. P. Wands, 22 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. A. Urquhard, C. S.</td><td> </td><td>W. B. Wicker, 21 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. H. Starr, 88 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. E. Wilkens, 112 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. R. Stone, 157 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. G. Wild, 9 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. Syring, 45 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Whelan, A. Q. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. Scofield, 1 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. A. Wolcott, 16 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. M. Shoemaker, 100 O.</td><td> </td><td>M. G. Whitney, 29 Mo.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Scammerhorn, 112 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>H. Zeis, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. C. Shroad, 77 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Slover, 3 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Alters, 75 O.</td><td> </td><td>L. S. Clark, 62 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. N. Algbaugh, 51 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>H. C. Chapin, 4 Vt.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. B. Andrews, 17 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>F. S. Case, 2 O. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Aigan, 5 R. I. Art.</td><td> </td><td>T. Coglin, 14 N. Y. H. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. A. Auer, 15 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Colville, 5 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. D. Amory, A. A. Gen.</td><td> </td><td>L. M. Carperts, 18 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>James Belger, 1 R. I. Art.</td><td> </td><td>E. N. Carpenter, 6 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Burdick, 1 Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>M. W. Clark, 11 Iowa C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Bradley, 2 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>E. S. Daniels, 35 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. W. Boutin, 4 Vt.</td><td> </td><td>C. C. Dodge, 20 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. D. Bowen, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>O. J. Downing, 2 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. Bennett, 22 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. G. Derrickson, 66 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>N. Bostwick, 20 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Dennis, 7 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Benson, 120 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>T. F. Davenport, 75 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. C. Beebee, 13 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>C. L. Dirlan, 12 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>A. N. Benson, 1 D. C. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. Dusbrow, 40 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. A. Burpee, 19 Me.</td><td> </td><td>A. Duzenburgh, 35 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Bryant, 5 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. B. Doane, 8 Ia. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Biebel, 6 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Davis, 4 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Barrett, 7 Pa. R. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. B. Donohey, 7 Pa. Res.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. A. Bayard, 148 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>L. B. Davis, 93 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geo. A. Blanchard, 85 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>E. C. Dicey, 1 Mich. S. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. Bremen, 3 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Dibeler, 45 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. D. Bliss, 10 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>S. S. Elder, 1 U. S. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. D. Baker, 120 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>B. W. Evans, 4 O. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. F. Bennett, 39 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>M. Eagan, 15 W. Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Brown, 17 Iowa.</td><td> </td><td>N. C. Evans, 184 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. D. Barnum, 23 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>W. W. Farr, 106 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. F. Baker, 87 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>E. W. Ford, 9 Minnesota.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. H. Burbank, 32 Me.</td><td> </td><td>F. W. Funk, 39 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. E. Bartlett, 31 Me.</td><td> </td><td>W. M. Fisk, 73 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. T. Chalfant, 11 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. L. Francis, 135 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Call, 29 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>D. Flamsburg, 4 Ind. <ins class="correction" title="original reads Baty'">Bat’y</ins>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. D. Clyde, 76 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. Fiedler, Eng. R.C. U. S. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. R. Chauncey, 34 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>J. P. Fall, 32 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. F. Cole, 59 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>W. W. Fay, 56 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. P. Carr, 93 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Gillespie, 120 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. P. Cooke, A. A. Gen.</td><td> </td><td>E. C. Gilbert, 152 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. B. Camp, 52 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>A. W. H. Gill, 14 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Grant, 9 U. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. W. McCarty, 18 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. H. Green, 107 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Morton, 4 Mass. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Grant, 19 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>J. McHugh, 69 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. L. Goodrich, 8 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. M. McFadden, 59 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>J. L. Galloway, A. A. G.</td><td> </td><td>H. McCray, 115 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Green, A. A. G. U. S. A.</td><td> </td><td>J. May, 15 Mass. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Gutajahr, 16 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>N. H. Moore, 7 N. Y. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. Grayham, 54 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>S. F. Murray, 2 U. S. S. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. B. Huff, 184 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>L. Marsh, 87 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. R. Hitt, 113 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. C. Mattison, 12 N. J.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Harris, 24 Mo. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Metzger, 55 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. A. Hobbie, 17 Conn. C.</td><td> </td><td>LeRoy Moore, 72 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. A. Heer, 28 O.</td><td> </td><td>S. M. Morgan, A. A. Gen.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. D. Hart, 5 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>M. McGraylis, 93 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. B. Hoyt, 40 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. P. Merrill, 4 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. J. Hume, 19 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>H. J. McDonald, 11 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. C. Hutchison, 8 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>M. Melkorn, 135 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. W. Hastings, 12 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Manley, 64 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Haynes, 95 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>A. G. Mudgett, 11 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. C. Hobart, 7 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>B. J. McNitt, 1 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Hayden, 11</td><td> </td><td>L. McIntyre, 15 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. L. Hodge, 120 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>L. Moore, 72 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. A. Haines, 184 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>R. J. Millard, 2 Pa. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Heltemus, 18 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Nutting, 27 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. Hymer, 115 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>L. Nolan, 2 Del.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. Hienrod, 105 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>C. H. Nichols, 7 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. W. Heck, 2 Md.</td><td> </td><td>E. E. Norton, 24 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. H. Hill, 2 Md.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Nash, 1 U. S. S. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. J. Holmes, 37 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>E. Newson, 81 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. Ingledew, 7 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>A. Nuhfer, 72 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. A. Jobe, 11 Pa. R. V. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. Newlin, 7 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. Jones, 14 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>J. Norris, 2 Pa. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>S. C. Judson, 106 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>C. S. Noyse, 31 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Jenkins, 40 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>H. W. Ogan, 14 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. G. Jackson, 85 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>H. V. Pemberton, 14 N. Y. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. D. Johnson, 10 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>J. Parker, 1 N. J.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. G. Kessler, 2 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. P. Powell, 146 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. E. King, 103 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>L. B. Paine, 121 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. D. Kenyon, 15 Ill. Bat.</td><td> </td><td>J. T. Piggott, Jr., 8 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. Kenfield, 17 Vt.</td><td> </td><td>W. B. Place, 87 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. S. Logan, 7 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>D. H. Powers, 6 Mich C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. S. Little, 143 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>A. C. Paul, A. A. Gen.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. W. Lyttle, 145 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>G. Pettit, 120 M. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Law, 6 W. Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>D. B. Pendleton, 5 Mich C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. C. Latimer, 27 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>D. M. Porter, 120 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. C. Pierce, 3 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>B. T. Stewart, 138 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. B. Porter, 10 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>D. W. Scott, 23 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Paine, 2 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>L. D. C. Taylor, 106 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. Ping, 17 Iowa.</td><td> </td><td>S. C. Timpson, 95 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Rourke, 1 Ill Art.</td><td> </td><td>H. Tilbrand, 4 N. H.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Ritter, 52 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Turner, 15 Iowa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. J. Reynolds, 75 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>H. G. Tibbles, 12 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. C. Rosencranz, 4 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Thompson, 4 Ohio C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>— Reed, 107 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>C. L. Unthank, 11 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. C. Richards, 45 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>H. A. Ulffar, A. A. Gen.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. J. Reynolds, 4 R. I.</td><td> </td><td>J. Wuderwood, 57 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geo. W. Reir, 107 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>A. Von Keiser, 30 N. Y. Bat.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Robinson, 31 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>Z. Vaughn, 1 Me. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Snyder, 14 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>A. Von Haack, 68 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. F. C. Smart, 145 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. West, 11 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>H. J. Smith, 53 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>E. F. Wyman, ——</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. Schooley, 2 Pa. Art.</td><td> </td><td>W. Washburn, 35 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. W. Strang, 30 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. R. Willis, 8 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Smith, 16 Iowa.</td><td> </td><td>U. S. Westbrook, 135 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. S. Skilton, 57 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>B. F. Wright, 146 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Shittz, 37 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>W. M. Wilson, Jr., 122 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. B. Smith, 48 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>H. B. Wakefield, 55 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. R. Swift, 27 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Webb, 2 Pa. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. A. Spencer, 82 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. Wilson, 57 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. R. Stevens, 40 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>R. Williams, 12 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. J. Swan, 76 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>M. Wiley, 1 Tenn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Schofield, 11 Pa. V.R.C.</td><td> </td><td>E. B. Whittaker, 72 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. B. Sutcher, 16 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>R. J. Wright, 6 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Shurtz, 8 Iowa C.</td><td> </td><td>H. H. Walpole, 122 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. L. Stansbury, 95 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>M. W. Wall, 69 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. G. Snodgrass, 110 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>D. G. Young, 81 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. R. Sargant, 32 Me.</td><td> </td><td>E. K. Zarracher, 18 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. U. Sherman, 4 R. I.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">LIEUTENANTS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. H. Lyman, 147 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>H. Lee Clark, 2 Mass. H. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Ahern, 10 Va.</td><td> </td><td>L. C. Bisby, 16 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. L. Alstead, 54 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>M. Beedle, 123 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. A. Albro, 80 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>C. T. Barclay, 149 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jas. Adams, 80 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>J. D. Bisby, 16 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. D. Adair, 51 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>S. G. Boone, 88 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Appel, 1 Md. C.</td><td> </td><td>D. S. Bartram, 17 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. W. Anderson, 122 O.</td><td> </td><td>Jas. Burns, 57 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. F. Anshutz, 12 Va.</td><td> </td><td>S. H. Ballard, 6 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>F. S. Armstrong, 122 O.</td><td> </td><td>S. T. Boughton, 71 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. M. Anderson, 3 Me.</td><td> </td><td>M. M. Bassett, 53 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Ahlert, 45 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>R. Y. Bradford, 2 W. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. L. Anderson, 3 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>W. Bricker, 3 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. D. Acker, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. T. Brush, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. W. Adams, 37 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>O. G. Ballow, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. E. Andrews, 22 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Baird, 1 Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Allee, 16 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. G. Birun, 3 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. S. Alban, 79 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>G. E. Blaire, 17 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. J. Allen, 2 E. Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>Jas. Biggs, 123 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. Atkin, 2 E. Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>Y. Bickham, 19 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. B. Alger, 22 O. B.</td><td> </td><td>J. P. Brown, 15 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Austin, 5 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>M. C. Bryant, 42 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Michael Ahern, 10 Va.</td><td> </td><td>O. B. Brandt, 17 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. C. Abernathy, 16 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Button, 22 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. I. Brownell, 51 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>C. A. Burdick, 10 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Barlow, 51 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. L. Brown, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. G. Blue, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>F. T. Bennett, 18 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. P. Barnes, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Baird, 89 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. W. Bailey, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. O. Butler, 10 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Brown, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>D. A. Bannister, 59 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. H. Booher, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Bradford, C. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Bedwell, 80 O.</td><td> </td><td>G. R. Barse, 5 Mich C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Blanchard, 2 U. S. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. P. Butler, 29 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. F. Blair, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>E. P. Brooks, 6 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. S. Bevington, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. L. Brown, R. O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. W. Boyd, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Buffun, 1 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. A. Breckenridge, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>Guy Bryan, 18 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>Jno. D. Babb, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>S. S. Baker, 6 Mo.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. G. W. Brueting, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>H. Bader, 29 Mo.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. J. Borchers, 67 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>S. H. Byers, 5 Ia.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Bierbower, 87 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>W. L. Bath, 132 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. C. Bleak, 3 Me.</td><td> </td><td>Geo. M. Bush, U. S. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Berry, 5 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. H. Bassett, 79 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Bath, 45 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Colwell, 16 Ill. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. H. Conn, 1 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>O. L. Cole, 51 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. Carpenter, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>Rudolph Curtis, 4 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. A. Curry, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>M. C. Causton, 19 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. J. Connelly, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>E. Cottingham, 35 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. M’Callahan, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>W. Clifford, 16 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Custed, 23 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>M. Cohen, 4 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. D. Cook, 6 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>A. S. Cooper, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Carothers, 78 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Carter, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. R. Colloday, 6 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. A. Crawford, 2 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. B. Calver, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>C. W. Catlett, 2 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. B. Comins, 17 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>C. J. Carlin, 151 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Cook, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>H. Cuniffe, 13 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Chandler, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>C. H. Coasdorph, 8 V. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. D. Carpenter, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Carey, 65 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. F. Cowles, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>J. G. Dougherty, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Christopher, 2 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Dilan, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Q. Carpenter, 150 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>A. F. Dooley, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. B. Chamberlain, 97 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>T. B. Dewies, 2 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. J. Crossley, 57 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>M. Diemer, 10 Mo.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Carman, 107 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>V. R. Davis, 123 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Coffin, 157 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>C. G. Davis, 1 Mass. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>D. J. Connelly, 63 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>L. N. Dueherney, 1 Mass. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. U. Childs, 16 Me.</td><td> </td><td>J. R. Day, 3 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. B. Caldwell, 75 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. S. Devine, 71 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. B. Cook, 140 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>Geo. A. Deering, 16 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Chandler, 1 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. Dixon, 104 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. A. Curtiss, 157 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Daily, 104 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Chatborn, 150 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>C. H. Drake, 142 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. E. Cary, 13 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>B. Davis, 71 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Cloadt, 119 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>A. K. Dunkle, 114 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Clement, 15 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>F. Donyley, 27 R. I.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. A. Chandler, 15 Mo.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Drake, 136 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Cain, 104 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>C. D. Dillard, 7 Ia.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. Coles, 2 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Day, 17 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Carlisle, 2 Va.</td><td> </td><td>J. M. Dushane, 142 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. B. Coleman, 1 Mass. C.</td><td> </td><td>O. G. Deugton, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. A. Coffin, 29 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>T. G. Darnin, 16 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Cox, 21 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>H. C. Dunn, 10 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. N. Culbertson, 30 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>W. G. Dutton, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. G. Cochran, 77 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>L. Drake, 22 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geo. Cleghorn, 21 O.</td><td> </td><td>E. J. Davis, 44 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. W. Calkins, 104 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>M. V. Dickey, 94 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Celly, 4 O. C.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Dugan, 35 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. B. Crawford, 2 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>Thos. J. Dean, 5 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. S. Coleman, 12 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Davidson, 6 N. Y. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. A. Daily, 8 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Gilmore, 79 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. H. Duncan, 2 E. T.</td><td> </td><td>S. P. Gamble, 63 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Dieffenbach, 73 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>G. L. Garrett, 4 Mo. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. L. Edmunds, 67 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>F. M. Gilleland, 15 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>D. C. Edwards, 2 Md.</td><td> </td><td>Geo. H. Gamble, 8 Ill. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Egan, 69 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>D. Garlet, 77 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. Edmiston, 89 O.</td><td> </td><td>T. Gross, 21 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Ellenwood, 10 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>H. Gerhardt, 24 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. W. Earle, 96 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>R. H. Gray, 15 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. H. Erickson, 57 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. M. Goff, 10 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geo. W. Fish, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. G. Galloway, 15 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Frey, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Gageby, 19 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Francis, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>R. C. Gates, 18 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Flick, 67 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>C. W. Green, 44 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Fales, 1 R. I. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Gore, 15 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. P. Fortescue, 29 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Green, 13 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Fellows, 149 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>W. W. Glazier, 2 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Fenner, 2 R. I. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. Gordon, 81 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. D. Forsyth, 100 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. L. Gates, 10 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. H. Fowler, 100 O.</td><td> </td><td>M. Gray, 13 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. C. Fishler, 7 Ind. B.</td><td> </td><td>W. G. Griffin, 112 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. C. Freeman, 18 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>C. Greble, 8 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. J. Fisher, 17 Mo.</td><td> </td><td>Geo. Good, 84 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chas. Fritze, 24 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>M. E. Green, 5 Md. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Flemming, 90 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Holmes, 6 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. F. Foster, 30 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Hood, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Fairchild, 10 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>R. J. Harmer, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. P. Fairchild, 89 O.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Harvey, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Follette, Mass. A.</td><td> </td><td>G. D. Hand, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. W. Fritchie, 26 Mo.</td><td> </td><td>D. H. Harns, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>I. Fontaine, 73 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Haideman, 129 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. H. Fobes, 131 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>H. S. Horton, 101 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>D. D. Fox, 16 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. E. Hodge, 5 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Gude, 51 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>W. Hawkins, 5 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Gamble, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>D. W. Hakes, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. A. Garces, 1 Md. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. D. Higgins, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Th. G. Good, 1 Md. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. Heffner, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. M. Gross, 100 O.</td><td> </td><td>F. A. Hubble, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. L. Gilman, 3 M.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Hagenbach, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. W. Grant, 88 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. Hersh, 87 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Goodwin, 82 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. Hall, 87 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. Grierson 45 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>P. Horney, 110 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. C. Gay, 11 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>T. J. Higginson, M. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. F. Gutland, 134 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. G. Hallenberg, 1 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. G. Gorgus, 90 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>A. Hauf, 54 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. H. Hinds, 57 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>C. W. Jones, 16 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thos. Huggins, 2 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>P. O. Jones, adj’t, 2 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Eug. Hepp, 82 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Jones, 21 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. P. Heffley, 142 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Jenkins, 21 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Henry, 154 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>R. W. Jackson, 21 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Halpin, 116 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>T. W. Johnson, 10 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. H. Harkness, 6 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. P. Jordan, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. D. Hatfield, 53 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>H. Jones, 5 U. S. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. W. Hayes, 34 O.</td><td> </td><td>R. B. Jones, 2 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Hammond, R. B.</td><td> </td><td>H. H. James, 6 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Hubbard, 12 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>John King, 5 Ill. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. S. Hatcher, 30 O.</td><td> </td><td>M. D. King, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Hine, 100 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. J. Kuhn, 5 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. B. Helmes, 1 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. V. Knight, 20 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. B. Hall, 1 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. S. Kephart, 5 Md. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>Eli Holden, 1 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>Jas. Kerin, 6 U. S. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. Howe, 21 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. King, 10 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. W. Houlchen, 16 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>G. Keyes, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. D. Henry, 4 O. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. N. Kibbee, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Hanon, 115 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. Kresge, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. E. Harrison, 89 O.</td><td> </td><td>R. O. Knowles, 110 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geo. Harris, 79 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>H. Kendler, 45 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. B. Hamilton, 22 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>M. Kupp, 167 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. S. Holbruck, 15 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>Jas. Kane, 13 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. D. Henkley, 10 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>R. C. Knaggs, A. D. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. G. Higby, 33 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. Kunkel, 45 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. M. Hudson, 92 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Kennedy, 134 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Horway, 78 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Kellogg, 6 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. F. Hall, 13 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>D. O. Kelly, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. C. Houston, 2 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. D. Kautz, 1 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. A. Hagen, 7 Md.</td><td> </td><td>T. A. Krocks, 77 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. R. Hutchinson, 2 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>T. D. Kimball, 88 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. W. Hale, 101 O.</td><td> </td><td>Wm. Krueger, 2 Mo.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. Huey, 2 E. T.</td><td> </td><td>E. E. Knoble, 21 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. P. Hodge, 2 E. T.</td><td> </td><td>E. M. Knowler, 42 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Harbour, 2 E. T.</td><td> </td><td>J. Keniston, 100 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. F. Herrington, 18 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>S. Koach, 100 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jas. Heslit, 3 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. E. Keath, 19 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Hoffman, 5 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>Theo. Kendall, 15 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. W. Hayes, 5 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>H. B. Kelly, 6 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Hoffman, 5 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>D. F. Kittrell, 3 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Holloway, 6 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>W. S. Lyon, 23 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. M. Hart, 45 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>T. Lennig, 6 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>J. P. Jones, 55 O.</td><td> </td><td>F. A. Leyton, 18 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. L. Irwin, 78 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. W. Loomis, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. H. Lindsay, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>B. N. Mann, 17 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. Lapton, 116 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Mitchell, 82 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Locke, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>A. McDade, 154 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Leydecker, 45 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Mendenhall, 75 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. Lindemeyer, 45 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. R. Mell, 82 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. G. Lombard, 4 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>V. Mylieus, 68 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. L. Laws, 18 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>F. Moran, 73 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. T. Lamson, 104 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. Mooney, 107 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. W. Locklin, 94 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>F. Murphy, 97 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. R. Lodge, 53 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>G. H. Morisey, 12 Ia. Q. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. Lloyd, 6 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. E. Mosher, 12 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Livingston, 1 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>S. T. Merwin, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Leslie, 18 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>Thos. Mayer, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. R. Locke, 8 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>T. H. McKee, 21 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Ludlow, 5 U. S. A.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Messick, 42 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Leonard, 71 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>D. F. McKay, 18 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. J. Lintz, 8 Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>R. G. McKay, 1 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. McAdams, 10 Va.</td><td> </td><td>Wm. McEboy, 3 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. Markbreit, A. D. C.</td><td> </td><td>N. S. McKee, 21 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. McKinstry, 16 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Mitchell, 79 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. Milward, 31 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. McGowan, 29 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. McDill, 80 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>M. Mahon, 16 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. S. Marshall, 51 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Mackey, 16 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Murdock, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>C. H. Morgan, 21 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. A. Maxwell, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. S. Mathews, 22 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. S. Murdock, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. S. Mahony, 15 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>J. D. Munday, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>S. McNeal, 51 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. S. Mettee, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>L. C. Mead, 22 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. McCumas, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>A. U. McCane, 2 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. J. Morris, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>M. V. Morrison, 32 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. F. McGinnes, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>A. H. Makinson, 10 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. McKeag, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Mead, 6 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Morningstar, 87 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>A. Morse, 78 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. S. Manning, 100 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. Morris, 4 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thos. Mosbey, 12 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. McKinley, 28 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. McNiel, 13 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. Morey, 10 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. A. Murray, 106 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Moore, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Moultin, 1 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>H. F. Meyer, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. Mayer, 12 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>R. A. Moon, 6 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. J. McConnelee, 4 Ia.</td><td> </td><td>M. M. Moore, 6 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. McCully, 75 O.</td><td> </td><td>John Millis, 66 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. Mussehl, 68 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. McDonald, 2 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. H. Moseley, 25 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. McColgen, 7 O. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thos. Myers, 107 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>D. T. Moore, 2 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Murry, 15 Mo.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Mason, 21 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. McBeth, 45 O.</td><td> </td><td>L. D. Phelps, 8 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. H. Montgomery, 5 U. S. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. M. Brutzman, 7 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. Moore, 73 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>A. E. Patelin, 10 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. McGovern, 73 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>M. B. Pulliam, 11 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. McNiece, 73 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>R. M. Pond, 12 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Maw, 80 G.</td><td> </td><td>W. P. Pierce, 11 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Morgan, 17 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>S. B. Petrie, 126 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Miller, 14 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>Wm. Randall, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. J. Nowlan, 14 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>E. W. Pelton, 2 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span>A. N. Norris, 107 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Ritchie, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. Nelson, 13 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Roney, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. C. Norcross, 2 Mass. C.</td><td> </td><td>Wm. Reynolds, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Newbrandt, 4 Mo. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. C. Roach, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. Nyce, 2 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. Reynolds, 1 Tenn. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. H. Niemeger, 11 Ky. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. Reed, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. P. Norris, 111 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. M. Rothrock, 5 Mo.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. O’Connor, 59 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. P. Rockwell, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. C. Oug, 2 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Ruff, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. W. Pelton, 2 Md.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Robinson, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. W. Parcey, 80 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>W. F. Randolph, 5 U. S. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. B. Piper, 3 O.</td><td> </td><td>John Ryan, 69 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. A. Pottee, 2 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>W. E. Rockwell, 134 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Pumphrey, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Russel, 12 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. G. Purnell, 6 Md.</td><td> </td><td>J. O. Rockwell, 97 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. G. A. Peterson, 1 R. I. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Richardson, 2 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. B. Parker, 1 R. I. C.</td><td> </td><td>N. A. Robinson, 4 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Henry S. Platt, 11 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>H. E. Rulon 114 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. C. Parker, 94 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>H. Richardson, 19 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. C. Potter, 18 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Remie, 11 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. Paulding, 6 U. S. C.</td><td> </td><td>Geo. Ring, 100 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Poole, 1 Va. C.</td><td> </td><td>D. P. Rennie, 73 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Powers, 107 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>T. J. Ray, 49 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. B. Pettijohn, 2 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>W. L. Retilley, 51 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. H. Potts, 74 O.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Robertson, 22 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. P. Potts, 151 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. M. Rader, 8 Tenn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Potter, 6 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>S. H. Reynolds, 42 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. L. Palmer, 57 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>E. W. Rubbs, 1 E. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>J. S. Paul, 122 O.</td><td> </td><td>G. F. Robinson, 80 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Z. R. Prather, 116 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>L. S. Smith, 14 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Pentzel, 11 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>D. J. Shepherd, 5 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jas. Perley, 13 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>H. Silver, 16 Ill. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Perleen, 2 O.</td><td> </td><td>G. Scuttermore, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. V. Patterson, 1 O. C.</td><td> </td><td>Th. Segar, 80 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. N. Paxton, 140 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>D. B. Stevenson, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Powell, 42 O.</td><td> </td><td>E. E. Sharp, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. G. Spalding, 2 U. S. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. L. Sollers, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Stole, 6 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>L. L. Stone, Q. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. M. V. Stuart, 10 Mo.</td><td> </td><td>R. F. Scott, 11 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. H. Smith, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Shaw, 7 O. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. H. Stewart, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>L. W. Sutherland, 126 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Sachs, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>T. B. String, 11 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Sweadner, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>Chas. Sutler, 39 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Shuylar, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. H. Stevens, 5 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Sowro, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>Chas. Trommel, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. L. Schroeder, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>H. H. Tillotson, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. W. Simpson, 67 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>A. N. Thomas, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. G. Scranton, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>D. Turner, 118 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Smith, 67 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>Ira Tyler, 118 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. P. Stroman, 87 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>M. Tiffany, 18 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. M. Stark, 110 O.</td><td> </td><td>H. O. Thayer, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. L. Sibley, 116 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. A. Taylor, 122 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. Stearns, 4 Md.</td><td> </td><td>R. Tyler, 6 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. L. Snyder, 104 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>R. Thompson, 67 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. W. Sprague, 24 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>L. Thompson, 2 U. S. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geo. Schuele, 45 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>M. Tower, 13 Mas.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>H. B. Seeley, 86 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>E. A. Tuthill, 104 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. S. Stevens, 104 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. R. Titus, 3 U. S. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Schroeders, 74 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>H. Temple, 2 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. C. Stevens, 154 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>E. M. B. Timoney, 15 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. C. Sears, 96 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Thomas, 10 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Schroeder, 82 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>H. C. Taylor, 21 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Samson, 2 Mass. H. A.</td><td> </td><td>A. J. Tuter, 2 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Sullivan, 7 R. I.</td><td> </td><td>R. F. Thorn, 5 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. R. Small, 6 Md.</td><td> </td><td>S. H. Tresoutheck, 18 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Shepard, 6 O. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Turner, Q. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Steele, 1 Va.</td><td> </td><td>H. Taylor, 65 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Smith, 4 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. J. W. Ullen, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Sterling, 3 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>T. R. Uptigrove, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. Spencer, 17 O.</td><td> </td><td>M. Undutch, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. W. Songer, 21 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>G. A. Vanness, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. Stewart, 16 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>Geo. Veltford, 54 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Smith, 16 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>R. N. Vannetter, 1 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. D. Simpson, 10 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>D. Vansbury, 4 Md. B.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. Schweinfurth, 24 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>D. L. Wright, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. C. Spafford, 21 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. H. Wonder, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. G. Spalding, 22 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>Wm. Willis, 51 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. S. Scott, 89 O.</td><td> </td><td>I. D. Whiting, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. C. Shaeffer, 2 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. K. Wolbach, 3 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. C. Smith, 2 Del.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Woodrow, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Jno. Spindler, 73 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>C. P. Williams, 73 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. P. Wallace, 120 O.</td><td> </td><td>C. N. Winner, 1 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thos. Worthen, 118 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>W. L. Watson, 21 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. Weiser, 1 Md. C.</td><td> </td><td>Wm. Willots, 22 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>Wm. A. Williams, 123 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. Weatherbee, 51 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Wooth, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>J. M. Wasson, 40 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Wilson, 5 Md.</td><td> </td><td>Jas. Wells, 8 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. E. Woodard, 18 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>H. Wilson, 18 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. A. White, 83 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. R. Weaver, 18 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. J. Weeks, 67 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. H. Wilcox, 10 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. J. Weakley, 110 O.</td><td> </td><td>A. B. White, 4 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Welsh, 78 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>C. F. Weston, 21 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Wallber, 26 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>W. F. Wheeler, 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. H. White, 27 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>N. L. Wood, Jr., 9 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. Whitson, 13 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>E. Wilhort, 2 E. Tenn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. Wuschow, 54 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Wilshire, 45 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Wadsworth, 16 Me.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Wright, 10 Ia.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. N. Whitney, 2 R. I. C.</td><td> </td><td>Hyde Crocker, 1 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. F. Williams, 15 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Williamson, 14 W. Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Wilson, 14 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. H. Gates, 96 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Woods, 82 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>Sam Leith, 132 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. R. Charnel, 1 Ill. Art.</td><td> </td><td>S. Fatzer, 108 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. S. Damrell, 13 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>E. Fontaine, 7 Pa. R. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. G. Davis, 27 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>D. Forney, 30 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. V. Dean, 145 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>S. Fisher, 93 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. S. Drennan, 1 Vt. Art.</td><td> </td><td>D. S. Finney, 14 and 15 Ill. V.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Dunn, 64 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>L. Fitzpatrick, 146 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. J. Dunning, 7 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>L. D. C. Fales, ——.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Donovan, 2 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>H. C. Foster, 23 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. B. Dyre, 1 Conn. C.</td><td> </td><td>John Foley, 59 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. C. Dorris, 111 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>Louis Faass, 14 N. Y. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. G. Dodge, 2 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>R. J. Frost, 9 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>C. Downs, 33 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>G. J. George, 40 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Duven, 5 N. H.</td><td> </td><td>T. M. Gunn, 21 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Dorfee, 5 R. I.</td><td> </td><td>J. Gottshell, 55 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Dorbine, 66 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. M. Godown, 12 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Dieffenbach, 7 Pa. Res.</td><td> </td><td>H. D. Grant, 117 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. De Lay, 3 Iowa C.</td><td> </td><td>J. A. Goodwin, 1 Mass. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. W. Demmick, 11 N. H.</td><td> </td><td>C. V. Granger, 88 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. Dick, 72 O.</td><td> </td><td>C. O. Gordon, 1 Me. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Dickerson, 44 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Goss, 1 Mass. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. Driscoll, 24 Mo.</td><td> </td><td>H. M. Gordon, 143 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. G. Dorr, 4 Mass. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Gallagher, 4 Ohio Vet.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Drake, 9 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>E. A. Green, 81 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. A. Downing, 31 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>T. Griffen, 55 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Davison, 95 O.</td><td> </td><td>M. L. Godley, 17 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. H. Drew, 9 N. H.</td><td> </td><td>Philip Grey, 72 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chas. Everrett, 70 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>A. M. Hall, 9 Minn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. R. Eastman, 2 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. R. Hart, 1 Vt. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. F. Elkin, 1 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Hodge, 55 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. E. Evans, 52 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>R. F. Hall, 75 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Eyestone, 13 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. T. Haight, 8 Iowa C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. K. Eckings, 3 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Hill, 7 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Eagan, 1 U. S. A.</td><td> </td><td>E. J. Hazel, 6 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>John Elder, 8 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>R. Herbert, 50 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Fairbanks, 72 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>S. H. Horton, 101 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. E. Finney, 19 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>W. B. Hurd, 17 Mich C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Ferris, 3 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>E. Holden, 1 Vt. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. M. Faye, 42 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>S. P. Hedges, 112 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Furgeson, 1 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>H. C. Hinds, 102 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>D. Flannery, 4 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>J. Hopper, 2 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. M. Fowler, 15 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>C. O. Hunt, 5 Me. Bat.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. W. Flager, 11 Pa. R. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. R. Hulland, 5 Md. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. A. Fagan, 11 Pa. R. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Hull, 135 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. French, 3 Vt.</td><td> </td><td>D. W. Hazelton, 22 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. W. Fisher, 4 Vt.</td><td> </td><td>C. P. Holaham, 19 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. N. Hamilton, 59 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Kempton, 75 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. S. Huntington, 11 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Kidd, 1 Md. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Hoyt, 16 Iowa.</td><td> </td><td>R. H. Kendrick, 25 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. M. Hughes, 14 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. C. Kenyon, 17 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Hewitt, 105 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>G. C. Kidder, 113 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Heston, 4 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>G. Knox, 109 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Heffelfinger, 7 Pa. R. V.