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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/3190-0.txt b/3190-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5eaabf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3190-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1720 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of 1601, by Mark Twain + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: 1601--Conversation as it was by the Social Fireside in the Time of the Tudors + +Author: Mark Twain + +Release Date: August 20, 2006 [EBook #3190] +Last Updated: February 24, 2018 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1601 *** + + + +Produced by David Widger + + + + + +1601 + +Conversation as it was by the Social Fireside in the Time of the Tudors + + +By Mark Twain + + + + +INTRODUCTION + +“Born irreverent,” scrawled Mark Twain on a scratch pad, “--like all +other people I have ever known or heard of--I am hoping to remain +so while there are any reverent irreverences left to make fun of.” + --[Holograph manuscript of Samuel L. Clemens, in the collection of the +F. J. Meine] + +Mark Twain was just as irreverent as he dared be, and 1601 reveals +his richest expression of sovereign contempt for overstuffed language, +genteel literature, and conventional idiocies. Later, when a magazine +editor apostrophized, “O that we had a Rabelais!” Mark impishly +and anonymously--submitted 1601; and that same editor, a praiser of +Rabelais, scathingly abused it and the sender. In this episode, as in +many others, Mark Twain, the “bad boy” of American literature, revealed +his huge delight in blasting the shams of contemporary hypocrisy. Too, +there was always the spirit of Tom Sawyer deviltry in Mark's make-up +that prompted him, as he himself boasted, to see how much holy +indignation he could stir up in the world. + + +WHO WROTE 1601? + +The correct and complete title of 1601, as first issued, was: [Date, +1601.] 'Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of +the Tudors.' For many years after its anonymous first issue in 1880, +its authorship was variously conjectured and widely disputed. In Boston, +William T. Ball, one of the leading theatrical critics during the late +90's, asserted that it was originally written by an English actor (name +not divulged) who gave it to him. Ball's original, it was said, looked +like a newspaper strip in the way it was printed, and may indeed have +been a proof pulled in some newspaper office. In St. Louis, William +Marion Reedy, editor of the St. Louis Mirror, had seen this famous tour +de force circulated in the early 80's in galley-proof form; he first +learned from Eugene Field that it was from the pen of Mark Twain. + +“Many people,” said Reedy, “thought the thing was done by Field and +attributed, as a joke, to Mark Twain. Field had a perfect genius for +that sort of thing, as many extant specimens attest, and for that sort +of practical joke; but to my thinking the humor of the piece is too +mellow--not hard and bright and bitter--to be Eugene Field's.” Reedy's +opinion hits off the fundamental difference between these two great +humorists; one half suspects that Reedy was thinking of Field's French +Crisis. + +But Twain first claimed his bantling from the fog of anonymity in 1906, +in a letter addressed to Mr. Charles Orr, librarian of Case Library, +Cleveland. Said Clemens, in the course of his letter, dated July 30, +1906, from Dublin, New Hampshire: + +“The title of the piece is 1601. The piece is a supposititious +conversation which takes place in Queen Elizabeth's closet in that year, +between the Queen, Ben Jonson, Beaumont, Sir Walter Raleigh, the Duchess +of Bilgewater, and one or two others, and is not, as John Hay mistakenly +supposes, a serious effort to bring back our literature and philosophy +to the sober and chaste Elizabeth's time; if there is a decent word +findable in it, it is because I overlooked it. I hasten to assure you +that it is not printed in my published writings.” + + +TWITTING THE REV. JOSEPH TWICHELL + +The circumstances of how 1601 came to be written have since been +officially revealed by Albert Bigelow Paine in 'Mark Twain, A +Bibliography' (1912), and in the publication of Mark Twain's Notebook +(1935). + +1601 was written during the summer of 1876 when the Clemens family had +retreated to Quarry Farm in Elmira County, New York. Here Mrs. Clemens +enjoyed relief from social obligations, the children romped over the +countryside, and Mark retired to his octagonal study, which, perched +high on the hill, looked out upon the valley below. It was in the famous +summer of 1876, too, that Mark was putting the finishing touches to Tom +Sawyer. Before the close of the same year he had already begun work +on 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn', published in 1885. It is +interesting to note the use of the title, the “Duke of Bilgewater,” + in Huck Finn when the “Duchess of Bilgewater” had already made her +appearance in 1601. Sandwiched between his two great masterpieces, +Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, the writing of 1601 was indeed a strange +interlude. + +During this prolific period Mark wrote many minor items, most of them +rejected by Howells, and read extensively in one of his favorite books, +Pepys' Diary. Like many another writer Mark was captivated by Pepys' +style and spirit, and “he determined,” says Albert Bigelow Paine in his +'Mark Twain, A Biography', “to try his hand on an imaginary record of +conversation and court manners of a bygone day, written in the phrase of +the period. The result was 'Fireside Conversation in the Time of +Queen Elizabeth', or as he later called it, '1601'. The 'conversation' +recorded by a supposed Pepys of that period, was written with all the +outspoken coarseness and nakedness of that rank day, when fireside +sociabilities were limited only to the loosened fancy, vocabulary, and +physical performance, and not by any bounds of convention.” + +“It was written as a letter,” continues Paine, “to that robust divine, +Rev. Joseph Twichell, who, unlike Howells, had no scruples about Mark's +'Elizabethan breadth of parlance.'” + +The Rev. Joseph Twichell, Mark's most intimate friend for over forty +years, was pastor of the Asylum Hill Congregational Church of Hartford, +which Mark facetiously called the “Church of the Holy Speculators,” + because of its wealthy parishioners. Here Mark had first met “Joe” at a +social, and their meeting ripened into a glorious, life long friendship. +Twichell was a man of about Mark's own age, a profound scholar, a devout +Christian, “yet a man with an exuberant sense of humor, and a profound +understanding of the frailties of mankind.” The Rev. Mr. Twichell +performed the marriage ceremony for Mark Twain and solemnized the births +of his children; “Joe,” his friend, counseled him on literary as well +as personal matters for the remainder of Mark's life. It is important +to catch this brief glimpse of the man for whom this masterpiece was +written, for without it one can not fully understand the spirit in which +1601 was written, or the keen enjoyment which Mark and “Joe” derived +from it. + + +“SAVE ME ONE.” + +The story of the first issue of 1601 is one of finesse, state diplomacy, +and surreptitious printing. + +The Rev. “Joe” Twichell, for whose delectation the piece had been +written, apparently had pocketed the document for four long years. Then, +in 1880, it came into the hands of John Hay, later Secretary of State, +presumably sent to him by Mark Twain. Hay pronounced the sketch +a masterpiece, and wrote immediately to his old Cleveland friend, +Alexander Gunn, prince of connoisseurs in art and literature. The +following correspondence reveals the fine diplomacy which made the name +of John Hay known throughout the world. + + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE + +Washington, June 21, 1880. + +Dear Gunn: + +Are you in Cleveland for all this week? If you will say yes by return +mail, I have a masterpiece to submit to your consideration which is only +in my hands for a few days. + +Yours, very much worritted by the depravity of Christendom, + +Hay + + +The second letter discloses Hay's own high opinion of the effort and his +deep concern for its safety. + + + +June 24, 1880 + +My dear Gunn: + +Here it is. It was written by Mark Twain in a serious effort to bring +back our literature and philosophy to the sober and chaste Elizabethan +standard. But the taste of the present day is too corrupt for anything +so classic. He has not yet been able even to find a publisher. The Globe +has not yet recovered from Downey's inroad, and they won't touch it. + +I send it to you as one of the few lingering relics of that race of +appreciative critics, who know a good thing when they see it. + +Read it with reverence and gratitude and send it back to me; for Mark is +impatient to see once more his wandering offspring. + +Yours, + +Hay. + + +In his third letter one can almost hear Hay's chuckle in the certainty +that his diplomatic, if somewhat wicked, suggestion would bear fruit. + + +Washington, D. C.July 7, 1880 + +My dear Gunn: + +I have your letter, and the proposition which you make to pull a few +proofs of the masterpiece is highly attractive, and of course highly +immoral. I cannot properly consent to it, and I am afraid the great many +would think I was taking an unfair advantage of his confidence. Please +send back the document as soon as you can, and if, in spite of my +prohibition, you take these proofs, save me one. + +Very truly yours, + +John Hay. + + + +Thus was this Elizabethan dialogue poured into the moulds of cold type. +According to Merle Johnson, Mark Twain's bibliographer, it was issued +in pamphlet form, without wrappers or covers; there were 8 pages of +text and the pamphlet measured 7 by 8 1/2 inches. Only four copies are +believed to have been printed, one for Hay, one for Gunn, and two for +Twain. + +“In the matter of humor,” wrote Clemens, referring to Hay's delicious +notes, “what an unsurpassable touch John Hay had!” + + +HUMOR AT WEST POINT + +The first printing of 1601 in actual book form was “Donne at ye Academie +Press,” in 1882, West Point, New York, under the supervision of Lieut. +C. E. S. Wood, then adjutant of the U. S. Military Academy. + +In 1882 Mark Twain and Joe Twichell visited their friend Lieut. Wood +at West Point, where they learned that Wood, as Adjutant, had under his +control a small printing establishment. On Mark's return to Hartford, +Wood received a letter asking if he would do Mark a great favor by +printing something he had written, which he did not care to entrust to +the ordinary printer. Wood replied that he would be glad to oblige. On +April 3, 1882, Mark sent the manuscript: + +“I enclose the original of 1603 [sic] as you suggest. I am afraid there +are errors in it, also, heedlessness in antiquated spelling--e's stuck +on often at end of words where they are not strictly necessary, etc..... +I would go through the manuscript but I am too much driven just now, and +it is not important anyway. I wish you would do me the kindness to make +any and all corrections that suggest themselves to you. + +“Sincerely yours, + +“S. L. Clemens.” + + +Charles Erskine Scott Wood recalled in a foreword, which he wrote for +the limited edition of 1601 issued by the Grabhorn Press, how he felt +when he first saw the original manuscript. “When I read it,” writes +Wood, “I felt that the character of it would be carried a little better +by a printing which pretended to the eye that it was contemporaneous +with the pretended 'conversation.' + +“I wrote Mark that for literary effect I thought there should be a +species of forgery, though of course there was no effort to actually +deceive a scholar. Mark answered that I might do as I liked;--that his +only object was to secure a number of copies, as the demand for it was +becoming burdensome, but he would be very grateful for any interest I +brought to the doing. + +“Well, Tucker [foreman of the printing shop] and I soaked some handmade +linen paper in weak coffee, put it as a wet bundle into a warm room to +mildew, dried it to a dampness approved by Tucker and he printed the +'copy' on a hand press. I had special punches cut for such Elizabethan +abbreviations as the a, e, o and u, when followed by m or n--and for the +(commonly and stupidly pronounced ye). + +“The only editing I did was as to the spelling and a few old English +words introduced. The spelling, if I remember correctly, is mine, but +the text is exactly as written by Mark. I wrote asking his view of +making the spelling of the period and he was enthusiastic--telling me to +do whatever I thought best and he was greatly pleased with the result.” + +Thus was printed in a de luxe edition of fifty copies the most curious +masterpiece of American humor, at one of America's most dignified +institutions, the United States Military Academy at West Point. + +“1601 was so be-praised by the archaeological scholars of a quarter of +a century ago,” wrote Clemens in his letter to Charles Orr, “that I +was rather inordinately vain of it. At that time it had been privately +printed in several countries, among them Japan. A sumptuous edition on +large paper, rough-edged, was made by Lieut. C. E. S. Wood at West Point +--an edition of 50 copies--and distributed among popes and kings and +such people. In England copies of that issue were worth twenty guineas +when I was there six years ago, and none to be had.” + + +FROM THE DEPTHS + +Mark Twain's irreverence should not be misinterpreted: it was an +irreverence which bubbled up from a deep, passionate insight into the +well-springs of human nature. In 1601, as in 'The Man That Corrupted +Hadleyburg,' and in 'The Mysterious Stranger,' he tore the masks off +human beings and left them cringing before the public view. With the +deftness of a master surgeon Clemens dealt with human emotions and +delighted in exposing human nature in the raw. + +The spirit and the language of the Fireside Conversation were rooted +deep in Mark Twain's nature and in his life, as C. E. S. Wood, who +printed 1601 at West Point, has pertinently observed, + +“If I made a guess as to the intellectual ferment out of which 1601 rose +I would say that Mark's intellectual structure and subconscious graining +was from Anglo-Saxons as primitive as the common man of the Tudor +period. He came from the banks of the Mississippi--from the flatboatmen, +pilots, roustabouts, farmers and village folk of a rude, primitive +people--as Lincoln did. + +“He was finished in the mining camps of the West among stage drivers, +gamblers and the men of '49. The simple roughness of a frontier people +was in his blood and brain. + +“Words vulgar and offensive to other ears were a common language to +him. Anyone who ever knew Mark heard him use them freely, forcibly, +picturesquely in his unrestrained conversation. Such language is +forcible as all primitive words are. Refinement seems to make for +weakness--or let us say a cutting edge--but the old vulgar monosyllabic +words bit like the blow of a pioneer's ax--and Mark was like that. Then +I think 1601 came out of Mark's instinctive humor, satire and hatred of +puritanism. But there is more than this; with all its humor there is a +sense of real delight in what may be called obscenity for its own sake. +Whitman and the Bible are no more obscene than Nature herself--no more +obscene than a manure pile, out of which come roses and cherries. Every +word used in 1601 was used by our own rude pioneers as a part of their +vocabulary--and no word was ever invented by man with obscene intent, +but only as language to express his meaning. No act of nature is obscene +in itself--but when such words and acts are dragged in for an ulterior +purpose they become offensive, as everything out of place is offensive. +I think he delighted, too, in shocking--giving resounding slaps on what +Chaucer would quite simply call 'the bare erse.'” + +Quite aside from this Chaucerian “erse” slapping, Clemens had also a +semi-serious purpose, that of reproducing a past time as he saw it in +Shakespeare, Dekker, Jonson, and other writers of the Elizabethan era. +Fireside Conversation was an exercise in scholarship illumined by a keen +sense of character. It was made especially effective by the artistic +arrangement of widely-gathered material into a compressed picture of +a phase of the manners and even the minds of the men and women “in the +spacious times of great Elizabeth.” + +Mark Twain made of 1601 a very smart and fascinating performance, +carried over almost to grotesqueness just to show it was not done for +mere delight in the frank naturalism of the functions with which it +deals. That Mark Twain had made considerable study of this frankness is +apparent from chapter four of 'A Yankee At King Arthur's Court,' where +he refers to the conversation at the famous Round Table thus: + +“Many of the terms used in the most matter-of-fact way by this great +assemblage of the first ladies and gentlemen of the land would have +made a Comanche blush. Indelicacy is too mild a term to convey the idea. +However, I had read Tom Jones and Roderick Random and other books of +that kind and knew that the highest and first ladies and gentlemen in +England had remained little or no cleaner in their talk, and in the +morals and conduct which such talk implies, clear up to one hundred +years ago; in fact clear into our own nineteenth century--in which +century, broadly speaking, the earliest samples of the real lady and the +real gentleman discoverable in English history,--or in European history, +for that matter--may be said to have made their appearance. Suppose Sir +Walter [Scott] instead of putting the conversation into the mouths of +his characters, had allowed the characters to speak for themselves? We +should have had talk from Rebecca and Ivanhoe and the soft lady Rowena +which would embarrass a tramp in our day. However, to the unconsciously +indelicate all things are delicate.” + +Mark Twain's interest in history and in the depiction of historical +periods and characters is revealed through his fondness for historical +reading in preference to fiction, and through his other historical +writings. Even in the hilarious, youthful days in San Francisco, Paine +reports that “Clemens, however, was never quite ready for sleep. Then, +as ever, he would prop himself up in bed, light his pipe, and lose +himself in English or French history until his sleep conquered.” Paine +tells us, too, that Lecky's 'European Morals' was an old favorite. + +The notes to 'The Prince and the Pauper' show again how carefully +Clemens examined his historical background, and his interest in these +materials. Some of the more important sources are noted: Hume's 'History +of England', Timbs' 'Curiosities of London', J. Hammond Trumbull's 'Blue +Laws, True and False'. Apparently Mark Twain relished it, for as Bernard +DeVoto points out, “The book is always Mark Twain. Its parodies of Tudor +speech lapse sometimes into a callow satisfaction in that idiom--Mark +hugely enjoys his nathlesses and beshrews and marrys.” The writing of +1601 foreshadows his fondness for this treatment. + + “Do you suppose the liberties and the Brawn of These States have to + do only with delicate lady-words? with gloved gentleman words” + Walt Whitman, 'An American Primer'. + +Although 1601 was not matched by any similar sketch in his published +works, it was representative of Mark Twain the man. He was no emaciated +literary tea-tosser. Bronzed and weatherbeaten son of the West, Mark +was a man's man, and that significant fact is emphasized by the several +phases of Mark's rich life as steamboat pilot, printer, miner, and +frontier journalist. + +On the Virginia City Enterprise Mark learned from editor R. M. +Daggett that “when it was necessary to call a man names, there were no +expletives too long or too expressive to be hurled in rapid succession +to emphasize the utter want of character of the man assailed.... There +were typesetters there who could hurl anathemas at bad copy which would +have frightened a Bengal tiger. The news editor could damn a mutilated +dispatch in twenty-four languages.” + +In San Francisco in the sizzling sixties we catch a glimpse of Mark +Twain and his buddy, Steve Gillis, pausing in doorways to sing “The +Doleful Ballad of the Neglected Lover,” an old piece of uncollected +erotica. One morning, when a dog began to howl, Steve awoke “to find +his room-mate standing in the door that opened out into a back garden, +holding a big revolver, his hand shaking with cold and excitement,” + relates Paine in his Biography. + +“'Come here, Steve,' he said. 'I'm so chilled through I can't get a bead +on him.' + +“'Sam,' said Steve, 'don't shoot him. Just swear at him. You can easily +kill him at any range with your profanity.' + +“Steve Gillis declares that Mark Twain let go such a scorching, singeing +blast that the brute's owner sold him the next day for a Mexican +hairless dog.” + +Nor did Mark's “geysers of profanity” cease spouting after these gay and +youthful days in San Francisco. With Clemens it may truly be said that +profanity was an art--a pyrotechnic art that entertained nations. + +“It was my duty to keep buttons on his shirts,” recalled Katy Leary, +life-long housekeeper and friend in the Clemens menage, “and he'd +swear something terrible if I didn't. If he found a shirt in his drawer +without a button on, he'd take every single shirt out of that drawer and +throw them right out of the window, rain or shine--out of the +bathroom window they'd go. I used to look out every morning to see +the snowflakes--anything white. Out they'd fly.... Oh! he'd swear at +anything when he was on a rampage. He'd swear at his razor if it didn't +cut right, and Mrs. Clemens used to send me around to the bathroom door +sometimes to knock and ask him what was the matter. Well, I'd go and +knock; I'd say, 'Mrs. Clemens wants to know what's the matter.' And then +he'd say to me (kind of low) in a whisper like, 'Did she hear me Katy?' +'Yes,' I'd say, 'every word.' Oh, well, he was ashamed then, he was +afraid of getting scolded for swearing like that, because Mrs. Clemens +hated swearing.” But his swearing never seemed really bad to Katy Leary, +“It was sort of funny, and a part of him, somehow,” she said. “Sort of +amusing it was--and gay--not like real swearing, 'cause he swore like an +angel.” + +In his later years at Stormfield Mark loved to play his favorite +billiards. “It was sometimes a wonderful and fearsome thing to watch Mr. +Clemens play billiards,” relates Elizabeth Wallace. “He loved the game, +and he loved to win, but he occasionally made a very bad stroke, and +then the varied, picturesque, and unorthodox vocabulary, acquired in his +more youthful years, was the only thing that gave him comfort. Gently, +slowly, with no profane inflexions of voice, but irresistibly as though +they had the headwaters of the Mississippi for their source, came this +stream of unholy adjectives and choice expletives.” + +Mark's vocabulary ran the whole gamut of life itself. In Paris, in his +appearance in 1879 before the Stomach Club, a jolly lot of gay wags, +Mark's address, reports Paine, “obtained a wide celebrity among the +clubs of the world, though no line of it, not even its title, has ever +found its way into published literature.” It is rumored to have been +called “Some Remarks on the Science of Onanism.” + +In Berlin, Mark asked Henry W. Fisher to accompany him on an exploration +of the Berlin Royal Library, where the librarian, having learned +that Clemens had been the Kaiser's guest at dinner, opened the secret +treasure chests for the famous visitor. One of these guarded treasures +was a volume of grossly indecent verses by Voltaire, addressed to +Frederick the Great. “Too much is enough,” Mark is reported to have +said, when Fisher translated some of the verses, “I would blush to +remember any of these stanzas except to tell Krafft-Ebing about them +when I get to Vienna.” When Fisher had finished copying a verse for him +Mark put it into his pocket, saying, “Livy [Mark's wife, Olivia] is so +busy mispronouncing German these days she can't even attempt to get at +this.” + +In his letters, too, Howells observed, “He had the Southwestern, the +Lincolnian, the Elizabethan breadth of parlance, which I suppose one +ought not to call coarse without calling one's self prudish; and I was +often hiding away in discreet holes and corners the letters in which he +had loosed his bold fancy to stoop on rank suggestion; I could not bear +to burn them, and I could not, after the first reading, quite bear to +look at them. I shall best give my feeling on this point by saying that +in it he was Shakespearean.” + + “With a nigger squat on her safety-valve” + John Hay, Pike County Ballads. + +“Is there any other explanation,” asks Van Wyck Brooks, “'of his +Elizabethan breadth of parlance?' Mr. Howells confesses that he +sometimes blushed over Mark Twain's letters, that there were some which, +to the very day when he wrote his eulogy on his dead friend, he could +not bear to reread. Perhaps if he had not so insisted, in former years, +while going over Mark Twain's proofs, upon 'having that swearing out +in an instant,' he would never had had cause to suffer from his having +'loosed his bold fancy to stoop on rank suggestion.' Mark Twain's verbal +Rabelaisianism was obviously the expression of that vital sap which, +not having been permitted to inform his work, had been driven inward +and left there to ferment. No wonder he was always indulging in orgies +of forbidden words. Consider the famous book, 1601, that fireside +conversation in the time of Queen Elizabeth: is there any obsolete +verbal indecency in the English language that Mark Twain has not +painstakingly resurrected and assembled there? He, whose blood was in +constant ferment and who could not contain within the narrow bonds that +had been set for him the riotous exuberance of his nature, had to have +an escape-valve, and he poured through it a fetid stream of meaningless +obscenity--the waste of a priceless psychic material!” Thus, Brooks +lumps 1601 with Mark Twain's “bawdry,” and interprets it simply as +another indication of frustration. + + +FIGS FOR FIG LEAVES! + +Of course, the writing of such a piece as 1601 raised the question of +freedom of expression for the creative artist. + +Although little discussed at that time, it was a question which +intensely interested Mark, and for a fuller appreciation of Mark's +position one must keep in mind the year in which 1601 was written, 1876. +There had been nothing like it before in American literature; there had +appeared no Caldwells, no Faulkners, no Hemingways. Victorian England +was gushing Tennyson. In the United States polite letters was a cult +of the Brahmins of Boston, with William Dean Howells at the helm of +the Atlantic. Louisa May Alcott published Little Women in 1868-69, and +Little Men in 1871. In 1873 Mark Twain led the van of the debunkers, +scraping the gilt off the lily in the Gilded Age. + +In 1880 Mark took a few pot shots at license in Art and Literature in +his Tramp Abroad, “I wonder why some things are? For instance, Art is +allowed as much indecent license to-day as in earlier times--but the +privileges of Literature in this respect have been sharply curtailed +within the past eighty or ninety years. Fielding and Smollet could +portray the beastliness of their day in the beastliest language; we have +plenty of foul subjects to deal with in our day, but we are not allowed +to approach them very near, even with nice and guarded forms of speech. +But not so with Art. The brush may still deal freely with any subject; +however revolting or indelicate. It makes a body ooze sarcasm at every +pore, to go about Rome and Florence and see what this last generation +has been doing with the statues. These works, which had stood in +innocent nakedness for ages, are all fig-leaved now. Yes, every one of +them. Nobody noticed their nakedness before, perhaps; nobody can help +noticing it now, the fig-leaf makes it so conspicuous. But the comical +thing about it all, is, that the fig-leaf is confined to cold and pallid +marble, which would be still cold and unsuggestive without this sham and +ostentatious symbol of modesty, whereas warm-blooded paintings which do +really need it have in no case been furnished with it. + +“At the door of the Ufizzi, in Florence, one is confronted by statues +of a man and a woman, noseless, battered, black with accumulated +grime--they hardly suggest human beings--yet these ridiculous creatures +have been thoughtfully and conscientiously fig-leaved by this fastidious +generation. You enter, and proceed to that most-visited little gallery +that exists in the world.... and there, against the wall, without +obstructing rag or leaf, you may look your fill upon the foulest, the +vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses--Titian's Venus. +It isn't that she is naked and stretched out on a bed--no, it is the +attitude of one of her arms and hand. If I ventured to describe the +attitude, there would be a fine howl--but there the Venus lies, for +anybody to gloat over that wants to--and there she has a right to lie, +for she is a work of art, and Art has its privileges. I saw young +girls stealing furtive glances at her; I saw young men gaze long and +absorbedly at her; I saw aged, infirm men hang upon her charms with a +pathetic interest. How I should like to describe her--just to see what +a holy indignation I could stir up in the world--just to hear the +unreflecting average man deliver himself about my grossness and +coarseness, and all that. + +“In every gallery in Europe there are hideous pictures of blood, +carnage, oozing brains, putrefaction--pictures portraying intolerable +suffering--pictures alive with every conceivable horror, wrought out in +dreadful detail--and similar pictures are being put on the canvas every +day and publicly exhibited--without a growl from anybody--for they +are innocent, they are inoffensive, being works of art. But suppose +a literary artist ventured to go into a painstaking and elaborate +description of one of these grisly things--the critics would skin him +alive. Well, let it go, it cannot be helped; Art retains her privileges, +Literature has lost hers. Somebody else may cipher out the whys and the +wherefores and the consistencies of it--I haven't got time.” + + +PROFESSOR SCENTS PORNOGRAPHY + +Unfortunately, 1601 has recently been tagged by Professor Edward +Wagenknecht as “the most famous piece of pornography in American +literature.” Like many another uninformed, Prof. W. is like the little +boy who is shocked to see “naughty” words chalked on the back fence, +and thinks they are pornography. The initiated, after years of wading +through the mire, will recognize instantly the significant difference +between filthy filth and funny “filth.” Dirt for dirt's sake is +something else again. Pornography, an eminent American jurist has +pointed out, is distinguished by the “leer of the sensualist.” + +“The words which are criticised as dirty,” observed justice John M. +Woolsey in the United States District Court of New York, lifting the ban +on Ulysses by James Joyce, “are old Saxon words known to almost all men +and, I venture, to many women, and are such words as would be naturally +and habitually used, I believe, by the types of folk whose life, +physical and mental, Joyce is seeking to describe.” Neither was there +“pornographic intent,” according to justice Woolsey, nor was Ulysses +obscene within the legal definition of that word. + +“The meaning of the word 'obscene,'” the Justice indicated, “as legally +defined by the courts is: tending to stir the sex impulses or to lead to +sexually impure and lustful thoughts. + +“Whether a particular book would tend to excite such impulses and +thoughts must be tested by the court's opinion as to its effect on a +person with average sex instincts--what the French would call 'l'homme +moyen sensuel'--who plays, in this branch of legal inquiry, the same +role of hypothetical reagent as does the 'reasonable man' in the law +of torts and 'the learned man in the art' on questions of invention in +patent law.” + +Obviously, it is ridiculous to say that the “leer of the sensualist” + lurks in the pages of Mark Twain's 1601. + + +DROLL STORY + +“In a way,” observed William Marion Reedy, “1601 is to Twain's whole +works what the 'Droll Stories' are to Balzac's. It is better than the +privately circulated ribaldry and vulgarity of Eugene Field; is, indeed, +an essay in a sort of primordial humor such as we find in Rabelais, +or in the plays of some of the lesser stars that drew their light from +Shakespeare's urn. It is humor or fun such as one expects, let us say, +from the peasants of Thomas Hardy, outside of Hardy's books. And, +though it be filthy, it yet hath a splendor of mere animalism of good +spirits... I would say it is scatalogical rather than erotic, save for +one touch toward the end. Indeed, it seems more of Rabelais than of +Boccaccio or Masuccio or Aretino--is brutally British rather than +lasciviously latinate, as to the subjects, but sumptuous as regards the +language.” + +Immediately upon first reading, John Hay, later Secretary of State, +had proclaimed 1601 a masterpiece. Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain's +biographer, likewise acknowledged its greatness, when he said, “1601 is +a genuine classic, as classics of that sort go. It is better than the +gross obscenities of Rabelais, and perhaps in some day to come, the +taste that justified Gargantua and the Decameron will give this literary +refugee shelter and setting among the more conventional writing of Mark +Twain. Human taste is a curious thing; delicacy is purely a matter of +environment and point of view.” + +“It depends on who writes a thing whether it is coarse or not,” wrote +Clemens in his notebook in 1879. “I built a conversation which could +have happened--I used words such as were used at that time--1601. I +sent it anonymously to a magazine, and how the editor abused it and the +sender!” + +“But that man was a praiser of Rabelais and had been saying, 'O that we +had a Rabelais!' I judged that I could furnish him one.” + +“Then I took it to one of the greatest, best and most learned of Divines +[Rev. Joseph H. Twichell] and read it to him. He came within an ace +of killing himself with laughter (for between you and me the thing was +dreadfully funny. I don't often write anything that I laugh at myself, +but I can hardly think of that thing without laughing). That old Divine +said it was a piece of the finest kind of literary art--and David Gray +of the Buffalo Courier said it ought to be printed privately and left +behind me when I died, and then my fame as a literary artist would +last.” + +FRANKLIN J. MEINE + + + + + +THE FIRST PRINTING Verbatim Reprint + + +[Date, 1601.] + +CONVERSATION, AS IT WAS BY THE SOCIAL FIRESIDE, IN THE TIME OF THE +TUDORS. + + [Mem.--The following is supposed to be an extract from the + diary of the Pepys of that day, the same being Queen + Elizabeth's cup-bearer. He is supposed to be of ancient and + noble lineage; that he despises these literary canaille; + that his soul consumes with wrath, to see the queen stooping + to talk with such; and that the old man feels that his + nobility is defiled by contact with Shakespeare, etc., and + yet he has got to stay there till her Majesty chooses to + dismiss him.] + + + +YESTERNIGHT toke her maiste ye queene a fantasie such as she sometimes +hath, and had to her closet certain that doe write playes, bokes, and +such like, these being my lord Bacon, his worship Sir Walter Ralegh, +Mr. Ben Jonson, and ye child Francis Beaumonte, which being but sixteen, +hath yet turned his hand to ye doing of ye Lattin masters into our +Englishe tong, with grete discretion and much applaus. Also came with +these ye famous Shaxpur. A righte straunge mixing truly of mighty blode +with mean, ye more in especial since ye queenes grace was present, as +likewise these following, to wit: Ye Duchess of Bilgewater, twenty-six +yeres of age; ye Countesse of Granby, thirty; her doter, ye Lady +Helen, fifteen; as also these two maides of honor, to-wit, ye Lady +Margery Boothy, sixty-five, and ye Lady Alice Dilberry, turned seventy, +she being two yeres ye queenes graces elder. + +I being her maites cup-bearer, had no choice but to remaine and beholde +rank forgot, and ye high holde converse wh ye low as uppon equal termes, +a grete scandal did ye world heare thereof. + +In ye heat of ye talk it befel yt one did breake wind, yielding an +exceding mightie and distresfull stink, whereat all did laugh full sore, +and then-- + +Ye Queene.--Verily in mine eight and sixty yeres have I not heard the +fellow to this fart. Meseemeth, by ye grete sound and clamour of it, +it was male; yet ye belly it did lurk behinde shoulde now fall lean and +flat against ye spine of him yt hath bene delivered of so stately and +so waste a bulk, where as ye guts of them yt doe quiff-splitters +bear, stand comely still and rounde. Prithee let ye author confess ye +offspring. Will my Lady Alice testify? + +Lady Alice.--Good your grace, an' I had room for such a thunderbust +within mine ancient bowels, 'tis not in reason I coulde discharge ye +same and live to thank God for yt He did choose handmaid so humble +whereby to shew his power. Nay, 'tis not I yt have broughte forth +this rich o'ermastering fog, this fragrant gloom, so pray you seeke ye +further. + +Ye Queene.--Mayhap ye Lady Margery hath done ye companie this favor? + +Lady Margery.--So please you madam, my limbs are feeble wh ye weighte +and drouth of five and sixty winters, and it behoveth yt I be tender +unto them. In ye good providence of God, an' I had contained this +wonder, forsoothe wolde I have gi'en 'ye whole evening of my sinking +life to ye dribbling of it forth, with trembling and uneasy soul, not +launched it sudden in its matchless might, taking mine own life with +violence, rending my weak frame like rotten rags. It was not I, your +maisty. + +Ye Queene.--O' God's name, who hath favored us? Hath it come to pass yt +a fart shall fart itself? Not such a one as this, I trow. Young Master +Beaumont--but no; 'twould have wafted him to heaven like down of goose's +boddy. 'Twas not ye little Lady Helen--nay, ne'er blush, my child; +thoul't tickle thy tender maidenhedde with many a mousie-squeak before +thou learnest to blow a harricane like this. Wasn't you, my learned and +ingenious Jonson? + +Jonson.--So fell a blast hath ne'er mine ears saluted, nor yet a stench +so all-pervading and immortal. 'Twas not a novice did it, good +your maisty, but one of veteran experience--else hadde he failed of +confidence. In sooth it was not I. + +Ye Queene.--My lord Bacon? + +Lord Bacon.-Not from my leane entrailes hath this prodigy burst +forth, so please your grace. Naught doth so befit ye grete as grete +performance; and haply shall ye finde yt 'tis not from mediocrity this +miracle hath issued. + +[Tho' ye subjct be but a fart, yet will this tedious sink of learning +pondrously phillosophize. Meantime did the foul and deadly stink pervade +all places to that degree, yt never smelt I ye like, yet dare I not to +leave ye presence, albeit I was like to suffocate.] + +Ye Queene.--What saith ye worshipful Master Shaxpur? + +Shaxpur.--In the great hand of God I stand and so proclaim mine +innocence. Though ye sinless hosts of heaven had foretold ye coming of +this most desolating breath, proclaiming it a work of uninspired +man, its quaking thunders, its firmament-clogging rottenness his own +achievement in due course of nature, yet had not I believed it; but +had said the pit itself hath furnished forth the stink, and heaven's +artillery hath shook the globe in admiration of it. + +[Then was there a silence, and each did turn him toward the worshipful +Sr Walter Ralegh, that browned, embattled, bloody swashbuckler, who +rising up did smile, and simpering say,] + +Sr W.--Most gracious maisty, 'twas I that did it, but indeed it was so +poor and frail a note, compared with such as I am wont to furnish, yt in +sooth I was ashamed to call the weakling mine in so august a presence. +It was nothing--less than nothing, madam--I did it but to clear my +nether throat; but had I come prepared, then had I delivered something +worthy. Bear with me, please your grace, till I can make amends. + +[Then delivered he himself of such a godless and rock-shivering blast +that all were fain to stop their ears, and following it did come so +dense and foul a stink that that which went before did seem a poor and +trifling thing beside it. Then saith he, feigning that he blushed and +was confused, I perceive that I am weak to-day, and cannot justice do +unto my powers; and sat him down as who should say, There, it is not +much yet he that hath an arse to spare, let him fellow that, an' he +think he can. By God, an' I were ye queene, I would e'en tip this +swaggering braggart out o' the court, and let him air his grandeurs +and break his intolerable wind before ye deaf and such as suffocation +pleaseth.] + +Then fell they to talk about ye manners and customs of many peoples, and +Master Shaxpur spake of ye boke of ye sieur Michael de Montaine, +wherein was mention of ye custom of widows of Perigord to wear uppon +ye headdress, in sign of widowhood, a jewel in ye similitude of a man's +member wilted and limber, whereat ye queene did laugh and say widows +in England doe wear prickes too, but betwixt the thighs, and not wilted +neither, till coition hath done that office for them. Master Shaxpur +did likewise observe how yt ye sieur de Montaine hath also spoken of a +certain emperor of such mighty prowess that he did take ten maidenheddes +in ye compass of a single night, ye while his empress did entertain two +and twenty lusty knights between her sheetes, yet was not satisfied; +whereat ye merrie Countess Granby saith a ram is yet ye emperor's +superior, sith he wil tup above a hundred yewes 'twixt sun and sun; and +after, if he can have none more to shag, will masturbate until he hath +enrich'd whole acres with his seed. + +Then spake ye damned windmill, Sr Walter, of a people in ye uttermost +parts of America, yt capulate not until they be five and thirty yeres of +age, ye women being eight and twenty, and do it then but once in seven +yeres. + +Ye Queene.--How doth that like my little Lady Helen? Shall we send thee +thither and preserve thy belly? + +Lady Helen.--Please your highnesses grace, mine old nurse hath told me +there are more ways of serving God than by locking the thighs together; +yet am I willing to serve him yt way too, sith your highnesses grace +hath set ye ensample. + +Ye Queene.--God' wowndes a good answer, childe. + +Lady Alice.--Mayhap 'twill weaken when ye hair sprouts below ye navel. + +Lady Helen.--Nay, it sprouted two yeres syne; I can scarce more than +cover it with my hand now. + +Ye Queene.--Hear Ye that, my little Beaumonte? Have ye not a little +birde about ye that stirs at hearing tell of so sweete a neste? + +Beaumonte.--'Tis not insensible, illustrious madam; but mousing owls and +bats of low degree may not aspire to bliss so whelming and ecstatic as +is found in ye downy nests of birdes of Paradise. + +Ye Queene.--By ye gullet of God, 'tis a neat-turned compliment. With +such a tongue as thine, lad, thou'lt spread the ivory thighs of many +a willing maide in thy good time, an' thy cod-piece be as handy as thy +speeche. + +Then spake ye queene of how she met old Rabelais when she was turned of +fifteen, and he did tell her of a man his father knew that had a double +pair of bollocks, whereon a controversy followed as concerning the +most just way to spell the word, ye contention running high betwixt +ye learned Bacon and ye ingenious Jonson, until at last ye old Lady +Margery, wearying of it all, saith, 'Gentles, what mattereth it how ye +shall spell the word? I warrant Ye when ye use your bollocks ye shall +not think of it; and my Lady Granby, be ye content; let the spelling +be, ye shall enjoy the beating of them on your buttocks just the same, I +trow. Before I had gained my fourteenth year I had learnt that them that +would explore a cunt stop'd not to consider the spelling o't.' + +Sr W.--In sooth, when a shift's turned up, delay is meet for naught but +dalliance. Boccaccio hath a story of a priest that did beguile a maid +into his cell, then knelt him in a corner to pray for grace to be +rightly thankful for this tender maidenhead ye Lord had sent him; but ye +abbot, spying through ye key-hole, did see a tuft of brownish hair with +fair white flesh about it, wherefore when ye priest's prayer was done, +his chance was gone, forasmuch as ye little maid had but ye one cunt, +and that was already occupied to her content. + +Then conversed they of religion, and ye mightie work ye old dead Luther +did doe by ye grace of God. Then next about poetry, and Master Shaxpur +did rede a part of his King Henry IV., ye which, it seemeth unto me, is +not of ye value of an arsefull of ashes, yet they praised it bravely, +one and all. + +Ye same did rede a portion of his “Venus and Adonis,” to their +prodigious admiration, whereas I, being sleepy and fatigued withal, did +deme it but paltry stuff, and was the more discomforted in that ye blody +bucanier had got his wind again, and did turn his mind to farting with +such villain zeal that presently I was like to choke once more. God damn +this windy ruffian and all his breed. I wolde that hell mighte get him. + +They talked about ye wonderful defense which old Sr. Nicholas +Throgmorton did make for himself before ye judges in ye time of Mary; +which was unlucky matter to broach, sith it fetched out ye quene with a +'Pity yt he, having so much wit, had yet not enough to save his doter's +maidenhedde sound for her marriage-bed.' And ye quene did give ye damn'd +Sr. Walter a look yt made hym wince--for she hath not forgot he was her +own lover it yt olde day. There was silent uncomfortableness now; 'twas +not a good turn for talk to take, sith if ye queene must find offense +in a little harmless debauching, when pricks were stiff and cunts +not loathe to take ye stiffness out of them, who of this company was +sinless; behold, was not ye wife of Master Shaxpur four months gone +with child when she stood uppe before ye altar? Was not her Grace of +Bilgewater roger'd by four lords before she had a husband? Was not ye +little Lady Helen born on her mother's wedding-day? And, beholde, were +not ye Lady Alice and ye Lady Margery there, mouthing religion, whores +from ye cradle? + +In time came they to discourse of Cervantes, and of the new painter, +Rubens, that is beginning to be heard of. Fine words and dainty-wrought +phrases from the ladies now, one or two of them being, in other days, +pupils of that poor ass, Lille, himself; and I marked how that Jonson +and Shaxpur did fidget to discharge some venom of sarcasm, yet dared +they not in the presence, the queene's grace being ye very flower of ye +Euphuists herself. But behold, these be they yt, having a specialty, and +admiring it in themselves, be jealous when a neighbor doth essaye it, +nor can abide it in them long. Wherefore 'twas observable yt ye quene +waxed uncontent; and in time labor'd grandiose speeche out of ye mouth +of Lady Alice, who manifestly did mightily pride herself thereon, did +quite exhauste ye quene's endurance, who listened till ye gaudy speeche +was done, then lifted up her brows, and with vaste irony, mincing saith +'O shit!' Whereat they alle did laffe, but not ye Lady Alice, yt olde +foolish bitche. + +Now was Sr. Walter minded of a tale he once did hear ye ingenious +Margrette of Navarre relate, about a maid, which being like to suffer +rape by an olde archbishoppe, did smartly contrive a device to save her +maidenhedde, and said to him, First, my lord, I prithee, take out thy +holy tool and piss before me; which doing, lo his member felle, and +would not rise again. + + + + +FOOTNOTES To Frivolity + +The historical consistency of 1601 indicates that Twain must have given +the subject considerable thought. The author was careful to speak only +of men who conceivably might have been in the Virgin Queen's closet and +engaged in discourse with her. + + +THE CHARACTERS + +At this time (1601) Queen Elizabeth was 68 years old. She speaks of +having talked to “old Rabelais” in her youth. This might have been +possible as Rabelais died in 1552, when the Queen was 19 years old. + +Among those in the party were Shakespeare, at that time 37 years old; +Ben Jonson, 27; and Sir Walter Raleigh, 49. Beaumont at the time was 17, +not 16. He was admitted as a member of the Inner Temple in 1600, and +his first translations, those from Ovid, were first published in 1602. +Therefore, if one were holding strictly to the year date, neither by age +nor by fame would Beaumont have been eligible to attend such a gathering +of august personages in the year 1601; but the point is unimportant. + + +THE ELIZABETHAN WRITERS + +In the Conversation Shakespeare speaks of Montaigne's Essays. These were +first published in 1580 and successive editions were issued in the +years following, the third volume being published in 1588. “In England +Montaigne was early popular. It was long supposed that the autograph of +Shakespeare in a copy of Florio's translation showed his study of +the Essays. The autograph has been disputed, but divers passages, and +especially one in The Tempest, show that at first or second hand the +poet was acquainted with the essayist.” (Encyclopedia Brittanica.) + +The company at the Queen's fireside discoursed of Lilly (or Lyly), +English dramatist and novelist of the Elizabethan era, whose novel, +Euphues, published in two parts, 'Euphues', or the 'Anatomy of Wit' +(1579) and 'Euphues and His England' (1580) was a literary sensation. It +is said to have influenced literary style for more than a quarter of a +century, and traces of its influence are found in Shakespeare. (Columbia +Encyclopedia). + +The introduction of Ben Jonson into the party was wholly appropriate, +if one may call to witness some of Jonson's writings. The subject under +discussion was one that Jonson was acquainted with, in The Alchemist: + + +Act. I, Scene I, + +FACE: Believe't I will. + +SUBTLE: Thy worst. I fart at thee. + +DOL COMMON: Have you your wits? Why, gentlemen, for love---- + + +Act. 2, Scene I, + +SIR EPICURE MAMMON:....and then my poets, the same that writ so subtly +of the fart, whom I shall entertain still for that subject and again in +Bartholomew Fair + +NIGHTENGALE: (sings a ballad) + + Hear for your love, and buy for your money. + A delicate ballad o' the ferret and the coney. + A preservative again' the punk's evil. + Another goose-green starch, and the devil. + A dozen of divine points, and the godly garter + The fairing of good counsel, of an ell and three-quarters. + What is't you buy? + The windmill blown down by the witche's fart, + Or Saint George, that, O! did break the dragon's heart. + + +GOOD OLD ENGLISH CUSTOM + +That certain types of English society have not changed materially in +their freedom toward breaking wind in public can be noticed in some +comparatively recent literature. Frank Harris in My Life, Vol. 2, Ch. +XIII, tells of Lady Marriott, wife of a judge Advocate General, being +compelled to leave her own table, at which she was entertaining Sir +Robert Fowler, then the Lord Mayor of London, because of the suffocating +and nauseating odors there. He also tells of an instance in parliament, +and of a rather brilliant bon mot spoken upon that occasion. + +“While Fowler was speaking Finch-Hatton had shewn signs of restlessness; +towards the end of the speech he had moved some three yards away from +the Baronet. As soon as Fowler sat down Finch-Hatton sprang up holding +his handkerchief to his nose: + +“'Mr. Speaker,' he began, and was at once acknowledged by the Speaker, +for it was a maiden speech, and as such was entitled to precedence by +the courteous custom of the House, 'I know why the Right Honourable +Member from the City did not conclude his speech with a proposal. +The only way to conclude such a speech appropriately would be with a +motion!'” + + +AEOLIAN CREPITATIONS + +But society had apparently degenerated sadly in modern times, and even +in the era of Elizabeth, for at an earlier date it was a serious--nay, +capital--offense to break wind in the presence of majesty. The Emperor +Claudius, hearing that one who had suppressed the urge while paying +him court had suffered greatly thereby, “intended to issue an edict, +allowing to all people the liberty of giving vent at table to any +distension occasioned by flatulence:” + +Martial, too (Book XII, Epigram LXXVII), tells of the embarrassment of +one who broke wind while praying in the Capitol, + +“One day, while standing upright, addressing his prayers to Jupiter, +Aethon farted in the Capitol. Men laughed, but the Father of the Gods, +offended, condemned the guilty one to dine at home for three nights. +Since that time, miserable Aethon, when he wishes to enter the Capitol, +goes first to Paterclius' privies and farts ten or twenty times. Yet, +in spite of this precautionary crepitation, he salutes Jove with +constricted buttocks.” Martial also (Book IV, Epigram LXXX), ridicules a +woman who was subject to the habit, saying, + +“Your Bassa, Fabullus, has always a child at her side, calling it her +darling and her plaything; and yet--more wonder--she does not care for +children. What is the reason then. Bassa is apt to fart. (For which she +could blame the unsuspecting infant.)” + +The tale is told, too, of a certain woman who performed an aeolian +crepitation at a dinner attended by the witty Monsignieur Dupanloup, +Bishop of Orleans, and that when, to cover up her lapse, she began to +scrape her feet upon the floor, and to make similar noises, the Bishop +said, “Do not trouble to find a rhyme, Madam!” + +Nay, worthier names than those of any yet mentioned have discussed the +matter. Herodotus tells of one such which was the precursor to the fall +of an empire and a change of dynasty--that which Amasis discharges while +on horseback, and bids the envoy of Apries, King of Egypt, catch and +deliver to his royal master. Even the exact manner and posture of +Amasis, author of this insult, is described. + +St. Augustine (The City of God, XIV:24) cites the instance of a man +who could command his rear trumpet to sound at will, which his learned +commentator fortifies with the example of one who could do so in tune! + +Benjamin Franklin, in his “Letter to the Royal Academy of Brussels” has +canvassed suggested remedies for alleviating the stench attendant upon +these discharges: + +“My Prize Question therefore should be: To discover some Drug, wholesome +and--not disagreeable, to be mixed with our common food, or sauces, that +shall render the natural discharges of Wind from our Bodies not only +inoffensive, but agreeable as Perfumes. + +“That this is not a Chimerical Project & altogether impossible, may +appear from these considerations. That we already have some knowledge +of means capable of varying that smell. He that dines on stale Flesh, +especially with much Addition of Onions, shall be able to afford a stink +that no Company can tolerate; while he that has lived for some time on +Vegetables only, shall have that Breath so pure as to be insensible of +the most delicate Noses; and if he can manage so as to avoid the Report, +he may anywhere give vent to his Griefs, unnoticed. But as there are +many to whom an entire Vegetable Diet would be inconvenient, & as a +little quick Lime thrown into a Jakes will correct the amazing Quantity +of fetid Air arising from the vast Mass of putrid Matter contained in +such Places, and render it pleasing to the Smell, who knows but that a +little Powder of Lime (or some other equivalent) taken in our Food, or +perhaps a Glass of Lime Water drank at Dinner, may have the same Effect +on the Air produced in and issuing from our Bowels?” + +One curious commentary on the text is that Elizabeth should be so fond +of investigating into the authorship of the exhalation in question, when +she was inordinately fond of strong and sweet perfumes; in fact, she was +responsible for the tremendous increase in importations of scents into +England during her reign. + + +“YE BOKE OF YE SIEUR MICHAEL DE MONTAINE” + +There is a curious admixture of error and misunderstanding in this part +of the sketch. In the first place, the story is borrowed from Montaigne, +where it is told inaccurately, and then further corrupted in the +telling. + +It was not the good widows of Perigord who wore the phallus upon their +coifs; it was the young married women, of the district near Montaigne's +home, who paraded it to view upon their foreheads, as a symbol, says our +essayist, “of the joy they derived therefrom.” If they became widows, +they reversed its position, and covered it up with the rest of their +head-dress. + +The “emperor” mentioned was not an emperor; he was Procolus, a native of +Albengue, on the Genoese coast, who, with Bonosus, led the unsuccessful +rebellion in Gaul against Emperor Probus. Even so keen a commentator as +Cotton has failed to note the error. + +The empress (Montaigne does not say “his empress”) was Messalina, +third wife of the Emperor Claudius, who was uncle of Caligula and +foster-father to Nero. Furthermore, in her case the charge is that she +copulated with twenty-five in a single night, and not twenty-two, as +appears in the text. Montaigne is right in his statistics, if original +sources are correct, whereas the author erred in transcribing the +incident. + +As for Proculus, it has been noted that he was associated with Bonosus, +who was as renowned in the field of Bacchus as was Proculus in that +of Venus (Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire). The feat of +Proculus is told in his own words, in Vopiscus, (Hist. Augustine, p. +246) where he recounts having captured one hundred Sarmatian virgins, +and unmaidened ten of them in one night, together with the happenings +subsequent thereto. + +Concerning Messalina, there appears to be no question but that she was a +nymphomaniac, and that, while Empress of Rome, she participated in some +fearful debaucheries. The question is what to believe, for much that we +have heard about her is almost certainly apocryphal. + +The author from whom Montaigne took his facts is the elder Pliny, who, +in his Natural History, Book X, Chapter 83, says, “Other animals become +sated with veneral pleasures; man hardly knows any satiety. Messalina, +the wife of Claudius Caesar, thinking this a palm quite worthy of an +empress, selected for the purpose of deciding the question, one of the +most notorious women who followed the profession of a hired prostitute; +and the empress outdid her, after continuous intercourse, night and day, +at the twenty-fifth embrace.” + +But Pliny, notwithstanding his great attainments, was often a retailer +of stale gossip, and in like case was Aurelius Victor, another writer +who heaped much odium on her name. Again, there is a great hiatus in the +Annals of Tacitus, a true historian, at the period covering the earlier +days of the Empress; while Suetonius, bitter as he may be, is little +more than an anecdotist. Juvenal, another of her detractors, is a +prejudiced witness, for he started out to satirize female vice, and +naturally aimed at high places. Dio also tells of Messalina's misdeeds, +but his work is under the same limitations as that of Suetonius. +Furthermore, none but Pliny mentions the excess under consideration. + +However, “where there is much smoke there must be a little fire,” and +based upon the superimposed testimony of the writers of the period, +there appears little doubt but that Messalina was a nymphomaniac, that +she prostituted herself in the public stews, naked, and with gilded +nipples, and that she did actually marry her chief adulterer, Silius, +while Claudius was absent at Ostia, and that the wedding was consummated +in the presence of a concourse of witnesses. This was “the straw that +broke the camel's back.” Claudius hastened back to Rome, Silius was +dispatched, and Messalina, lacking the will-power to destroy herself, +was killed when an officer ran a sword through her abdomen, just as it +appeared that Claudius was about to relent. + + +“THEN SPAKE YE DAMNED WINDMILL, SIR WALTER” + +Raleigh is thoroughly in character here; this observation is quite +in keeping with the general veracity of his account of his travels in +Guiana, one of the most mendacious accounts of adventure ever told. +Naturally, the scholarly researches of Westermarck have failed to +discover this people; perhaps Lady Helen might best be protected among +the Jibaros of Ecuador, where the men marry when approaching forty. + +Ben Jonson in his Conversations observed “That Sr. W. Raughlye esteemed +more of fame than of conscience.” + + +YE VIRGIN QUEENE + +Grave historians have debated for centuries the pretensions of Elizabeth +to the title, “The Virgin Queen,” and it is utterly impossible to +dispose of the issue in a note. However, the weight of opinion appears +to be in the negative. Many and great were the difficulties attending +the marriage of a Protestant princess in those troublous times, and +Elizabeth finally announced that she would become wedded to the English +nation, and she wore a ring in token thereof until her death. However, +more or less open liaisons with Essex and Leicester, as well as a host +of lesser courtiers, her ardent temperament, and her imperious temper, +are indications that cannot be denied in determining any estimate upon +the point in question. + +Ben Jonson in his Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden +says, + +“Queen Elizabeth never saw herself after she became old in a true glass; +they painted her, and sometymes would vermillion her nose. She had +allwayes about Christmass evens set dice that threw sixes or five, +and she knew not they were other, to make her win and esteame herself +fortunate. That she had a membrana on her, which made her uncapable +of man, though for her delight she tried many. At the coming over of +Monsieur, there was a French Chirurgion who took in hand to cut it, yett +fear stayed her, and his death.” + +It was a subject which again intrigued Clemens when he was abroad with +W. H. Fisher, whom Mark employed to “nose up” everything pertaining to +Queen Elizabeth's manly character. + + +“'BOCCACCIO HATH A STORY” + +The author does not pay any great compliment to Raleigh's memory here. +There is no such tale in all Boccaccio. The nearest related incident +forms the subject matter of Dineo's novel (the fourth) of the First day +of the Decameron. + + +OLD SR. NICHOLAS THROGMORTON + +The incident referred to appears to be Sir Nicholas Throgmorton's trial +for complicity in the attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England, +a charge of which he was acquitted. This so angered Queen Mary that +she imprisoned him in the Tower, and fined the jurors from one to two +thousand pounds each. Her action terrified succeeding juries, so that +Sir Nicholas's brother was condemned on no stronger evidence than that +which had failed to prevail before. While Sir Nicholas's defense may +have been brilliant, it must be admitted that the evidence was weak. +He was later released from the Tower, and under Elizabeth was one of a +group of commissioners sent by that princess into Scotland, to foment +trouble with Mary, Queen of Scots. When the attempt became known, +Elizabeth repudiated the acts of her agents, but Sir Nicholas, having +anticipated this possibility, had sufficient foresight to secure +endorsement of his plan by the Council, and so outwitted Elizabeth, who +was playing a two-faced role, and Cecil, one of the greatest statesmen +who ever held the post of principal minister. Perhaps it was this +incident to which the company referred, which might in part explain +Elizabeth's rejoinder. However, he had been restored to confidence ere +this, and had served as ambassador to France. + + +“TO SAVE HIS DOTER'S MAIDENHEDDE” + +Elizabeth Throckmorton (or Throgmorton), daughter of Sir Nicholas, was +one of Elizabeth's maids of honor. When it was learned that she had been +debauched by Raleigh, Sir Walter was recalled from his command at sea by +the Queen, and compelled to marry the girl. This was not “in that olde +daie,” as the text has it, for it happened only eight years before the +date of this purported “conversation,” when Elizabeth was sixty years +old. + + + + +PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY + +The various printings of 1601 reveal how Mark Twain's 'Fireside +Conversation' has become a part of the American printer's lore. But more +important, its many printings indicate that it has become a popular bit +of American folklore, particularly for men and women who have a feeling +for Mark Twain. Apparently it appeals to the typographer, who devotes to +it his worthy art, as well as to the job printer, who may pull a crudely +printed proof. The gay procession of curious printings of 1601 is unique +in the history of American printing. + +Indeed, the story of the various printings of 1601 is almost legendary. +In the days of the “jour.” printer, so I am told, well-thumbed copies +were carried from print shop to print shop. For more than a quarter +century now it has been one of the chief sources of enjoyment for +printers' devils; and many a young rascal has learned about life from +this Fireside Conversation. It has been printed all over the country, +and if report is to be believed, in foreign countries as well. Because +of the many surreptitious and anonymous printings it is exceedingly +difficult, if not impossible, to compile a complete bibliography. Many +printings lack the name of the publisher, the printer, the place or date +of printing. In many instances some of the data, through the patient +questioning of fellow collectors, has been obtained and supplied. + + +1. [Date, 1601.] Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the +Time of the Tudors. + +DESCRIPTION: Pamphlet, pp. [ 1 ]-8, without wrappers or cover, measuring +7x8 inches. The title is Set in caps. and small caps. + +The excessively rare first printing, printed in Cleveland, 1880, at the +instance of Alexander Gunn, friend of John Hay. Only four copies are +believed to have been printed, of which, it is said now, the only known +copy is located in the Willard S. Morse collection. + + +2. Date 1601. Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the +time of the Tudors. + +(Mem.