</td><td> </td><td>J. M. Kelly, 4 Tenn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Harvey, 2 Pa. Art.</td><td> </td><td>F. H. Kempton, 58 Mass. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. V. Hadley, 7 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. R. Kelly 1 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. V. B. Hallett, 2 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Knox, 4 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. J. Henry, 120 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>Ade King, 12 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>V. G. Hoalladay, 2 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Kepheart, 13 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. Havens, 85 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>J. Kellow, 2 Pa. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. A. Hays, 11 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>G. L. Kibby, 4 R. I.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Hastings, 7 Pa. R. V. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. E. Lewis, 1 N. Y. Drag.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Harris, 2 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Laycock, 7 Pa. R. V. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. Herzbery, 66 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>H. H. Lyman, 147 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. T. Haight, 8 Iowa C.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Larrabee, 7 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. H. Higley, 1 Vt. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. Lee, 152 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Hendryks, 11 Mich. B.</td><td> </td><td>J. L. Lynn, 145 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Huston, 95 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>E. De C. Loud, 2 Pa. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. Henderson, 1 Mass. Art.</td><td> </td><td>M. S. Ludwig, 53 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>A. N. Hackett, 110 O.</td><td> </td><td>D. W. Lewry, 2 Pa. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. P. Hand, 43 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>J. Lyman, 27 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. B. Hurst, 7 Pa. Res. V. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. O. Laird, 35 U. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geo. Hopf, 2 Md.</td><td> </td><td>M. Laird, 16 Iowa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. M. Hill, 1 Mo. Art.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Luther, Pa. V. R. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Hogue, 4 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>M. W. Lemon, 14 N. Y. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. E. Haywood, 58 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>L. M. Lane, 9 Minn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. B. Isham, 7 Mich. C.</td><td> </td><td>T. D. Lamson, 3 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. A. Johnson, 3 Me.</td><td> </td><td>A. Limbard, McLau’s S. Q. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. K. Johnson, 1 Me. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. H. Lawrence, 2 N. Y. M. R.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. W. Jenkins, 9 W. Va.</td><td> </td><td>C. H. Lang, 59 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. C. Justus, 2 Pa. R. V. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Monaghan, 62 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. E. Jones, 7 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. McIntosh, 145 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Johnson, 1 Mass. Art.</td><td> </td><td>F. W. Mather, 7 N. Y. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alfred Jones, 50 Pa. Vet.</td><td> </td><td>P. B. Mockrie, 7 N. Y. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Jacks, 15 W. Va.</td><td> </td><td>E. T. McCutcheon, 64 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. Krohn, 5 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. J. McWain, 1 N. Y. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Kendrick, 10 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>J. McKage, 184 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. C. Kerr, 126 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>S. F. Muffley, 184 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. T. Kendall, 50 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>H. F. Mangus, 53 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Kelly, 126 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>J. McLaughlin, 53 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Keen, 7 Pa. V. R. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. A. McGinnes, 19 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. D. Kennuly, 8 Ohio C.</td><td> </td><td>A. D. Mathews, 1 Vt. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. G. B. Adams, 19 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>W. C. Adams, 2 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. P. Alexander, 26 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>E. T. Effleck, 170 O. Nat. G.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. M. Anderson, 3 Me.</td><td> </td><td>E. A. Abbott, 23 O. Vet. Vol.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Anderson, 2 Pa. Art.</td><td> </td><td>Count S. Brady, 2 N. J. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. L. Abbey, 8 Mich. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. Bulow, 3 N. J. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>A. O. Abbott, 1 N. Y. Drag.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Bryan, 184 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. S. Appelget, 2 N. J. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. W. Baldwin, 2 N. J.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Robert Allen, 2 N. J. Drag.</td><td> </td><td>H. E. Barker, 22 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. A. Austin, 14 Ill. Bat.</td><td> </td><td>C. H. Bigley, 82 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. C. Alden, 112 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>M. Burns, 13 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. A. Brown, 1 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>C. H. Cutter, 95 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. R. Bospord, 1 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Creacy, 35 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Barton, 49 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>R. H. Chute, 59 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Buchanan, 76 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>H. M. Cross, 59 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Blane, 43 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>H. A. Chapin, 95 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Bristol, 1 Conn. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. Cahill, 76 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. H. Dixby, 9 Me.</td><td> </td><td>J. L. Castler, 76 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. W. Burkholder, 7 Pa. V.</td><td> </td><td>H. Chisman, 7 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. Brum, 81 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>H. Cribben, 140 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Brady, 2 Del.</td><td> </td><td>G. M. Curtis, 140 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Breon, 148 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. S. Calwell, 16 Ill. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. N. Burnett, 4 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>S. Crossley, 118 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. J. Boyd, 5 Mich. C.</td><td> </td><td>L. B. Carlise, 145 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. W. Burrows, 1 N. Y. Vet. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. P. Codington, 8 Iowa C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Brickenhoff, 42 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Curtis, 19 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Buckley, 4 N. H. Vol.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Clark, 59 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. T. Barnes, Ill. Vet. Batt.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Clark, 1 Mass. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Beasley, 81 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>D. L. Case, Jr., 102 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Barringer, 44 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. D. Cope, 116 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. P. Bishop, 4 Tenn. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Core, 6 W. Va. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. T. Bowen, 4 R. I.</td><td> </td><td>W. J. Colter, 15 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. Bateman, 9 Mich. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. Casey, 45 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. Baird, 23 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Carter, 5 Pa. R. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>J. N. Biller, 2 Pa. Art.</td><td> </td><td>J. L. Chittendon, 5 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. S. Bowley, 30 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Canney, 69 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Boettger, 2 Md.</td><td> </td><td>W. F. Campbell, 51 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. A. Barnard, 20 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Cameron, 5 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. Blasse, 43 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>M. Clegg, 5 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. O. Brown, 31 Me.</td><td> </td><td>H. R. Chase, 1 Vt. H. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. K. Beechan, 23 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Conover, 22 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. N. Briscol, Cole’s Md. C.</td><td> </td><td>D. F. Califf, 2 W. S. S. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. M. Bearce, 32 Me.</td><td> </td><td>D. B. Chubbuck, 19 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. J. Braidy, 54 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>M. Cunningham, 42 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. A. Bell, A. D. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. M. Charters, 17 Iowa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. Burton, 9 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>W. A. Copeland, 10 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. E. Beebee, 22 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>T. Clemons, 13 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>V. L. Coffin, 31 Me.</td><td> </td><td>W. C. Cook, 9 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. A. Campbell, 152 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>C. P. Cramer, 21 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. W. Carr, 4 Vt.</td><td> </td><td>Geo. Corum, 2 Ky. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Cunningham, 7 Pa. R. C.</td><td> </td><td>M. B. Case, 23 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Coslett, 115 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>D. J. Kline, 75 O. V. M. I.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. Cooper, 7 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>C. G. Conn, 1 M. S. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Crawford, 183 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>M. Cunningham, 1 Vt. H. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. O. Cromack, 77 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>C. D. Copeland, 58 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Correll, 2 Vt.</td><td> </td><td>C. P. Cashell, 12 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Morse, 1 Vt. Art.</td><td> </td><td>R. O’Connell, 55 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Morris, 4 Ky.</td><td> </td><td>J. Ogden, 1 Wis. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Myers, 76 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>G. C. Olden, 112 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. McGeehan, 146 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>A. C. Pickenpaugh, 6 W. Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. W. Mitchell, 14 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>H. Picquet, 32 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. C. McCain, 9 Minn.</td><td> </td><td>J. T. Parker, 13 Iowa.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>T. McGuire, 7 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. Phinney, 90 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. W. Miller, 14 Ill. C.</td><td> </td><td>W. M. Provine, 84 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Murphy, 69 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>T. Purcell, 16 Iowa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Mallison, 94 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Powell, 2 Ill. L. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. A. Mullegan, 4 Mass. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. M. Parker, 45 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. F. Mathews, 1 Md.</td><td> </td><td>J. S. Purveance, 130 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>N. J. Menier, 93 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>D. H. Piffard, 14 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Miller, 17 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>C. A. Price, 5 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P. W. McMannus, 27 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>E. B. Parker, 1 Vt. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. McMahon, 72 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Patridge, 67 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. C. Morton, 4 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. H. Pierce, 7 Conn.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Mather, 1 Vt. C.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Pitt, 85 N. Y. Vet.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. McDonald, 2 Ill. Art.</td><td> </td><td>L. S. Peake, 85 N. Y. Vet.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. W. Mayer, 37 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>E. C. Pierson, 85 N. Y. Vet.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. McCormick, 21 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>D. Pentzell, 4 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. J. Mashland, 2 Pa. Art.</td><td> </td><td>J. G. Peetrey, 95 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Mix, 19 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>M. P. Pierson, 100 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. J. Munger, 37 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>A. L. Preston, 8 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. McNure, 73 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>G. Peters, 9 N. J.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. G. Mitchell, 32 Me.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Pitt, 118 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. D. Marshall, 57 O.</td><td> </td><td>James Post, 149 ——.</td></tr> +<tr><td>McLane, 9 Minn.</td><td> </td><td>W. D. Peck, 2 N. J. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Niedenhoffen, 9 Minn.</td><td> </td><td>G. W. Paterson, 135 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Nelson, 66 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Price, 75 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Meedham, 4 Vt.</td><td> </td><td>Z. Perrin, 72 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. L. Noggle, 2 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>S. H. Platt, 35 Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Norwood, 76 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>L. G. Porter, 81 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. H. Nealy, 11 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. Palmer, 12 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>W. McM. Nettervill, 12 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>W. A. Pope, 18 Wis.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. Neher, 7 Pa. R. V. C.</td><td> </td><td>D. B. Pyne, 3 Mo.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Neal, 5 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>Worthington Pierce, 17 Vt.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. M. Niswander, 2 Pa. Art.</td><td> </td><td>W. B. Phillips, 2 Pa. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. J. Nyman, 19 Mich.</td><td> </td><td>C. O. Poindexter, 31 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. R. Nulland, 5 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. P. Pierson, 9 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. V. Outcolt, 135 O.</td><td> </td><td>Chas. A. Price, 3 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. O. Harre, 7 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>M. Rees, 72 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. Osborne, 19 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>W. B. Rose, 73 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. Oliphant, 35 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>J. M. Ruger, 57 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. O. Shea, 13 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>L. S. Richards, 1 Vt. Art.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. R. Borsnels, 145 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>A. M. Smith, 1 Tenn. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Rieneckar, 5 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Smith, 24 Ind. Bat.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. Rahu, 184 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. B. Smith, 5 W. Va. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. A. Rowley, 2 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>W. Sandon, 1 Wis. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>B. E. Robinson, 95 O.</td><td> </td><td>J. P. Smith, 49 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. E. Roach, 49 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>J. G. Stevens, 52 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. W. Raymond, 8 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>C. T. Swope, 4 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. E. Rose, 120 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. S. Stewart, 4 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. R. Roberts, 7 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>E. P. Strickland, 114 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. H. Reed, 120 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>P. Smith, 4 Tenn. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. M. Richards, 1 W. Va.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Stanton, 5 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. Rothe, 15, N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. St. John, 5 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. K. Ramsey, 1 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>F. E. Scripture, R. Q. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. H. Riley, 7 Pa. R. V. C.</td><td> </td><td>A. B. Simmons, 5 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Ross, 13 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>H. P. Starr, 22 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Ring, 12 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>B. Spring, 75 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. Rathbone, 153 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>A. C. Stover, 95 O.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>C. L. Rugg, 6 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. P. Stone, 1 Vt. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. S. Rice, 13 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>J. Stebbins, 77 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Reade, 57 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>C. S. Schwartz, 2 N. J. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. J. Raynor, 19 U. S. C. T.</td><td> </td><td>J. Sailor, 13 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>L. Rainer, 2 N. J. C.</td><td> </td><td>H. C. Smyser, 2 Md.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. S. Robeson, 7 Tenn. C.</td><td> </td><td>R. R. Stewart, 2 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. L. Riley, 21 N. Y. C.</td><td> </td><td>M. W. Striblings, 61 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Randall, 1 Mich. S. S.</td><td> </td><td>J. Smith, 5 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. B. Sturgeon, 107 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>J. O. Stout, McLaughlin’s S. Ohio C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. H. Stover, 184 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>M. N. Shepstrong, 60 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. A. Sweetland, 2 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Stanton, 5 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. B. Smith, 1 Vt. Art.</td><td> </td><td>J. P. Sheehan, 31 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Schurr, 7 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>J. F. Shull, 28 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. Shafer, 5 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>S. B. Smith, 30 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. G. Sargeant, 1 Vt. Art.</td><td> </td><td>B. F. Stauber, 20 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. H. Stallman, 87 Pa. Art.</td><td> </td><td>H. Schulter, 43 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. S. Smythe, 1 Ill. Art.</td><td> </td><td>L. D. Seely, 45 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geo. Scott, 10 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>Frank Stevens, 12 Pa. V. R. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Swift, 74 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. F. Septon, 8 Iowa C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. L. Skinner, 27 Mass.</td><td> </td><td>T. D. Scofield, 27 Mich.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. Stevens, 190 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>C. B. Sanders, 30 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Stuart, 24 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>P. A. Simondson, 23 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. Shanan, 140 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>N. W. Shaefer, 24 Ind. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M. S. Smith, 16 Me.</td><td> </td><td>H. S. Tainter, 82 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Snowwhite, 7 Pa. V. R. C.</td><td> </td><td>D. Tanner, 118 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. H. S. Sweet, 146 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>H. V. Tompkins, 59 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. R. Sitler, 2 Pa. C.</td><td> </td><td>B. W. Trout, 106 Pa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. L. Shannon, 3 Ind. C.</td><td> </td><td>J. S. Tompson, 10 Vt.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>L. E. Tyler, 1 Conn. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. W. Wilcox, 9 N. H.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Timm, 16 Iowa.</td><td> </td><td>J. C. Watson, 126 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. Todd, 18 Wis.</td><td> </td><td>F. M. Woodruff, 76 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. W. Tiffany, 9 Minn.</td><td> </td><td>Geo. Weddle, 144 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Taylor, 2 Pa. V. R. C.</td><td> </td><td>C. W. Woodrow, 19 Iowa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. W. Tower, 17 Iowa.</td><td> </td><td>H. H. Willis, 40 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. Tomson, 17 Iowa.</td><td> </td><td>J. Winship, 88 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. F. Tipton, 8 Iowa C.</td><td> </td><td>R. Wilson, 113 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>David Turmer, 118 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>B. F. Whitten, 9 Me.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Tobel, 15 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>J. W. Warren, 1 Wis. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. P. F. Toby, 31 Me.</td><td> </td><td>W. Williams, 8 Mich. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. H. Tinker, 73 Ind.</td><td> </td><td>T. H. Ward, 59 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. D. Von Valack, 12 U. S.</td><td> </td><td>J. Wheaton, 59 U. S. C. T.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. Van Doren, 72 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>B. W. Whittemore, 5 N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>C. Van Rensalaer, 148 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>H. A. Wentworth, 14 N. Y. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. C. Van Alin, 45 Pa.</td><td> </td><td>W. H. Walker, 4 Ohio.</td></tr> +<tr><td>A. Von Bulow, 3 N. J. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. S. Wilson, 1 Mass. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O. W. West, 1 N. Y. Drag.</td><td> </td><td>D. H. Warren, A. Surg. 8 I. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. B. Warner, 8 Mich. C.</td><td> </td><td>R. P. Wilson, 5 U. S. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. Williams, 8 Mich. C.</td><td> </td><td>E. C. Taw, 67 N. Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Winters, 72 Ohio.</td><td> </td><td>J. H. York, 63 Ind.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Warner, 33 N. J.</td><td> </td><td>W. J. Young, 111 Ill.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. Wheeler, 149 N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>A. Young, 4 Pa. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. Waidmann, 16 Iowa.</td><td> </td><td>T. P. Young, 4 Ky.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Walker, 8 Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>Aaron Zeigler, 7 Pa. V. R. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td>T. A. Weesner, 14 & 15 Ill.</td><td> </td><td>A. Zimm, 15 Iowa.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. J. West, 6 Conn.</td><td> </td><td>C. Zobel, 15 N. Y. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>D. H. Wing, 14 N. Y. Art.</td><td> </td><td>G. H. Hastings, 24 N. Y. In. Bt.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>NAVAL OFFICERS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>W. E. H. Fintress, A. V. Lt.</td><td> </td><td>Dan’l Ward, Act. M. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Edw. L. Haines, Act. M.</td><td> </td><td>B. Johnson, 2 Act. Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. F. D. Robinson, Act. M.</td><td> </td><td>Jas. McCaulley, 2 Act. Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. H. Sears, Ast. P. M.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. B. Dick, 2 Act. Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Robt. M. Clark, Act. Ensg.</td><td> </td><td>A. D. Renshaw, 3 Act. Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Simon Strunk, Act. Ensg.</td><td> </td><td>Jno. Mee, 3 Act. Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. W. Dayton, Act. Ensg.</td><td> </td><td>Ch. McCormick, 3 Act. Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thos. Brown, Act. M. M.</td><td> </td><td>Sam. B. Ellis, 3 Act. Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wm. H. Fogg, Act. M. M.</td><td> </td><td>Henry K. Stever, 3 Act. Eng.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chas. A. Stewart, Act. M. M.</td><td> </td><td>E. J. Robinson, Pilot.</td></tr></table> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn03.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX.</h2> + +<table width="75%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="Index"> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER I—<a href="#Page_9">Page <ins class="correction" title="original reads '11'">9</ins>.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Description of Plymouth, N. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER II—<a href="#Page_13">Page 13.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">The Battle of Plymouth—The Cavalry Pickets Driven In—Hoke Appears in +our Front with Eight Thousand Men—A Magnificent Artillery Duel—Four +Days Hard Fighting—Sinking of the Southfield and Defeat of the Fleet by the Ram Albemarle.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER III—<a href="#Page_19">Page 19.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">A Description of the Battle Between the Albemarle and our Gun Boats—Death +of Captain Flusser—Captain French Cuts Loose from the Sinking Southfield and Runs Away.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER IV—<a href="#Page_22">Page 22.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Our Retreat Cut Off—A Perilous Reconnoissance by the Cavalry—Cavalry +Sent to Capture a Boat’s Crew—Fleeing North Carolinians—Walking +Back into Prison Rather than to Skulk a Fight—Firing the Two Hundred +Pounder at the Ram—Squelching a Rebel Sharpshooter—A Furious Attack and Fearful Slaughter—A Prisoner of War.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER V—<a href="#Page_32">Page 32.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Marched Off Over the Battlefield a Prisoner—Among the Enemy’s Dead and +Wounded—Evidences of our Deadly Work—The Rebs Go Gunning for +“Niggers”—The Johnnies Appropriating my Wardrobe—Massacre of +the Colored Troops—They are Drawn up into Line and Shot Down Like +Dogs by order of General Hoke—Caring for our Wounded and Burying our Dead.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>CHAPTER VI—<a href="#Page_36">Page 36.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">On the March—An Eighteen Mile March—Treated to a Drink of Our Own +Commissary at the End of the First Days March—Uniform Good Treatment +by our Captors—An Attempt to Escape Frustrated—March to Williamstown—The +Band at Foster’s Mills Treats us to “Dixey”—Kind +hearted Mrs. Piffin Gives us All the Provisions She Had Cooked for Dinner—Hopes +Some One Will do as Much for her Son (Who is in the Confederate +Army)—A Ride in Filthy Cattle Cars Through Charleston, Savannah and Macon—Arrival at Andersonville.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER VII—<a href="#Page_41">Page 41.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Andersonville—Separated from the Enlisted Men—An Interview with the +Inhuman Monster “Wirz”—Placed in a Church—Divine Service Sunday +Morning—Sent Back to Macon—Drawing Rations—A Blindfolded Man +Divides Them—Ladies Visit Our Camp and Show Their Sympathy—Union +Girls Forever—Boquets and Notes Sent Us—A Drunken Riot—Reckless +Shooting of the Guards—Prices of Provisions in Macon.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER VIII—<a href="#Page_51">Page 51.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Moving Into The Stockade—Skirmishing—Mr. Cashmeyer’s Sutler Wagon—Captain +Irsh Bucked and Gagged By Order of Tabb—Captain Tabb Relieved—How +We Passed the Time—The Meetings—Gambling Houses—Social and Singing Circles.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER IX—<a href="#Page_72">Page 72.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Fresh Fish—Arrival of Col. Miller—Death of Lieut. Wood, 82nd Indiana—More Fresh Fish.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER X—<a href="#Page_80">Page 80.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Manner of Tunneling.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XI—<a href="#Page_98">Page 98.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Receiving and Sending off the Mail—Attempts to Smuggle Through Forbidden +Matter—Samples of Letters Sent Home—Boxes of Letters Received—My Feelings at Not Receiving Any.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XII—<a href="#Page_105">Page 105.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">The First Division Leaves Camp Oglethorp—Plans for Escape—Their Destination, +Charleston—Thirty Union Officers and Four of the “Reb” Guard +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>Are Missing on Their Arrival at Charleston—The Story of the Lieutenant +In Charge of the Train as Told to Major Lyman—Departure of the Second Division—Stopped at Savannah, Thus Foiling Our Plans for Escape.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XIII—<a href="#Page_130">Page 130.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Camp Sorghum—A Sleepless and Miserable Night—Building a Brush Tent—The +Escape—I Turn Over My Tent and Household Effects to Colonel +Miller and Adjutant Lyman—Crawling Across the Guard Line—Our Escape +Discovered and we Fired Upon—Captains Geere and Eastmond Recaptured—Tramp, Tramp, Tramp.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XIV—<a href="#Page_148">Page 148.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Assailed by a Dog—Scaring a Negro—Free <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'Micthell'">Mitchell</ins>—He Dare Not Let Me +Into His Yard on Account of a Yankee Schoolmaster who Kept Blood +Hounds—Flanking the Hounds—Meeting Captain Alban—Losing My Former Companions I Start Out With Him.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XV—<a href="#Page_154">Page 154.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">How to Roast a Chicken—A Good Square Meal Once More—On the Tramp +Again—We Meet a Darky who Furnishes Us Supper and Chickens From +His Master’s Hen Coop—Surprised by Two White Men While Eating +Breakfast—Passing Through Walhalla—Avoiding Some Cavalry.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XVI—<a href="#Page_162">Page 162.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Back into Walhalla—We Run into a Rebel Picket in the Dark and are Taken +in—A Little Judicious Lieing Secures Our Release—Overtaking Some +Wagons Going from Market—Chatting with a Company of Rebel Cavalry.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XVII—<a href="#Page_173">Page 173.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">At Major Carters—My Swollen Limbs Give Me an Excuse to Cut Off the Conversation—Rev. +Mr. Burch Gives Us a Hearty Welcome and a Good Breakfast—Passing a Confederate Soldier—Recaptured—Eccentric but +Loyal Tom Hubbard—Taken Back to Fort Emory.d</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XVIII—<a href="#Page_180">Page 180.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">In Prison Again.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XIX—<a href="#Page_187">Page 187.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">A Hospitable Host—Franklin Jail—Charitable Women—A Thoughtful, Motherly +Gift—A Generous Guard—Ashville Jail—Attempt to Break Out.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>CHAPTER XX—<a href="#Page_195">Page 195.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Another Attempt at Escape Discovered—A Bold Plot—Lack of Sand in the Reb Deserters—A Brave Negro—The Flogging.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXI—<a href="#Page_201">Page 201.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Placed in an Iron Cage—Breaking Out and Attempting to Dig Through a Brick Wall—An Unexpected Surprise.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXII—<a href="#Page_209">Page 209.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Danville Prison—A Cold Winter—Double-Quicking Around the Room to Keep +Warm—Excitement Caused by the Arrival of Fresh Troops—They Stack Arms in Front of Our Prison—Plans for Escape.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXIII—<a href="#Page_216">Page 216.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Prison Rules—Starving in the Midst of Plenty—Organizing for a Break—Trading With the Guard—Business in Prison.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXIV—<a href="#Page_222">Page 222.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Organization for a Break Completed—The Attempted Break—The Guard Disarmed—Too Late, Go Back—Colonel Raulston Shot.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXV—<a href="#Page_232">Page 232.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Borrowing Seven Hundred Dollars of a Reb.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXVI—<a href="#Page_243">Page 243.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXVII—<a href="#Page_249">Page 249.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXVIII—<a href="#Page_253">Page 253.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">More about Charleston—Exchange on the Brain—More about Macon—Charleston +Jail Yard More Fully Described—The Old Privy—The Gallows +or Gibbet—Terrible Suffering for Want of Food and Shelter—A Fire and +How Gillmore Helped it Along—Death of Lieutenant Mosher, 12th N. Y. Cavalry.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXIX—<a href="#Page_263">Page 263.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Exchange on the Brain.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXX—<a href="#Page_273">Page 273.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="hang">Scouting in North Carolina—Sergeant C—— in a Well—The Accident +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>Prevents a Fight with our own Troops—A Fight with North Carolina Troops—Mrs. +Modlin Turns a Back Somersault—Our Irish Lieutenant.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">APPENDIX—<a href="#Page_287">Page 287.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">LIST OF OFFICERS CONFINED IN MACON, GA—<a href="#Page_295">Page 295.</a></td></tr></table> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="Illustrations"> +<tr><td> </td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td><td align="right">Page.</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Cavalry Sent to Capture a Boat’s Crew</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Skirmishing at Macon, Ga</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Capt. Irsh Bucked and Gagged</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Capt. Alban on Police Duty</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Fresh Fish</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Tunnelling at Macon, Ga.</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Mr. Cashmeyer’s Sutler Wagon</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Washing Clothes at Savannah, Ga.</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Escaped Prisoners Searching for the Road at Night</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Pencil Sketch of Author</td><td> </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr></table> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/orn05.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><b>Footnote</b></p> +<p><a name="f1" id="f1" href="#f1.1">[1]</a> General exchange.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of In and Out of Rebel Prisons, by +Lieut. 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A. [Alonzo] Cooper + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: In and Out of Rebel Prisons + +Author: Lieut. A. [Alonzo] Cooper + +Release Date: April 5, 2010 [EBook #31895] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IN AND OUT OF REBEL PRISONS *** + + + + +Produced by Suzanne Shell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: [signature] A. Cooper] + + + + + IN AND OUT + OF + REBEL PRISONS, + + + BY + LIEUT. A. COOPER, + + 12th N. Y. CAVALRY. + + + ILLUSTRATED. + + + OSWEGO, N. Y.: + R. J. OLIPHANT, JOB PRINTER, BOOKBINDER AND STATIONER. + 1888. + + + + Copyrighted 1888, + BY A. COOPER. + All Rights Reserved. + + + + + To CAPTAIN ROBERT B. HOCK, + THE GALLANT AND LOYAL COMRADE IN THE FIELD, + THE FAITHFUL AND CONSTANT FRIEND DURING THE DARK + DAYS OF MY PRISON LIFE, + + The Daring Companion of my Escape + + AND THREE HUNDRED MILE TRAMP THROUGH THE CONFEDERACY, + WHO, WHEN I BECAME TOO FEEBLE TO GO FARTHER, SO + GENEROUSLY TOOK OUT HIS PURSE AND GAVE ME THE LARGEST HALF OF ITS + CONTENTS, + THIS BOOK IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED + BY THE AUTHOR. + + + + +AUTHOR'S PREFACE. + + +Many books have been written upon prison life in the South, but should +every survivor of Andersonville, Macon, Savannah, Charleston, Florence, +Salisbury, Danville, Libby and Belle Island write their personal +experiences in those rebel slaughter houses, it would still require the +testimony of the sixty-five thousand whose bones are covered with Southern +soil to complete the tale. + +Being an officer, I suffered but little in comparison with what was +endured by the rank and file, our numbers being less, our quarters were +more endurable and our facilities for cleanliness much greater. Besides, +we were more apt to have money and valuables, which would, in some degree, +provide for our most urgent needs. + +In giving my own personal experiences, I shall endeavor to write of the +prison pens in which were confined only officers, just as I found +them--"Nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice." + +Being blessed with the happy faculty of looking upon the bright side of +life, and possessing a hopeful disposition, unaccustomed to give way to +despondency, I also write upon the bright side of my subject. The reader +who expects to find in this book a volume of sickening details of the +horrors of starvation and suffering endured by those whose misfortune it +was to be confined in Andersonville, under that inhuman monster Wirz--the +mention of whose name causes a shudder--will be disappointed. Having kept +a complete diary of events during my ten months' imprisonment, I am able +to give a reliable account of what came under my personal observation. I +have often heard it said, even here in the North, that our men who were +prisoners, were cared for as well as the limited means of the Confederacy +would admit; but the falsity of this is seen when you remember that +Andersonville is situated in a densely wooded country, and that much of +the suffering endured was for the want of fuel with which to cook their +scanty rations, and for the want of shelter, which they would have +cheerfully constructed had the opportunity been afforded them. The +evidence all goes to show that instead of trying to save the lives or +alleviate the sufferings of those whom the fortunes of war had thrown into +their hands, they practiced a systematic course of starvation and cruelty, +that in this nineteenth century, seems scarcely believable. In this +scheme, the arch traitor, Jeff. Davis, was most heartily assisted by the +infamous Winder and his cowardly assistants, Wirz, Dick Turner, Tabb and +others, whose timid hearts unfitted them for service in the field, but +just qualified them for acts of atrocity and cruelty, such as were +inflicted upon the loyal sons of the North who were in their power. Prison +life, at best, to one who has been educated beneath the flag of freedom, +is a trial hard to be endured; but when accompanied with indignities, +insults and tortures, such as were inflicted upon the occupants of those +prison hells of the South, it becomes simply unbearable. + +A. COOPER. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +DESCRIPTION OF PLYMOUTH, N. C. + + +Plymouth, in 1863-4, was a small town, situate on the Roanoke river, about +six miles from where the waters of that stream enters the Albermarle +Sound. + +The river at Plymouth is nearly a quarter of a mile wide, and with a +sufficient depth of water to float the largest draught gunboats. The shore +next the town was supplied with a wharf for landing steamers that navigate +the river; but the gunboats, of which there were quite a number stationed +there, were usually anchored in the middle of the stream. The town was +enclosed with earthworks, with the exception of about two hundred yards on +the left next the river which was rather low and marshy, and covered with +quite a thick growth of alders and other bushes. On the extreme right, on +the bank of the river, was Battery Worth; a small earthwork, just large +enough to work a two hundred pound Parrot gun, with which it was supplied, +and accommodate twenty or thirty men to handle and support it. This was +surrounded with a deep ditch; but on the side next the town it was +protected only with a low breastwork with a wooden slat door, and a +person could jump across the ditch and step over into the redoubt. + +Extending south from this small earthwork ran a line of breastworks to the +south-west corner of the town, when it turned at right angles, making a +continuous line of works nearly two miles in length, completely +surrounding the place, with the exception of the short space next the +river on our extreme left, as before stated. + +In the south center stood Fort Williams, a strong work; and some distance +from the line of works on the right center was Fort Wessels, a small +redoubt. + +On the left of Fort Williams on the works facing east, were Comphor and +Coneby redoubts, one each side of what was called the Columbia road. On +each side of Fort Williams, which faced south, were sally ports, on what +was called the Washington road and the middle road. + +In our front, to the south, was an open field for a thousand or twelve +hundred yards, the farther part of which was partially covered with the +brush and stumps of the newly cleared field, and beyond this was woods. +About a mile up the river, on what was called War Neck, as a protection to +our extreme right, was Fort Gray, a work of considerable strength, +garrisoned by the 96th New York. + +Such is a brief description of Plymouth as it appeared in April, 1864. + +Brig. Gen. W. H. Wessels was in command of the post, and Lieut. Commander +Flusser was in command of the fleet of gun-boats, which consisted of the +Miama, a large wooden double-ender, the Southfield, an old New York +ferryboat under command of Capt. French, the Whitehead, Capt. Barrett, the +Bombshell, and a small supply boat called the Dolly, with one or two other +boats whose names I do not now remember. + +These were all wooden boats, but were supplied with a good armament of +heavy metal, and their commander, W. H. Flusser, was as gallant an officer +as ever trod the quarter deck, and thoroughly determined to sink the rebel +ram Albemarle, which had been built near Richmond, and was daily expected +to come down the river, and attempt the destruction of our fleet, or sink +every boat under his command. Being very intimately acquainted with Lieut. +Commander Flusser, and knowing his plans, having been instrumental with +the detachment of cavalry stationed there, in getting much valuable +information in regard to the progress of the building and intentions of +this ram, I can speak by card of his preparations for its destruction, +when it should make its appearance. + +Gen. Wessel's brigade consisted of two companies of the 12th N. Y. +Cavalry, A and F, 85 men; two companies, H and G, of the 2d Massachusetts +H. A., garrisoning the fort and redoubts; the 16th Connecticut, the 101st +and 103d Pennsylvania, the 85th New York Infantry, and the 24th New York +Independent Battery, Capt. Cady. There was also a company of North +Carolina colored troops, Capt. Eastmond, and two companies of loyal North +Carolinians, making in all about two thousand troops. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +THE BATTLE OF PLYMOUTH--THE CAVALRY PICKETS DRIVEN IN--HOKE APPEARS IN OUR +FRONT WITH EIGHT THOUSAND MEN--A MAGNIFICENT ARTILLERY DUEL--FOUR DAYS +HARD FIGHTING--SINKING OF THE SOUTHFIELD AND DEFEAT OF THE FLEET BY THE +RAM ALBEMARLE. + + +On Sunday morning, April 17th, 1864, the consolidated morning report +showed eighteen hundred and fifty men for duty. The day was warm and +bright, and the men were scattered about the town with no thought of +approaching danger. The cavalry had scouted the day before, a distance of +twelve or fifteen miles, and found no signs of the enemy, but about 4 p. +m., the cavalry pickets on the Washington road were driven in, and the +Corporal, named Geo. Wilcox, came tearing through the company quarters of +the 85th New York down to cavalry headquarters, with the nose bag still on +his horse, which he had not had time to exchange for his bridle, swinging +his hat and shouting: "The Rebs are coming! the Rebs are coming!" + +By the absence of Capt. Roach, of Company A, and the sickness of Capt. +Hock, of Company F, I was in command of the detachment of cavalry, and at +once ordered a bugler who happened to be standing near, to sound BOOTS +AND SADDLES; sent Lieutenant Russel, who was mounted, having just rode up, +to headquarters, to notify General Wessels that our pickets had been +driven in and ask for orders for the cavalry. He returned just as I had +formed the two companies into line with orders to make a reconnoissance on +the Washington road, and, without getting into a fight, ascertain, as near +as I could, the strength of the enemy in our front. + +I ascertained by a careful reconnoissance that Maj. Gen. Hoke was in front +with about eight thousand troops. In this reconnoissance I lost one man, +"Amos Fancher," killed, and one, "Lieut. Russell," severely wounded. Hoke +formed his line and threw out his skirmishers, but made no further +demonstrations that night, a few shells from Fort Williams having the +effect of checking any further movement. + +At 11 o'clock that night, Gen. Wessels sent the steamer Massasoit, +carrying the women and other non-combatants, and the wounded, to Newbern. +Among the women were Mrs. George H. Hastings, Mrs. Dr. Frick, Mrs. Capt. +Hock, Mrs. Bell, Mrs. and Miss Freeman and Mrs. A. Cooper (who had been +with me from the 7th of February), and others. Preparations were made for +a stout resistance by Gen. Wessels, who was a gallant officer. He +established a strong skirmish line nearly two miles in length along our +entire front and had everything in readiness to repel any attack that +might be made; but the night passed without any further demonstration. + +Early on the morning of the 18th there was slight skirmishing commenced +along our entire front, and a bombardment was commenced upon Fort Gray, +which was our extreme right and about one and one-half miles up the river. + +In this bombardment the gunboat Bombshell, which had been sent to the +assistance of the fort, was so crippled that she sank immediately upon +reaching the wharf. + +The attack on Fort Gray was repulsed, and our skirmish line in front +maintained its position all day. At 5:30 p. m. I received orders to take +the two companies of cavalry, dismounted, up to the breastworks near Fort +Williams. + +Fortunately I was mounted at the time, and rode up to the front, where, +sitting on my horse, I had a splendid view of the battle that ensued. + +We had just arrived at the breastworks when the skirmishing became brisk, +our boys pushing the enemy's skirmishers back some distance, when +suddenly, as if by magic, a line of battle over a mile in length seemed to +spring up out of the ground and charged our skirmish line, driving them +back towards the works. As they fell back, firing as they retired, Fort +Williams opened with her entire armament, which, in a moment, was joined +in by Comphor and Coneby redoubts, Fort Wessels, Cady's Independent +Battery and the entire fleet of gunboats in the river. + +Hoke opened on the town with forty-two pieces of artillery; Wessels +replied with just about the same number of pieces, but of heavier calibre. +From 6 until 8.30 p. m. was kept up a most terrific cannonade, which +presented a spectacle awfully grand and magnificent. The gunboats, which +were supplied with an armament of very heavy guns, sending immense shell +shrieking and bursting over our heads as they were hurled into the lines +of the enemy, the forts on our right and left keeping up an incessant +roar, a stream of fire belching from the hot throats of Hoke's forty-two +pieces in our front, the comet-like trail of fire from his shells as they +hurried on their mission of death towards us, the rattle of grape and +cannister as they were hurled against the wooden buildings in our rear, or +the woodwork of the forts and earthworks along the line, the loud bray of +an immense number of mules, with which Hoke's artillery was supplied, the +groans and shrieks of the wounded, combined to give me such a picture of +"grim visaged war" as I had never before beheld. + +Several assaults were made on our works, which were repulsed with heavy +loss to the enemy. The heaviest fighting occurred on our right centre, +where were stationed the 85th New York; but to quote from the gallant +Phil. Kearny--"There was illegant fighting all along the line." A fearful +assault was made on Fort Wessels, which was isolated from the line of +works, and was a quarter of a mile distant on our right. This small fort +or redoubt was defended by Lieut. H. Lee Clark, with part of a company of +the 2d Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. It was protected by a deep ditch, +twelve feet wide, with an abattis of pine limbs outside, with a draw +bridge, which, when raised, formed a door to the entrance. It mounted four +or five guns and was well supplied with hand grenades from one-half to two +pounds. A number of determined assaults were made upon this work, and in +one about sixty of the enemy got inside the abattis and surrounded the +ditches; but Lieut. Clark used the hand grenades so effectually, the boys +tossing them over with such precision, and at the same time keeping up +such a succession of explosions at the sallyport, that they all +surrendered, laid down their arms and were taken inside. Thus Lieut. Clark +had twice the number of prisoners he had men under his command. + +The small garrison of this fort were finally overcome by vastly superior +numbers, but not until the enemy had lost in killed over triple the number +of its brave defenders. The capture of this small redoubt was all they had +gained in two day's persistent fighting, and then only after a fearful +loss in killed and wounded. At 8.30 in the evening Hoke withdrew, having +been defeated at every point with the exception of the capture of this +small redoubt. Our loss was insignificant, as we were behind good works. +During the engagement I was struck on the leg by a bullet out of a +spherical case shot, but as my pants and drawers were inside of a heavy +cavalry boot leg, and owing to the fact that the force of the ball was +nearly spent, it only made a black and blue spot on the side of my leg. +We lay at the breastworks all night, but no further demonstrations were +made in our front that night. Before daylight the next morning, however, +we were aroused by a shot from the two hundred pound Parrot gun in Battery +Worth, and soon the gunboats opened their batteries and a terrific +canonading on the river apprised us of the fact that the long expected ram +Albemarle had come down and encountered our fleet. Within twenty minutes +all was again still, and we anxiously awaited the dawn to learn what had +been the result. When the dawn finally came we were both mortified and +surprised to find that there was no fleet in sight and that the powerful +iron-clad ram Albemarle had full possession of the river, cutting off both +our retreat and re-inforcements. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +A DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLE BETWEEN THE ALBEMARLE AND OUR GUN BOATS--DEATH +OF CAPTAIN FLUSSER--CAPTAIN FRENCH CUTS LOOSE FROM THE SINKING SOUTHFIELD +AND RUNS AWAY. + + +With the reader's permission I will stop here to narrate the struggle +between our gun boats and this ram, as it was detailed to me while a +prisoner, by one of the crew of the Southfield, which, if correct, shows +how the death of one brave officer and the cowardice and incompetency of +another, served to make prisoners of two thousand brave men, and by the +fall of Plymouth supply the Confederacy with an immense amount of +artillery, ammunition and supplies of all kinds, of which they stood +greatly in need. + +Lieut. Commander Flusser, as I have said, was one of the most gallant and +efficient Commanders in the U. S. naval service, and was fully resolved to +either sink that ram or sink every gunboat under his command. As I have +before stated, the Miama was a large double-ender, and she was also a very +high boat, being a double-decker as well. This was Flusser's flagship, and +she and the Southfield, which as I said, was an old New York ferry boat, +with wales reaching ten or twelve feet over the water, were fastened +together fore and aft with heavy cables, and lay out in the channel with +steam up and lights out, intending to let the ram drop in between them and +then push her ashore, or sink her. It was three a. m., when the ram passed +battery Worth, where a two hundred pound Parrot gun, all shotted and +waiting her appearance, was located. But when the ram passed battery +Worth, she was so low in the water and came down so still, and the night +was so very dark, that the lookout at battery Worth failed to see her +until she had passed the work, although the gunboat Whitehead, Capt. +Barret, dropped down just ahead of her, having been stationed up the river +on picket, and notified Lieutenant Hoppins, who was in command of battery +Worth, of the approach of the ram. Only one shot was fired at her, and +this after she had passed the redoubt, but as she had got by, the aim of +the gun was inaccurate, so she passed on uninjured. + +She ran between the Miama and Southfield, striking the latter with her +horn on the forward quarter, just at the water line. The bow of the ram +had passed under the forward cable and her horn was, of course, under the +wide spreading wales of the Southfield. This boat was now rapidly sinking, +while both she and the Miama were all the time sending solid shot in quick +succession against her iron-clad deck and sides. The ram was trying to +disengage her horn from the fast settling Southfield, which was drawing +her down with her as she settled, making it every minute more difficult +for her to extricate herself. The water was pouring into the forward ports +of the iron monster, when unfortunately Capt. Flusser was struck in the +breast by a piece of a shell, that had by some mistake been placed in one +of his guns, and exploded as it struck the ram at short range, killing him +instantly. + +As soon as Capt. French, who was in command of the Southfield, learned of +his death, he jumped aboard the Miama, calling his crew to follow him, but +they bravely staid by their ship. He then ordered the cables cut loose and +steamed away down into the Sound, thus leaving the ram in a position to +extricate herself from the Southfield, as she could not do while held down +by the cable. If French had, instead of cutting the cables, just put on +steam, he could have run the ram on the shore stern foremost, as Flusser +had intended to do, and for which purpose he had the boats lashed +together. Extricating herself from the Southfield, from whose guns she was +continually receiving solid shot, she opened her batteries upon her and +soon sent her to the bottom, picking up and making prisoners of the crew. +These were very bitter in their denunciation of Capt. French, whose +cowardice alone, they said, saved the ram from being run ashore and +captured, as it would have been had Flusser lived. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +OUR RETREAT CUT OFF--A PERILOUS RECONNOISSANCE BY THE CAVALRY--CAVALRY +SENT TO CAPTURE A BOAT'S CREW--FLEEING NORTH CAROLINIANS--WALKING BACK +INTO PRISON RATHER THAN TO SKULK A FIGHT--FIRING THE TWO HUNDRED POUNDER +AT THE RAM--SQUELCHING A REBEL SHARP-SHOOTER--A FURIOUS ATTACK AND FEARFUL +SLAUGHTER--A PRISONER OF WAR. + + +Being now in possession of the river, the Albemarle took her station about +a mile below the town, just opposite our left, which, as I have said, was +unprotected by works. This was the only weak point in our defence, and +while our own fleet was in the river, they could effectually protect this; +but now that they were replaced by the Albemarle, Hoke would have no +trouble in getting through and gaining our rear. The greatest obstacle now +to be overcome by the enemy, was the passage of a deep, wide creek and +swamp, half a mile from the river, which was commanded by Comphor and +Coneby redoubts. + +At daylight of this, the 19th, we also discovered that the enemy had +gained possession of Fort Wessels, the small works mentioned as being over +a quarter of a mile on our right, and on a line with Fort Williams. This, +taken with the fact that our retreat was cut off, made us feel a good deal +as though we were prisoners. + +At 6 a. m. Capt. Hodges, brigade-quartermaster on Gen. Wessel's staff, +came to me and said the General had assigned me to a very delicate and +dangerous duty, which was to take thirty picked men of my command, and +pass between Hoke's right and the ram, and proceed to Stewart's Hill, +which was on the river about one and a half miles below the ram, where he +thought a boat's crew from the ram would land and attempt to communicate +with Hoke. My duty was to capture this boat's crew, if possible. For a +fourth of a mile we were compelled to ride in water up to our stirrups, +and within eight hundred yards of the ram, which was in full sight. Any +one who has ever seen a troop of cavalry ford a stream, knows what a roar +they make in the water, a noise that can be heard for nearly a mile. We +could not expect to reach this place without attracting the attention of +those on board the ram, and as we could not go faster than a walk, we +would make a fine target for their shell, and we were in momentary +expectation of having them exploding about our heads. + +For some reason that I never could explain, we were allowed to reach our +destination without being disturbed. Stewart's Hill, as it was called, was +only a little pine knoll, containing about three acres, and is not over +five feet higher than the river. After placing my men where they would not +be seen, and cautioning a number of North Carolinians who had congregated +there for safety, to keep out of sight, I took my station on the bank to +watch for the boat. + +I soon saw a boat crew put off the ram and start down the river, but they +kept the north shore, which was a quarter of a mile away, and passed on +down below me. Having thus failed to accomplish my mission, and knowing +that marching back to Plymouth was equivalent to going into prison, I will +say candidly that the temptation was great to patch up an old leaky boat I +found there, or build a raft, and try to reach our gun boats in the Sound, +only a little over five miles distant. But if I did, I would most likely +be accused of sneaking out of a fight; for although I had no orders to +return, I knew I was expected to do so, and we therefore mounted and +retraced our steps back to Plymouth. + +I found on my return, that Capt. Hodges had taken some men and attempted +to get down the creek, but the boat was capsized and the Captain being +unable to swim, was drowned. When I reported to General Wessels, he +ordered me to take my men into battery Worth, which I did, spending the +balance of the day and night in piling up bags of sand to strengthen our +little redoubt; firing an occasional shot with our two hundred pound +Parrot at the ram, which we struck many times during the day, but we could +see by the aid of our field glasses, the immense projectiles glance off +her heavily armored sides, like peas thrown against the round surface of a +stove pipe. The projectiles were of such immense size that we could +easily watch their course from the time they were twenty rods from the +gun, without the aid of our glasses, and could trace their course the +whole distance. + + +[Illustration: THE CAVALRY SENT TO CAPTURE A BOAT'S CREW.] + + +While we were busy as beavers, packing up sand bags, I noticed two or +three times the zip of a minie ball past my ears, and watching the window +of an old house about five hundred yards to our right, I discovered the +cause. Taking a carbine from one of our men, I raised the sight for that +distance, and placed it between two sand bags, and when a form appeared at +the window again, took a good aim, and had the satisfaction of seeing the +form suddenly disappear, and I think he received a detail for some other +duty, for he did not return again to annoy us. + +We worked during the whole night, expecting an attack on the right that +night or the next morning, as the enemy were busy all day, throwing up an +earthwork from Fort Wessels, which they had taken the night previous, +running it parallel with our right towards the river. Instead of this, a +furious attack was made early the next morning on our left, Hoke having, +during the night thrown a pontoon across the deep, wide creek, in spite of +Cady's light battery which was stationed there. Furious assaults were made +on Comphor and Coneby redoubts, which were supported by the 16th +Connecticut, and after two or three unsuccessful assaults, these works +were carried, and the 16th Connecticut fell back towards Fort Williams, +stubbornly contesting every foot of the ground; once or twice charging the +advancing enemy, and driving them back, but overpowered by greatly +superior numbers, they were driven under the protection of the fort, where +rifle pits were hastily thrown up. + +At the same time another column charged up along the river to Battery +Worth, where I was stationed with thirty men of the 12th New York Cavalry, +the ditches being filled with loyal North Carolinians. The ditches were so +deep, however, that they were of no use, for the heads of the troops were +at least three feet below the surface of the ground. + +Cady fell back with his light battery as the enemy advanced, losing two +pieces within two hundred yards of there doubt. These pieces were +immediately turned upon our redoubt, which, as I have said, was +unprotected on that side, this battery having been built solely for the +use of the two hundred pound Parrot placed there for the destruction of +the ram. These guns were trained on the slat door, and on the opposite +side was the door of the magazine, which was well supplied with hand +grenades, shell, and a large supply of powder. Should a shell come through +the door and explode inside this magazine, it would blow us all into +eternity. + +The boys were using their carbines with terrible effect upon those serving +the pieces; and although there were but thirty or forty of us, so rapid +and accurate were the discharges, that for some time the enemy were +prevented from using them upon us; but the heavy column of Confederates +that had poured in on our left and gained the rear of our entire works, +were closing in upon us along the river bank, which served them +excellently as a protection; while they were within a few feet of the +unprotected portion of our redoubt, so near were they, that after a +council of the officers, a white flag was raised on a bayonet as a token +of surrender, and it had scarcely appeared above the low earthwork, which +was only about breast high, when half a dozen rebs stood upon it peering +down curiously at us, whom they were surprised to find so few in number, +having supposed from the rapidity and effectiveness of our firing, that +there were at least a hundred of us. + +When I found that a surrender was inevitable, I seized my pistol by the +muzzle (a weapon that had been presented me before leaving home) and threw +it far out into the river, rather than have it fall into the hands of the +enemy. At the same time the Sergeant in charge of the big gun spiked it, +by driving in a rat-tail file with a hammer and breaking it off close to +the piece. We were at once asked to lay down our arms, and were marched +under guard down to the left, receiving, as we went, a furious discharge +of grape from Fort Williams, under the supposition that we were +Confederates, Hoke's main column following along the line of works, taking +them in detail until Fort Williams alone remained to Gen. Wessels; and +this was completely surrounded, and hemmed in on all sides, while the +sharpshooters of the enemy were stationed in the houses, where they could +effectually prevent the men from serving the guns. Bravely did Wessels +defend his stronghold, repelling all assaults until nearly noon, when he +met Hoke under a flag of truce, to agree upon terms of the surrender, +Wessels asking that he be allowed to march out with his colors, the +officers retaining their side arms. This Hoke refused to grant, though +complimenting Gen. Wessels on the gallant manner in which he had defended +his works. He said that any further show of resistance would only result +in an unnecessary sacrifice of life, and if Wessels still persisted in +holding the works, and he was obliged to carry them by assault, he (Hoke) +would not be responsible for what followed. This Gen. Wessels construed as +a threat of a repetition of the Fort Pillow massacre, and saying, "You may +go back and open fire," haughtily turned on his heel and returned to the +fort. The men were well protected by heavy bomb-proofs, and only those who +were serving the guns were exposed to the fire of the rebel sharpshooters, +who occupied every available place on all sides, and were making fearful +havoc among them. + +Twice was the flag staff shot away and replaced, and so effectual was the +fire of these sharpshooters, that it was almost certain death for any one +to approach a gun; when, after his nephew and aide-de-camp, Lieut. Foot, +had received a very severe wound while trying to rally the men to the +guns, the gallant old General reluctantly hauled down his flag, and +Plymouth was once more in the hands of the enemy. + +Hoke had won a victory after four days of hard fighting, but at what a +fearful price. With eight thousand and veteran troops, and the assistance +of the huge iron-clad ram Albemarle, he had made prisoners of nearly two +thousand Union troops, after a loss of nearly or quite two thousand men in +killed and wounded. In fact the Petersburg papers of the 27th acknowledged +a loss of seventeen hundred in this battle. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +MARCHED OFF OVER THE BATTLEFIELD A PRISONER--AMONG THE ENEMIES DEAD AND +WOUNDED--EVIDENCES OF OUR DEADLY WORK--THE REBS GO A GUNNING FOR +"NIGGERS"--THE JOHNNIES APPROPRIATING MY WARDROBE--MASSACRE OF THE COLORED +TROOPS--THEY ARE DRAWN UP IN LINE AND SHOT DOWN LIKE DOGS BY ORDER OF +GENERAL HOKE--CARING FOR OUR WOUNDED AND BURYING OUR DEAD. + + +This attack commenced at half-past four, and at half-past six a. m. of +April 20th, I was a prisoner. As we marched past Comphor redoubt to the +Johnson farm, a mile to the south, we had an opportunity to witness the +terrible slaughter the victory had cost the enemy. + +Dead bodies of men and animals were strewn in every direction. Broken +caissons and disabled cannon in front of these two redoubts showed plainly +what a terrific struggle had been gone through with in their front. + +The piteous cries for help of the suffering, the groans of the wounded +that had not yet been removed (the ambulance corps not having yet been +able to reach them) the roar of artillery and the rattle of musketry where +the battle was still going on, the riding back and forth of mounted +orderlies hurrying up re-inforcements, all served to make up a picture +that I am unable to adequately describe. + +The Johnsons, who were wealthy planters, had taken the oath of allegiance +and claimed to be Union men, and were somewhat embarrassed at having us, +with whom they had been on such friendly terms, brought to their farm as +prisoners. They seemed to feel a sympathy for us, and one of them said to +me, privately, that they were really in sympathy with the Union cause, but +were obliged to be very careful of their conduct toward us while the +Confederate troops were there, for their property, and even their lives, +were at stake. I now believe they were honest. I do not wish to confound +these Johnsons with one of the same name, who lived on the Washington +road, near our vidette post. He pretended to be loyal, but we did not take +any stock in him, and found after our capture that he was an open and +exultant Secesh. While at the Johnson farm we could hear the crack, crack, +crack of muskets, down in the swamp where the negroes had fled to escape +capture, and were being hunted like squirrels or rabbits, I can think of +no better comparison, and the Johnnies themselves laughingly said (when +questioned about where they had been after their return), "They'd been out +gunning for niggers." + +After the surrender of Fort Williams we were marched back into Plymouth, +where I received permission, on the pretext of getting some linen bandages +for a wounded Confederate, to go into my quarters. I found half a dozen +Johnnies in there hauling over my wardrobe and appropriating what they +took a fancy to. I picked up my blanket, a cavalry jacket, a pair of new +shoes and a satchel containing my papers, and tried hard to get a fellow +to give up my dressing gown that I had received as a Christmas present a +few months before, but he was so well suited with the bright colors and +fit of the garment, that he could not be persuaded to give it up. Taking +what I could carry, I went and delivered the linen bandages and fell into +line with the rest, when we were all marched out on the Washington road, +where we were joined by those who had been taken at Fort Gray and Fort +Wessels. All the inhabitants of the town, with the exception of those who +were known to be Secesh, were sent out to join us, men, women and +children, white and black. + +The negro soldiers who had surrendered, were drawn up in line at the +breastwork, and shot down as they stood. + +This I plainly saw from where we were held under guard, not over five +hundred yards distance. There were but few who saw this piece of atrocity, +but my attention was attracted to it and I watched the whole brutal +transaction. When the company of rebs fired, every negro dropped at once, +as one man. + +General Hoke had the reputation of being a brave soldier, and with the +exception of this cowardly murder, so far as I had the chance to observe +him, seemed to be a gentleman. We were certainly treated by himself and +those under him, with marked courtesy. Our gallant defence of Plymouth +seemed to inspire them with a respect for us, and they accorded to us +every privilege consistent with our position. For instance, we were drawn +up in line--I mean the officers--and were told that they did not wish to +subject us to the indignity of being searched for arms, but would ask us +to give our word as gentlemen, to surrender everything that was contraband +of war, and upon our so pledging ourselves, we were allowed to pass over +what arms we had without further question. I was also allowed to send two +of my sergeants who were wounded, Gleason Wellington and Sergt. Fisher, to +the hospital. As I was near the spot where I lost a man in the +commencement of the battle, I was allowed to take a squad to find his body +and bring it into the camp and bury it, which I did, Chaplain Dixon, of +the 16th Connecticut, holding the service. This was Private Amos Fancher, +the first man killed in the battle. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +ON THE MARCH--AN EIGHTEEN MILE MARCH--TREATED TO A DRINK OF OUR OWN +COMMISSARY AT THE END OF THE FIRST DAYS MARCH--UNIFORM GOOD TREATMENT BY +OUR CAPTORS--AN ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE FRUSTRATED--MARCH TO WILLIAMSTOWN--THE +BAND AT FOSTER'S MILLS TREATS US TO "DIXIE"--KIND HEARTED MRS. PIFFIN +GIVES US ALL THE PROVISIONS SHE HAD COOKED FOR DINNER--HOPES SOME ONE WILL +DO AS MUCH FOR HER SON (WHO IS IN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY)--A RIDE IN FILTHY +CATTLE CARS THROUGH CHARLESTON, SAVANNAH AND MACON--ARRIVAL AT +ANDERSONVILLE. + + +The next day, April 21, we left camp at 12 m., having been issued rations +of some of the hard tack and coffee they had captured, and guarded by the +35th North Carolina, Colonel Jones, were marched about eighteen miles. We +were well treated by officers and men, and so far as my own observation +went, no insults or indignities were suffered by any. I marched all day at +the head of the column, which I preferred to do, as it is much easier to +march at the head than the rear, in dusty roads. As a specimen of Colonel +Jones' treatment to me, I will state that at the end of the first days +march, when we were halted to go into camp, he rode up to me and handing +me a pint flask filled with captured commissary, told me to take a drink +and pass it down the line as far as it would go, which I don't think was +very far if all took as big a drink as I did. Being a cavalry officer and +unused to marching, I was very tired with the long tramp and the last few +days of hard service, and imagined I could see a look of envy on the faces +of some of those farther down the line, as I held my breath on that +bottle. + +As we were making camp, Capt. Hock and myself went into the woods, on the +opposite side of the road, ostensibly to gather some dry limbs with which +to cook our coffee, but really in the hope of getting outside of the guard +and sneaking off. We walked along, picking up sticks, and had as we +supposed, got beyond the line, and were just discussing our chances, when +we were ordered back into camp by one of the Johnnies who was still +outside of us, so we took our wood and went into camp, cooked our coffee, +rolled ourselves up in our blankets and slept as only tired soldiers can +sleep. + +Among those whom I had learned to rely upon as truly loyal and counted as +my friends, were Captain Wynn, who lived near our vidette picket post, and +a lawyer named Jones, who frequently visited me in my quarters. I also had +a guide named Wynn, a relative of the captain, who had been with me on a +good many expeditions, and another named Modlin, who had done me much +service in giving information from outside our lines, and who had finally +moved his family inside the lines for better protection. These two guides +I furnished with our cavalry uniform and passed them as part of our +detachment. + +On our third day's march however, they were spotted as "Buffalos" by some +of their North Carolina friends and concluded that the only way to save +their necks was to escape, which they both did and reached our lines at +Newburn. + +The next day, April 22, we broke camp at 6 a. m., and marched to +Williamstown, passing through Foster's Mills, which was surrounded with +entrenchments and garrisoned with some North Carolina troops that we had +often encountered in our frequent reconnoissances, their band treating us +to "Dixie" as we passed. The next day we reached Hamilton, N. C., where we +remained until ten o'clock Sunday morning. Col. Jones, who had thus far +been in command, and who had treated us with marked kindness, often +dismounting to give some weary Yankee a ride on his horse, here took his +leave and turned us over to Lt. Col. Crowley, of the Holcomb Legion, who +started us for Tarboro. It gives me great pleasure here to relate another +instance of hospitality which I enjoyed, for up to this time we had +received more acts of kindness than of rudeness. + +We were out of rations and stopped for a few moment's rest in front of the +plantation of Mrs. Piffin, and I received permission to go to the house +and buy some provisions. This lady had just boiled a ham and baked some +biscuit for the dinner, and upon learning of our not having had anything +to eat that day, freely gave us all she had. I offered to remunerate her, +but she would not take any pay, saying she had a son in the Confederate +army and she was only doing by me, as she hoped some one would do by him +should they see him in like circumstances. I sought out this lady after my +return to Tarboro in 1865, and had the pleasure of a visit with that son, +who was then home suffering from a wound, when I had the satisfaction of, +in a measure, repaying her for her kindness to the Yankee stranger. + +When we reached Tarboro we were a hungry and tired crowd. We camped on the +east bank of Tar river opposite the town, where I prevailed upon the +Sergeant to send a guard with me into the town to buy some provisions. I +went to the hotel and bought nine sandwiches for ten dollars. The hotel +was crowded with people from the surrounding country, who had come to town +to see the Yankee prisoners, and I seemed an object of a good deal of +curiosity dressed in the full uniform of a cavalry officer. + +All were talking about the great victory that Hoke had gained in the +capture of Plymouth. He had taken Plymouth and made prisoners of the +garrison, but at what a fearful loss. A few more such victories would ruin +the Confederacy! We remained at Tarboro until ten o'clock the next day, +26th, when we were crowded into cattle cars of the most filthy +description, forty of us being placed in each car, besides two guards at +each of the side doors. These cars had been used for the transportation of +beef cattle and had not been cleansed in the least since thus used. It +was, therefore, like lying in a cow stable. We now began to realize what +short rations, or no rations, meant. I bought a pie when we arrived at +Goldsboro, for which I paid five dollars. At this rate a millionaire could +not long remain outside the poor house. At 5 a. m. on the 27th, we arrived +at Wilmington, where we disembarked and crossed the river on the ferry. +Rations of soft bread and spoiled bacon were here distributed, and we were +again put on board the cars, which were even more filthy than those we had +just left. We arrived at Florence at midnight, where we were allowed to +disembark and remain until the morning of the 28th. Here our guard was +again changed and the 19th Georgia took charge of us. + +We passed through Charleston in the night, and reached Savannah at 3 p. m. +the 29th. While we stopped at Savannah, a large crowd congregated to see +the live Yankees. They all seemed pleased to see us, and some of our great +political aspirants would feel proud of such an ovation as we received +here, ladies waving their handkerchiefs and the men cheering us lustily, +hurrahing and swinging their hats. One lady actually threw a kiss at me on +the sly, and I believe she was in favor of the union--no pun. The next +morning, April 30th, we passed through Macon, making a stop of two hours, +then we started again, and at 4 o'clock we arrived at Andersonville. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +ANDERSONVILLE--SEPARATED FROM THE ENLISTED MEN--AN INTERVIEW WITH THE +INHUMAN MONSTER "WIRZ"--PLACED IN A CHURCH--DIVINE SERVICE SUNDAY +MORNING--SENT BACK TO MACON--DRAWING RATIONS--A BLIND-FOLDED MAN DIVIDES +THEM--LADIES VISIT OUR CAMP AND SHOW THEIR SYMPATHY--UNION GIRLS +FOREVER--BOUQUETS AND NOTES SENT US--A DRUNKEN RIOT--RECKLESS SHOOTING OF +THE GUARDS--PRICES OF PROVISIONS IN MACON. + + +Andersonville, one year before, had never been heard of a hundred miles +away, but is now a place whose name is associated with all that is +revolting, a place whose name is synonymous with suffering, hunger, +starvation, despair and death. A place the recollection of which recalls, +with a chill of horror, the most terrible scenes of anguish that were ever +suffered or beheld. A place whose history can never be fully written. For +were all the survivors of that Confederate Hell, presided over by that +incarnate fiend, Wirz, capable of portraying the horrors they had endured +there, it would still remain for the fifteen thousands, whose emaciated +forms passed through its gates to their final rest, to write up the +history of the torments through which THEY passed during so many days of +agony and wretchedness, of suffering, despair and death, before the +history would be complete and the "finis" affixed. Thank God I was not +doomed to be a resident of this charnal house, where out of eighty-five +of my brave comrades who belonged to our detachment of cavalry, and who +were destined to suffer its blood-curdling horrors, only eighteen ever +lived to relate the tales of fiendish cruelty to which they were obliged +to submit. + +On the plateau in front of the pen the officers and enlisted men were +separated, as no officers were held in Andersonville, except a few who +commanded colored troops, whose rank would not be recognized by such +GENTLEMEN (?) as Wirz and his aids. Though I had heard much of the +hardships of Andersonville, I then had no idea what the real horrors were, +and after being separated I called Sergeant Cunningham towards me, was +talking to him about caring for them, and endeavoring to maintain +discipline as far as he could, when a Dutchman, mounted on a white horse, +rode up with a cocked revolver in his hand and ordered him, with a +terrible oath, to "Git back dere in de ranks, and if you come oud again I +blow your tam head off." + +Having up to this time been treated with the respect supposed to be due an +officer, I must say that I was not quite prepared for such a bombastic +display of authority. The ludicrous gestures and evident bravado of the +man (for I believed then, and do now, that he was a craven coward) only +caused me to laugh as I told him that the place for men who were fond of +shooting was at the front; that I called my Sergeant out of the ranks and +was alone to blame for his leaving his place in the line. Knowing +Sergeant Cosgrove (or Cunningham, as his right name was, he having, as he +told me on leaving the service, enlisted under an assumed name), and +having been with him in places that tried what kind of stuff men were made +of, I could understand the look of contempt with which he quietly took his +place again in the line. + +After the enlisted men had been sent to the pen, the officers were +conducted to a small church, or rather chapel, on the opposite side of the +road, where we remained over night. We were not very closely guarded, and +if there had been a probability of getting through I could have got away, +for I went some distance alone to a house and bought some milk, and had a +supper of hard tack and milk. The next morning I again went out and bought +some beefsteak and milk for breakfast. This being Sunday, Chaplain Dixon +held divine service in the little church, preaching from the text, "I have +been young and now am old, yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken nor +his seed begging bread." The service was held immediately after breakfast, +and at ten o'clock we were on board the cars, again headed for Macon, +where we arrived at 4 p. m. We were placed in Camp Oglethorp, a fair +ground, and were furnished with shelter tents, no stockade having then +been built there, and were furnished with rations of salt pork and corn +bread. Here for the first time our rations were furnished in bulk, and we +divided them ourselves. It was here that I first witnessed the amusing +spectacle of a blindfolded man dividing rations. + +The manner was this: The bacon would be cut into as many pieces as there +were men in the mess, and as nearly equal as possible, then a man was +blindfolded, and as the officer of the mess touched a piece of meat he +would say, "Who shall have this?" and the blindfolded man would name one +of the mess, and so on until all were served. + +I was now out of money, but I had brought along an extra pair of shoes and +quite a supply of extra clothing, so I sold my shoes to Captain Freeman +for ten dollars Confederate money and two dollars in greenbacks, which was +about as much more. I bought with this money six radishes for one dollar, +a pound of rye coffee for three dollars, and a pound of sugar for ten +dollars, so that all I had for my shoes was these three articles, which +could be had to-day for ten cents, and six dollars of Confederate money +which amounted to about one dollar in greenbacks. + +Many ladies visited our camp, some coming out of mere curiosity and to see +what the Yankee officers looked like, for in Macon, at this time, Yankee +soldiers were not as common as they were when the war closed. The march +through Georgia had then not been made and "Sherman's bummers" were not +yet known. + +Some seemed to openly sympathize with us, and brought us books and +bouquets of beautiful flowers. One young lady--Maggie Langley--handed me a +bouquet, in the centre of which I found concealed a note giving her +address, and saying that if I should make my escape, to come to their +house and they would conceal me until I could get away. Lieut. Fish, of +the 2d Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, received a book from a couple of +ladies named Richardson bearing a similar note on one of the fly leaves. +Thus early we found that although we were held as prisoners by a hostile +enemy, we were still in the midst of sympathizing friends. + +Having so recently come from Plymouth, where we had been in garrison, we +were dressed in our best uniforms, and being all officers, we, of course, +presented a very creditable appearance. The Misses Richardson spoken of, +said they were natives of New York State, and were heartily in sympathy +with the North. + +There was a stream that ran through the camp grounds, in which it was my +daily habit to bathe. In fact, during all my prison life, I never +neglected an opportunity to take a bath whenever I could get a chance to +do so. To this I attribute, more than anything else, the good health I +enjoyed during nearly all the time spent in Southern prisons. + +I do not mean to say by this, that bathing would have saved the lives of +all, or any great proportion of those who died in prison, but I do say +that when the facilities of cleanliness were afforded us, there was a +notable decrease in the mortality. + +Hence the difference in the mortality of the officers' prisons and those +of the enlisted men, where bathing was impossible. Had our men in +Andersonville been placed in good, roomy, clean quarters, through which +flowed a good stream of pure running water, thousands who now sleep in +that densely populated city of the Union dead, would now be here to relate +the sufferings and privations they endured. It was not altogether the +insufficiency of food that killed off those true-hearted patriots, but the +need of wholesome quarters, and the facilities for cleanliness as well. +There is nothing so invigorating to the system as a daily bath in pure, +cold water, and on the other hand there is nothing more debilitating, or +conducive to disease and death, than crowded and filthy quarters, without +the necessary sanitary conveniences to permit the enjoyment of this +invigorating luxury. + +On the 7th a fire broke out, and nearly all of the guards who were on duty +at the time, went to town; when they returned they were drunk, and for a +time it looked as though we would have to turn out and assist in their +arrest. Guns and pistols were used, and the bullets came whizzing over our +heads in the most reckless manner. This, of course, was very interesting +for us, who were obliged to lie in our tents, surrounded with armed men, +and take all the chances of a fight without being able to participate in +it. The melee finally ended by four of the guards who were crazy drunk, +being bucked and gagged to keep them quiet. + +On the third day of May, twenty-nine officers were brought into camp, who +had been taken at Chattanooga. This gave us some news from our western +army, and for a day seemed to divert our minds. I see by a diary kept by +me in prison, that on that day I paid ten dollars for a coffee pot, and +three dollars for a cup, and on the 5th of May I bought one quart of +strawberries for three dollars, and four dozen eggs for ten dollars. This +was for our mess, which consisted of Captain R. B. Hock, 12th New York +Cavalry, Captain Cady, 24th New York Independent Battery, and myself. I +make this statement for fear some one who had kept track of my receipts +and expenses, would think I was buying too much with the money received +from the sale of that pair of shoes, and I will say here, although it may +seem paradoxical, that although I had when I arrived at Macon, only one +dollar in Greenbacks and a ten dollar North Carolina bill, still I spent +while in prison, over ten thousand dollars in Confederate money, and got +it all honestly too. And I wish to say here, that I had enough to eat +nearly all the time I was a prisoner. We were always pleased to welcome +new arrivals, for then we could get news from our armies that we could +rely upon, and were cheered to hear by every _fresh fish_ that came, that +our bully boy Grant was pushing Lee back on to Richmond, and that +Petersburgh was beseiged. New arrivals were almost daily coming in, and we +always crowded about them to hear the latest news from the front. It was +noticeable that every one gave us something that was cheerful. Never +while I was a prisoner did I hear any doubt expressed as to the ultimate +result, either by those Union prisoners or the new arrivals. Naturally of +a hopeful and cheerful disposition, and always looking upon the bright +side of every question, I (to use a slang phrase) soon "tumbled to the +situation," and tried to accommodate myself to the circumstances that +surrounded me. + +I found that in prison, as at home, there were some who were fitted for +one thing and some for another. The same adaptability for different +pursuits were found there as are found in our home every day life. There +were mechanics, tradesmen, artists and laborers. Some could take beef +bones and out of them fashion all manner of beautiful trinkets, such as +napkin rings, bibles, crochet needles, etc., others could make pencil +sketches of the different scenes that were daily witnessed, portraits of +prisoners, sketches of the different portions of the stockade and +quarters. Others were better adapted to buying and selling, and still +others could repair or make shoes. I remember seeing one pair of shoes +made that I must describe. The sole was shaped out of a piece of pine +board or plank, and the uppers were made out of an old pair of boot legs; +a groove was made entirely around the sole, and the leather pegged on, so +that the sole came out about half an inch each side, making a really +artistic pair of shoes, and durable too, fastened together with wooden +pegs whittled out by hand. I had a pair of slippers made out of the cape +of my overcoat that were not only comfortable, but serviceable as well, +and not at all bad looking. In this prison every trade was represented and +nearly all were plied to some extent, sometimes for the purpose of gaining +a living and sometimes to keep the mind occupied, and to make their +quarters more comfortable. + +As for myself, having up to the time of entering the service been a +salesman, I found this to be my most profitable vocation. I sold on +commission; I see by referring to a diary kept by me during my +imprisonment, that on the 11th of May I sold a pair of gauntlets for one +officer for twenty dollars and another pair for twenty-five dollars; also +a hat for Lieutenant Hastings, 24th New York Independent Battery, for +twenty dollars. By thus selling for others who could not sell such +articles, or buying of them and selling to the Johnnies, I could make +enough, with an occasional sale of some of my own surplus stock, to buy +enough provisions to add to my drawn rations to make myself quite +comfortable most of the time. I was always fond of a good meal, and I fear +when I give a list of what I bought and the price I paid, the reader will +think I had rather extravagant notions in this respect. For instance, one +day I paid fifteen dollars for a beef shank and fifty-six dollars for a +smoked ham, five dollars for a dozen eggs, and three seventy-five for a +cabbage, and was offered peas in the pod at one dollar a quart, but I +thought this would be rather too rich for my blood and postponed the +purchase, hoping for a decline in the market. Now do not think that I ate +all of this myself. There were three of us in the mess, and I did the +buying and cooking for the party. The above purchase was only one of many, +but will serve to show how much it cost us to live. When it is considered +that five dollars in Confederate money was only equal to one dollar in +greenbacks, and that a dollar greenback was only about forty cents in +gold, it will be conceded that the price paid after all was not so very +high, especially when it is remembered the scarcity of provisions at that +time, May, 1864; for instance, the ham, for which I paid fifty-six dollars +was only four dollars and fifty cents. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +MOVING INTO THE STOCKADE--SKIRMISHING--MR. CASHMEYER'S SUTLER +WAGON--CAPTAIN IRSH BUCKED AND GAGGED BY ORDER OF TABB--CAPTAIN TABB +RELIEVED--HOW WE PASSED THE TIME--THE MEETINGS--GAMBLING HOUSES--SOCIAL +AND SINGING CIRCLES. + + +On the 17th of May the stockade was completed and we were moved inside, +where we were joined by eight hundred other officers, who had been +confined in Richmond, among whom were Brigadier Generals Wessels and +Scammon. Twenty-one others, who had been confined in jail in the city of +Macon, were also added to our number. Most of the Richmond prisoners had +been there a long time and were out of money and nearly destitute of +clothing. We had up to this time been comparatively free from vermin, +having thus far been in an open field with only a guard around us and with +some facilities for cleanliness. But contact with these old "salt cod," as +they were called (we being designated as fresh fish), soon brought us to +the daily skirmish line, and we thereafter found plenty to do to keep the +graybacks in any kind of subjection. At first it was with a good deal of +embarrassment and attempted concealment that this necessary duty was +performed. + +I shall never forget my first efforts in this new duty. All day I had been +annoyed by something tickling my leg at a certain spot, and had tried all +sorts of ways to rid myself of the annoyance, but though for a moment +relieved, it would every time return to pester me. I more than half +suspected the cause, but did not dare to let my companions see that there +was anything the matter, lest they should drive me out of the tent and +refuse to associate with me. I finally managed to be left alone in the +tent, and quickly taking off my pants and drawers proceeded to investigate +the affair. I was nervous and excited, fearing while I was prosecuting the +investigation one or both of them might return and discover what I was +doing. I felt like a culprit and blushed like a school girl at the sound +of approaching footsteps. A sense of guiltiness took possession of me, and +I felt as though I was committing some terrible crime. I know I should +have fled most ignominiously had either of them come back, while I was +thus employed, for such a thing had not been thought of as possible to us, +and it would forever disgrace me to be the one who should bring such a +filthy plague into our hitherto tidy and carefully-kept tent. It did not +take long to solve the mystery, and to say that I was thoroughly disgusted +and overcome to find my worst fears realized, in discovering two good, +fat, healthy-looking graybacks under the seams of my drawers, would but +faintly express the sensations I experienced. + + +[Illustration: SKIRMISHING AT MACON, GA.] + + +After assuring myself that there were no more I hastily resumed my +apparel, and tried to look as though nothing had occurred when my comrades +again returned. But that guilty feeling would not forsake me, and I was +really ashamed to look them in the face, and though I tried hard to appear +natural, I thought they looked at me suspiciously. + +"Conscience makes cowards of us all." + +I know I was gloomy and dejected all the balance of the evening. This was +noticed by my tent mates, but was attributed to a far different cause. +They thought I was homesick, while the discovery had only made me sick at +the stomach. It was not many weeks, however, before I could set down with +my pipe in my mouth, in company with half a dozen others, and go through +the same operations with the nonchalance that the same number of old +ladies would gossip over their KNITTING WORK. + +Before our prison life was over, it was no uncommon occurrence to receive +a morning call from some old comrade, who would do as these old ladies +used to do when they went a visiting, bring his k--nitting work along, and +in passing one another's quarters such dialogues as this would frequently +be heard: "Hello, Johnny! on the skirmish line, what luck?" "Oh I ain't +doing much this morning, kind er drivin' in the pickets, git a stray shot +now and then, but I keep annoying them so they don't get a chance to +form." + +It is astonishing how quickly we became accustomed to things of this sort. +The Brigadier General, who in garrison or field seemed so reserved and +dignified, was here on the level with the Lieutenant in the company. And +while rank in prison, as in the field, was respected, and genius was +honored, on the skirmish line all met on an equality. In other words rank +was waived in the presence of a common enemy--and the officer who +neglected to daily inspect his clothing, was unmindful both of his own +comfort, and the respect of his comrades. Our facilities for washing and +boiling our clothing was very limited, and nothing but boiling them would +have any effect in exterminating these troublesome pests; soap was a +scarce commodity, and kettles for heating water were difficult to obtain, +so the only way to rid ourselves of vermin, was to strip off our woolen +shirt, (white shirts were seldom seen in prison) set down and carefully +scrutinize the seams, where they would be found hid away; for it is a +singular fact, that although while the shirt was on we could feel them +roaming around all over the body, no sooner was it doffed than with a +celerity that is perfectly unaccountable, they would all be found securely +hid away under the seams of the garment, where they would leave an +innumerable number of eggs, which were soon to be hatched out and become +almost full, grown by the next morning. Having thoroughly exterminated the +living, and destroyed as many of the still inanimate as possible, we would +resume our shirt, and removing our pants and drawers, repeat the +operation on these garments, and would then be comfortable the balance of +the day. + +This duty was usually performed just after breakfast, while we were +enjoying our pipes, and talking over plans for the day, and would occupy +about an hour. After coming off of duty on the skirmish line, it would be +about time to fall in for roll call, or more properly speaking, for count. +We were made up into squads of ninety each, and one of our comrades chosen +as commandant, who would, at a signal, fall in his squad in two ranks, +when each squad would be counted to make sure that none had escaped. This +counting was always done by a reb sergeant, who would be accompanied by an +armed guard of twenty-five or thirty soldiers. When the count was +completed, we would break ranks and separate, to pass the day as best +suited each individual. Usually the first thing to be thought of was the +purchases for the day, or as we would call it here at home, marketing. +These purchases were generally made of a reb sutler named Cashmeyer, who +was allowed to come into the enclosure, accompanied by a guard and +attended by a negro, driving a mule hitched to a cart. The cart would be +loaded with beef, bacon, potatoes, onions, cabbage, tobacco, cigars, soap, +etc., which had been ordered the day previous. We also had two or three +sutlers of our own number, who bought of the reb sutler in large +quantities, and then retailed it out at a small profit, say about two +hundred per cent, to those whose means were too limited to buy at +wholesale. + +Our mess, consisting of Capt. R. B. Hock, 12th New York Cavalry, Capt. +Cady, 24th New York Independent Battery, and myself, was probably as well +supplied with funds as any in the camp; and as I was caterer and cook, and +unrestricted in my expenditures by Capt. Hock, who supplied most of the +funds, our table was usually as well supplied as the scanty market would +allow. I would send out by this reb sutler for fifty or seventy-five +dollars' worth of provisions at a time, and by thus buying in large +quantities, get the lowest rates. I have spoken about buying our +provisions in large quantities--I mean by this a half peck of potatoes, a +dozen eggs, a couple of loaves of soft bread, a whole ham which down there +would weigh, perhaps, ten or twelve pounds, a quart of onions, etc. Now a +small quantity as sold by our sutler inside would mean a couple of +potatoes, an onion, a pint of corn meal, and half a pound of meat of some +kind. This, in addition to the rations we drew, would suffice for a day +very well. We drew three or four days' rations at a time. These rations +consisted of two ounces of bacon, half a pint of rice, a pint of corn +meal, and a teaspoonful of salt a day per man; but when Capt. W. Kemp Tabb +took command of the prison camp he at once cut these down one-third. Capt. +Tabb took command the 18th of May, relieving Major Turner (not Dick +Turner), who was a gentleman and a soldier, and who seemed to try to make +our imprisonment as endurable as possible. On the other hand, Tabb was a +cowardly rascal, who seemed to delight in nothing so much as in adding +to our discomfort and annoyance. + + +[Illustration: CAPT. IRSH BUCKED AND GAGGED BY CAPT. TABB, AT MACON, GA.] + + +He did not hesitate to plunder or rob the prisoners under his charge, and +if any one reposed confidence enough in him, to let him have anything of +value to sell for them, they were just out that amount. Captain Francis +Irsh, of the 45th New York, let Tabb take his watch and chain to see if he +could sell it to some jeweler for $400, and after having been put off on +one excuse and another for several days, threatened to report Tabb for +swindling him, when he was bucked and gagged for three hours, setting in +the hot sun, as a punishment for his offence. His watch and chain was +subsequently returned, Tabb being afraid that keeping it would get him +into trouble. The next day, he having heard that I had a good field glass, +tried by soft talk about buying it, to get it into his possession, but +learning from one of my comrades that he was aware that I owned one, and +was trying to buy it, I took it apart and divided it up among half a dozen +of my friends, and when he came I told him I had disposed of it, which was +true, for I had done so most effectually. He succeeded, however, by +pretending to wish to buy, in inducing Doctor McPherson to show his, and +when he got it into his possession, claimed it as a contraband article, +and confiscated it to himself. I find in my diary of the same day (June +second), this note: Captain Tabb was relieved to-day by Captain Gibb, and +started for Richmond. MAY HE GET SHOT. + +He was well known to all to be an unprincipled coward, and on two +different occasions at least, he was most effectually snubbed. On one +occasion it was by Chaplain White, of the 5th Rhode Island H. A., who was +an earnest christian, and in connection with Chaplain Dixon, 16th +Connecticut, regularly held divine service every Sunday, and prayer +meetings once or twice during the week. In these services it was his +custom to pray for the President of the United States. + +One Sunday morning Tabb came in at roll call, and notified the Chaplain +that he would not hereafter be allowed to offer prayer for the President. +Chaplain White told him that while he retained his power of speech, his +prayers should be dictated only by his conscience and his sense of duty. +Chaplain Dixon opened the service that morning and made in his prayer an +eloquent appeal, not only for the President of the United States, but for +the success of our army, and for every Union soldier, whether in hospital, +in prison, or in the field, and was not interrupted or interfered with by +Tabb, who could hear every word from his quarters. + +On another occasion he told Col. Lagrange, who was in command of number +nine squad, to which I belonged, that he should hold him responsible for +any tunnelling, or attempted escape of the men in his squad, who haughtily +replied that he was not placed there as a spy or detective, and that he +should not betray the secrets of his comrades, but would, to the utmost of +his ability, render them any assistance they needed. This speech was +cheered by the squad in the most hearty manner. + +We always found that our treatment was fair whenever we were guarded by +old soldiers who had seen service at the front; but when the _new issue_, +who were a cowardly lot of home guards, were placed over us, there was no +extremity of cruelty and meanness that they would not resort to, to render +our condition more miserable and unbearable, even to shooting an officer +who was quietly attending to his own business. A case of this kind +occurred on the 11th of June, when Lieut. Gerson of the 45th New York +Volunteers, who was returning from the sink about 8 o'clock in the +evening, was shot and killed by one of the guards named Belger, of the +27th Georgia Battalion (Co. E). This was a BRUTAL AND DELIBERATE MURDER, +as the officer was not within ten feet of the dead line and was coming +from it towards his quarters, besides the full moon was shining brightly, +and the sentry could not have thought he was trying to escape. The truth +is, he had told his girl when he left home, that he would shoot a Yankee +before he returned, and was too cowardly to attempt to kill one who was +armed. This fellow was promoted to a Sergeant and given thirty days' leave +for his cowardly act. Of course, in a prison like Macon, where none but +officers were confined, the indignities and abuses were less frequent and +severe than in Andersonville, where the enlisted men were held. Officers +of intelligence were less liable to submit tamely to these indignities +than were the men, who had been schooled to obey orders, and could and +did, command more respect; besides, there were less of us, and our prison +was more roomy and better kept. + +A certain number were detailed every morning from each squad, to +thoroughly police the quarters, and keep them in a good, clean, healthy +condition. Then, officers were usually possessed of more money and +valuables than the enlisted men, and were better prepared to subsist +themselves, when rations were cut down to starvation points. The wonder is +not with me, that so many of our boys died in prison, but that any of them +got out alive. When I saw officers reduced to skeletons, and driven to +insanity by the treatment they received, and then think of the poor +fellows whose sufferings were a thousand fold greater, the only wonder is +that human nature could endure it all. But I started to tell how we passed +the time. + +After doing our marketing, which, by the way, was happily illustrated by a +reb, who said he used to go to market with his money in his vest pocket, +and carry a basket on his arm to bring home his purchases in; but now, he +was obliged to take his money in the basket, and could almost carry home +his purchases in his vest pocket. + + +[Illustration: CAPTAIN ALBAN ON POLICE DUTY.] + + +We amused ourselves by reading, playing cards, chess, checkers, and other +games, while those wishing exercise played cricket or practiced the sabre +exercise or fencing, to keep our muscles up, and perfect ourselves in +the use of arms. Sabres and foils were whittled out of pine or ash sticks, +with which we supplied ourselves. One German whose name I failed to take +down, gave daily lessons in fencing, and he was not only an excellent +teacher, but an expert swordsman. I have seen him allow three of his most +advanced pupils come at him at once, and tell them to go at him as though +they meant to kill him, and he would successfully defend himself against +them all. One thing I distinctly remember was that he could not speak very +plain English, and when he would give the order, "On guard en carte," in +his quick way of speaking it, a person who did not know what he intended +to say, thought he said "Cut-a-gut," and he was known in prison as "Old +Cut-a-Gut" always after. + +After we had exercised sufficiently we would lay down in the shade and +read or sleep during the hottest portion of the day. A number of us formed +a literary association, each subscribing toward the purchase of a library +that a citizen of Macon had to sell. He said he had a library of about one +hundred books, that he would sell for $500, as he was destitute and was +obliged to part with them to buy provisions for his family. So twenty of +us chipped in $25 apiece around and started a circulating library, +appointed one of our number librarian, and in this way we were well +supplied with reading matter for a long time. + +I do not remember all, or any considerable number of the titles of these +books, but what interested me most were some old Harper's magazines, in +the reading of which I found days and weeks of profitable enjoyment. I do +not think I ever fully appreciated until then, how much real comfort it +was possible to extract from those old literary productions. Our reading +was usually done during the hottest part of the day while lying in our +quarters, when out of door exercise was too uncomfortable, and when we got +tired of reading we would take a nap or go visiting to some of our friends +in other portions of the camp, and there sit and talk over affairs, +discussing the prospects of exchange, spinning yarns, cracking jokes, or +singing old war songs to cheer each other up and pass away the time. +Others would resort to the gambling tent, where there was always a game of +cards going on; sometimes it was three card loo and sometimes poker; but +they would sit there from early morning until dark and play for money, +and, as is always the case, some would come away happy and some broke. But +somehow or other the same gang would be there the next day, anxious to +retrieve their broken fortunes of the previous day, or add to their gains. +Men would there as here, sell the last button off their coat to raise +money to continue the game, with a hope that luck would come their way. +Thus, some who came into prison with enough to subsist them for quite a +long time, would soon be obliged to live on the rations they drew, while +others, who were nearly destitute when they came in, would live like +fighting cocks. I could rehearse incidents of this kind that came under my +personal observation, but as I could not do so without giving names, as +the boys say, I won't give it away. + +All sorts of games were played, some for money, and some for pastime. +Cribbage, back gammon, euchre, seven up, and sometimes we would play poker +for the beans we drew for our rations. When the bean ration was given out, +each man would have perhaps a good tablespoonful, then five or six would +sit down and play until one would have the whole, which would make him +quite a respectable dinner, and the rest would have to go without. Thus it +will be seen that our prison camp was a village, where all kinds of +business was carried on, and all sorts of characters were to be found. We +had our church, our prayer meetings, our social circles, our singing, our +visiting, and our gambling houses, all in a space of four or five acres of +ground. + +We had some excellent singers, and were frequently entertained during the +long evenings with solos, quartettes, and choruses, patriotic, sentimental +and pathetic. + +Among the patriotic songs oftenest heard, were "The Star Spangled Banner," +"The Red, White and Blue," "The Sword of Bunker Hill," and "Rally 'Round +the Flag;" but the one that touched a tender chord in every prisoner's +heart, and that even the rebs used to call for, was this which I quote +entire: + + In the prison pen I sit, thinking mother most of you, + And the bright and happy home so far away, + While the tears they fill my eyes, spite of all that I can do, + Though I try to cheer my comrades and be gay. + + CHORUS.--Tramp, tramp, tramp, the boys are marching, + Cheer up, comrades, they will come, + And beneath the starry flag, we shall breathe the air again, + Of the freeland, in our own beloved home. + + In the battle front we stood, when their fiercest charge was made, + And they swept us off, a hundred men or more, + But before we reached their lines, they were driven back dismayed, + And we heard the shout of victory o'er and o'er. + + CHORUS.--Tramp, tramp, etc. + + So within the prison pen, we are waiting for the day, + That shall come and open wide the iron door, + And the hollow eye grows bright, and the poor heart almost gay, + As we think of seeing friends and home once more. + +Then there was another, the chorus of which I can only remember, that the +boys used to sing. The chorus was this: + + Hurrah, boys, hurrah! Shout glory and sing; + For the rebels look sad and forsaken. + Our glorious old eagle is still on the wing, + And Vicksburg is taken, boys, taken. + +Among the beautiful singers who were in the habit of entertaining us, I +distinctly remember Capt. Palmer, who had a good voice, and to whose +singing I was delighted to listen. I do not know to what regiment he +belonged, but I do know that he afforded me a great amount of pleasure by +his sweet songs. + +Not being much of a singer myself, I nevertheless enjoy listening to +others, and as I once heard a noted preacher say, it depends as much on a +good listener as a good talker to have an enjoyable meeting, I thought +that I contributed as much as any one towards the entertainments. + +Whenever there was any singing going on, there was always a good audience +of appreciative listeners, and among eighteen hundred officers, I need not +say there was plenty of talent to select from, and these evening +entertainments were a source of great enjoyment to all, even though the +same songs were sung over and over again by the same persons. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +FRESH FISH--ARRIVAL OF COL. MILLER--DEATH OF LIEUT. WOOD, 82ND +INDIANA--MORE FRESH FISH. + + +Upon the arrival of new prisoners at the gate of the stockade, there would +be a cry raised throughout the camp, commencing near the entrance, and +spreading rapidly to the farthest extremity of the enclosure, of "fresh +fish! fresh fish!!" It was like the alarm of fire in a city, and quickly +collected a crowd, and as the numbers increased, the din became more +deafening, and to the new comer who did not know what it meant, perfectly +appalling. + +I have seen prisoners come in who looked perfectly bewildered as they +gazed upon the mob of ragged, shoeless, hatless, unshaven, long-haired, +howling beings who confronted them, looking more like escaped lunatics +than officers; when some one back in the crowd would sing out, give the +gentleman air, don't take his haversack, keep your hands out of his +pocket, don't put that louse on him, why don't some of you fellows take +the gentleman's baggage, and show him to his room, Johnny show the +gentleman up to No. 13. I remember especially, the look of perfect +bewilderment on the face of Col. Frank C. Miller, of the 147th New +York, as he stood at the entrance of the enclosure, and the look of joyful +relief as I called out, hello Frank, come over here, and he recognized an +old and intimate friend. And he told me afterwards, that he never in his +life was so pleased to see any one as he was to see me just at that +moment, for, said he, I thought they were putting me into a lunatic +asylum. + + +[Illustration: FRESH FISH.] + + +A stinging rebuke was given by, I think it was Gen. Schaler, who said to +his escort, loud enough to be heard by all: "I thought I was going to be +put in an officer's prison." This practice was mostly confined to the old +Libby prisoners, who had, some of them, been confined for more than a +year, and had, in a measure, become demoralized; for I do not believe +there can be anything more demoralizing than the sufferings, privations, +and hardships endured by our prisoners; and I wish to say right here, that +to Chaplain Dixon, of the 16th Connecticut, and Chaplain White of the 5th +R. I. Heavy Artillery, the officers owe a debt of gratitude for the +faithfulness with which they performed their christian duties. They were +both earnest christian workers, zealous in the cause of the Master, +anxious for the eternal welfare of the souls of those who were placed in +their keeping, and fearless in the discharge of the duties devolving upon +them as embassadors for Christ. While all did not profit by their earnest +exhortations, there were few who were not benefitted by their presence and +faithful counsels, and all held them in high respect and admiration for +their christian qualities. Speaking of Col. Miller's entrance into Macon, +as soon as the crowd saw that he had found an old friend, they gave way +and I escorted him to our quarters, where I went to work, and soon had the +satisfaction of seeing him happy in the enjoyment of a good breakfast. I +cooked a couple of eggs, with a small piece of bacon, and fried a few +sliced potatoes, which, with a biscuit, made what we called an elegant +meal. The Colonel was busy talking and eating when, looking up, he said, +as he helped himself to the last egg and biscuit, "By George, Lon, they +give you good rations here, don't they?" + +"Good rations!" said I, "good rations! why, Frank how much do you think +this breakfast cost?" + +"Why, I don't know, I supposed you drew this for rations." + +"Well," said I, "this meal cost just about eleven dollars. All the rations +you draw for two days, wouldn't make such a meal as this." + +Colonel Miller, who had been a near neighbor and associate of mine long +before the war broke out, received a severe wound in the chest by a minnie +ball, at the Battle of the Wilderness, and was reported dead and was +mourned as such by his family for a long time, but was rescued from the +flames that broke out, after the battle, and taken a prisoner to +Salisbury, and placed in the hospital there, whence he was removed when +convalescent, to Macon. He soon found the Adjutant of his regiment, +Lieutenant H. H. Lyman, who gave him a place in his quarters, and they +afterwards remained together. + +On the 23d of May, Lieutenant Wood, 82nd Indiana, died in the hospital, +just outside the stockade, and was buried the next day at 1.30 p. m. +Chaplain White being allowed to hold the funeral service, a number of us +offered to give our parole to attend the funeral, but our request was +denied. On the same day one hundred and eleven _fresh fish_ were brought +in, among whom were Brigadier Generals Seymour and Schaler. That night +about ten o'clock a tremendous storm came up, which drowned out all who +had not built themselves sheds, and the main building, where were +quartered the general officers, etc., was crowded with those driven from +their quarters by the drenching rain. This main building as it was called, +was a large hall, that had been built for the display of goods during the +fair, which had heretofore been held on these grounds, and was the only +building in the stockade that was clapboarded and shingled, and with the +exception of an old tumble down affair on the opposite side, east, was the +only building in the enclosure when we took possession. + +Having built myself a shelter on the first day I entered the stockade, I +was all right; but those who had burrowed for shelter were driven out like +rats from a flooded cellar, and were obliged to seek shelter in the large +hall from the pitiless storm. There was not room for all, and those who +could not crowd in there had to rough it out as best they could. On the +25th of May, I first met Adjutant H. H. Lyman, of the 147th New York, from +whom I learned that Col. Miller was wounded and a prisoner. + +About this time, they brought us in lumber, pine poles and nails, to build +ourselves some sheds, and all went to work on the construction. I belonged +to No. 9 squad, and on the 27th of May, our lumber and other materials +were furnished, and we all went to work, and by night had our shed so +nearly completed that we moved in, though it took us several days to get +our bunks finished and everything comfortably arranged. It was amusing to +see a squad of ninety men go to work to erect one of these sheds. + +Out of the ninety, about thirty would do the work, and the rest would +stand around and make suggestions. Among so many who should be equally +interested, it was astonishing how many bosses there would be, who could +tell how it ought to be done, but seemed indisposed to do it. Nothing was +done to suit these Superintendents, but when their grumblings became too +loud and boisterous, some one who was tugging away at the big end of one +of these fifty feet pine poles, would rest it on his knees long enough to +shout "Louder, old pudden head." This was a favorite epithet, used to +quiet any one in camp who got too excited or eloquent on any subject, and +I remember one Tennessee officer, Captain Hayes, who so objected to it +that he was ready to fight any one who called him "old pudden head"--and I +have seen him furiously searching for the man who had yelled this, while +he was loudly proclaiming his sentiments on some subject, but it only +caused him to be annoyed the more, for when it was seen how sensitive he +was on this point, there were plenty to be found to thus pester him, while +they dexterously avoided the blows, aimed at their heads with a stick he +hurled after them. He was a large, powerful man, with a voice that could +be heard from one end of the camp to the other, very excitable when +talking, and could never understand a joke, but took everything in +earnest, and nothing afforded the boys more pleasure than to get him +boiling mad. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +MANNER OF TUNNELLING. + + +The manner of digging a tunnel was this: The place selected to commence a +tunnel would usually be in some shed nearest the stockade. In these sheds +we had built ourselves bunks, ten or twelve inches from the ground, which +would usually be movable, and, after the camp had become quiet, one of +these bunks would be removed and a well sunk five or six feet, first +taking the precaution to carefully lay aside the dirt that was just +shoveled off, because that would be dark and look old. Then a guard would +be stationed to prevent any one from seeing what was going on. Pickets +would be thrown out, who, if any one approached, would enter into +conversation with them, in a tone loud enough to be heard by the +tunnellers, and caution them to suspend operations until the danger was +over, when the work would be resumed. + + +[Illustration: TUNNELLING AT MACON, GA.] + + +In a camp of eighteen hundred, with always some sick, there would be no +time in the night when some were not going to or returning from the sinks; +so that seeing anyone moving about camp in the night attracted no +particular notice. One would dig and fill haversacks or bags, and +another, with an overcoat on, would carry it concealed beneath that +garment to some place that had been selected as a dumping ground and +deposit it, returning to the shed by a roundabout way so as not to attract +attention. After a well had been sunk about five feet, the tunnel proper +would be started horizontally, in the direction desired, always keeping as +accurate a measure of the distance tunnelled as possible. When it came +time to suspend operations for the night, boards that had been previously +prepared, would be fitted in the well, two feet below the surface, and +covered over with some of the earth that had been removed, always being +careful to put the old dirt that had been preserved on top, thus giving +the surface the same appearance as the rest of the ground; all would then +be carefully swept over, and all traces of new or fresh earth removed. The +bunk would then be replaced and everything resume the careless appearance +of everyday life. + +So cautiously would this work be carried on that officers sleeping only a +few feet away would not be disturbed, and never suspect that anything +unusual had been going on. Thus, night after night, would the work be +prosecuted, the men spelling each other in digging and doing sentry duty, +until, by careful measurement, it was ascertained that the tunnel had +reached a sufficient distance beyond the stockade to insure an escape. No +one in the prison, except those engaged in the work, would be let into the +secret until the work was completed and the tunnel was to be opened. This +secrecy was necessary to prevent a curious crowd from hanging around, +which would attract the attention of the rebs, who, in blissful ignorance +of any plot, would sing out: "Post number fo, twelve o'clock, and a-l-l's +w-e-l-l. Post number six, twelve o'clock, and a-l-l's w-e-l-l!" When, +perhaps, some wakeful wag of a Yankee prisoner would answer: "Post number +fo, twelve o'clock, and the Confederacy has gone to h--l," in the same +sing-song way the reb guard had just given it. Sometimes the Johnnies +would take all of this good-naturedly, and at others would call out: +"Here, you Yanks, if youens don't keep still I'll shoot in thar," which +would have the effect of quieting them for a time. + +On the 17th of May, we were moved into the stockade, and it was not long +before we commenced prospecting to find an opening for an escape. + +A tunnel was commenced almost immediately, but after working ten nights +upon it, it was discovered and filled up. This did not discourage them, +however; they must have something to occupy their time; and although we +were busy all day building sheds, this did not prevent us from trying +nights to find a way out of our confinement. When the first tunnel was +discovered, that had just been started, all hands were fell into line, and +a general search was made for tunnels, but none were discovered. On the +next day, however, Captain Tabb succeeded in discovering another, and in +an altercation with Maj. Pasco, of the 16th Connecticut, who was claiming +that he had a right to escape whenever he could, slapped the Major in the +face for asserting his rights. This was a cowardly act, for Tabb was not +only armed, but surrounded by a guard, while, of course, Major Pasco was +an unarmed prisoner. It made a fellow's blood boil to witness and suffer +such indignities; but what could we do under such circumstances? To resist +was certain death, while to submit was a mortification and humiliation +that it was hard for a proud-spirited officer to submit to, in the +presence of his comrades. All we could do was to hoot and hiss him from a +safe distance, and chaff and exasperate him by sneering, deriding and +laughing at him; so that although he was the king, and we the subjects, we +managed to insert in the crown he wore, more thorns than laurels. On the +second day after the discovery of this second tunnel, Tabb had a platform +built on the northwest corner of the stockade, and another on the opposite +side, upon each of which he mounted a twelve-pounder brass-piece. + +Here was a good chance to have some fun, and as we watched the progress of +the erection of the platforms and mounting of the guns, we indulged in all +sorts of comments and criticisms. Some one would sing out, "Say, Captain, +get a good, strong force behind that gun when you fire it, to catch it +when it goes over;" "Say, Johnny, that gun is like the Irishman's musket, +there'll be more danger behind it than in front;" "Tabb, when you fire +that gun, just stand plumb behind it, and we'll be satisfied;" "I'll let +you shoot that gun at me for a dollar a shot, and take Confederate money, +if you will pull the laniard yourself." "How is it that Lee never found +you out, and placed you in command of his engineer corps or artillery, +instead of keeping such a genius here, guarding Yankee prisoners, with no +chance of immortalizing yourself?" "Barnum would make a fortune out of +you. Why, he paid five thousand dollars once for a fellow that wasn't half +as big a humbug, and done well out of the speculation." "Oh! go soak your +head." "Don't shoot, Tabb; we won't tunnel any more." "We don't want to +get away; we just dig a little once in a while for exercise." "You can't +drive us out of the Confederacy with that gun; we have come to stay." + +Such exasperating expressions were kept up from morning till night, for +the two days they were at work erecting these guns on the frail platforms, +to prevent tunnelling. But these precautions did not for a moment +interfere with our tunnelling, and while we were thus pestering Tabb, +others were busy preparing other avenues of escape. Two tunnels were +started simultaneously, one commencing in an old building on the east side +of the camp, and the other in what was called No. 7 Squad, which was on +the opposite side of the stockade. The one on the east side was already to +open, and the one on the west nearly ready, when they were both discovered +and filled up. There was strong evidence of treachery in the discovery of +these tunnels, as Captain Tabb went directly to both of them, and seemed +to know just where to find them. + +There was at this time in the prison, one Hartswell Silver, who claimed to +be a Captain in the 16th Illinois Cavalry, but who was generally believed +to be a spy, placed in there to detect our efforts at escape, and to him +was attributed the disclosure of our plot. Had these two tunnels been +completed, at least half of the officers would have escaped, and as the +force guarding us was small at that time, there is no doubt but that the +majority of us would have succeeded in getting away. In fact the evening +before, two or three officers escaped, by crawling under the stockade, +where the branch or stream entered the camp. They were fired upon by the +guard, and one was brought back. The long roll was sounded and the whole +force turned out in expectation of a general break. All officers were +notified that any one leaving their quarters, even to go to the sink, +would be fired upon by the guard. A great excitement prevailed among the +rebs all night, which was aggravated by those in their bunks calling out +every little while--"Corporal of the guard post number fo." "Dry up there +will you." "Oh! give us a rest." "Louder old pudden head." "What's the +matter with you." "Put him out." "Shoot him." "Lie down." "Tabb try your +big gun on this fellow," and like expressions, making a perfect uproar in +camp all night long. After a moment's silence, some fellow would imitate +the plaintive caterwaling of a cat, another barking like a hound, and +another would answer from away off with the deep bark of the mastiff, +another would crow like a cock. Sleep was out of the question, you might +as well try to quiet a barroom full of drunken politicians who had elected +their favorite candidate as to keep those fellows still. Once in a while +the guard would call out, "keep still there you Yanks or I'll shoot in +there," when some one at a safe distance would sing out "Put him in the +guard house." "Buck and gag him." "Stone the loafer," etc., and so it kept +on during the whole night. + +The next morning Tabb had two more field pieces planted in the woods to +the south of our camp, and horsemen appeared with hounds to track and +capture the fugitives, but for some reason they could not get on the right +trail and only succeeded in treeing a coon. There were several other +escapes about this time. One by Lieut. H. Lee Clark, 2d Massachusetts H. +A., who sought out Miss Frankie Richardson, who made arrangements to help +him out of the city, but this same Hartswell Silver, who was boarding +there, betrayed him and he was brought back again. This Silver was paroled +the day the tunnels were discovered and was never in camp afterwards, and +it is just as well for him that he was not, for, as the boys said, Silver +was at that time at a premium, and would have been higher, if he had put +in an appearance. Lieut. Frost, 85th New York, also escaped in a reb +uniform, as did several others, and Lieutenant Wilson of the regulars +was sent out in the sutler's vegetable box. This Lieutenant Wilson was +an Englishman, and I think belonged to the regular army. + + +[Illustration: MR. CASHMEYER'S SUTLER WAGON, MACON, GA.] + + +Mr. Cashmeyer came in one afternoon, as was his daily custom, with his +cart, driven by a negro. Upon the cart was a dry goods box, filled with +potatoes, onions, cabbage, turnips, bacon, beef, eggs, &c., which he +usually disposed of to the Yankee sutler and others whose means justified +them in purchasing, in what we call large quantities. He stopped as usual, +at the shanty of the camp sutler, and there sold out his load. While he +was in the shanty settling up, the crowd as usual gathered around his +cart, and this Lieut. Wilson clambered into the box on the cart, while the +crowd stood about the door of the shanty, the negro driver all the time +maintaining that stolid look of innocence, so peculiar to the race, as he +(the Lieutenant) was covered with empty sacks, that had contained the +vegetables. And when Mr. Cashmeyer mounted the seat beside the driver, and +left the camp, he was as innocent of helping a Yankee to escape, as the +innocent looking negro seemed to be. The negro drove directly to the barn +and unharnessed the mule, and as it was nearly dark, went to his quarters. +The Lieutenant finding himself alone clambered out of the box and started +off. Taking the railroad, he walked about five miles, when, as he said, he +met a man who looked very fierce and who asked him where he came from, and +where he was going. And after giving an equivocal answer the man asked +him if he was not a Yankee officer, which he was too scrupulous to deny, +and gave himself up, and allowed himself to be brought back, although the +man who brought him back was like himself unarmed. But as he said on his +return, the man spoke so gruff like, and looked so stern, that he thought +there was no use of remonstrating. We nicknamed him George Washington, and +tried to find a little hatchet for him, as an emblem of his innocence and +truthfulness. As he remained in prison for a long time thereafter however, +I think he may have regretted before he was exchanged, the conscientious +scruples that would not allow him to tell a lie, even for the sake of +freeing himself from the jeers of his comrades, and the tortures of prison +life, which he had to endure afterwards. + +It was a long time before he heard the last about that daring attempt to +escape and the heroic defence he made against that unarmed reb who had +recaptured and brought him back, and the desperate and successful +resistance he had made against the temptation to tell a lie. + +There is not an officer living who witnessed it, but will remember the +celebration we held on the 4th of July. I will here quote what I that day +briefly wrote in my diary of this celebration. + +The day dawned bright and beautiful. I was up before the sun and prepared +breakfast for Captains Hock, Cady and myself, which consisted of corn +bread and butter, fried eggs, fried potatoes and coffee. + +Our thoughts, now more than ever, turned towards the loved ones at home, +who we see in imagination, with cheerful faces and bright smiles, hailing +another anniversary of the day upon which _our glorious republic was +born_, and methinks I can sometimes detect a shade of sadness flitting +over the joyous features of kind friends, as the memory of the loved and +absent is briefly recalled. + +As we were being fell in for roll call, an officer displayed a miniature +flag bearing the stars and stripes, which was greeted with cheer after +cheer, by eighteen hundred prisoners. All gathered around that little +emblem of liberty, and while every heart seemed bursting with patriotic +enthusiasm, a thousand voices joined in singing that old song, which never +fails to fire the patriotic heart--_The Star Spangled Banner_. After roll +call, the officers by a common impulse assembled in and about the main +building, in the center of the camp, and the services were opened by +singing "Rally 'Round the Flag," by the entire audience, after which +Chaplain Dixon was called upon for prayer. He appealed in eloquent terms +in behalf of our beloved but distracted country, for the success of our +cause, for the President of the United States and all in authority, for +universal freedom all over our land and the world, and for the speedy +return of peace, when we could beat our swords into plow shares, and our +spears into pruning hooks. + +At the conclusion of the prayer, the entire congregation joined in singing +"My Country 'Tis of Thee." Captain Henry Ives was then called for, and +mounting the platform gave us a very eloquent and stirring address. He was +followed by Lieut. Ogden, 1st Wisconsin Cavalry, Lieutenant Leigh, 132nd +New York, Captain E. N. Lee, 5th Michigan Cavalry, Captain Kellog, +Chaplain Whitney, Chaplain Dixon and Lieut. Col. Thorp, 1st New York +dragoons. I have during my life participated in a great many Fourth of +July celebrations, but I never before--and I believe every officer at that +time in Macon will say the same for himself--really and truly appreciated +what a genuine celebration of the day meant. + +If a stranger had come into camp Oglethorp at 3 o'clock that afternoon, he +would have thought every man in prison was drunk, so intense was the +enthusiasm, and yet there had not been a drop of anything of an +intoxicating nature, to be had at any price for two months. Officers were +drunk with excitement. The sight of that little flag that had been +presented to Captain Todd by his sweetheart and smuggled into prison, +sewed up in the lining of his vest, when shown in the morning, had created +a degree of patriotic excitement that could not be kept down, and when +some one said that Gibbs was coming in with a guard to take that flag, and +suggested that it be secreted, a thousand voices shouted--stand by the +flag boys--no traitor's hand shall touch that flag--keep her +swinging--there's not rebs enough in Macon to take that flag to-day, +&c.,--and I really and firmly believe that a terrible and bloody struggle +would have ensued, had there been any attempt on the part of the +authorities, to interfere with it or take it from us. I never saw men +wrought up to such a pitch of excitement, and the rebs were afraid all +day, that an attempt would be made to assault the stockade and break out. +From nine o'clock in the morning until three in the afternoon, the +celebration was kept up, with speaking and singing, when finally the rebel +commandant sent in his officer of the day, who said we had been permitted +to have a good celebration, and now he wished us to quietly adjourn which +we did; giving three hearty cheers for the flag, three for Lincoln, and +three for the cause. No officer who participated in this celebration can +ever forget it while reason holds its sway. + +Lieutenant Col. Thorp who had made a ringing speech, full of patriotic +fire and enthusiastic confidence in the justice of our cause, and the +ability of the Northern soldiers to maintain our national unity, restore +the glorious old flag, with the stains of treason cleansed from its +shining folds by the blood of loyal hearts, with not a star missing from +its azure field, urged with the most impassioned eloquence, every officer +in that prison pen to consecrate himself anew on this sacred day, to the +cause of universal liberty, and the perpetuity of our national +institutions, and pledge himself anew beneath that beautiful little emblem +of freedom, to never sheathe his sword, until every traitor in all this +broad land had kneeled beneath its tattered and blood-stained folds, and +humbly craved the pardon of an outraged people, for their dastardly +attempt to trail it in the filthy slough of Secession. I cannot pretend to +give his words, and cannot fitly portray the fierce impetuosity, with +which his scathing sentences were hurled like red hot shot into the ranks +of treason. It was one of the most masterly efforts of patriotic eloquence +I ever listened to, and when he had finished his address, which had been +heartily applauded throughout, his hearers were wrought up to such a pitch +of patriotic frenzy, that I really believe that had he at its close, +called upon that unarmed crowd to follow him in an assault against the +wooden stockade that surrounded us, that few would have been found to lag +behind. He was at that time senior officer in the camp, and as such had +been assigned by Col. Gibbs, the rebel commandant, to the command of the +prison inside. + +But shortly after this speech, a notice was posted on the side of the +large building where this meeting had been held, removing him from the +position, for making an inflammatory speech, and appointing another +officer to the place. Col. Thorpe seemed to feel almost as much pride in +this recognition of his effort at a Fourth of July speech, as in the +applause he had received from his prison companions, or as he would had he +been complimented on the field by his superior for a dashing cavalry +charge, and the compliment was all the more appreciated because it had +been paid to him so unconsciously by Col. Gibbs. + +The stockade at Macon was built of inch pine boards, twelve feet long, put +up endwise and made as tight as possible. On the outside of this fence, +and about four feet from the top, was a platform for the sentry to walk +on, where they could keep a lookout over the camp to see that we were not +trying to escape. Upon this platform were posted sentinels at intervals of +about thirty yards, with instructions to shoot any prisoner who touched or +attempted to pass the _dead line_, which was a row of stakes, or sometimes +a fence of light slats, such as a farmer would build to keep his chickens +or ducks from roaming, and was about twenty-five feet from the stockade. +The original object in establishing the dead line was a precaution against +a sudden raid on the stockade, but it often afforded an excuse for some +cowardly guard to shoot a Yankee prisoner, who inadvertantly came near +enough to place his hand against it. We were not allowed to hang our +clothes on this fence to dry, and on no account could a prisoner pass it +with impunity. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +RECEIVING AND SENDING OFF THE MAIL--ATTEMPTS TO SMUGGLE THROUGH FORBIDDEN +MATTER--SAMPLES OF LETTERS SENT HOME--BOXES OF LETTERS RECEIVED--MY +FEELINGS AT NOT RECEIVING ANY. + + +We were allowed to write home, and by putting on a Confederate postage +stamp costing 10 cents each, were promised that our letters would be +forwarded to our friends, provided there was nothing objectionable in +them. + +We were obliged to leave them unsealed, so they could be examined by the +postoffice department, and in order to ensure an examination they must be +limited to fifty words. I wrote home a number of times, and my letters, as +a general thing, came through all right. I wrote some that I did not +expect they would forward, and was much surprised when I reached home to +find they had been received all right, and in some cases published in the +daily papers. I will give you a sample of one or two. The first was +written to my cousin, H. M. Cooper, and read as follows: + + C. S. MILITARY PRISON, + + MACON, Ga., July 6, 1864. + + MY DEAR HAL:-- + + Nearly four months have now elapsed since I took up my abode in this + land of bacon and corn dodgers, and like the prodigal son, I often + think of my father's house, where there is bread enough and to + spare. I dream nightly of fatted calves, but awake daily to the sad + reality that my veal cutlets have all been transformed into salt + bacon, my wheaten loaves into corn dodgers, and my wine into bran + coffee. + + I had purposed to visit the North during the summer months, but the + many friends I have found here are so anxious to have me remain, that + I find it impossible to tear myself away. But I expect the General[1] + will soon be here, when I shall be obliged to say farewell to my + Southern friends and with much reluctance leave their sunny clime for + my cold, chilly, Northern home. + + But their kindness and hospitality will ever be green in my memory + and I shall improve every opportunity to show them the gratitude I + feel for the hospitality they have actually _forced_ me to accept. + + [1] General exchange. + +This letter, as I have said, was sent through all right, whether it was +because they did not read it or because they failed to discover the +satire--perhaps it should like Nasby's have been labelled a joke--I never +knew. The next was written in the same vein, after I had escaped and been +recaptured. Both had been published in the daily papers here, at the time, +but the last one I have thus far failed to find. It was written after my +escape and recapture, and detailed how, rather than risk the scene that +would be sure to ensue, should I announce my intention of departing to my +friend, the Confederate Colonel, and fearing I might be overcome by such +an affecting leavetaking, that I concluded to start at three o'clock in +the morning, while he was still sleeping, and thus spare not only him, but +myself, an interview that would certainly be embarrassing to one or both +of us. + +But that, after I had traveled three hundred miles, his couriers overtook +me, and were so urgent in their appeals for me to return, that I could not +deny them, and had concluded to stay and see a little more of this +beautiful Southern country before my return. But just as soon as I could +persuade my friends to consent to my departure, I should surely return, +and would try and make my friends in the North a good long visit, at +least, before making another journey. + +My letters were generally received by my friends in due time, but although +they were promptly answered I never received a line to tell me whether my +wife, who left for Newbern on the night of the first day's fight, had got +home or not, and when I was finally released, after nearly a year's +confinement, I did not know whether she was living or dead until I +telegraphed from Annapolis and received an answer. We resorted to all +sorts of devices to get letters through to our friends in the North, that +contained matter that we were aware the Confederate authorities would not +permit. I once wrote a short note in ink on a page of foolscap, and then +filled up the sheet with a long letter, written with soda, which would be +invisible until heated. My short note was an acrostic, and taking the +first word of each line and reading it down formed this sentence: "I write +with soda." + +But this letter never reached its destination. The reb authorities soon +got onto these dodges, and were very careful in their examination of all +correspondence of prisoners, and everything that looked at all suspicious +was destroyed. + +I only received one letter while I was in prison, and that was from Col. +James W. Savage, of my regiment, which, for brevity and news, I think I +never saw equalled. I have the letter yet, soiled, faded and worn, but +quote it entire: + + HEADQUARTERS 12TH N. Y. VOL. CAVALRY, + + CAMP PALMER, July 31st, 1864. + + DEAR COOPER:-- + + Russell is in a Northern hospital, nearly well; Maj. Clarkson is + assistant inspector; Rocha temporarily in command of "I;" Ellison and + Mahon have resigned; Maj. Gasper also, though his resignation has not + been accepted. We have lost a few men in skirmishes since you were + taken. Prewster and Rice, of D, and June, of G, are dead. You and + Hock are constantly remembered by us all. + + Signed, J. W. SAVAGE, Col. 12th N. Y. V. Cavalry. + + My regards. J. A. JUDSON, Capt. and A. A. Gen'l. + +On the 14th of June the first box of letters were received in camp, and as +the adjutant mounted a table and called off the names, eager hands were +held out to receive a missive from home; and to show my feelings I quote +from my diary of that date: + +"I listened with bated breath to hear my name called, but the last letter +was called off, and I was obliged to turn away disappointed, as were a +good many others. It seems too bad that even this comfort must be denied +me. I feel as though I was dead to the outer world, and only for hope, of +which I always possessed a good share, I believe I should die. + +"If I could only get a letter from home, and know that my wife had arrived +safely and knew of my safety, I could better bear this imprisonment; but +this uncertainty and suspense is enough to drive one _mad_." + +I quote this to show how blue it made us feel, after having waited so +long, hoping that a mail would come, and then find that it contained +nothing for us; it made us envious of those who had been more fortunate. + +Not getting any letters, made us doubt whether the ones we had written +home, had ever reached their destination. Here is a modest order I had +sent in my last. Please send me two pounds of dried peaches, five of +coffee, five of corn starch, ten of sugar, two of tea, one bar of castile +soap, four cans condensed milk, one codfish, five of dried beef, one of +cheese, two cotton shirts, two pair drawers, thread, etc. Oh, what visions +of good living were mine, while I waited for the arrival of the box +containing all of these good things, but that box never came. I was not +starving, far from it, I had plenty to eat such as it was, and in this +respect was much better off than the most of my comrades, but I so longed +for something from home, something to remind me that I was remembered. It +was the subject of my thoughts through the day, and of my dreams at night; +and I used to have such vivid dreams of home, that after I had been +paroled and returned, I have stood and looked around and pinched myself, +to be sure that I was really out of prison, and not merely dreaming again, +fearful lest I should wake up, as I so frequently had, to find myself +still a prisoner. + +I had so frequently had such vivid dreams of home, and as frequently awoke +with such a feeling of despair and anguish, when I found I was still a +prisoner, that even in my dreams, I would doubt the truth of what seemed +so evident to me, and would look about for some familiar object, and say +as I saw something I recognized, I know now that this cannot be a dream. +The first place I would make for when I arrived at Oswego, in my dreams, +was the old Fitzhugh House, which at that time was THE first class house +of the city, and order a dinner, determined to have a good square meal the +first thing, even before visiting my family. These dreams had become so +frequent, and seemed so real, and the reaction so great when I awoke to +the consciousness that it was only a dream, that I could scarcely suppress +a wail of despair, as the truth was forced upon me, that I was still in +that rebel pen, surrounded by an armed guard, with no prospect of release, +and little chance of escape, I can scarcely command language to fitly +describe my feelings at such times. + +On the 10th of June the following officers were called out, it was +understood, to be sent to Charleston, to be placed under fire of our +batteries on Morris Island: Generals Wessels, Seymour, Shaler, Scammon and +Hickman; Colonels Grove, Hawkins, Harrison, Lehman, LaGrange, Lee, White, +Bollinger, Brown, Dana, Fordella; Lieutenant Colonels Burnham, Baldwin, +Bartholomew, Cook, Dickinson, Fellows, Fairbanks, Glenn, Hays, Hunter, +Higginbotham, Joslyn, Mackin, Mills, Maxwell, Mahew, Moffit, Alcott, +Postley, Rodgers, Hepford, Stuart, Swift, Taylor, Lascella, and Majors +Beers, Baker, Bates, Clark, Carpenter, Crandall, Grant, Hall and Johnson. +We were quite in hopes that these officers were to be exchanged. I again +quote from my diary of this date: "Exchange stock in this market has been +very dull, but is advancing a little to-day. I do not take any stock yet." + +In a few days, forty-four fresh fish came in from Grant's army, which gave +us nearly our full number again, and as every few days brought us fresh +additions, we soon had considerable more than when they were sent away. +These officers all brought us cheering news from the seat of war, and +strengthened our confidence in the ultimate triumph of our cause, but +could give us but little encouragement in regard to exchange. In fact +those in the field seemed to be too actively engaged in breaking up the +Confederacy, to give much thought to their comrades in prison, or what +provisions were being made for their release. + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +THE FIRST DIVISION LEAVES CAMP OGLETHORP--PLANS FOR ESCAPE--THEIR +DESTINATION, CHARLESTON--THIRTY UNION OFFICERS AND FOUR OF THE "REB" GUARD +ARE MISSING ON THEIR ARRIVAL AT CHARLESTON--THE STORY OF THE LIEUTENANT IN +CHARGE OF THE TRAIN AS TOLD TO MAJ. LYMAN--DEPARTURE OF THE SECOND +DIVISION--STOPPED AT SAVANNAH, THUS FOILING OUR PLANS FOR ESCAPE. + + +At roll call on the 27th of July, the first division was notified to be +ready to move to Charleston that evening. The prison camp presented a +lively appearance all that day, baking, washing, packing up and getting +ready to move. + +About six p. m. we bid them good bye, and went back to our now half +deserted quarters, to await our turn. + +Plans of escape between Savannah and Charleston were freely discussed, and +an organized break was agreed upon, when they came to the point nearest +our forces. + +This organized plot fell through in some way, but not being aboard of this +train, I only know what I learned afterwards about the failure. About +thirty officers did escape, by sawing through the floor of the cars, and +were not missed until the train arrived at Charleston. + +The following account of the affair, told by Lieut. Rogers, of the +Confederate army to Maj. H. H. Lyman, this summer, however, throws a +little light on the subject. + +Lieut. Rogers said: "I was very young at the time, though a Lieutenant in +the Confederate service, and was detailed to transport the Yankee +prisoners from Macon to Charleston. I was very particular to instruct my +men to be very vigilant, as the prisoners they were guarding were no +ordinary fellows, but were a shrewd, sharp lot of Yankee officers, and +would need a heap of watching; for if there was any chance to escape, they +would improve it, and they must be constantly on the alert to prevent any +of them getting away. Savannah was passed without any trouble, the Yankees +seeming to enjoy themselves, singing, laughing and joking, and they and +the guard seemed to be on the best of terms. Charleston was reached, and I +proceeded to turn over my prisoners and turn them into the jail yard. I +had been congratulating myself upon the successful accomplishment of my +mission, when, upon counting them into the jail yard, what was my horror +to ascertain, that I was thirty-four Yankee officers, and four guards +short. + +Instead of going to headquarters and reporting the situation, I sat down +upon the curbstone in front of the jail to collect my thoughts, and +consider what I should do. + +While I was sitting there brooding over the affair, and feeling about as +blue as though I was myself a prisoner, a Captain rode up and inquired if +I was Lieut. Rogers and was in command of the guard, that brought the +Yankee prisoners from Macon. I told him I was, and he told me I was +ordered to report to the General's headquarters under arrest. I went up +to headquarters, not knowing whether I was to be shot or sent to prison, +but concluded to make a clean breast of it, and tell all there was about +it. + +The General listened to my story, and after keeping me in suspense for +what seemed to me to be a long time, released me from arrest, and told me +to go back to Macon with the balance of my men, and be careful that I +didn't lose any on my way back. + +The Lieutenant continued, I never afterwards heard from either the +prisoners or my men. I didn't care so much about the Yankee prisoners +getting away, but would like to have got my guard back. + +He did not know whether they were killed by the Yankee prisoners or had +been induced by them to desert, the latter however, is the most probable, +but as I have never heard from any of them since, I am equally in the dark +concerning the affair, and, like the Lieutenant, can only guess at what +took place. + +The next day we were notified to be ready that evening, and that night we +were counted out and placed on board the cars. Instead of taking us to +Charleston, as we had been told they would, we were stopped at Savannah, +and placed in the United States marine hospital yard, around which a +stockade had been built, thus spoiling our plans of escape. "The best laid +plans of mice and men aft gang aglee." This was a yard of about two acres, +quite well shaded with live oak trees, some of which grew to enormous +dimensions, one on the south side, spreading over nearly or quite a +hundred feet of ground. Here we drew rations of fresh beef, the first in +many months, and our rations were generally better than we had heretofore +received. We were strictly guarded, but, with few exceptions, were well +treated. Colonel Wayne, of the 1st Georgia Regulars, was in command, who +designated Colonel F. C. Miller, 147th New York, as senior officer of the +camp, and all communications were forwarded through him. + +Of course almost the first thing to do when we had got fairly settled in a +new prison, was to commence a tunnel. Two were started, and had progressed +nearly to completion, when as in Macon, these were both discovered and +filled up. Another was soon started in a different direction, and was +already to open, which would have given egress to half the camp, when, by +a most unfortunate accident, it was discovered on the morning preceding +the night we were to make the break. We had reached within a few inches of +the surface, and ten minutes' work would complete the opening, but it was +so near daylight we thought we would be already that night, and get a good +early start the next. + +That morning, however, as the sentry was watching a cow cropping the grass +just outside the camp, what was his surprise to see her suddenly break +through and nearly disappear. Of course an investigation showed what had +been done, and again had our toil been in vain--no, not in vain, for it +had kept us employed, and diverted our minds from the misery of our +situation. + +While in Savannah, we built ourselves what is known as the old fashioned +Dutch oven, in which we could bake our pomes. To the younger readers a +description of this oven may be interesting. A flat stone was secured +about two feet square, for the bottom, and around and over this stone was +erected an oven of stone, brick and mortar, capable of holding about four +good sized pomes. Wood was then split up fine, and a good rousing fire +built, and kept up until the oven was thoroughly heated, when it would be +filled to its capacity with pomes, the different messes taking turns to do +their baking, and in half an hour after closing the oven up tight, they +would be taken out nicely baked, and when properly made, afforded a very +palatable meal. In order to have them light, we would mix up a quart or so +of corn meal in cold water, and set in the sun to sour. The pome was then +mixed in the same way, stirring in a little of this sour rising and adding +a little soda. This sour meal was kept on hand, so as to have enough for +three or four days ahead. + +A corn dodger was made in the same way, but was made the size of a large +biscuit, and was baked in a skillet with an iron cover, a fire being built +both over and under the skillet, and when not made light by the use of +this sour rising and soda, would make a dangerous missile to throw at a +man or dog. + +Having now served an apprenticeship of about four months as cook for the +mess, I flattered myself that I was qualified to take charge of any first +class restaurant as chief cook and bottle washer, and I would bring my +corn pome on the table, with all the pride with which a young wife, would +present her best efforts at cooking to a tea party. And when I had wheat +flour, I would be just a little put out, if my biscuit did not receive the +fulsome praise I thought they were entitled to. Our rations in Savannah, +were more liberal than they had been during our captivity, and by buying +such things as were not issued to us, we always had a little ahead. + +Colonel Wayne issued an order after the discovery of this first tunnel, +that in order to give a better chance for inspection, tents must be raised +three and a half feet from the ground. This order was usually complied +with, but some claiming that they had no lumber, neglected to do as +directed, and the result was that a detail was sent in, and removed +sixteen tents that had not yet been raised, causing much inconvienence and +suffering to those former occupants, as that night a severe storm came up, +and being without shelter, many were drenched to the skin. These tents +were returned in a day or two however, by recommendation of the surgeon in +charge. Platforms were built at different points, upon which were built +fires at night, to better enable the guard to see what was going on +inside. Around these fires we would gather and sing old army songs, which +served to put a little spirit into us. + + +[Illustration: WASHING CLOTHES AT SAVANNAH, GA.] + + +These fires, while they were not built for our comfort or convenience, +really were both to us. They drove away the musquitoes and purified and +warmed the chill, night air, thus making it more comfortable sleeping than +it would otherwise have been. On the 2d of August an order came for our +two Chaplains and seven surgeons to be ready to leave for parole. It was a +day both of joy and gloom. We had learned to love those two earnest +christian soldiers, who had been so faithful to us, and were sorry to part +with them, though we rejoiced at their good fortune and fondly hoped that +it might be our turn soon. Most of them took with them only what they were +sure to need, and freely gave to their most intimate comrades all else +that could be of any value to them. But to show the difference in the +dispositions of people, I wish to refer to two cases as illustrations of +distinct sides of human nature. Dr. Robert Rae had a fine case of surgical +instruments, which, although valuable to him, even after he was free, he +gave to Adjutant H. H. Lyman, 147th New York, telling him they could be +sold for money enough to subsist him for some time. + +The other case is that of Dr. Brets, who had a mattress and some other +camp property, that would be of no earthly use to him and which he could +not take with him, so he magnanimously consented to sell them to the +highest bidder, which happened to be Captain Hock of my mess. This +mattress was quite a comfort to us and we were glad to get it, even at the +exorbitant price we were obliged to pay. We did not begrudge the generous +Doctor the greenbacks we paid him, and hope he is still living to enjoy +them, for to such a generous soul, a few dollars, more or less, must be a +great source of comfort. If I could find out his address, I would donate +him a copy of this volume, just to show my gratitude. Before leaving, the +Chaplains had a rousing farewell meeting, and each delivered a brief but +eloquent address, and amid hearty hand-shakings and fervent God bless +you's, they took their way out of the camp. Only one officer escaped while +we were at Savannah--Captain Sampson, 2d Mass. H. A., and he was soon +recaptured and brought back. + +He escaped by crawling out through a hole under the high board fence and +tried to reach the fort on the coast about six miles away, but the swamps +were simply impassible, and after wandering about through water and mud +nearly knee deep for two or three days, was obliged to abandon the attempt +to reach the coast, and was arrested by a patrol, who accidentally run +upon him while he was trying to extricate himself from the impassible +swamp. + +He said that at one time he was in sight of the fort, but the water +deepened so fast as he approached the shore, that he was obliged to +retrace his steps. + +It was a source of some little comfort to us to be once more within +hearing of the morning and evening guns of a Union fort, but surrounded as +we were by the guard of a hostile enemy, how long a distance that six +miles seemed. + +While at Savannah we were also furnished kettles, in which to heat water +for washing our clothes; and as we had no extra changes of clothing, some +ludicrous scenes were witnessed while the washing and drying was going on. + +Lieut. Abbot, while boiling his clothing, tied a blanket around his waist +until they were dry enough to wear again, making him look like an old +woman, and while thus employed was sketched by an artist named Dahl, and +presented with his own picture. + +On the 13th of September we were placed on board the cars and arrived at +Charleston the same evening, where we were placed in the jail yard, to be +knocked out by General Gilmore's batteries on Morris Island. This was +without exception the most filthy, lousy, dirty place I ever saw. There +were only fifty A tents for six hundred prisoners, and scarcely any wood +with which to cook our rations. At Charleston occurred the first death by +starvation that I had witnessed, the deceased being a member of my +company. + +Soon after we entered the jail yard Capt. Hock and myself were greeted by +two skeletons, whom we never would have recognized had they not made +themselves known to us. They were reduced to mere skin and bone, and +neither could walk, being on the very verge of death from starvation. As +soon as possible I made them some gruel and tried to nurse them back to +life. We fed them sparingly through the evening and then left them a pot +of food to eat during the night, being particular to caution them not to +eat too much, Sergeant Sweet, who was the stronger of the two, promising +to be careful of his comrade, who could not be depended upon to control +his craving for food. In the night this poor fellow crawled near enough to +reach the pot of food while the Sergeant was asleep and ate it all. + +It was his last meal on earth, for his poor starved stomach was too weak +to endure so much, and the next morning he was dead. The guard carried him +outside the dead line, where he lay all day, festering in the sun, and +would not let me approach near enough to spread a blanket over his dead +form, to hide the sight from our gaze. + +There were a number of negroes belonging to some Massachusetts regiment, +confined in jail, but were not allowed to come down into the yard. They +were beautiful singers, and entertained us almost every evening while we +remained there. This, with one exception, was the only sound that gave us +any pleasure. + +We could hear the boom of Gilmore's guns on Morris Island, and watch the +course of the shell he was every fifteen minutes tossing into the doomed +city. Two or three times pieces of shell fell inside the yard, one piece +cutting off a limb of the locust tree that was at the time affording me +shade, while I was reading one of those old Harper's that I brought along. + +The only escape made from the jail yard was by Lieut. H. Lee Clark, 2nd +Mass. H. A., who bought a reb lieutenant's uniform, and walked out without +a question. He was subsequently brought back, however. Upon his return to +the jail yard he gave the following narrative of his escape: + +As he passed out of the gate, the sentry seeing his uniform and insignia +of rank, faced and came to a present arms, which he answered by a salute, +and passed on. Being now free from the prison, he started off, but being a +stranger in the city, he did not exactly know what direction to take. + +He had wandered about for some time, trying to think of some plan to reach +our lines, when his attention was attracted by two ladies who seemed to be +watching his movements, from the stoop of a house that looked as though it +was occupied by people in moderate circumstances. After passing and +repassing the house two or three times, he concluded to try to get +something to eat there, and for this purpose approached the ladies. They +asked him into the house and set a lunch before him, and thinking he would +be safer here than in the street, he concluded to stay as long as +possible. He found the conversation of the ladies entertaining, and by +cautiously drawing them out in conversation, he found them to be strongly +tinctured with union sentiments. Finally after satisfying himself that it +would be safe to do so, he told them who and what he was, and appealed to +them for shelter and protection, until he could devise some plan for +leaving the city. + +This they cheerfully promised, and also agreed to assist him to the utmost +of their ability. They kept him at their house two or three days, until +they could exchange his officer's uniform for that of a private, and then +procured him a pass, as their brother, to visit Sullivan's Island, which +was opposite Morris Island, and at one place was only separated from it by +about three hundred yards. + +This Island was reached by steamer and was strongly fortified. The bay +between there and Morris Island was full of torpedoes to prevent attack by +water. + +He roamed about the Island all day, trying to find some means of crossing, +but could discover no boat, not even a plank that would sustain his +weight. + +He staid on the Island all night and tried again the next day to find some +means to get across the short belt of water to Morris Island. He could not +swim, and not a board was to be found that would assist him in his +extremity. + +He was without food and was now taken ill, and was finally obliged to go +back to Charleston, and give himself up, when he was placed in the +hospital, and after his recovery, sent back to prison. + +September 26th, we were told that if we would give our parole not to +attempt to escape, good quarters would be furnished us, and as escape +from here seemed impossible, we gladly accepted the proposition. + +Upon giving our parole eighty of us were sent to a house on Broad Street, +which looked out on the bay. It was a three story, white house, with wide +piazzas facing the water, and just across the street were bath houses, +that we were permitted to use whenever we pleased. Here for the first time +since we were placed in the pen at Macon, we had the facilities for +cleanliness so necessary to insure good health. Then in the evening we +could sit out on the piazza, and, looking down the bay, see the flash of +the guns five miles away, anon hearing sharp quick reports, and then watch +the course of the shell by the trail of fire, as it pursued its course +into the city, while we amused ourselves by singing and commenting upon +the bombardment. + +We were visited almost daily by the Sisters of Mercy--God bless these +brave, noble women--who brought in delicacies for the sick, and tobacco +for those that used it, which they gave freely to those without means to +buy, or sold to those who were able to pay. They also traded Confederate +money for our greenbacks, giving us better rates than we could get +elsewhere. Then they would take the greenbacks to the reb prisoners on +Morris Island, for they had free access through both lines in prosecuting +their christian duty, and they were worthy of the confidence of both +governments, as they never acted the part of spy for either. Braving every +danger, and only intent on doing service for the Master, and relieving +suffering wherever they could find it. How many of our poor boys, who were +brought there from Andersonville, and were suffering from disease and +starvation, were soothed, nursed and comforted by those noble women. May +God reward them for all their self sacrifice, all their tedious +pilgrimages, from one camp to another, all their weary watching beside the +squalid pallets of the wretched suffering heroes, despite the hurtling +missiles of death, that were flying in every direction about the city; +nothing daunted or deterred them from making their regular daily visits, +though I know of one instance, (and it was probably only one of many,) +where a shell struck and burst only a few feet in front of the carriage +that was bringing them to our quarters. + +They were frightened badly, and what woman would not be, but this did not +deter them from making their daily visits to the sick and suffering +soldiers of both armies, and doing all in their power to alleviate +distress, feeding the hungry, and watching by the bedside of the dying, +administering the consolation of Christian faith and hope to those who +were passing away, their only reward the consciousness of a duty well +performed. "Verily they shall have their reward." + +On the 5th of October we were again on board a train, and this time our +destination was Columbia, the capital of South Carolina. We were placed in +box cars, with two guards at each door, some of the same men who had been +guarding us while in Charleston, and with whom we had been on terms of +intimacy, we having been allowed many privileges while on parole, and had +not been under as strict surveillance as heretofore, being permitted to go +in and out during the day, whenever we pleased, and had gained the +confidence of our guardians to such an extent, that they did not think it +necessary to watch us very closely. This we thought would be a good chance +to escape. It was agreed between us that Captains Cady, Hock and Eastmond +and Lieut. Masters should jump from the car, which was running only about +ten or twelve miles an hour, and I was to go on to Columbia with our +baggage, of which we had considerable, so that in case of recapture, they +would not lose all of this, to us, valuable property, but would again be +in condition to commence housekeeping. Cady and Masters sat in the door +with their legs hanging out, and I sat beside the guard, and after dark +got into conversation with him. I had a pine stick which I was whittling, +and as he would frequently bring his gun to an order beside me, I managed +to remove the cap from his gun, and insert this pine stick into the tube. + +This I communicated to my comrades. I then went back, and, standing +alongside of this verdant reb, soon had him in good humor by getting off +some funny yarns, joking, laughing and keeping him amused by swapping lies +with him, until he thought I was one of the jolliest Yanks he had ever +seen. And I did feel jolly, for I had a dead sure thing on _him_. We +finally got on such friendly terms that he asked me to hold his gun while +he took off his shoe to see what in h--l it was hurt his foot so; some dog +gone thing was pestering him awfully; he reckoned it was a dog gone peg +sticking up thar. Now was their time, and if I only had his belt +containing the caps and cartridges, it would have been my time, too. We +were passing through a swampy piece of woods, and none of us knew how deep +it was or how far to high ground; but Capt. Cady and Lieut. Masters took +in the situation and jumped. To show myself worthy of the confidence he +had reposed in me, I snapped the old musket, but that only served to drive +the pine plug more securely into the tube, and by the time he had put on a +new cap they were out of range, even if the gun had been discharged. He +exploded the cap, however, in the direction of the fugitives, and then +relieved himself by cursing the d--n old gun; but my zeal was duly +recognized, and our friendship was more firmly cemented than ever, as I +was so mad to think they would play such a scurvy trick, especially while +I was on guard. It was not long before the frequent report of arms told us +that others were making a "jump for life and liberty." + +About one hundred and fifty jumped from the cars and escaped into the +swamp that night, and amidst all the firing there was not one hurt that I +ever heard of. After Cady and Masters jumped, the guard at the opposite +door was so watchful that Hock and Eastman could not get a chance to +escape. + +Had I not promised to stay on board and take care of the baggage, I should +have taken the gun and followed Cady and Masters, which I think would more +than ever convince my reb friend that I was zealous in the performance of +military duty. I could see from my position in the door, dark objects +leaping from the car in front, followed by a streak of fire from the gun +of one of the guards, showing that the caps had not all been replaced with +pine plugs, though I was told afterwards that a number of caps had been +removed. I think the safest way, however, to prevent a gun going off, is +when you remove the cap, to insert a plug into the tube. We were a jolly +crowd that night, that passed through the swampy country between +Charleston and Columbia, for it was fun to see our comrades getting away, +and witness the frantic efforts of the guard to prevent them. Officers +were shouting to their men to shoot the d--n Yankees, and the guards were +doing their level best to obey orders. + +But they had been deceived by the apparent submissiveness of the Yankees, +and as I heard the fellow say whose gun I had fixed, "I didn't think they +would do such a dog gone trick on me, when I'd used them so well." He +seemed to lose confidence in all but me, and was mad all through, to think +that the fellows he had treated like gentlemen should thus abuse his +confidence. + +We could have easily captured the whole force and taken the train if we +had made an organized effort. But the great trouble was to get officers to +obey orders and follow instructions; all wanted to be bosses. I would +rather go into action with one regiment of enlisted men than with a whole +division of brigadiers. + +This fact probably accounts for the rebs always keeping the officers and +enlisted men in separate prisons. + +We arrived at Columbia October 6th, about 4 p. m., and were at once turned +into a field of about five acres, on a sort of side hill. We had not drawn +any rations during the day, and having had no opportunity to cook the raw +rations we brought from Charleston, or buy anything to eat on the road, we +were half starved. + +There had been no preparation made for our coming, and the bakers were +obliged to fire up and bake bread to feed this unexpected addition to +their customers. This, of course, took time, and to men with empty +stomachs the hours seemed like days. Women come to the fence that +surrounded our camp, with pies, cakes, biscuits and other provisions to +sell, and done a thriving business while provisions lasted; but the stock +was soon sold out, and yet only a few had been fed. They only had to come +to the fence with what they had to sell, and it was bought at whatever +price was placed upon it. + +I had just bought some bread of one of these venders, when Lieutenant H. +Lee Clark, 2d Massachusetts H. A., came up and asked a woman the price of +a pie, which she told him was five dollars; he handed her the five +dollars, and was reaching through the fence for the pie, when one of the +guard that had been placed in the camp, gave him a bayonet thrust in the +back, without a word of warning or an order to fall back. It was a +terrible thrust and made a wound three-fourths of an inch wide and one and +a half inches deep, near the spine. A number of us saw it and watched for +this fellow to come on guard again that night, but fortunately for him and +perhaps for us, he was relieved and did not again make his appearance. If +he had, we had determined to settle him quietly with a stone. An old +wooden freight house formed the west boundary of our camp, and under it +was stored a quantity of bacon. A number of hams were fished out by means +of a hook attached to a long pole, and some even crawled under it to get +their rations. Finally about dark, rations of white bread, warm from the +ovens, were served and this, with the stolen bacon, made us a good hearty +supper. + +About this time a terrible rain storm came up, accompanied by a cold +northwest wind, which caused intense suffering to those who had no +shelter; and as none had any except such as could be made with blankets, +nearly all were all that night exposed to one of the worst storms I ever +experienced. As was my custom on going into camp, the first thing I did +was to gather some boards and improvise a tent from our blankets, using +some for a floor on which to place our mattress. This afforded but slight +protection from such a terrible storm of wind and rain as that night swept +down upon us, but over one thousand of the twelve hundred officers were +destitute of even this slight protection, and many were suffering from +wounds and disease. To those it was a night of terrible suffering such as +few ever experienced before or since. In such a drenching rain fires were +impossible, and there was nothing for them to do but tramp all night long +in the wind and rain, to keep from perishing. Yet above the howling +tempest and amid the drenching rain, could be heard the cheering chorus, +"Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching." + +Water was running down the slope in torrents, forming miniature rivers as +the storm progressed, cutting deep furrows in the soft clay soil, and +covering the whole camp with water and mud nearly ankle deep. Few who +passed that night of the 6th of October, 1864, in the prisoners' camp at +Columbia, will ever forget it while they live. + +The next day we were asked to again give our parole, in which case we +would be placed in a beautiful grove about three miles out, where we would +have all the facilities for cleanliness and comfort that we could desire. +We rather thought we would first see this haven of bliss, and then decide +for ourselves about the bargain. + +We hung our wet blankets up to dry in the sun which had come out once more +to cheer us, and made ourselves as comfortable as possible during the day, +not knowing where we were to go next. About four o'clock, teams were +brought up to the fence along the road, and we were ordered to load on our +traps and get ready to move into camp. Not having much baggage, we were +soon ready and the line was formed, and we were again on the march. We had +not gone more than half a mile, when we passed the building where was +manufactured the Confederate money with which to carry on this great +_rebellion_. + +The windows were illuminated with the bright faces of about a hundred +young ladies, who were employed in this great printing house, and some of +the boys failed to keep step as they cast furtive glances in the direction +of the upper story windows, some even going so far as to give a salute +that was made a good deal like throwing a kiss, while a few cheeky +fellows, who seemed to have forgotten their manners during their long +imprisonment, actually had the audacity to sing out: "Say, sis, chuck me +down a roll of _Confed_. Got any new issue to spare? Give us a bundle; you +can make more." But what surprised me most, the girls seemed to enjoy all +this chaffing, and some of them actually attempted to get up a flirtation +with the detested Yankee prisoners, waving handkerchiefs, throwing kisses, +and making such remarks as: "Ain't he handsome? Oh! look at that fat +fellow; ain't he a daisy," &c., keeping up a chatter loud enough for us to +hear until the whole column had passed. + +After a march of three miles, we turned into a ploughed field that was +bounded on three sides by what new settlers in the back woods call a +slashing. There was not a tent or shelter of any kind, and this was the +place that we had been told would afford us every facility for cleanliness +and comfort, and for which we had been asked to give our parole. + +A guard was formed around this field and we were turned in like so many +mules into a corral. For fear of losing our mattress and other camp +equipages, if we loaded them on the cart, we fortunately decided to lug +them, not knowing how much of a tramp we had to make, and although it was +a hard lug, we were well repaid for our labor when we reached the camp, +for while many lost things that were invaluable to them, in that they +could not be replaced, we were ready to go to housekeeping at once, when +we were ordered to break ranks. + +Like squatters in a new country, each man was permitted to select his +location, and I at once pre-empted a dry knoll, under the shade of a pine +tree, as a suitable place to squat and, dumping our household goods there, +proceeded at once to improvise a shelter and skirmish around for something +for supper. + +Again, thanks to DOCTOR BRETS' generosity (?) our mattress, which we had +tugged on our shoulders for three miles, came into play to make us a +comfortable bed on the ground, and, after such a supper as we could pick +up, and a good smoke, we curled up in our blankets and lay down to dream +of home and sumptuous dinners. While we were thus comparatively +comfortable that night, there were a thousand of our less fortunate +comrades who spread their still damp blankets on the cold wet ground, and +almost supperless, passed a night of sleepless misery. The next week I +spent in building a brush tent. I received permission to take an axe and +go outside the camp, under guard, and cut brush and limbs to build it +with. I cut six posts and planted them firmly in the ground, putting poles +across to make a ridge tent, and then thatched the steep roof with pine +boughs, making it water proof. It required a good deal of labor to +complete the quarters, but when done it was warm and comfortable. Having +completed our quarters, and got everything snug, I made up my mind that I +would like to move North. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII. + +THE ESCAPE--I TURN OVER MY TENT AND HOUSEHOLD EFFECTS TO COLONEL MILLER +AND ADJUTANT LYMAN--CRAWLING ACROSS THE GUARD LINE--OUR ESCAPE DISCOVERED +AND WE FIRED UPON--CAPTAINS GEERE AND EASTMOND RECAPTURED--TRAMP, TRAMP, +TRAMP. + + +There was one of the guard, who had come with us from Charleston, and to +whom I had sold my watch, who had become quite attached to me, and had +always been ready to do me a favor, when he could. From our frequent +interviews, I had been led to believe that he was strongly tinctured with +unionism, and thought perhaps he could be induced to give me a chance to +escape, if he could do so without danger to himself. Finding him on guard +the 12th of October, at the northwest corner of our camp, which was the +best place on the line to cross, I wrote a note to him, offering him fifty +dollars if he would let me and some of my comrades cross his beat that +night. + +Wrapping a small stone in this note, I sauntered along near where he was +pacing his beat, and, watching my opportunity, when none of the other +guard were looking, tossed the note to him and sat down under the shade +of a small tree to await the result. It would be impossible to describe +with what feelings of hope, doubt, anxiety, and fear I awaited the answer +to this note, as he paced his beat carefully reading it. + +If he consented, I was free; but if he refused and reported me to Captain +Semple for attempting to bribe him, there was no telling what would be my +punishment; for attempting to bribe a sentry on duty was no slight +offense. The stake for which I was playing was a great one, and the hazard +was equally great. It was liberty on the one hand, and perhaps death on +the other. No wonder then that the moment was an anxious one. + +After carefully reading it, he walked to the farther end of his beat and +wrote on the back of the note, and wrapped a stone up in it, and, on his +return, when opposite where I sat, after cautiously glancing around, +tossed it back to me. This act satisfied me that my secret was safe, at +least; but when I read his answer, my gratitude to this noble friend was +greater than I could express. He wrote: "I do not want your money; but if +you will come just as the moon goes down and throw a pebble at my feet I +will leave my beat; but be very careful not to make any noise." With a +joyful heart I hurried to my companions to tell them the good news. + +That was a busy day for me. I bought some flour, sweet potatoes and meat, +and commenced making biscuit, roasting sweet potatoes, and frying meat to +fill our haversacks. This, with our slight conveniences for cooking, was +no easy task. I made two dozen biscuits; and this, with our other +provisions filled our haversacks, and together with our blankets, +overcoats, etc., was about all we could carry. Having completed our +preparations, I went to where Col. Miller and Lieut. H. H. Lyman had taken +up their quarters, which consisted of a dry goods box with one end knocked +out, and about half long enough to cover their bodies. They were both too +ill to build a brush tent as I had done. I told them that I was going to +take a walk the next morning, and asked them to move into my tent, and if +I was brought back I would take it back, but if not, then it was theirs, +together with the mattress, extra blankets, and cooking utensils. + +We then lay down and took a good sleep and rest, waiting for the moon to +set, which would be at three o'clock. + +By that hour we had eaten our breakfast, picked up what we intended to +carry, and cautiously, one by one, gathered under a tree, a few feet from +the dead line, where, concealed in the shade, we could plainly see my +friend pacing up and down his beat. When the moon had disappeared long +enough so that it was quite dark, I tossed a pebble, which struck right at +his feet, at which he said in a low tone, "all right" and walked away, and +commenced talking to the other sentry. + +This was our opportunity, and lying flat on the ground, we crawled across +the guard line like so many snakes. There were seven of us, viz.: +Captains Geere, Hock, Eastmond, Hays, and Cratty, and Lieutenant Winner +and myself. Having all got across, we raised up and stole softly away. We +had not gone far, however, before some one stumbled over some dry brush in +the darkness, which made considerable noise and attracted the attention of +one of the guard, who immediately sent a bullet in our direction and +called out lustily: "Corporal of the guard, post number fo." This was +followed by other shots; but they could only shoot in the direction of the +noise, and if ever seven fellows made good time, we did for about half a +mile, till we gained a small patch of woods. We did not stop here long, +but getting our direction, we made for another and larger woods about +three miles away. + +We entered these woods just as it was getting light; and making our way +far into its dark recesses, made our camp for the day. We could plainly +hear the reveille in the prison camp, from where we lay that morning, and +would not have been surprised to have heard the dogs on our trail that +day. But the dogs had been kept pretty busy for the past few days, and +were perhaps busy then, following some other track. We spread down our +blankets and took a nap for an hour or two, and then after eating a light +breakfast, commenced perfecting our plans for the future. + +We each cut a good, stout hickory staff, and then agreed upon our manner +of march. Captain Geere, who had escaped once before and been recaptured, +was chosen leader, and we were to march in single file, about ten paces +apart, Geere first, Eastmond next, myself third, and the others behind. If +the leader saw any danger, he was to raise his hand as a signal for all to +drop down; and if he wanted to consult, he would stop and wait for us to +come up. + +The moon was full, and shone brightly nearly all night; so that when we +were in the open road, these signals could be plainly seen by the man next +behind, who was to raise his hand, and so pass the signal back to the +rear. About ten o'clock that night we started for the road, which we had +reconnoitered and found during the day. We had nearly reached the road, +when we heard a dog baying as though on a trail of some kind, and also +heard the voices of men shouting to him. Making quite a long detour, we +again approached the road, this time where the timber was sparse, and the +greensward soft beneath our feet. Captain Geere had just reached the +middle of the road, and Captain Eastmond was near the edge of the woods, +when suddenly a large white dog, with a loud bay attacked Geere. I was +near enough to see Geere swinging his stick in front of the dog to keep +him off, and dropped flat down. I saw two armed men come up and silence +the dog, but waited for no more, and stealthily glided away as fast as I +could, back into the woods. + +The greensward beneath my feet, the barking of the dog, and the loud +talking of the men, prevented them from hearing me, and I assure you it +was not long before I was out of their hearing, no matter how much noise I +had made. I was all alone, and did not know in what direction I was +running, I only knew I was getting away from the sound of that dog. I had +run, I should judge, about a mile, when I again came to the road and +crossed it. Soon getting into a swampy piece of ground, I climbed over +fallen trees, plunged into mud holes, tore through brier bushes, and +stumbled over stumps, and finally sat down, completely out of breath, to +listen. + +It was now about 11 o'clock, and there was not a sound to be heard. After +listening some time I again started for the road, feeling that I must make +the balance of the tramp alone. I soon found the road, and then put in +some of the tallest walking I had ever done, knowing that every stride I +made was a stride towards safety. I had walked about five miles, as near +as I could judge, and had just come to the open country again, when from +the fence beside the road just behind me, I heard my name spoken; and +knowing that no one but my comrades would know my name, I at once halted +and answered. It proved to be Captain Hock and Adjutant Winner, who had +heard me coming and waited for me. + +We pushed on rapidly, knowing that our safety depended on the distance we +placed between ourselves and Columbia that night, and at daylight went +into camp in a piece of woods about fifteen miles from Columbia. I did +not take any blanket with me; but had a good overcoat, which we spread on +the ground, and covering ourselves with the blankets of Hock and Winner, +slept soundly until about ten o'clock, when we awoke and took our +breakfast of two biscuits each, and spent the balance of the day in +chatting, smoking, snoozing, etc. About half past nine that evening (the +14th) we started on again, proceeding cautiously in single file, but we +did not make more than twelve miles that night, on account of being +obliged to make a long detour two or three times, to flank some wagons +that had camped beside the road, on their way to market at Columbia. + +People going to market there are frequently eight or ten days on the road, +camping like gypsies, wherever night overtakes them. They would build a +fire beside the road, and cook their supper, picket their horses, and go +to sleep in their covered wagons. + +In these detours, we sometimes came across a few sweet potatoes, or some +corn in the field, which we would gather to roast for our breakfast. In +fact, after the third day, our biscuits were all gone, and we had nothing +to eat except what we could thus find along the road. On the third night +out, my legs began to pain me, and the next morning they were quite +swollen and inflamed. This was Sunday, and we camped in a pine grove, near +a clear brook; and after breakfast I took a good bath in the cold water, +and felt quite refreshed after it. That night, just after we started, we +found a guide board, and mounting Captain Hock's shoulders, I got near +enough to read that we were thirty-four miles from Columbia, having +averaged not quite twelve miles a night. + + +[Illustration: ESCAPED PRISONERS SEARCHING FOR THE ROAD AT NIGHT.] + + +Being now out of provisions, much of our time was spent in looking for +sweet potatoes along the road. Sometimes we would see a nice patch in +front of some wayside house; but almost every house had a dog or two, and +they ever seemed on the alert for tramps; and it was quite a risk to +attempt to dig sweet potatoes with those dogs making such a racket, and we +were often glad enough to get away without being detected, and even +without the desired potatoes. How those dogs would bark! It seemed as +though they would arouse the whole neighborhood with their eternal +yelping. I took a solemn oath during that journey that if I ever lived to +get free, I would thereafter shoot every dog I could find, and I pretty +near kept that oath, too. We were not so much afraid of their biting us as +we were that they would be followed by their masters with loaded guns; and +often we would make a detour of a mile, rather than have attention +attracted to us by those yelping curs. + +The fifth night of our tramp was cloudy and dark, so much so that the +little North Star, that had thus far been our guide, as well as the full +moon that had lighted up our road, was completely hidden from our view, +and we were left to grope our way as best we could. In the darkness we +came to where the roads forked, and although there was a guide board, it +was in vain that I tried by mounting Captain Hock's shoulders and lighting +matches, to read the directions, to find which road led in the right +direction. + +After talking the matter over, and consulting our little map as well as we +could by the aid of lighted matches, we took the road to the right, and +although it may seem paradoxical, for this once right was wrong. + +We traveled on this road two or three miles, when we were satisfied that +we should have taken the other fork, but thinking we would come to a road +soon that bore in the right direction, we kept plodding along in the +darkness and finally in the rain, and when near daylight we went into +camp, we only knew we were in the woods somewhere in South Carolina, but +in what particular portion of that state we could not tell. Of one thing +we were satisfied, and that was that we were tired out and half starved. +We spread our blankets on the wet ground and, with the rain falling in our +faces, slept as soundly as though our bed was one of down instead of the +wet ground. + +Awaking about 10 o'clock, I started out on a reconnoissance, and, after +carefully skirmishing around for an hour, found that we were near the +Saluda river, and that there was a ferry near by, the river at this point +being very wide. We did not wish to cross this river, and had tried hard +to avoid it, but by taking the wrong road at the forks had run right onto +it. + +Instead of laying by this day, we started out to try to find a road that +led in the right direction. We found some persimmons, which we gathered +and ate to satisfy our hunger; but tramped all day in the rain until 4 +o'clock in the afternoon before we found a road that seemed to run in the +direction we wished to go. When we finally came to a road that seemed to +point to the northwest, we pushed on rapidly for sixteen miles before +halting, although we were hungry and tired; and when we finally came to +another guide board, we found that we were only forty-four miles from +Columbia. This was Tuesday, the 18th, and we had left Columbia the morning +of the 14th, thus making an average of only eleven miles a day, or rather +a night. + +We had nothing to eat but raw corn, which we shelled from the cob, and +munched as we walked. My legs had now became swollen and inflamed to such +an extent that, had I been at home, I would not have thought I could walk +a dozen blocks, still we marched sixteen miles that night, and the next +morning we went into camp within the sound of passing cars. That night we +started out again, but had not gone more than half a mile before we again +came upon the river. This was discouraging for, as I have said, we did not +wish to cross the river but to go in a parallel direction, and this road +ended at a ferry. + +There was nothing to do but go back and try to find a road that branched +off from the one we were just traveling. The country through which we +were passing was densely wooded, and the weather was cloudy and rainy, +and, after tramping all day and all the next night, we finally went into +camp again; but where we could not tell, except that it was in the woods. +We had traveled hither and thither for thirty-six hours without anything +to eat. + +After resting and sleeping until about 11 o'clock in the forenoon, we +started out again to find a road. We found a corn field in which some +beans had been planted between the hills, and gathered the ears of corn +and picked some of the beans, which we shelled and cooked in a tin plate +that I had brought along. We were near a spring of water, and, by placing +the tin plate on three stones and building a fire with twigs under it, we +could, by frequently pouring in water from a tin cup, manage to keep them +from burning until they were soft enough to eat. It took a good deal of +time and patience to cook enough for three in this way; but by working +faithfully all day, I cooked enough to make us think we had had quite a +dinner. + +During the day, Captain Hock in skirmishing around the woods came across +four or five shoats and an old sow feeding on the nuts and persimmons, and +tried by shelling corn to coax them near enough to knock one over to cook +for rations; but they were so wild he could not get near enough to capture +one. He worked a long time to gain their confidence; and they would come +within a few feet, and then, with a loud snort, would scamper off into the +woods again, patiently followed by the Captain. Finally, however, he was +obliged to give up the chase, and the prospects of a good dinner vanished. + +About four o'clock we found a road, and then completely tired out, we lay +down and slept. It was nearly midnight when we started on, and then it was +with difficulty that I could walk at all. My legs gave me such pain that +it seemed as if they would break off at every step. They were swollen to +three times their natural size and were so inflamed that I thought I would +be obliged to give up. The agony I suffered that night can never be told, +but I would not let my comrades halt for my sufferings, and they would not +go on without me--God bless them! They would not desert me, but rather +stay and share my fate, whatever it might be. I never can forget those two +noble comrades, who so faithfully stood by me, when, by leaving me behind, +as I begged of them to do, they, who were strong and hearty, could have +made double the distance I could make in my enfeebled condition. + +We soon found the railroad, and knowing that it would take us to +Knoxville, where we were making for, we started along the track. Although +my sufferings were almost unbearable, I trudged along uncomplainingly, for +I would not impede their progress; and when, shortly after, we came in +sight of a covered bridge, which we thought might be guarded, I +volunteered to make a reconnoissance, for I thought it better for me to +be re-taken than either of them. + +Fortunately, there was no guard at the bridge, and we crossed. Captain +Hock was obliged to crawl across on his hands and knees for fear of +falling, as there was nothing but the ties and stringers to cross on and +it made him dizzy to walk upright. After crossing this bridge, we came to +a sweet potato patch and filled our haversacks so as to have a breakfast. + +Just at daylight that morning, we met a negro going to work in a mill; +but, as we were afraid to trust him, we did not speak except to say "good +morning" as we passed. This was the first person, black or white, that we +had met since our escape, and we had then been out six days. We went into +a piece of woods near by, and I cooked sweet potatoes in that tin plate +nearly all day to satisfy our appetites. + +We had our camp this day in a small thicket near a sweet potato field; +and, knowing that we could lay in a good supply after dark, we cooked and +ate all we wanted of our former supply. It kept me pretty busy cooking +them in that tin plate, as I was obliged to slice them up and then keep +adding water as it boiled away; but we managed to make out a good dinner, +and then lay down and slept until nearly dark. We made our supper on some +of the potatoes that I had roasted in the hot embers, so we had a variety +that day, boiled sweet potatoes for dinner, and sweet potatoes roasted for +supper. After supper we went into the field, and filled our haversacks +for the next morning's breakfast. It was hard digging, as the soil was +gravelly, and we had nothing but our fingers to dig with. + +If any one thinks that a peck of sweet potatoes is not heavy, let him try +carrying a peck all night, and walk the railroad ties. This, the seventh +night, we started out early, taking the railroad track, which would take +us direct; but it was hard walking, and especially for me, as my legs were +so swollen and lame. I had been obliged on account of my swollen feet and +limbs to cut off the legs of my cavalry boots, and split down the vamp +nearly to the toe, to make them more roomy and comfortable, for my +stockingless feet. + +I used to think during that tramp on the railroad, how much better walking +it would be, if they would place the ties straight across the road bed, +and at an equal distance apart, say about eighteen inches, instead of +putting every third or fourth one on a bias. We dis-_cussed_ this thing +pretty thoroughly during the time we were engaged as track-walkers between +Columbia and Wallhalla, and came to the conclusion that a reform was +necessary, in this regard. + +We were continually obliged to take one or two short steps and then a long +one, and if the reader does not believe that to be tiresome, let him try +it for two or three hundred miles, and he will believe that I am right, +and that I know something about how railroads ought to be built for foot +passengers. At any rate, I was so completely used up by one o'clock that +night that I tried to have my comrades go on and leave me to try to get +some negro to take care of me until I was able to resume my journey. I +told them that it was impossible for me to proceed; but they said they +would go into camp there, and see what success I met with in finding +shelter. + +We went into a piece of woods near the railroad and in sight of the +village of Greenwood, S. C., at one o'clock in the morning, and lay there +all day, watching for some negro to come along the road, which here ran +along the railroad. Towards night, I walked out to the railroad, and saw a +negro coming along on horse back. I sat upon the fence with my blue +overcoat on, and the following dialogue took place: + +"Hello uncle!" + +"Howde massa?" + +"Uncle, did you ever see a Yankee?" + +"No sah, I spects I never did." + +"Well, now, take a good look at me and you'll see one." + +"Is you a Yankee, massa?" + +"Yes, I am a Yankee, and I want you to help me. You know we are going to +make the darkies all free. We are your friends. I have been a prisoner at +Columbia, and have escaped to get back North; but I am sick, and cannot go +any farther until I get better. Now I would like to go home with you and +have you take care of me until I am able to travel again, and I will pay +you well for your trouble." + +"Well massa, you see I would like to do it mighty well; but I live six +miles back, and there's so many chiller bout dare, and all the house +servants dey can't be trusted. Our oberseer he's a black man, but he do +any ting massa say. I don't dare trust him, and if dey kotch me, dey'd +hang me, sure. But ders a collored fellah up the road, 'Free Mitchell,' +he'll keep you if you get dere." + +After making inquiries how to find "Free Mitchell," and getting as +definite directions as it was possible to obtain from a black, which was +quite vague, I bid him "good bye," after enjoining the strictest secrecy, +and receiving his most solemn promise not to say a word. I went back to my +comrades, and reported what I had done, and proposed that as soon as it +was dark we should hunt up this free negro, and try and get help. + +Soon after dark, we all started and walked two miles to the little village +of Greenwood. Thinking by the directions given, that we were nearing the +house, Hock and Winner lay down in the corner of the fence to wait until I +could find this place of refuge, and, if possible, bring them something to +eat. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV. + +ASSAILED BY A DOG--SCARING A NEGRO--FREE MITCHELL--HE DARE NOT LET ME INTO +HIS YARD ON ACCOUNT OF A YANKEE SCHOOLMASTER WHO KEPT BLOOD +HOUNDS--FLANKING THE HOUNDS--MEETING CAPTAIN ALBAN--LOSING MY FORMER +COMPANIONS I START OUT WITH HIM. + + +I walked part way into town trying not to attract attention, when a large +dog came bristling up, and acted as if he would like a piece of me; but +his master, who was a negro, gruffly called him back, and just then coming +to the railroad, I turned up the track and walked rapidly for half a mile +to get out of the village. I soon came to the place where the road crossed +the railroad, and thought I would wait until my companions came up. I had +told them that if I was not back in an hour to go on and leave me; for, if +nothing happened, I would be back within that time with something for them +to eat; and if I was not back they might make up their minds that I was +recaptured, or something had occurred to prevent me getting back. + +When I parted from them, Captain Hock, with his usual thoughtfulness and +generosity, took out his pocket book and divided the contents with me, +saying I might need more than he would. I sat down in the shadow of a +large pine tree that stood close to the road, and, after about half an +hour, I heard someone approaching from the direction of the village; and +thinking it might be my companions, I waited until a large negro came up. +Just as he passed me, I stepped up behind him and touched him on the +shoulder, at the same time saying, "hello!" I think that negro jumped two +feet straight up, when I thus abruptly saluted him. As soon as he could +speak, he said, "Golly, massa, how you skeered me!" + +I asked him where he was going, and he said he "done got a pass from de +massa to go see his wife, about two miles up de road." + +"Well," said I, "then you go past Free Mitchell's, don't you?" + +"No, not zacly; but I go right near." + +"Well, Uncle," said I, "I am going to Free Mitchell's, and if you show me +to his house, here is a dollar for you." + +"All right, massa; but you walk behind aways, for if we meet any one, and +dey see me wid a white man, dey'll take me back agin, sure." + +So we started on, and after walking about two miles came to a small cabin +in the woods. My guide went in and called out the owner, who proved to be +an intelligent looking mulatto, and who said he was "Free Mitchell." + +I told him who I was and who had directed me to him, and asked him if he +could keep and feed me for a few days, telling him that I had plenty of +money to pay for the trouble I should cause him. But he said he would not +dare even to let me in his yard, for he was already suspected of secreting +fugitives; and there was a Yankee schoolmaster living just beyond, who +kept a pack of hounds, and hunted around his house every two or three +days, and if he found any tracks leading into his yard they would hang him +right quick. He advised me not to make any stops until I got safely beyond +those hounds. He had nothing cooked up to give me a bite to eat, so I +thought I would start on and get beyond those dogs, and try for some safer +place. + +About a mile beyond this cabin I saw a house back from the road, and a +pack of hounds commenced a fearful baying before I was within a quarter of +a mile of the premises. Knowing the keenness of scent possessed by those +brutes, I made a detour of about half a mile, and got into a marshy piece +of ground covered with alders. Through this I tramped some distance, half +way to my knees in the soft mud, and tearing myself on the bushes, until I +finally came out on the road again, out of hearing of the dogs. I soon +came to a place where the road crossed the railroad again and, thinking +that my comrades must come on one or the other of these, I sat down on a +pile of ties beside the track to rest and wait for them. + +It was now nearly midnight and the moon was shining bright, while all +around was still as death. Just behind me on the railroad was quite a +deep cut and, after waiting some time, I heard some one approaching from +that direction, their steps on the railroad ties resounding on the still +night air with a wonderful distinctness. Thinking it must be my comrades, +as no one else would be likely to be out at that time of night, I sat +still and waited for them to come up. + +Suddenly, a large powerful looking man emerged from the shade of the cut, +and was so near before I saw him, that I could not have escaped detection +if I had tried. Thinking to have the first word, I raised up before he +discovered me, and sung out: + +"Hello!" + +"Good evening," said he, very civilly. + +"Where are you going?" I asked somewhat sternly. + +He hesitated and stammered out, "to Greenville, sir." + +"Do you live in Greenville?" I asked. + +"No, sir," said he, "I live in--in Columbia," hesitatingly. + +"You are a Yankee officer, I believe!" said I. + +"Well, sir," said he, "there is no use in denying it, I am." + +"So am I, old boy," exclaimed I, grasping his hand, "put it there." + +If ever two fellows were pleased to find a friend when they had both +expected to find an enemy, we two were, just then. The hearty hand +shaking that followed showed that we were mutually pleased to find, that, +instead of running onto an armed reb, we had run across an old comrade. We +had been in prison together in Macon, Savannah, Charleston and Columbia, +and still were strangers to each other. This officer proved to be Captain +H. H. Alban, 21st Ohio Vols., who was taken prisoner at Chicamauga. He had +two dressed chickens, and a quantity of corn bread, that he had just +bought in Greenwood of a negro. + +He gave me a good sized piece of corn bread, which I thought the sweetest +morsel I had ever tasted, for I had not eaten anything all day, and was +half starved. + +I bought one of the chickens for ten dollars, Captain Alban excusing +himself for taking the money, by saying that he had just paid the last +dollar he possessed for those two chickens and corn bread, and when they +were gone he would be obliged to forage or starve. + +He urged me to go on with him, promising to carry my haversack and do all +the buying, taking the risk of recapture, if I would furnish the money. I +showed him my legs, and told him that I would only be a hindrance to him, +and would wait there until my companions came up. + +Finally, after talking the matter over, I agreed that if my comrades did +not come within an hour, I should think they had got ahead of me, and +would go on with him, for this night at least. We sat there and waited +until about one o'clock, and, as they did not come, I started on with him, +feeling like a new man after the good lunch and the rest. Captain Alban, +who was a large, strong man, six feet high and in robust health, took my +haversack. This lightened me up a good deal, and I was too plucky to let +him think I could not keep up, and so I stubbed along, notwithstanding my +swollen legs and feet, and that night we put in seventeen miles, after I +met him, before we went into camp. + + + + +CHAPTER XV. + +HOW TO ROAST A CHICKEN--A GOOD SQUARE MEAL ONCE MORE--ON THE TRAMP +AGAIN--WE MEET A DARKEY WHO FURNISHES US SUPPER AND CHICKENS FROM HIS +MASTER'S HEN COOP--SURPRISED BY TWO WHITE MEN WHILE EATING +BREAKFAST--PASSING THROUGH WALHALLA--AVOIDING SOME CAVALRY. + + +When we made camp on this, the twelfth day of my tramp, it was back of a +plantation, in a large woods, near a spring. We always made our camp near +good water, if possible. Here I showed the captain how to cook a chicken; +and for the benefit of camping parties I give the receipt here, which, if +followed, will, I assure them, afford as fine a dinner as can be made from +a chicken. + +Bending over a small sappling about two inches through at the butt, I +fastened the top to the roots of a tree, and then trimmed off the +branches. From the centre of the bow thus formed, I hung the chicken by +means of a limb with a hook on the lower end, so that the chicken nearly +reached the ground. Then building a fire in a circle around the fowl, with +dry twigs and bark, as a blacksmith would to heat a wagon tire, I soon had +a chicken as finely browned as ever was cooked in an oven. I salted it as +it roasted and within an hour I ate the first satisfactory meal I had +eaten in eleven days, roast chicken and corn bread, with a tin cup full of +cold water. After a good sleep which lasted until nearly dark, I felt like +a new man, and only for my swollen and inflamed feet and legs, would have +felt fit to endure anything. + +We started out at dark, having made a supper of the remains of the chicken +and some corn bread, and, before daylight had made twenty miles, though my +legs kept getting worse, if possible, and pained me so that at times I +could scarcely keep from crying out in my agony. + +Captain Alban would not leave me, and encouraged me to renewed efforts +when I was almost fainting from pain. + +It was Saturday night that I met Alban, and on Monday we ate the last of +our chickens and corn bread, and with full stomachs, but empty haversacks, +we started out at dark again. About nine o'clock, as we were going along +through a piece of woods, we suddenly came upon a negro with a large +wooden trunk on his head. He was frightened at first but after finding out +that we were Yankees, he was about the most delighted darkey I ever saw. I +told him I would give him twenty dollars if he would get me five chickens, +and corn bread enough to eat with them. This he promised to do, and told +us to wait there until he toted the trunk over to his old grannies, and +when he came back he would whistle, to let us know it was him, and when +we answered the whistle, he would take us to the house and give us some +supper. He was soon back and we went with him to the edge of the woods, +near the shanty, when he again left us to make sure that everything was +all right. It was not long before we again heard the low, musical whistle, +which I answered, and he came up with two other negroes and took us to a +cabin, where a good fire was burning and an old black woman was cooking +some bacon and corn bread, or hoe cake, as they call it. While auntie was +getting our supper prepared, the three men went out to see about the +chickens. + +It was not long before they were back, and had five nice fat fowl, which +they proceeded at once to dress for us, and by the time we had finished +our supper, which we greatly relished, the fowl were ready, the feathers +burned, and the floor carefully swept, so that every trace of the +transaction was removed. I had a silver quarter in my pocket which I gave +to aunty, and which she received with profuse expressions of joy and +gratitude. We staid with them until eleven o'clock, and although we only +walked eleven miles after that, I was completely used up the next morning +when we went into camp again. I cooked three of the chickens that day, and +we eat one for dinner and one for supper. + +That night we walked twenty miles on the railroad, crossing four long iron +covered bridges, and went into camp in a large piece of woods some +distance back from the railroad, as daylight again warned us to seek +shelter. + +About eight o'clock we made a fire and were roasting our last chicken, +making our breakfast in the meantime, on the one left from the night +before. I had laid aside my overcoat, and was therefore in the full dress +of a cavalry lieutenant, shoulder straps and all, and we were chatting +over our breakfast, when I heard the brush crackle close by, and looking +up we saw two white men within a few rods of us; one dressed in the +homespun usually worn by citizens in the south, and the other wearing the +uniform of a Confederate soldier. + +I just had time to say to Alban, they are unarmed and I can handle one if +you can the other, when they came up to where we were sitting. They both +seemed a little embarrassed, and the situation was slightly embarrassing +to us. + +After the usual salutation, the elder of the two said, somewhat +apologetically: "We saw the smoke out here, and thought some one had built +a fire while possum hunting last night, and was afraid it might get into +our fence, which is just through yonder thicket." + +We assured him that we would put the fire out carefully when we went away, +which we would do as soon as our chicken was done. I was well aware that +they must know we were Yankees, and feared that our tramp was over for the +present, but anything was better than suspense, and rising to my feet I +said to the old man who stood near me: "Well, sir, I suppose you know +that we are Yankees; now, what do you propose to do with us?" + +"Yes," said he, "I know you are Yankees, but you need have no fear of us, +we are Union men." + +"How is it, then, that this young man wears the Confederate uniform?" + +"Well, sir, to save being conscripted and sent to the field, he joined a +company of home guard, who are nearly all Union men, and by doing so is +kept about here." + +I well knew he was telling the truth, and I grasped his hand and shook it +heartily, and while we all sat around the fire, I told them of our +imprisonment and escape, and of our long tramp for freedom. They told us +their names were John Addis and William Addis, father and son, and that +they would do anything they could to assist us. + +They went to the house and had some wheat biscuit baked, and some sweet +potatoes roasted for us, the young man promising that if his mother would +consent, he would go with us to our lines; but she was so fearful that he +would be captured and shot as a deserter, that she would not listen to the +proposition for a moment, but sent by him a hearty God-speed to us. + +Mr. Addis directed us to his brother in Towns County, Georgia, and said +that he had heard, that the Union forces were in that county a few days +before, and it would be perfectly safe for us to travel in the day time, +passing ourselves for Confederate soldiers on furloughs. + +He said that at Walhalla, thirteen miles ahead, they were very vigilant, +and at Tunnel Hill, (nineteen miles) there was a picket station, at a gap +in the mountain, which it would be necessary for us to flank. He gave us +the name of the captain of a company of youths who guarded this pass, +which I carefully noted, and instructed us as well as he could, how to get +around this gap. The young man went with us about two miles, to get us +past the depot without being noticed, and then bade us good bye, saying +that he would like to accompany us north if he could. We started on, +feeling much encouraged, expecting to get beyond the picket at Tunnel Hill +before daylight. But it soon commenced raining fearfully, and the walking +was slippery, which made it intensely painful to my poor inflamed limbs, +and chafed the skin off my stockingless feet, as they slipped up and down +in legless boots. + +I stood it as long as I could, but at twelve o'clock I was obliged to give +up, and drenched to the skin, we lay down under a pine tree beside the +road, and covering ourselves with a wet blanket, with my overcoat for a +bed, and the rain beating in our faces, we slept the sound refreshing +sleep of tired soldiers. We awoke just before daylight, wet, cold and +stiff, and started on towards Walhalla, which was about a mile ahead. I +thought the one street that passed through that little hamlet, was the +longest I ever saw. It was daylight when we entered the town, and the +early risers were stirring, but they were all negroes. We walked rapidly, +but it seemed as though we would never get through the village and gain +the woods beyond. And finally seeing some covered wagons just at the +further edge of the town, with the owners cooking their breakfast, we +concluded to make a flank movement to the right, as though we were going +to work in the woods. We gained the woods in safety, and crossing the +road, went in a considerable distance, and sat down on a fallen tree, ate +our breakfast and rested for about an hour. + +As it was still raining and very cloudy, we concluded to go on, and try +and flank the picket post at Tunnel Hill before night, thinking they would +not be as watchful during the day. We kept in sight of the road, and +hearing some mounted men coming, we hid until they passed. We could +plainly hear them talking, and concluded that it was the relief, going up +to change the guard. Going on, we kept the road in sight, until we came to +a plantation, which we thought best to go around, keeping in the edge of +the woods that skirted it. It was a long detour, and when we tried to come +out on the road again, we could not find it. There was a path in the +woods, leading up quite a steep looking hill. It seemed to be well +traveled, and thinking we could go over this hill and probably come out on +the road, we followed this path in a circuitous way for nearly a mile, +when we came to the top of a ridge, that seemed about ten rods wide, and +densely covered with large timber. Looking down on either side, we could +see through the clouds and fog, a valley of wooded land on one side, and +clear land on the other. We walked along this ridge all day, and as the +sun was completely obscured, we could not tell in what direction we were +moving. We examined the moss on the trees, but sometimes it would be on +one side, and then on the other. About five o'clock, our path led down the +mountain, and in half an hour more, we were surprised to find, that +although we had followed the path all day, we had come out just where we +went up in the morning. We learned after, that this was Cheat mountain, +and is a high ridge shaped like a bowl, with a valley in the center, and +we had walked around the crest all day, making nearly ten miles. It was +now about sundown, and reconnoitering in different directions, we finally +found the road again, and laying down in some weeds, waited for darkness. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI. + +BACK INTO WALHALLA--WE RUN INTO A REBEL PICKET IN THE DARK AND ARE TAKEN +IN--A LITTLE JUDICIOUS LIEING SECURES OUR RELEASE--OVERTAKING SOME WAGONS +GOING FROM MARKET--CHATTING WITH A COMPANY OF REBEL CAVALRY. + + +Starting out again at dark, we walked on rapidly for about five miles, +when we came to some covered wagons beside the road, and just after +passing them, I said to Alban, "I believe this is Walhalla again." He +thought it impossible; so said I, "we won't go far before we come to a +carpenter shop, with a bench outside." Sure enough, we soon came to the +carpenter shop that I had noticed as we passed hastily through the town +that morning. Turning about we walked back, and soon found how we had made +the mistake in the darkness. Near where these wagons were camped, there +was a fork in the road; we had taken the right hand fork in the morning, +and turned into the woods to the left of the road. The road we had found +at night, was the other branch of the fork and turning to the left again, +we had walked directly back to where we started from in the morning. It +was now nine o'clock, and again taking the right hand road, we started +back towards Tunnel Hill. + +There were mile boards on this road, that told the distance, and as we had +been told it was six miles to Tunnel Hill, we walked along briskly for +nearly four miles, when all of a sudden there rang out clear and distinct +that well known challenge: "Halt! Who comes there?" + +The voice was not five rods ahead, and through the darkness we could +discern the outline of the sentry, and just beyond a dim fire of dying +embers. + +"Soldiers!" was the prompt reply to the challenge by Captain Alban. "Have +you got any showance?" (pass.) "Yes, sir," he answered. "Well, come in and +let's see it." Alban was about twenty yards ahead of me, and as I had not +yet spoken, I thought perhaps I might not have been seen, and as he +approached the sentry, I crouched down, preparatory to sliding into the +woods. But the guard saw me, and asked if that was another soldier behind, +and upon being answered in the affirmative, told me to come in too. I said +I didn't think he would allow us both to approach at once; that we never +would at the front allow but one to approach at a time. + +"Oh, we've got force enough to take care of both of youans," said he. So +we walked in, and he took us up to the smoldering fire, where six or eight +others were sitting and lying around, and speaking to some one whom he +called Dock, told him to get up and look at our "showance." While Dock was +crawling out, pulling on his boots, and rubbing his eyes, the guard asked +what command we belonged to. We told them that we belonged to the 32d +Georgia. (This was the regiment that was guarding Yankee prisoners at +Columbia.) That we were stationed at Columbia, guarding Yankee prisoners; +that we had just come to Walhalla by the train, and thought we would walk +as far as Tunnel Hill, and stay there all night, and see the Captain, +(giving his name,) who was an old friend of mine, that I had not seen +since the war broke out, and I wanted to have a visit with him. That we +were going to Towns County, Georgia, where my sister (giving a ficticious +name), who was Alban's wife, lived; that I had a sick furlough for thirty +days, and Alban had a pass for ten days, to go and see his wife. We +mentioned two or three names that had been furnished us by Mr. Addis, and +asked if they knew them. + +By the time "Dock" was ready to examine our papers, we had got them +thoroughly interested in us, and had so thoroughly impressed upon them the +belief that we were all right, and then I showed them my legs which were +so terribly inflamed, and told them that I was suffering from inflammatory +rheumatism,--which was the nearest the truth of anything that I had yet +told them--and groaned over the excruciating pain I was suffering. When I +had fully impressed them with the truthfulness of my story, I took from +my pocket an enlistment paper that I had, and produced it as my furlough. +I told them that I bought that overcoat of a Yankee for five plugs of +tobacco, and got the pants for two plugs; that you could buy any thing of +those Yankee prisoners for tobacco; They would sell the shirt off their +back for tobacco. Finally "Dock" took my furlough, and as it was raining +hard, and the fire would not burn, he got down on his knees beside it, and +would blow up a little blaze, and try to make out the papers; but could +only see that it was a printed and written document of some kind. At the +same time I was groaning over my suffering legs, and rubbing them, and +wishing I was at the captain's quarters, where I could rest and care for +them. After "Dock" had tried in vain for sometime to make out my furlough, +I said it was too bad to keep me there in the rain where I was sure to +take cold in my legs; that the Captain could examine the papers in the +morning, and see that they were all right. So he finally said, well I +reckon you are all right, you can go ahead. If you want to go to Clayton +it is the nearest way to take the left fork, but if you want to go to +Tunnel Hill take the right. We passed on a few yards to the forks, and not +wishing to let them see how anxious we were to get away, we stopped and +discussed the question whether we would go on to Tunnel Hill, or turn +towards Clayton. + +We finally turned towards Clayton, as we had all the time intended, and +when we got out of sight and hearing of the picket post, we just lay down +and rolled and laughed. Up to the time that "Dock" told us we could go on, +we had scarcely the slightest idea that they would not detect the fraud, +and march us off under guard to headquarters. Sick and lame as I was, I +could not restrain my laughter at this adventure, for hours after. + +We hurried forward however, for fear the officer of the guard might be +making his rounds, and learning of our passing the picket, follow us up to +ascertain that we were all right. About one o'clock we halted, completely +tired out with our almost incessant march of nearly forty-eight hours, in +the mud and rain, with little to eat, and as wet as we were, we lay down +in a thicket beside the road, and slept soundly until daylight. When we +awoke, we were wet through and completely chilled, and started on to try +and get warm. We soon came to a river which we were obliged to ford, the +water being nearly up to our waist, but as we were already as wet as we +could be, it did not make much difference whether we were in the water or +on dry land. + +We soon came upon some teams that were camped beside the road, being on +their way back from Walhalla to Cherokee County, North Carolina. There +were two rebel soldiers acting as guard for the teams, and the owner was a +Doctor Washburn, formerly from Livingston County, N. Y., as he informed +me. They were cooking their breakfast, but did not say anything about our +taking breakfast with them. They, however, directed us to the house of a +widow, a little farther on, where we could be accommodated. We stopped +there, and she got us up a nice breakfast of corn bread, sweet potatoes +and fried mutton, and I guess she thought by the way we eat that we had +not had anything before in some days, and did not know when we would get +anything again. This widow was quite bitter towards the Confederacy on +account of her son having been conscripted, and she left alone, with no +one to work her little farm or care for her children. She was too poor to +hire the work done, and was obliged to do all that was done towards +supporting herself and children; as her son's pay scarcely amounted to +enough to keep him in tobacco, and left nothing towards the support of his +mother and a family of small children. Having eaten and paid for our +breakfast, we waited for the teams to come along, and then we concluded to +travel with them, as it would give us the appearance of being all right, +if we should meet any soldiers on the road. + +We soon made ourselves at home in their company and I found Dr. Washburn a +very kind-hearted gentleman, and I think that he more than half suspected +our true characters, though he did not pretend to doubt that we were +Confederate soldiers, belonging to the 32d Georgia. He offered to loan me +all the money I needed, which, as he was a perfect stranger, seemed to me +pretty good evidence that he knew I was an escaped prisoner and wanted to +help me to get home. He inquired whether there were any prisoners at +Columbia who were from Livingston County, N. Y., which he said was his +native place; and I said I didn't know where any of them were from, except +I had heard Captain Cady say that he was from Rochester, N. Y., but I did +not know what part of the North that was. I was more than once on the +point of revealing myself to him, and now believe that had I done so, he +would have assisted me. We traveled in company with them two days, and it +was quite a help, to me especially. + +The teams were so heavily loaded that I could not ride much, but on down +grades and at the different fords we came to, he asked me to get on and +rest up a little, which offer I gladly accepted, crossing the Chatuga +river on the back of one of the mules. Dr. Washburn had a Columbia paper, +which gave the particulars of Sheridan's famous fight with Early in the +Valley. When they went into camp the first night, Alban and I went into a +barn near by, and slept until morning. Having travelled until ten o'clock +and forded three streams, we were very tired and slept soundly. The next +day we started on ahead of them, but they overtook us before night; as +they halted early, however, we kept on and were overtaken by a man on +horseback who told us he lived about five miles further on, and if we got +that far, we were welcome to stay over night with him. We found his house +about dark, and he gave us a good supper and a good drink of apple-jack, +which he fished out from under the bed. + +Alban would not drink any, and tried by winks and sly nudges, to keep me +from accepting a second invitation, but I didn't take the hint worth a +cent. Mr. King (for that was his name) was running an illicit distillery +near where we first met him. + +After we had taken two or three drinks, he became talkative, and I think +my tongue was a little loose. He did not go a cent on the Confederacy, and +thought the whole thing was about gone up; and he didn't care much how +soon it collapsed. If he was in my place, he would not go back into the +Confederate army and I told him that I did not intend to. Before we went +to bed, we were on pretty good terms with one another and the world in +general, with the exception of the Confederate government. He lived near +the bank of the Teroria river, and before breakfast we went down to the +river, and cold as it was that morning, stripped off and took a good bath. +When we went back to the house, he again fished out the demijohn from +under the bed, and we took a good one for an appetizer. Alban was fidgety +and nervous, for fear my tongue would run away with me, but I was as jolly +as a lord, and as wary as a member of Congress. + +After a good breakfast, for which he would take no pay, we crossed the +Teroria river and pushed on briskly. I felt just in humor for any +adventure, and one soon presented itself. + +We had not gone far when we saw a company of reb cavalry coming towards us +from ahead. We sat down on a log beside the road and waited for them to +come up, as there were no woods to slip into just there. When they came +along I saluted the Captain and asked, "Whar youans going, Captain?" "Oh, +just going up the road a piece," he answered, and passed on without +questioning us. + +One of the men at the rear of the column stopped long enough to ask us +where we'uns were from, and I told him we had just come from the valley +and had had some right smart fighting with Sheridan. I then hastily +detailed the fight as I had read it in the Columbia paper. He seemed +flattered with the fact that he had talked with two old soldiers who had +been with Earley (for they were home guards), and rode briskly forward to +overtake his comrades. + +We soon came to Clayton, Georgia, and the court being in session, there +was quite a crowd gathered about the court house. We were debating whether +or not it would be safe to keep the road, which led directly past the +court house, when a mounted officer, who had evidently found some +applejack somewhere, came riding down to meet us, and when he learned from +us that we belonged to the 32d Georgia, and had just come from Earley's +army, wanted the latest news. We told him that we had had a right smart +fight with Sheridan, and taken his camp, with all of the stores and a +number of pieces of artillery, but that while the boys were plundering the +camp, Sheridan had surprised us and cut us all up. Having filled him as +chock full of news as he was of applejack, we told him we were going to +Hiawassee, and asked the most direct road. + +He directed us across a common, that would take us to the road leading to +Hiawassee, that would not necessitate our passing the court house, and +rode back to retail the news we had given him. + +After passing Clayton two or three miles, we stopped at a farm house to +get dinner. As we sat down at the table, the host introduced us to the +sheriff of Rabun county. We chatted pleasantly with him during the meal, +but felt greatly relieved when we were once more on the road. + +The next day (Sunday) we struck the Hiawassee river, and fording it, we +pushed on, and just about sundown, came to a house that seemed to promise +good fare, and, representing ourselves to be Confederate soldiers on a +furlough, asked for supper and lodging. + +The gentleman, who had the appearance of a wealthy planter, hesitated, but +when I told him we wished to pay for the accommodation, he said he +reckoned they could keep us, and invited us in. The family consisted of +the planter--Major Carter--his wife, and one daughter, and a lady teacher, +who seemed to be of Northern birth. After supper the conversation +naturally turned on the war, and we discussed the situation freely, and +finding that he was a rank reb, we were, of course, in favor of a vigorous +prosecution of the war as long as there was a soldier left to fight or a +dollar in the treasury. We got on swimmingly for a time. Major Carter was +a man of intelligence, and was thoroughly posted on the situation, as well +as the position of the two armies. In fact, I began to fear that he was +too well posted to make it safe for me to attempt to tell too much of +where I had served, and it soon became convenient for my inflamed legs to +pain me so much that his good wife had one of the colored servants bring +me some warm water out on the stoop to bathe them in. + +This brought the conversation, which was getting a little too deep for me, +to a close; and I asked to be shown to my room, after offering him a +ten-dollar bill to take out for our supper and lodging. I told him we +should probably wish to start before he was up and so preferred to pay +that night. The fact was, I did not wish to meet him the next morning, +after he had taken time to think over the matter, for I was quite sure his +suspicions had been partially aroused. He would have taken two dollars, +but could not change the ten, and I told him I would call on my way back +and pay him. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII. + +AT MAJOR CARTERS--MY SWOLLEN LIMBS GIVE ME AN EXCUSE TO CUT OFF THE +CONVERSATION--REV. MR. BURCH GIVES US A HEARTY WELCOME AND A GOOD +BREAKFAST--PASSING A CONFEDERATE SOLDIER--RECAPTURED--ECCENTRIC BUT LOYAL +TOM HUBBARD--TAKEN BACK TO FORT EMORY. + + +Having partaken of a good hearty supper, we were given a room, and, for +the first time in many months, I enjoyed the luxury of a good feather bed. +Oh, how gratefully my poor tired limbs revelled in its downy recesses. It +seemed almost too bad, to soil those snowy sheets with our dusty and +travel stained clothing. Weary and tired as we were however, we soon +forgot all our troubles, and were revelling in sweet dreams of home and +loved ones. + +We were awake bright and early next morning, and hastily dressing, we +quietly left the house before any of the other inmates were awake. + +This was Monday, the eighteenth day of our tramp, and we had passed +through South Carolina and Georgia, and were near the extreme north-west +corner of North Carolina. + +We walked about two miles, when we came to the house of the Rev. Mr. +Burch. He had been milking and was just going to the house with a pail of +milk when we came up and asked if we could get some breakfast there. He +gave us a hearty welcome to such fare as they could give us, and invited +us into the house. We soon discovered that he was a strong Union man, and, +although we did not reveal ourselves to him as Yankees, I believe he at +least mistrusted we were. We learned from him that the Union forces had +been at Murphy, and when we got across the river from there we would be in +Tennessee, where we would be safe, as our forces held the ground there. We +had told him that we did not intend to go back into the army, but intended +to get inside the Union lines and stay there. + +I being a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, gave him some +signs of that order, which he thought was a clumsily given Masonic sign, +and, as he belonged to that fraternity, he tried to test me in the signs +of that society. I told him I was not a Mason, but was an Odd Fellow, and +he could trust me just as freely as though we both belonged to the same +order. He said: "I do trust you, and believe you are all right, but when +we express Union sentiments in this section of the country, you know, we +do so with a halter around our necks. I have already said and done enough +to hang me if it were known to the rebel authorities, and I know they +would resort to any trick to trap me into saying or doing something that +would convict me of treason to the Confederacy. But I will trust you, +though I place my life in your hands by so doing, for God and my own +conscience tell me that I am doing right." + +He then gave us explicit directions about getting across the river, near +Murphy, which was about twenty miles further. He said it would not do to +cross the bridge at that place, as it was guarded night and day; but we +could probably find boats above there that we could use in crossing. After +breakfast he walked with us a short distance, and bidding us an +affectionate good-bye and God speed, he turned back and we pursued our +way. + +About three miles further on we passed the little hamlet of Fort Emory, +where I noticed a Confederate officer sitting on the stoop of the only +store in the village. Passing by with a nod and a good morning, we were +soon out of sight, and as we felt a little uneasy after this, we walked as +rapidly as it was possible in my enfeebled condition. + +The country through which we were passing now was mostly woods and +sparsely settled. In fact, I think we did not pass but two or three houses +in the next ten miles. At that distance from Fort Emory we came to a large +house that looked as though it belonged to a well-to-do planter, and +seeing the owner out near the road we stopped and asked if we could get +some supper. We had as yet said nothing about paying, and he put on a +long face when he told us that he had nothing cooked in the house. He was +a miserly looking old seed, and thinking a little money might tempt him, I +said that we were not particular what it was, but would pay him for any +kind of a "snack," if he could manage to give us something that would stay +our stomachs until we got to Murphy. + +Mr. Harshaw--for that was his name--thought he might find something if we +would wait awhile, till he could go into the house. While we were yet +talking two mounted, armed men, came suddenly around a bend in the road, +and galloped down to where we were standing, each with a drawn pistol, and +a carbine slung over his shoulder. Dick Hancock the Sergeant, asked, to +what command do you belong? 32d Georgia I answered. Where are you going? +To Murphy to see my sister; giving him a ficticious name. Let me see your +pass said he. I felt in my pocket and said, by golly Alban I left those +passes in my haversack at Maj. Carters; and then turning to the Sergeant, +I explained that we staid at the Major's last night, and as we intended to +go back to-morrow or the next day, we thought we would leave the haversack +which was pretty heavy, and our passes were in the haversack. + +You can consider yourselves under arrest, said the Sergeant; and told his +companion, Tom Hubbard, to dismount and search us. Tom was a very +excitable person, and had a habit of spitting about sixty times a minute. +He first took a large Morocco pocketbook that I carried in the breast +pocket of my coat, and looking over the papers, came across my recruiting +authorization paper, which I had received from the Governor, authorizing +me to recruit volunteers, for the service of the United States. Tom read +this aloud, spitting between each sentence. He read along until he came to +the clause above spoken of, when he stopped suddenly and said: "You are a +Yankee officer, by thunder!" I laughed and said: "Well, a Yankee could not +guess better than that." + +"Well, you are, by jingo." + +"Well, who said I wasn't?" + +Tom got terribly excited, and spit faster than ever, as he said: "Well, by +thunder, you are a Yankee." + +I should have laughed if he had been going to shoot me, and I did laugh +heartily at his excitement. This made him more excited still, and by the +time he had finished reading the paper, he was so excited that I could +easily have disarmed him, but the Sergeant sat there, with his pistol +ready to shoot if we made any attempt to get away. + +I then told them that we were Yankee officers, and that we had for six +months suffered the horrors of prison life, that we had escaped from +Columbia, and had walked three hundred miles to gain our liberty, and +pulling up my pants I showed them my legs, which were swollen to three +times their natural size, and very much inflamed, and asked if, after +having tramped so far with such a pair of legs, I was not entitled to my +liberty. The tears started into Tom's eyes, his mouth twitched +convulsively, he spit with fearful rapidity, and he finally said in a +choking voice, "By thunder, I am sorry I ever saw you." + +If I had my way I would let you go, but if we did old Harshaw, who is a +bitter Confederate, would report us and we would be shot. And Tom meant +what he said; for as will appear further on, he was a Union man at heart. +But the Sergeant was unmoved by our distress, and was only too proud to +think he had captured two Yankee officers, to contemplate letting us go; +so he ordered us to walk between them back to Fort Emory, ten miles. No +Sergeant, I said, I am your prisoner, only because my legs gave out; and I +shall never walk back. If you want me to go back to Fort Emory, you will +have to carry me, for if I could have walked you would not have seen me. +He insisted that I start on, but I told him plainly that I would not walk +a step, that I had just about as leave he would shoot me right there as to +take me back into prison. + +Tom finally said, Dick, you take him up behind you, and I will take this +big fellow up behind me, and we will get along much faster. To this +proposition the Sergeant consented, and we both mounted and started back. +If I could have had a chance to have said a dozen words to Alban before +starting, without their seeing us, we would not have gone far; but the +Sergeant and I rode ahead, followed by Tom and Alban, and if I had made a +move to disarm my man, Tom would have been just in a position to have +helped him. I was on the alert, thinking that perhaps Alban would pinion +Tom's arms from behind, and give me a signal to do the same for the +Sergeant, which I could have easily done. + +If I had only known what was going on behind me that night, this narrative +would have a different termination. But I did not know Tom Hubbard then, +nor did I know how strongly he was attached to the old flag. I learned all +this afterwards, and learned to appreciate him, for a true-hearted, loyal +man, whose fidelity could always be relied upon, and whose sympathetic +nature was as tender as a woman's. The circumstances which surrounded him, +compelled him to assume an allegiance to the Confederacy that his loyal +soul revolted at. And there is no man North or South that I would give +more to see to-day than this same eccentric TOM HUBBARD. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + +IN PRISON AGAIN. + + +We arrived at the house of CAPTAIN SANDERSON about ten o'clock that night, +and were treated by him like gentlemen. Late as it was, after placing us +in an out-house, in which was a weaver's loom, he brought us a good lunch, +and gave us every possible privilege he could. + +We were strictly guarded, but were made to feel our captivity as little as +possible. + +We were allowed to go down to a stream near the house the next day, and +wash our clothes, which we had worn nearly a month, and the captain, in +every way, treated us more like guests than prisoners. + +Captain Sanderson was in command of a company of home guards, and had +never seen active service. He was a well-to-do farmer, and most of his +command were his neighbor's sons, who, like himself, did not care to go +into the regular service, and most of them were strongly tinctured with +Union sentiments. I don't think he was a very bitter Confederate himself. + +The next afternoon, after having washed and dried our clothes and took a +good bath in the stream near by, we were started under guard for FRANKLIN. +We walked about three miles, when we stopped at the house of a Union man +named Johnson, and whose son had joined Captain Sanderson's company of +home guards to save conscription, and who was detailed as one of our +guard. + +They filled our haversacks with choice fruit, and Captain Lyons, of the +1st Georgia Regiment, whom we met there, loaned me a horse to ride. Our +guard the first day was Lieutenant R. N. Leatherwood, Sergeant Dick +Hancock, and D. J. Johnson. We found by talking to Mr. Johnson that he was +a Union man, and that Captain Lyons, who had so kindly loaned me his +horse, was one also, but they dare not show it. We only went three miles +the first afternoon, and the next morning Tom Hubbard overtook us, leading +a mule for me to ride, as I had only borrowed Captain Lyons's horse for +the first afternoon. Tom Hubbard soon found an opportunity to tell me, +that his brother and a Captain Tidwell were going to try to assist us to +escape. This Captain Tidwell was in command of another company of home +guards, and we had not gone far on this second day of our march, before he +met us as if by chance, and we halted, and after chatting a few minutes, +Tom asked him to ride along with us. + +He had a canteen of applejack, and invited all hands to take a drink. This +we all did, though Captain Alban and I drank very sparingly. The canteen +was passed quite often, and though we all seemed jolly, I noticed that it +held out pretty well, and concluded that they were all trying to get the +rest drunk, without getting drunk themselves. What we wanted was, to get +enough of this apple brandy down Lieutenant Leatherwood and Sergeant Dick +Hancock, to affect them, and then make a break; but it did not work. They +pretended to drink, but were as wary as ever, and were evidently onto our +little game. + +We were a noisy crowd that passed along that road through the woods that +day, we sung, shouted, laughed and swaggered, but that canteen still held +out. Finally as we were passing a spur of the Nantahala mountains, we saw +some mules feeding upon the mountain to our left and rear, and as all were +mounted except Captain Alban, it was suggested that the Lieutenant and +Sergeant try to catch one of the mules for him, so we could get along a +little faster. + +The Sergeant gave Captain Tidwell his revolver, to guard us while he was +gone, and they started up the mountain in pursuit of the mules. When they +had got half way up, Captain Tidwell told us to run into the woods and up +a ravine that separated the two spurs, and he would fire his revolver +towards us, to make believe he was trying to shoot us, but would be +careful not to hit either of us. We had never seen him until an hour +previous, and of course did not know but this was only a dodge to give +him an excuse for shooting a Yankee, but we took the risk, and started +into the woods. + +He shouted halt! halt!! and fired three shots in quick succession; the +bullets sounded uncomfortably near our heads, but we kept on. My legs were +stiff and cramped from riding, and I made very poor headway. I threw off +my overcoat and haversack to lighten me, but it seemed as though I was in +a nightmare; and though I strained every nerve to make the utmost speed, I +seemed to be moving at a snail pace. Alban, who had been walking, and was +strong and robust, outstripped me and was gaining at every step. I was +perspiring at every pore, and my breath was short and hot, but still I did +not seem to get ahead much. I was just thinking I would soon be out of +sight, when I heard Lieutenant Leatherwood's voice close behind me, +saying, hold on Lieutenant, I don't want to shoot you; and looking over my +shoulder, saw him within five rods of me, with his revolver pointed at my +head. + +Seeing that any further effort at flight would only result in my getting +the contents of that revolver, and not hankering after anything of that +kind, as I was near enough dead already, I stopped and went quietly back, +Alban, who was five or six rods ahead of me, doing likewise. + +One of the bullets from Captain Tidwell's revolver had struck a rock near +me, and a piece of the bullet hit me just under my right eye, thus saving +his reputation as a marksman, and giving color to his intentions to shoot +me. + +As we slowly made our way back to the road, I picked up my traps that I +had discarded in my flight, and laughingly told the boys that I only came +back because it was so much more pleasant to ride than go on foot. Dick +Hancock, the Sergeant, however, did not seem to relish the joke, and, +demanding his revolver of Captain Tidwell, said he would shoot the d--d +Yankees anyhow. + +Captain Tidwell told him that he wouldn't shoot any one who was a +prisoner, that if there was any shooting going on, he would have a hand +in. Dick swaggered considerable, but I finally told him that if he really +wanted to shoot some one, he had better go to the front, where he would +find lots of it to do. Said I, (for I was then satisfied that in case of a +row the chances were in our favor) "I want you to understand now, that +while I am a prisoner in your hands, I shall make every effort to escape; +and it is your duty to keep me if you can, and if you shoot me while I am +trying to get away, you will only be doing your duty; but while I am a +secure prisoner, you have no more right to murder me than you have to +murder anyone else." + +You must watch me closely, for I give you fair warning, that I shall +escape if I can. This talk seemed to exasperate him more than ever, and +regaining his revolver, he swore that he would shoot the d--d Yankee any +way. Said I, "Dick, if Captain Tidwell will let me take his revolver, I +will step out here and shoot with you for a while, and see who is the best +shot; for I had about as soon die here, as to be a prisoner much longer." + +Lieutenant Leatherwood finally ordered him to put up his pistol or he +would put him under arrest. He then subsided, but was grouty all the +balance of the day. That evening we came to a school house in the woods, +and concluded to stay there all night. + +Gathering up some dry wood we soon had a roaring fire going in the large +open fire place, and as we had been supplied with two days rations we ate +our supper, and then lighting our pipes, enjoyed ourselves just as though +we all belonged to the same army. I got even Dick Hancock in good humor, +by telling stories, and with Captain Alban, who was a good singer, +treating them to the "Red, White and Blue," the "Star Spangled Banner," +and "Rally 'Round the Flag." + +When we came to the line, "And we'll hurl the rebel crew from the land we +love the best," they fairly made the woods ring with applause. + +Before bed time, Dick Hancock came up to me and apologized for his +rudeness to me that afternoon, saying, "You are a d--d good fellow, +anyway, and I don't care a d--n how quick you get away after I turn you +over to the guard at Franklin." I asked him to caution the boys against +saying anything at Franklin about our attempted escape, and he promised to +do so. + +We laughed, sang, swapped funny stories, and cracked jokes until 10 +o'clock, and a stranger going by would not have mistrusted that there were +any heavy hearts in that crowd of boisterous soldiers. + +At 10 o'clock the door was securely fastened, one of the guard spreading +his blanket and lying down against it, and Dick and the Lieutenant took +the precaution to have Alban and myself sleep between them. + +About two o'clock the next morning, I awoke and asked to have a guard sent +out of the house with me, and Captain Alban said he guessed he would go +too. + +I was in hopes the Lieutenant would send young Johnson with us, but Dick +Hancock had not forgotten what transpired the day before, and said he +would go along with the guard. + +He was mistrustful of young Johnson, and rightfully so, for had we went +out with him alone we would both have got into the woods and taken his gun +along with us; and once in the woods in the night, it would have been next +to impossible to find us again. + +As it was we made no attempt to escape, but went back and slept until +daylight. After breakfast that morning we again saddled up and started for +Franklin, which place we reached about ten o'clock, and were then turned +over to another guard, who were made up of some of the best citizens of +that beautiful village. I have none but pleasant recollections of +Franklin, and would like to visit the place again under the changed +condition of things. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX. + +A HOSPITABLE HOST--FRANKLIN JAIL--CHARITABLE WOMEN--A THOUGHTFUL, MOTHERLY +GIFT--A GENEROUS GUARD--ASHVILLE JAIL--ATTEMPT TO BREAK OUT. + + +Upon our arrival at Franklin we were taken to the jail, but before we were +locked up, Doctor Moore, of the village, invited us to his house to +dinner, and upon his agreeing to be responsible for our safe return, we +were allowed to go with him unattended by any guard. Although no promise +had been exacted from us not to escape, we would not have attempted to +leave, had an outlet presented itself. We would have considered it a base +betrayal of his confidence, as much so as the violation of a parole, to +have taken advantage of so kind and generous a host. We were received at +his house with all the cordiality of distinguished guests, and nothing was +said or done, by any member of the family, that could be construed into a +hint that we were other than welcome visitors. + +Dr. Moore was an ardent supporter of the Confederacy, but was too much of +a gentleman to allude to any thing during our visit, that would be +offensive to our ears. Books and papers were on the parlor table, +photographs of the family and friends were shown us; a stereoscope was +also on the table, supplied with views of scenes both in the North and +South. I was looking at some of the views, when I, without knowing what it +was, put one into the stereoscope and looking at it, almost imagined that +I was in New York. It was a view of Broadway from the Battery up. Oh! how +this picture reminded me of home. It seemed as though I could call a stage +by raising my hand. I looked at it long and earnestly, so long that I +almost forgot my surroundings, forgot everything, and was again among +friends at home. + +Altogether, we passed a very pleasant afternoon with the genial doctor and +his interesting family. + +As we were leaving, Mrs. Moore and a neighbor, Mrs. Siler, having noticed +our stockingless feet, presented us each with a pair of nice, warm, woolen +socks, that they had knitted for some member of their own family, and +filling a basket with choice apples and potatoes, sent them with us to the +jail, which was to be our quarters that night. Arriving at the jail, we +found that the doctor, thoughtful of our comfort, had caused a fire to be +built in the wide fireplace, the cheerful glow of which made our +imprisonment more tolerable. These little acts of kindness left a green +spot in our memory of prison life, that still remains as an oasis in the +otherwise cheerless desert we passed through. When God makes up his +rewards and punishments, I am sure he will say to the kind-hearted doctor +and his family, "I was sick and in prison, and ye visited me." + +The next day a Mr. Johnson was detailed as our guard, and instead of +staying with us at the jail, he invited us to his house, where he kept us +over night, giving us a good clean bed and a good supper and breakfast, +and treating us as had Doctor Moore, more as guests than as prisoners. + +The next day we were started for Ashville, N. C., with a guard, under +Lieutenant Ammon. The Lieutenant, sympathizing with me in my enfeebled +condition, furnished me with a mule to ride, and showed me every kindness +possible. + +One of our guard on this trip was Hon. Thomas S. Siler, ex-member of +Assembly of Macon county. He was a very agreeable gentleman, who still had +a strong attachment for the Union. He was intelligent and well posted on +every subject, and my conversation with him during the march, seemed to +lessen the tediousness of the journey. + +We arrived at Ashville, N. C., on the 7th of November, and were crowded +into an upper room in the jail, about twelve feet square, in which there +were besides us, twenty-seven rebel deserters, two of them sick with the +measles. I had not been able up to this time, to do anything for my +swollen and inflamed legs, and they were in a most frightful condition, +causing me intense pain and suffering, so much so that I was fearful of +losing them entirely, as they had been neglected so long. A surgeon +visited me in the jail, and recommended my removal to the hospital, but +although I offered to give my parole for that purpose, Colonel Lowe, who +was in command, refused to allow me to be sent there. + +The room was so full, that it was impossible for all of us to lie down at +once, and we were obliged to take turns standing up. Our water closet +consisted of a wooden pail in one corner of the room, which was twice a +day carried out and emptied by the guard; as we were none of us allowed to +leave the room for any purpose. The intolerable stench from this pail, and +the filthy slops around it, was enough to create an epidemic. + +The atmosphere of the room was simply insufferable, and we were obliged to +keep the windows raised, notwithstanding the cold weather, in order to get +ventilation. We had one old stove in the room, but our supply of wood was +quite insufficient to keep the temperature anything like comfortable, +although the village was surrounded by good timber. + +One intensely cold night our wood had given out, and so I took the large +iron poker and commenced prying off the wainscoting of the room for fuel, +and by morning I had completely stripped one side. That morning when the +Sergeant came in he raised a great row about it, threatening to punish the +one who had done it. I told him that I was the one, and that I had +considered it a military necessity, and that if we were not furnished +with wood, he would wake up some morning and find the old jail burned +down. He said I should be reported and punished for destroying government +property, but the only thing done was to give us thereafter a more liberal +supply of fuel. + +We occupied a front room in the north-west corner of the jail, and in the +room back of us were twenty-nine more reb deserters and a large, powerful +negro, who had been placed there by his master as a punishment for some +alleged misdemeanor. There was only a board partition between the two +rooms, and it was not long before I had established communication with our +neighbors, by cutting a hole through the partition large enough to allow +us to carry on conversation. Upon our entrance into the jail they had +deprived us of our case knives that we had carried with us thus far, for +fear we would cut our way out with them. + +But I had a screw driver to a gun which they happened to overlook in their +search. This I sharpened on the bricks on which the stove rested, and then +commenced making an outlet for our escape. I took a strong cord, and +lashed the screw driver to a round stick of stove wood, and at night +removed one of the sick men, and commenced by punching across two boards +in the floor just over the joist, to cut through the floor. It was hard +work, but by spelling each other, we had the two boards completely loose +before midnight. Upon removing the loose boards we found that there was a +ceiling of the same thickness still between us and freedom. The floor and +ceiling were both Norway pine, and very hard, and as we could not work +with our short handled chisel we adopted another plan for that. + +We took the large poker which I had used to tear off the wainscoting, and +heating it red hot in the stove, commenced burning holes through the under +ceiling. We had a pail of water for drinking, and when it blazed up too +much, we would dash on a cup full of water. This was slow work, but just +at daylight we had removed the last board and then carefully swept up all +traces of our work, and placing the boards back in their place, carried +the sick men back and laid them over them. Our windows were grated, and +the room below was used as a store room and there were no grates at the +windows there. + +Once down in that room after dark, and we could easily make our escape. +Everything went along smoothly that morning. The guard came in to bring +our breakfast and empty our slop pail, without any suspicion that any +thing was wrong, but about ten o'clock the Sergeant came up with a guard, +and commenced looking around as though in search of something. + +I knew instinctively what was up, but as he had the stove removed and +commenced poking around the brick platform without saying a word, I could +not restrain my laughter, and asked him if he had lost something; saying +that if he had, perhaps I might tell him where to find it. He did not seem +to take kindly to my offer of assistance, nor feel in a mood to enjoy the +pleasure his frantic efforts to find the lost treasure, appeared to afford +me. In fact he seemed to take it as a piece of Yankee impertinence. After +satisfying himself that there was nothing under the stove, he had us all +take up our blankets and other traps, without deigning to tell us what it +was all for. + +We all cheerfully complied with his order except the two sick rebs, who +were too weak to get up. After thoroughly searching every other part of +the room, he had the two sick men removed, and there discovered the loose +boards and seemed satisfied and pleased. Was that what you was looking for +Sergeant? said I. If you had told me what you wanted I could have told you +where to look when you first came up, and saved you all this trouble. +You'ens Yanks think you are d--d cute, don't you? was all the reply I +received. He left the guard in the room while he went and got a carpenter +to repair the floor; He soon returned with a carpenter, and told him to +nail them boards down securely. I told some of my associates, to keep him +interested, by asking him how he discovered the hole, and I would fix the +carpenter. + +Carelessly lounging up to where he was working, I said in a tone that +could not be heard by anyone else: "I can get those boards up easier if +you break the nails off." + +He replied in the same undertone: "I don't care a d--n how soon you get +them up when I get away." + +I watched him, and saw that he followed my suggestion, breaking the nails +in two with the claw of his hammer, so that they only a little more than +went through the flooring. After he had finished the Sergeant inspected +the work, and judging from the number of nails that it was securely done, +took his guard and went away. + +It seems that the family who lived in the lower part of the jail, kept a +barrel of corn in that room below us, from which they fed their chickens, +and that barrel set right under the hole we had cut; and when the old +woman went to get some corn for her chickens that morning, she found it +covered with chips and cinders, and looking up to ascertain the cause, +discovered the hole in the ceiling. She at once notified the Sergeant of +the discovery, and the result was we had our trouble and work for nothing. + +Captain Alban and myself were the only Yankee prisoners in the jail, and +until our arrival there had been no attempt at escape, and to us therefore +was attributed all of the attempts to break out. + +While the reb deserters were willing to share with us all the benefits to +be derived from a break, they were too shiftless and lazy to fully enter +into our plans for an escape. + + + + +CHAPTER XX. + +ANOTHER ATTEMPT AT ESCAPE DISCOVERED--A BOLD PLOT--LACK OF SAND IN THE REB +DESERTERS--A BRAVE NEGRO--THE FLOGGING. + + +Being satisfied that I could remove the flooring at any time within a few +minutes, I told my fellow prisoners what I had said, and what I had seen +done, and that when everything had become quiet, I would guarantee to get +them out with ten minutes work. Some of the rebs were not satisfied, and +insisted upon loosening the floor again at once, and despite all I could +do, they persisted in doing so. The third night after was settled upon as +the one to leave, as it promised to be dark and rainy, but just before +night, the Sergeant took it into his head to try the floor, and procuring +a long pole he went into the room below and punched at the loose boards, +which immediately yielded, and then he brought in another carpenter, and +personally superintended stopping up the aperture, which was done by +spiking pieces of joist, against the floor joists, completely closing it +up. + +As I said, we had cut a hole through the partition, so that we could +communicate with our neighbors in the next room. We made up a plot with +them to seize the Sergeant when he came in at night to empty their slop +pail, lock him in the room, take the keys and unlock our door, and we +would all leave at once. We had bribed one of the guard to let us disarm +him, and then we would be free to go out. When we got outside we would +encounter another guard, but with one gun we could easily overpower and +disarm him, and then trust to the two guns and our agility to gain the +woods, which were close by. + +It was all arranged that the large, powerful negro should seize the +Sergeant from behind and hold him, while his companions secured his pistol +and the keys. That night when the Sergeant came up, he brought one armed +guard to the head of the stairs, and proceeded to unlock the door. As he +entered, the negro, who stood behind the door, caught him from behind, +securely pinioning his arms, and the keys and revolver were taken from him +and all passed out except the negro, who was holding the Sergeant as +securely as though he was in a vice. + +When they had all got out the Sergeant was pushed into the cell and the +door locked. The guard at the head of the stairs shouted, loud enough for +the Sergeant to hear him: "Go back, or I'll shoot! go back!" all the time +expecting they would rush up and disarm him; but the cowards, fearing he +was in earnest, fell back and unlocked the door, released the Sergeant, +and gave him back his pistol without unlocking the door to our room. + +Not knowing that the prisoners in our room were in the plot, the Sergeant +paid no attention to us, but calling the officer of the guard, told him +what had occurred. + +They took the negro out into the hall, and bringing up a plank, proceeded +to lash him securely to it, with his face down, after having stripped him. + +They then took a strap something like a tug to a single harness, and gave +him one hundred lashes with it upon his bare back, the blood flowing at +every blow. + +We had cut slits in the door, and through them watched this brutal +transaction. I watched the operation of binding him with some curiosity +and a good deal of indignation, and was astonished to find such brutality +among those who professed civilization. Unaccustomed to such scenes, I +must say it was the most sickening transaction I ever witnessed. + +The shrieks and groans of this poor fellow, was enough to send a chill of +horror through the most hardened. He begged for mercy in the most piteous +terms, and as the cruel strap laid open the quivering flesh, and the blood +trickled down his body, I shouted indignantly to his inhuman persecutors, +that the poor fellow was not to blame, half as much as the white men; that +he was only carrying out the instructions of the cowardly whites, who had +basely deserted him after promising to stand by him. I told them that the +poor ignorant black's only fault had been, his confidence in the courage +of his white associates, to as faithfully carry out their part of the +programme, as he had carried out his. + +That if any one should be punished it should be those whose lack of _sand_ +had got this poor fellow into a scrape and then like cowards basely +deserted him. Finding that the infuriated monsters were bound to vent +their spite upon this poor fellow, I turned away, and by holding my hands +to my ears tried to shut out the sound of his pitiful cries for mercy. +While reason remains to me I can never forget the scenes of that terrible +night. + +And to those inhuman monsters it seemed a pleasant pastime--such is the +brutalizing effect of the system of human slavery. Once in a life-time is +enough to witness such a revolting scene as this; I have witnessed one +such, and I trust in God it may never be my misfortune to be obliged to +witness another. + +After this exhibition of fiendish cruelty, I am ready to believe that the +system of human slavery was capable of developing total depravity into the +hearts of slave holders. What man in the North could look on complacently +and see such a cruel punishment inflicted? And yet the Southern whites +seemed to look upon this brutality as a matter of course, and even before +the preparations were made for the flogging, knew what would be the +punishment inflicted upon the poor black, for his unsuccessful attempt to +liberate his white skinned, and white livered comrades; and while they +seemed to feel a sort of sympathy for their black skinned, but brave +hearted comrade, they offered no remonstrance to his cruel tormentors, nor +made a plea for mercy in his behalf. + +When they seemed to become exhausted with their violent exercise, in +swinging that cruel strap, they began to question the poor, fainting negro +thus: + +"What did you do it for, anyhow?" + +"Oh, massa, dem white men dey told me to," moaned the poor fellow. + +"Will you ever mind them fellows again?" + +"No, massa; if you only let me go this time I'll never pay mo' 'tention to +dem white trash dan I would to a fly," he said in a pleading voice. + +He was not put back into the jail again, and what became of him we never +learned. Our plan for escape had been well matured, and had it succeeded, +as it would have done but for the weakening of the rebel deserters, there +is scarcely a doubt but that we would have safely reached our lines, as +these deserters were thoroughly acquainted with the country around +Ashville and knew every turpentine path through the pine forests, and all +of the mountain passes, as well as an old resident of Oswego knows the +streets of the city. + +Our plan was, to disarm the guard at the door, and then rush for the stack +of arms belonging to the relief, who were not then on duty, and then fight +our way through to Tennessee, where the loyal inhabitants of that state +would join us in resisting recapture by the Confederates. + +It was well understood by all, that once in Tennessee we were safe from +molestation. This had been our objective point upon our escape from +Columbia; and when we were unfortunately recaptured by Dick Hancock and +Tom Hubbard, we were just intending, after getting something to eat at Mr. +Harshaw's, to at once go into the woods, and not leave them again until we +had gained the river, which was only about two miles ahead. + +Once at the river we were to search for a boat of some kind with which to +cross it, and failing to find one, to build a raft that would float us +over to the Tennessee shore. But it was destined otherwise. We learned +after our recapture, that the officer we had seen sitting upon the stoop +of a store at Fort Emory, was a paroled prisoner of war who was suffering +from a wound, and by having been a prisoner at the North, recognized us as +Yankees, and informed Dick Hancock and Tom Hubbard, who thereupon mounted +and followed us up. + +They had about given up overhauling us when they arrived at Mr. Harshaw's, +and said that if they had not found us there or learned by him that we +were near by, that they would not have followed us any further, as it was +then almost dark and they had already followed us ten miles. They said +that until they found that authorization paper upon me they did not +believe that we were Yankees, but supposed we were deserters from the +Confederate army, who were trying to make our escape into the Tennessee +border. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI. + +PLACED IN AN IRON CAGE--BREAKING OUT AND ATTEMPTING TO DIG THROUGH A BRICK +WALL--AN UNEXPECTED SURPRISE. + + +The next morning, we were all marched into a room on the opposite side of +the hall, and to the south side of the jail, and were placed in an iron +cage, made of flat bars two inches wide, and half an inch thick, firmly +riveted together, and as I told the Sergeant, although we could not wear +diamonds, we could look through them. We were packed into this cage like +sardines in a box, scarcely having room to move. There were iron benches +along the sides for us to sit upon, but lying down was quite out of the +question. + +When all was quiet that night, we thought as we could not sleep we would +try and get out. + +The door was fastened with a round iron prop that fitted into a socket in +the floor, and was fastened to the door by a padlock. This prop we +wrenched from its fastenings by reaching out through the diamond in the +door, and then with it broke the lock, and the iron door swung back, +giving us free egress to the room. The cage was about twenty feet long +and eight feet wide, with a partition in the centre. This cage set in the +middle of the room, and was about six feet from the walls of the room on +all sides. With the bar thus wrenched off, we at once attacked the brick +wall, and while some detached the brick, others held a blanket underneath +to prevent the falling brick and mortar from falling to the floor, as they +would make a noise that would attract the attention of those beneath us. +We had made an opening nearly halfway through the outer wall, which was +large enough for a good sized man to pass out, when most unexpectedly two +more prisoners were brought in, and our operations were discovered, and +the attempt to escape was again frustrated. + +A guard was then placed in the room, and as we could not sleep, we spent +the night in singing "Rally 'Round the Flag," and other Union songs, and +chaffing with the guard, who were nearly all, more or less, tinctured with +Union sentiments, and only kept us from escaping, for fear of the +consequence to themselves. Morning came and with it an order to get ready +to go to Danville, Va. + +I told the officer that I could not march on account of my inflamed legs, +but he said that if I had got out of jail my legs would not have bothered +me much, and he reckoned that it would do me good to take a walk anyway. +And he would put us d--d Yanks where we wouldn't bother him any more. So, +after furnishing us with two days rations to last to Morgantown, they +started four of us, Captain Alban, myself, and the two Union prisoners +brought in the night before, whose names I do not now remember, under a +guard consisting of a Lieutenant and four men, for a tramp over the +mountains. + +Our march over the mountains was a tedious one, interspersed now and then, +however, with some amusing incident. We were in good humor with the guard, +and laughed and joked along the road in a free and easy sort of way, and +succeeded in making ourselves agreeable to them, gaining their confidence +as much as we could, and after we had been marching half a day, a casual +observer would have hardly distinguished the prisoners from the guard. We +straggled along much the same as a dozen rebs would have done on a march +by themselves. + +On the afternoon of the first day's march, we came along to a hickory +grove, where about a dozen black and gray squirrels were sporting about on +the top branches, gathering nuts, and I asked one of the guard to let me +take his gun a minute and I would get a couple of them for our supper. He +was about handing the gun to me, when the Lieutenant stopped him by +saying: "You d--d fool, do you know what you are carrying that gun for? +That Yankee might miss the squirrel and shoot you." + +I laughed, and said he must think I wasn't much of a shot. But he said he +was afraid I was too good a shot to be handling one of their guns; anyway +the squirrels were probably tame ones belonging to the house near by, and +his orders were not to disturb anything along the line of march. That +night we stopped at an old farmer's and I thought that if we had a room +with a window looking outside there might be a chance for escape, and +asked to be given a room to sleep in that was well ventilated, as I always +liked lots of fresh air in my room; but we were placed in a middle room up +stairs, and a guard placed in the room with us all night. + +The next morning, after a good hearty breakfast with the family, for which +the Lieutenant gave the farmer a receipt, we started on again, and at noon +we descended a mountain that was so steep that the road was made zig-zag +to allow wagons to gain the summit; and as we came to the foot of the +mountain we found a rude, log hut in which lived a hunter. We stopped +there to get dinner, and were all at a loss to guess what kind of fresh +meat we were eating, and in answer to my inquiry the host said: "That, +Mister, is bar meat; I was up on the mounting one day last week, and came +upon this varmint eatin' blackberries, and I fetched him home for winter. +Don't be afeared; bar meat won't hurt ye more'n liftin' on a stick o' +basswood." + +That afternoon one of the most amusing incidents of the march occurred. + +We came to a farm house, and the farmer being at home, we all sat down on +a log he had hauled up to the front of the house, for cutting up into fire +wood, for a chat with him and to rest a little. The farmer sat on one end +of the log, the Lieutenant next, and the rest of us were strung along. + +The fellow who sat next to me had an ear of corn, and there were quite a +number of chickens picking around the wood pile. While the Lieutenant and +farmer were talking, this fellow took out his iron ramrod and laid it +against the log beside him, and then commenced shelling the corn and +feeding the chickens. Watching the farmer, he would tap a chicken across +the back of the neck with his ramrod, stuff him in the breast of his +overcoat, and innocently go on shelling the corn for the other chickens. + +In this way I saw him gobble three good fat chickens, when he told the +Lieutenant he was going to walk on a piece. When we overtook him about +eighty rods further on, he was sitting in the woods beside the road, +picking the chickens he had stolen from the farmer. The Lieutenant called +to him and said, sternly: "I thought I told you not to plunder while on +the march." "Well," said he, with a comical drawl, "I don't allow no +doggone chicken to come out and bite at me." That settled it; we had +chicken for supper that night, and the Lieutenant seemed to relish the +supper as much as any of us. + +The next day we marched to Morgantown, and there took the cars for +Danville, Va. We saw no opportunity to escape, for we were guarded very +strictly, though at the same time we were treated with all the courtesy +that could possibly be shown us, and I believe our guard would have +defended us with force, against any one who had attempted to molest us. + +When we arrived at Salisbury, which was one of the most notorious rebel +slaughter houses of the South, a place that vied with Andersonville in +atrocities, cruelties, starvation and death. A place where thirteen +thousand Union soldiers, became victims to the vindictiveness of their +captors--no not their captors but their jailors--for the soldier, whether +federal or confederate, who had the courage to risk his life in the field +where prisoners were captured, possessed too great a sense of honor to +treat with such heartless cruelty, those who so gallantly opposed them. + +I say that when we arrived at Salisbury, we learned that there had been a +desperate attempt made by the enlisted men confined there, to overpower +the guard and make their escape that afternoon, and the artillery had +opened on the prison pen with grape and cannister, killing, and wounding, +many of the Union prisoners confined there. Great excitement still +prevailed when we arrived, and threats of shooting the d--d Yanks were +freely indulged in by the "new issue," as the home guard were called. + +But we were not molested; probably owing to the fact that we had a guard +over us, of soldiers who were ready and willing to protect their prisoners +from interference from outside parties. + +We staid in Salisbury until about eleven o'clock p. m., during which time +the reb guard, and their lady friends, were parading around the depot +where we were waiting for the train, singing, flirting, and talking about +the Yankee prisoners. + +While we were sitting on the depot platform waiting, we were smoking, and +as the platform was filled with bales of cotton, we were, while apparently +uninterested spectators of what was going on, emptying our pipes into the +cotton bales. + +We thus managed to set fire to a number of these bales of cotton, well +knowing that after we were gone and the guard had retired, there would be +apt to be a blaze; and the next day we heard that the depot at Salisbury +was burned the night before, destroying a large amount of cotton stored +there. On my arrival at Danville, I met Colonel W. C. Raulston, of the +24th New York Cavalry, with whom I was acquainted, and who introduced me +to the members of his mess, Brigadier-General A. N. Duffie, +Brigadier-General Hays, and Lieutenants Leydon and VanDerweed, who were +all anxious to talk with me about the chances of escape. Knowing that I +had had considerable experience in that line, they naturally concluded +that I could give them some valuable points on how to escape, and how best +to reach our lines after we had got out. + +Well, we held a long and animated conference, in which I gave some of my +own experience, in and out of rebel prisons, telling them of the +hardships and exciting scenes through which I and my comrades had passed +in trying to reach our lines, of the difficulties we had encountered, and +the privations we had been obliged to endure. To get out of prison was not +a difficult task for one or two, but a successful prison delivery was +quite another thing to accomplish. + +Two hundred officers, each having ideas of their own, were harder to +control than five times that number of enlisted men, who had been +disciplined to obey; and as no one had any authority to command, or +control the actions, of his fellow officers, we lacked the greatest +essential to success--organization. Various plans were suggested and +discussed, but none which seemed to promise success, appeared to be +practical just at that time. Almost daily conferences were held, but the +prevailing opinion seemed to be, that an attempted general outbreak, +without thorough organization, would prove disasterous, and only end in an +unnecessary sacrifice of life, and almost certain failure. + + + + +CHAPTER XXII. + +DANVILLE PRISON--A COLD WINTER--DOUBLE-QUICKING AROUND THE ROOM TO KEEP +WARM--EXCITEMENT CAUSED BY THE ARRIVAL OF FRESH TROOPS--THEY STACK ARMS IN +FRONT OF OUR PRISON--PLANS FOR ESCAPE. + + +Danville in 1864-5 was a town of considerable importance to the +Confederacy, being the base of supplies for the Confederate army at +Richmond and Petersburg. There were three or four military prisons there, +in which were confined about two thousand enlisted men, captured from the +Union forces, and four hundred officers. They were all confined in tobacco +warehouses in different parts of the city, the officers being separate +from the enlisted men. + +The prison in which the officers were confined, was a three story tobacco +warehouse, 40x100 feet, near the River Dan. The windows were securely +grated with iron bars, and the whole building was rendered secure by heavy +oaken doors. + +The building faced the east, and a street ran in front and, also, one on +the south side. In front, and on the south side, sentries were pacing up +and down, night and day; and there were also two sentries stationed on +the ground floor, inside, one along the south side, and the other across +the west end. + +The sinks used by the prisoners, were just outside the west end of the +building, and were surrounded by a high board or plank fence. The second +and third floors were occupied by the prisoners, and at the time I was +there--the winter of 1864-5--were each supplied with two large Peckham +stoves, to furnish warmth to the building. On the ground floor where the +guard was stationed, there was no stove; and during the winter, the cold +air from below was anything but comfortable, as it found its way through +the wide cracks in the floor, and came in contact with the thinly clad +bodies, of those especially, who were sleeping on the second floor. + +The winter of 1864-5, in Virginia, was extremely cold. The river that +winter was frozen over solid enough to make a safe crossing on the ice; +and the officers were frequently obliged to get in line and double quick +around the room to keep from freezing. This could not be done unless all +or a large proportion joined in the exercise; for if one or more attempted +it while the rest were lying down, they would be obliged to step over the +bodies of their recumbent comrades. + +During the daytime, the ground floor was used for exercising, twenty being +allowed down there at a time, and as there was plenty of room, it was no +uncommon thing to see that number, or even more, down there at a time +taking their exercise. + +The rule of the prison was, that no one should approach within less than +six feet of a sentry, or hold any conversation with them; and although +there was no dead line in this prison, an imaginary line six feet from the +sentry, was pretty generally observed. We were obliged to pass the sentry +at the back end of the building, in going to and from the sink; but as he +was continually pacing back and forth, it was his lookout that we did not +come within the prescribed distance of him. + +The prisons in which the enlisted men were confined were of the same +description, or at least some of them were. Two or three of them were in +sight of our front windows, one being just across the street. + +Some of the enlisted men were detailed in the cook house, for which +service they received extra rations. + +This brief description of the Confederate prisons in Danville, is +necessary, that the reader may more easily understand some of the +incidents that follow. + +In the last chapter I spoke of the conference between Col. W. C. Raulston, +Gen. A. N. Duffie, and myself, as to the prospects of getting through to +our lines if we should escape from prison. Many difficulties lay in the +way of a general break being successful. + +Danville at this time was guarded by quite a large force; and even should +we be successful in getting out of prison, we would be obliged to +overpower this armed force, and then make our way through the enemies' +country in order to reach the Union lines; and on the march we would be +liable to be intercepted by large bodies of Confederate troops. The +nearest point at which we could reasonably expect to reach the Union +forces, would be the Shenandoah Valley; and this would be to us a long, +and difficult march, unless we could be well supplied with arms and +rations before we started. + +All this time however, a sharp lookout was kept up, for anything that +looked like a favorable opportunity for a strike for freedom and home. + +On the 9th of December, about sixteen days after my arrival, the +opportunity seemed to present itself. On that day, a company of +Confederate soldiers were drawn up in front of our prison, where they +stacked arms. They were new comers, and of course at once attracted our +attention. + +Shut up as we were in a tobacco warehouse, with absolutely no knowledge of +what was transpiring in the outside world, except such information as we +could pick up from our guard, whose ignorance of passing events seemed +almost as great as our own, the arrival of new troops was something to +excite our curiosity, and give us something to think about. + +Anything to excite our curiosity and relieve the monotony of the daily +routine of prison life, acted upon us much the same as a band of music in +the streets to-day affects the street idlers of the city. All who could do +so, gathered at the windows to inspect the new comers, and speculate upon +the occasion that brought them there. We judged them to be troops who had +seen service, by their rough and ready appearance, and their well-worn +and, in some cases, shabby uniforms. + +Various were the speculations as to who they were, where they came from, +and the reason of their appearance in Danville at this time. Had they come +to relieve those who had thus far been our guards, and with whom we had +became somewhat familiar? + +Had they come to take us to Richmond to be exchanged? (This word exchange +was ever uppermost in our thoughts while awake, and mingled in our dreams +while sleeping.) Or had they been merely sent here, to more securely guard +against any attempted outbreak? + +All of these questions suggested themselves to our minds, and were freely +discussed, while they were being formed into line in front of our prison, +where they stacked arms. + +Soon the order came, break ranks, and they dispersed without taking the +precaution of leaving a guard over the stacks of arms. Soon there was a +buzz of excitement throughout the building. + +Longing eyes were directed towards those stacks of arms; if we could only +get the door open upon some pretext, how easy it would be to gobble those +forty guns, and the well filled cartridge boxes that hung from the +bayonets, and before the old guard could be called out, overpower them, +take their arms, capture Danville and be in the field once more. Groups +assembled throughout the building, and excitedly discussed the chances of +success or failure, if we should make the attempt. Some were for making an +immediate sally down stairs, call the Sergeant of the guard, and as he +opened the door to see what was wanted, seize him, fling wide open the +door, make a rush for the arms, and let circumstances govern our actions +afterwards. Others more cautious, counciled delay and a thoroughly +organized attack. + +A council of field officers was immediately called, and it was decided to +make a perfect organization of the entire prison, having each arm of the +service, Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery, in separate detachments, +commanded by sets of officers of their own choosing, the whole to be under +the command of Colonel W. C. Raulston, 24th New York Cavalry, Brig. +General Duffie waiving his rank and being second in command. + +This advice was finally accepted, and the work of organization was +immediately commenced. Colonel Raulston was known to be a gallant Cavalry +officer, whose coolness and courage could be relied upon, and whose +military ability was well understood by all. Officers were chosen for the +different detachments, the others all promising to cheerfully obey all +orders, and perform all duties assigned them. + +This necessarily occupied considerable time, and before the organization +was completed, the guard, who were all unconscious of our plans, came out, +took their arms and marched around to the shed on the north side of the +building, that was used for the men's quarters, where they were out of +sight, as there were no windows on that side of the building. + +Thus the golden opportunity had been allowed to pass. The hour we had +spent in perfecting our organization, and maturing our plans, while it was +well employed, was the hour of our great opportunity, and had now gone, to +be added to the many hours of great opportunities lost. + +The work of organization went steadily forward however, hoping for another +favorable opportunity to occur. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII. + +PRISON RULES--STARVING IN THE MIDST OF PLENTY--ORGANIZING FOR A +BREAK--TRADING WITH THE GUARD--BUSINESS IN PRISON. + + +Although the orders were very strict that the guard should hold no +conversation with prisoners, and they were instructed to shoot anyone who +attempted to approach them, their cupidity often led them to violate their +instructions, which were equally well understood by us, and deterred many +from attempting any familiarity. But there were those, who had tact and +pluck enough to take all risks, to make a trade with them, of boots, +rings, watches, and other valuables, for bacon, tobacco, flour, and other +necessaries. In fact this had been my daily occupation, with the exception +of the first week, since my arrival in Danville. + +Buying gold pens, rings, watches, and everything of value, and selling +them to the guard; and in return buying of them, provisions for myself, +and to sell to my fellow prisoners, who had money, but did not wish to +take the risk or trouble, to get up in the night and go down stairs to +trade. + +Most of the exchanges were made in the night, just after the eleven +o'clock relief came on; although the bargains were usually made in the +daytime. + +Thirty men were allowed to go down stairs to the sinks at a time, and from +fifteen to twenty, were allowed two or three times a day, to go out doors +for the purpose of bringing water from the river, which was about forty +rods from our prison, and get wood and coal, to supply the two large +stoves on each floor, and do our cooking with. + +I have been thus minute in my description, that the reader might better +understand what follows. The four hundred officers were organized into +eight companies, with full sets of officers for each, and the balance +acting as privates. I belonged to the Cavalry detachment, and we were to +mount ourselves as fast as we could get horses, as far as it was possible +for us to do so, and act as the advance guard or vidette. There were, at +this time, about eighteen hundred prisoners in Danville, scattered about +in different buildings, and the plan agreed upon, if we succeeded in the +break was, to seize all the arms we could, overpower the guards at the +different prisons, release the enlisted men, capture and hold the town, +take possession of the telegraph office (operators having been detailed +who were experts in telegraphing), impress into the service all the horses +we could find for the Artillery and Cavalry; supply ourselves with arms as +far as possible, supply ourselves with rations and forage from the +Confederate storehouses, form the enlisted men into companies, and march +through as an army and join Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley. + +Danville was at this time, the depot of supplies for Lee's army at +Richmond, and contained a large amount of Artillery and ammunition; +besides having storehouses, well stocked with captured hard tack, so that +there would be no lack of supplies for our army. We were therefore, +actually dying of starvation in the midst of plenty. In going daily from +the prison to the river for water, we passed a building 20x40 feet, two +stories high, that was packed from bottom to top with captured U. S. hard +tack, and others filled with bacon, and other provisions; and tried to get +Colonel Smith, commanding the prisons, to give us rations of hard tack +once or twice a week, but were told that this was held for the use of +their troops in the field. + +For fresh meat, we were supplied with the heads and lights of beeves, and +for twenty-six days we did not even receive that; our only rations during +this time, being a piece of corn bread, or johnny-cake, made from unbolted +corn meal, four inches long, three wide, and two inches thick, for +twenty-four hours. + +This would not more than half satisfy an ordinary man for his breakfast, +and a good feeder would then want a couple of eggs, a good sized potato +and one or two cups of coffee for a full meal, and even a half-pound of +beef steak would not be left to be thrown into the slops. While the +rations we received would have been considered princely fare by our +famished comrades at Andersonville and Salisbury, still it was just enough +to keep us constantly hungry, and make us think what we would eat if we +should ever get the chance to again sit down to a GOOD SQUARE MEAL. Like +the castaway upon the great ocean, with "Water, water, everywhere, and not +a drop to drink," so we were dying of starvation in the midst of plenty. I +say we, by that I mean the great majority of prisoners. As for myself, +while in Danville, I only lived exclusively on the prison rations drawn +for five days, and I thought I should die of starvation in that short +time. + +Then, as I have heretofore stated, I went _into business_, buying and +selling jewelry, etc. + +Now I suppose the reader would like to know where the capital came from +with which to commence business; for goods must be bought before they are +sold, and as I have before stated, I had sold even the buttons off my +uniform, in order to supply myself with food to satisfy my hunger. + +Well, I happened to be talking one day with Captain Albert Thomas, 24th +New York Cavalry, who has now a studio in Syracuse, N. Y., and he showed +me a gold pen and silver case, that he had been trying to sell, without +success. He was entirely out of money, having some days before used the +last cent of a one hundred dollar bill, which he had most ingeniously +secreted upon his person, when stripped and searched at Libby prison, +upon his entrance into that notorious rebel prison hell, presided over by +the equally notorious Dick Turner. He said he had offered the whole thing +for fifteen dollars in Confederate money, but said he, while some folks +can sell any worthless article, I can never sell anything. + +I told him to let me take it, and I would either return him his pencil or +bring him fifteen dollars within half an hour. He gave me the pencil, and +I went down stairs to interview the guard. It would not do to approach him +and offer to sell, as he might assert his authority by trading me a +Confederate bullet instead of scrip, and I was not hankering after rebel +lead just then. So I walked up and down the floor near him, holding the +pencil in my hand so that he could get a good view of it. After a while, +looking around to assure himself that no Confederate officer was near, he +asked in a low tone, "what d'ye ask for it?" + +This gave me an opportunity to speak, and I answered as cautiously, +"Twenty-five dollars." "Let me take it; I'll give it back in a minute." I +walked up and handed it to him and stepped back, while he paced up and +down examining it carefully. Finally counting out the amount, he beckoned +me to come to him, and handed me the money. Of course, I was perfectly +safe in allowing him to examine the pencil; for if he had refused to +return or pay for it, I could have had him severely punished for +disobedience of orders, in allowing a prisoner to approach and converse +with him. + +Within twenty minutes from the time I took the pen and case, I returned to +Captain Thomas with the fifteen dollars, and had made ten dollars for +myself. This ten dollars I immediately invested in a similar pencil, and +immediately sold it to the same guard for thirty dollars. With this start, +I succeeded in making enough to live upon, by buying of prisoners, and +selling to the guard, and in return buying of the guard at night and +selling to my comrades the next day. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV. + +ORGANIZATION FOR A BREAK COMPLETED--THE ATTEMPTED BREAK--THE GUARD +DISARMED--TOO LATE, GO BACK--COLONEL RAULSTON SHOT. + + +Our organization being now perfected, and our plans matured, we lay down +that night, and held whispered consultations about our proposed future +operations. I have already stated that the prisoners occupied the second +and third floors of the building; the stairs being located in the +north-east corner, and at the foot of the lower flight, was a room about +twelve feet square, with a door leading to the street. In this room we +usually waited with pails, to be let out to bring water, wood and coal, +for the supply of the prison. + +The next day everything seemed quiet, and at nine o'clock, when we were +fell in for count, nothing could be detected that would indicate that +anything unusual was contemplated. + +During the forenoon, I had a long talk with Colonel Raulston, and General +Duffie, who both seemed to think that we had better be prepared, and hold +ourselves in readiness to take advantage of any favorable circumstance +that might occur, but that it was best for the present, to remain quiet, +and bide our time. What was my surprise then, while sitting with the +Colonel at dinner, to see a gunboat officer approach with his overcoat and +traps all on, and say, Colonel we are waiting for you, sir. The Colonel +replied, well, if that is all you are waiting for, you won't have long to +wait; and leaving his half-eaten dinner, got up, put on his overcoat, and +started down stairs. + +About the same time, about a dozen or fifteen went down with pails, and +entered the room that opened on the street. + +Colonel Raulston approached the guard near the foot of the stairs, and was +trying to trade boots with him, while General Duffie approached the one at +the back end of the room, and began bantering him for a trade; the +Colonel, and General, each wearing a pair of long riding boots, which was +something the average reb seemed to have a great weakness for. + +The men with the pails, asked the sentry with whom Colonel Raulston was +talking, to call the Sergeant of guard and he called as usual--Sergeant of +the guard post number fo. Then Colonel Raulston gave the signal--now--when +simultaneously both he and the General, seized and floored their man. + +Raulston placed his hand over his man's mouth, telling him to keep quiet +and he would not be hurt, while Duffie held his man by the throat, to +prevent him making any alarm. Lieutenant McGraw, 24th New York Cavalry, +who had been assigned to the duty, took the guns away from the guard, and +at the same time the officers from above commenced filing down the stairs. +The Sergeant came to answer the call, but he must have heard the scuffle, +for he only opened the door about two inches, when he slammed and locked +it again, and immediately called out the guard to surround the building. +Each officer had armed himself with a stick of stove wood, and all were +packed up and in marching order. + +An attempt was made with these clubs to batter down the door, but it was a +heavy oak door, and would not yield to their blows. Satisfied that the +attempt was a failure, General Duffie called out, "Too late, go back!" + +Owing to the fact that there was by this time quite a crowd down there, +and the stairs being only wide enough for two to go up abreast, it was +some time before all could reach the top. + +Colonel Raulston and myself were the last to go up, and I had just reached +the landing, the Colonel who was three or four steps behind me, had +stopped to look out of the window, when the report of a gun rang out from +below, and he started suddenly, and hurrying past me, went up the next +flight, to the place he occupied on the floor above. + +Although shot through the bowels, and at so short a range, strange as it +may seem, he did not fall or make any outcry; and it was not until some +time after, that I learned that he was wounded. + +I subsequently learned by some of my comrades, that he went to the place +where he slept, took off his overcoat, opened his clothing and examined +the wound, saying as he lay down, "boys, I guess my goose is cooked." + +Within a very few minutes, the guard led by the Colonel in command, filed +up the stairs, where they found every thing as quiet as though nothing had +occurred. + +Some were playing checkers, backgammon or cards, some reading scraps of +newspapers, some washing dishes, and others smoking and talking; in fact, +the whole building had on its every day appearance, and no one would have +supposed that there had been the least disturbance. + +It was really laughable to see the singular expression on the faces of the +guard, as they looked around upon the peaceful looking room. I sat in my +place just at the head of the stairs reading, and remember that one of the +fellows who followed the Colonel up, had his gun cocked, and with a good +deal of bluster, said, as he reached the landing: "Colonel, show me any +d--n Yank you want shot," to which the Colonel replied, sternly, "Put up +your gun, sir; I'll let you know when I want any shooting done." Colonel +Smith, who was in command of the Confederate prisons at Danville, was a +cool, brave man, and though strict in his prison regulations, was a humane +gentleman who would not voluntarily inflict any unnecessary hardships upon +those under his charge. + +He and Col. Raulston had been great friends, and I believe they both +belonged to the Masonic order, Col. Smith often visiting Col. Raulston, +bringing him books to read, and showing him many courtesies which, though +perfectly consistent with his position, showed him to be a gentleman of +generous impulses. In fact, I heard Col. Raulston say that the most +distasteful duty he had promised to perform, was to go to Col. Smith's +office and secure him as a prisoner. + +Guards were at once stationed about the rooms, and Colonel Smith proceeded +up stairs where Raulston lay bleeding, and questioned him in regard to the +affair. + +This brave, unselfish officer, at once said, Colonel I am wholly +responsible for all that has occurred; I am the instigator of the whole +plot, and no one but me is to blame for what was attempted to be done, and +I alone if any one, deserve the punishment for this attempted outbreak. + +He was immediately removed to the hospital, where all that skillful +surgery could accomplish was done to save his life, but the wound was of +such a nature, that neither skillful surgery, nor tender nursing was of +any avail, and on the 15th of December, he passed away--was mustered out. +The shot that terminated his life, was fired by the guard he had disarmed, +and the gun used, was the same one Raulston had taken from him, and had +returned after the failure of the attempted outbreak. + +We all felt deeply mortified at the failure of our plot, but our greatest +sorrow was occasioned by the loss of so gallant and beloved an officer and +comrade. + +Lieut. Leyden and myself asked permission of Col. Smith to be allowed to +go to the hospital and nurse him during his illness, offering to give our +parole for that privilege. I urged, that as Col. Raulston and myself were +both from the same place, and I was well acquainted with his family, it +would be a source of some comfort to them, to know that his last moments +were soothed by the presence of one of his comrades, who could receive +from him his last message to loved ones far away. + +Our request was not granted, but we were assured that he should have every +attention shown him that was possible, and that all that medical skill and +science could accomplish, would be done to save his life. + +Lieutenant McGraw, who was recognized by the guard as the one who relieved +them of their guns, while Colonel Raulston and General Duffie had them +down on the floor, was placed in solitary confinement for a few days, and +was then released without further punishment. + +It was greatly feared that he would be shot for the prominent part he had +taken in the affair, and I now believe that he would have been more +severely punished, had not his dying Colonel interceded for him. There was +one rather amusing episode in this tragic affair, that caused some +merriment notwithstanding the fatal ending. + +General Duffie was a Frenchman and did not speak very good English. While +he had his man down, with his fingers firmly clutched in his throat, to +prevent his giving the alarm, the man in his efforts to release himself +from this uncomfortable position, made a gurgling noise, which some of us +thought, might have caused the Sergeant to mistrust there was something +wrong. + +The General in trying to explain, said in his broken English: "I try to +shut off ze wind, but ze more I chuck ze more he holly." + +In a few days the affair blew over, and everything moved along as usual. I +have said, that two or three times a day, from fifteen to twenty prisoners +were allowed to pass out under guard, to carry water, wood and coal, for +use in the building. + +I was often with this squad, for I was willing to do the work for the sake +of getting out, where I could get a breath of fresh air; besides I could +sometimes get a chance to buy something, that I could not otherwise +obtain. In going to the river for water, we passed an oven, where they +baked the cones for casting shell over. This oven was large enough to hold +two men, and the door was usually open. + +Just before dark, we would go out to bring water for the night. Some would +have one pail, and some two. In coming back, we would halt when the head +of the column reached the oven, and sit our pails down to rest, and while +some one in the rear would attract the attention of the guard, one man at +the head would slip into the oven, and the man next to him would take up +his pail, and his absence would not be noticed, as they never counted us +on these occasions. When darkness came on, those who had thus escaped +would quietly cross the river and walk away. + +To prevent them missing the absent, a hole was cut through the floor of +the upper room, and as soon as the Sergeant was through counting those on +the lower floor, a number corresponding to those who had escaped, would be +shoved up through this hole to be counted again on the upper floor; thus +keeping our count all right. A crowd would always be around the hole up +stairs, so that the Sergeant upon going up would not see what was going +on. + +One fellow had his blanket spread over this hole, and would be lying down +there when the guard reached the room, so that it would have a natural +appearance, and would not attract any more attention than any other part +of the room. In this way some six or seven made their escape, and the +count was kept all right, by sending a corresponding number up through the +hole in the floor, and they were not missed for two or three weeks. In +fact the only reason we had to believe that they had been missed at all +was, that one day the reb Sergeant brought up his guard and counted us +over a second time, and after figuring up the count, counted us over +again, and seemed to still be unsatisfied, and repeated the count seven or +eight times. Every time the count came out all right, which seemed to +puzzle and perplex him terribly. He could not understand how it could be, +that he still had his full number of prisoners, while he seemed to have +positive evidence that half a dozen had escaped. His information was that +several had escaped, but his figures told him that we were all there. + +Every time he counted us and found us all present, his perplexity +increased; for he seemed to have proven the falsity of the old saying, +"that figures can't lie." He finally concluded to fall us in on both +floors at once, and then he found he was short six or seven prisoners. +This seemed to puzzle him worse than ever, and I don't believe he has up +to this day found out, just how the thing was done. He certainly had not +at the time we left Danville. After this there was no effort made to have +the count overrun, and the use of that hole in the floor was abandoned. + +All the time the different counts were going on, the officers, who of +course understood perfectly well what all the fuss was about, were +laughing and joking at the expense of the perplexed Sergeant, telling him +that it seemed to be as much enjoyment to him to count Yankee prisoners, +as it was for a miser to count his gold; asking all sorts of questions and +offering all sorts of suggestions to tease and annoy him. + +As he would call upon us to fall in again for count, some one would say, +"well Sergeant what was the matter that time? Was there too many of us or +not enough? What kind of an arithmetic did you study when you went to +school? Let me figure that up for you. This is a new military rule you +adopt, turning out the guard every time the Sergeant comes in." Others +would say as they saw him coming up stairs again, "turn out the guard for +the commanding officer!" "Turn out the guard for the officer of the day!" +Others would attempt to beat the long roll on the floor, with sticks of +stove wood, or try to whistle, "Boots and Saddles," or the assembly. In +fact they all seemed to try to see how exasperating they could be. + +The Sergeant, who by the way was a clever fellow, courteous and +gentlemanly in his demeanor towards us, took all of this chaffing, with as +good a grace as possible. + +He tried hard to conceal his perplexity and the annoyance our joking +caused him, and with a determined look that seemed to say, "I'll unravel +this mystery if it takes all day," kept up the count until it came out as +he wanted it to, or as he seemed to know it ought to come out. + + + + +CHAPTER XXV. + +BORROWING SEVEN HUNDRED DOLLARS OF A REB. + + +Along in January, 1865, I began to get short of money, and as the jewelry, +watches, etc., were about played out, I was in danger of being obliged to +suspend, for want of stock to sell from. Just at this time, the reb +Sergeant came in one day and inquired if any one had greenbacks, they +wished to exchange for Confederate money. + +He came to our mess, as it was the one most likely to be able to +accommodate him, and said there was a gentleman outside who would give +seven hundred dollars in Confederate for one hundred in greenbacks, or, if +we had not the currency, a check on Riggs & Co.'s bank, of Washington, +D. C., would be accepted, provided we would write a letter and give it to +him, asking our friends at home to deposit the amount there, stating that +we had drawn a check for one hundred dollars on that bank, to subsist +ourselves while in prison. + +I took seven hundred dollars of him and Lieutenant Leyden of my mess, took +the same amount, just to accommodate him; and I wrote the required letter +to my wife, while Leyden wrote one to his brother, in Rochester, N. Y. +These checks and letters were given by him to General Hayes, who had been +ordered to Richmond, as was supposed, for exchange; and who agreed to +bring them through the lines, and forward the letters to their address, +and deposit the checks with Riggs & Co. When I got all this money I was +flush again; and distributed it around among my friends and comrades, ten +dollars to one, and twenty to another, as their necessities seemed to +warrant, keeping what I thought would do me until I got out, or could make +another raise. + +I laid in quite a stock of provisions for myself, and helped those of my +friends who had no money, and needed something more than the rations they +drew to live upon. + +Colonel Smith had established a rule, that three officers could go every +day, under a guard of two soldiers, to visit their friends in the +hospital, a mile or so distant, by applying for permission by letter to +him. Applications for this privilege would be filed, and permission +granted when their turn came; it might be a week after the application was +filed, before we could go. Lieutenant Leyden, myself and another, made our +application, and waited for our turn, to take a walk of a couple of miles +in the open air; for this was really all we wished to do. We were called +out one day soon after, and with two guards over us, strolled over to the +hospital, which was about a mile from where we were confined. We had a +nice walk, and as we were returning, we asked the guard to take us into a +saloon, where we could get a drink before we went back to prison. + +The guard did not know whether they would be allowed to do this, but +meeting an officer they asked him, if it would be right to go with us. Why +of course, said he, take them wherever they want to go. They then took us +into a little ten by twelve room, where there was a bar, and I asked all +hands to have a drink. Applejack was the only beverage, so all five of us +took that; and thinking as the Governor of North Carolina, has been quoted +as saying to the Governor of South Carolina, that "it's a long time +between drinks," I set 'em up again. The guards refused to drink a second +time, probably fearing that it might incapacitate them from properly +guarding us, so I only had eight drinks to pay for altogether. We were not +given a bottle and glasses to help ourselves as is usual, but the +bartender poured out a wine glass full for each. How much do you want I +asked, pulling out a roll of Confederate; forty dollars was his reply. I +handed him a fifty dollar bill and receiving my change, went on, stopping +at two or three stores on the way back to make other purchases. We had a +jolly time that night and whooped things up a little, for by the time we +got back into prison, the applejack, which was old and powerful, began to +work, and we were just in the proper frame of mind to make things look +cheerful to us. I am afraid we were somewhat annoying to some of our +comrades who wanted to