--The following is supposed to be an extract from the diary of the +Pepys of that day, the same being cup-bearer to Queen Elizabeth. It is +supposed that he is of ancient and noble lineage; that he despises these +literary canaille; that his soul consumes with wrath to see the Queen +stooping to talk with such; and that the old man feels his nobility +defiled by contact with Shakespeare, etc., and yet he has got to stay +there till Her Majesty chooses to dismiss him.) + +DESCRIPTION: Title as above, verso blank; pp. [i]-xi, text; verso p. xi +blank. About 8 x 10 inches, printed on handmade linen paper soaked in +weak coffee, wrappers. The title is set in caps and small caps. + +COLOPHON: at the foot of p. xi: Done Att Ye Academie Preffe; M DCCC LXXX +II. + +The privately printed West Point edition, the first printing of the text +authorized by Mark Twain, of which but fifty copies were printed. The +story of this printing is fully told in the Introduction. + + +3. Conversation As It Was By The Social Fire-side In The Time Of The +Tudors from Ye Diary of Ye Cupbearer to her Maisty Queen Elizabeth. +[design] Imprinted by Ye Puritan Press At Ye Sign of Ye Jolly Virgin +1601. + +DESCRIPTION: 2 blank leaves; p. [i] blank, p. [ii] fronds., p. [iii] +title [as above], p. [iv] “Mem.”, pp. 1-[25] text, I blank leaf. 4 3/4 +by 6 1/4 inches, printed in a modern version of the Caxton black letter +type, on M.B.M. French handmade paper. The frontispiece, a woodcut by A. +E. Curtis, is a portrait of the cup-bearer. Bound in buff-grey +boards, buckram back. Cover title reads, in pale red ink, Caxton type, +Conversation As It Was By The Social Fire-side In The Time Of The +Tudors. [The Byway Press, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1901, 120 copies.] + +Probably the first published edition. + +Later, in 1916, a facsimile edition of this printing was published in +Chicago from plates. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of 1601, by Mark Twain + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1601 *** + +***** This file should be named 3190-0.txt or 3190-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/9/3190/ + +Produced by David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: 1601—Conversation as it was by the Social Fireside in the Time of the Tudors + +Author: Mark Twain + +Release Date: August 20, 2006 [EBook #3190] +Last Updated: February 24, 2018 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1601 *** + + + +Produced by David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + + <h1><span style="font-size: 60pt"><strong><i>1601</i> </strong></span></h1> + <h1> + Conversation as it was <br />by the Social Fireside <br />in the Time of the + Tudors + </h1> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Mark Twain + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Contents + </h2> + <table summary=""> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_INTR"> INTRODUCTION </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> THE FIRST PRINTING: Verbatim Reprint </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> FOOTNOTES To Frivolity </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY </a> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_INTR" id="link2H_INTR"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + INTRODUCTION + </h2> + <p> + “Born irreverent,” scrawled Mark Twain on a scratch pad, “—like all + other people I have ever known or heard of—I am hoping to remain so + while there are any reverent irreverences left to make fun of.” —[Holograph + manuscript of Samuel L. Clemens, in the collection of the F. J. Meine] + </p> + <p> + Mark Twain was just as irreverent as he dared be, and 1601 reveals his + richest expression of sovereign contempt for overstuffed language, genteel + literature, and conventional idiocies. Later, when a magazine editor + apostrophized, “O that we had a Rabelais!” Mark impishly and anonymously—submitted + 1601; and that same editor, a praiser of Rabelais, scathingly abused it + and the sender. In this episode, as in many others, Mark Twain, the “bad + boy” of American literature, revealed his huge delight in blasting the + shams of contemporary hypocrisy. Too, there was always the spirit of Tom + Sawyer deviltry in Mark's make-up that prompted him, as he himself + boasted, to see how much holy indignation he could stir up in the world. + </p> + <p> + WHO WROTE 1601? + </p> + <p> + The correct and complete title of 1601, as first issued, was: [Date, + 1601.] 'Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the + Tudors.' For many years after its anonymous first issue in 1880, its + authorship was variously conjectured and widely disputed. In Boston, + William T. Ball, one of the leading theatrical critics during the late + 90's, asserted that it was originally written by an English actor (name + not divulged) who gave it to him. Ball's original, it was said, looked + like a newspaper strip in the way it was printed, and may indeed have been + a proof pulled in some newspaper office. In St. Louis, William Marion + Reedy, editor of the St. Louis Mirror, had seen this famous tour de force + circulated in the early 80's in galley-proof form; he first learned from + Eugene Field that it was from the pen of Mark Twain. + </p> + <p> + “Many people,” said Reedy, “thought the thing was done by Field and + attributed, as a joke, to Mark Twain. Field had a perfect genius for that + sort of thing, as many extant specimens attest, and for that sort of + practical joke; but to my thinking the humor of the piece is too mellow—not + hard and bright and bitter—to be Eugene Field's.” Reedy's opinion + hits off the fundamental difference between these two great humorists; one + half suspects that Reedy was thinking of Field's French Crisis. + </p> + <p> + But Twain first claimed his bantling from the fog of anonymity in 1906, in + a letter addressed to Mr. Charles Orr, librarian of Case Library, + Cleveland. Said Clemens, in the course of his letter, dated July 30, 1906, + from Dublin, New Hampshire: + </p> + <p> + “The title of the piece is 1601. The piece is a supposititious + conversation which takes place in Queen Elizabeth's closet in that year, + between the Queen, Ben Jonson, Beaumont, Sir Walter Raleigh, the Duchess + of Bilgewater, and one or two others, and is not, as John Hay mistakenly + supposes, a serious effort to bring back our literature and philosophy to + the sober and chaste Elizabeth's time; if there is a decent word findable + in it, it is because I overlooked it. I hasten to assure you that it is + not printed in my published writings.” + </p> + <p> + TWITTING THE REV. JOSEPH TWICHELL + </p> + <p> + The circumstances of how 1601 came to be written have since been + officially revealed by Albert Bigelow Paine in 'Mark Twain, A + Bibliography' (1912), and in the publication of Mark Twain's Notebook + (1935). + </p> + <p> + 1601 was written during the summer of 1876 when the Clemens family had + retreated to Quarry Farm in Elmira County, New York. Here Mrs. Clemens + enjoyed relief from social obligations, the children romped over the + countryside, and Mark retired to his octagonal study, which, perched high + on the hill, looked out upon the valley below. It was in the famous summer + of 1876, too, that Mark was putting the finishing touches to Tom Sawyer. + Before the close of the same year he had already begun work on 'The + Adventures of Huckleberry Finn', published in 1885. It is interesting to + note the use of the title, the “Duke of Bilgewater,” in Huck Finn when the + “Duchess of Bilgewater” had already made her appearance in 1601. + Sandwiched between his two great masterpieces, Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, + the writing of 1601 was indeed a strange interlude. + </p> + <p> + During this prolific period Mark wrote many minor items, most of them + rejected by Howells, and read extensively in one of his favorite books, + Pepys' Diary. Like many another writer Mark was captivated by Pepys' style + and spirit, and “he determined,” says Albert Bigelow Paine in his 'Mark + Twain, A Biography', “to try his hand on an imaginary record of + conversation and court manners of a bygone day, written in the phrase of + the period. The result was 'Fireside Conversation in the Time of Queen + Elizabeth', or as he later called it, '1601'. The 'conversation' recorded + by a supposed Pepys of that period, was written with all the outspoken + coarseness and nakedness of that rank day, when fireside sociabilities + were limited only to the loosened fancy, vocabulary, and physical + performance, and not by any bounds of convention.” + </p> + <p> + “It was written as a letter,” continues Paine, “to that robust divine, + Rev. Joseph Twichell, who, unlike Howells, had no scruples about Mark's + 'Elizabethan breadth of parlance.'” + </p> + <p> + The Rev. Joseph Twichell, Mark's most intimate friend for over forty + years, was pastor of the Asylum Hill Congregational Church of Hartford, + which Mark facetiously called the “Church of the Holy Speculators,” + because of its wealthy parishioners. Here Mark had first met “Joe” at a + social, and their meeting ripened into a glorious, life long friendship. + Twichell was a man of about Mark's own age, a profound scholar, a devout + Christian, “yet a man with an exuberant sense of humor, and a profound + understanding of the frailties of mankind.” The Rev. Mr. Twichell + performed the marriage ceremony for Mark Twain and solemnized the births + of his children; “Joe,” his friend, counseled him on literary as well as + personal matters for the remainder of Mark's life. It is important to + catch this brief glimpse of the man for whom this masterpiece was written, + for without it one can not fully understand the spirit in which 1601 was + written, or the keen enjoyment which Mark and “Joe” derived from it. + </p> + <p> + “SAVE ME ONE.” + </p> + <p> + The story of the first issue of 1601 is one of finesse, state diplomacy, + and surreptitious printing. + </p> + <p> + The Rev. “Joe” Twichell, for whose delectation the piece had been written, + apparently had pocketed the document for four long years. Then, in 1880, + it came into the hands of John Hay, later Secretary of State, presumably + sent to him by Mark Twain. Hay pronounced the sketch a masterpiece, and + wrote immediately to his old Cleveland friend, Alexander Gunn, prince of + connoisseurs in art and literature. The following correspondence reveals + the fine diplomacy which made the name of John Hay known throughout the + world. + </p> + <p> + DEPARTMENT OF STATE + </p> + <p> + Washington, June 21, 1880. + </p> + <p> + Dear Gunn: + </p> + <p> + Are you in Cleveland for all this week? If you will say yes by return + mail, I have a masterpiece to submit to your consideration which is only + in my hands for a few days. + </p> + <p> + Yours, very much worritted by the depravity of Christendom, + </p> + <p> + Hay + </p> + <p> + The second letter discloses Hay's own high opinion of the effort and his + deep concern for its safety. + </p> + <p> + June 24, 1880 + </p> + <p> + My dear Gunn: + </p> + <p> + Here it is. It was written by Mark Twain in a serious effort to bring back + our literature and philosophy to the sober and chaste Elizabethan + standard. But the taste of the present day is too corrupt for anything so + classic. He has not yet been able even to find a publisher. The Globe has + not yet recovered from Downey's inroad, and they won't touch it. + </p> + <p> + I send it to you as one of the few lingering relics of that race of + appreciative critics, who know a good thing when they see it. + </p> + <p> + Read it with reverence and gratitude and send it back to me; for Mark is + impatient to see once more his wandering offspring. + </p> + <p> + Yours, + </p> + <p> + Hay. + </p> + <p> + In his third letter one can almost hear Hay's chuckle in the certainty + that his diplomatic, if somewhat wicked, suggestion would bear fruit. + </p> + <p> + Washington, D. C.July 7, 1880 + </p> + <p> + My dear Gunn: + </p> + <p> + I have your letter, and the proposition which you make to pull a few + proofs of the masterpiece is highly attractive, and of course highly + immoral. I cannot properly consent to it, and I am afraid the great many + would think I was taking an unfair advantage of his confidence. Please + send back the document as soon as you can, and if, in spite of my + prohibition, you take these proofs, save me one. + </p> + <p> + Very truly yours, + </p> + <p> + John Hay. + </p> + <p> + Thus was this Elizabethan dialogue poured into the moulds of cold type. + According to Merle Johnson, Mark Twain's bibliographer, it was issued in + pamphlet form, without wrappers or covers; there were 8 pages of text and + the pamphlet measured 7 by 8 1/2 inches. Only four copies are believed to + have been printed, one for Hay, one for Gunn, and two for Twain. + </p> + <p> + “In the matter of humor,” wrote Clemens, referring to Hay's delicious + notes, “what an unsurpassable touch John Hay had!” + </p> + <p> + HUMOR AT WEST POINT + </p> + <p> + The first printing of 1601 in actual book form was “Donne at ye Academie + Press,” in 1882, West Point, New York, under the supervision of Lieut. C. + E. S. Wood, then adjutant of the U. S. Military Academy. + </p> + <p> + In 1882 Mark Twain and Joe Twichell visited their friend Lieut. Wood at + West Point, where they learned that Wood, as Adjutant, had under his + control a small printing establishment. On Mark's return to Hartford, Wood + received a letter asking if he would do Mark a great favor by printing + something he had written, which he did not care to entrust to the ordinary + printer. Wood replied that he would be glad to oblige. On April 3, 1882, + Mark sent the manuscript: + </p> + <p> + “I enclose the original of 1603 [sic] as you suggest. I am afraid there + are errors in it, also, heedlessness in antiquated spelling—e's + stuck on often at end of words where they are not strictly necessary, + etc..... I would go through the manuscript but I am too much driven just + now, and it is not important anyway. I wish you would do me the kindness + to make any and all corrections that suggest themselves to you. + </p> + <p> + “Sincerely yours, + </p> + <p> + “S. L. Clemens.” + </p> + <p> + Charles Erskine Scott Wood recalled in a foreword, which he wrote for the + limited edition of 1601 issued by the Grabhorn Press, how he felt when he + first saw the original manuscript. “When I read it,” writes Wood, “I felt + that the character of it would be carried a little better by a printing + which pretended to the eye that it was contemporaneous with the pretended + 'conversation.' + </p> + <p> + “I wrote Mark that for literary effect I thought there should be a species + of forgery, though of course there was no effort to actually deceive a + scholar. Mark answered that I might do as I liked;—that his only + object was to secure a number of copies, as the demand for it was becoming + burdensome, but he would be very grateful for any interest I brought to + the doing. + </p> + <p> + “Well, Tucker [foreman of the printing shop] and I soaked some handmade + linen paper in weak coffee, put it as a wet bundle into a warm room to + mildew, dried it to a dampness approved by Tucker and he printed the + 'copy' on a hand press. I had special punches cut for such Elizabethan + abbreviations as the a, e, o and u, when followed by m or n—and for + the (commonly and stupidly pronounced ye). + </p> + <p> + “The only editing I did was as to the spelling and a few old English words + introduced. The spelling, if I remember correctly, is mine, but the text + is exactly as written by Mark. I wrote asking his view of making the + spelling of the period and he was enthusiastic—telling me to do + whatever I thought best and he was greatly pleased with the result.” + </p> + <p> + Thus was printed in a de luxe edition of fifty copies the most curious + masterpiece of American humor, at one of America's most dignified + institutions, the United States Military Academy at West Point. + </p> + <p> + “1601 was so be-praised by the archaeological scholars of a quarter of a + century ago,” wrote Clemens in his letter to Charles Orr, “that I was + rather inordinately vain of it. At that time it had been privately printed + in several countries, among them Japan. A sumptuous edition on large + paper, rough-edged, was made by Lieut. C. E. S. Wood at West Point —an + edition of 50 copies—and distributed among popes and kings and such + people. In England copies of that issue were worth twenty guineas when I + was there six years ago, and none to be had.” + </p> + <p> + FROM THE DEPTHS + </p> + <p> + Mark Twain's irreverence should not be misinterpreted: it was an + irreverence which bubbled up from a deep, passionate insight into the + well-springs of human nature. In 1601, as in 'The Man That Corrupted + Hadleyburg,' and in 'The Mysterious Stranger,' he tore the masks off human + beings and left them cringing before the public view. With the deftness of + a master surgeon Clemens dealt with human emotions and delighted in + exposing human nature in the raw. + </p> + <p> + The spirit and the language of the Fireside Conversation were rooted deep + in Mark Twain's nature and in his life, as C. E. S. Wood, who printed 1601 + at West Point, has pertinently observed, + </p> + <p> + “If I made a guess as to the intellectual ferment out of which 1601 rose I + would say that Mark's intellectual structure and subconscious graining was + from Anglo-Saxons as primitive as the common man of the Tudor period. He + came from the banks of the Mississippi—from the flatboatmen, pilots, + roustabouts, farmers and village folk of a rude, primitive people—as + Lincoln did. + </p> + <p> + “He was finished in the mining camps of the West among stage drivers, + gamblers and the men of '49. The simple roughness of a frontier people was + in his blood and brain. + </p> + <p> + “Words vulgar and offensive to other ears were a common language to him. + Anyone who ever knew Mark heard him use them freely, forcibly, + picturesquely in his unrestrained conversation. Such language is forcible + as all primitive words are. Refinement seems to make for weakness—or + let us say a cutting edge—but the old vulgar monosyllabic words bit + like the blow of a pioneer's ax—and Mark was like that. Then I think + 1601 came out of Mark's instinctive humor, satire and hatred of + puritanism. But there is more than this; with all its humor there is a + sense of real delight in what may be called obscenity for its own sake. + Whitman and the Bible are no more obscene than Nature herself—no + more obscene than a manure pile, out of which come roses and cherries. + Every word used in 1601 was used by our own rude pioneers as a part of + their vocabulary—and no word was ever invented by man with obscene + intent, but only as language to express his meaning. No act of nature is + obscene in itself—but when such words and acts are dragged in for an + ulterior purpose they become offensive, as everything out of place is + offensive. I think he delighted, too, in shocking—giving resounding + slaps on what Chaucer would quite simply call 'the bare erse.'” + </p> + <p> + Quite aside from this Chaucerian “erse” slapping, Clemens had also a + semi-serious purpose, that of reproducing a past time as he saw it in + Shakespeare, Dekker, Jonson, and other writers of the Elizabethan era. + Fireside Conversation was an exercise in scholarship illumined by a keen + sense of character. It was made especially effective by the artistic + arrangement of widely-gathered material into a compressed picture of a + phase of the manners and even the minds of the men and women “in the + spacious times of great Elizabeth.” + </p> + <p> + Mark Twain made of 1601 a very smart and fascinating performance, carried + over almost to grotesqueness just to show it was not done for mere delight + in the frank naturalism of the functions with which it deals. That Mark + Twain had made considerable study of this frankness is apparent from + chapter four of 'A Yankee At King Arthur's Court,' where he refers to the + conversation at the famous Round Table thus: + </p> + <p> + “Many of the terms used in the most matter-of-fact way by this great + assemblage of the first ladies and gentlemen of the land would have made a + Comanche blush. Indelicacy is too mild a term to convey the idea. However, + I had read Tom Jones and Roderick Random and other books of that kind and + knew that the highest and first ladies and gentlemen in England had + remained little or no cleaner in their talk, and in the morals and conduct + which such talk implies, clear up to one hundred years ago; in fact clear + into our own nineteenth century—in which century, broadly speaking, + the earliest samples of the real lady and the real gentleman discoverable + in English history,—or in European history, for that matter—may + be said to have made their appearance. Suppose Sir Walter [Scott] instead + of putting the conversation into the mouths of his characters, had allowed + the characters to speak for themselves? We should have had talk from + Rebecca and Ivanhoe and the soft lady Rowena which would embarrass a tramp + in our day. However, to the unconsciously indelicate all things are + delicate.” + </p> + <p> + Mark Twain's interest in history and in the depiction of historical + periods and characters is revealed through his fondness for historical + reading in preference to fiction, and through his other historical + writings. Even in the hilarious, youthful days in San Francisco, Paine + reports that “Clemens, however, was never quite ready for sleep. Then, as + ever, he would prop himself up in bed, light his pipe, and lose himself in + English or French history until his sleep conquered.” Paine tells us, too, + that Lecky's 'European Morals' was an old favorite. + </p> + <p> + The notes to 'The Prince and the Pauper' show again how carefully Clemens + examined his historical background, and his interest in these materials. + Some of the more important sources are noted: Hume's 'History of England', + Timbs' 'Curiosities of London', J. Hammond Trumbull's 'Blue Laws, True and + False'. Apparently Mark Twain relished it, for as Bernard DeVoto points + out, “The book is always Mark Twain. Its parodies of Tudor speech lapse + sometimes into a callow satisfaction in that idiom—Mark hugely + enjoys his nathlesses and beshrews and marrys.” The writing of 1601 + foreshadows his fondness for this treatment. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + “Do you suppose the liberties and the Brawn of These States have to + do only with delicate lady-words? with gloved gentleman words” + Walt Whitman, 'An American Primer'. +</pre> + <p> + Although 1601 was not matched by any similar sketch in his published + works, it was representative of Mark Twain the man. He was no emaciated + literary tea-tosser. Bronzed and weatherbeaten son of the West, Mark was a + man's man, and that significant fact is emphasized by the several phases + of Mark's rich life as steamboat pilot, printer, miner, and frontier + journalist. + </p> + <p> + On the Virginia City Enterprise Mark learned from editor R. M. Daggett + that “when it was necessary to call a man names, there were no expletives + too long or too expressive to be hurled in rapid succession to emphasize + the utter want of character of the man assailed.... There were typesetters + there who could hurl anathemas at bad copy which would have frightened a + Bengal tiger. The news editor could damn a mutilated dispatch in + twenty-four languages.” + </p> + <p> + In San Francisco in the sizzling sixties we catch a glimpse of Mark Twain + and his buddy, Steve Gillis, pausing in doorways to sing “The Doleful + Ballad of the Neglected Lover,” an old piece of uncollected erotica. One + morning, when a dog began to howl, Steve awoke “to find his room-mate + standing in the door that opened out into a back garden, holding a big + revolver, his hand shaking with cold and excitement,” relates Paine in his + Biography. + </p> + <p> + “'Come here, Steve,' he said. 'I'm so chilled through I can't get a bead + on him.' + </p> + <p> + “'Sam,' said Steve, 'don't shoot him. Just swear at him. You can easily + kill him at any range with your profanity.' + </p> + <p> + “Steve Gillis declares that Mark Twain let go such a scorching, singeing + blast that the brute's owner sold him the next day for a Mexican hairless + dog.” + </p> + <p> + Nor did Mark's “geysers of profanity” cease spouting after these gay and + youthful days in San Francisco. With Clemens it may truly be said that + profanity was an art—a pyrotechnic art that entertained nations. + </p> + <p> + “It was my duty to keep buttons on his shirts,” recalled Katy Leary, + life-long housekeeper and friend in the Clemens menage, “and he'd swear + something terrible if I didn't. If he found a shirt in his drawer without + a button on, he'd take every single shirt out of that drawer and throw + them right out of the window, rain or shine—out of the bathroom + window they'd go. I used to look out every morning to see the snowflakes—anything + white. Out they'd fly.... Oh! he'd swear at anything when he was on a + rampage. He'd swear at his razor if it didn't cut right, and Mrs. Clemens + used to send me around to the bathroom door sometimes to knock and ask him + what was the matter. Well, I'd go and knock; I'd say, 'Mrs. Clemens wants + to know what's the matter.' And then he'd say to me (kind of low) in a + whisper like, 'Did she hear me Katy?' 'Yes,' I'd say, 'every word.' Oh, + well, he was ashamed then, he was afraid of getting scolded for swearing + like that, because Mrs. Clemens hated swearing.” But his swearing never + seemed really bad to Katy Leary, “It was sort of funny, and a part of him, + somehow,” she said. “Sort of amusing it was—and gay—not like + real swearing, 'cause he swore like an angel.” + </p> + <p> + In his later years at Stormfield Mark loved to play his favorite + billiards. “It was sometimes a wonderful and fearsome thing to watch Mr. + Clemens play billiards,” relates Elizabeth Wallace. “He loved the game, + and he loved to win, but he occasionally made a very bad stroke, and then + the varied, picturesque, and unorthodox vocabulary, acquired in his more + youthful years, was the only thing that gave him comfort. Gently, slowly, + with no profane inflexions of voice, but irresistibly as though they had + the headwaters of the Mississippi for their source, came this stream of + unholy adjectives and choice expletives.” + </p> + <p> + Mark's vocabulary ran the whole gamut of life itself. In Paris, in his + appearance in 1879 before the Stomach Club, a jolly lot of gay wags, + Mark's address, reports Paine, “obtained a wide celebrity among the clubs + of the world, though no line of it, not even its title, has ever found its + way into published literature.” It is rumored to have been called “Some + Remarks on the Science of Onanism.” + </p> + <p> + In Berlin, Mark asked Henry W. Fisher to accompany him on an exploration + of the Berlin Royal Library, where the librarian, having learned that + Clemens had been the Kaiser's guest at dinner, opened the secret treasure + chests for the famous visitor. One of these guarded treasures was a volume + of grossly indecent verses by Voltaire, addressed to Frederick the Great. + “Too much is enough,” Mark is reported to have said, when Fisher + translated some of the verses, “I would blush to remember any of these + stanzas except to tell Krafft-Ebing about them when I get to Vienna.” When + Fisher had finished copying a verse for him Mark put it into his pocket, + saying, “Livy [Mark's wife, Olivia] is so busy mispronouncing German these + days she can't even attempt to get at this.” + </p> + <p> + In his letters, too, Howells observed, “He had the Southwestern, the + Lincolnian, the Elizabethan breadth of parlance, which I suppose one ought + not to call coarse without calling one's self prudish; and I was often + hiding away in discreet holes and corners the letters in which he had + loosed his bold fancy to stoop on rank suggestion; I could not bear to + burn them, and I could not, after the first reading, quite bear to look at + them. I shall best give my feeling on this point by saying that in it he + was Shakespearean.” + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + “With a nigger squat on her safety-valve” + John Hay, Pike County Ballads. +</pre> + <p> + “Is there any other explanation,” asks Van Wyck Brooks, “'of his + Elizabethan breadth of parlance?' Mr. Howells confesses that he sometimes + blushed over Mark Twain's letters, that there were some which, to the very + day when he wrote his eulogy on his dead friend, he could not bear to + reread. Perhaps if he had not so insisted, in former years, while going + over Mark Twain's proofs, upon 'having that swearing out in an instant,' + he would never had had cause to suffer from his having 'loosed his bold + fancy to stoop on rank suggestion.' Mark Twain's verbal Rabelaisianism was + obviously the expression of that vital sap which, not having been + permitted to inform his work, had been driven inward and left there to + ferment. No wonder he was always indulging in orgies of forbidden words. + Consider the famous book, 1601, that fireside conversation in the time of + Queen Elizabeth: is there any obsolete verbal indecency in the English + language that Mark Twain has not painstakingly resurrected and assembled + there? He, whose blood was in constant ferment and who could not contain + within the narrow bonds that had been set for him the riotous exuberance + of his nature, had to have an escape-valve, and he poured through it a + fetid stream of meaningless obscenity—the waste of a priceless + psychic material!” Thus, Brooks lumps 1601 with Mark Twain's “bawdry,” and + interprets it simply as another indication of frustration. + </p> + <p> + FIGS FOR FIG LEAVES! + </p> + <p> + Of course, the writing of such a piece as 1601 raised the question of + freedom of expression for the creative artist. + </p> + <p> + Although little discussed at that time, it was a question which intensely + interested Mark, and for a fuller appreciation of Mark's position one must + keep in mind the year in which 1601 was written, 1876. There had been + nothing like it before in American literature; there had appeared no + Caldwells, no Faulkners, no Hemingways. Victorian England was gushing + Tennyson. In the United States polite letters was a cult of the Brahmins + of Boston, with William Dean Howells at the helm of the Atlantic. Louisa + May Alcott published Little Women in 1868-69, and Little Men in 1871. In + 1873 Mark Twain led the van of the debunkers, scraping the gilt off the + lily in the Gilded Age. + </p> + <p> + In 1880 Mark took a few pot shots at license in Art and Literature in his + Tramp Abroad, “I wonder why some things are? For instance, Art is allowed + as much indecent license to-day as in earlier times—but the + privileges of Literature in this respect have been sharply curtailed + within the past eighty or ninety years. Fielding and Smollet could portray + the beastliness of their day in the beastliest language; we have plenty of + foul subjects to deal with in our day, but we are not allowed to approach + them very near, even with nice and guarded forms of speech. But not so + with Art. The brush may still deal freely with any subject; however + revolting or indelicate. It makes a body ooze sarcasm at every pore, to go + about Rome and Florence and see what this last generation has been doing + with the statues. These works, which had stood in innocent nakedness for + ages, are all fig-leaved now. Yes, every one of them. Nobody noticed their + nakedness before, perhaps; nobody can help noticing it now, the fig-leaf + makes it so conspicuous. But the comical thing about it all, is, that the + fig-leaf is confined to cold and pallid marble, which would be still cold + and unsuggestive without this sham and ostentatious symbol of modesty, + whereas warm-blooded paintings which do really need it have in no case + been furnished with it. + </p> + <p> + “At the door of the Ufizzi, in Florence, one is confronted by statues of a + man and a woman, noseless, battered, black with accumulated grime—they + hardly suggest human beings—yet these ridiculous creatures have been + thoughtfully and conscientiously fig-leaved by this fastidious generation. + You enter, and proceed to that most-visited little gallery that exists in + the world.... and there, against the wall, without obstructing rag or + leaf, you may look your fill upon the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest + picture the world possesses—Titian's Venus. It isn't that she is + naked and stretched out on a bed—no, it is the attitude of one of + her arms and hand. If I ventured to describe the attitude, there would be + a fine howl—but there the Venus lies, for anybody to gloat over that + wants to—and there she has a right to lie, for she is a work of art, + and Art has its privileges. I saw young girls stealing furtive glances at + her; I saw young men gaze long and absorbedly at her; I saw aged, infirm + men hang upon her charms with a pathetic interest. How I should like to + describe her—just to see what a holy indignation I could stir up in + the world—just to hear the unreflecting average man deliver himself + about my grossness and coarseness, and all that. + </p> + <p> + “In every gallery in Europe there are hideous pictures of blood, carnage, + oozing brains, putrefaction—pictures portraying intolerable + suffering—pictures alive with every conceivable horror, wrought out + in dreadful detail—and similar pictures are being put on the canvas + every day and publicly exhibited—without a growl from anybody—for + they are innocent, they are inoffensive, being works of art. But suppose a + literary artist ventured to go into a painstaking and elaborate + description of one of these grisly things—the critics would skin him + alive. Well, let it go, it cannot be helped; Art retains her privileges, + Literature has lost hers. Somebody else may cipher out the whys and the + wherefores and the consistencies of it—I haven't got time.” + </p> + <p> + PROFESSOR SCENTS PORNOGRAPHY + </p> + <p> + Unfortunately, 1601 has recently been tagged by Professor Edward + Wagenknecht as “the most famous piece of pornography in American + literature.” Like many another uninformed, Prof. W. is like the little boy + who is shocked to see “naughty” words chalked on the back fence, and + thinks they are pornography. The initiated, after years of wading through + the mire, will recognize instantly the significant difference between + filthy filth and funny “filth.” Dirt for dirt's sake is something else + again. Pornography, an eminent American jurist has pointed out, is + distinguished by the “leer of the sensualist.” + </p> + <p> + “The words which are criticised as dirty,” observed justice John M. + Woolsey in the United States District Court of New York, lifting the ban + on Ulysses by James Joyce, “are old Saxon words known to almost all men + and, I venture, to many women, and are such words as would be naturally + and habitually used, I believe, by the types of folk whose life, physical + and mental, Joyce is seeking to describe.” Neither was there “pornographic + intent,” according to justice Woolsey, nor was Ulysses obscene within the + legal definition of that word. + </p> + <p> + “The meaning of the word 'obscene,'” the Justice indicated, “as legally + defined by the courts is: tending to stir the sex impulses or to lead to + sexually impure and lustful thoughts. + </p> + <p> + “Whether a particular book would tend to excite such impulses and thoughts + must be tested by the court's opinion as to its effect on a person with + average sex instincts—what the French would call 'l'homme moyen + sensuel'—who plays, in this branch of legal inquiry, the same role + of hypothetical reagent as does the 'reasonable man' in the law of torts + and 'the learned man in the art' on questions of invention in patent law.” + </p> + <p> + Obviously, it is ridiculous to say that the “leer of the sensualist” lurks + in the pages of Mark Twain's 1601. + </p> + <p> + DROLL STORY + </p> + <p> + “In a way,” observed William Marion Reedy, “1601 is to Twain's whole works + what the 'Droll Stories' are to Balzac's. It is better than the privately + circulated ribaldry and vulgarity of Eugene Field; is, indeed, an essay in + a sort of primordial humor such as we find in Rabelais, or in the plays of + some of the lesser stars that drew their light from Shakespeare's urn. It + is humor or fun such as one expects, let us say, from the peasants of + Thomas Hardy, outside of Hardy's books. And, though it be filthy, it yet + hath a splendor of mere animalism of good spirits... I would say it is + scatalogical rather than erotic, save for one touch toward the end. + Indeed, it seems more of Rabelais than of Boccaccio or Masuccio or Aretino—is + brutally British rather than lasciviously latinate, as to the subjects, + but sumptuous as regards the language.” + </p> + <p> + Immediately upon first reading, John Hay, later Secretary of State, had + proclaimed 1601 a masterpiece. Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain's + biographer, likewise acknowledged its greatness, when he said, “1601 is a + genuine classic, as classics of that sort go. It is better than the gross + obscenities of Rabelais, and perhaps in some day to come, the taste that + justified Gargantua and the Decameron will give this literary refugee + shelter and setting among the more conventional writing of Mark Twain. + Human taste is a curious thing; delicacy is purely a matter of environment + and point of view.” + </p> + <p> + “It depends on who writes a thing whether it is coarse or not,” wrote + Clemens in his notebook in 1879. “I built a conversation which could have + happened—I used words such as were used at that time—1601. I + sent it anonymously to a magazine, and how the editor abused it and the + sender!” + </p> + <p> + “But that man was a praiser of Rabelais and had been saying, 'O that we + had a Rabelais!' I judged that I could furnish him one.” + </p> + <p> + “Then I took it to one of the greatest, best and most learned of Divines + [Rev. Joseph H. Twichell] and read it to him. He came within an ace of + killing himself with laughter (for between you and me the thing was + dreadfully funny. I don't often write anything that I laugh at myself, but + I can hardly think of that thing without laughing). That old Divine said + it was a piece of the finest kind of literary art—and David Gray of + the Buffalo Courier said it ought to be printed privately and left behind + me when I died, and then my fame as a literary artist would last.” + </p> + <p> + FRANKLIN J. MEINE <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE FIRST PRINTING Verbatim Reprint + </h2> + <p> + [Date, 1601.] + </p> + <p> + CONVERSATION, AS IT WAS BY THE SOCIAL FIRESIDE, IN THE TIME OF THE TUDORS. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + [Mem.—The following is supposed to be an extract from the + diary of the Pepys of that day, the same being Queen + Elizabeth's cup-bearer. He is supposed to be of ancient and + noble lineage; that he despises these literary canaille; + that his soul consumes with wrath, to see the queen stooping + to talk with such; and that the old man feels that his + nobility is defiled by contact with Shakespeare, etc., and + yet he has got to stay there till her Majesty chooses to + dismiss him.] +</pre> + <p> + YESTERNIGHT toke her maiste ye queene a fantasie such as she sometimes + hath, and had to her closet certain that doe write playes, bokes, and such + like, these being my lord Bacon, his worship Sir Walter Ralegh, Mr. Ben + Jonson, and ye child Francis Beaumonte, which being but sixteen, hath yet + turned his hand to ye doing of ye Lattin masters into our Englishe tong, + with grete discretion and much applaus. Also came with these ye famous + Shaxpur. A righte straunge mixing truly of mighty blode with mean, ye more + in especial since ye queenes grace was present, as likewise these + following, to wit: Ye Duchess of Bilgewater, twenty-six yeres of age; ye + Countesse of Granby, thirty; her doter, ye Lady Helen, fifteen; as also + these two maides of honor, to-wit, ye Lady Margery Boothy, sixty-five, and + ye Lady Alice Dilberry, turned seventy, she being two yeres ye queenes + graces elder. + </p> + <p> + I being her maites cup-bearer, had no choice but to remaine and beholde + rank forgot, and ye high holde converse wh ye low as uppon equal termes, a + grete scandal did ye world heare thereof. + </p> + <p> + In ye heat of ye talk it befel yt one did breake wind, yielding an + exceding mightie and distresfull stink, whereat all did laugh full sore, + and then— + </p> + <p> + Ye Queene.—Verily in mine eight and sixty yeres have I not heard the + fellow to this fart. Meseemeth, by ye grete sound and clamour of it, it + was male; yet ye belly it did lurk behinde shoulde now fall lean and flat + against ye spine of him yt hath bene delivered of so stately and so waste + a bulk, where as ye guts of them yt doe quiff-splitters bear, stand comely + still and rounde. Prithee let ye author confess ye offspring. Will my Lady + Alice testify? + </p> + <p> + Lady Alice.—Good your grace, an' I had room for such a thunderbust + within mine ancient bowels, 'tis not in reason I coulde discharge ye same + and live to thank God for yt He did choose handmaid so humble whereby to + shew his power. Nay, 'tis not I yt have broughte forth this rich + o'ermastering fog, this fragrant gloom, so pray you seeke ye further. + </p> + <p> + Ye Queene.—Mayhap ye Lady Margery hath done ye companie this favor? + </p> + <p> + Lady Margery.—So please you madam, my limbs are feeble wh ye weighte + and drouth of five and sixty winters, and it behoveth yt I be tender unto + them. In ye good providence of God, an' I had contained this wonder, + forsoothe wolde I have gi'en 'ye whole evening of my sinking life to ye + dribbling of it forth, with trembling and uneasy soul, not launched it + sudden in its matchless might, taking mine own life with violence, rending + my weak frame like rotten rags. It was not I, your maisty. + </p> + <p> + Ye Queene.—O' God's name, who hath favored us? Hath it come to pass + yt a fart shall fart itself? Not such a one as this, I trow. Young Master + Beaumont—but no; 'twould have wafted him to heaven like down of + goose's boddy. 'Twas not ye little Lady Helen—nay, ne'er blush, my + child; thoul't tickle thy tender maidenhedde with many a mousie-squeak + before thou learnest to blow a harricane like this. Wasn't you, my learned + and ingenious Jonson? + </p> + <p> + Jonson.—So fell a blast hath ne'er mine ears saluted, nor yet a + stench so all-pervading and immortal. 'Twas not a novice did it, good your + maisty, but one of veteran experience—else hadde he failed of + confidence. In sooth it was not I. + </p> + <p> + Ye Queene.—My lord Bacon? + </p> + <p> + Lord Bacon.-Not from my leane entrailes hath this prodigy burst forth, so + please your grace. Naught doth so befit ye grete as grete performance; and + haply shall ye finde yt 'tis not from mediocrity this miracle hath issued. + </p> + <p> + [Tho' ye subjct be but a fart, yet will this tedious sink of learning + pondrously phillosophize. Meantime did the foul and deadly stink pervade + all places to that degree, yt never smelt I ye like, yet dare I not to + leave ye presence, albeit I was like to suffocate.] + </p> + <p> + Ye Queene.—What saith ye worshipful Master Shaxpur? + </p> + <p> + Shaxpur.—In the great hand of God I stand and so proclaim mine + innocence. Though ye sinless hosts of heaven had foretold ye coming of + this most desolating breath, proclaiming it a work of uninspired man, its + quaking thunders, its firmament-clogging rottenness his own achievement in + due course of nature, yet had not I believed it; but had said the pit + itself hath furnished forth the stink, and heaven's artillery hath shook + the globe in admiration of it. + </p> + <p> + [Then was there a silence, and each did turn him toward the worshipful Sr + Walter Ralegh, that browned, embattled, bloody swashbuckler, who rising up + did smile, and simpering say,] + </p> + <p> + Sr W.—Most gracious maisty, 'twas I that did it, but indeed it was + so poor and frail a note, compared with such as I am wont to furnish, yt + in sooth I was ashamed to call the weakling mine in so august a presence. + It was nothing—less than nothing, madam—I did it but to clear + my nether throat; but had I come prepared, then had I delivered something + worthy. Bear with me, please your grace, till I can make amends. + </p> + <p> + [Then delivered he himself of such a godless and rock-shivering blast that + all were fain to stop their ears, and following it did come so dense and + foul a stink that that which went before did seem a poor and trifling + thing beside it. Then saith he, feigning that he blushed and was confused, + I perceive that I am weak to-day, and cannot justice do unto my powers; + and sat him down as who should say, There, it is not much yet he that hath + an arse to spare, let him fellow that, an' he think he can. By God, an' I + were ye queene, I would e'en tip this swaggering braggart out o' the + court, and let him air his grandeurs and break his intolerable wind before + ye deaf and such as suffocation pleaseth.] + </p> + <p> + Then fell they to talk about ye manners and customs of many peoples, and + Master Shaxpur spake of ye boke of ye sieur Michael de Montaine, wherein + was mention of ye custom of widows of Perigord to wear uppon ye headdress, + in sign of widowhood, a jewel in ye similitude of a man's member wilted + and limber, whereat ye queene did laugh and say widows in England doe wear + prickes too, but betwixt the thighs, and not wilted neither, till coition + hath done that office for them. Master Shaxpur did likewise observe how yt + ye sieur de Montaine hath also spoken of a certain emperor of such mighty + prowess that he did take ten maidenheddes in ye compass of a single night, + ye while his empress did entertain two and twenty lusty knights between + her sheetes, yet was not satisfied; whereat ye merrie Countess Granby + saith a ram is yet ye emperor's superior, sith he wil tup above a hundred + yewes 'twixt sun and sun; and after, if he can have none more to shag, + will masturbate until he hath enrich'd whole acres with his seed. + </p> + <p> + Then spake ye damned windmill, Sr Walter, of a people in ye uttermost + parts of America, yt capulate not until they be five and thirty yeres of + age, ye women being eight and twenty, and do it then but once in seven + yeres. + </p> + <p> + Ye Queene.—How doth that like my little Lady Helen? Shall we send + thee thither and preserve thy belly? + </p> + <p> + Lady Helen.—Please your highnesses grace, mine old nurse hath told + me there are more ways of serving God than by locking the thighs together; + yet am I willing to serve him yt way too, sith your highnesses grace hath + set ye ensample. + </p> + <p> + Ye Queene.—God' wowndes a good answer, childe. + </p> + <p> + Lady Alice.—Mayhap 'twill weaken when ye hair sprouts below ye + navel. + </p> + <p> + Lady Helen.—Nay, it sprouted two yeres syne; I can scarce more than + cover it with my hand now. + </p> + <p> + Ye Queene.—Hear Ye that, my little Beaumonte? Have ye not a little + birde about ye that stirs at hearing tell of so sweete a neste? + </p> + <p> + Beaumonte.—'Tis not insensible, illustrious madam; but mousing owls + and bats of low degree may not aspire to bliss so whelming and ecstatic as + is found in ye downy nests of birdes of Paradise. + </p> + <p> + Ye Queene.—By ye gullet of God, 'tis a neat-turned compliment. With + such a tongue as thine, lad, thou'lt spread the ivory thighs of many a + willing maide in thy good time, an' thy cod-piece be as handy as thy + speeche. + </p> + <p> + Then spake ye queene of how she met old Rabelais when she was turned of + fifteen, and he did tell her of a man his father knew that had a double + pair of bollocks, whereon a controversy followed as concerning the most + just way to spell the word, ye contention running high betwixt ye learned + Bacon and ye ingenious Jonson, until at last ye old Lady Margery, wearying + of it all, saith, 'Gentles, what mattereth it how ye shall spell the word? + I warrant Ye when ye use your bollocks ye shall not think of it; and my + Lady Granby, be ye content; let the spelling be, ye shall enjoy the + beating of them on your buttocks just the same, I trow. Before I had + gained my fourteenth year I had learnt that them that would explore a cunt + stop'd not to consider the spelling o't.' + </p> + <p> + Sr W.—In sooth, when a shift's turned up, delay is meet for naught + but dalliance. Boccaccio hath a story of a priest that did beguile a maid + into his cell, then knelt him in a corner to pray for grace to be rightly + thankful for this tender maidenhead ye Lord had sent him; but ye abbot, + spying through ye key-hole, did see a tuft of brownish hair with fair + white flesh about it, wherefore when ye priest's prayer was done, his + chance was gone, forasmuch as ye little maid had but ye one cunt, and that + was already occupied to her content. + </p> + <p> + Then conversed they of religion, and ye mightie work ye old dead Luther + did doe by ye grace of God. Then next about poetry, and Master Shaxpur did + rede a part of his King Henry IV., ye which, it seemeth unto me, is not of + ye value of an arsefull of ashes, yet they praised it bravely, one and + all. + </p> + <p> + Ye same did rede a portion of his “Venus and Adonis,” to their prodigious + admiration, whereas I, being sleepy and fatigued withal, did deme it but + paltry stuff, and was the more discomforted in that ye blody bucanier had + got his wind again, and did turn his mind to farting with such villain + zeal that presently I was like to choke once more. God damn this windy + ruffian and all his breed. I wolde that hell mighte get him. + </p> + <p> + They talked about ye wonderful defense which old Sr. Nicholas Throgmorton + did make for himself before ye judges in ye time of Mary; which was + unlucky matter to broach, sith it fetched out ye quene with a 'Pity yt he, + having so much wit, had yet not enough to save his doter's maidenhedde + sound for her marriage-bed.' And ye quene did give ye damn'd Sr. Walter a + look yt made hym wince—for she hath not forgot he was her own lover + it yt olde day. There was silent uncomfortableness now; 'twas not a good + turn for talk to take, sith if ye queene must find offense in a little + harmless debauching, when pricks were stiff and cunts not loathe to take + ye stiffness out of them, who of this company was sinless; behold, was not + ye wife of Master Shaxpur four months gone with child when she stood uppe + before ye altar? Was not her Grace of Bilgewater roger'd by four lords + before she had a husband? Was not ye little Lady Helen born on her + mother's wedding-day? And, beholde, were not ye Lady Alice and ye Lady + Margery there, mouthing religion, whores from ye cradle? + </p> + <p> + In time came they to discourse of Cervantes, and of the new painter, + Rubens, that is beginning to be heard of. Fine words and dainty-wrought + phrases from the ladies now, one or two of them being, in other days, + pupils of that poor ass, Lille, himself; and I marked how that Jonson and + Shaxpur did fidget to discharge some venom of sarcasm, yet dared they not + in the presence, the queene's grace being ye very flower of ye Euphuists + herself. But behold, these be they yt, having a specialty, and admiring it + in themselves, be jealous when a neighbor doth essaye it, nor can abide it + in them long. Wherefore 'twas observable yt ye quene waxed uncontent; and + in time labor'd grandiose speeche out of ye mouth of Lady Alice, who + manifestly did mightily pride herself thereon, did quite exhauste ye + quene's endurance, who listened till ye gaudy speeche was done, then + lifted up her brows, and with vaste irony, mincing saith 'O shit!' Whereat + they alle did laffe, but not ye Lady Alice, yt olde foolish bitche. + </p> + <p> + Now was Sr. Walter minded of a tale he once did hear ye ingenious + Margrette of Navarre relate, about a maid, which being like to suffer rape + by an olde archbishoppe, did smartly contrive a device to save her + maidenhedde, and said to him, First, my lord, I prithee, take out thy holy + tool and piss before me; which doing, lo his member felle, and would not + rise again. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FOOTNOTES To Frivolity + </h2> + <p> + The historical consistency of 1601 indicates that Twain must have given + the subject considerable thought. The author was careful to speak only of + men who conceivably might have been in the Virgin Queen's closet and + engaged in discourse with her. + </p> + <p> + THE CHARACTERS + </p> + <p> + At this time (1601) Queen Elizabeth was 68 years old. She speaks of having + talked to “old Rabelais” in her youth. This might have been possible as + Rabelais died in 1552, when the Queen was 19 years old. + </p> + <p> + Among those in the party were Shakespeare, at that time 37 years old; Ben + Jonson, 27; and Sir Walter Raleigh, 49. Beaumont at the time was 17, not + 16. He was admitted as a member of the Inner Temple in 1600, and his first + translations, those from Ovid, were first published in 1602. Therefore, if + one were holding strictly to the year date, neither by age nor by fame + would Beaumont have been eligible to attend such a gathering of august + personages in the year 1601; but the point is unimportant. + </p> + <p> + THE ELIZABETHAN WRITERS + </p> + <p> + In the Conversation Shakespeare speaks of Montaigne's Essays. These were + first published in 1580 and successive editions were issued in the years + following, the third volume being published in 1588. “In England Montaigne + was early popular. It was long supposed that the autograph of Shakespeare + in a copy of Florio's translation showed his study of the Essays. The + autograph has been disputed, but divers passages, and especially one in + The Tempest, show that at first or second hand the poet was acquainted + with the essayist.” (Encyclopedia Brittanica.) + </p> + <p> + The company at the Queen's fireside discoursed of Lilly (or Lyly), English + dramatist and novelist of the Elizabethan era, whose novel, Euphues, + published in two parts, 'Euphues', or the 'Anatomy of Wit' (1579) and + 'Euphues and His England' (1580) was a literary sensation. It is said to + have influenced literary style for more than a quarter of a century, and + traces of its influence are found in Shakespeare. (Columbia Encyclopedia). + </p> + <p> + The introduction of Ben Jonson into the party was wholly appropriate, if + one may call to witness some of Jonson's writings. The subject under + discussion was one that Jonson was acquainted with, in The Alchemist: + </p> + <p> + Act. I, Scene I, + </p> + <p> + FACE: Believe't I will. + </p> + <p> + SUBTLE: Thy worst. I fart at thee. + </p> + <p> + DOL COMMON: Have you your wits? Why, gentlemen, for love—— + </p> + <p> + Act. 2, Scene I, + </p> + <p> + SIR EPICURE MAMMON:....and then my poets, the same that writ so subtly of + the fart, whom I shall entertain still for that subject and again in + Bartholomew Fair + </p> + <p> + NIGHTENGALE: (sings a ballad) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Hear for your love, and buy for your money. + A delicate ballad o' the ferret and the coney. + A preservative again' the punk's evil. + Another goose-green starch, and the devil. + A dozen of divine points, and the godly garter + The fairing of good counsel, of an ell and three-quarters. + What is't you buy? + The windmill blown down by the witche's fart, + Or Saint George, that, O! did break the dragon's heart. +</pre> + <p> + GOOD OLD ENGLISH CUSTOM + </p> + <p> + That certain types of English society have not changed materially in their + freedom toward breaking wind in public can be noticed in some + comparatively recent literature. Frank Harris in My Life, Vol. 2, Ch. + XIII, tells of Lady Marriott, wife of a judge Advocate General, being + compelled to leave her own table, at which she was entertaining Sir Robert + Fowler, then the Lord Mayor of London, because of the suffocating and + nauseating odors there. He also tells of an instance in parliament, and of + a rather brilliant bon mot spoken upon that occasion. + </p> + <p> + “While Fowler was speaking Finch-Hatton had shewn signs of restlessness; + towards the end of the speech he had moved some three yards away from the + Baronet. As soon as Fowler sat down Finch-Hatton sprang up holding his + handkerchief to his nose: + </p> + <p> + “'Mr. Speaker,' he began, and was at once acknowledged by the Speaker, for + it was a maiden speech, and as such was entitled to precedence by the + courteous custom of the House, 'I know why the Right Honourable Member + from the City did not conclude his speech with a proposal. The only way to + conclude such a speech appropriately would be with a motion!'” + </p> + <p> + AEOLIAN CREPITATIONS + </p> + <p> + But society had apparently degenerated sadly in modern times, and even in + the era of Elizabeth, for at an earlier date it was a serious—nay, + capital—offense to break wind in the presence of majesty. The + Emperor Claudius, hearing that one who had suppressed the urge while + paying him court had suffered greatly thereby, “intended to issue an + edict, allowing to all people the liberty of giving vent at table to any + distension occasioned by flatulence:” + </p> + <p> + Martial, too (Book XII, Epigram LXXVII), tells of the embarrassment of one + who broke wind while praying in the Capitol, + </p> + <p> + “One day, while standing upright, addressing his prayers to Jupiter, + Aethon farted in the Capitol. Men laughed, but the Father of the Gods, + offended, condemned the guilty one to dine at home for three nights. Since + that time, miserable Aethon, when he wishes to enter the Capitol, goes + first to Paterclius' privies and farts ten or twenty times. Yet, in spite + of this precautionary crepitation, he salutes Jove with constricted + buttocks.” Martial also (Book IV, Epigram LXXX), ridicules a woman who was + subject to the habit, saying, + </p> + <p> + “Your Bassa, Fabullus, has always a child at her side, calling it her + darling and her plaything; and yet—more wonder—she does not + care for children. What is the reason then. Bassa is apt to fart. (For + which she could blame the unsuspecting infant.)” + </p> + <p> + The tale is told, too, of a certain woman who performed an aeolian + crepitation at a dinner attended by the witty Monsignieur Dupanloup, + Bishop of Orleans, and that when, to cover up her lapse, she began to + scrape her feet upon the floor, and to make similar noises, the Bishop + said, “Do not trouble to find a rhyme, Madam!” + </p> + <p> + Nay, worthier names than those of any yet mentioned have discussed the + matter. Herodotus tells of one such which was the precursor to the fall of + an empire and a change of dynasty—that which Amasis discharges while + on horseback, and bids the envoy of Apries, King of Egypt, catch and + deliver to his royal master. Even the exact manner and posture of Amasis, + author of this insult, is described. + </p> + <p> + St. Augustine (The City of God, XIV:24) cites the instance of a man who + could command his rear trumpet to sound at will, which his learned + commentator fortifies with the example of one who could do so in tune! + </p> + <p> + Benjamin Franklin, in his “Letter to the Royal Academy of Brussels” has + canvassed suggested remedies for alleviating the stench attendant upon + these discharges: + </p> + <p> + “My Prize Question therefore should be: To discover some Drug, wholesome + and—not disagreeable, to be mixed with our common food, or sauces, + that shall render the natural discharges of Wind from our Bodies not only + inoffensive, but agreeable as Perfumes. + </p> + <p> + “That this is not a Chimerical Project & altogether impossible, may + appear from these considerations. That we already have some knowledge of + means capable of varying that smell. He that dines on stale Flesh, + especially with much Addition of Onions, shall be able to afford a stink + that no Company can tolerate; while he that has lived for some time on + Vegetables only, shall have that Breath so pure as to be insensible of the + most delicate Noses; and if he can manage so as to avoid the Report, he + may anywhere give vent to his Griefs, unnoticed. But as there are many to + whom an entire Vegetable Diet would be inconvenient, & as a little + quick Lime thrown into a Jakes will correct the amazing Quantity of fetid + Air arising from the vast Mass of putrid Matter contained in such Places, + and render it pleasing to the Smell, who knows but that a little Powder of + Lime (or some other equivalent) taken in our Food, or perhaps a Glass of + Lime Water drank at Dinner, may have the same Effect on the Air produced + in and issuing from our Bowels?” + </p> + <p> + One curious commentary on the text is that Elizabeth should be so fond of + investigating into the authorship of the exhalation in question, when she + was inordinately fond of strong and sweet perfumes; in fact, she was + responsible for the tremendous increase in importations of scents into + England during her reign. + </p> + <p> + “YE BOKE OF YE SIEUR MICHAEL DE MONTAINE” + </p> + <p> + There is a curious admixture of error and misunderstanding in this part of + the sketch. In the first place, the story is borrowed from Montaigne, + where it is told inaccurately, and then further corrupted in the telling. + </p> + <p> + It was not the good widows of Perigord who wore the phallus upon their + coifs; it was the young married women, of the district near Montaigne's + home, who paraded it to view upon their foreheads, as a symbol, says our + essayist, “of the joy they derived therefrom.” If they became widows, they + reversed its position, and covered it up with the rest of their + head-dress. + </p> + <p> + The “emperor” mentioned was not an emperor; he was Procolus, a native of + Albengue, on the Genoese coast, who, with Bonosus, led the unsuccessful + rebellion in Gaul against Emperor Probus. Even so keen a commentator as + Cotton has failed to note the error. + </p> + <p> + The empress (Montaigne does not say “his empress”) was Messalina, third + wife of the Emperor Claudius, who was uncle of Caligula and foster-father + to Nero. Furthermore, in her case the charge is that she copulated with + twenty-five in a single night, and not twenty-two, as appears in the text. + Montaigne is right in his statistics, if original sources are correct, + whereas the author erred in transcribing the incident. + </p> + <p> + As for Proculus, it has been noted that he was associated with Bonosus, + who was as renowned in the field of Bacchus as was Proculus in that of + Venus (Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire). The feat of Proculus + is told in his own words, in Vopiscus, (Hist. Augustine, p. 246) where he + recounts having captured one hundred Sarmatian virgins, and unmaidened ten + of them in one night, together with the happenings subsequent thereto. + </p> + <p> + Concerning Messalina, there appears to be no question but that she was a + nymphomaniac, and that, while Empress of Rome, she participated in some + fearful debaucheries. The question is what to believe, for much that we + have heard about her is almost certainly apocryphal. + </p> + <p> + The author from whom Montaigne took his facts is the elder Pliny, who, in + his Natural History, Book X, Chapter 83, says, “Other animals become sated + with veneral pleasures; man hardly knows any satiety. Messalina, the wife + of Claudius Caesar, thinking this a palm quite worthy of an empress, + selected for the purpose of deciding the question, one of the most + notorious women who followed the profession of a hired prostitute; and the + empress outdid her, after continuous intercourse, night and day, at the + twenty-fifth embrace.” + </p> + <p> + But Pliny, notwithstanding his great attainments, was often a retailer of + stale gossip, and in like case was Aurelius Victor, another writer who + heaped much odium on her name. Again, there is a great hiatus in the + Annals of Tacitus, a true historian, at the period covering the earlier + days of the Empress; while Suetonius, bitter as he may be, is little more + than an anecdotist. Juvenal, another of her detractors, is a prejudiced + witness, for he started out to satirize female vice, and naturally aimed + at high places. Dio also tells of Messalina's misdeeds, but his work is + under the same limitations as that of Suetonius. Furthermore, none but + Pliny mentions the excess under consideration. + </p> + <p> + However, “where there is much smoke there must be a little fire,” and + based upon the superimposed testimony of the writers of the period, there + appears little doubt but that Messalina was a nymphomaniac, that she + prostituted herself in the public stews, naked, and with gilded nipples, + and that she did actually marry her chief adulterer, Silius, while + Claudius was absent at Ostia, and that the wedding was consummated in the + presence of a concourse of witnesses. This was “the straw that broke the + camel's back.” Claudius hastened back to Rome, Silius was dispatched, and + Messalina, lacking the will-power to destroy herself, was killed when an + officer ran a sword through her abdomen, just as it appeared that Claudius + was about to relent. + </p> + <p> + “THEN SPAKE YE DAMNED WINDMILL, SIR WALTER” + </p> + <p> + Raleigh is thoroughly in character here; this observation is quite in + keeping with the general veracity of his account of his travels in Guiana, + one of the most mendacious accounts of adventure ever told. Naturally, the + scholarly researches of Westermarck have failed to discover this people; + perhaps Lady Helen might best be protected among the Jibaros of Ecuador, + where the men marry when approaching forty. + </p> + <p> + Ben Jonson in his Conversations observed “That Sr. W. Raughlye esteemed + more of fame than of conscience.” + </p> + <p> + YE VIRGIN QUEENE + </p> + <p> + Grave historians have debated for centuries the pretensions of Elizabeth + to the title, “The Virgin Queen,” and it is utterly impossible to dispose + of the issue in a note. However, the weight of opinion appears to be in + the negative. Many and great were the difficulties attending the marriage + of a Protestant princess in those troublous times, and Elizabeth finally + announced that she would become wedded to the English nation, and she wore + a ring in token thereof until her death. However, more or less open + liaisons with Essex and Leicester, as well as a host of lesser courtiers, + her ardent temperament, and her imperious temper, are indications that + cannot be denied in determining any estimate upon the point in question. + </p> + <p> + Ben Jonson in his Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden says, + </p> + <p> + “Queen Elizabeth never saw herself after she became old in a true glass; + they painted her, and sometymes would vermillion her nose. She had + allwayes about Christmass evens set dice that threw sixes or five, and she + knew not they were other, to make her win and esteame herself fortunate. + That she had a membrana on her, which made her uncapable of man, though + for her delight she tried many. At the coming over of Monsieur, there was + a French Chirurgion who took in hand to cut it, yett fear stayed her, and + his death.” + </p> + <p> + It was a subject which again intrigued Clemens when he was abroad with W. + H. Fisher, whom Mark employed to “nose up” everything pertaining to Queen + Elizabeth's manly character. + </p> + <p> + “'BOCCACCIO HATH A STORY” + </p> + <p> + The author does not pay any great compliment to Raleigh's memory here. + There is no such tale in all Boccaccio. The nearest related incident forms + the subject matter of Dineo's novel (the fourth) of the First day of the + Decameron. + </p> + <p> + OLD SR. NICHOLAS THROGMORTON + </p> + <p> + The incident referred to appears to be Sir Nicholas Throgmorton's trial + for complicity in the attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England, a + charge of which he was acquitted. This so angered Queen Mary that she + imprisoned him in the Tower, and fined the jurors from one to two thousand + pounds each. Her action terrified succeeding juries, so that Sir + Nicholas's brother was condemned on no stronger evidence than that which + had failed to prevail before. While Sir Nicholas's defense may have been + brilliant, it must be admitted that the evidence was weak. He was later + released from the Tower, and under Elizabeth was one of a group of + commissioners sent by that princess into Scotland, to foment trouble with + Mary, Queen of Scots. When the attempt became known, Elizabeth repudiated + the acts of her agents, but Sir Nicholas, having anticipated this + possibility, had sufficient foresight to secure endorsement of his plan by + the Council, and so outwitted Elizabeth, who was playing a two-faced role, + and Cecil, one of the greatest statesmen who ever held the post of + principal minister. Perhaps it was this incident to which the company + referred, which might in part explain Elizabeth's rejoinder. However, he + had been restored to confidence ere this, and had served as ambassador to + France. + </p> + <p> + “TO SAVE HIS DOTER'S MAIDENHEDDE” + </p> + <p> + Elizabeth Throckmorton (or Throgmorton), daughter of Sir Nicholas, was one + of Elizabeth's maids of honor. When it was learned that she had been + debauched by Raleigh, Sir Walter was recalled from his command at sea by + the Queen, and compelled to marry the girl. This was not “in that olde + daie,” as the text has it, for it happened only eight years before the + date of this purported “conversation,” when Elizabeth was sixty years old. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY + </h2> + <p> + The various printings of 1601 reveal how Mark Twain's 'Fireside + Conversation' has become a part of the American printer's lore. But more + important, its many printings indicate that it has become a popular bit of + American folklore, particularly for men and women who have a feeling for + Mark Twain. Apparently it appeals to the typographer, who devotes to it + his worthy art, as well as to the job printer, who may pull a crudely + printed proof. The gay procession of curious printings of 1601 is unique + in the history of American printing. + </p> + <p> + Indeed, the story of the various printings of 1601 is almost legendary. In + the days of the “jour.” printer, so I am told, well-thumbed copies were + carried from print shop to print shop. For more than a quarter century now + it has been one of the chief sources of enjoyment for printers' devils; + and many a young rascal has learned about life from this Fireside + Conversation. It has been printed all over the country, and if report is + to be believed, in foreign countries as well. Because of the many + surreptitious and anonymous printings it is exceedingly difficult, if not + impossible, to compile a complete bibliography. Many printings lack the + name of the publisher, the printer, the place or date of printing. In many + instances some of the data, through the patient questioning of fellow + collectors, has been obtained and supplied. + </p> + <p> + 1. [Date, 1601.] Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the + Time of the Tudors. + </p> + <p> + DESCRIPTION: Pamphlet, pp. [ 1 ]-8, without wrappers or cover, measuring + 7x8 inches. The title is Set in caps. and small caps. + </p> + <p> + The excessively rare first printing, printed in Cleveland, 1880, at the + instance of Alexander Gunn, friend of John Hay. Only four copies are + believed to have been printed, of which, it is said now, the only known + copy is located in the Willard S. Morse collection. + </p> + <p> + 2. Date 1601. Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the time + of the Tudors. + </p> + <p> + (Mem.—The following is supposed to be an extract from the diary of + the Pepys of that day, the same being cup-bearer to Queen Elizabeth. It is + supposed that he is of ancient and noble lineage; that he despises these + literary canaille; that his soul consumes with wrath to see the Queen + stooping to talk with such; and that the old man feels his nobility + defiled by contact with Shakespeare, etc., and yet he has got to stay + there till Her Majesty chooses to dismiss him.) + </p> + <p> + DESCRIPTION: Title as above, verso blank; pp. [i]-xi, text; verso p. xi + blank. About 8 x 10 inches, printed on handmade linen paper soaked in weak + coffee, wrappers. The title is set in caps and small caps. + </p> + <p> + COLOPHON: at the foot of p. xi: Done Att Ye Academie Preffe; M DCCC LXXX + II. + </p> + <p> + The privately printed West Point edition, the first printing of the text + authorized by Mark Twain, of which but fifty copies were printed. The + story of this printing is fully told in the Introduction. + </p> + <p> + 3. Conversation As It Was By The Social Fire-side In The Time Of The + Tudors from Ye Diary of Ye Cupbearer to her Maisty Queen Elizabeth. + [design] Imprinted by Ye Puritan Press At Ye Sign of Ye Jolly Virgin 1601. + </p> + <p> + DESCRIPTION: 2 blank leaves; p. [i] blank, p. [ii] fronds., p. [iii] title + [as above], p. [iv] “Mem.”, pp. 1-25 text, I blank leaf. 4 3/4 by 6 1/4 + inches, printed in a modern version of the Caxton black letter type, on + M.B.M. French handmade paper. The frontispiece, a woodcut by A. E. Curtis, + is a portrait of the cup-bearer. Bound in buff-grey boards, buckram back. + Cover title reads, in pale red ink, Caxton type, Conversation As It Was By + The Social Fire-side In The Time Of The Tudors. [The Byway Press, + Cincinnati, Ohio, 1901, 120 copies.] + </p> + <p> + Probably the first published edition. + </p> + <p> + Later, in 1916, a facsimile edition of this printing was published in + Chicago from plates. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of 1601, by Mark Twain + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1601 *** + +***** This file should be named 3190-h.htm or 3190-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/9/3190/ + +Produced by David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.12.12.00*END* + + + + + +This etext was produced by David Widger <widger@cecomet.net> + + + + + +1601 +by Mark Twain + + + + + MARK TWAIN'S + [Date, 1601] + + Conversation + As it was by the Social Fireside + in the Time of the Tudors + + +INTRODUCTION + +"Born irreverent," scrawled Mark Twain on a scratch pad, "--like all +other people I have ever known or heard of--I am hoping to remain so +while there are any reverent irreverences left to make fun of." +--[Holograph manuscript of Samuel L. Clemens, in the collection of the +F. J. Meine] + +Mark Twain was just as irreverent as he dared be, and 1601 reveals his +richest expression of sovereign contempt for overstuffed language, +genteel literature, and conventional idiocies. Later, when a magazine +editor apostrophized, "O that we had a Rabelais!" Mark impishly and +anonymously--submitted 1601; and that same editor, a praiser of Rabelais, +scathingly abused it and the sender. In this episode, as in many others, +Mark Twain, the "bad boy" of American literature, revealed his huge +delight in blasting the shams of contemporary hypocrisy. Too, there was +always the spirit of Tom Sawyer deviltry in Mark's make-up that prompted +him, as he himself boasted, to see how much holy indignation he could +stir up in the world. + + +WHO WROTE 1601? + +The correct and complete title of 1601, as first issued, was: [Date, +1601.] 'Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of +the Tudors.' For many years after its anonymous first issue in 1880, +its authorship was variously conjectured and widely disputed. In Boston, +William T. Ball, one of the leading theatrical critics during the late +go's, asserted that it was originally written by an English actor (name +not divulged) who gave it to him. Ball's original, it was said, looked +like a newspaper strip in the way it was printed, and may indeed have +been a proof pulled in some newspaper office. In St. Louis, William +Marion Reedy, editor of the St. Louis Mirror, had seen this famous tour +de force circulated in the early 80's in galley-proof form; he first +learned from Eugene Field that it was from the pen of Mark Twain. + +"Many people," said Reedy, "thought the thing was done by Field and +attributed, as a joke, to Mark Twain. Field had a perfect genius for +that sort of thing, as many extant specimens attest, and for that sort of +practical joke; but to my thinking the humor of the piece is too mellow +--not hard and bright and bitter--to be Eugene Field's." Reedy's opinion +hits off the fundamental difference between these two great humorists; +one half suspects that Reedy was thinking of Field's French Crisis. + +But Twain first claimed his bantling from the fog of anonymity in 1906, +in a letter addressed to Mr. Charles Orr, librarian of Case Library, +Cleveland. Said Clemens , in the course of his letter, dated July 30, +1906, from Dublin, New Hampshire: + +"The title of the piece is 1601. The piece is a supposititious +conversation which takes place in Queen Elizabeth's closet in that year, +between the Queen, Ben Jonson, Beaumont, Sir Walter Raleigh, the Duchess +of Bilgewater, and one or two others, and is not, as John Hay mistakenly +supposes, a serious effort to bring back our literature and philosophy to +the sober and chaste Elizabeth's time; if there is a decent word findable +in it, it is because I overlooked it. I hasten to assure you that it is +not printed in my published writings." + + +TWITTING THE REV. JOSEPH TWICHELL + +The circumstances of how 1601 came to be written have since been +officially revealed by Albert Bigelow Paine in 'Mark Twain, +A Bibliography' (1912), and in the publication of Mark Twain's Notebook +(1935). + +1601 was written during the summer of 1876 when the Clemens family had +retreated to Quarry Farm in Elmira County, New York. Here Mrs. Clemens +enjoyed relief from social obligations, the children romped over the +countryside, and Mark retired to his octagonal study, which, perched high +on the hill, looked out upon the valley below. It was in the famous +summer of 1876, too, that Mark was putting the finishing touches to Tom +Sawyer. Before the close of the same year he had already begun work on +'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn', published in 1885. It is +interesting to note the use of the title, the "Duke of Bilgewater," in +Huck Finn when the "Duchess of Bilgewater" had already made her +appearance in 1601. Sandwiched between his two great masterpieces, Tom +Sawyer and Huck Finn, the writing of 1601 was indeed a strange interlude. + +During this prolific period Mark wrote many minor items, most of them +rejected by Howells, and read extensively in one of his favorite books, +Pepys' Diary. Like many another writer Mark was captivated by Pepys' +style and spirit, and "he determined," says Albert Bigelow Paine in his +'Mark Twain, A Biography', "to try his hand on an imaginary record of +conversation and court manners of a bygone day, written in the phrase of +the period. The result was 'Fireside Conversation in the Time of Queen +Elizabeth', or as he later called it, '1601'. The 'conversation' +recorded by a supposed Pepys of that period, was written with all the +outspoken coarseness and nakedness of that rank day, when fireside +sociabilities were limited only to the loosened fancy, vocabulary, and +physical performance, and not by any bounds of convention." + +"It was written as a letter," continues Paine, "to that robust divine, +Rev. Joseph Twichell," who, unlike Howells, had no scruples about Mark's +'Elizabethan breadth of parlance.'" + +The Rev. Joseph Twichell, Mark's most intimate friend for over forty +years, was pastor of the Asylum Hill Congregational Church of Hartford, +which Mark facetiously called the "Church of the Holy Speculators," +because of its wealthy parishioners. Here Mark had first met "Joe" at a +social, and their meeting ripened into a glorious, life long friendship. +Twichell was a man of about Mark's own age, a profound scholar, a devout +Christian, "yet a man with an exuberant sense of humor, and a profound +understanding of the frailties of mankind." The Rev. Mr. Twichell +performed the marriage ceremony for Mark Twain and solemnized the births +of his children; "Joe," his friend, counseled him on literary as well as +personal matters for the remainder of Mark's life. It is important to +catch this brief glimpse of the man for whom this masterpiece was +written, for without it one can not fully understand the spirit in which +1601 was written, or the keen enjoyment which Mark and "Joe" derived from +it. + + +"SAVE ME ONE." + +The story of the first issue of 1601 is one of finesse, state diplomacy, +and surreptitious printing. + +The Rev. "Joe" Twichell, for whose delectation the piece had been +written, apparently had pocketed the document for four long years. Then, +in 1880, it came into the hands of John Hay, later Secretary of State, +presumably sent to him by Mark Twain. Hay pronounced the sketch a +masterpiece, and wrote immediately to his old Cleveland friend, Alexander +Gunn, prince of connoisseurs in art and literature. The following +correspondence reveals the fine diplomacy which made the name of John Hay +known throughout the world. + + + DEPARTMENT OF STATE + Washington + + June 21, 1880. +Dear Gunn: + +Are you in Cleveland for all this week? If you will say yes by return +mail, I have a masterpiece to submit to your consideration which is only +in my hands for a few days. + +Yours, very much worritted by the depravity of Christendom, + + Hay + + +The second letter discloses Hay's own high opinion of the effort and his +deep concern for its safety. + + + + June 24, 1880 +My dear Gunn: + +Here it is. It was written by Mark Twain in a serious effort to bring +back our literature and philosophy to the sober and chaste Elizabethan +standard. But the taste of the present day is too corrupt for anything +so classic. He has not yet been able even to find a publisher. The +Globe has not yet recovered from Downey's inroad, and they won't touch +it. + +I send it to you as one of the few lingering relics of that race of +appreciative critics, who know a good thing when they see it. + +Read it with reverence and gratitude and send it back to me; for Mark is +impatient to see once more his wandering offspring. + + Yours, + Hay. + + +In his third letter one can almost hear Hay's chuckle in the certainty +that his diplomatic, if somewhat wicked, suggestion would bear fruit. + + + Washington, D. C. + July 7, 1880 +My dear Gunn: + +I have your letter, and the proposition which you make to pull a few +proofs of the masterpiece is highly attractive, and of course highly +immoral. I cannot properly consent to it, and I am afraid the great many +would think I was taking an unfair advantage of his confidence. Please +send back the document as soon as you can, and if, in spite of my +prohibition, you take these proofs, save me one. + + Very truly yours, + John Hay. + + + +Thus was this Elizabethan dialogue poured into the moulds of cold type. +According to Merle Johnson, Mark Twain's bibliographer, it was issued in +pamphlet form, without wrappers or covers; there were 8 pages of text and +the pamphlet measured 7 by 8 inches. Only four copies are believed to +have been printed, one for Hay, one for Gunn, and two for Twain. + +"In the matter of humor," wrote Clemens, referring to Hay's delicious +notes, "what an unsurpassable touch John Hay had!" + + +HUMOR AT WEST POINT + +The first printing of 1601 in actual book form was "Donne at ye Academie +Press, in 1882, West Point, New York, under the supervision of Lieut. C. +E. S. Wood, then adjutant of the U. S. Military Academy. + +In 1882 Mark Twain and Joe Twichell visited their friend Lieut. Wood at +West Point, where they learned that Wood, as Adjutant, had under his +control a small printing establishment. On Mark's return to Hartford, +Wood received a letter asking if he would do Mark a great favor by +printing something he had written, which he did not care to entrust to +the ordinary printer. Wood replied that he would be glad to oblige. +On April 3, 1882, Mark sent the manuscript: + +"I enclose the original of 1603 [sic] as you suggest. I am afraid there +are errors in it, also, heedlessness in antiquated spelling--e's stuck on +often at end of words where they are not strickly necessary, etc..... +I would go through the manuscript but I am too much driven just now, and +it is not important anyway. I wish you would do me the kindness to make +any and all corrections that suggest themselves to you. + + Sincerely yours, + S. L. Clemens." + + +Charles Erskine Scott Wood recalled in a foreword, which he wrote for the +limited edition of 1601 issued by the Grabhorn Press, how he felt when he +first saw the original manuscript. "When I read it," writes Wood, +"I felt that the character of it would be carried a little better by a +printing which pretended to the eye that it was contemporaneous with the +pretended 'conversation.' + +"I wrote Mark that for literary effect I thought there should be a +species of forgery, though of course there was no effort to actually +deceive a scholar. Mark answered that I might do as I liked;--that his +only object was to secure a number of copies, as the demand for it was +becoming burdensome, but he would be very grateful for any interest I +brought to the doing. + +"Well, Tucker [foreman of the printing shop] and I soaked some handmade +linen paper in weak coffee, put it as a wet bundle into a warm room to +mildew, dried it to a dampness approved by Tucker and he printed the +'copy' on a hand press. I had special punches cut for such Elizabethan +abbreviations as the a, e, o and u, when followed by m or n--and for the +(commonly and stupidly pronounced ye). + +"The only editing I did was as to the spelling and a few old English +words introduced. The spelling, if I remember correctly, is mine, but +the text is exactly as written by Mark. I wrote asking his view of +making the spelling of the period and he was enthusiastic--telling me to +do whatever I thought best and he was greatly pleased with the result." + +Thus was printed in a de luxe edition of fifty copies the most curious +masterpiece of American humor, at one of America's most dignified +institutions, the United States Military Academy at West Point. + +"1601 was so be-praised by the archaeological scholars of a quarter of a +century ago," wrote Clemens in his letter to Charles Orr, "that I was +rather inordinately vain of it. At that time it had been privately +printed in several countries, among them Japan. A sumptuous edition on +large paper, rough-edged, was made by Lieut. C. E. S. Wood at West Point +--an edition of 50 copies--and distributed among popes and kings and such +people. In England copies of that issue were worth twenty guineas when I +was there six years ago, and none to be had." + + +FROM THE DEPTHS + +Mark Twain's irreverence should not be misinterpreted: it was an +irreverence which bubbled up from a deep, passionate insight into the +well-springs of human nature. In 1601, as in 'The Man That Corrupted +Hadleyburg,' and in 'The Mysterious Stranger,' he tore the masks off +human beings and left them cringing before the public view. With the +deftness of a master surgeon Clemens dealt with human emotions and +delighted in exposing human nature in the raw. + +The spirit and the language of the Fireside Conversation were rooted deep +in Mark Twain's nature and in his life, as C. E. S. Wood, who printed +1601 at West Point, has pertinently observed, + +"If I made a guess as to the intellectual ferment out of which 1601 rose +I would say that Mark's intellectual structure and subconscious graining +was from Anglo-Saxons as primitive as the common man of the Tudor period. +He came from the banks of the Mississippi--from the flatboatmen, pilots, +roustabouts, farmers and village folk of a rude, primitive people--as +Lincoln did. + +"He was finished in the mining camps of the West among stage drivers, +gamblers and the men of '49. The simple roughness of a frontier people +was in his blood and brain. + +"Words vulgar and offensive to other ears were a common language to him. +Anyone who ever knew Mark heard him use them freely, forcibly, +picturesquely in his unrestrained conversation. Such language is +forcible as all primitive words are. Refinement seems to make for +weakness--or let us say a cutting edge--but the old vulgar monosyllabic +words bit like the blow of a pioneer's ax--and Mark was like that. Then +I think 1601 came out of Mark's instinctive humor, satire and hatred of +puritanism. But there is more than this; with all its humor there is a +sense of real delight in what may be called obscenity for its own sake. +Whitman and the Bible are no more obscene than Nature herself--no more +obscene than a manure pile, out of which come roses and cherries. Every +word used in 1601 was used by our own rude pioneers as a part of their +vocabulary--and no word was ever invented by man with obscene intent, but +only as language to express his meaning. No act of nature is obscene in +itself--but when such words and acts are dragged in for an ulterior +purpose they become offensive, as everything out of place is offensive. +I think he delighted, too, in shocking--giving resounding slaps on what +Chaucer would quite simply call 'the bare erse.'" + +Quite aside from this Chaucerian "erse" slapping, Clemens had also a +semi-serious purpose, that of reproducing a past time as he saw it in +Shakespeare, Dekker, Jonson, and other writers of the Elizabethan era. +Fireside Conversation was an exercise in scholarship illumined by a keen +sense of character. It was made especially effective by the artistic +arrangement of widely-gathered material into a compressed picture of a +phase of the manners and even the minds of the men and women "in the +spacious times of great Elizabeth." + +Mark Twain made of 1601 a very smart and fascinating performance, carried +over almost to grotesqueness just to show it was not done for mere +delight in the frank naturalism of the functions with which it deals. +That Mark Twain had made considerable study of this frankness is apparent +from chapter four of 'A Yankee At King Arthur's Court,' where he refers +to the conversation at the famous Round Table thus: + +"Many of the terms used in the most matter-of-fact way by this great +assemblage of the first ladies and gentlemen of the land would have made +a Comanche blush. Indelicacy is too mild a term to convey the idea. +However, I had read Tom Jones and Roderick Random and other books of that +kind and knew that the highest and first ladies and gentlemen in England +had remained little or no cleaner in their talk, and in the morals and +conduct which such talk implies, clear up to one hundred years ago; in +fact clear into our own nineteenth century--in which century, broadly +speaking, the earliest samples of the real lady and the real gentleman +discoverable in English history,--or in European history, for that +matter--may be said to have made their appearance. Suppose Sir Walter +[Scott] instead of putting the conversation into the mouths of his +characters, had allowed the characters to speak for themselves? We +should have had talk from Rebecca and Ivanhoe and the soft lady Rowena +which would embarrass a tramp in our day. However, to the unconsciously +indelicate all things are delicate." + +Mark Twain's interest in history and in the depiction of historical +periods and characters is revealed through his fondness for historical +reading in preference to fiction, and through his other historical +writings. Even in the hilarious, youthful days in San Francisco, Paine +reports that "Clemens, however, was never quite ready for sleep. Then, +as ever, he would prop himself up in bed, light his pipe, and lose +himself in English or French history until his sleep conquered." Paine +tells us, too, that Lecky's 'European Morals' was an old favorite. + +The notes to 'The Prince and the Pauper' show again how carefully Clemens +examined his historical background, and his interest in these materials. +Some of the more important sources are noted: Hume's 'History of +England', Timbs' 'Curiosities of London', J. Hammond Trumbull's 'Blue +Laws, True and False'. Apparently Mark Twain relished it, for as Bernard +DeVoto points out, "The book is always Mark Twain. Its parodies of Tudor +speech lapse sometimes into a callow satisfaction in that idiom--Mark +hugely enjoys his nathlesses and beshrews and marrys." The writing of +1601 foreshadows his fondness for this treatment. + + "Do you suppose the liberties and the Brawn of These States have to + do only with delicate lady-words? with gloved gentleman words" + Walt Whitman, 'An American Primer'. + +Although 1601 was not matched by any similar sketch in his published +works, it was representative of Mark Twain the man. He was no emaciated +literary tea-tosser. Bronzed and weatherbeaten son of the West, Mark was +a man's man, and that significant fact is emphasized by the several +phases of Mark's rich life as steamboat pilot, printer, miner, and +frontier journalist. + +On the Virginia City Enterprise Mark learned from editor R. M. Daggett +that "when it was necessary to call a man names, there were no expletives +too long or too expressive to be hurled in rapid succession to emphasize +the utter want of character of the man assailed.... There were +typesetters there who could hurl anathemas at bad copy which would have +frightened a Bengal tiger. The news editor could damn a mutilated +dispatch in twenty-four languages." + +In San Francisco in the sizzling sixties we catch a glimpse of Mark Twain +and his buddy, Steve Gillis, pausing in doorways to sing "The Doleful +Ballad of the Neglected Lover," an old piece of uncollected erotica. +One morning, when a dog began to howl, Steve awoke "to find his room-mate +standing in the door that opened out into a back garden, holding a big +revolver, his hand shaking with cold and excitement," relates Paine in +his Biography. + +"'Come here, Steve,' he said. 'I'm so chilled through I can't get a bead +on him.' + +"'Sam,' said Steve, 'don't shoot him. Just swear at him. You can easily +kill him at any range with your profanity.' + +"Steve Gillis declares that Mark Twain let go such a scorching, singeing +blast that the brute's owner sold him the next day for a Mexican hairless +dog." + +Nor did Mark's "geysers of profanity" cease spouting after these gay and +youthful days in San Francisco. With Clemens it may truly be said that +profanity was an art--a pyrotechnic art that entertained nations. + +"It was my duty to keep buttons on his shirts," recalled Katy Leary, +life-long housekeeper and friend in the Clemens menage, "and he'd swear +something terrible if I didn't. If he found a shirt in his drawer +without a button on, he'd take every single shirt out of that drawer and +throw them right out of the window, rain or shine--out of the bathroom +window they'd go. I used to look out every morning to see the +snowflakes--anything white. Out they'd fly.... Oh! he'd swear at +anything when he was on a rampage. He'd swear at his razor if it didn't +cut right, and Mrs. Clemens used to send me around to the bathroom door +sometimes to knock and ask him what was the matter. Well, I'd go and +knock; I'd say, 'Mrs. Clemens wants to know what's the matter.' And +then he'd say to me (kind of low) in a whisper like, 'Did she hear me +Katy?' 