sleep that night, and not having had any applejack +could not appreciate the fun. + +I shall never forget the Christmas dinner I ate in Danville prison in +1864, and I do not think any of the half dozen who dined with me that day, +will ever forget it either. I bought a turkey weighing thirteen and +three-fourths pounds for forty dollars, and took it over to the bake-shop +to be roasted. The cooks were Union soldiers, who did the baking for the +sake of getting better rations, and I got them to stuff the turkey with +crusts of white bread, that they had baked for the rebs. + +They brought it in nicely roasted, and I managed, by giving one of the +guards ten dollars, to get a canteen of applejack, and I also bought a +loaf of white bread, so that we had quite a civilized dinner. Six of us +sat down together, viz: General Hayes, Captain Seeley, Captain Albert +Thomas, Lieutenant Leyden, Lieutenant VanDerweed, and myself, "and we +drank from the same canteen." Talk about starvation in Southern prisons! +Why just see what a dinner six of us had that day; and all it cost was +about seventy dollars. We could live like that nearly two weeks on a +thousand dollars. + +Of course every prisoner did not have the money to afford these luxuries, +and were obliged to put up with the corn bread ration, served out by the +rebel authorities; but the Confederate government "of course was not to +blame if the poor boys starved, because they did not have money to buy +all they wanted." There was plenty to eat, only our boys did not have the +money to buy it with. I never asked Riggs & Co. whether they ever paid +that check for seven hundred dollars or not, and have forgotten the name +of the generous hearted reb who loaned it to me, but this I know, that I +am still indebted to some one for my good fare for a month or two, during +my last days in Danville. Now I have told you how I managed to get a +living in Danville, and will tell how some others managed to get theirs. + +I have spoken of Captain H. H. Alban, who was my companion during the +latter part of my tramp through South Carolina, Georgia and North +Carolina, and who was recaptured with me. The same opportunities were +afforded him to make money enough to subsist himself, as were enjoyed by +me, but he was not adapted to buying and selling. He earned money enough +to get along, however, by hard labor. + +He would go out with the water detail once in a while, and when he came +back he would bring along on his shoulder a good straight stick of cord +wood. Then with a case knife that he had made into a saw, he would cut it +up into pieces about eight inches long, and with wooden wedges that he had +whittled out, would split these up fine, say about half an inch thick, and +tie them up into bundles for cooking rations with. These bundles would be +about six inches in diameter and eight inches long, which he would sell +for two dollars each. + +By being economical, one of these bundles of hard wood splinters, (they +were usually beach or maple) would last a person two or three days to cook +his rations with. + +Nearly all of the cooking was done in one quart tin pails or in tin +plates. + +Broken pieces of flat iron were sometimes used to build the fires upon, +but most of the prisoners cooked on the stoves that were in the two rooms. + +Some of the officers in the different prisons made beautiful trinkets out +of beef bones, such as napkin rings, paper cutters, crochet needles, pen +holders, imitations of books, etc., and sold them to their +fellow-prisoners to take home with them as souvenirs of their prison life. + +Some of these bone-workers were skilled artists, and could fashion +anything out of a beef bone. I have seen as fine a piece of work of this +kind, done with the rude tools that the mechanic had made himself, as I +have ever seen made with the latest and most approved machinery. Carving +of the most exquisite patterns, and in beautiful designs could be seen in +one of these collections. + +I remember of seeing one napkin-ring carved out in open work, connected +with a continuous vine with beautiful clusters of grapes, the price of +which was $100. I bought, and brought home with me, $35 worth of these +trinkets. + +A number of us belonging to five or six different messes bought a small +cook stove for which we paid, I believe, a hundred or a hundred and fifty +dollars. There were two griddle holes in it and a small oven in which one +loaf of bread could be baked at a time. It was an old affair that here +would not bring more than it would come to as old iron, but to us it was a +great treasure. We arranged among ourselves to take turns cooking upon it, +for instance one would have the first use of it one day, and then the next +day he would be the last to use it, and so each in their turn would have +the first chance to cook for one day. + +Those who had the last chance would have a pretty late breakfast, dinner +and supper, for it would take each one at least half an hour to get a +meal. Those who had no means of cooking their rations, would come and beg +the privilege of setting their tin cups on our stove to warm their coffee, +which was usually made out of burnt rye or peas, and sometimes of scorched +wheat bran. + +Every morning the whole surface of the stove would be covered with these +tin cups during the whole time the stove was in use; and even after the +different messes had all got through it would be engaged by outside +parties for nearly the whole day, each taking their turns in the order +that their applications were made. Of course those who owned a share in +the stove always took precedence if they wished to do any extra cooking or +baking during the day. We often used to make griddle cakes for breakfast, +either out of our corn bread rations soaked up in water with a little corn +meal added, or mixed up with flour and water with sometimes an egg +stirred in if we could afford it, but as eggs were twelve to fifteen +dollars a dozen this expensive luxury was dispensed with most of the time. + +The two large Peckham stoves for warming the room were always in use, the +boys hanging their pails by hooked wires against the hot sides so that, +especially in the morning, they would be completely encircled with these +hanging pails, and there would always be a crowd waiting for the next +chance. Some would hold their cups by the handle against the stove, +changing hands whenever it became too hot, and others would stand, holding +a pail out on a stick run through the bale. + +Quarrels were frequent over their turns, for all were tenacious of their +rights, and there, as here, some were always ready for a quarrel, and very +jealous of their rights and watchful lest they were trespassed upon. + +There were at least three artists in this Danville prison, viz: Captain +Albert Thomas, who now has a studio in Syracuse, N. Y., Lieutenant +VanDerweed and another, whose name I do not now remember; but almost every +prisoner who was confined in Danville, will remember him as the officer +who was once sent down the river from Richmond for exchange, but who, +while passing Fort Fisher, was detected by the Confederate officer in +charge, in making a sketch of that fortification, and return to prison. He +was finally paroled with the rest of us, and we chaffed him considerable +while we were going down the river, some of the boys teasing him to make +them a sketch of the Reb iron-clads in the river, or of Fort Fisher. + +Lieutenant VanDerweed made a number of sketches of prison scenes and some +fine pencil sketches of officers. He also went outside to make pencil +sketches of Confederate gentlemen and ladies, and while thus engaged, of +course, lived well and enjoyed pleasant society. + +Captain Albert Thomas was solicited to do the same, but said in his +expressive way, that he would starve and see all the rebs in ---- (he +mentioned some warm climate) before he would make a picture of one of +them. He made some excellent pencil sketches of different officers in the +prison and among them one of Colonel W. C. Raulston, who met so sad a fate +in the attempted outbreak on the Tenth of December, 1864, but this sketch +unfortunately, was lost. + +He also made a good one of myself, from which I have procured a cut for +this volume, and which I highly prize. + +There were also in Danville, as in other prisons where I was confined, +sutlers who bought provisions of the Johnnies and sold to their comrades +at a profit. They would buy two or three pounds of bacon of the Johnnies +and cut it up into small pieces of about two ounces each, and sell these +to their comrades, who either had not money enough to buy more, or were +too fond of their own comfort to go down stairs at eleven o'clock at night +to buy of the guard. + + +[Illustration: PENCIL SKETCH OF AUTHOR, BY THOMAS, AT DANVILLE.] + + + + +CHAPTER XXVI. + + +On the 17th of February we were ordered to get ready to leave for Richmond +for exchange. The order was received with the most extravagant +demonstrations of joy; officers who had heretofore been sedate and gloomy, +throwing their arms around each other in the wildest excitement. Some +laughed and shouted, some wept for joy, while others gave vent to their +feelings by singing "Rally 'Round the Flag," "The Red, White and Blue," +"The Star Spangled Banner," and other patriotic songs. All were jubilant, +all were happy, and all were excited. With buoyant hearts and happy faces +the preparations to move were made. Not having many possessions, +everything was soon in readiness, and never was the order to fall in +obeyed with greater alacrity, or with more cheerfulness, than was the +order of the Reb Sergeant that morning at Danville. + +Soon we were all comfortably (?) seated in the sweetly perfumed cattle +cars, and were flying towards Richmond at the rate of twelve miles an +hour. On to Richmond, was shouted by the jubilant prisoners, as we +started from Danville. + +The next day we were ushered into that notorious prison hell of the South, +Libby prison, presided over by the equally notorious Dick Turner. While at +Danville one officer was shot in the hand, by the guard, who fired at +random through the window, because one of the officers accidentally +spilled some water on the window sill, and it ran down upon him. Major D. +Colden Ruggles, died in the hospital, and Lieutenants Baily, Quigley, +Harris, Helm and Davis, escaped by means of the oven heretofore described. +How many of the nearly two thousand enlisted men in Danville died, I have +no means of knowing, but the mortality was not as great there as in +Salisbury. Libby prison, and the treatment of federal prisoners there, has +been so frequently described that I will not attempt a description. + +I was there but a short time, but was told by those who had been there +before, that Dick Turner seemed to be on his good behavior, and was +evidently thinking of the day of reckoning. + +We found Libby prison nearly filled with our enlisted men, whose emaciated +forms told more plainly than words could possibly do, the terrible +sufferings they had endured. They were confined in separate rooms from us, +but we managed to pass them provisions through the openings in the +partition, and also to converse with them. We were shown where and how the +wonderful tunnel that secured freedom to quite a number of officers, and +came near setting the whole prison at liberty, was started and where it +ended. We were shown Castle Thunder, which at one time contained a number +of prisoners, and where I believe Dr. Mary Walker, of Oswego, was at one +time confined. + +While at Richmond, General Hayes came in to see us, and said he was +detailed to distribute the clothing to our men, which our government had +sent for them, and as we would be home before he would, he gave us, Lieut. +Leyden and myself, the letters and checks we had given to the old reb at +Danville, in exchange for fourteen hundred dollars in Confederate money. +And, shall I confess it, in a fit of absent-mindedness (?) I tore them up +and threw them into the stove, thus saving the bother of taking them to +Riggs & Co., at Washington. I have forgotten the old gentleman's name who +so greatly befriended me by giving me such a liberal supply of money +which, although worthless to him, served to supply myself and a number of +my comrades, with the best the Confederacy afforded, for the balance of +our stay in rebeldom. + +Our stay in Richmond was of short duration, but we left it without regret. + +On the twentieth of February, we were again ordered to "pack up," and this +time for home. I cannot describe the wild tumult of joy with which the +order was received. Many of the enlisted men, who with us occupied the +building, though in a separate appartment, and to whom we had managed to +smuggle some of our rations, were too weak to walk alone, and were obliged +to walk between two of their comrades, who supported them to the boat and +tenderly cared for them. Their emaciated forms and lusterless eyes, told a +painful story of the starvation and suffering they had endured for the +preservation of their country, and for their loyalty to the flag. + +And yet there are those even here in the North, who grew rich through +THEIR sufferings, who begrudge them the beggarly pittance of a pension of +a few dollars a month, to keep them from the poor house; when, by their +heroic fortitude, and their indescribable sufferings, they made it +possible for the bonds of the government to be worth a _hundred cents on +the dollar in gold_; made it possible for these very men to be to-day +enjoying the luxury of wealth in a happy and prosperous land; to be +citizens of a country whose treasury is overflowing to such an extent that +the President of the United States has deemed it necessary to cry out in +alarm, that the country is in danger from a too plethoric treasury. These +same heroic souls who twenty-five years ago, by their loyalty to the old +flag, and whose patriotic devotion to the principles of universal freedom, +led them to offer themselves upon the altar of their country, if they +escaped a horrible death by starvation and are still living, are looked +upon by many who profited so largely by their sacrifices, as beggars, +because they ask to be remunerated for their shattered health, by a small +pittance of ten or twelve dollars a month, to assist them in their old age +and decrepitude. + +On the morning of the 20th of February, 1865, the last ration of corn +bread was issued, and I determined to preserve mine and bring it home to +show to my friends. This I did, and have kept it ever since. It was +twenty-three years old the 20th of February, 1888, and is still in a fair +state of preservation, and on every anniversary of its issue to me, that +old Libby prison ration and I have a little celebration, and revive old +memories. + +We were placed on board river steamers, which were skillfully piloted +around the numerous torpedoes that had been sunk for the destruction of +our gun-boats, should they attempt to assist in the capture of Richmond, +and past the iron-clad monsters that were stationed all along for the +protection of that rebel stronghold, and were conveyed to Varina landing, +where, as we disembarked, we were met by an equal number of rebs who had +been prisoners in our hands, and who returned on the same boats that took +us down. + +The contrast in the looks and appearances of these gray-backs and our poor +boys, was painfully apparent. They were in robust health, full of life and +vitality, and fit to at once take the field again, while our boys were +scarcely able, many of them, to climb up the bank at the landing, without +assistance. While they showed the effects of rest and plenty of wholesome +food, our poor comrades showed equally the terrible effects of starvation +and disease. They were in excellent condition to again at once go into +active service, while we would need months of careful nursing, before any +of us could again endure the hardships of camp life; and a large +proportion, were forever broken in health, and would never again be able +to perform the duties of a soldier. + +We still had a march of six miles to make, before we reached the Union +lines. Ambulances were in waiting, to convey those who were too feeble to +endure the march, and the rest of us who had strength enough left, trudged +along on foot. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVII. + + +The march from the landing to the headquarters of General John E. Mulford, +was through a swampy piece of ground and the road was muddy, but, with +freedom almost in sight, we tramped along cheerfully, with buoyant steps +and hopeful hearts, singing snatches of army songs, though we were still +inside the lines of the enemy. After a march of about five miles we passed +the reb picket line, and about three hundred yards ahead, saw once more +floating in the breeze, on a tall flag staff, the glorious old banner for +whose defence we had suffered so long and so fearfully. + +When the head of the column came under the shadow of "OLD GLORY," both our +cheers and our old dilapidated hats went heavenward with all the velocity +that we were able to impart to them. Some were too feeble to more than +faintly whisper their greeting to the dear old flag they loved so dearly, +while tears of joy attested the genuineness of their affection for that +beautiful emblem of liberty, the sight of which had so long been denied +them. + +I never before realized how much I loved the dear old stars and stripes, +or how much protection there was beneath its shining folds. How I longed +to press it to my heart and lips. And not me alone, but of the nearly two +thousand skeletons who that day saw it proudly waving high over their +heads for the first time in many months; there were few indeed who would +not have fervently kissed and caressed it had it been within their reach. +As a mother's love goes out to her first born that has come to her amid +suffering and pain, so that old flag seemed a thousand fold more beautiful +and precious to us, for the sufferings and privations we had passed +through in its defence. + +Cheer after cheer went up as the straggling column passed along, feeble +hands were waived, and feeble voices joined in the huzzahs, with which we +celebrated our return to "God's country." + +Arriving at General Mulford's headquarters, we were obliged to wait two or +three hours for a boat to take us down the river. Once on board the +steamer, our first thought was for a good square meal. + +But, alas! a meal on board that steamer cost a dollar, and Confederate +money was no good there. + +A comrade whom I had befriended, however, invited me to take dinner with +him, which invitation you may be sure I readily accepted; and for the +first time in many months, sat down to a regular dinner of roast beef, +Irish potatoes, bread and butter, and a genuine cup of coffee. + +On the morning of Sunday, the 22d of February, we arrived at Annapolis. As +the steamers were approaching the wharf, a band which had come down to +welcome us, struck up "Home, Sweet Home." Involuntarily every officer took +off his hat and bowed his head, as though receiving a benediction, so +impressively solemn sounded that sweet, familiar tune just then. + +Arriving at parole camp, the first person I met whom I knew, was Captain +Eastmond, who escaped with me at Columbia, and who was recaptured the next +night. + +He told me that a few days after my escape, my name was called for special +exchange, and he answered to my name, signed my name to the parole, and +had been out nearly three months. + +As soon as he reached General Mulford's headquarters he told him of the +deception he had practiced, and the General told him it was all right and +as soon as he could find out where I was he would send another special for +me. But I, in blissful ignorance of what my friends were trying to +accomplish in my behalf, was being shifted from one place to another, so +that he did not get track of me again. The first thing I did upon my +arrival at Annapolis, was to hunt up the store of the Ladies' Sanitary +Commission, and get a complete outfit from head to foot, for which they +would take no pay, and then getting a room in a hotel, I stripped off my +lousy rags, and after taking a good bath, dressed myself in my new suit, +throwing my old prison garments out of a window into an alley, thus +effectually ridding myself from the annoying companions that had so +persistently stuck by me during my imprisonment. I parted with them +without a sigh, and have never to this day had a desire to renew their +acquaintance. + +I then applied for a twenty day's leave and wrote a long letter home, +giving a brief synopsis of my experience in the prisons of rebeldom for +the last ten months. This letter I directed to my wife, though I did not +know whether she was dead or living, not having heard a word from her +since parting with her at Plymouth, on the night of the first day's fight. +After waiting a week I received my leave of absence, and at once started +for home. I found that my letters had nearly all been received and +promptly answered, but they were never delivered to me. I can never be +made to believe but that our letters were purposely destroyed by order of +General Winder, as a part of his plan to discourage and dishearten us, +well knowing how much this would do towards undermining our health and +destroying our lives. + +I was home for days before I could feel fully assured that I was really +out of prison; fearing all the time that it was only one of those vivid +dreams that had so often come to me while there, and fearing lest I should +awake and find myself still surrounded by stockades and rebel guards, +often I would stop and pinch myself to see if I were really awake, and at +home among friends. + +Upon the expiration of my twenty days' leave, I returned to my regiment +near Goldsboro, (having been exchanged) and was just in time to assist in +taking in the North Carolina troops of Johnson's army, and seeing the +conquered rebels lay down their arms, dejected and subdued, and seemingly +heartily rejoiced, that the fearful struggle was finally at an end. + +I reached Albany on my way back to Annapolis, on the 3rd day of April, and +there first learned of the evacuation of Richmond. The first person I met +whom I knew, as I disembarked from the cars near the Delavan House, was +Hon. Elias Root, then Member of Assembly from Oswego Co. He saluted me +with, "hello Cooper, you here and sober? Haven't you heard that Richmond +has fallen? The orders are that any man found sober here after four +o'clock will be arrested." This coming as it did from a staunch temperance +man, and an active and consistent christian, was a stunner; and I +apologized by saying that I had just arrived in Albany and had not yet +been able to comply with the order, but would attend to it immediately. I +managed to avoid being arrested that day, for I had seen enough of prison +life and did not care to be deprived of my liberty again so soon. + +Proceeding to Washington and then back to Annapolis, and from there back +to Newbern, via the Keretuck canal, I immediately joined my regiment at +Mosley Hall, near Goldsboro, and reported for duty. + +A few days after my return to headquarters we received the joyful news of +the surrender of General Lee, at Appomattox, on the 9th of April. This +news was received with great demonstrations of joy by every one, and was +celebrated with the wildest enthusiasm. About this time I was ordered to +Camp Palmer, near Newbern, on some business, and saw an order posted, of +which the following is substantially a copy: + + HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT, &C. + + General Orders, No. --. + + The news having reached the headquarters of this department that + General Lee surrendered the army of Virginia to General U. S. Grant + on the 9th inst. at Appomattox Court House, the following order is + promulgated. + + 1st. Any soldier found sober after four o'clock to-day will, if an + enlisted man, be confined in the guard house, and if an officer, will + be placed in arrest and charges preferred against him. By order of + + GEN. PALMER. + + [Signed.] A. A. JUDSON, Capt. & A. A. G. + +I also found Capt. Judson at Camp Palmer to see that the order was +properly enforced. I will only add that there were no arrests made under +that order. + +Upon joining my company I found Captain R. B. Hock, who had escaped with +me at Columbia, and with whom I had parted from in the suburbs of +Greenwood, S. C., when I started out to find the cabin of "Free +Mitchell," and whom I had not seen or heard from since that time. + +The meeting was a joyful one to both, and Captain Hock related to me the +experience of himself and Lieut. Winner after we separated. + +They took a route more to the east, and after walking about three hundred +and fifty miles, which took them, I think, about twenty-one days +altogether, they came out at Marysville, Tenn., where they struck the +Union lines, and were, after resting a few days, sent on to Washington, +and from there to join their respective regiments. + +Captain Hock afterwards participated in the battle of Wise's Forks and was +there again taken prisoner, but escaped the same night and walked through +to Plymouth, N. C., the scene of the battle where we were both taken by +General Hoke a year before. + +Plymouth at this time was again in possession of the Union forces, and +from there he again went to Newbern. He was subsequently made a prisoner +again during another engagement near Goldsboro with Johnson's army, and +again succeeded in making his escape, and after a long and tedious march +once more reached his regiment. + +When he came back this time the regiment was just out for dress parade, +and Colonel J. W. Savage had him accompany him out in front of the line, +where he introduced him to the command as the GREASY CAPTAIN. + +Company F., Captain R. B. Hock, of which I was 1st Lieutenant, was for a +time thereafter stationed at Kinston, N. C., and after taking the paroled +men of Johnson's army, relieving them of their arms, but leaving them +their "critters," we joined the regiment again and were encamped for a +while at Goldsboro, and then marched to Tarboro, which place I had not +visited before since I passed through there in April, 1864, a prisoner of +war. Here I was placed in command of Company D, Captain Turner of that +company having been detailed for duty in the Freedman's Bureau. + +We remained in Tarboro until the middle or latter part of July, and while +there I assisted in disinterring the remains of five of my comrades, of +the 12th N. Y. Cavalry, who were killed in a charge near that place in +July, 1863, and give them a christian burial. + +The following letter, which was written at the time and was published in +the city papers, gives a brief description of the funerals: + + CAMP NEAR TARBORO, N. C., May 17, 1865. + + MR. SAMUEL MILLER: + + MY DEAR SIR--I have just returned from assisting in performing the + last sad duties to the heroes who fell in the gallant charge near + this place in July, 1863. I personally superintended the disinterment + of the bodies, and readily recognized your brave boy by his hair, + teeth, and the shape of his head. I also recognized the body of + William Davis. Capt. Simeon Church was there, and recognized his twin + brother, Capt. Cyrus Church, and others who were present recognized + the others. + + Six were buried in one grave, and all were in a perfectly nude state, + the fiendish brutes having appropriated to their own use every + article of wearing apparel. We had a coffin made for each one. When + disinterred they were placed in coffins made of white wood, and their + names written on the covers. The bodies were brought into camp, when + the funeral procession was formed in the following order, viz: + First, the regimental band; next, forty men mounted on white horses, + with drawn sabres; next, the chaplain; next, the ambulance, with the + bodies of Capt. Cyrus Church, and Sergt. John P. Miller and William + Davis, with six officers acting as pall bearers by the side; next the + officers of the regiment; next twelve men mounted on bay horses, with + drawn sabres and commanded by a Sergeant; next the ambulance + containing the bodies of S. Mulligan, H. Rood and David Carl, and in + the rear the dismounted men of the regiment. + + At 2 o'clock the procession moved with sabres reversed, the band + playing a solemn dirge, and marched to a beautiful burying ground in + the village, where the Episcopal burial service was read by Chaplain + Palmer of our regiment. We are thankful that we have at last had the + mournful privilege of giving a christian burial to our fallen + comrades. + + Appropriate headboards were placed at the graves. The coffins were + made small enough to be placed in other coffins for removal. I shall + do all I can to send the remains of your son home, and if Captain + Church sends his brother, I will send your son with him. I send you a + lock of Johnny's hair, and some of the hair of Wm. Davis, which + please give to his wife. + + Deeply sympathizing with you and your family I remain, + + Your obedient servant, + + A. COOPER, + + 1st Lieutenant, Commanding D Troop, 12th N. Y. Cavalry. + +From Tarboro the 12th Cavalry were moved to Raleigh, N. C., where we made +up our returns and turned over our horses, and were then mustered out of +the service. + +From Raleigh we made the march to Petersburgh, and from there to City +Point, where we took steamers for New York. We were sent to Hart's Island, +where we were paid off and were soon at home again. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII. + +MORE ABOUT CHARLESTON--EXCHANGE ON THE BRAIN--MORE ABOUT MACON--CHARLESTON +JAIL YARD MORE FULLY DESCRIBED--THE OLD PRIVY--THE GALLOWS OR +GIBBET--TERRIBLE SUFFERING FOR WANT OF FOOD AND SHELTER--A FIRE AND HOW +GILLMAN HELPED IT ALONG. + + +We remained in Charleston thirteen days, viz., from September 13th until +the 26th, and it was thirteen days of intense suffering to many, and of +great discomfort to all. + +This jail yard itself was filthy to a fearful degree, and was enough to +create an epidemic. An old privy occupied the south-west corner of the +ground, the vault of which overflowed into the yard and emitted an +effluvia that would be certain to create disease, even in an otherwise +healthy locality. We petitioned to have this nuisance abated, and after a +week or more, upon the recommendation of Dr. Todd, who was the attending +physician, and who tried to do all within his power to render our +situation more bearable, some men were sent in one night to tear down the +old privy and clean out the vault. + +This took all night and most of the next day, and during that time, +Charleston jail yard was the most revolting place that civilized humanity +ever occupied and lived. + +As I have said, there were only fifty "A" tents to accommodate six hundred +officers and, as not over two hundred and fifty could possibly be crowded +into these, there were three hundred and fifty officers without shelter of +any kind, and as the weather part of the time was rainy, the suffering +among those was fearful and a frightful mortality must have ensued, had we +been compelled to have remained there much longer. As it was, I have no +doubt that the germs of disease were planted there that afterwards cropped +out in some form, and perhaps in many cases resulted in broken +constitutions, and even death. + +Another prolific source of suffering was the lack of fuel with which to +cook our scanty rations. + +In our extremity we broke up the lumber of the old privy that had been +torn down, and tried to cook with that; but as the pails we used to cook +in were mostly without covers, and the old lumber was so thoroughly +permeated with the filth it had so many years covered, that the rations +thus cooked were too revolting to the stomach to be eaten. + +The ground of the jail yard was a sandy loam, and the yard having been +occupied by prisoners for a long time, was actually alive with vermin, +with which we were soon supplied to an extent that was discouraging to +those who had any ideas of cleanliness. + +In the centre of the yard was a gallows, which had evidently been erected +for a long time, and had probably done considerable service. This was a +post about twenty-five feet high, with a horizontal arm extending out +about eight feet; at the extreme end of this arm and also at the top of +the post where the arm joined it, there were pulleys for a rope to run +through. A weight at the end of the rope running down the posts, acted as +a drop to elevate the body of the victim from the ground and lifted him +towards the end of the extending arm. This gallows we cut down and used +for fuel. Dr. Todd, as I have said was the prison physician, and was, I +believe, a brother of Mrs. President Lincoln. + +Reader, do you wonder that we were willing to give our parole not to +escape, for the privilege of exchanging this loathsome and pest breeding +jail yard, for good, healthy, clean quarters, where we could have all of +the facilities for cleanliness, such as were offered to us? + +About the 1st of October a fire broke out just after noon, about six or +eight hundred yards to the north-east of where we were then confined, on +Broad street, overlooking the bay. + +As the alarm was sounded, we gathered upon the piazzas to watch its +progress. We could see the firemen dragging their apparatus to the fire, +and were watching their preparations to extinguish it, when suddenly, we +heard the familiar boom of Gilmore's "Swamp Angel," and presently saw a +shell explode among a group of firemen, who hastily scattered in every +direction. + +Shell after shell dropped into the burning building, or exploded among +those who were endeavoring to extinguish the flames, and for a time it +looked as though another terrible conflagration was inevitable. + +When a well directed shell would drop in, and explode where the firemen +were at work and scatter them, we would send up a cheer that must have +been heard where the flames were raging. + +Citizens gathered upon the flat roofs of their dwellings and watched the +conflict, between the Charleston firemen on one side, and the crackling +flames and General Gilmore's batteries on Morris Island, on the other. + +I saw a man and woman upon their roof near the burning building, and when +the shells began to drop in pretty thick and fast, and some of them most +uncomfortably near to where they stood, the gentleman seemed to suddenly +think of some duty he was obliged to attend to below, while the lady +pluckily staid it out. The wonderful accuracy with which General Gilmore +sent those immense projectiles into any part of the city, from his +batteries on Morris Island, five miles away, was simply astonishing. He +seemed to be able to drop them just where he pleased and there was no +time, day or night, when the citizens of that doomed city had not good +reason to expect that they might receive one of Gilmore's compliments, as +we used to call them. While we were waiting in the Broad Street House for +the order to start for Columbia, after we had got all packed up, the +officers commenced writing their names on the wall near where they had +slept, and being in rather a poetical mood just then, I took my pencil and +wrote on the wall in the corner where my quarters had been, the following: + + I have slept in this corner for many a night, + A prisoner of war in a pitiful plight, + I have ate my corn dodger, my bacon and rice, + And have skirmished my shirt and my drawers for lice. + + Here's health to Jeff Davis and bad may it be, + May mercy and pardon afar from him flee, + May he find, when too late, to his sorrow and cost, + That not only the Confederacy, but Heaven he's lost. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIX. + +EXCHANGE ON THE BRAIN. + + +Many of the prisoners were afflicted to a greater or less extent, with +what was termed exchange on the brain. + +This disease would manifest itself in various ways, and different persons +would be differently affected by it. + +I remember numerous cases of this malady, (for it really was a malady) in +the different prisons. Persons thus afflicted, would improve every +opportunity to inform themselves of the prospects of there being an +exchange of prisoners, and every paper they got hold of would be carefully +scanned for exchange news, and whenever they came across an article on +this subject ever so vague and unsatisfactory, they would pore over it, +and try to construe it as an evidence that an exchange would soon take +place. + +If papers were not to be had they would stroll around the camp, stopping +to talk with any one that could be induced to listen to them, about what +they had heard on this subject, and try to hear something that they could +console themselves with, and in their perambulations about the grounds, +their whole and only theme was "Exchange." Should those they met commence +talking upon any other subject, they were uninterested and would, as soon +as possible, change the subject to the prospects for exchange. + +The first question they would ask upon meeting an acquaintance would be, +"Do you hear anything about exchange?" Should they find two or three +officers talking together, especially if they seemed to be talking rather +earnestly, they would get up near enough to find out whether the subject +under discussion was exchange. + +It was the subject of all their thoughts and conversation by day, and of +their dreams by night. + +The most improbable rumors would be started in camp in regard to exchange, +just to play upon the credulity of those who were afflicted with exchange +on the brain, and they would believe them too, and would excitedly +circulate the rumors. + +One officer in Savannah, Captain Johnson, was afflicted badly with this +malady, and could never see two or three officers together talking, +without trying to ascertain if there was anything being said about +exchange. We used to play upon his credulity to an extent that was really +cruel. + +While at Savannah, Col. F. C. Miller, 147th N. Y., was detailed as senior +officer of the camp, and all communications to the commandant of the +prison had to be forwarded through him, and all orders from the +commandant to us were received through him. + +Being very intimate with Col. Miller, I was supposed, next to him, to be +the most probable one to know what was going on. The Colonel had made a +backgammon board, and we used to sit in his tent and play a good deal of +the time. + +Captain Johnson and I both belonged to the same squad, which was +designated as No. 9. One evening, I had been up to Colonel Miller's tent +until quite late, and when I returned, the squad had all retired. As I +came to my tent, which was just opposite Capt. Johnson's, I said to my +tent-mates somewhat excitedly, and in a tone loud enough for Johnson to +hear: "Well, boys, I have now got some news that is reliable. I just came +from Col. Miller's tent, and the Colonel told me that Col. Smith told +him--" here I dropped my voice so that Johnson could not hear. In a second +Johnson jumped out of bed and came across the street, minus everything but +his night clothes, and asked excitedly: "What did Col. Miller tell you?" +"Well," said I, "Col. Miller told me that No. 9 squad would be detailed to +police the camp to-morrow." + +Johnson, without saying a word, returned to his bunk amid the roars of +laughter from the whole squad. I know it was cruel, to laugh at, and play +jokes upon men who were half insane upon the subject. There were those +who were clearly insane upon the subject of exchange, and were really to +be pitied. + +A Captain, whose name I have forgotten, became perfectly insane while we +were at Savannah, and I think he died while in prison. At first those who +noticed his peculiar actions thought he was playing a dodge to get paroled +and sent North, but we were all soon convinced that the poor fellow had +brooded over his imprisonment until his mind had completely lost its +balance. + +His mind seemed to be continually dwelling upon exchange, and for days and +weeks he could not be induced to talk upon an other subject. He would tell +the most improbable stories, that no one else had heard, about a general +exchange of prisoners that was soon to take place, but as such stories +were continually floating around the camp, not much attention was paid to +him, and if any one thought upon them at all, they looked upon his stories +as silly canards, gotten up to fool some one with. + +His mind finally seemed to run to sumptuous dinners, and he would invite +eight or ten of his prison companions to dine with him at a certain hour, +and upon their arrival, they would find perhaps a half baked corn meal +pome, that had been cooked in a dirty old wash basin, over a smoky fire, +having been mixed up without salt or rising of any kind, to be the +princely spread he had invited them to. + +He would do the honors in a courteous and dignified manner and seem to +think he was at home entertaining some distinguished guests in a royal +manner, to a regal feast. + +Of course his comrades would excuse themselves on one pretext and another, +and would leave him to enjoy his dinner alone. + +He would eat his pome with all the apparent relish, with which he would +have partaken of a dinner such as he seemed to imagine he was indulging +in. + +Of course, in its half-cooked condition, it would be not only perfectly +unpalatable, but injurious to the health as well. When it is remembered +that rumors of exchange were being almost weekly circulated through our +camp, sometimes by the reb authorities in order to keep us from trying to +escape, and sometimes I believe for very cussedness, the only wonder is +that the majority of the prisoners were not driven to insanity. I have +seen men sit moping for hours with a look of utter dejection, their elbow +upon their knee, and their chin resting upon their hand, their eyes having +a vacant far-away look, brooding over the cruel fate that placed them in +the prison pen, and wondering why an exchange of prisoners was not made, +and whether they would ever be released. + +On the 21st of June, 1864, a Catholic priest came into the prison at +Macon, and gave us such a harrowing picture of Andersonville, which place +he had visited the day before, that it made our own sufferings seem +insignificant. + +He said that he passed up between two lines of Union dead, who had been +laid there that morning by their comrades to be carted off to the burying +ground, that must have numbered at least a hundred, and that he saw +thousands there that were scarcely able to walk, or in many cases even to +sit up. + +Some to whom he administered the last rites of the Catholic church, showed +by the glassy expression of their lusterless eyes, that the grim visitor +already held them within his grasp. + +The picture he drew of the sufferings, starvation and death he had +witnessed there, sent a chill of horror to the heart of his listeners, and +created a feeling of indignation that could scarcely find expression in +words. + +The next day, upon the advice and recommendation of the Confederate +authorities, two from each squad met in the large hall that was used for +the field officers, and also as a sort of hospital, and drew up a petition +to the Rebel Secretary of War, for permission for Majors Marshal, Beatie +and Owen of the army, and Lieutenant Alexander, of the navy, to go to +Andersonville and examine into the condition of the enlisted men and then +proceed to Washington and urge upon the United States government a speedy +exchange of prisoners. + +When it became known throughout the camp that such a scheme was on foot +and that the petition had been signed by this self-constituted delegation +and was about to be forwarded to Richmond, an indignation meeting was held +from the steps of this building, and was addressed by Captain Ives and +others, and the action of the Committee was denounced, as not being in +accordance with the sentiment of the prison camp. + +The almost unanimous sense of the meeting was, that we had faith in our +government and believed it was doing all it could do, consistent with its +dignity to relieve and release us, and that we would rather suffer the +tortures of prison life, than to harass our government and thereby give +aid and comfort to their enemy. The meeting closed by our asserting our +confidence in the wisdom and ability of our friends at the North, to do +what was for the best interests of the country, and that if we could do +more or better service for the country in prison than in the field, as +good soldiers and true patriots it was our duty to submit to all the +indignities that were being heaped upon us, rather than even impliedly +stigmatize the U. S. government as being unmindful of our sufferings, and +screen the fiendish brutes who were heaping all of this suffering upon us. + +While the meeting was in progress the petition was secretly taken out of +camp by a rebel officer, who had instigated their preparation, and as we +supposed, forwarded through to rebel Capt. Gibbs to Richmond. We never +heard anything from the petition, and the belief was that the rebel +authorities, seeing the indignation they had caused, concluded their +interests would not be advanced by complying with its provisions. + +To show how the large majority of officers confined in Macon felt about +how the affairs of the government had been conducted under the +administration of President Lincoln, I quote from my diary of June 7th, +1864: + +"This being the day upon which the Convention is to meet at Baltimore to +nominate a candidate for President, our camp went into convention and +nominated Abraham Lincoln by a vote of 533 out of a total vote cast of +625." + +This was considered not only an endorsement of the policy pursued by the +President in the prosecution of the war, but also our approval of his +exchange policy. + +We well understood that the cartel was suspended, because the South +refused to exchange the negroes taken in arms, but proposed to return such +soldiers to servitude, and we believed that as they were taken while +bearing arms in defence of the government, that government was in duty +bound to protect them in their rights and it was our duty as good soldiers +to suffer and even die, if need be, in prison or in field, to maintain the +dignity of the nation. + +This is why such indignation was manifested when we were asked to lend +ourselves to the scheme of Jeff. Davis, to even impliedly stigmatize the +authorities at Washington, as being derelict in their duties towards us, +by demanding an immediate resumption of the exchange cartel, unless all +who wore the blue could be classed in the category of United States +soldiers. We believed that all whose loyalty to the flag, had led them to +risk their lives in its defence, whether their skin was white or black, +were entitled to protection beneath its folds. + +While on the tramp with Captain Alban through the Confederacy, after our +escape, he told me an amusing story about his capture at Chicamauga. He +belonged to the 21st Ohio, and that regiment was armed with the Henry +rifle. + +The portion of the line occupied by the 21st Ohio, was assaulted with +determined gallantry six or seven times, and was every time repulsed with +heavy loss. + +The Johnnies would charge with an impetuosity that was wonderful, and +would advance until they received the sixth or seventh discharge from +those repeating rifles, which shoot sixteen times without reloading, when +they would break and fly in disorder; receiving as they went back two or +three more shots, before they would be out of range. They would again be +re-formed and make another gallant assault, only to again be broken and +driven back with fearful slaughter. + +After having charged, as I have said, six or seven times, and each time +been repulsed with great loss, Captain Alban was taken prisoner and +hurried to the Confederate rear. One of the privates was taken at the same +time, and his rifle which he had just emptied, was examined with much +curiosity by the reb who had taken him, who, after looking it over +thoroughly, turned to Alban and said, "What kind of guns do youens use! +You load up Saturday night and shoot all the week, don't you?" After +having learned how to handle it he thought it would be a good one for him, +but as the soldier had exhausted his supply of ammunition, the piece would +be useless until they could get some to fit it. + + + + +CHAPTER XXX. + +SCOUTING IN NORTH CAROLINA--SERGEANT C---- IN A WELL--THE ACCIDENT +PREVENTS A FIGHT WITH OUR OWN TROOPS--A FIGHT WITH NORTH CAROLINA +TROOPS--MRS. MODLIN TURNS A BACK SOMERSAULT--OUR IRISH LIEUTENANT. + + +While at Plymouth on detached service, with "I" and "F" troops, we were in +the habit of scouting ten to fifteen miles once or twice a week, sometimes +in one direction and sometimes in another. We were seldom ordered out on a +scout by General Wessels, but all that was necessary for us to do when +going out on one of these scouts, was to notify the General of the fact +that we were going out on a certain road, ten or fifteen miles, at a +certain time, and would be back about such a time. + +I have frequently taken twenty-five or thirty men for a scout into the +country, to capture parties with loads of provisions for the Confederates, +or to bring in some prisoners. + +I have mentioned two guides, Modlin and Wynn, who were in the habit of +going with me on these raids, and who were both taken prisoners at +Plymouth, and escaped into the woods while on the march, after being +spotted by some of the North Carolina troops as "Buffaloes." + +These two guides, who were natives of North Carolina, and who knew every +turpentine path through those immense pine forests, and who had friends +outside our lines who kept them well posted on what was going on outside, +while they in turn kept me posted as to the movements of the rebs. + +One day Wynn came to me and said that he had positive information that +five or six loads of bacon, for the Confederate army, would stop over +night at a certain house about fifteen miles south of Plymouth, on the +Washington road, and that the guard would consist of ten men besides the +teamsters. I immediately rode up to General Wessel's headquarters and told +him that I was going to take thirty men and go out on the Washington road +at five o'clock that afternoon, and would return the next morning. I, as +usual, procured the countersign for that night, so as to be able to get +inside the picket post if I should come back in the night, and selecting +thirty men, started at five p. m., guided by Wynn for the South. + +After getting out about five miles, we left the road and followed one of +the turpentine paths through the woods in a parallel direction. + +It had become quite dark by this time and we proceeded in single file, +Wynn and myself riding at the head of the column. + +Among the men under my command that night was Sergeant C----, a tall, +powerful man, and an excellent soldier, whose pluck could always be relied +upon, but who had a great weakness for following up any noise on the +march, especially if it sounded anything like the crowing of a cock, and +was therefore not always in the line while on the march. + +We had proceeded about five miles through the woods when our path crossed +a road at right angles, just at a school house. + +As we crossed the road the guide said to me, there is a well on our left, +keep to the right a little. We turned a little to the right and at the +same time I ordered the word passed down to the rear that there was a well +on the left, keep to the right. This word was passed from one to another +until it had reached the rear of the column. + +Now Sergeant C---- had stopped a little way back on some important +business, probably connected with a chicken roost, and of course did not +hear the cautionary word and after we had passed on about two hundred +yards a cry came from the rear of the column, C---- is in the well. + +I halted the column, and going back found, by the aid of a lantern we +carried, that both C---- and his horse were in a dry well about ten or +twelve feet deep, and about as wide as it was deep. There was nothing to +do but to buckle our saddle straps together, which C---- placed under his +horse, and lift it out bodily and then pull C---- out. + +This took us half an hour, and I was fearful that we would not reach the +house before the teams had got started, and we would be unable to capture +the guard. It was just daylight when we came out on the road, about six +hundred yards from the house, and I at once charged down and surrounded +it. + +I secured six yoke of oxen and six loads of bacon, but could find no guard +or teamsters. After placing my pickets I had some of the boys bring in a +ham, and that, with some eggs and sweet potatoes, and a hoe cake that the +woman cooked for us, together with some coffee, which we always carried +with us, made us a good breakfast. + +To our enquiries about the teamsters and guard, the woman told us that +about half an hour before we came a company of Cavalry came from the +opposite direction and passed on towards Plymouth, and that at their +approach, the guard and teamsters fled to the woods. + +I took the teams and loads of bacon and, throwing out an advance and rear +guard, proceeded back to Plymouth, not knowing what moment I might run +onto this Cavalry troop, which I thought must be rebel Cavalry, as there +were no Union Cavalry between Plymouth and Little Washington, which were +about eighty miles apart, and knowing that no other troop had left +Plymouth, and none would leave until my return. + +I reached Plymouth without opposition and then learned that the troop that +had passed the house just before we got there, was thirty of our Cavalry +from Little Washington, with dispatches for Plymouth, and had already +arrived. + +When I learned this I was very thankful that C---- had got into the well, +for otherwise, we would have reached the road half an hour sooner and +would in all probability have met this troop, and mistaken them for the +reb guard, have charged them; and as they were not expecting to meet any +one but enemies, they would very likely have attempted to break through +and a fight would have taken place between us, which must have resulted in +loss of life before the mistake was found out. + +Shortly after this, Modlin, our other guide, wanted to move his wife and +household effects into Plymouth and asked Captain Roache, who was then in +command of the detachment of Cavalry, to accompany him to his farm, which +was about fourteen miles from our lines, as a protection against a company +of rebs that were sometimes in the neighborhood. + +Captain Roache took eighty-five men of Companies "A" and "F," and with +Captain Hock, Lieutenant Russel and myself, accompanied him home. + +I had command of the advance going out, and after we reached the house, +was sent with twenty-five men across a piece of woods to another road, and +about a mile out on that road, to a house where he thought I might +capture some prisoners. Modlin went along as my guide, and as we emerged +from the woods, and came out on the road near a school house, I dismounted +and went into the school house to see if there was anyone there. I found +on the hearth the dying embers of a fire and quite a number of egg shells, +showing that the school house had been occupied the previous night and +assuring me that there were rebs in the vicinity. + +I did not delay, but moved rapidly down upon the farm house and surrounded +it, but after a thorough search of the premises failed to reveal the rebs +I was in search of, I mounted again and returned to Modlin's house, and +found two carts loaded with his furniture, &c., and ready to start for +Plymouth. + +On our return trip Lieutenant Russel was placed in command of the advance, +and I was given command of the rear guard of twelve men to protect the +carts. The mule in the head cart was driven by one of my guards, who led +his horse behind, and the other was driven by a darkey boy, and upon this +cart was seated Mrs. Modlin, upon the top of a load of bedding, etc. + +We had proceeded perhaps a mile, when we came to a small stream or run, +where we stopped to water the horses. We were passing through a swampy +piece of woods, called cedar swamp, and just up the road, perhaps six +hundred yards from the stream, was a small wood-colored meeting house. + +The advance and the main column had watered and started on, and I was +watering the horses of the rear guard, when a brisk fire of musketry was +opened upon the column now four hundred yards ahead, from the woods on our +right. + +The column pushed by, and then halted and dismounted, while I told the +mule-driver to drive up past before they had time to reload; but the mules +were frightened at the firing and were hard to manage, and while I was +assuring Mrs. Modlin that she had nothing to fear, as they would not fire +at a woman, my guard galloped past the firing up to the column, the one +who was driving the mule deserting it, and mounting his horse, going with +the rest. The mule thus left without a driver, ran away up towards the +company, scattering the goods along the road. The darkey jumped off the +other cart and ran into the woods, and as this mule started to run, Mrs. +Modlin, turned a back somersault off the back end of the cart and followed +the darkey; the mule running against a tree beside the road, demolished +the cart and spilled the goods in a most promiscuous manner. My position +behind them all, enabled me to take in the whole of this ludicrous scene +and I should have laughed if they had all been killed. + +Being deserted by my guard and left alone, I started towards the column, +firing a small pistol that had been presented to me, into the woods, the +rebs being within five or six rods of the road, but a cap got foul and it +would not revolve, so I returned it to my belt and drew my navy revolver. +As I passed them they gave me a volley, but all fired over my head, and +neither myself or horse were touched. + +As I rode up towards the column, I saw Captain Hock out in front five or +six rods, firing his pistol into the woods, and every one seemed to be +fighting on his own hook. + +I called out and asked where Captain Roache was, and some one said he was +hurt. I then called to the men to come out, where I was still sitting on +my horse, and form, which they did with alacrity. Capt. Roache, soon +recovering from a stun he had received in dismounting, took command and we +soon had the Johnnies driven back. Our men were all dismounted and +followed the rebs a short distance, but as they were in the swamp we +remounted and started on towards Plymouth without further molestation, +except that they came out into the road again, after we had gone eight +hundred or a thousand yards, and fired one volley at my rear guard. + +We had five horses wounded, but lost no men either in killed or wounded. +Five or six months after, when I was taken prisoner at Plymouth, I saw the +Lieutenant, who was in command of the ambushing party, and in talking +about that skirmish he said, that when that volley was fired at me at such +close quarters (not over fifteen rods) and I being such a splendid mark +sitting on my horse, he thought I was gone sure. + +Mrs. Modlin, the next day having recovered her mules, and picked up her +household goods, came into Plymouth alone. + +We had an Irish Lieutenant in the 12th Cavalry, whose quaint expressions +gave us much merriment. When we first went to Camp Palmer, we had daily +drills; he being 1st Lieutenant, drilled the first platoon of the company, +and I the second. We used to take them out separately, and I used to be +greatly amused at the orders he would give. We commenced by drilling the +men in the sabre exercise, and I was watching him the first day. When he +got his men into line, and after having them take the proper distance, he +gave the command something like this: "Attention, min! Now I am going to +larn yees how to draw sabre. Whin I say 'draw!' don't you draw; but whin I +say 'sabre!' out wid it." Now those who do not understand the sabre drill +may want a little explanation as to how this was to be done. At the +command "draw" the sabre is loosened from the scabbard and drawn about six +inches; and at the command "sabre" it is drawn out and describing a half +circle to the front, carried to the shoulder. + +Another favorite order of his when he wished to give the order, "fours +right" and then form the squad on right into line, was this: "On ladin set +of fours, form line of battle, faced to the rare, march!" Turning to the +Major, who was watching him drill one day, after executing this +manoeuvre he said, "Major this is a bully movement on a retrate." While +we were near Camp Palmer, our advance picket post was about five miles +from camp, at a place called Deep Gully; and it was usual for the officer +of the day after guard mount, to march his guard under command of the +Sergeant, to Deep Gully, in columns of fours. This Irish Lieutenant, being +officer of the day one time, after the inspection of the guard was +completed and the Adjutant had turned them over to him with the usual +instructions, rode out in front and gave his orders thus: "Attention +guard, draw sabre! carry, sabre! be twos or be fours, whichever yees like. +Deep Gully, to the front! Away wid yees." + +While at Plymouth, the two Captains and four Lieutenants, of our two +Cavalry companies, formed a mess, each officer contributing his share +towards the expenses. After a while, however, one of the Captains offered +to run the mess, for so much a head per week, agreeing to give us good +board. Well, for a week or two, every thing went smoothly and all seemed +satisfied with the fare. One day we had chicken for dinner, made up into a +sort of soup, or more properly speaking, gruel. This, by breaking some +hardtack into it, though rather thin, was rendered quite palatable by +judicious seasoning, and there being plenty left it was warmed up for +dinner again. The third day as we sat down to dinner, we found another +dish of this gruel on our plates, somewhat diluted, and looking rather +feeble. + +When this Irish Lieutenant sat down to dinner he took a look at the soup, +and recognizing in it some infinitesimal portions of the old friend of the +two previous days, shoved back his plate and with flushed face ejaculated: +"Be jabers I like soup; I'm fond of soup, I like soup for forty or fifty +meals, but by jabers as a gineral diet I don't think much of it." + +We had good quarters in Plymouth. Our quarters were in a two-story white +house, built as most of the houses in the South are, with a wide hall +running through the centre and instead of a cellar, the house was set upon +posts, so as to give free access to the air underneath. Our Irish +Lieutenant occupied one large room up stairs, and I occupied one just +across the hall from him. One Sunday morning I heard a noise in his room, +and stepping across the hall, opened his door, and at first thought by his +language that he was engaged in his Sunday morning devotions, as he was a +strict Catholic. When I opened the door and took a look at him, I was +startled at the sight which met my gaze. He was standing in the middle of +the room, with a new white flannel shirt about half on, his head +protruding, and his face of apoplectic hue, his arms extending upward, and +he seemed incapable of either getting out of or into the shirt. It was one +of those heavy white flannel shirts such as we all took with us at the +commencement of the service, which would shrink in washing to about +one-half their original size. + +As I entered the room there was a look of discouragement upon his face, +which from a liberal use of commissary and natural swarthiness, was always +somewhat flushed, and now looked like a boiled lobster, which gave it a +frightful appearance. The first sentence I heard sounded like a prayer; he +said, "Oh! may the Lord take particular pains to damn the nagur that +washed this shurret." Taking in the situation at a glance, I discreetly +withdrew and allowed him to conclude his devotions. + +Making Yankees out of the Contrabands, was a pleasing pastime for our boys +after the war had ended; and hundreds of these dusky "innocent causes" +flocked into Tarboro, N. C., after we occupied that Secesh town, to be +transformed into "Lincum Yankees." Instead of going to headquarters, they +would generally go directly to the company quarters, where the boys would +heartily welcome them. To the question, "well boy, do you want to be made +a Yankee?" They would say "yes massa, I spects I does." A good strong +blanket would be brought out and six stalwart fellows would hold it on +either side and the candidate would be gently placed upon it. + +The question would then be asked, "Do you promise to support the +Constitution of the United States?" to which they would usually respond, +"I 'spects I does, massa." The order would then be given, attention! one, +two, three, go; and he would go. At first they would toss him gently, but +at every successive toss he would go higher and higher, until he could +almost, as one expressed it, see the "gates ajar;" some would almost turn +white when they were tossed up to such a fearful height, but as soon as +one was pronounced reconstructed and entitled as such to all the rights +and privileges of an American citizen, another would step forward and +signify his desire to become a Yankee. There was very seldom any accident +in these initiating exercises, but I remember of one, in which some of the +boys became too weak, from excessive laughter, to hold onto the blanket, +and a strapping young negro came near being killed; as I think he surely +would have been, had he not fortunately struck the ground head first. + + + + +CONCLUSION. + + +Reader, while I do not claim for this volume any rare literary