'Yes,' I'd say, 'every word.' Oh, well, he was ashamed then, he +was afraid of getting scolded for swearing like that, because Mrs. +Clemens hated swearing." But his swearing never seemed really bad to +Katy Leary, "It was sort of funny, and a part of him, somehow," she said. +"Sort of amusing it was--and gay--not like real swearing, 'cause he swore +like an angel." + +In his later years at Stormfield Mark loved to play his favorite +billiards. "It was sometimes a wonderful and fearsome thing to watch Mr. +Clemens play billiards," relates Elizabeth Wallace. "He loved the game, +and he loved to win, but he occasionally made a very bad stroke, and then +the varied, picturesque, and unorthodox vocabulary, acquired in his more +youthful years, was the only thing that gave him comfort. Gently, +slowly, with no profane inflexions of voice, but irresistibly as though +they had the headwaters of the Mississippi for their source, came this +stream of unholy adjectives and choice expletives." + +Mark's vocabulary ran the whole gamut of life itself. In Paris, in his +appearance in 1879 before the Stomach Club, a jolly lot of gay wags, +Mark's address, reports Paine, "obtained a wide celebrity among the clubs +of the world, though no line of it, not even its title, has ever found +its way into published literature." It is rumored to have been called +"Some Remarks on the Science of Onanism." + +In Berlin, Mark asked Henry W. Fisher to accompany him on an exploration +of the Berlin Royal Library, where the librarian, having learned that +Clemens had been the Kaiser's guest at dinner, opened the secret treasure +chests for the famous visitor. One of these guarded treasures was a +volume of grossly indecent verses by Voltaire, addressed to Frederick the +Great. "Too much is enough," Mark is reported to have said, when Fisher +translated some of the verses, "I would blush to remember any of these +stanzas except to tell Krafft-Ebing about them when I get to Vienna." +When Fisher had finished copying a verse for him Mark put it into his +pocket, saying, "Livy [Mark's wife, Olivia] is so busy mispronouncing +German these days she can't even attempt to get at this." + +In his letters, too, Howells observed, "He had the Southwestern, the +Lincolnian, the Elizabethan breadth of parlance, which I suppose one +ought not to call coarse without calling one's self prudish; and I was +often hiding away in discreet holes and corners the letters in which he +had loosed his bold fancy to stoop on rank suggestion; I could not bear +to burn them, and I could not, after the first reading, quite bear to +look at them. I shall best give my feeling on this point by saying that +in it he was Shakespearean." + + "With a nigger squat on her safety-valve" + John Hay, Pike County Ballads. + +"Is there any other explanation," asks Van Wyck Brooks, "'of his +Elizabethan breadth of parlance?' Mr. Howells confesses that he +sometimes blushed over Mark Twain's letters, that there were some which, +to the very day when he wrote his eulogy on his dead friend, he could not +bear to reread. Perhaps if he had not so insisted, in former years, +while going over Mark Twain's proofs, upon 'having that swearing out in +an instant,' he would never had had cause to suffer from his having +'loosed his bold fancy to stoop on rank suggestion.' Mark Twain's verbal +Rabelaisianism was obviously the expression of that vital sap which, not +having been permitted to inform his work, had been driven inward and left +thereto ferment. No wonder he was always indulging in orgies of +forbidden words. Consider the famous book, 1601, that fireside +conversation in the time of Queen Elizabeth: is there any obsolete verbal +indecency in the English language that Mark Twain has not painstakingly +resurrected and assembled there? He, whose blood was in constant ferment +and who could not contain within the narrow bonds that had been set for +him the roitous exuberance of his nature, had to have an escape-valve, +and he poured through it a fetid stream of meaningless obscenity--the +waste of a priceless psychic material!" Thus, Brooks lumps 1601 with +Mark Twain's "bawdry," and interprets it simply as another indication of +frustration. + + +FIGS FOR FIG LEAVES! + +Of course, the writing of such a piece as 1601 raised the question of +freedom of expression for the creative artist. + +Although little discussed at that time, it was a question which intensely +interested Mark, and for a fuller appreciation of Mark's position one +must keep in mind the year in which 1601 was written, 1876. There had +been nothing like it before in American literature; there had appeared no +Caldwells, no Faulkners, no Hemingways. Victorian England was gushing +Tennyson. In the United States polite letters was a cult of the Brahmins +of Boston, with William Dean Howells at the helm of the Atlantic. Louisa +May Alcott published Little Women in 1868-69, and Little Men in 1871. In +1873 Mark Twain led the van of the debunkers, scraping the gilt off the +lily in the Gilded Age. + +In 1880 Mark took a few pot shots at license in Art and Literature in his +Tramp Abroad, "I wonder why some things are? For instance, Art is +allowed as much indecent license to-day as in earlier times--but the +privileges of Literature in this respect have been sharply curtailed +within the past eighty or ninety years. Fielding and Smollet could +portray the beastliness of their day in the beastliest language; we have +plenty of foul subjects to deal with in our day, but we are not allowed +to approach them very near, even with nice and guarded forms of speech. +But not so with Art. The brush may still deal freely with any subject; +however revolting or indelicate. It makes a body ooze sarcasm at every +pore, to go about Rome and Florence and see what this last generation has +been doing with the statues. These works, which had stood in innocent +nakedness for ages, are all fig-leaved now. Yes, every one of them. +Nobody noticed their nakedness before, perhaps; nobody can help noticing +it now, the fig-leaf makes it so conspicuous. But the comical thing +about it all, is, that the fig-leaf is confined to cold and pallid +marble, which would be still cold and unsuggestive without this sham and +ostentatious symbol of modesty, whereas warm-blooded paintings which do +really need it have in no case been furnished with it. + +"At the door of the Ufizzi, in Florence, one is confronted by statues of +a man and a woman, noseless, battered, black with accumulated grime--they +hardly suggest human beings--yet these ridiculous creatures have been +thoughtfully and conscientiously fig-leaved by this fastidious +generation. You enter, and proceed to that most-visited little gallery +that exists in the world.... and there, against the wall, without +obstructing rag or leaf, you may look your fill upon the foulest, the +vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses--Titian's Venus. It +isn't that she is naked and stretched out on a bed--no, it is the +attitude of one of her arms and hand. If I ventured to describe the +attitude, there would be a fine howl--but there the Venus lies, for +anybody to gloat over that wants to--and there she has a right to lie, +for she is a work of art, and Art has its privileges. I saw young girls +stealing furtive glances at her; I saw young men gaze long and absorbedly +at her; I saw aged, infirm men hang upon her charms with a pathetic +interest. How I should like to describe her--just to see what a holy +indignation I could stir up in the world--just to hear the unreflecting +average man deliver himself about my grossness and coarseness, and all +that. + +"In every gallery in Europe there are hideous pictures of blood, carnage, +oozing brains, putrefaction--pictures portraying intolerable suffering-- +pictures alive with every conceivable horror, wrought out in dreadful +detail--and similar pictures are being put on the canvas every day and +publicly exhibited--without a growl from anybody--for they are innocent, +they are inoffensive, being works of art. But suppose a literary artist +ventured to go into a painstaking and elaborate description of one of +these grisly things--the critics would skin him alive. Well, let it go, +it cannot be helped; Art retains her privileges, Literature has lost +hers. Somebody else may cipher out the whys and the wherefores and the +consistencies of it--I haven't got time." + + +PROFESSOR SCENTS PORNOGRAPHY + +Unfortunately, 1601 has recently been tagged by Professor Edward +Wagenknecht as "the most famous piece of pornography in American +literature." Like many another uninformed, Prof. W. is like the little +boy who is shocked to see "naughty" words chalked on the back fence, +and thinks they are pornography. The initiated, after years of wading +through the mire, will recognize instantly the significant difference +between filthy filth and funny "filth." Dirt for dirt's sake is +something else again. Pornography, an eminent American jurist has +pointed out, is distinguished by the "leer of the sensualist." + +"The words which are criticised as dirty," observed justice John M. +Woolsey in the United States District Court of New York, lifting the ban +on Ulysses by James Joyce, "are old Saxon words known to almost all men +and, I venture, to many women, and are such words as would be naturally +and habitually used, I believe, by the types of folk whose life, physical +and mental, Joyce is seeking to describe." Neither was there +"pornographic intent," according to justice Woolsey, nor was Ulysses +obscene within the legal definition of that word. + +"The meaning of the word 'obscene,'" the Justice indicated, "as legally +defined by the courts is: tending to stir the sex impulses or to lead to +sexually impure and lustful thoughts. + +"Whether a particular book would tend to excite such impulses and +thoughts must be tested by the court's opinion as to its effect on a +person with average sex instincts--what the French would call 'l'homme +moyen sensuel'--who plays, in this branch of legal inquiry, the same role +of hypothetical reagent as does the 'reasonable man' in the law of torts +and 'the learned man in the art' on questions of invention in patent +law." + +Obviously, it is ridiculous to say that the "leer of the sensualist" +lurks in the pages of Mark Twain's 1601. + + +DROLL STORY + +"In a way," observed William Marion Reedy, "1601 is to Twain's whole +works what the 'Droll Stories' are to Balzac's. It is better than the +privately circulated ribaldry and vulgarity of Eugene Field; is, indeed, +an essay in a sort of primordial humor such as we find in Rabelais, or in +the plays of some of the lesser stars that drew their light from +Shakespeare's urn. It is humor or fun such as one expects, let us say, +from the peasants of Thomas Hardy, outside of Hardy's books. And, though +it be filthy, it yet hath a splendor of mere animalism of good spirits... +I would say it is scatalogical rather than erotic, save for one touch +toward the end. Indeed, it seems more of Rabelais than of Boccaccio or +Masuccio or Aretino--is brutally British rather than lasciviously +latinate, as to the subjects, but sumptuous as regards the language." + +Immediately upon first reading, John Hay, later Secretary of State, had +proclaimed 1601 a masterpiece. Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain's +biographer, likewise acknowledged its greatness, when he said, "1601 is a +genuine classic, as classics of that sort go. It is better than the +gross obscenities of Rabelais, and perhaps in some day to come, the taste +that justified Gargantua and the Decameron will give this literary +refugee shelter and setting among the more conventional writing of Mark +Twain. Human taste is a curious thing; delicacy is purely a matter of +environment and point of view." + +"It depends on who writes a thing whether it is coarse or not," wrote +Clemens in his notebook in 1879. "I built a conversation which could +have happened--I used words such as were used at that time--1601. I sent +it anonymously to a magazine, and how the editor abused it and the +sender! + +But that man was a praiser of Rabelais and had been saying, 'O that we +had a Rabelais!' I judged that I could furnish him one. + +"Then I took it to one of the greatest, best and most learned of Divines +[Rev. Joseph H. Twichell] and read it to him. He came within an ace of +killing himself with laughter (for between you and me the thing was +dreadfully funny. I don't often write anything that I laugh at myself, +but I can hardly think of that thing without laughing). That old Divine +said it was a piece of the finest kind of literary art--and David Gray of +the Buffalo Courier said it ought to be printed privately and left behind +me when I died, and then my fame as a literary artist would last." + +FRANKLIN J. MEINE + + + + + +THE FIRST PRINTING + Verbatim Reprint + + +[Date, 1601.] + +CONVERSATION, AS IT WAS BY THE SOCIAL FIRESIDE, IN THE TIME OF THE +TUDORS. + +[Mem.--The following is supposed to be an extract from the diary of the +Pepys of that day, the same being Queen Elizabeth's cup-bearer. He is +supposed to be of ancient and noble lineage; that he despises these +literary canaille; that his soul consumes with wrath, to see the queen +stooping to talk with such; and that the old man feels that his nobility +is defiled by contact with Shakespeare, etc., and yet he has got to stay +there till her Majesty chooses to dismiss him.] + + + +YESTERNIGHT +toke her maiste ye queene a fantasie such as she sometimes hath, and had +to her closet certain that doe write playes, bokes, and such like, these +being my lord Bacon, his worship Sir Walter Ralegh, Mr. Ben Jonson, and +ye child Francis Beaumonte, which being but sixteen, hath yet turned his +hand to ye doing of ye Lattin masters into our Englishe tong, with grete +discretion and much applaus. Also came with these ye famous Shaxpur. A +righte straunge mixing truly of mighty blode with mean, ye more in +especial since ye queenes grace was present, as likewise these following, +to wit: Ye Duchess of Bilgewater, twenty-two yeres of age; ye Countesse +of Granby, twenty-six; her doter, ye Lady Helen, fifteen; as also these +two maides of honor, to-wit, ye Lady Margery Boothy, sixty-five, and ye +Lady Alice Dilberry, turned seventy, she being two yeres ye queenes +graces elder. + +I being her maites cup-bearer, had no choice but to remaine and beholde +rank forgot, and ye high holde converse wh ye low as uppon equal termes, +a grete scandal did ye world heare thereof. + +In ye heat of ye talk it befel yt one did breake wind, yielding an +exceding mightie and distresfull stink, whereat all did laugh full sore, +and then-- + +Ye Queene.--Verily in mine eight and sixty yeres have I not heard the +fellow to this fart. Meseemeth, by ye grete sound and clamour of it, it +was male; yet ye belly it did lurk behinde shoulde now fall lean and flat +against ye spine of him yt hath bene delivered of so stately and so waste +a bulk, where as ye guts of them yt doe quiff-splitters bear, stand +comely still and rounde. Prithee let ye author confess ye offspring. +Will my Lady Alice testify? + +Lady Alice.--Good your grace, an' I had room for such a thundergust +within mine ancient bowels, 'tis not in reason I coulde discharge ye same +and live to thank God for yt He did choose handmaid so humble whereby to +shew his power. Nay, 'tis not I yt have broughte forth this rich +o'ermastering fog, this fragrant gloom, so pray you seeke ye further. + +Ye Queene.--Mayhap ye Lady Margery hath done ye companie this favor? + +Lady Margery.--So please you madam, my limbs are feeble wh ye weighte and +drouth of five and sixty winters, and it behoveth yt I be tender unto +them. In ye good providence of God, an' I had contained this wonder, +forsoothe wolde I have gi'en 'ye whole evening of my sinking life to ye +dribbling of it forth, with trembling and uneasy soul, not launched it +sudden in its matchless might, taking mine own life with violence, +rending my weak frame like rotten rags. It was not I, your maisty. + +Ye Queene.--O' God's name, who hath favored us? Hath it come to pass yt +a fart shall fart itself? Not such a one as this, I trow. Young Master +Beaumont--but no; 'twould have wafted him to heaven like down of goose's +boddy. 'Twas not ye little Lady Helen--nay, ne'er blush, my child; +thoul't tickle thy tender maidenhedde with many a mousie-squeak before +thou learnest to blow a harricane like this. Wasn't you, my learned and +ingenious Jonson? + +Jonson.--So fell a blast hath ne'er mine ears saluted, nor yet a stench +so all-pervading and immortal. 'Twas not a novice did it, good your +maisty, but one of veteran experience--else hadde he failed of +confidence. In sooth it was not I. + +Ye Queene.--My lord Bacon? + +Lord Bacon.-Not from my leane entrailes hath this prodigy burst forth, so +please your grace. Naught doth so befit ye grete as grete performance; +and haply shall ye finde yt 'tis not from mediocrity this miracle hath +issued. + +[Tho' ye subjoct be but a fart, yet will this tedious sink of learning +pondrously phillosophize. Meantime did the foul and deadly stink pervade +all places to that degree, yt never smelt I ye like, yet dare I not to +leave ye presence, albeit I was like to suffocate.] + +Ye Queene.--What saith ye worshipful Master Shaxpur? + +Shaxpur.--In the great hand of God I stand and so proclaim mine +innocence. Though ye sinless hosts of heaven had foretold ye coming of +this most desolating breath, proclaiming it a work of uninspired man, its +quaking thunders, its firmament-clogging rottenness his own achievement +in due course of nature, yet had not I believed it; but had said the pit +itself hath furnished forth the stink, and heaven's artillery hath shook +the globe in admiration of it. + +[Then was there a silence, and each did turn him toward the worshipful +Sr Walter Ralegh, that browned, embattled, bloody swashbuckler, who +rising up did smile, and simpering say,] + +Sr W.--Most gracious maisty, 'twas I that did it, but indeed it was so +poor and frail a note, compared with such as I am wont to furnish, yt in +sooth I was ashamed to call the weakling mine in so august a presence. +It was nothing--less than nothing, madam--I did it but to clear my nether +throat; but had I come prepared, then had I delivered something worthy. +Bear with me, please your grace, till I can make amends. + +[Then delivered he himself of such a godless and rock-shivering blast +that all were fain to stop their ears, and following it did come so dense +and foul a stink that that which went before did seem a poor and trifling +thing beside it. Then saith he, feigning that he blushed and was +confused, I perceive that I am weak to-day, and cannot justice do unto my +powers; and sat him down as who should say, There, it is not much yet he +that hath an arse to spare, let him fellow that, an' he think he can. By +God, an' I were ye queene, I would e'en tip this swaggering braggart out +o' the court, and let him air his grandeurs and break his intolerable +wind before ye deaf and such as suffocation pleaseth.] + +Then fell they to talk about ye manners and customs of many peoples, and +Master Shaxpur spake of ye boke of ye sieur Michael de Montaine, wherein +was mention of ye custom of widows of Perigord to wear uppon ye +headdress, in sign of widowhood, a jewel in ye similitude of a man's +member wilted and limber, whereat ye queene did laugh and say widows in +England doe wear prickes too, but betwixt the thighs, and not wilted +neither, till coition hath done that office for them. Master Shaxpur did +likewise observe how yt ye sieur de Montaine hath also spoken of a +certain emperor of such mighty prowess that he did take ten maidenheddes +in ye compass of a single night, ye while his empress did entertain two +and twenty lusty knights between her sheetes, yet was not satisfied; +whereat ye merrie Countess Granby saith a ram is yet ye emperor's +superior, sith he wil tup above a hundred yewes 'twixt sun and sun; and +after, if he can have none more to shag, will masturbate until he hath +enrich'd whole acres with his seed. + +Then spake ye damned windmill, Sr Walter, of a people in ye uttermost +parts of America, yt capulate not until they be five and thirty yeres of +age, ye women being eight and twenty, and do it then but once in seven +yeres. + +Ye Queene.--How doth that like my little Lady Helen? Shall we send thee +thither and preserve thy belly? + +Lady Helen.--Please your highnesses grace, mine old nurse hath told me +there are more ways of serving God than by locking the thighs together; +yet am I willing to serve him yt way too, sith your highnesses grace hath +set ye ensample. + +Ye Queene.--God' wowndes a good answer, childe. + +Lady Alice.--Mayhap 'twill weaken when ye hair sprouts below ye navel. + +Lady Helen.--Nay, it sprouted two yeres syne; I can scarce more than +cover it with my hand now. + +Ye Queene.--Hear Ye that, my little Beaumonte? Have ye not a little +birde about ye that stirs at hearing tell of so sweete a neste? + +Beaumonte.--'Tis not insensible, illustrious madam; but mousing owls and +bats of low degree may not aspire to bliss so whelming and ecstatic as is +found in ye downy nests of birdes of Paradise. + +Ye Queene.--By ye gullet of God, 'tis a neat-turned compliment. With +such a tongue as thine, lad, thou'lt spread the ivory thighs of many a +willing maide in thy good time, an' thy cod-piece be as handy as thy +speeche. + +Then spake ye queene of how she met old Rabelais when she was turned of +fifteen, and he did tell her of a man his father knew that had a double +pair of bollocks, whereon a controversy followed as concerning the most +just way to spell the word, ye contention running high betwixt ye learned +Bacon and ye ingenious Jonson, until at last ye old Lady Margery, +wearying of it all, saith, 'Gentles, what mattereth it how ye shall spell +the word? I warrant Ye when ye use your bollocks ye shall not think of +it; and my Lady Granby, be ye content; let the spelling be, ye shall +enjoy the beating of them on your buttocks just the same, I trow. Before +I had gained my fourteenth year I had learnt that them that would explore +a cunt stop'd not to consider the spelling o't.' + +Sr W.--In sooth, when a shift's turned up, delay is meet for naught but +dalliance. Boccaccio hath a story of a priest that did beguile a maid +into his cell, then knelt him in a corner to pray for grace to be rightly +thankful for this tender maidenhead ye Lord had sent him; but ye abbot, +spying through ye key-hole, did see a tuft of brownish hair with fair +white flesh about it, wherefore when ye priest's prayer was done, his +chance was gone, forasmuch as ye little maid had but ye one cunt, and +that was already occupied to her content. + +Then conversed they of religion, and ye mightie work ye old dead Luther +did doe by ye grace of God. Then next about poetry, and Master Shaxpur +did rede a part of his King Henry IV., ye which, it seemeth unto me, +is not of ye value of an arsefull of ashes, yet they praised it bravely, +one and all. + +Ye same did rede a portion of his "Venus and Adonis," to their prodigious +admiration, whereas I, being sleepy and fatigued withal, did deme it but +paltry stuff, and was the more discomforted in that ye blody bucanier had +got his wind again, and did turn his mind to farting with such villain +zeal that presently I was like to choke once more. God damn this windy +ruffian and all his breed. I wolde that hell mighte get him. + +They talked about ye wonderful defense which old Sr. Nicholas Throgmorton +did make for himself before ye judges in ye time of Mary; which was +unlucky matter to broach, sith it fetched out ye quene with a 'Pity yt +he, having so much wit, had yet not enough to save his doter's +maidenhedde sound for her marriage-bed.' And ye quene did give ye damn'd +Sr. Walter a look yt made hym wince--for she hath not forgot he was her +own lover it yt olde day. There was silent uncomfortableness now; 'twas +not a good turn for talk to take, sith if ye queene must find offense in +a little harmless debauching, when pricks were stiff and cunts not loathe +to take ye stiffness out of them, who of this company was sinless; +behold, was not ye wife of Master Shaxpur four months gone with child +when she stood uppe before ye altar? Was not her Grace of Bilgewater +roger'd by four lords before she had a husband? Was not ye little Lady +Helen born on her mother's wedding-day? And, beholde, were not ye Lady +Alice and ye Lady Margery there, mouthing religion, whores from ye +cradle? + +In time came they to discourse of Cervantes, and of the new painter, +Rubens, that is beginning to be heard of. Fine words and dainty-wrought +phrases from the ladies now, one or two of them being, in other days, +pupils of that poor ass, Lille, himself; and I marked how that Jonson and +Shaxpur did fidget to discharge some venom of sarcasm, yet dared they not +in the presence, the queene's grace being ye very flower of ye Euphuists +herself. But behold, these be they yt, having a specialty, and admiring +it in themselves, be jealous when a neighbor doth essaye it, nor can +abide it in them long. Wherefore 'twas observable yt ye quene waxed +uncontent; and in time labor'd grandiose speeche out of ye mouth of Lady +Alice, who manifestly did mightily pride herself thereon, did quite +exhauste ye quene's endurance, who listened till ye gaudy speeche was +done, then lifted up her brows, and with vaste irony, mincing saith 'O +shit!' Whereat they alle did laffe, but not ye Lady Alice, yt olde +foolish bitche. + +Now was Sr. Walter minded of a tale he once did hear ye ingenious +Margrette of Navarre relate, about a maid, which being like to suffer +rape by an olde archbishoppe, did smartly contrive a device to save her +maidenhedde, and said to him, First, my lord, I prithee, take out thy +holy tool and piss before me; which doing, lo his member felle, and would +not rise again. + + + + + + + FOOTNOTES + To Frivolity + +The historical consistency of 1601 indicates that Twain must have given +the subject considerable thought. The author was careful to speak only +of men who conceivably might have been in the Virgin Queen's closet and +engaged in discourse with her. + + +THE CHARACTERS + +At this time (1601) Queen Elizabeth was 68 years old. She speaks of +having talked to "old Rabelais" in her youth. This might have been +possible as Rabelais died in 1552, when the Queen was 19 years old. + +Among those in the party were Shakespeare, at that time 37 years old; Ben +Jonson, 27; and Sir Walter Raleigh, 49. Beaumont at the time was 17, not +16. He was admitted as a member of the Inner Temple in 1600, and his +first translations, those from Ovid, were first published in 1602. +Therefore, if one were holding strictly to the year date, neither by age +nor by fame would Beaumont have been eligible to attend such a gathering +of august personages in the year 1601; but the point is unimportant. + + +THE ELIZABETHAN WRITERS + +In the Conversation Shakespeare speaks of Montaigne's Essays. These were +first published in 1580 and successive editions were issued in the years +following, the third volume being published in 1588. "In England +Montaigne was early popular. It was long supposed that the autograph of +Shakespeare in a copy of Florio's translation showed his study of the +Essays. The autograph has been disputed, but divers passages, and +especially one in The Tempest, show that at first or second hand the poet +was acquainted with the essayist." (Encyclopedia Brittanica.) + +The company at the Queen's fireside discoursed of Lilly (or Lyly), +English dramatist and novelist of the Elizabethan era, whose novel, +Euphues, published in two parts, 'Euphues', or the 'Anatomy of Wit' +(1579) and 'Euphues and His England' (1580) was a literary sensation. +It is said to have influenced literary style for more than a quarter of a +century, and traces of its influence are found in Shakespeare. (Columbia +Encyclopedia). + +The introduction of Ben Jonson into the party was wholly appropriate, +if one may call to witness some of Jonson's writings. The subject under +discussion was one that Jonson was acquainted with, in The Alchemist: + + +Act. I, Scene I, + +FACE: Believe't I will. + +SUBTLE: Thy worst. I fart at thee. + +DOL COMMON: Have you your wits? Why, gentlemen, for love---- + + +Act. 2, Scene I, + +SIR EPICURE MAMMON: ....and then my poets, the same that writ so subtly +of the fart, whom I shall entertain still for that subject and again in +Bartholomew Fair + +NIGHTENGALE: (sings a ballad) + Hear for your love, and buy for your money. + A delicate ballad o' the ferret and the coney. + A preservative again' the punk's evil. + Another goose-green starch, and the devil. + A dozen of divine points, and the godly garter + The fairing of good counsel, of an ell and three-quarters. + What is't you buy? + The windmill blown down by the witche's fart, + Or Saint George, that, O! did break the dragon's heart. + + +GOOD OLD ENGLISH CUSTOM + +That certain types of English society have not changed materially in +their freedom toward breaking wind in public can be noticed in some +comparatively recent literature. Frank Harris in My Life, Vol. 2, +Ch. XIII, tells of Lady Marriott, wife of a judge Advocate General, +being compelled to leave her own table, at which she was entertaining Sir +Robert Fowler, then the Lord Mayor of London, because of the suffocating +and nauseating odors there. He also tells of an instance in parliament, +and of a rather brilliant bon mot spoken upon that occasion. + +"While Fowler was speaking Finch-Hatton had shewn signs of restlessness; +towards the end of the speech he had moved some three yards away from the +Baronet. As soon as Fowler sat down Finch-Hatton sprang up holding his +handkerchief to his nose: + +"'Mr. Speaker,' he began, and was at once acknowledged by the Speaker, +for it was a maiden speech, and as such was entitled to precedence by the +courteous custom of the House, 'I know why the Right Honourable Member +from the City did not conclude his speech with a proposal. The only way +to conclude such a speech appropriately would be with a motion!'" + + +AEOLIAN CREPITATIONS + +But society had apparently degenerated sadly in modern times, and even in +the era of Elizabeth, for at an earlier date it was a serious--nay, +capital--offense to break wind in the presence of majesty. The Emperor +Claudius, hearing that one who had suppressed the urge while paying him +court had suffered greatly thereby, "intended to issue an edict, allowing +to all people the liberty of giving vent at table to any distension +occasioned by flatulence:" + +Martial, too (Book XII, Epigram LXXVII), tells of the embarrassment of +one who broke wind while praying in the Capitol, + +"One day, while standing upright, addressing his prayers to Jupiter, +Aethon farted in the Capitol. Men laughed, but the Father of the Gods, +offended, condemned the guilty one to dine at home for three nights. +Since that time, miserable Aethon, when he wishes to enter the Capitol, +goes first to Paterclius' privies and farts ten or twenty times. Yet, in +spite of this precautionary crepitation, he salutes Jove with constricted +buttocks." Martial also (Book IV, Epigram LXXX), ridicules a woman who +was subject to the habit, saying, + +"Your Bassa, Fabullus, has always a child at her side, calling it her +darling and her plaything; and yet--more wonder--she does not care for +children. What is the reason then. Bassa is apt to fart. (For which +she could blame the unsuspecting infant.)" + +The tale is told, too, of a certain woman who performed an aeolian +crepitation at a dinner attended by the witty Monsignieur Dupanloup, +Bishop of Orleans, and that when, to cover up her lapse, she began to +scrape her feet upon the floor, and to make similar noises, the Bishop +said, "Do not trouble to find a rhyme, Madam!" + +Nay, worthier names than those of any yet mentioned have discussed the +matter. Herodotus tells of one such which was the precursor to the fall +of an empire and a change of dynasty--that which Amasis discharges while +on horseback, and bids the envoy of Apries, King of Egypt, catch and +deliver to his royal master. Even the exact manner and posture of +Amasis, author of this insult, is described. + +St. Augustine (The City of God, XIV:24) cites the instance of a man who +could command his rear trumpet to sound at will, which his learned +commentator fortifies with the example of one who could do so in tune! + +Benjamin Franklin, in his "Letter to the Royal Academy of Brussels" has +canvassed suggested remedies for alleviating the stench attendant upon +these discharges: + +"My Prize Question therefore should be: To discover some Drug, wholesome +and--not disagreeable, to be mixed with our common food, or sauces, that +shall render the natural discharges of Wind from our Bodies not only +inoffensive, but agreeable as Perfumes. + +"That this is not a Chimerical Project & altogether impossible, may +appear from these considerations. That we already have some knowledge of +means capable of varying that smell. He that dines on stale Flesh, +especially with much Addition of Onions, shall be able to afford a stink +that no Company can tolerate; while he that has lived for some time on +Vegetables only, shall have that Breath so pure as to be insensible of +the most delicate Noses; and if he can manage so as to avoid the Report, +he may anywhere give vent to his Griefs, unnoticed. But as there are +many to whom an entire Vegetable Diet would be inconvenient, & as a +little quick Lime thrown into a Jakes will correct the amazing Quantity +of fetid Air arising from the vast Mass of putrid Matter contained in +such Places, and render it pleasing to the Smell, who knows but that a +little Powder of Lime (or some other equivalent) taken in our Food, or +perhaps a Glass of Lime Water drank at Dinner, may have the same Effect +on the Air produced in and issuing from our Bowels?" + +One curious commentary on the text is that Elizabeth should be so fond of +investigating into the authorship of the exhalation in question, when she +was inordinately fond of strong and sweet perfumes; in fact, she was +responsible for the tremendous increase in importations of scents into +England during her reign. + + +"YE BOKE OF YE SIEUR MICHAEL DE MONTAINE" + +There is a curious admixture of error and misunderstanding in this part +of the sketch. In the first place, the story is borrowed from Montaigne, +where it is told inaccurately, and then further corrupted in the telling. + +It was not the good widows of Perigord who wore the phallus upon their +coifs; it was the young married women, of the district near Montaigne's +home, who paraded it to view upon their foreheads, as a symbol, says our +essayist, "of the joy they derived therefrom." If they became widows, +they reversed its position, and covered it up with the rest of their +head-dress. + +The "emperor" mentioned was not an emperor; he was Procolus, a native of +Albengue, on the Genoese coast, who, with Bonosus, led the unsuccessful +rebellion in Gaul against Emperor Probus. Even so keen a commentator as +Cotton has failed to note the error. + +The empress (Montaigne does not say "his empress") was Messalina, third +wife of the Emperor Claudius, who was uncle of Caligula and foster-father +to Nero. Furthermore, in her case the charge is that she copulated with +twenty-five in a single night, and not twenty-two, as appears in the +text. Montaigne is right in his statistics, if original sources are +correct, whereas the author erred in transcribing the incident. + +As for Proculus, it has been noted that he was associated with Bonosus, +who was as renowned in the field of Bacchus as was Proculus in that of +Venus (Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire). The feat of +Proculus is told in his own words, in Vopiscus, (Hist. Augustine, p. 246) +where he recounts having captured one hundred Sarmatian virgins, and +unmaidened ten of them in one night, together with the happenings +subsequent thereto. + +Concerning Messalina, there appears to be no question but that she was a +nymphomaniac, and that, while Empress of Rome, she participated in some +fearful debaucheries. The question is what to believe, for much that we +have heard about her is almost certainly apocryphal. + +The author from whom Montaigne took his facts is the elder Pliny, who, +in his Natural History, Book X, Chapter 83, says, "Other animals become +sated with veneral pleasures; man hardly knows any satiety. Messalina, +the wife of Claudius Caesar, thinking this a palm quite worthy of an +empress, selected for the purpose of deciding the question, one of the +most notorious women who followed the profession of a hired prostitute; +and the empress outdid her, after continuous intercourse, night and day, +at the twenty-fifth embrace." + +But Pliny, notwithstanding his great attainments, was often a retailer of +stale gossip, and in like case was Aurelius Victor, another writer who +heaped much odium on her name. Again, there is a great hiatus in the +Annals of Tacitus, a true historian, at the period covering the earlier +days of the Empress; while Suetonius, bitter as he may be, is little more +than an anecdotist. Juvenal, another of her detractors, is a prejudiced +witness, for he started out to satirize female vice, and naturally aimed +at high places. Dio also tells of Messalina's misdeeds, but his work is +under the same limitations as that of Suetonius. Furthermore, none but +Pliny mentions the excess under consideration. + +However, "where there is much smoke there must be a little fire," and +based upon the superimposed testimony of the writers of the period, there +appears little doubt but that Messalina was a nymphomaniac, that she +prostituted herself in the public stews, naked, and with gilded nipples, +and that she did actually marry her chief adulterer, Silius, while +Claudius was absent at Ostia, and that the wedding was consummated in the +presence of a concourse of witnesses. This was "the straw that broke the +camel's back." Claudius hastened back to Rome, Silius was dispatched, +and Messalina, lacking the will-power to destroy herself, was killed when +an officer ran a sword through her abdomen, just as it appeared that +Claudius was about to relent. + + +"THEN SPAKE YE DAMNED WINDMILL, SIR WALTER" + +Raleigh is thoroughly in character here; this observation is quite in +keeping with the general veracity of his account of his travels in +Guiana, one of the most mendacious accounts of adventure ever told. +Naturally, the scholarly researches of Westermarck have failed to +discover this people; perhaps Lady Helen might best be protected among +the Jibaros of Ecuador, where the men marry when approaching forty. + +Ben Jonson in his Conversations observed "That Sr. W. Raughlye esteemed +more of fame than of conscience." + + +YE VIRGIN QUEENE + +Grave historians have debated for centuries the pretensions of Elizabeth +to the title, "The Virgin Queen," and it is utterly impossible to dispose +of the issue in a note. However, the weight of opinion appears to be in +the negative. Many and great were the difficulties attending the +marriage of a Protestant princess in those troublous times, and Elizabeth +finally announced that she would become wedded to the English nation, +and she wore a ring in token thereof until her death. However, more or +less open liaisons with Essex and Leicester, as well as a host of lesser +courtiers, her ardent temperament, and her imperious temper, are +indications that cannot be denied in determining any estimate upon the +point in question. + +Ben Jonson in his Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden +says, + +"Queen Elizabeth never saw herself after she became old in a true glass; +they painted her, and sometymes would vermillion her nose. She had +allwayes about Christmass evens set dice that threw sixes or five, and +she knew not they were other, to make her win and esteame herself +fortunate. That she had a membrana on her, which made her uncapable of +man, though for her delight she tried many. At the comming over of +Monsieur, there was a French Chirurgion who took in hand to cut it, yett +fear stayed her, and his death." + +It was a subject which again intrigued Clemens when he was abroad with +W. H. Fisher, whom Mark employed to "nose up" everything pertaining to +Queen Elizabeth's manly character. + + +"'BOCCACCIO HATH A STORY" + +The author does not pay any great compliment to Raleigh's memory here. +There is no such tale in all Boccaccio. The nearest related incident +forms the subject matter of Dineo's novel (the fourth) of the First day +of the Decameron. + + +OLD SR. NICHOLAS THROGMORTON + +The incident referred to appears to be Sir Nicholas Throgmorton's trial +for complicity in the attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England, +a charge of which he was acquitted. This so angered Queen Mary that she +imprisoned him in the Tower, and fined the jurors from one to two +thousand pounds each. Her action terrified succeeding juries, so that +Sir Nicholas's brother was condemned on no stronger evidence than that +which had failed to prevail before. While Sir Nicholas's defense may +have been brilliant, it must be admitted that the evidence was weak. +He was later released from the Tower, and under Elizabeth was one of a +group of commissioners sent by that princess into Scotland, to foment +trouble with Mary, Queen of Scots. When the attempt became known, +Elizabeth repudiated the acts of her agents, but Sir Nicholas, having +anticipated this possibility, had sufficient foresight to secure +endorsement of his plan by the Council, and so outwitted Elizabeth, who +was playing a two-faced role, and Cecil, one of the greatest statesmen +who ever held the post of principal minister. Perhaps it was this +incident to which the company referred, which might in part explain +Elizabeth's rejoinder. However, he had been restored to confidence ere +this, and had served as ambassador to France. + + +"TO SAVE HIS DOTER'S MAIDENHEDDE" + +Elizabeth Throckmorton (or Throgmorton), daughter of Sir Nicholas, was +one of Elizabeth's maids of honor. When it was learned that she had been +debauched by Raleigh, Sir Walter was recalled from his command at sea by +the Queen, and compelled to marry the girl. This was not "in that olde +daie," as the text has it, for it happened only eight years before the +date of this purported "conversation," when Elizabeth was sixty years +old. + + + + + + +PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY + +The various printings of 1601 reveal how Mark Twain's 'Fireside +Conversation' has become a part of the American printer's lore. But more +important, its many printings indicate that it has become a popular bit +of American folklore, particularly for men and women who have a feeling +for Mark Twain. Apparently it appeals to the typographer, who devotes to +it his worthy art, as well as to the job printer, who may pull a crudely +printed proof. The gay procession of curious printings of 1601 is unique +in the history of American printing. + +Indeed, the story of the various printings of 1601 is almost legendary. +In the days of the "jour." printer, so I am told, well-thumbed copies +were carried from print shop to print shop. For more than a quarter +century now it has been one of the chief sources of enjoyment for +printers' devils; and many a young rascal has learned about life from +this Fireside Conversation. It has been printed all over the country, +and if report is to be believed, in foreign countries as well. Because +of the many surreptitious and anonymous printings it is exceedingly +difficult, if not impossible, to compile a complete bibliography. Many +printings lack the name of the publisher, the printer, the place or date +of printing. In many instances some of the data, through the patient +questioning of fellow collectors, has been obtained and supplied. + + +1. [Date, 1601.] Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the +Time of the Tudors. + +DESCRIPTION: Pamphlet, pp. [ 1 ]-8, without wrappers or cover, measuring +7x8 inches. The title is Set in caps. and small caps. + +The excessively rare first printing, printed in Cleveland, 1880, at the +instance of Alexander Gunn, friend of John Hay. Only four copies are +believed to have been printed, of which, it is said now, the only known +copy is located in the Willard S. Morse collection. + + +2. Date 1601. Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the +time of the Tudors. + +(Mem.--The following is supposed to be an extract from the diary of the +Pepys of that day, the same being cup-bearer to Queen Elizabeth. It is +supposed that he is of ancient and noble lineage; that he despises these +literary canaille; that his soul consumes with wrath to see the Queen +stooping to talk with such; and that the old man feels his nobility +defiled by contact with Shakespeare, etc., and yet he has got to stay +there till Her Majesty chooses to dismiss him.) + +DESCRIPTION: Title as above, verso blank; pp. [i]-xi, text; verso p. xi +blank. About 8 x 10 inches, printed on handmade linen paper soaked in +weak coffee, wrappers. The title is set in caps and small caps. + +COLOPHON: at the foot of p. xi: Done Att Ye Academie Preffe; M DCCC LXXX +II. + +The privately printed West Point edition, the first printing of the text +authorized by Mark Twain, of which but fifty copies were printed. The +story of this printing is fully told in the Introduction. + + +3. Conversation As It Was By The Social Fire-side In The Time Of The +Tudors from Ye Diary of Ye Cupbearer to her Maisty Queen Elizabeth. +[design] Imprinted by Ye Puritan Press At Ye Sign of Ye Jolly Virgin +1601. + +DESCRIPTION: 2 blank leaves; p. [i] blank, p. [ii] fronds., p. [iii] +title [as above], p. [iv] "Mem.", pp. 1-[25] text, I blank leaf. 4 3/4 +by 6 1/4 inches, printed in a modern version of the Caxton black letter +type, on M.B.M. French handmade paper. The frontispiece, a woodcut by +A. E. Curtis, is a portrait of the cup-bearer. Bound in buff-grey +boards, buckram back. Cover title reads, in pale red ink, Caxton type, +Conversation As It Was By The Social Fire-side In The Time Of The Tudors. +[The Byway Press, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1901, 120 copies.] + +Probably the first published edition. + +Later, in 1916, a facsimile edition of this printing was published in +Chicago from plates. + + + + + +End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of 1601 +by Mark Twain + diff --git a/old/mtsxn10.zip b/old/mtsxn10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..61c5dd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/mtsxn10.zip diff --git a/old/mtsxn11.txt b/old/mtsxn11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b99b65b --- /dev/null +++ b/old/mtsxn11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1686 @@ +The Project Gutenberg Etext of 1601, by Mark Twain +#51 in our series by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. 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Meine] + +Mark Twain was just as irreverent as he dared be, and 1601 reveals his +richest expression of sovereign contempt for overstuffed language, +genteel literature, and conventional idiocies. Later, when a magazine +editor apostrophized, "O that we had a Rabelais!" Mark impishly and +anonymously--submitted 1601; and that same editor, a praiser of Rabelais, +scathingly abused it and the sender. In this episode, as in many others, +Mark Twain, the "bad boy" of American literature, revealed his huge +delight in blasting the shams of contemporary hypocrisy. Too, there was +always the spirit of Tom Sawyer deviltry in Mark's make-up that prompted +him, as he himself boasted, to see how much holy indignation he could +stir up in the world. + + +WHO WROTE 1601? + +The correct and complete title of 1601, as first issued, was: [Date, +1601.] 'Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of +the Tudors.' For many years after its anonymous first issue in 1880, +its authorship was variously conjectured and widely disputed. In Boston, +William T. Ball, one of the leading theatrical critics during the late +90's, asserted that it was originally written by an English actor (name +not divulged) who gave it to him. Ball's original, it was said, looked +like a newspaper strip in the way it was printed, and may indeed have +been a proof pulled in some newspaper office. In St. Louis, William +Marion Reedy, editor of the St. Louis Mirror, had seen this famous tour +de force circulated in the early 80's in galley-proof form; he first +learned from Eugene Field that it was from the pen of Mark Twain. + +"Many people," said Reedy, "thought the thing was done by Field and +attributed, as a joke, to Mark Twain. Field had a perfect genius for +that sort of thing, as many extant specimens attest, and for that sort of +practical joke; but to my thinking the humor of the piece is too mellow +--not hard and bright and bitter--to be Eugene Field's." Reedy's opinion +hits off the fundamental difference between these two great humorists; +one half suspects that Reedy was thinking of Field's French Crisis. + +But Twain first claimed his bantling from the fog of anonymity in 1906, +in a letter addressed to Mr. Charles Orr, librarian of Case Library, +Cleveland. Said Clemens, in the course of his letter, dated July 30, +1906, from Dublin, New Hampshire: + +"The title of the piece is 1601. The piece is a supposititious +conversation which takes place in Queen Elizabeth's closet in that year, +between the Queen, Ben Jonson, Beaumont, Sir Walter Raleigh, the Duchess +of Bilgewater, and one or two others, and is not, as John Hay mistakenly +supposes, a serious effort to bring back our literature and philosophy to +the sober and chaste Elizabeth's time; if there is a decent word findable +in it, it is because I overlooked it. I hasten to assure you that it is +not printed in my published writings." + + +TWITTING THE REV. JOSEPH TWICHELL + +The circumstances of how 1601 came to be written have since been +officially revealed by Albert Bigelow Paine in 'Mark Twain, +A Bibliography' (1912), and in the publication of Mark Twain's Notebook +(1935). + +1601 was written during the summer of 1876 when the Clemens family had +retreated to Quarry Farm in Elmira County, New York. Here Mrs. Clemens +enjoyed relief from social obligations, the children romped over the +countryside, and Mark retired to his octagonal study, which, perched high +on the hill, looked out upon the valley below. It was in the famous +summer of 1876, too, that Mark was putting the finishing touches to Tom +Sawyer. Before the close of the same year he had already begun work on +'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn', published in 1885. It is +interesting to note the use of the title, the "Duke of Bilgewater," in +Huck Finn when the "Duchess of Bilgewater" had already made her +appearance in 1601. Sandwiched between his two great masterpieces, Tom +Sawyer and Huck Finn, the writing of 1601 was indeed a strange interlude. + +During this prolific period Mark wrote many minor items, most of them +rejected by Howells, and read extensively in one of his favorite books, +Pepys' Diary. Like many another writer Mark was captivated by Pepys' +style and spirit, and "he determined," says Albert Bigelow Paine in his +'Mark Twain, A Biography', "to try his hand on an imaginary record of +conversation and court manners of a bygone day, written in the phrase of +the period. The result was 'Fireside Conversation in the Time of Queen +Elizabeth', or as he later called it, '1601'. The 'conversation' +recorded by a supposed Pepys of that period, was written with all the +outspoken coarseness and nakedness of that rank day, when fireside +sociabilities were limited only to the loosened fancy, vocabulary, and +physical performance, and not by any bounds of convention." + +"It was written as a letter," continues Paine, "to that robust divine, +Rev. Joseph Twichell, who, unlike Howells, had no scruples about Mark's +'Elizabethan breadth of parlance.'" + +The Rev. Joseph Twichell, Mark's most intimate friend for over forty +years, was pastor of the Asylum Hill Congregational Church of Hartford, +which Mark facetiously called the "Church of the Holy Speculators," +because of its wealthy parishioners. Here Mark had first met "Joe" at a +social, and their meeting ripened into a glorious, life long friendship. +Twichell was a man of about Mark's own age, a profound scholar, a devout +Christian, "yet a man with an exuberant sense of humor, and a profound +understanding of the frailties of mankind." The Rev. Mr. Twichell +performed the marriage ceremony for Mark Twain and solemnized the births +of his children; "Joe," his friend, counseled him on literary as well as +personal matters for the remainder of Mark's life. It is important to +catch this brief glimpse of the man for whom this masterpiece was +written, for without it one can not fully understand the spirit in which +1601 was written, or the keen enjoyment which Mark and "Joe" derived from +it. + + +"SAVE ME ONE." + +The story of the first issue of 1601 is one of finesse, state diplomacy, +and surreptitious printing. + +The Rev. "Joe" Twichell, for whose delectation the piece had been +written, apparently had pocketed the document for four long years. Then, +in 1880, it came into the hands of John Hay, later Secretary of State, +presumably sent to him by Mark Twain. Hay pronounced the sketch a +masterpiece, and wrote immediately to his old Cleveland friend, Alexander +Gunn, prince of connoisseurs in art and literature. The following +correspondence reveals the fine diplomacy which made the name of John Hay +known throughout the world. + + + DEPARTMENT OF STATE + Washington + + June 21, 1880. +Dear Gunn: + +Are you in Cleveland for all this week? If you will say yes by return +mail, I have a masterpiece to submit to your consideration which is only +in my hands for a few days. + +Yours, very much worritted by the depravity of Christendom, + + Hay + + +The second letter discloses Hay's own high opinion of the effort and his +deep concern for its safety. + + + + June 24, 1880 +My dear Gunn: + +Here it is. It was written by Mark Twain in a serious effort to bring +back our literature and philosophy to the sober and chaste Elizabethan +standard. But the taste of the present day is too corrupt for anything +so classic. He has not yet been able even to find a publisher. The +Globe has not yet recovered from Downey's inroad, and they won't touch +it. + +I send it to you as one of the few lingering relics of that race of +appreciative critics, who know a good thing when they see it. + +Read it with reverence and gratitude and send it back to me; for Mark is +impatient to see once more his wandering offspring. + + Yours, + Hay. + + +In his third letter one can almost hear Hay's chuckle in the certainty +that his diplomatic, if somewhat wicked, suggestion would bear fruit. + + + Washington, D. C. + July 7, 1880 +My dear Gunn: + +I have your letter, and the proposition which you make to pull a few +proofs of the masterpiece is highly attractive, and of course highly +immoral. I cannot properly consent to it, and I am afraid the great many +would think I was taking an unfair advantage of his confidence. Please +send back the document as soon as you can, and if, in spite of my +prohibition, you take these proofs, save me one. + + Very truly yours, + John Hay. + + + +Thus was this Elizabethan dialogue poured into the moulds of cold type. +According to Merle Johnson, Mark Twain's bibliographer, it was issued in +pamphlet form, without wrappers or covers; there were 8 pages of text and +the pamphlet measured 7 by 8 1/2 inches. Only four copies are believed to +have been printed, one for Hay, one for Gunn, and two for Twain. + +"In the matter of humor," wrote Clemens, referring to Hay's delicious +notes, "what an unsurpassable touch John Hay had!" + + +HUMOR AT WEST POINT + +The first printing of 1601 in actual book form was "Donne at ye Academie +Press," in 1882, West Point, New York, under the supervision of Lieut. C. +E. S. Wood, then adjutant of the U. S. Military Academy. + +In 1882 Mark Twain and Joe Twichell visited their friend Lieut. Wood at +West Point, where they learned that Wood, as Adjutant, had under his +control a small printing establishment. On Mark's return to Hartford, +Wood received a letter asking if he would do Mark a great favor by +printing something he had written, which he did not care to entrust to +the ordinary printer. Wood replied that he would be glad to oblige. +On April 3, 1882, Mark sent the manuscript: + +"I enclose the original of 1603 [sic] as you suggest. I am afraid there +are errors in it, also, heedlessness in antiquated spelling--e's stuck on +often at end of words where they are not strickly necessary, etc..... +I would go through the manuscript but I am too much driven just now, and +it is not important anyway. I wish you would do me the kindness to make +any and all corrections that suggest themselves to you. + + "Sincerely yours, + "S. L. Clemens." + + +Charles Erskine Scott Wood recalled in a foreword, which he wrote for the +limited edition of 1601 issued by the Grabhorn Press, how he felt when he +first saw the original manuscript. "When I read it," writes Wood, +"I felt that the character of it would be carried a little better by a +printing which pretended to the eye that it was contemporaneous with the +pretended 'conversation.' + +"I wrote Mark that for literary effect I thought there should be a +species of forgery, though of course there was no effort to actually +deceive a scholar. Mark answered that I might do as I liked;--that his +only object was to secure a number of copies, as the demand for it was +becoming burdensome, but he would be very grateful for any interest I +brought to the doing. + +"Well, Tucker [foreman of the printing shop] and I soaked some handmade +linen paper in weak coffee, put it as a wet bundle into a warm room to +mildew, dried it to a dampness approved by Tucker and he printed the +'copy' on a hand press. I had special punches cut for such Elizabethan +abbreviations as the a, e, o and u, when followed by m or n--and for the +(commonly and stupidly pronounced ye). + +"The only editing I did was as to the spelling and a few old English +words introduced. The spelling, if I remember correctly, is mine, but +the text is exactly as written by Mark. I wrote asking his view of +making the spelling of the period and he was enthusiastic--telling me to +do whatever I thought best and he was greatly pleased with the result." + +Thus was printed in a de luxe edition of fifty copies the most curious +masterpiece of American humor, at one of America's most dignified +institutions, the United States Military Academy at West Point. + +"1601 was so be-praised by the archaeological scholars of a quarter of a +century ago," wrote Clemens in his letter to Charles Orr, "that I was +rather inordinately vain of it. At that time it had been privately +printed in several countries, among them Japan. A sumptuous edition on +large paper, rough-edged, was made by Lieut. C. E. S. Wood at West Point +--an edition of 50 copies--and distributed among popes and kings and such +people. In England copies of that issue were worth twenty guineas when I +was there six years ago, and none to be had." + + +FROM THE DEPTHS + +Mark Twain's irreverence should not be misinterpreted: it was an +irreverence which bubbled up from a deep, passionate insight into the +well-springs of human nature. In 1601, as in 'The Man That Corrupted +Hadleyburg,' and in 'The Mysterious Stranger,' he tore the masks off +human beings and left them cringing before the public view. With the +deftness of a master surgeon Clemens dealt with human emotions and +delighted in exposing human nature in the raw. + +The spirit and the language of the Fireside Conversation were rooted deep +in Mark Twain's nature and in his life, as C. E. S. Wood, who printed +1601 at West Point, has pertinently observed, + +"If I made a guess as to the intellectual ferment out of which 1601 rose +I would say that Mark's intellectual structure and subconscious graining +was from Anglo-Saxons as primitive as the common man of the Tudor period. +He came from the banks of the Mississippi--from the flatboatmen, pilots, +roustabouts, farmers and village folk of a rude, primitive people--as +Lincoln did. + +"He was finished in the mining camps of the West among stage drivers, +gamblers and the men of '49. The simple roughness of a frontier people +was in his blood and brain. + +"Words vulgar and offensive to other ears were a common language to him. +Anyone who ever knew Mark heard him use them freely, forcibly, +picturesquely in his unrestrained conversation. Such language is +forcible as all primitive words are. Refinement seems to make for +weakness--or let us say a cutting edge--but the old vulgar monosyllabic +words bit like the blow of a pioneer's ax--and Mark was like that. Then +I think 1601 came out of Mark's instinctive humor, satire and hatred of +puritanism. But there is more than this; with all its humor there is a +sense of real delight in what may be called obscenity for its own sake. +Whitman and the Bible are no more obscene than Nature herself--no more +obscene than a manure pile, out of which come roses and cherries. Every +word used in 1601 was used by our own rude pioneers as a part of their +vocabulary--and no word was ever invented by man with obscene intent, but +only as language to express his meaning. No act of nature is obscene in +itself--but when such words and acts are dragged in for an ulterior +purpose they become offensive, as everything out of place is offensive. +I think he delighted, too, in shocking--giving resounding slaps on what +Chaucer would quite simply call 'the bare erse.'" + +Quite aside from this Chaucerian "erse" slapping, Clemens had also a +semi-serious purpose, that of reproducing a past time as he saw it in +Shakespeare, Dekker, Jonson, and other writers of the Elizabethan era. +Fireside Conversation was an exercise in scholarship illumined by a keen +sense of character. It was made especially effective by the artistic +arrangement of widely-gathered material into a compressed picture of a +phase of the manners and even the minds of the men and women "in the +spacious times of great Elizabeth." + +Mark Twain made of 1601 a very smart and fascinating performance, carried +over almost to grotesqueness just to show it was not done for mere +delight in the frank naturalism of the functions with which it deals. +That Mark Twain had made considerable study of this frankness is apparent +from chapter four of 'A Yankee At King Arthur's Court,' where he refers +to the conversation at the famous Round Table thus: + +"Many of the terms used in the most matter-of-fact way by this great +assemblage of the first ladies and gentlemen of the land would have made +a Comanche blush. Indelicacy is too mild a term to convey the idea. +However, I had read Tom Jones and Roderick Random and other books of that +kind and knew that the highest and first ladies and gentlemen in England +had remained little or no cleaner in their talk, and in the morals and +conduct which such talk implies, clear up to one hundred years ago; in +fact clear into our own nineteenth century--in which century, broadly +speaking, the earliest samples of the real lady and the real gentleman +discoverable in English history,--or in European history, for that +matter--may be said to have made their appearance. Suppose Sir Walter +[Scott] instead of putting the conversation into the mouths of his +characters, had allowed the characters to speak for themselves? We +should have had talk from Rebecca and Ivanhoe and the soft lady Rowena +which would embarrass a tramp in our day. However, to the unconsciously +indelicate all things are delicate." + +Mark Twain's interest in history and in the depiction of historical +periods and characters is revealed through his fondness for historical +reading in preference to fiction, and through his other historical +writings. Even in the hilarious, youthful days in San Francisco, Paine +reports that "Clemens, however, was never quite ready for sleep. Then, +as ever, he would prop himself up in bed, light his pipe, and lose +himself in English or French history until his sleep conquered." Paine +tells us, too, that Lecky's 'European Morals' was an old favorite. + +The notes to 'The Prince and the Pauper' show again how carefully Clemens +examined his historical background, and his interest in these materials. +Some of the more important sources are noted: Hume's 'History of +England', Timbs' 'Curiosities of London', J. Hammond Trumbull's 'Blue +Laws, True and False'. Apparently Mark Twain relished it, for as Bernard +DeVoto points out, "The book is always Mark Twain. Its parodies of Tudor +speech lapse sometimes into a callow satisfaction in that idiom--Mark +hugely enjoys his nathlesses and beshrews and marrys." The writing of +1601 foreshadows his fondness for this treatment. + + "Do you suppose the liberties and the Brawn of These States have to + do only with delicate lady-words? with gloved gentleman words" + Walt Whitman, 'An American Primer'. + +Although 1601 was not matched by any similar sketch in his published +works, it was representative of Mark Twain the man. He was no emaciated +literary tea-tosser. Bronzed and weatherbeaten son of the West, Mark was +a man's man, and that significant fact is emphasized by the several +phases of Mark's rich life as steamboat pilot, printer, miner, and +frontier journalist. + +On the Virginia City Enterprise Mark learned from editor R. M. Daggett +that "when it was necessary to call a man names, there were no expletives +too long or too expressive to be hurled in rapid succession to emphasize +the utter want of character of the man assailed.... There were +typesetters there who could hurl anathemas at bad copy which would have +frightened a Bengal tiger. The news editor could damn a mutilated +dispatch in twenty-four languages." + +In San Francisco in the sizzling sixties we catch a glimpse of Mark Twain +and his buddy, Steve Gillis, pausing in doorways to sing "The Doleful +Ballad of the Neglected Lover," an old piece of uncollected erotica. +One morning, when a dog began to howl, Steve awoke "to find his room-mate +standing in the door that opened out into a back garden, holding a big +revolver, his hand shaking with cold and excitement," relates Paine in +his Biography. + +"'Come here, Steve,' he said. 'I'm so chilled through I can't get a bead +on him.' + +"'Sam,' said Steve, 'don't shoot him. Just swear at him. You can easily +kill him at any range with your profanity.' + +"Steve Gillis declares that Mark Twain let go such a scorching, singeing +blast that the brute's owner sold him the next day for a Mexican hairless +dog." + +Nor did Mark's "geysers of profanity" cease spouting after these gay and +youthful days in San Francisco. With Clemens it may truly be said that +profanity was an art--a pyrotechnic art that entertained nations. + +"It was my duty to keep buttons on his shirts," recalled Katy Leary, +life-long housekeeper and friend in the Clemens menage, "and he'd swear +something terrible if I didn't. If he found a shirt in his drawer +without a button on, he'd take every single shirt out of that drawer and +throw them right out of the window, rain or shine--out of the bathroom +window they'd go. I used to look out every morning to see the +snowflakes--anything white. Out they'd fly.... Oh! he'd swear at +anything when he was on a rampage. He'd swear at his razor if it didn't +cut right, and Mrs. Clemens used to send me around to the bathroom door +sometimes to knock and ask him what was the matter. Well, I'd go and +knock; I'd say, 'Mrs. Clemens wants to know what's the matter.' And +then he'd say to me (kind of low) in a whisper like, 'Did she hear me +Katy?' 