merit, I +trust a perusal of its pages may have afforded you some little pleasure, +and instruction. I can cheerfully place it in the hands of my old prison +associates, confident that they will testify to its truthfulness and +fairness. + +While the language is my own, I can confidently claim that it conveys no +imaginary sufferings and privations. I have endeavored to speak of the +Southern prisons and of the treatment meted out to those whom the fortunes +of war compelled to endure and suffer the hardships, tortures and +privations of a lingering confinement in those loathsome pens of +starvation, provided by the self-styled Southern Confederacy, as a +punishment for loyalty to country and the flag, just as I found them. Not +to the _people of the South_ do I lay the blame of the frightful mortality +among prisoners, in those pens of starvation, but to Jeff. Davis and the +infamous Winder; who boasted that they were doing more execution among the +prisoners, than Lee's whole army was doing in the field; to them I say +that the blood of thirty-five thousand loyal hearted patriots, cry from +the ground of Andersonville, Salisbury, Florence and Belle Island, unto a +just God, for vengeance upon those who so cruelly, heartlessly and +fiendishly _murdered them_. + +To them I say that should they flee to the uttermost parts of the earth, +they cannot escape the contempt of an outraged world, nor the curse of the +thousands of mothers, widows, and fatherless children, whom they have in +their fiendish hatred, robbed of their beloved sons, husbands and +fathers. + + + + +APPENDIX. + + +The author of this volume, Alonzo Cooper, was born in the town of Victory, +Cayuga Co., N. Y., April 30th, 1830. His father John Cooper, who was born +August 15th, A. D. 1794, enlisted from Scoharie County in the war of +1812-13-14, and during his term of service, was for a time employed on the +construction of the famous 110 Gun, line of battle ship "NEW ORLEANS" at +Sackets Harbor, which was built and all ready for caulking in six weeks +from the time the first tree was felled. Abraham Cooper, an older brother +of John, was also in the service during the war of 1812, serving as +Captain in a Militia company. + +The mother of the author, Amanda Cochran, was a daughter of John Cochran, +a Revolutionary soldier. John Cochran was an Irishman by birth and as such +was claimed as a British subject, and was arrested by the "press gang" as +they were then called, and taken on board an English man-of-war to be +impressed into the service of Great Britain. + +The vessel was anchored about one and a half miles from shore, the better +to prevent the escape of the impressed seamen; but, notwithstanding the +strict surveillance under which they were placed, John Cochrane and a +comrade one dark night, tied their clothing into a bundle, which they +fastened on their heads and dropped into the water from the fore chains of +the vessel where they were stationed, and swam to the shore and made good +their escape. The story as frequently told me by my mother, is a long one +and filled with thrilling incidents, as was also the military life of my +father, John Cooper. My father died October 23d, 1831, when I was only +eighteen months old, leaving my mother with a family of nine children, one +of whom was a babe only a few weeks old. Her only income was the products +of a farm of 25 acres, and the trifling wages as a carpenter's apprentice +of my eldest brother, Lorenzo. + +In the spring of 1836, my mother having sold her farm in Victory and +bought fifty acres in Sterling, we moved into a new log house that my +brother had built during the winter and early spring, and around which he +had made a clearing of sufficient dimensions to avert the danger of the +house being crushed by falling trees. This clearing was extended during +the summer to ten or fifteen acres by cutting off the timber, and afforded +us youngsters plenty of work, piling brush and burning them, and the log +heaps which a bee of neighbors had constructed. The house had not been +chincked, and the floor was made of split basswood slabs, hewn smooth and +nicely fitted together, which if not as elegant as the more modern floors, +at least possessed the elements of strength and durability. A large Dutch +fire place, and a wide chimney built of sticks and mud, took up nearly +half of the north side of the house, while at the right of the fire place +was constructed a rude pair of stairs leading to the upper rooms. The +lower part of the house consisted of this one room, about 16x18, which +served as parlor, dining room and kitchen, and a bedroom and recess +occupied the south side. + +The upper rooms were two in number and were supplied with rough board +floors, and with a window in each room. A cellar was dug under the front +room for the storage of apples and vegetables during the winter, and was +entered by a trap door near the center of the floor. + +The district school was about half a mile north and was kept in what was +called the VanPetten school house. Here it was that the author first +attended school, which was taught that summer by Miss Rachel Lester--now +Mrs. McFadden. For seven seasons I attended school there under the +instruction of different teachers, among whom were, Miss Sarah J. McCrea, +now Mrs. George Turner, Mr. Emerson Crane, Mr. Mathew B. VanPetten, +Obediah Cooper, Dennis Cooper, John B. VanPetten, and others. Up to the +time of my mother's death, which occurred January 17, 1845, just before I +was fifteen years old, I had attended school summer and winter, with the +exception of part of the last two summers, when I was obliged to stay at +home to assist in the farm work, and being easy to learn, had acquired a +fair education in the primary branches for a boy of my age--14 years. + +At the death of my mother the only legacy I inherited was a robust +constitution, a cheerful and happy disposition, and the faculty of always +looking upon the bright side of life. These characteristics were clearly +inherited from my mother, to whom obstacles that would have seemed +insurmountable to most women seemed only an incentive to more determined +efforts. + +To her household duties were added the work of the loom and the spinning +wheel, and up to the time of her death there were very few clothes worn by +the family that she did not weave and afterwards make up into garments. + +The linen trowsers and shirts that were bleached to snowy whiteness for +our summer wear, and the full suits of comfortable sheeps-gray for winter, +were alike the production of her own toil. The dresses worn by the girls, +especially those for Sunday wear, were also the production of her loom, +and were dyed and pressed by herself. Besides all this, all the time that +could be spared from the duties of her own household was employed in +weaving for others. + +Both she and my father were members of the old Reformed Dutch Church at +Cato--now Meridian--that was at that time under the pastorage of the good +old dominie Houghman, and her well worn Bible bore testimony to her +faithfulness in her Christian duties. She was faithful in instilling into +the hearts of her children the religion she practiced, but rather appealed +to their sense of duty than to the fear of punishment. + +After the death of my mother I followed the pursuit of a farmer, attending +the district school during the winter, until I was 19 years of age, when I +entered the employ of Mr. Charles Burnett, of Skaneateles, N. Y., in his +dry goods and grocery store. I remained with Mr. Burnett one year and +then, as he retired from business, I came to Oswego and entered the drug +store of the late James Bickford, jr. + +Not liking the drug business, I at the end of the first year entered into +the employment of the late Worden Newkirk, as a dry goods clerk, with whom +I remained three years, and was afterwards for a short time in the large +dry goods house of Downs & VanWick, of Chicago. + +Thrown out of employment in Chicago by the panic of 1856, and being fond +of adventure, when the great "Lager Beer Riot," as it was called, broke +out in that city in the spring of that year, I went to the city hall in +response to a call for three hundred special police and was sworn in as a +special to serve during the riot. The riot lasted three days and was a +lively skirmish. + +We took three hundred prisoners in the first three hours and there were a +number killed and wounded. + +The rioters marched across Clark street bridge in good order, armed with +shot guns, pistols, hatchets and clubs, and were met by the police at the +corner of Clark and Lake streets, where the first conflict took place. + +Almost the first shot fired by the rioters wounded the man next to me in +the arm near the shoulder, and he fell as though he had been knocked down +by a powerful blow. I was too closely engaged to pay any attention to him +and for a time it was pretty lively work for all of us. + +I commenced business for myself in the spring or summer of 1857, by +starting a fruit, confectionery and oyster store on West First street, +about where the middle of the Lake Shore Hotel now is. I moved around on +Utica street while the "Revenue Block" (now the Lake Shore block) was +under process of construction, and upon its completion, took the store in +the north end of that block, which I kept until after the war of the +Rebellion broke out. Having served six years in the Old Oswego Guards, and +become somewhat proficient in the drill, I was anxious to join one of the +regiments then being raised. But the store could not be disposed of, and +needed, at that time, my individual attention. Finally, without disposing +of my store, I enlisted in the 12th N. Y. Cavalry, which was then being +recruited in Oswego, by Major Ward Gasper; who intended at first to raise +two companies of Cavalry for the "Harris Light," but subsequently went on +and made the two companies, then raised a nucleus, from which the 12th was +finally formed. + +The two companies were taken to Albany, where we were again examined by a +surgeon as to our fitness to perform military duty, and from there went to +Staten Island. + +Authorization papers having been procured for me I was sent on recruiting +service, and was subsequently mustered as 1st Lieutenant of company "I" +Sept. 1st 1862. + +We remained on Staten Island all winter perfecting ourselves in the +Cavalry tactics and drill; but before spring the men had become so +dissatisfied with the inactivity on the Island, that by desertions, our +eight companies were reduced to four, and by order of General John E. +Wool, the eight companies were consolidated into four, thus rendering four +Captains and eight Lieutenants supernumerary, who were ordered mustered +out of the service as such. I was among the number so mustered out, but +went to work immediately recruiting more men and was in due time again +mustered in, this time as 2nd Lieutenant of Company "I." With this Company +I joined the regiment at Camp Palmer near Newbern, N. C. + +I was soon sent to Plymouth, N. C., on detached service, under General W. +H. Wessels. + +On January 25th, 1864, I was promoted to 1st Lieutenant of Co. "F," but +was not able to get to the mustering office, and was therefore not +mustered as such until after my return from prison in 1865, and +consequently could not be promoted to a Captain, as I otherwise should +have been, when a vacancy occurred. + +During my service I never lost a day's duty, except once, when I was +disabled by having two of my ribs broken, and my back severely injured, +and never applied for leave of absence, except as a paroled prisoner, as +before stated. + +The detachment to which I was assigned were never defeated in any of the +numerous skirmishes while at Plymouth, until the battle of Plymouth, which +lasted four days and in which the enemy acknowledged a loss nearly equal +to the whole number engaged on our side, and in which battle the enemies +force amounted to 8000 and the Ram Albemarle, and ours less than 2000. + + + + +LIST OF OFFICERS CONFINED IN MACON, GA. + + +The following is a list of officers who were confined as prisoners of war +at Macon, Ga., in 1864. I do not claim the list to be complete, but as +nearly so as I can make it at this time: + + BRIGADIER-GENERALS. + + Wessels, + Shaler, + Seymour, + Scammon, + Hickman. + + + COLONELS. + + Grove, + Harrison, + LaGrange, + White, + Brown, + F. A. Bartleson, 100 Ill. + C. H. Carlton, 89 O. + P. D. Cesnola, 4 N. Y. C. + Wm. G. Ely, 18 Conn. + W. P. Kindrick, 3 W. T. C. + Hawkins, + Lehman, + Lee, + Bollinger, + Dana, + R. W. McClain, 51 O. + W. H. Powell, 2 Va. C. + Tho. E. Rose, 77 Pa. + A. D. Streight, 51 Ind. + Chas. W. Tilden, 16 Me. + O. A. Lawson, 3 O. + H. LeFavour, 22 Mich. + J. H. Ashworth, 1 Ga. U. V. + T. H. Butler, 5 Ind. C. + S. J. Crooks, 22 N. Y. C. + J. Frasier, 140 Pa. + C. W. Fardella, 85 N. Y. + A. H. Tippin, 58 Pa. + W. T. Wilson, 123 O. + Pennock, Huey, 6 Pa. C. + F. C. Miller, 147 N. Y. + W. Shedd, 13 Ill. + Daniel White, 31 Me. + + + LIEUT. COLONELS. + + Burnham, + Bartholomew, + Dickinson, + Fairbanks, + Higginbotham, + Maxwell, + Alcott, + Rogers, + Stewart, + S. M. Archer, 17 Ia. + I. F. Boyd, 20 A. C. + T. F. Cavada, 114 Pa. + C. Farnsworth, 1 Conn. + W. A. Glenn, 86 O. + H. P. Hunter, 123 O. + A. P. Henry, 15 Ky. C. + E. L. Hays, 100 O. + H. C. Hobert, 21 Wis. + O. C. Johnson, 15 Wis. + Baldwin, + Cook, + Fellows, + Glenn, + Mills, + Moffit, + Postley, + Hepford, + Swift, + W. P. Lasselle, 9 Md. + W. E. McMackin, 21 Ill. + D. A. McHolland, 51 Ind. + C. C. H. Mortin, 84 Ill. + J. D. Mayhew, 8 Ky. + D. Miles, 79 Pa. + W. B. McCreary, 21 Mich. + R. S. Northcott, 12 Va. + M. Nichols, 18 Conn. + Wm. Price, 139 Va. M. + G. C. Joslin, 15 Mass. + I. J. Polsley, 8 Va. V. I. + A. F. Rogers, 80 Ill. + J. P. Spofford, 79 N. Y. + J. M. Sanderson, S. O. + G. Von Helmrich, 4 Mo. C. + M. B. Buffum, 4 I. R. + J. B. Conyngham, 52 Pa. + C. W. Clancy, 52 O. + M. A. Leeds, 153 O. + C. C. Matson, 6 Ind. C. + D. B. McCreary, 145 Pa. + O. Moulton, 25 Mass. + P. S. Piver, 77 Penn. + A. Van Schrader, A. I. G. + I. H. Wing, 3 O. + J. N. Walker, 73 Ind. + J. Williams, 25 O. + T. S. West, 24 Wis. + Benj. B. Morgan, 75 O. + H. R. Stoughton, 2 U.S.S.S. + A. H. Sanders, 16 Iowa. + T. J. Thorp, 1 N. Y. Drag. + G. Von Helmrick, 4 Mo. C. + G. Wallace, 47 O. + Taylor. + + + MAJORS. + + Beeres, + Bates, + Carpenter, + Grant, + E. N. Bates, 80 Ill. + W. T. Beatly, 2 O. + C. H. Beers, 16 Ill. C. + J. P. Collins, 29 Ind. + M. E. Clarke, 5 Mich. + D. A. Carpenter, 2 Tenn. + J. J. Edwards, 32 Mass. + G. W. Fitzsimmons, 30 Ind. + N. Goff, jr., 4 W. Va. C. + Baker, + Clark, + Crandall, + Hall, + A. McMahan, 21 O. + D. M. Kercher, 10 Wis. + M. Moore, 29 Ind. + W. S. Marshall, 5 Ia. + S. Marsh, 5 Md. + J. R. Muhlman, A. A. G. + W. P. Nieper, 57 Pa. + W. N. Ovens, 1 Ky. C. + E. M. Pope, 8 N. Y. C. + J. H. Hooper, 15 Mass. + J. Hall, 1 Va. C. + Jno. Henry, 5 O. C. + J. B. Hill, 17 Mass. + I. H. Johnson, 11 Tenn. + S. Kovax, 54 N. Y. C. + W. D. Morton, 14 N. Y. C. + S. McIrvin, 2 N. Y. C. + B. B. McDonald, 101 O. + J. H. Dewees, 14 Pa. C. + M. Dunn, 19 Mass. + W. N. Denny, 51 Ind. + D. English, 11 Ky. C. + C. K. Fleming, 11 Vt. + G. B. Fox, 75 O. + W. H. Forbes, 2 Mass. C. + J. H. Filer, 55 Pa. + T. J. Hasley, 11 N. Y. + W. P. Hall, 6 N. Y. C. + E. H. Smith, 2 Pa. C. + L. B. Speece, 7 Pa. V. R. Cps. + T. A. Smith, 7 Tenn C. + M. H. Soper, 5 Ind. C. + L. N. Phelps, 5 Va. + A. Phillips, 77 Pa. + T. B. Rodgers, 140 Pa. + W. I. Russell, A. A. G. + I. C. Vananda, 3 O. + A. Von Mitzel, 74 Pa. + H. A. White, 13 Pa C. + J. B. Wade, 73 Ind. + Harry White, 67 Pa. + J. H. Isett, 8 Ind. C. + C. M. Lynch, 145 Pa. + P. McLernan, 22 N. Y. C. + C. P. Mattock, 17 Me. + P. Nelson, 66 N. Y. + J. E. Pratt, 4 Vt. + W. L. Parsons, 2 Wis. + D. Quigg, 14 Ill. C. + W. H. Reynolds, 14 N. Y. A. + J. Steele, 2 Pa. C. + D. Thomas, 135 O. + D. Vickers, 4 N. J. + G. G. Wanzer, 24 N. Y. C. + J. W. Young, 76 N. Y. + Johnson. + + + CHAPLAINS. + + White, + Dixon. + + + CAPTAINS. + + R. B. Hock, 12th N. Y. C. + -- Sampson, 2 Mass. H. A. + W. F. Armstrong, 74 O. + S. C. Arthurs, 67 Pa. + W. Airey, 15 Pa. C. + E. C. Alexander, 1 Del. + W. B. Avery, 132 N. Y. + I. A. Arthur, 8 Ky. C. + H. H. Alban, 21 O. + W. R Adams, 89 O. + C. A. Adams, 1 Verm. + Jno. Albright, 87 Pa. + E. W. Atwood, 16 Me. + M. Boyd, 73 Ind. + Chas. Byron, 3 O. + E. Baas, 20 Ill. + L. T. Borgers, 67 Pa. + H. P. Barker, 1 R. I. C. + W. K. Boltz, 181 Pa. + W. J. Barnes, 83 N. Y. + A. Carley, 73 Ind. + H. Casker, 1 N. Y. C. + W. F. Conrad, 25 Ia. + J. W. Chamberlain, 123 O. + D. S. Caldwell, 123 O. + J. Carroll, 5 Md. + J. C. Carpenter, 67 Pa. + -- Cady, 24 N. Y. Ind. Bat. + -- Geere. + H. R. Bending, 61 O. + M. R. Baldwin, 2 Wis. + C. D. Brown, 18 Conn. + W. P. Bender, 123 O. + John Bird, 14 Pa. C. + L. B. Blinn, 100 O. + D. E. Bohannon, 3 T. C. + Dav. I. Bailey, 99 N. Y. + A. J. Bigelow, 79 Ill. + Jno. Birch, 42 Ind. + D. M. Barrett, 89 O. + W. M. Beeman, 1 Va. C. + F. Barton, 10 Mass. + J. H. Barton, 1 Ky. C. + E. B. Bascom, 5 Ia. + B. V. Banks, 13 Ky. + John G. Bush, 16 Ill. C. + G. C. Davis, 4 Me. + R. H. Day, 56 Pa. + E. Day, Jr., 80 O. + R. Dinsmore, 5 Pa. + E. J. Dunn, 1 Tenn. C. + E. Dillingham, 10 Va. + F. C. Dirks, 1 Tenn. + H. H. Eberhardt, 120 O. + B. G. Casler, 154 N. Y. + C. C. Comee, 94 N. Y. + E. Charleer, 157 N. Y. + Jno. Cutler, 34 O. + R. T. Cornwall, 57 Pa. + Jno. Craig, 1 Va. Cav. + Jno. Christopher, 16 U. S. + J. P. Cummins, 9 Md. + M. A. Cochran, 16 U. S. + T. Clarke, 79 Ill. + J. Cusac, 21 O. + W. A. Collins, 10 Wis. + B. F. Campbell, 36 Ill. + S. S. Canfield, 21 O. + T. Cummins, 19 U. S. + Miles Caton, 21 O. + D. S. Cannover, 125 Ill. + G. A. Crocker, 6 N. Y. C. + W. N. Cochran, 42 Ill. + M. Callahan, 9 Md. + W. E. Conway, 9 Md. + J. P. Cummins, 9 Md. + M. C. Carns, 3 Tenn. + J. R. Copeland, 7 O. C. + A. R. Calhoun, 1 Ky. + R. S. Curd, 11 Ky. C. + E. M. Driscoll, 3 O. + W. N. Deung, 51 Ind. + B. F. Evers, 100 O. + S. H. Ewing, 26 O. + M. Ewen, 21 Wis. + A. Eglin, 45 O. + Jno. M. Flinn, 51 Ind. + E. A. Fobes, C. S. + B. F. Fischer, S. O. + A. Field, 94 N. Y. + J. B. Fay, 154 N. Y. + E. Frey, 82 Ill. + W. Forrester, 24 O. + J. W. Foster, 42 Ill. + D. Getman, 10 N. Y. C. + G. C. Gordon, 24 Mich. + G. W. Green, 19 Ind. + H. W. Gimber, 150 Pa. + W. L. Gray, 151 Pa. + J. H. Green, 100 O. + Chas. Gustaveson, 15 Wis. + J. F. Gallaher, 2 O. + J. Goetz, 22 Mich. + A. G. Galbraith, 21 Mich. + J. Gates, 33 O. + O. C. Gatch, 89 O. + S. A. Glenn, 89 O. + J. W. Grose, 18 Ky. + B. Grafton, 64 O. + H. H. Gregg, 13 Pa. C. + B. Domschke, 26 Wis. + F. B. Doten, 14 Conn. + F. W. Dillion, 1 Ky. C. + H. C. Davis, 18 Conn. + Jno. Dunce, A. D. C. + W. H. Douglas, C. S. + K. S. Dygert, 16 Mich. + H. Dietz, 45 N. Y. C. + J. M. Dushane, 142 N. Y. + S. G. Hamlin, 134 N. Y. + W. L. Hubbell, 17 Conn. + P. H. Hart, 19 Ind. + A. Heffley, 142 Pa. + W. W. Hant, 100 O. + Chas. Hasty, 2 N. Y. C. + A. G. Hamilton, 12 Ky. + T. Handy, 79 Ill. + V. K. Hart, 19 U. S. + H. Hescock, 1 Mo. A. + R. Harkness, 10 Wis. + H. E. Hawkins, 78 Ill. + C. C. Huntley, 16 Ill. + J. B. Herold, 9 Md. + S. C. Honeycutt, 2 E. T. + S. Irvin, 3 Iowa. + S. F. Jones, 80 Ill. + J. M. Imbrie, 3 O. + R. Johnson, 6 N. Y. C. + Jas. Galt, A. Q. M. + M. Gallagher, 2 N. Y. C. + Dan'l Hay, 80 Ill. + A. Hodge, 80 Ill. + J. G. Hagler, 5 Tenn. + A. M. Heyer, 10 Va. C. + J. Hendricks, 1 N. Y. C. + John Heil, 45 N. Y. + A. Haack, 18 N. Y. + D. H. Mull, 73 Ind. + D. A. McHolland, 51 Ind. + J. B. McRoberts, 3 O. + McMoore, 29 Ind. + W. M. Morris, 93 Ill. + H. C. McGuiddy, 1 T. C. + F. Mennert, 5 Md. + E. J. Matthewson, 18 Conn. + W. F. Martins, 14 Mass. A. + P. Marsh, 67 Pa. + D. B. Meany, 13 Pa. C. + C. C. Moses, 58 Pa. + C. A. Mann, 5 Ill. C. + S. Marsh, 5 Md. + J. McMahon, 94 N. Y. + E. A. Mass, 88 Pa. + A. J. Makepeace, 19 Ind. + H. H. Mason, 2 N. Y. C. + C. W. Medcalf, 42 Ind. + F. Irsh, 45 N. Y. + J. C. Johnson, 149 Pa. + F. R. Josselyn, 11 Mass. + R. O. Ivro, 10 Mass. + D. I. Jones, 1 Ky. C. + J. S. Jackson, 22 Ill. + J. M. Johnson, 6 Ky. + J. A. Johnson, 11 Ky. C. + J. T. Jennings, 45 O. + W. M. Kendall, 73 Ind. + E. M. Koch, 5 Md. + S. B. King, 12 Pa. C. + A. M. Keeler, 22 Mich. + D. A. Kelly, 1 Ky. C. + J. Kelly, 73 Pa. + D. F. Kelly, 73 Pa. + J. Kennedy, 73 Pa. + W. D. Lucas, 5 N. Y. C. + R. F. Lownsberry, 10 N. Y. C. + L. P. Lovett, 5 Ky. + John Lucas, 5 Ky. + J. W. Lewis, 4 Ky. C. + E. M. Lee, 5 Mich. C. + J. E. Love, 8 Ks. + J. R. Land, 66 Ind. + S. McKee, 14 Ky. C. + F. W. Perry, 10 Wis. + E. J. Pennypacker, 18 Pa. C. + J. S. McDowell, 77 Pa. + J. G. Williams, 51 Ill. + J. Meagher, 40 O. + W. McGinnis, 74 Ill. + J. M. McComas, 9 Md. + A. W. Metcalf, 14 N. Y. C. + M. R. Milsaps, 2 E. T. + A. Marney, 2 E. T. + W. M. Murray, 2 E. T. + J. C. Martin, 1 Tenn. A. + S. Meade, 11 N. Y. + W. A. Noel, 5 Md. + H. Noble, 9 Md. + T. W. Olcott, 134 N. Y. + E. O'Brien, 29 Mo. + N. C. Pace, 80 Ill. + J. D. Phelps, 73 Ind. + F. A. Patterson, 3 Va. C. + J. F. Porter, 14 N. Y. C. + J. A. Pennfield, 5 N. Y. C. + E. Porter, 154 N. Y. + S. V. Pool, 154 N. Y. + F. Place, 157 N. Y. + S. H. Pillsbury, 5 Me. + R. Pollock, 14 Pa. C. + G. S. Pierce, 19 U. S. + A. H. Stanton, 16 U. S. + R. H. Spencer, 10 Wis. + W. F. Pickerill, 5 Ia. + J. E. Page, 5 Ia. + J. A. Richley, 73 Ind. + M. Russell, 51 Ind. + P. C. Reed, 3 O. + W. C. Rossman, 3 O. + J. F. Randolph, 123 O. + A. Robbins, 123 O. + C. H. Riggs, 123 O. + O. H. Rosenbaum, 123 O. + W. Rowan, Indp. C. + M. Rollins, 2 Wis. + J. C. Rose, 4 Mo. C. + Thos. Reed, 1 Va. + W. A. Robinson, 77 Ia. + B. F. Riggs, 18 Ky. + N. S. Randall, 2 O. + J. A. Rice, 73 Ill. + W. J. Robb, 1 Va. + A. Rodgers, 4 Ky. C. + C. Rowan, 96 Ill. + S. B. Ryder, 5 N. Y. C. + C. Reynolds, 8 Tenn. + W. H. Robbins, 2 E. Tenn. + J. A. Russell, 93 Ill. + W. W. Searce, 51 Ind. + W. A. Swayze, 3 O. + D. D. Smith, 1 Tenn. C. + S. A. Spencer, 82 O. + E. L. Smith, 19 U. S. + J. P. Singer, 33 O. + A. P. Seuter, 2 E. Tenn. + P. S. Scott, 85 Ill. + T. Thornton, 161 N. Y. + John Teed, 116 Pa. + O. Templeton, 107 Pa. + H. D. Taylor, 100 O. + B. E. Thomson, A. D. C. + T. Ten Eyck, 18 U. S. + A. Tubbs, 9 Ky. C. + T. Thornton, 5 U. S. + G. C. Urwiler, 67 Pa. + J. D. Underdown, 2 E. D. + J. W. Vanderhoef, 45 N. Y. + G. M. Van Buren, 6 N. Y. C. + A. Wilson, 80 Ill. + W. R. Wright, 80 Ill. + J. A. Wistlake, 73 Ind. + Wm. Walleck, 51 Ind. + G. W. Warner, 18 Conn. + C. W. White, 3 Va. C. + W. Willets, 7 Mich. + J. C. Whiteside, 94 N. Y. + T. E. Wentworth, 16 Me. + W. C. Wilson, 104 N. Y. + H. C. White, 94 N. Y. + E. Szabad, A. D. C. + H. W. Sawyer, 1 N. J. C. + E. A. Shepherd, 110 O. + D. Schirtz, 12 Pa. C. + Geo. L. Schell, 88 Pa. + S. A. Urquhard, C. S. + G. H. Starr, 88 Pa. + J. R. Stone, 157 N. Y. + Wm. Syring, 45 N. Y. + R. Scofield, 1 Va. C. + T. M. Shoemaker, 100 O. + J. A. Scammerhorn, 112 Ind. + J. C. Shroad, 77 Pa. + J. B. Alters, 75 O. + W. N. Algbaugh, 51 Pa. + H. B. Andrews, 17 Mich. + John Aigan, 5 R. I. Art. + M. A. Auer, 15 N. Y. C. + C. D. Amory, A. A. Gen. + James Belger, 1 R. I. Art. + C. H. Burdick, 1 Tenn. + G. Bradley, 2 N. J. + C. W. Boutin, 4 Vt. + C. D. Bowen, 18 Conn. + B. Bennett, 22 N. Y. C. + N. Bostwick, 20 O. + J. F. Benson, 120 Ill. + B. C. Beebee, 13 Ind. + C. C. Widdis, 150 Pa. + Geo. M. White, 1 Va. + W. H. Williams, 4 N. Y. C. + P. Wellsheimer, 21 Ill. + H. P. Wands, 22 Mich. + W. B. Wicker, 21 O. + J. E. Wilkens, 112 Ill. + J. G. Wild, 9 N. Y. C. + J. H. Whelan, A. Q. M. + E. A. Wolcott, 16 Ill. + M. G. Whitney, 29 Mo. + H. Zeis, 80 Ill. + J. C. Slover, 3 E. T. + L. S. Clark, 62 N. Y. + H. C. Chapin, 4 Vt. + F. S. Case, 2 O. C. + T. Coglin, 14 N. Y. H. Art. + J. W. Colville, 5 Mich. + L. M. Carperts, 18 Wis. + E. N. Carpenter, 6 Pa. C. + M. W. Clark, 11 Iowa C. + E. S. Daniels, 35 U. S. C. T. + C. C. Dodge, 20 Mich. + O. J. Downing, 2 N. Y. C. + J. G. Derrickson, 66 N. Y. + J. B. Dennis, 7 Conn. + T. F. Davenport, 75 O. + C. L. Dirlan, 12 O. + A. N. Benson, 1 D. C. C. + E. A. Burpee, 19 Me. + J. W. Bryant, 5 N. Y. C. + H. Biebel, 6 Conn. + J. A. Barrett, 7 Pa. R. C. + G. A. Bayard, 148 Pa. + Geo. A. Blanchard, 85 Ill. + S. Bremen, 3 Mich. + A. D. Bliss, 10 N. Y. C. + H. D. Baker, 120 Ill. + W. F. Bennett, 39 Ia. + J. H. Brown, 17 Iowa. + S. D. Barnum, 23 U. S. C. T. + W. F. Baker, 87 Pa. + H. H. Burbank, 32 Me. + O. E. Bartlett, 31 Me. + J. T. Chalfant, 11 Pa. + C. H. Call, 29 Ill. + J. D. Clyde, 76 N. Y. + C. R. Chauncey, 34 Mass. + A. F. Cole, 59 N. Y. + J. P. Carr, 93 Ind. + H. P. Cooke, A. A. Gen. + T. B. Camp, 52 Pa. + E. Grant, 9 U. C. + E. H. Green, 107 Pa. + A. Grant, 19 Wis. + A. L. Goodrich, 8 N. Y. C. + W. Dusbrow, 40 N. Y. + A. Duzenburgh, 35 N. Y. + E. B. Doane, 8 Ia. C. + W. H. Davis, 4 Md. + G. B. Donohey, 7 Pa. Res. + L. B. Davis, 93 Ind. + E. C. Dicey, 1 Mich. S. S. + J. B. Dibeler, 45 Pa. + S. S. Elder, 1 U. S. Art. + B. W. Evans, 4 O. C. + M. Eagan, 15 W. Va. + N. C. Evans, 184 Pa. + W. W. Farr, 106 Pa. + E. W. Ford, 9 Minnesota. + F. W. Funk, 39 N. Y. + W. M. Fisk, 73 N. Y. + J. L. Francis, 135 Ohio. + D. Flamsburg, 4 Ind. Bat'y. + J. Fiedler, Eng. R.C. U. S. A. + J. P. Fall, 32 Me. + W. W. Fay, 56 Mass. + J. B. Gillespie, 120 Ill. + E. C. Gilbert, 152 N. Y. + A. W. H. Gill, 14 N. Y. + W. W. McCarty, 18 Ohio. + J. W. Morton, 4 Mass. C. + J. McHugh, 69 Pa. + W. M. McFadden, 59 N. Y. + J. L. Galloway, A. A. G. + J. L. Green, A. A. G. U. S. A. + C. Gutajahr, 16 Ill. + P. Grayham, 54 Pa. + H. B. Huff, 184 Pa. + W. R. Hitt, 113 Ill. C. + W. Harris, 24 Mo. C. + C. A. Hobbie, 17 Conn. C. + T. A. Heer, 28 O. + G. D. Hart, 5 Pa. C. + H. B. Hoyt, 40 N. Y. C. + D. J. Hume, 19 Mass. + R. C. Hutchison, 8 Mich. + C. W. Hastings, 12 Mass. + E. Haynes, 95 N. Y. + M. C. Hobart, 7 Wis. + J. A. Hayden, 11 + W. L. Hodge, 120 Ill. + H. A. Haines, 184 Pa. + J. B. Heltemus, 18 Ky. + S. Hymer, 115 Ill. + P. Hienrod, 105 Ohio. + F. W. Heck, 2 Md. + T. H. Hill, 2 Md. + A. J. Holmes, 37 Wis. + L. Ingledew, 7 Mich. + B. A. Jobe, 11 Pa. R. V. C. + D. Jones, 14 N. Y. Art. + H. McCray, 115 Pa. + J. May, 15 Mass. Art. + N. H. Moore, 7 N. Y. Art. + S. F. Murray, 2 U. S. S. S. + L. Marsh, 87 Pa. + A. C. Mattison, 12 N. J. + J. Metzger, 55 Pa. + LeRoy Moore, 72 Pa. + S. M. Morgan, A. A. Gen. + M. McGraylis, 93 Ind. + H. P. Merrill, 4 Ky. + H. J. McDonald, 11 Conn. + M. Melkorn, 135 O. + J. A. Manley, 64 N. Y. + A. G. Mudgett, 11 Me. + B. J. McNitt, 1 Pa. C. + L. McIntyre, 15 Wis. + L. Moore, 72 O. + R. J. Millard, 2 Pa. Art. + J. H. Nutting, 27 Mass. + L. Nolan, 2 Del. + C. H. Nichols, 7 Conn. + E. E. Norton, 24 Mich. + W. H. Nash, 1 U. S. S. S. + E. Newson, 81 Ill. + A. Nuhfer, 72 Ohio. + C. Newlin, 7 Pa. C. + J. Norris, 2 Pa. Art. + S. C. Judson, 106 N. Y. + H. Jenkins, 40 Mass. + C. G. Jackson, 85 Pa. + J. D. Johnson, 10 N. J. + J. G. Kessler, 2 Ind. C. + G. E. King, 103 Ill. + P. D. Kenyon, 15 Ill. Bat. + F. Kenfield, 17 Vt. + W. S. Logan, 7 Mich. + J. S. Little, 143 Pa. + C. W. Lyttle, 145 Pa. + G. Law, 6 W. Va. C. + E. C. Latimer, 27 U. S. C. T. + S. C. Pierce, 3 N. Y. C. + B. B. Porter, 10 N. Y. Art. + J. A. Paine, 2 Ind. C. + T. Ping, 17 Iowa. + J. Rourke, 1 Ill Art. + H. Ritter, 52 N. Y. + W. J. Reynolds, 75 Ohio. + A. C. Rosencranz, 4 Ind. C. + -- Reed, 107 N. Y. + R. C. Richards, 45 Pa. + W. J. Reynolds, 4 R. I. + Geo. W. Reir, 107 N. Y. + C. Robinson, 31 U. S. C. T. + J. Snyder, 14 N. Y. + G. F. C. Smart, 145 Pa. + C. S. Noyse, 31 Me. + H. W. Ogan, 14 Ohio. + H. V. Pemberton, 14 N. Y. A. + J. Parker, 1 N. J. + J. P. Powell, 146 N. Y. + L. B. Paine, 121 N. Y. + J. T. Piggott, Jr., 8 Pa. C. + W. B. Place, 87 U. S. + D. H. Powers, 6 Mich C. + A. C. Paul, A. A. Gen. + G. Pettit, 120 M. Y. + D. B. Pendleton, 5 Mich C. + D. M. Porter, 120 Ill. + B. T. Stewart, 138 Pa. + D. W. Scott, 23 U. S. C. T. + L. D. C. Taylor, 106 Pa. + S. C. Timpson, 95 N. Y. + H. Tilbrand, 4 N. H. + J. H. Turner, 15 Iowa. + H. G. Tibbles, 12 Ohio. + J. Thompson, 4 Ohio C. + C. L. Unthank, 11 Ky. C. + H. A. Ulffar, A. A. Gen. + J. Wuderwood, 57 Ohio. + A. Von Keiser, 30 N. Y. Bat. + Z. Vaughn, 1 Me. C. + A. Von Haack, 68 N. Y. + J. H. West, 11 Ky. + H. J. Smith, 53 Pa. + D. Schooley, 2 Pa. Art. + H. W. Strang, 30 Ill. + J. H. Smith, 16 Iowa. + A. S. Skilton, 57 Ohio. + W. Shittz, 37 Ohio. + A. B. Smith, 48 Ill. + R. R. Swift, 27 Mass. + S. A. Spencer, 82 Ind. + J. R. Stevens, 40 N. Y. + E. J. Swan, 76 N. Y. + E. Schofield, 11 Pa. V.R.C. + C. B. Sutcher, 16 Ill. + E. Shurtz, 8 Iowa C. + M. L. Stansbury, 95 Ohio. + J. G. Snodgrass, 110 Ohio. + H. R. Sargant, 32 Me. + S. U. Sherman, 4 R. I. + E. F. Wyman, ----. + W. Washburn, 35 Mass. + A. R. Willis, 8 Me. + U. S. Westbrook, 135 Ohio. + B. F. Wright, 146 N. Y. + W. M. Wilson, Jr., 122 Ohio. + H. B. Wakefield, 55 Ind. + G. W. Webb, 2 Pa. Art. + J. Wilson, 57 Ohio. + R. Williams, 12 Ohio. + M. Wiley, 1 Tenn. + E. B. Whittaker, 72 Pa. + R. J. Wright, 6 Ohio. + H. H. Walpole, 122 N. Y. + M. W. Wall, 69 N. Y. + D. G. Young, 81 Ill. + E. K. Zarracher, 18 Pa. C. + + + LIEUTENANTS. + + H. H. Lyman, 147 N. Y. + M. Ahern, 10 Va. + C. L. Alstead, 54 N. Y. + S. A. Albro, 80 Ill. + Jas. Adams, 80 Ill. + W. D. Adair, 51 Ind. + H. Appel, 1 Md. C. + R. W. Anderson, 122 O. + H. F. Anshutz, 12 Va. + H. Lee Clark, 2 Mass. H. A. + L. C. Bisby, 16 Me. + M. Beedle, 123 N. Y. + C. T. Barclay, 149 Pa. + J. D. Bisby, 16 Me. + S. G. Boone, 88 Pa. + D. S. Bartram, 17 Conn. + Jas. Burns, 57 Pa. + S. H. Ballard, 6 Mich. C. + F. S. Armstrong, 122 O. + H. M. Anderson, 3 Me. + J. H. Ahlert, 45 N. Y. + C. L. Anderson, 3 Ia. + G. D. Acker, 123 O. + H. W. Adams, 37 Ill. + E. E. Andrews, 22 Mich. + A. Allee, 16 Ill. C. + H. S. Alban, 79 Ill. + R. J. Allen, 2 E. Tenn. + P. Atkin, 2 E. Tenn. + A. B. Alger, 22 O. B. + J. W. Austin, 5 Ia. + Michael Ahern, 10 Va. + H. C. Abernathy, 16 Ill. C. + T. I. Brownell, 51 Ind. + J. W. Barlow, 51 Ind. + J. G. Blue, 3 O. + O. P. Barnes, 3 O. + G. W. Bailey, 3 O. + J. L. Brown, 73 Ind. + A. H. Booher, 73 Ind. + J. F. Bedwell, 80 O. + W. Blanchard, 2 U. S. C. + B. F. Blair, 123 O. + H. S. Bevington, 123 O. + F. W. Boyd, 123 O. + F. A. Breckenridge, 123 O. + S. T. Boughton, 71 Pa. + M. M. Bassett, 53 Ill. + R. Y. Bradford, 2 W. T. + W. Bricker, 3 Pa. C. + J. T. Brush, 100 O. + O. G. Ballow, 100 O. + J. F. Baird, 1 Va. + E. G. Birun, 3 Mass. + G. E. Blaire, 17 O. + Jas. Biggs, 123 Ill. + Y. Bickham, 19 U. S. + J. P. Brown, 15 U. S. + M. C. Bryant, 42 Ill. + O. B. Brandt, 17 O. + G. W. Button, 22 Mich. + C. A. Burdick, 10 Wis. + J. L. Brown, 73 Ind. + F. T. Bennett, 18 U. S. + Jno. Baird, 89 O. + W. O. Butler, 10 Wis. + D. A. Bannister, 59 O. + Jno. Bradford, C. S. + G. R. Barse, 5 Mich C. + C. P. Butler, 29 Ind. + E. P. Brooks, 6 Wis. + W. L. Brown, R. O. + G. W. Buffun, 1 Wis. + Guy Bryan, 18 Pa. C. + Jno. D. Babb, 5 Md. + J. G. W. Brueting, 5 Md. + T. J. Borchers, 67 Pa. + W. Bierbower, 87 Pa. + G. C. Bleak, 3 Me. + W. H. Berry, 5 Ill. C. + H. Bath, 45 N. Y. + Jno. H. Conn, 1 Va. C. + S. Carpenter, 3 O. + W. A. Curry, 3 O. + R. J. Connelly, 73 Ind. + A. M'Callahan, 73 Ind. + J. W. Custed, 23 Ind. + J. D. Cook, 6 Ia. + J. Carothers, 78 O. + S. R. Colloday, 6 Pa. C. + T. B. Calver, 123 O. + L. B. Comins, 17 Mass. + J. H. Cook, 5 Md. + J. H. Chandler, 5 Md. + E. D. Carpenter, 18 Conn. + H. F. Cowles, 18 Conn. + W. Christopher, 2 Va. C. + J. Q. Carpenter, 150 Pa. + H. B. Chamberlain, 97 N. Y. + T. J. Crossley, 57 Pa. + J. A. Carman, 107 Pa. + J. A. Coffin, 157 N. Y. + S. S. Baker, 6 Mo. + H. Bader, 29 Mo. + S. H. Byers, 5 Ia. + W. L. Bath, 132 N. Y. + Geo. M. Bush, U. S. T. + A. H. Bassett, 79 Ill. + J. C. Colwell, 16 Ill. C. + O. L. Cole, 51 Ill. + Rudolph Curtis, 4 Ky. C. + M. C. Causton, 19 U. S. + E. Cottingham, 35 O. + W. Clifford, 16 U. S. + M. Cohen, 4 Ky. C. + A. S. Cooper, 9 Md. + J. F. Carter, 9 Md. + W. A. Crawford, 2 E. T. + C. W. Catlett, 2 E. T. + C. J. Carlin, 151 N. Y. + H. Cuniffe, 13 Ill. + C. H. Coasdorph, 8 V. C. + G. W. Carey, 65 Ind. + J. G. Dougherty, 51 Ind. + J. A. Dilan, 51 Ind. + A. F. Dooley, 51 Ind. + T. B. Dewies, 2 U. S. + M. Diemer, 10 Mo. + V. R. Davis, 123 O. + C. G. Davis, 1 Mass. C. + D. J. Connelly, 63 N. Y. + J. U. Childs, 16 Me. + D. B. Caldwell, 75 O. + W. B. Cook, 140 Pa. + J. W. Chandler, 1 Va. C. + H. A. Curtiss, 157 N. Y. + J. Chatborn, 150 Pa. + S. E. Cary, 13 Mass. + A. Cloadt, 119 N. Y. + J. Clement, 15 Ky. C. + G. A. Chandler, 15 Mo. + J. H. Cain, 104 N. Y. + B. Coles, 2 N. Y. C. + J. B. Carlisle, 2 Va. + G. B. Coleman, 1 Mass. C. + G. A. Coffin, 29 Ind. + J. L. Cox, 21 Ill. + W. N. Culbertson, 30 Ind. + F. G. Cochran, 77 Pa. + Geo. Cleghorn, 21 O. + W. W. Calkins, 104 Ill. + G. Celly, 4 O. C. + H. B. Crawford, 2 Ill. + T. S. Coleman, 12 Ky. + W. A. Daily, 8 Pa. C. + E. H. Duncan, 2 E. T. + A. Dieffenbach, 73 Pa. + C. L. Edmunds, 67 Pa. + L. N. Dueherney, 1 Mass. C. + J. R. Day, 3 Me. + J. S. Devine, 71 Pa. + Geo. A. Deering, 16 Me. + A. Dixon, 104 N. Y. + Jno. Daily, 104 N. Y. + C. H. Drake, 142 Pa. + B. Davis, 71 Pa. + A. K. Dunkle, 114 Pa. + F. Donyley, 27 R. I. + J. W. Drake, 136 N. Y. + C. D. Dillard, 7 Ia. + J. W. Day, 17 Mass. + J. M. Dushane, 142 Pa. + O. G. Deugton, 100 O. + T. G. Darnin, 16 U. S. + H. C. Dunn, 10 Ky. + W. G. Dutton, 67 Pa. + L. Drake, 22 Mich. + E. J. Davis, 44 Ill. + M. V. Dickey, 94 O. + Jno. Dugan, 35 Ind. + Thos. J. Dean, 5 Mich. + Jno. Davidson, 6 N. Y. A. + J. Gilmore, 79 N. Y. + S. P. Gamble, 63 Pa. + G. L. Garrett, 4 Mo. C. + F. M. Gilleland, 15 Ky. + D. C. Edwards, 2 Md. + J. Egan, 69 Pa. + S. Edmiston, 89 O. + W. H. Ellenwood, 10 Wis. + C. W. Earle, 96 Ill. + G. H. Erickson, 57 N. Y. + Geo. W. Fish, 3 O. + A. Frey, 73 Ind. + J. A. Francis, 18 Conn. + W. Flick, 67 Pa. + J. M. Fales, 1 R. I. C. + L. P. Fortescue, 29 Pa. + M. Fellows, 149 Pa. + W. Fenner, 2 R. I. C. + G. D. Forsyth, 100 O. + G. H. Fowler, 100 O. + J. C. Fishler, 7 Ind. B. + T. C. Freeman, 18 U. S. + R. J. Fisher, 17 Mo. + Chas. Fritze, 24 Ill. + J. A. Flemming, 90 N. Y. + E. F. Foster, 30 Ind. + H. Fairchild, 10 Wis. + O. P. Fairchild, 89 O. + W. H. Follette, Mass. A. + A. W. Fritchie, 26 Mo. + I. Fontaine, 73 Pa. + E. H. Fobes, 131 N. Y. + Geo. H. Gamble, 8 Ill. C. + D. Garlet, 77 Pa. + T. Gross, 21 Ill. + H. Gerhardt, 24 Ill. + R. H. Gray, 15 U. S. + J. M. Goff, 10 Wis. + W. G. Galloway, 15 U. S. + J. H. Gageby, 19 U. S. + R. C. Gates, 18 U. S. + C. W. Green, 44 Ind. + J. B. Gore, 15 Ill. + J. A. Green, 13 Pa. C. + W. W. Glazier, 2 N. Y. C. + E. Gordon, 81 Ind. + A. L. Gates, 10 Wis. + M. Gray, 13 N. Y. + W. G. Griffin, 112 Ill. + C. Greble, 8 Mich. C. + Geo. Good, 84 Pa. + M. E. Green, 5 Md. C. + J. B. Holmes, 6 O. + Jno. Hood, 80 Ill. + R. J. Harmer, 80 Ill. + W. H. Harvey, 51 Ind. + G. D. Hand, 51 Ind. + D. H. Harns, 3 O. + Jno. Haideman, 129 Ill. + H. S. Horton, 101 Pa. + D. D. Fox, 16 Ill. C. + A. Gude, 51 Ind. + H. Gamble, 73 Ind. + Jno. A. Garces, 1 Md. C. + Th. G. Good, 1 Md. C. + C. M. Gross, 100 O. + S. L. Gilman, 3 M. + G. W. Grant, 88 Pa. + A. Goodwin, 82 O. + O. Grierson 45 N. Y. + F. C. Gay, 11 Pa. + C. F. Gutland, 134 N. Y. + E. G. Gorgus, 90 Pa. + H. H. Hinds, 57 Pa. + Thos. Huggins, 2 N. Y. + Eug. Hepp, 82 Ill. + C. P. Heffley, 142 Pa. + J. M. Henry, 154 N. Y. + G. Halpin, 116 Pa. + E. H. Harkness, 6 Pa. C. + J. D. Hatfield, 53 Ill. + A. W. Hayes, 34 O. + J. F. Hammond, R. B. + H. Hubbard, 12 N. Y. + W. S. Hatcher, 30 O. + Jno. Hine, 100 O. + M. B. Helmes, 1 Va. C. + C. B. Hall, 1 Va. C. + W. E. Hodge, 5 Md. + W. Hawkins, 5 Md. + D. W. Hakes, 18 Conn. + J. D. Higgins, 18 Conn. + W. Heffner, 67 Pa. + F. A. Hubble, 67 Pa. + J. C. Hagenbach, 67 Pa. + J. Hersh, 87 Pa. + J. Hall, 87 Pa. + P. Horney, 110 O. + T. J. Higginson, M. C. + J. G. Hallenberg, 1 O. + A. Hauf, 54 N. Y. + C. W. Jones, 16 Pa. C. + P. O. Jones, adj't, 2 N. Y. C. + J. A. Jones, 21 Ill. + J. H. Jenkins, 21 Wis. + R. W. Jackson, 21 Wis. + T. W. Johnson, 10 N. Y. C. + H. P. Jordan, 9 Md. + H. Jones, 5 U. S. C. + R. B. Jones, 2 E. T. + H. H. James, 6 Ind. C. + John King, 5 Ill. C. + M. D. King, 3 O. + A. J. Kuhn, 5 Md. + H. V. Knight, 20 Mich. + J. S. Kephart, 5 Md. C. + Eli Holden, 1 Va. C. + B. Howe, 21 Ill. + P. W. Houlchen, 16 U. S. + C. D. Henry, 4 O. C. + J. Hanon, 115 Ill. + C. E. Harrison, 89 O. + Geo. Harris, 79 Ind. + W. B. Hamilton, 22 Mich. + S. S. Holbruck, 15 U. S. + L. D. Henkley, 10 Wis. + E. G. Higby, 33 O. + W. M. Hudson, 92 O. + H. Horway, 78 Ill. + C. F. Hall, 13 Mich. + G. C. Houston, 2 N. Y. C. + P. A. Hagen, 7 Md. + J. R. Hutchinson, 2 Va. C. + G. W. Hale, 101 O. + R. Huey, 2 E. T. + W. P. Hodge, 2 E. T. + E. Harbour, 2 E. T. + B. F. Herrington, 18 Pa. C. + Jas. Heslit, 3 Pa. C. + Jno. Hoffman, 5 Ia. + T. W. Hayes, 5 Ia. + M. Hoffman, 5 Ia. + J. M. Holloway, 6 Ind. + C. M. Hart, 45 Pa. + Jas. Kerin, 6 U. S. C. + J. B. King, 10 N. Y. C. + G. Keyes, 18 Conn. + J. N. Kibbee, 18 Conn. + A. Kresge, 67 Pa. + R. O. Knowles, 110 O. + H. Kendler, 45 N. Y. + M. Kupp, 167 Pa. + Jas. Kane, 13 Pa. C. + R. C. Knaggs, A. D. C. + J. Kunkel, 45 N. Y. + J. W. Kennedy, 134 N. Y. + J. C. Kellogg, 6 Mich. + D. O. Kelly, 100 O. + J. D. Kautz, 1 Ky. C. + T. A. Krocks, 77 Pa. + T. D. Kimball, 88 Ind. + Wm. Krueger, 2 Mo. + E. E. Knoble, 21 Ky. + E. M. Knowler, 42 Ind. + J. Keniston, 100 Ill. + S. Koach, 100 Ill. + C. E. Keath, 19 Ill. + Theo. Kendall, 15 U. S. + H. B. Kelly, 6 Ky. C. + D. F. Kittrell, 3 E. T. + W. S. Lyon, 23 O. + T. Lennig, 6 Pa. C. + J. P. Jones, 55 O. + C. L. Irwin, 78 Ill. + A. H. Lindsay, 18 Conn. + L. Lapton, 116 O. + W. H. Locke, 18 Conn. + J. Leydecker, 45 N. Y. + L. Lindemeyer, 45 N. Y. + H. G. Lombard, 4 Mich. + W. L. Laws, 18 Pa. C. + A. T. Lamson, 104 N. Y. + A. W. Locklin, 94 N. Y. + G. R. Lodge, 53 Ill. + T. Lloyd, 6 Ind. C. + C. H. Livingston, 1 Va. C. + J. L. Leslie, 18 Pa. C. + D. R. Locke, 8 Ky. C. + J. Ludlow, 5 U. S. A. + A. Leonard, 71 N. Y. + W. J. Lintz, 8 Tenn. + Jno. McAdams, 10 Va. + L. Markbreit, A. D. C. + J. McKinstry, 16 Ill. C. + T. Milward, 31 O. + W. H. McDill, 80 Ill. + W. S. Marshall, 51 Ind. + J. H. Murdock, 3 O. + C. A. Maxwell, 3 O. + H. S. Murdock, 73 Ind. + F. A. Leyton, 18 Ind. + A. W. Loomis, 18 Conn. + B. N. Mann, 17 Mass. + J. A. Mitchell, 82 O. + A. McDade, 154 N. Y. + J. A. Mendenhall, 75 O. + J. R. Mell, 82 Ill. + V. Mylieus, 68 N. Y. + F. Moran, 73 N. Y. + J. Mooney, 107 Pa. + F. Murphy, 97 N. Y. + G. H. Morisey, 12 Ia. Q. M. + H. E. Mosher, 12 N. Y. C. + S. T. Merwin, 18 Conn. + Thos. Mayer, 100 O. + T. H. McKee, 21 Ill. + J. W. Messick, 42 Ind. + D. F. McKay, 18 Pa. + R. G. McKay, 1 Mich. + Wm. McEboy, 3 Ill. + N. S. McKee, 21 Ill. + J. Mitchell, 79 Ill. + J. McGowan, 29 Ind. + M. Mahon, 16 U. S. + J. F. Mackey, 16 U. S. + C. H. Morgan, 21 Wis. + A. S. Mathews, 22 Mich. + J. S. Mahony, 15 U. S. + J. D. Munday, 73 Ind. + J. S. Mettee, 5 Md. + Jno. McCumas, 5 Md. + W. J. Morris, 5 Md. + T. F. McGinnes, 18 Conn. + F. McKeag, 18 Conn. + H. Morningstar, 87 Pa. + J. S. Manning, 100 O. + Thos. Mosbey, 12 Pa. C. + D. McNiel, 13 Pa. C. + W. A. Murray, 106 N. Y. + H. Moultin, 1 U. S. + L. Mayer, 12 Pa. C. + W. J. McConnelee, 4 Ia. + D. McCully, 75 O. + O. Mussehl, 68 N. Y. + H. H. Moseley, 25 O. + Thos. Myers, 107 Pa. + C. Murry, 15 Mo. + J. McBeth, 45 O. + R. H. Montgomery, 5 U. S. C. + F. Moore, 73 Pa. + J. McGovern, 73 Pa. + A. McNiece, 73 Pa. + G. Maw, 80 G. + J. F. Morgan, 17 Mich. + C. Miller, 14 Ill. C. + W. J. Nowlan, 14 N. Y. + S. McNeal, 51 O. + L. C. Mead, 22 Mich. + A. U. McCane, 2 O. + M. V. Morrison, 32 O. + A. H. Makinson, 10 Wis. + W. H. Mead, 6 Ky. C. + A. Morse, 78 Ill. + A. Morris, 4 Ky. C. + J. McKinley, 28 O. + H. Morey, 10 N. Y. C. + G. W. Moore, 9 Md. + H. F. Meyer, 9 Md. + R. A. Moon, 6 Mich. C. + M. M. Moore, 6 Mich. C. + John Millis, 66 Ind. + J. McDonald, 2 E. T. + J. McColgen, 7 O. C. + D. T. Moore, 2 E. T. + J. H. Mason, 21 O. + L. D. Phelps, 8 Pa. C. + C. M. Brutzman, 7 Wis. + A. E. Patelin, 10 Wis. + M. B. Pulliam, 11 Ky. C. + R. M. Pond, 12 U. S. + W. P. Pierce, 11 Ky. C. + S. B. Petrie, 126 O. + Wm. Randall, 80 Ill. + E. W. Pelton, 2 Md. + A. N. Norris, 107 Pa. + Wm. Nelson, 13 U. S. + J. C. Norcross, 2 Mass. C. + J. F. Newbrandt, 4 Mo. C. + Wm. Nyce, 2 N. Y. C. + B. H. Niemeger, 11 Ky. C. + O. P. Norris, 111 O. + Jno. O'Connor, 59 O. + O. C. Oug, 2 Va. C. + E. W. Pelton, 2 Md. + E. W. Parcey, 80 Ill. + S. B. Piper, 3 O. + G. A. Pottee, 2 Ky. + J. B. Pumphrey, 123 O. + W. G. Purnell, 6 Md. + C. G. A. Peterson, 1 R. I. C. + E. B. Parker, 1 R. I. C. + Henry S. Platt, 11 Mich. + E. C. Parker, 94 N. Y. + H. C. Potter, 18 Pa. C. + T. Paulding, 6 U. S. C. + J. F. Poole, 1 Va. C. + J. L. Powers, 107 N. Y. + D. B. Pettijohn, 2 U. S. + G. H. Potts, 74 O. + C. P. Potts, 151 Pa. + E. Potter, 6 Mich. + E. L. Palmer, 57 N. Y. + Jno. Ritchie, 3 O. + J. C. Roney, 3 O. + Wm. Reynolds, 73 Ind. + A. C. Roach, 51 Ind. + E. Reynolds, 1 Tenn. C. + E. Reed, 3 O. + J. M. Rothrock, 5 Mo. + J. P. Rockwell, 18 Conn. + J. Ruff, 67 Pa. + J. F. Robinson, 67 Pa. + W. F. Randolph, 5 U. S. A. + John Ryan, 69 Pa. + W. E. Rockwell, 134 N. Y. + J. H. Russel, 12 Mass. + J. O. Rockwell, 97 N. Y. + J. A. Richardson, 2 N. Y. C. + N. A. Robinson, 4 Me. + H. E. Rulon 114 Pa. + H. Richardson, 19 Ind. + J. Remie, 11 Mass. + Geo. Ring, 100 O. + D. P. Rennie, 73 O. + T. J. Ray, 49 O. + W. L. Retilley, 51 O. + G. W. Robertson, 22 Mich. + J. M. Rader, 8 Tenn. + S. H. Reynolds, 42 O. + E. W. Rubbs, 1 E. T. + J. S. Paul, 122 O. + Z. R. Prather, 116 Ill. + G. Pentzel, 11 N. Y. + Jas. Perley, 13 Mich. + H. Perleen, 2 O. + J. V. Patterson, 1 O. C. + W. N. Paxton, 140 Pa. + C. Powell, 42 O. + J. G. Spalding, 2 U. S. C. + A. Stole, 6 U. S. + D. M. V. Stuart, 10 Mo. + M. H. Smith, 123 O. + T. H. Stewart, 5 Md. + John Sachs, 5 Md. + Jno. Sweadner, 5 Md. + J. F. Shuylar, 123 O. + C. H. Sowro, 123 O. + E. L. Schroeder, 5 Md. + G. W. Simpson, 67 Pa. + A. G. Scranton, 18 Conn. + J. Smith, 67 Pa. + C. P. Stroman, 87 Pa. + A. M. Stark, 110 O. + H. L. Sibley, 116 O. + S. Stearns, 4 Md. + G. L. Snyder, 104 N. Y. + A. W. Sprague, 24 Mich. + Geo. Schuele, 45 N. Y. + G. F. Robinson, 80 O. + L. S. Smith, 14 N. Y. + D. J. Shepherd, 5 Ky. C. + H. Silver, 16 Ill. C. + G. Scuttermore, 80 Ill. + Th. Segar, 80 Ill. + D. B. Stevenson, 3 O. + E. E. Sharp, 51 Ind. + G. L. Sollers, 9 Md. + L. L. Stone, Q. M. + R. F. Scott, 11 Ky. C. + J. C. Shaw, 7 O. C. + L. W. Sutherland, 126 O. + T. B. String, 11 Ky. C. + Chas. Sutler, 39 N. Y. + Jno. H. Stevens, 5 Me. + Chas. Trommel, 3 O. + H. H. Tillotson, 73 Ind. + A. N. Thomas, 73 Ind. + D. Turner, 118 Ill. + Ira Tyler, 118 Ill. + M. Tiffany, 18 Conn. + H. O. Thayer, 67 Pa. + A. A. Taylor, 122 Pa. + R. Tyler, 6 Md. + R. Thompson, 67 Pa. + L. Thompson, 2 U. S. C. + M. Tower, 13 Mas. + H. B. Seeley, 86 N. Y. + W. S. Stevens, 104 N. Y. + E. Schroeders, 74 Pa. + G. C. Stevens, 154 N. Y. + D. C. Sears, 96 N. Y. + H. Schroeder, 82 Ill. + J. B. Samson, 2 Mass. H. A. + Jno. Sullivan, 7 R. I. + M. R. Small, 6 Md. + E. Shepard, 6 O. C. + J. M. Steele, 1 Va. + C. Smith, 4 N. Y. C. + Jno. Sterling, 3 Ind. + F. Spencer, 17 O. + A. W. Songer, 21 Ill. + Wm. Stewart, 16 U. S. + W. H. Smith, 16 U. S. + J. D. Simpson, 10 Ind. + F. Schweinfurth, 24 Ill. + A. C. Spafford, 21 O. + E. G. Spalding, 22 Mich. + E. S. Scott, 89 O. + A. C. Shaeffer, 2 N. Y. C. + H. C. Smith, 2 Del. + Jno. Spindler, 73 Ill. + R. P. Wallace, 120 O. + Thos. Worthen, 118 Ill. + L. Weiser, 1 Md. C. + E. A. Tuthill, 104 N. Y. + J. R. Titus, 3 U. S. C. + H. Temple, 2 N. Y. C. + E. M. B. Timoney, 15 U. S. + G. W. Thomas, 10 Wis. + H. C. Taylor, 21 Wis. + A. J. Tuter, 2 O. + R. F. Thorn, 5 Ky. C. + S. H. Tresoutheck, 18 Pa. C. + J. Turner, Q. M. + H. Taylor, 65 Ind. + A. J. W. Ullen, 3 O. + T. R. Uptigrove, 73 Ind. + M. Undutch, 9 Md. + G. A. Vanness, 73 Ind. + Geo. Veltford, 54 N. Y. + R. N. Vannetter, 1 Mich. C. + D. Vansbury, 4 Md. B. + D. L. Wright, 51 Ind. + A. H. Wonder, 51 Ind. + Wm. Willis, 51 Ind. + I. D. Whiting, 3 O. + A. K. Wolbach, 3 O. + J. C. Woodrow, 73 Ind. + C. P. Williams, 73 Ind. + C. N. Winner, 1 O. + W. L. Watson, 21 Wis. + Wm. Willots, 22 Mich. + Wm. A. Williams, 123 O. + J. W. Wooth, 5 Md. + J. B. Wilson, 5 Md. + J. E. Woodard, 18 Conn. + P. A. White, 83 Pa. + E. J. Weeks, 67 Pa. + T. J. Weakley, 110 O. + W. H. Welsh, 78 Pa. + A. Wallber, 26 Wis. + A. H. White, 27 Pa. + D. Whitson, 13 Mass. + T. Wuschow, 54 N. Y. + M. Wadsworth, 16 Me. + J. N. Whitney, 2 R. I. C. + M. F. Williams, 15 Ky. + M. Wilson, 14 Pa. C. + J. Woods, 82 Ind. + J. R. Charnel, 1 Ill. Art. + W. S. Damrell, 13 Mass. + W. G. Davis, 27 Mass. + S. V. Dean, 145 Pa. + J. S. Drennan, 1 Vt. Art. + J. Dunn, 64 N. Y. + A. J. Dunning, 7 N. Y. Art. + J. Donovan, 2 N. J. + E. B. Dyre, 1 Conn. C. + W. C. Dorris, 111 Ill. + H. G. Dodge, 2 Pa. C. + J. Weatherbee, 51 O. + J. M. Wasson, 40 O. + Jas. Wells, 8 Mich. C. + H. Wilson, 18 Pa. C. + J. R. Weaver, 18 Pa. C. + W. H. H. Wilcox, 10 N. Y. + A. B. White, 4 Pa. C. + C. F. Weston, 21 Wis. + W. F. Wheeler, 9 Md. + N. L. Wood, Jr., 9 Md. + E. Wilhort, 2 E. Tenn. + J. W. Wilshire, 45 O. + J. W. Wright, 10 Ia. + Hyde Crocker, 1 N. Y. C. + J. B. Williamson, 14 W. Va. + C. H. Gates, 96 Ill. + Sam Leith, 132 N. Y. + S. Fatzer, 108 N. Y. + E. Fontaine, 7 Pa. R. C. + D. Forney, 30 O. + S. Fisher, 93 Ind. + D. S. Finney, 14 and 15 Ill. V. + L. Fitzpatrick, 146 N. Y. + L. D. C. Fales, ----. + H. C. Foster, 23 Ind. + John Foley, 59 Mass. + Louis Faass, 14 N. Y. Art. + R. J. Frost, 9 Mich. C. + C. Downs, 33 N. J. + J. Duven, 5 N. H. + W. H. Dorfee, 5 R. I. + G. Dorbine, 66 N. Y. + W. H. Dieffenbach, 7 Pa. Res. + R. De Lay, 3 Iowa C. + O. W. Demmick, 11 N. H. + L. Dick, 72 O. + E. Dickerson, 44 Wis. + D. Driscoll, 24 Mo. + H. G. Dorr, 4 Mass. C. + J. M. Drake, 9 N. J. + H. A. Downing, 31 U. S. C. T. + J. W. Davison, 95 O. + G. H. Drew, 9 N. H. + Chas. Everrett, 70 Ohio. + F. R. Eastman, 2 Pa. C. + J. L. F. Elkin, 1 N. J. + T. E. Evans, 52 Pa. + J. W. Eyestone, 13 Ind. + T. K. Eckings, 3 N. J. + John Eagan, 1 U. S. A. + John Elder, 8 Ind. + J. Fairbanks, 72 Ohio. + G. E. Finney, 19 Ind. + J. M. Ferris, 3 Mich. + E. M. Faye, 42 N. Y. + J. Furgeson, 1 N. J. + G. J. George, 40 Ill. + T. M. Gunn, 21 Ky. + J. Gottshell, 55 Pa. + J. M. Godown, 12 Ind. + H. D. Grant, 117 N. Y. + J. A. Goodwin, 1 Mass. C. + C. V. Granger, 88 N. Y. + C. O. Gordon, 1 Me. C. + J. W. Goss, 1 Mass. Art. + H. M. Gordon, 143 Pa. + J. Gallagher, 4 Ohio Vet. + E. A. Green, 81 Ill. + T. Griffen, 55 U. S. C. T. + M. L. Godley, 17 Ohio. + Philip Grey, 72 Pa. + A. M. Hall, 9 Minn. + E. R. Hart, 1 Vt. Art. + J. F. Hodge, 55 Pa. + R. F. Hall, 75 Ohio. + J. T. Haight, 8 Iowa C. + G. W. Hill, 7 Mich. C. + E. J. Hazel, 6 Pa. C. + R. Herbert, 50 Pa. + S. H. Horton, 101 Pa. + W. B. Hurd, 17 Mich C. + E. Holden, 1 Vt. C. + S. P. Hedges, 112 N. Y. C. + H. C. Hinds, 102 N. Y. + D. Flannery, 4 N. J. + H. M. Fowler, 15 N. J. + G. W. Flager, 11 Pa. R. C. + C. A. Fagan, 11 Pa. R. C. + H. French, 3 Vt. + L. W. Fisher, 4 Vt. + H. N. Hamilton, 59 N. Y. + E. S. Huntington, 11 U. S. + W. H. Hoyt, 16 Iowa. + R. M. Hughes, 14 Ill. C. + J. Hewitt, 105 Pa. + J. Heston, 4 N. J. + J. Heffelfinger, 7 Pa. R. V. + J. L. Harvey, 2 Pa. Art. + H. V. Hadley, 7 Ind. + M. V. B. Hallett, 2 Pa. C. + A. J. Henry, 120 Ill. + V. G. Hoalladay, 2 Ind. C. + D. Havens, 85 Ill. + C. A. Hays, 11 Pa. + J. L. Hastings, 7 Pa. R. V. C. + J. W. Harris, 2 Ind. C. + F. Herzbery, 66 N. Y. + J. T. Haight, 8 Iowa C. + E. H. Higley, 1 Vt. C. + W. H. Hendryks, 11 Mich. B. + J. Huston, 95 Ohio. + R. Henderson, 1 Mass. Art. + J. Hopper, 2 N. Y. C. + C. O. Hunt, 5 Me. Bat. + W. R. Hulland, 5 Md. C. + G. W. Hull, 135 Ohio. + D. W. Hazelton, 22 N. Y. C. + C. P. Holaham, 19 Pa. C. + J. F. Kempton, 75 Ohio. + J. H. Kidd, 1 Md. Art. + R. H. Kendrick, 25 Wis. + G. C. Kenyon, 17 Ill. + G. C. Kidder, 113 Pa. + G. Knox, 109 Pa. + J. M. Kelly, 4 Tenn. + F. H. Kempton, 58 Mass. Art. + J. R. Kelly 1 Pa. C. + J. C. Knox, 4 Ind. C. + Ade King, 12 Ohio. + J. Kepheart, 13 Ohio. + J. Kellow, 2 Pa. Art. + G. L. Kibby, 4 R. I. + C. E. Lewis, 1 N. Y. Drag. + J. B. Laycock, 7 Pa. R. V. C. + H. H. Lyman, 147 N. Y. + W. H. Larrabee, 7 Me. + A. Lee, 152 N. Y. + J. L. Lynn, 145 Pa. + E. De C. Loud, 2 Pa. Art. + M. S. Ludwig, 53 Pa. + A. N. Hackett, 110 O. + S. P. Hand, 43 U. S. C. T. + T. B. Hurst, 7 Pa. Res. V. C. + Geo. Hopf, 2 Md. + O. M. Hill, 1 Mo. Art. + J. B. Hogue, 4 Pa. C. + L. E. Haywood, 58 Mass. + A. B. Isham, 7 Mich. C. + H. A. Johnson, 3 Me. + C. K. Johnson, 1 Me. C. + G. W. Jenkins, 9 W. Va. + J. C. Justus, 2 Pa. R. V. C. + S. E. Jones, 7 N. Y. Art. + J. W. Johnson, 1 Mass. Art. + Alfred Jones, 50 Pa. Vet. + J. Jacks, 15 W. Va. + P. Krohn, 5 N. Y. C. + E. Kendrick, 10 N. J. + S. C. Kerr, 126 Ohio. + H. T. Kendall, 50 Pa. + A. Kelly, 126 Ohio. + J. Keen, 7 Pa. V. R. C. + J. D. Kennuly, 8 Ohio C. + J. G. B. Adams, 19 Mass. + E. P. Alexander, 26 Mich. + H. M. Anderson, 3 Me. + J. F. Anderson, 2 Pa. Art. + A. L. Abbey, 8 Mich. C. + D. W. Lewry, 2 Pa. Art. + J. Lyman, 27 Mass. + J. O. Laird, 35 U. S. + M. Laird, 16 Iowa. + J. C. Luther, Pa. V. R. C. + M. W. Lemon, 14 N. Y. Art. + L. M. Lane, 9 Minn. + T. D. Lamson, 3 Ind. C. + A. Limbard, McLau's S. Q. M. + G. H. Lawrence, 2 N. Y. M. R. + C. H. Lang, 59 Mass. + J. Monaghan, 62 Pa. + J. C. McIntosh, 145 Pa. + F. W. Mather, 7 N. Y. Art. + P. B. Mockrie, 7 N. Y. Art. + E. T. McCutcheon, 64 N. Y. + E. J. McWain, 1 N. Y. Art. + J. McKage, 184 Pa. + S. F. Muffley, 184 Pa. + H. F. Mangus, 53 Pa. + J. McLaughlin, 53 Pa. + W. A. McGinnes, 19 Mass. + A. D. Mathews, 1 Vt. Art. + W. C. Adams, 2 Ky. C. + E. T. Effleck, 170 O. Nat. G. + E. A. Abbott, 23 O. Vet. Vol. + Count S. Brady, 2 N. J. C. + A. Bulow, 3 N. J. C. + A. O. Abbott, 1 N. Y. Drag. + A. S. Appelget, 2 N. J. C. + Robert Allen, 2 N. J. Drag. + G. A. Austin, 14 Ill. Bat. + G. C. Alden, 112 Ill. + C. A. Brown, 1 N. Y. Art. + W. R. Bospord, 1 N. Y. + J. L. Barton, 49 Pa. + W. Buchanan, 76 N. Y. + W. Blane, 43 N. Y. + J. H. Bristol, 1 Conn. C. + H. H. Dixby, 9 Me. + D. W. Burkholder, 7 Pa. V. + S. Brum, 81 Ill. + W. H. Brady, 2 Del. + J. Breon, 148 Pa. + G. N. Burnett, 4 Ind. C. + W. J. Boyd, 5 Mich. C. + S. W. Burrows, 1 N. Y. Vet. C. + M. Brickenhoff, 42 N. Y. + H. Buckley, 4 N. H. Vol. + A. T. Barnes, Ill. Vet. Batt. + J. L. Beasley, 81 Ill. + A. Barringer, 44 N. Y. + F. P. Bishop, 4 Tenn. C. + C. T. Bowen, 4 R. I. + Wm. Bateman, 9 Mich. C. + Wm. Baird, 23 U. S. C. T. + J. H. Bryan, 184 Pa. + C. W. Baldwin, 2 N. J. + H. E. Barker, 22 N. Y. C. + C. H. Bigley, 82 N. Y. + M. Burns, 13 N. Y. C. + C. H. Cutter, 95 Ill. + G. W. Creacy, 35 Mass. + R. H. Chute, 59 Mass. + H. M. Cross, 59 Mass. + H. A. Chapin, 95 N. Y. + W. Cahill, 76 N. Y. + J. L. Castler, 76 N. Y. + H. Chisman, 7 Ind. + H. Cribben, 140 N. Y. + G. M. Curtis, 140 N. Y. + J. S. Calwell, 16 Ill. C. + S. Crossley, 118 Pa. + L. B. Carlise, 145 Pa. + J. P. Codington, 8 Iowa C. + W. H. Curtis, 19 Mass. + J. W. Clark, 59 N. Y. + J. H. Clark, 1 Mass. Art. + D. L. Case, Jr., 102 N. Y. + J. D. Cope, 116 Pa. + J. W. Core, 6 W. Va. C. + W. J. Colter, 15 Mass. + J. Casey, 45 N. Y. + W. H. Carter, 5 Pa. R. C. + J. N. Biller, 2 Pa. Art. + F. S. Bowley, 30 U. S. C. T. + C. Boettger, 2 Md. + W. A. Barnard, 20 Mich. + Wm. Blasse, 43 N. Y. + C. O. Brown, 31 Me. + R. K. Beechan, 23 U. S. C. T. + A. N. Briscol, Cole's Md. C. + H. M. Bearce, 32 Me. + A. J. Braidy, 54 Pa. + C. A. Bell, A. D. C. + R. Burton, 9 N. Y. Art. + H. E. Beebee, 22 N. Y. C. + V. L. Coffin, 31 Me. + L. A. Campbell, 152 N. Y. + C. W. Carr, 4 Vt. + J. Cunningham, 7 Pa. R. C. + C. Coslett, 115 Pa. + R. Cooper, 7 N. J. + C. H. Crawford, 183 Pa. + S. O. Cromack, 77 N. Y. + H. Correll, 2 Vt. + A. Morse, 1 Vt. Art. + J. H. Morris, 4 Ky. + W. H. Myers, 76 N. Y. + J. McGeehan, 146 N. Y. + H. W. Mitchell, 14 N. Y. + J. C. McCain, 9 Minn. + J. L. Chittendon, 5 Ind. C. + W. H. Canney, 69 N. Y. + W. F. Campbell, 51 Pa. + J. F. Cameron, 5 Pa. C. + M. Clegg, 5 Ind. C. + H. R. Chase, 1 Vt. H. Art. + W. H. Conover, 22 N. Y. C. + D. F. Califf, 2 W. S. S. S. + D. B. Chubbuck, 19 Mass. + M. Cunningham, 42 N. Y. + A. M. Charters, 17 Iowa. + W. A. Copeland, 10 Mich. + T. Clemons, 13 Ill. + W. C. Cook, 9 Mich. C. + C. P. Cramer, 21 N. Y. C. + Geo. Corum, 2 Ky. C. + M. B. Case, 23 U. S. C. T. + D. J. Kline, 75 O. V. M. I. + C. G. Conn, 1 M. S. S. + M. Cunningham, 1 Vt. H. A. + C. D. Copeland, 58 Pa. + C. P. Cashell, 12 Pa. C. + R. O'Connell, 55 Pa. + J. Ogden, 1 Wis. C. + G. C. Olden, 112 Ill. + A. C. Pickenpaugh, 6 W. Va. + H. Picquet, 32 Ill. + J. T. Parker, 13 Iowa. + T. McGuire, 7 Ill. + J. W. Miller, 14 Ill. C. + J. Murphy, 69 N. Y. + J. Mallison, 94 N. Y. + J. A. Mullegan, 4 Mass. C. + W. F. Mathews, 1 Md. + N. J. Menier, 93 Ind. + H. Miller, 17 Mich. + P. W. McMannus, 27 Mass. + E. McMahon, 72 Ohio. + G. C. Morton, 4 Pa. C. + E. Mather, 1 Vt. C. + C. McDonald, 2 Ill. Art. + G. W. Mayer, 37 Ind. + J. McCormick, 21 N. Y. C. + A. J. Mashland, 2 Pa. Art. + W. H. Mix, 19 U. S. C. T. + T. J. Munger, 37 Wis. + A. McNure, 73 Pa. + H. G. Mitchell, 32 Me. + J. D. Marshall, 57 O. + McLane, 9 Minn. + C. Niedenhoffen, 9 Minn. + A. Nelson, 66 N. Y. + J. B. Meedham, 4 Vt. + C. L. Noggle, 2 U. S. + J. Norwood, 76 N. Y. + O. H. Nealy, 11 U. S. + A. Phinney, 90 Ill. + W. M. Provine, 84 Ill. + T. Purcell, 16 Iowa. + W. H. Powell, 2 Ill. L. Art. + G. M. Parker, 45 Ill. + J. S. Purveance, 130 Ind. + D. H. Piffard, 14 N. Y. + C. A. Price, 5 Mich. + E. B. Parker, 1 Vt. Art. + W. H. Patridge, 67 N. Y. + H. H. Pierce, 7 Conn. + G. W. Pitt, 85 N. Y. Vet. + L. S. Peake, 85 N. Y. Vet. + E. C. Pierson, 85 N. Y. Vet. + D. Pentzell, 4 N. Y. C. + J. G. Peetrey, 95 Ohio. + M. P. Pierson, 100 N. Y. + A. L. Preston, 8 Mich. C. + G. Peters, 9 N. J. + J. H. Pitt, 118 N. Y. + James Post, 149 ----. + W. D. Peck, 2 N. J. C. + G. W. Paterson, 135 Ohio. + J. C. Price, 75 Ohio. + Z. Perrin, 72 Ohio. + S. H. Platt, 35 Mass. + L. G. Porter, 81 Ill. + J. H. Palmer, 12 Ohio. + W. McM. Nettervill, 12 U. S. + W. Neher, 7 Pa. R. V. C. + A. Neal, 5 Ind. C. + D. M. Niswander, 2 Pa. Art. + H. J. Nyman, 19 Mich. + W. R. Nulland, 5 Ind. C. + R. V. Outcolt, 135 O. + J. O. Harre, 7 N. Y. Art. + F. Osborne, 19 Mass. + D. Oliphant, 35 N. J. + E. O. Shea, 13 Pa. C. + J. R. Borsnels, 145 Pa. + G. Rieneckar, 5 Pa. C. + O. Rahu, 184 Pa. + G. A. Rowley, 2 U. S. + B. E. Robinson, 95 O. + W. E. Roach, 49 N. Y. + H. W. Raymond, 8 N. Y. Art. + J. E. Rose, 120 Ill. + E. R. Roberts, 7 Ill. + J. H. Reed, 120 Ill. + J. M. Richards, 1 W. Va. + H. Rothe, 15, N. Y. Art. + E. K. Ramsey, 1 N. J. + L. H. Riley, 7 Pa. R. V. C. + C. H. Ross, 13 Ind. + A. Ring, 12 Ohio. + T. Rathbone, 153 Ohio. + W. A. Pope, 18 Wis. + D. B. Pyne, 3 Mo. + Worthington Pierce, 17 Vt. + W. B. Phillips, 2 Pa. Art. + C. O. Poindexter, 31 Me. + A. P. Pierson, 9 Mich. C. + Chas. A. Price, 3 Mich. + M. Rees, 72 Ohio. + W. B. Rose, 73 Ill. + J. M. Ruger, 57 Pa. + L. S. Richards, 1 Vt. Art. + A. M. Smith, 1 Tenn. C. + J. C. Smith, 24 Ind. Bat. + J. B. Smith, 5 W. Va. C. + W. Sandon, 1 Wis. C. + J. P. Smith, 49 Pa. + J. G. Stevens, 52 Pa. + C. T. Swope, 4 Ky. + A. S. Stewart, 4 Ky. + E. P. Strickland, 114 Ill. + P. Smith, 4 Tenn. C. + J. W. Stanton, 5 Ind. C. + W. H. St. John, 5 Ind. C. + F. E. Scripture, R. Q. M. + A. B. Simmons, 5 Ind. C. + H. P. Starr, 22 N. Y. C. + B. Spring, 75 O. + A. C. Stover, 95 O. + C. L. Rugg, 6 Ind. C. + J. S. Rice, 13 Ind. + J. Reade, 57 Mass. + A. J. Raynor, 19 U. S. C. T. + L. Rainer, 2 N. J. C. + J. S. Robeson, 7 Tenn. C. + W. L. Riley, 21 N. Y. C. + W. H. Randall, 1 Mich. S. S. + W. B. Sturgeon, 107 Pa. + M. H. Stover, 184 Pa. + A. A. Sweetland, 2 Pa. C. + E. B. Smith, 1 Vt. Art. + C. Schurr, 7 N. Y. Art. + W. H. Shafer, 5 Pa. C. + M. G. Sargeant, 1 Vt. Art. + C. H. Stallman, 87 Pa. Art. + S. S. Smythe, 1 Ill. Art. + Geo. Scott, 10 Ind. + E. Swift, 74 Ill. + J. L. Skinner, 27 Mass. + F. Stevens, 190 Pa. + C. Stuart, 24 N. Y. + M. Shanan, 140 N. Y. + M. S. Smith, 16 Me. + E. Snowwhite, 7 Pa. V. R. C. + W. H. S. Sweet, 146 N. Y. + J. R. Sitler, 2 Pa. C. + A. L. Shannon, 3 Ind. C. + C. P. Stone, 1 Vt. C. + J. Stebbins, 77 N. Y. + C. S. Schwartz, 2 N. J. C. + J. Sailor, 13 Pa. C. + H. C. Smyser, 2 Md. + R. R. Stewart, 2 N. Y. C. + M. W. Striblings, 61 Ohio. + J. Smith, 5 Pa. C. + J. O. Stout, McLaughlin's S. Ohio C. + M. N. Shepstrong, 60 Ohio. + J. W. Stanton, 5 Ind. C. + J. P. Sheehan, 31 Me. + J. F. Shull, 28 U. S. C. T. + S. B. Smith, 30 U. S. C. T. + B. F. Stauber, 20 Pa. C. + H. Schulter, 43 N. Y. + L. D. Seely, 45 Pa. + Frank Stevens, 12 Pa. V. R. C. + A. F. Septon, 8 Iowa C. + T. D. Scofield, 27 Mich. + C. B. Sanders, 30 U. S. C. T. + P. A. Simondson, 23 U. S. C. T. + N. W. Shaefer, 24 Ind. C. + H. S. Tainter, 82 N. Y. + D. Tanner, 118 Ill. + H. V. Tompkins, 59 N. Y. + B. W. Trout, 106 Pa. + J. S. Tompson, 10 Vt. + L. E. Tyler, 1 Conn. C. + A. Timm, 16 Iowa. + O. Todd, 18 Wis. + A. W. Tiffany, 9 Minn. + J. Taylor, 2 Pa. V. R. C. + D. W. Tower, 17 Iowa. + F. Tomson, 17 Iowa. + A. F. Tipton, 8 Iowa C. + David Turmer, 118 Ill. + C. Tobel, 15 N. Y. Art. + J. P. F. Toby, 31 Me. + S. H. Tinker, 73 Ind. + D. D. Von Valack, 12 U. S. + D. Van Doren, 72 Ohio. + C. Van Rensalaer, 148 N. Y. + W. C. Van Alin, 45 Pa. + A. Von Bulow, 3 N. J. C. + O. W. West, 1 N. Y. Drag. + J. B. Warner, 8 Mich. C. + G. Williams, 8 Mich. C. + J. Winters, 72 Ohio. + J. Warner, 33 N. J. + J. F. Wheeler, 149 N. Y. + F. Waidmann, 16 Iowa. + J. Walker, 8 Tenn. + T. A. Weesner, 14 & 15 Ill. + G. J. West, 6 Conn. + D. H. Wing, 14 N. Y. Art. + C. W. Wilcox, 9 N. H. + J. C. Watson, 126 Ohio. + F. M. Woodruff, 76 N. Y. + Geo. Weddle, 144 Ohio. + C. W. Woodrow, 19 Iowa. + H. H. Willis, 40 N. Y. + J. Winship, 88 Ill. + R. Wilson, 113 Ill. + B. F. Whitten, 9 Me. + J. W. Warren, 1 Wis. C. + W. Williams, 8 Mich. C. + T. H. Ward, 59 U. S. C. T. + J. Wheaton, 59 U. S. C. T. + B. W. Whittemore, 5 N. Y. C. + H. A. Wentworth, 14 N. Y. A. + W. H. Walker, 4 Ohio. + E. S. Wilson, 1 Mass. C. + D. H. Warren, A. Surg. 8 I. C. + R. P. Wilson, 5 U. S. C. + E. C. Taw, 67 N. Y. + J. H. York, 63 Ind. + W. J. Young, 111 Ill. + A. Young, 4 Pa. C. + T. P. Young, 4 Ky. + Aaron Zeigler, 7 Pa. V. R. C. + A. Zimm, 15 Iowa. + C. Zobel, 15 N. Y. A. + G. H. Hastings, 24 N. Y. In. Bt. + + + NAVAL OFFICERS. + + W. E. H. Fintress, A. V. Lt. + Edw. L. Haines, Act. M. + J. F. D. Robinson, Act. M. + E. H. Sears, Ast. P. M. + Robt. M. Clark, Act. Ensg. + Simon Strunk, Act. Ensg. + E. W. Dayton, Act. Ensg. + Thos. Brown, Act. M. M. + Wm. H. Fogg, Act. M. M. + Chas. A. Stewart, Act. M. M. + Dan'l Ward, Act. M. M. + B. Johnson, 2 Act. Eng. + Jas. McCaulley, 2 Act. Eng. + Jno. B. Dick, 2 Act. Eng. + A. D. Renshaw, 3 Act. Eng. + Jno. Mee, 3 Act. Eng. + Ch. McCormick, 3 Act. Eng. + Sam. B. Ellis, 3 Act. Eng. + Henry K. Stever, 3 Act. Eng. + E. J. Robinson, Pilot. + + + + +INDEX. + + +CHAPTER I--Page 11. + +Description of Plymouth, N. C. + + +CHAPTER II--Page 13. + +The Battle of Plymouth--The Cavalry Pickets Driven In--Hoke Appears in our +Front with Eight Thousand Men--A Magnificent Artillery Duel--Four Days +Hard Fighting--Sinking of the Southfield and Defeat of the Fleet by the +Ram Albemarle. + + +CHAPTER III--Page 19. + +A Description of the Battle Between the Albemarle and our Gun Boats--Death +of Captain Flusser--Captain French Cuts Loose from the Sinking Southfield +and Runs Away. + + +CHAPTER IV--Page 22. + +Our Retreat Cut Off--A Perilous Reconnoissance by the Cavalry--Cavalry +Sent to Capture a Boat's Crew--Fleeing North Carolinians--Walking Back +into Prison Rather than to Skulk a Fight--Firing the Two Hundred Pounder +at the Ram--Squelching a Rebel Sharpshooter--A Furious Attack and Fearful +Slaughter--A Prisoner of War. + + +CHAPTER V--Page 32. + +Marched Off Over the Battlefield a Prisoner--Among the Enemy's Dead and +Wounded--Evidences of our Deadly Work--The Rebs Go Gunning for +"Niggers"--The Johnnies Appropriating my Wardrobe--Massacre of the Colored +Troops--They are Drawn up into Line and Shot Down Like Dogs by order of +General Hoke--Caring for our Wounded and Burying our Dead. + + +CHAPTER VI--Page 36. + +On the March--An Eighteen Mile March--Treated to a Drink of Our Own +Commissary at the End of the First Days March--Uniform Good Treatment by +our Captors--An Attempt to Escape Frustrated--March to Williamstown--The +Band at Foster's Mills Treats us to "Dixey"--Kind hearted Mrs. Piffin +Gives us All the Provisions She Had Cooked for Dinner--Hopes Some One Will +do as Much for her Son (Who is in the Confederate Army)--A Ride in Filthy +Cattle Cars Through Charleston, Savannah and Macon--Arrival at +Andersonville. + + +CHAPTER VII--Page 41. + +Andersonville--Separated from the Enlisted Men--An Interview with the +Inhuman Monster "Wirz"--Placed in a Church--Divine Service Sunday +Morning--Sent Back to Macon--Drawing Rations--A Blindfolded Man Divides +Them--Ladies Visit Our Camp and Show Their Sympathy--Union Girls +Forever--Boquets and Notes Sent Us--A Drunken Riot--Reckless Shooting of +the Guards--Prices of Provisions in Macon. + + +CHAPTER VIII--Page 51. + +Moving Into The Stockade--Skirmishing--Mr. Cashmeyer's Sutler Wagon-- +Captain Irsh Bucked and Gagged By Order of Tabb--Captain Tabb Relieved-- +How We Passed the Time--The Meetings--Gambling Houses--Social and +Singing Circles. + + +CHAPTER IX--Page 72. + +Fresh Fish--Arrival of Col. Miller--Death of Lieut. Wood, 82nd +Indiana--More Fresh Fish. + + +CHAPTER X--Page 80. + +Manner of Tunneling. + + +CHAPTER XI--Page 98. + +Receiving and Sending off the Mail--Attempts to Smuggle Through Forbidden +Matter--Samples of Letters Sent Home--Boxes of Letters Received--My +Feelings at Not Receiving Any. + + +CHAPTER XII--Page 105. + +The First Division Leaves Camp Oglethorp--Plans for Escape--Their +Destination, Charleston--Thirty Union Officers and Four of the "Reb" Guard +Are Missing on Their Arrival at Charleston--The Story of the Lieutenant +In Charge of the Train as Told to Major Lyman--Departure of the Second +Division--Stopped at Savannah, Thus Foiling Our Plans for Escape. + + +CHAPTER XIII--Page 130. + +Camp Sorghum--A Sleepless and Miserable Night--Building a Brush Tent--The +Escape--I Turn Over My Tent and Household Effects to Colonel Miller and +Adjutant Lyman--Crawling Across the Guard Line--Our Escape Discovered and +we Fired Upon--Captains Geere and Eastmond Recaptured--Tramp, Tramp, +Tramp. + + +CHAPTER XIV--Page 148. + +Assailed by a Dog--Scaring a Negro--Free Mitchell--He Dare Not Let Me Into +His Yard on Account of a Yankee Schoolmaster who Kept Blood Hounds-- +Flanking the Hounds--Meeting Captain Alban--Losing My Former Companions I +Start Out With Him. + + +CHAPTER XV--Page 154. + +How to Roast a Chicken--A Good Square Meal Once More--On the Tramp Again-- +We Meet a Darky who Furnishes Us Supper and Chickens From His Master's Hen +Coop--Surprised by Two White Men While Eating Breakfast--Passing Through +Walhalla--Avoiding Some Cavalry. + + +CHAPTER XVI--Page 162. + +Back into Walhalla--We Run into a Rebel Picket in the Dark and are Taken +in--A Little Judicious Lieing Secures Our Release--Overtaking Some Wagons +Going from Market--Chatting with a Company of Rebel Cavalry. + + +CHAPTER XVII--Page 173. + +At Major Carters--My Swollen Limbs Give Me an Excuse to Cut Off the +Conversation--Rev. Mr. Burch Gives Us a Hearty Welcome and a Good +Breakfast--Passing a Confederate Soldier--Recaptured--Eccentric but Loyal +Tom Hubbard--Taken Back to Fort Emory. + + +CHAPTER XVIII--Page 180. + +In Prison Again. + + +CHAPTER XIX--Page 187. + +A Hospitable Host--Franklin Jail--Charitable Women--A Thoughtful, Motherly +Gift--A Generous Guard--Ashville Jail--Attempt to Break Out. + + +CHAPTER XX--Page 195. + +Another Attempt at Escape Discovered--A Bold Plot--Lack of Sand in the Reb +Deserters--A Brave Negro--The Flogging. + + +CHAPTER XXI--Page 201. + +Placed in an Iron Cage--Breaking Out and Attempting to Dig Through a Brick +Wall--An Unexpected Surprise. + + +CHAPTER XXII--Page 209. + +Danville Prison--A Cold Winter--Double-Quicking Around the Room to Keep +Warm--Excitement Caused by the Arrival of Fresh Troops--They Stack Arms in +Front of Our Prison--Plans for Escape. + + +CHAPTER XXIII--Page 216. + +Prison Rules--Starving in the Midst of Plenty--Organizing for a Break-- +Trading With the Guard--Business in Prison. + + +CHAPTER XXIV--Page 222. + +Organization for a Break Completed--The Attempted Break--The Guard +Disarmed--Too Late, Go Back--Colonel Raulston Shot. + + +CHAPTER XXV--Page 232. + +Borrowing Seven Hundred Dollars of a Reb. + + +CHAPTER XXVI--Page 243. + + +CHAPTER XXVII--Page 249. + + +CHAPTER XXVIII--Page 253. + +More about Charleston--Exchange on the Brain--More about Macon--Charleston +Jail Yard More Fully Described--The Old Privy--The Gallows or Gibbet-- +Terrible Suffering for Want of Food and Shelter--A Fire and How Gillmore +Helped it Along--Death of Lieutenant Mosher, 12th N. Y. Cavalry. + + +CHAPTER XXIX--Page 263. + +Exchange on the Brain. + + +CHAPTER XXX--Page 273. + +Scouting in North Carolina--Sergeant C---- in a Well--The Accident +Prevents a Fight with our own Troops--A Fight with North Carolina +Troops--Mrs. Modlin Turns a Back Somersault--Our Irish Lieutenant. + + +APPENDIX--Page 287. + + +LIST OF OFFICERS CONFINED IN MACON, GA--Page 295. + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS. + + + Page. + +The Cavalry Sent to Capture a Boat's Crew 25 + +Skirmishing at Macon, Ga 53 + +Capt. Irsh Bucked and Gagged 59 + +Capt. Alban on Police Duty 65 + +Fresh Fish 73 + +Tunnelling at Macon, Ga. 81 + +Mr. Cashmeyer's Sutler Wagon 89 + +Washing Clothes at Savannah, Ga. 111 + +Escaped Prisoners Searching for the Road at Night 137 + +Pencil Sketch of Author 241 + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_. + +The following misprints have been corrected: + "Massachussetts" corrected to "Massachusetts" (page 45) + "thay" corrected to "they" (page 76) + "Tennesee" corrected to "typo Tennessee" (page 78) + "garmemt" corrected to "garment" (page 83) + "farwell" corrected to "farewell" (page 114) + "loseing" corrected to "losing" (page 190) + "Harshaws" corrected to "Harshaw's" (page 200) + "priviledge" corrected to "privilege" (page 233) + "colums" corrected to "columns" (page 282) + "Micthell" corrected to "Mitchell" (Index) + +Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in +spelling and hyphenation usage have been retained. + +Decorative illustrations are not noted in this file. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of In and Out of Rebel Prisons, by +Lieut. 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