'Yes,' I'd say, 'every word.' Oh, well, he was ashamed then, he +was afraid of getting scolded for swearing like that, because Mrs. +Clemens hated swearing." But his swearing never seemed really bad to +Katy Leary, "It was sort of funny, and a part of him, somehow," she said. +"Sort of amusing it was--and gay--not like real swearing, 'cause he swore +like an angel." + +In his later years at Stormfield Mark loved to play his favorite +billiards. "It was sometimes a wonderful and fearsome thing to watch Mr. +Clemens play billiards," relates Elizabeth Wallace. "He loved the game, +and he loved to win, but he occasionally made a very bad stroke, and then +the varied, picturesque, and unorthodox vocabulary, acquired in his more +youthful years, was the only thing that gave him comfort. Gently, +slowly, with no profane inflexions of voice, but irresistibly as though +they had the headwaters of the Mississippi for their source, came this +stream of unholy adjectives and choice expletives." + +Mark's vocabulary ran the whole gamut of life itself. In Paris, in his +appearance in 1879 before the Stomach Club, a jolly lot of gay wags, +Mark's address, reports Paine, "obtained a wide celebrity among the clubs +of the world, though no line of it, not even its title, has ever found +its way into published literature." It is rumored to have been called +"Some Remarks on the Science of Onanism." + +In Berlin, Mark asked Henry W. Fisher to accompany him on an exploration +of the Berlin Royal Library, where the librarian, having learned that +Clemens had been the Kaiser's guest at dinner, opened the secret treasure +chests for the famous visitor. One of these guarded treasures was a +volume of grossly indecent verses by Voltaire, addressed to Frederick the +Great. "Too much is enough," Mark is reported to have said, when Fisher +translated some of the verses, "I would blush to remember any of these +stanzas except to tell Krafft-Ebing about them when I get to Vienna." +When Fisher had finished copying a verse for him Mark put it into his +pocket, saying, "Livy [Mark's wife, Olivia] is so busy mispronouncing +German these days she can't even attempt to get at this." + +In his letters, too, Howells observed, "He had the Southwestern, the +Lincolnian, the Elizabethan breadth of parlance, which I suppose one +ought not to call coarse without calling one's self prudish; and I was +often hiding away in discreet holes and corners the letters in which he +had loosed his bold fancy to stoop on rank suggestion; I could not bear +to burn them, and I could not, after the first reading, quite bear to +look at them. I shall best give my feeling on this point by saying that +in it he was Shakespearean." + + "With a nigger squat on her safety-valve" + John Hay, Pike County Ballads. + +"Is there any other explanation," asks Van Wyck Brooks, "'of his +Elizabethan breadth of parlance?' Mr. Howells confesses that he +sometimes blushed over Mark Twain's letters, that there were some which, +to the very day when he wrote his eulogy on his dead friend, he could not +bear to reread. Perhaps if he had not so insisted, in former years, +while going over Mark Twain's proofs, upon 'having that swearing out in +an instant,' he would never had had cause to suffer from his having +'loosed his bold fancy to stoop on rank suggestion.' Mark Twain's verbal +Rabelaisianism was obviously the expression of that vital sap which, not +having been permitted to inform his work, had been driven inward and left +thereto ferment. No wonder he was always indulging in orgies of +forbidden words. Consider the famous book, 1601, that fireside +conversation in the time of Queen Elizabeth: is there any obsolete verbal +indecency in the English language that Mark Twain has not painstakingly +resurrected and assembled there? He, whose blood was in constant ferment +and who could not contain within the narrow bonds that had been set for +him the roitous exuberance of his nature, had to have an escape-valve, +and he poured through it a fetid stream of meaningless obscenity--the +waste of a priceless psychic material!" Thus, Brooks lumps 1601 with +Mark Twain's "bawdry," and interprets it simply as another indication of +frustration. + + +FIGS FOR FIG LEAVES! + +Of course, the writing of such a piece as 1601 raised the question of +freedom of expression for the creative artist. + +Although little discussed at that time, it was a question which intensely +interested Mark, and for a fuller appreciation of Mark's position one +must keep in mind the year in which 1601 was written, 1876. There had +been nothing like it before in American literature; there had appeared no +Caldwells, no Faulkners, no Hemingways. Victorian England was gushing +Tennyson. In the United States polite letters was a cult of the Brahmins +of Boston, with William Dean Howells at the helm of the Atlantic. Louisa +May Alcott published Little Women in 1868-69, and Little Men in 1871. In +1873 Mark Twain led the van of the debunkers, scraping the gilt off the +lily in the Gilded Age. + +In 1880 Mark took a few pot shots at license in Art and Literature in his +Tramp Abroad, "I wonder why some things are? For instance, Art is +allowed as much indecent license to-day as in earlier times--but the +privileges of Literature in this respect have been sharply curtailed +within the past eighty or ninety years. Fielding and Smollet could +portray the beastliness of their day in the beastliest language; we have +plenty of foul subjects to deal with in our day, but we are not allowed +to approach them very near, even with nice and guarded forms of speech. +But not so with Art. The brush may still deal freely with any subject; +however revolting or indelicate. It makes a body ooze sarcasm at every +pore, to go about Rome and Florence and see what this last generation has +been doing with the statues. These works, which had stood in innocent +nakedness for ages, are all fig-leaved now. Yes, every one of them. +Nobody noticed their nakedness before, perhaps; nobody can help noticing +it now, the fig-leaf makes it so conspicuous. But the comical thing +about it all, is, that the fig-leaf is confined to cold and pallid +marble, which would be still cold and unsuggestive without this sham and +ostentatious symbol of modesty, whereas warm-blooded paintings which do +really need it have in no case been furnished with it. + +"At the door of the Ufizzi, in Florence, one is confronted by statues of +a man and a woman, noseless, battered, black with accumulated grime--they +hardly suggest human beings--yet these ridiculous creatures have been +thoughtfully and conscientiously fig-leaved by this fastidious +generation. You enter, and proceed to that most-visited little gallery +that exists in the world.... and there, against the wall, without +obstructing rag or leaf, you may look your fill upon the foulest, the +vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses--Titian's Venus. It +isn't that she is naked and stretched out on a bed--no, it is the +attitude of one of her arms and hand. If I ventured to describe the +attitude, there would be a fine howl--but there the Venus lies, for +anybody to gloat over that wants to--and there she has a right to lie, +for she is a work of art, and Art has its privileges. I saw young girls +stealing furtive glances at her; I saw young men gaze long and absorbedly +at her; I saw aged, infirm men hang upon her charms with a pathetic +interest. How I should like to describe her--just to see what a holy +indignation I could stir up in the world--just to hear the unreflecting +average man deliver himself about my grossness and coarseness, and all +that. + +"In every gallery in Europe there are hideous pictures of blood, carnage, +oozing brains, putrefaction--pictures portraying intolerable suffering-- +pictures alive with every conceivable horror, wrought out in dreadful +detail--and similar pictures are being put on the canvas every day and +publicly exhibited--without a growl from anybody--for they are innocent, +they are inoffensive, being works of art. But suppose a literary artist +ventured to go into a painstaking and elaborate description of one of +these grisly things--the critics would skin him alive. Well, let it go, +it cannot be helped; Art retains her privileges, Literature has lost +hers. Somebody else may cipher out the whys and the wherefores and the +consistencies of it--I haven't got time." + + +PROFESSOR SCENTS PORNOGRAPHY + +Unfortunately, 1601 has recently been tagged by Professor Edward +Wagenknecht as "the most famous piece of pornography in American +literature." Like many another uninformed, Prof. W. is like the little +boy who is shocked to see "naughty" words chalked on the back fence, +and thinks they are pornography. The initiated, after years of wading +through the mire, will recognize instantly the significant difference +between filthy filth and funny "filth." Dirt for dirt's sake is +something else again. Pornography, an eminent American jurist has +pointed out, is distinguished by the "leer of the sensualist." + +"The words which are criticised as dirty," observed justice John M. +Woolsey in the United States District Court of New York, lifting the ban +on Ulysses by James Joyce, "are old Saxon words known to almost all men +and, I venture, to many women, and are such words as would be naturally +and habitually used, I believe, by the types of folk whose life, physical +and mental, Joyce is seeking to describe." Neither was there +"pornographic intent," according to justice Woolsey, nor was Ulysses +obscene within the legal definition of that word. + +"The meaning of the word 'obscene,'" the Justice indicated, "as legally +defined by the courts is: tending to stir the sex impulses or to lead to +sexually impure and lustful thoughts. + +"Whether a particular book would tend to excite such impulses and +thoughts must be tested by the court's opinion as to its effect on a +person with average sex instincts--what the French would call 'l'homme +moyen sensuel'--who plays, in this branch of legal inquiry, the same role +of hypothetical reagent as does the 'reasonable man' in the law of torts +and 'the learned man in the art' on questions of invention in patent +law." + +Obviously, it is ridiculous to say that the "leer of the sensualist" +lurks in the pages of Mark Twain's 1601. + + +DROLL STORY + +"In a way," observed William Marion Reedy, "1601 is to Twain's whole +works what the 'Droll Stories' are to Balzac's. It is better than the +privately circulated ribaldry and vulgarity of Eugene Field; is, indeed, +an essay in a sort of primordial humor such as we find in Rabelais, or in +the plays of some of the lesser stars that drew their light from +Shakespeare's urn. It is humor or fun such as one expects, let us say, +from the peasants of Thomas Hardy, outside of Hardy's books. And, though +it be filthy, it yet hath a splendor of mere animalism of good spirits... +I would say it is scatalogical rather than erotic, save for one touch +toward the end. Indeed, it seems more of Rabelais than of Boccaccio or +Masuccio or Aretino--is brutally British rather than lasciviously +latinate, as to the subjects, but sumptuous as regards the language." + +Immediately upon first reading, John Hay, later Secretary of State, had +proclaimed 1601 a masterpiece. Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain's +biographer, likewise acknowledged its greatness, when he said, "1601 is a +genuine classic, as classics of that sort go. It is better than the +gross obscenities of Rabelais, and perhaps in some day to come, the taste +that justified Gargantua and the Decameron will give this literary +refugee shelter and setting among the more conventional writing of Mark +Twain. Human taste is a curious thing; delicacy is purely a matter of +environment and point of view." + +"It depends on who writes a thing whether it is coarse or not," wrote +Clemens in his notebook in 1879. "I built a conversation which could +have happened--I used words such as were used at that time--1601. I sent +it anonymously to a magazine, and how the editor abused it and the +sender!" + +But that man was a praiser of Rabelais and had been saying, 'O that we +had a Rabelais!' I judged that I could furnish him one. + +"Then I took it to one of the greatest, best and most learned of Divines +[Rev. Joseph H. Twichell] and read it to him. He came within an ace of +killing himself with laughter (for between you and me the thing was +dreadfully funny. I don't often write anything that I laugh at myself, +but I can hardly think of that thing without laughing). That old Divine +said it was a piece of the finest kind of literary art--and David Gray of +the Buffalo Courier said it ought to be printed privately and left behind +me when I died, and then my fame as a literary artist would last." + +FRANKLIN J. MEINE + + + + + +THE FIRST PRINTING + Verbatim Reprint + + +[Date, 1601.] + +CONVERSATION, AS IT WAS BY THE SOCIAL FIRESIDE, IN THE TIME OF THE +TUDORS. + +[Mem.--The following is supposed to be an extract from the diary of the +Pepys of that day, the same being Queen Elizabeth's cup-bearer. He is +supposed to be of ancient and noble lineage; that he despises these +literary canaille; that his soul consumes with wrath, to see the queen +stooping to talk with such; and that the old man feels that his nobility +is defiled by contact with Shakespeare, etc., and yet he has got to stay +there till her Majesty chooses to dismiss him.] + + + +YESTERNIGHT +toke her maiste ye queene a fantasie such as she sometimes hath, and had +to her closet certain that doe write playes, bokes, and such like, these +being my lord Bacon, his worship Sir Walter Ralegh, Mr. Ben Jonson, and +ye child Francis Beaumonte, which being but sixteen, hath yet turned his +hand to ye doing of ye Lattin masters into our Englishe tong, with grete +discretion and much applaus. Also came with these ye famous Shaxpur. A +righte straunge mixing truly of mighty blode with mean, ye more in +especial since ye queenes grace was present, as likewise these following, +to wit: Ye Duchess of Bilgewater, twenty-two yeres of age; ye Countesse +of Granby, twenty-six; her doter, ye Lady Helen, fifteen; as also these +two maides of honor, to-wit, ye Lady Margery Boothy, sixty-five, and ye +Lady Alice Dilberry, turned seventy, she being two yeres ye queenes +graces elder. + +I being her maites cup-bearer, had no choice but to remaine and beholde +rank forgot, and ye high holde converse wh ye low as uppon equal termes, +a grete scandal did ye world heare thereof. + +In ye heat of ye talk it befel yt one did breake wind, yielding an +exceding mightie and distresfull stink, whereat all did laugh full sore, +and then-- + +Ye Queene.--Verily in mine eight and sixty yeres have I not heard the +fellow to this fart. Meseemeth, by ye grete sound and clamour of it, it +was male; yet ye belly it did lurk behinde shoulde now fall lean and flat +against ye spine of him yt hath bene delivered of so stately and so waste +a bulk, where as ye guts of them yt doe quiff-splitters bear, stand +comely still and rounde. Prithee let ye author confess ye offspring. +Will my Lady Alice testify? + +Lady Alice.--Good your grace, an' I had room for such a thundergust +within mine ancient bowels, 'tis not in reason I coulde discharge ye same +and live to thank God for yt He did choose handmaid so humble whereby to +shew his power. Nay, 'tis not I yt have broughte forth this rich +o'ermastering fog, this fragrant gloom, so pray you seeke ye further. + +Ye Queene.--Mayhap ye Lady Margery hath done ye companie this favor? + +Lady Margery.--So please you madam, my limbs are feeble wh ye weighte and +drouth of five and sixty winters, and it behoveth yt I be tender unto +them. In ye good providence of God, an' I had contained this wonder, +forsoothe wolde I have gi'en 'ye whole evening of my sinking life to ye +dribbling of it forth, with trembling and uneasy soul, not launched it +sudden in its matchless might, taking mine own life with violence, +rending my weak frame like rotten rags. It was not I, your maisty. + +Ye Queene.--O' God's name, who hath favored us? Hath it come to pass yt +a fart shall fart itself? Not such a one as this, I trow. Young Master +Beaumont--but no; 'twould have wafted him to heaven like down of goose's +boddy. 'Twas not ye little Lady Helen--nay, ne'er blush, my child; +thoul't tickle thy tender maidenhedde with many a mousie-squeak before +thou learnest to blow a harricane like this. Wasn't you, my learned and +ingenious Jonson? + +Jonson.--So fell a blast hath ne'er mine ears saluted, nor yet a stench +so all-pervading and immortal. 'Twas not a novice did it, good your +maisty, but one of veteran experience--else hadde he failed of +confidence. In sooth it was not I. + +Ye Queene.--My lord Bacon? + +Lord Bacon.-Not from my leane entrailes hath this prodigy burst forth, so +please your grace. Naught doth so befit ye grete as grete performance; +and haply shall ye finde yt 'tis not from mediocrity this miracle hath +issued. + +[Tho' ye subjoct be but a fart, yet will this tedious sink of learning +pondrously phillosophize. Meantime did the foul and deadly stink pervade +all places to that degree, yt never smelt I ye like, yet dare I not to +leave ye presence, albeit I was like to suffocate.] + +Ye Queene.--What saith ye worshipful Master Shaxpur? + +Shaxpur.--In the great hand of God I stand and so proclaim mine +innocence. Though ye sinless hosts of heaven had foretold ye coming of +this most desolating breath, proclaiming it a work of uninspired man, its +quaking thunders, its firmament-clogging rottenness his own achievement +in due course of nature, yet had not I believed it; but had said the pit +itself hath furnished forth the stink, and heaven's artillery hath shook +the globe in admiration of it. + +[Then was there a silence, and each did turn him toward the worshipful +Sr Walter Ralegh, that browned, embattled, bloody swashbuckler, who +rising up did smile, and simpering say,] + +Sr W.--Most gracious maisty, 'twas I that did it, but indeed it was so +poor and frail a note, compared with such as I am wont to furnish, yt in +sooth I was ashamed to call the weakling mine in so august a presence. +It was nothing--less than nothing, madam--I did it but to clear my nether +throat; but had I come prepared, then had I delivered something worthy. +Bear with me, please your grace, till I can make amends. + +[Then delivered he himself of such a godless and rock-shivering blast +that all were fain to stop their ears, and following it did come so dense +and foul a stink that that which went before did seem a poor and trifling +thing beside it. Then saith he, feigning that he blushed and was +confused, I perceive that I am weak to-day, and cannot justice do unto my +powers; and sat him down as who should say, There, it is not much yet he +that hath an arse to spare, let him fellow that, an' he think he can. By +God, an' I were ye queene, I would e'en tip this swaggering braggart out +o' the court, and let him air his grandeurs and break his intolerable +wind before ye deaf and such as suffocation pleaseth.] + +Then fell they to talk about ye manners and customs of many peoples, and +Master Shaxpur spake of ye boke of ye sieur Michael de Montaine, wherein +was mention of ye custom of widows of Perigord to wear uppon ye +headdress, in sign of widowhood, a jewel in ye similitude of a man's +member wilted and limber, whereat ye queene did laugh and say widows in +England doe wear prickes too, but betwixt the thighs, and not wilted +neither, till coition hath done that office for them. Master Shaxpur did +likewise observe how yt ye sieur de Montaine hath also spoken of a +certain emperor of such mighty prowess that he did take ten maidenheddes +in ye compass of a single night, ye while his empress did entertain two +and twenty lusty knights between her sheetes, yet was not satisfied; +whereat ye merrie Countess Granby saith a ram is yet ye emperor's +superior, sith he wil tup above a hundred yewes 'twixt sun and sun; and +after, if he can have none more to shag, will masturbate until he hath +enrich'd whole acres with his seed. + +Then spake ye damned windmill, Sr Walter, of a people in ye uttermost +parts of America, yt capulate not until they be five and thirty yeres of +age, ye women being eight and twenty, and do it then but once in seven +yeres. + +Ye Queene.--How doth that like my little Lady Helen? Shall we send thee +thither and preserve thy belly? + +Lady Helen.--Please your highnesses grace, mine old nurse hath told me +there are more ways of serving God than by locking the thighs together; +yet am I willing to serve him yt way too, sith your highnesses grace hath +set ye ensample. + +Ye Queene.--God' wowndes a good answer, childe. + +Lady Alice.--Mayhap 'twill weaken when ye hair sprouts below ye navel. + +Lady Helen.--Nay, it sprouted two yeres syne; I can scarce more than +cover it with my hand now. + +Ye Queene.--Hear Ye that, my little Beaumonte? Have ye not a little +birde about ye that stirs at hearing tell of so sweete a neste? + +Beaumonte.--'Tis not insensible, illustrious madam; but mousing owls and +bats of low degree may not aspire to bliss so whelming and ecstatic as is +found in ye downy nests of birdes of Paradise. + +Ye Queene.--By ye gullet of God, 'tis a neat-turned compliment. With +such a tongue as thine, lad, thou'lt spread the ivory thighs of many a +willing maide in thy good time, an' thy cod-piece be as handy as thy +speeche. + +Then spake ye queene of how she met old Rabelais when she was turned of +fifteen, and he did tell her of a man his father knew that had a double +pair of bollocks, whereon a controversy followed as concerning the most +just way to spell the word, ye contention running high betwixt ye learned +Bacon and ye ingenious Jonson, until at last ye old Lady Margery, +wearying of it all, saith, 'Gentles, what mattereth it how ye shall spell +the word? I warrant Ye when ye use your bollocks ye shall not think of +it; and my Lady Granby, be ye content; let the spelling be, ye shall +enjoy the beating of them on your buttocks just the same, I trow. Before +I had gained my fourteenth year I had learnt that them that would explore +a cunt stop'd not to consider the spelling o't.' + +Sr W.--In sooth, when a shift's turned up, delay is meet for naught but +dalliance. Boccaccio hath a story of a priest that did beguile a maid +into his cell, then knelt him in a corner to pray for grace to be rightly +thankful for this tender maidenhead ye Lord had sent him; but ye abbot, +spying through ye key-hole, did see a tuft of brownish hair with fair +white flesh about it, wherefore when ye priest's prayer was done, his +chance was gone, forasmuch as ye little maid had but ye one cunt, and +that was already occupied to her content. + +Then conversed they of religion, and ye mightie work ye old dead Luther +did doe by ye grace of God. Then next about poetry, and Master Shaxpur +did rede a part of his King Henry IV., ye which, it seemeth unto me, +is not of ye value of an arsefull of ashes, yet they praised it bravely, +one and all. + +Ye same did rede a portion of his "Venus and Adonis," to their prodigious +admiration, whereas I, being sleepy and fatigued withal, did deme it but +paltry stuff, and was the more discomforted in that ye blody bucanier had +got his wind again, and did turn his mind to farting with such villain +zeal that presently I was like to choke once more. God damn this windy +ruffian and all his breed. I wolde that hell mighte get him. + +They talked about ye wonderful defense which old Sr. Nicholas Throgmorton +did make for himself before ye judges in ye time of Mary; which was +unlucky matter to broach, sith it fetched out ye quene with a 'Pity yt +he, having so much wit, had yet not enough to save his doter's +maidenhedde sound for her marriage-bed.' And ye quene did give ye damn'd +Sr. Walter a look yt made hym wince--for she hath not forgot he was her +own lover it yt olde day. There was silent uncomfortableness now; 'twas +not a good turn for talk to take, sith if ye queene must find offense in +a little harmless debauching, when pricks were stiff and cunts not loathe +to take ye stiffness out of them, who of this company was sinless; +behold, was not ye wife of Master Shaxpur four months gone with child +when she stood uppe before ye altar? Was not her Grace of Bilgewater +roger'd by four lords before she had a husband? Was not ye little Lady +Helen born on her mother's wedding-day? And, beholde, were not ye Lady +Alice and ye Lady Margery there, mouthing religion, whores from ye +cradle? + +In time came they to discourse of Cervantes, and of the new painter, +Rubens, that is beginning to be heard of. Fine words and dainty-wrought +phrases from the ladies now, one or two of them being, in other days, +pupils of that poor ass, Lille, himself; and I marked how that Jonson and +Shaxpur did fidget to discharge some venom of sarcasm, yet dared they not +in the presence, the queene's grace being ye very flower of ye Euphuists +herself. But behold, these be they yt, having a specialty, and admiring +it in themselves, be jealous when a neighbor doth essaye it, nor can +abide it in them long. Wherefore 'twas observable yt ye quene waxed +uncontent; and in time labor'd grandiose speeche out of ye mouth of Lady +Alice, who manifestly did mightily pride herself thereon, did quite +exhauste ye quene's endurance, who listened till ye gaudy speeche was +done, then lifted up her brows, and with vaste irony, mincing saith 'O +shit!' Whereat they alle did laffe, but not ye Lady Alice, yt olde +foolish bitche. + +Now was Sr. Walter minded of a tale he once did hear ye ingenious +Margrette of Navarre relate, about a maid, which being like to suffer +rape by an olde archbishoppe, did smartly contrive a device to save her +maidenhedde, and said to him, First, my lord, I prithee, take out thy +holy tool and piss before me; which doing, lo his member felle, and would +not rise again. + + + + + + + FOOTNOTES + To Frivolity + +The historical consistency of 1601 indicates that Twain must have given +the subject considerable thought. The author was careful to speak only +of men who conceivably might have been in the Virgin Queen's closet and +engaged in discourse with her. + + +THE CHARACTERS + +At this time (1601) Queen Elizabeth was 68 years old. She speaks of +having talked to "old Rabelais" in her youth. This might have been +possible as Rabelais died in 1552, when the Queen was 19 years old. + +Among those in the party were Shakespeare, at that time 37 years old; Ben +Jonson, 27; and Sir Walter Raleigh, 49. Beaumont at the time was 17, not +16. He was admitted as a member of the Inner Temple in 1600, and his +first translations, those from Ovid, were first published in 1602. +Therefore, if one were holding strictly to the year date, neither by age +nor by fame would Beaumont have been eligible to attend such a gathering +of august personages in the year 1601; but the point is unimportant. + + +THE ELIZABETHAN WRITERS + +In the Conversation Shakespeare speaks of Montaigne's Essays. These were +first published in 1580 and successive editions were issued in the years +following, the third volume being published in 1588. "In England +Montaigne was early popular. It was long supposed that the autograph of +Shakespeare in a copy of Florio's translation showed his study of the +Essays. The autograph has been disputed, but divers passages, and +especially one in The Tempest, show that at first or second hand the poet +was acquainted with the essayist." (Encyclopedia Brittanica.) + +The company at the Queen's fireside discoursed of Lilly (or Lyly), +English dramatist and novelist of the Elizabethan era, whose novel, +Euphues, published in two parts, 'Euphues', or the 'Anatomy of Wit' +(1579) and 'Euphues and His England' (1580) was a literary sensation. +It is said to have influenced literary style for more than a quarter of a +century, and traces of its influence are found in Shakespeare. (Columbia +Encyclopedia). + +The introduction of Ben Jonson into the party was wholly appropriate, +if one may call to witness some of Jonson's writings. The subject under +discussion was one that Jonson was acquainted with, in The Alchemist: + + +Act. I, Scene I, + +FACE: Believe't I will. + +SUBTLE: Thy worst. I fart at thee. + +DOL COMMON: Have you your wits? Why, gentlemen, for love---- + + +Act. 2, Scene I, + +SIR EPICURE MAMMON: ....and then my poets, the same that writ so subtly +of the fart, whom I shall entertain still for that subject and again in +Bartholomew Fair + +NIGHTENGALE: (sings a ballad) + Hear for your love, and buy for your money. + A delicate ballad o' the ferret and the coney. + A preservative again' the punk's evil. + Another goose-green starch, and the devil. + A dozen of divine points, and the godly garter + The fairing of good counsel, of an ell and three-quarters. + What is't you buy? + The windmill blown down by the witche's fart, + Or Saint George, that, O! did break the dragon's heart. + + +GOOD OLD ENGLISH CUSTOM + +That certain types of English society have not changed materially in +their freedom toward breaking wind in public can be noticed in some +comparatively recent literature. Frank Harris in My Life, Vol. 2, +Ch. XIII, tells of Lady Marriott, wife of a judge Advocate General, +being compelled to leave her own table, at which she was entertaining Sir +Robert Fowler, then the Lord Mayor of London, because of the suffocating +and nauseating odors there. He also tells of an instance in parliament, +and of a rather brilliant bon mot spoken upon that occasion. + +"While Fowler was speaking Finch-Hatton had shewn signs of restlessness; +towards the end of the speech he had moved some three yards away from the +Baronet. As soon as Fowler sat down Finch-Hatton sprang up holding his +handkerchief to his nose: + +"'Mr. Speaker,' he began, and was at once acknowledged by the Speaker, +for it was a maiden speech, and as such was entitled to precedence by the +courteous custom of the House, 'I know why the Right Honourable Member +from the City did not conclude his speech with a proposal. The only way +to conclude such a speech appropriately would be with a motion!'" + + +AEOLIAN CREPITATIONS + +But society had apparently degenerated sadly in modern times, and even in +the era of Elizabeth, for at an earlier date it was a serious--nay, +capital--offense to break wind in the presence of majesty. The Emperor +Claudius, hearing that one who had suppressed the urge while paying him +court had suffered greatly thereby, "intended to issue an edict, allowing +to all people the liberty of giving vent at table to any distension +occasioned by flatulence:" + +Martial, too (Book XII, Epigram LXXVII), tells of the embarrassment of +one who broke wind while praying in the Capitol, + +"One day, while standing upright, addressing his prayers to Jupiter, +Aethon farted in the Capitol. Men laughed, but the Father of the Gods, +offended, condemned the guilty one to dine at home for three nights. +Since that time, miserable Aethon, when he wishes to enter the Capitol, +goes first to Paterclius' privies and farts ten or twenty times. Yet, in +spite of this precautionary crepitation, he salutes Jove with constricted +buttocks." Martial also (Book IV, Epigram LXXX), ridicules a woman who +was subject to the habit, saying, + +"Your Bassa, Fabullus, has always a child at her side, calling it her +darling and her plaything; and yet--more wonder--she does not care for +children. What is the reason then. Bassa is apt to fart. (For which +she could blame the unsuspecting infant.)" + +The tale is told, too, of a certain woman who performed an aeolian +crepitation at a dinner attended by the witty Monsignieur Dupanloup, +Bishop of Orleans, and that when, to cover up her lapse, she began to +scrape her feet upon the floor, and to make similar noises, the Bishop +said, "Do not trouble to find a rhyme, Madam!" + +Nay, worthier names than those of any yet mentioned have discussed the +matter. Herodotus tells of one such which was the precursor to the fall +of an empire and a change of dynasty--that which Amasis discharges while +on horseback, and bids the envoy of Apries, King of Egypt, catch and +deliver to his royal master. Even the exact manner and posture of +Amasis, author of this insult, is described. + +St. Augustine (The City of God, XIV:24) cites the instance of a man who +could command his rear trumpet to sound at will, which his learned +commentator fortifies with the example of one who could do so in tune! + +Benjamin Franklin, in his "Letter to the Royal Academy of Brussels" has +canvassed suggested remedies for alleviating the stench attendant upon +these discharges: + +"My Prize Question therefore should be: To discover some Drug, wholesome +and--not disagreeable, to be mixed with our common food, or sauces, that +shall render the natural discharges of Wind from our Bodies not only +inoffensive, but agreeable as Perfumes. + +"That this is not a Chimerical Project & altogether impossible, may +appear from these considerations. That we already have some knowledge of +means capable of varying that smell. He that dines on stale Flesh, +especially with much Addition of Onions, shall be able to afford a stink +that no Company can tolerate; while he that has lived for some time on +Vegetables only, shall have that Breath so pure as to be insensible of +the most delicate Noses; and if he can manage so as to avoid the Report, +he may anywhere give vent to his Griefs, unnoticed. But as there are +many to whom an entire Vegetable Diet would be inconvenient, & as a +little quick Lime thrown into a Jakes will correct the amazing Quantity +of fetid Air arising from the vast Mass of putrid Matter contained in +such Places, and render it pleasing to the Smell, who knows but that a +little Powder of Lime (or some other equivalent) taken in our Food, or +perhaps a Glass of Lime Water drank at Dinner, may have the same Effect +on the Air produced in and issuing from our Bowels?" + +One curious commentary on the text is that Elizabeth should be so fond of +investigating into the authorship of the exhalation in question, when she +was inordinately fond of strong and sweet perfumes; in fact, she was +responsible for the tremendous increase in importations of scents into +England during her reign. + + +"YE BOKE OF YE SIEUR MICHAEL DE MONTAINE" + +There is a curious admixture of error and misunderstanding in this part +of the sketch. In the first place, the story is borrowed from Montaigne, +where it is told inaccurately, and then further corrupted in the telling. + +It was not the good widows of Perigord who wore the phallus upon their +coifs; it was the young married women, of the district near Montaigne's +home, who paraded it to view upon their foreheads, as a symbol, says our +essayist, "of the joy they derived therefrom." If they became widows, +they reversed its position, and covered it up with the rest of their +head-dress. + +The "emperor" mentioned was not an emperor; he was Procolus, a native of +Albengue, on the Genoese coast, who, with Bonosus, led the unsuccessful +rebellion in Gaul against Emperor Probus. Even so keen a commentator as +Cotton has failed to note the error. + +The empress (Montaigne does not say "his empress") was Messalina, third +wife of the Emperor Claudius, who was uncle of Caligula and foster-father +to Nero. Furthermore, in her case the charge is that she copulated with +twenty-five in a single night, and not twenty-two, as appears in the +text. Montaigne is right in his statistics, if original sources are +correct, whereas the author erred in transcribing the incident. + +As for Proculus, it has been noted that he was associated with Bonosus, +who was as renowned in the field of Bacchus as was Proculus in that of +Venus (Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire). The feat of +Proculus is told in his own words, in Vopiscus, (Hist. Augustine, p. 246) +where he recounts having captured one hundred Sarmatian virgins, and +unmaidened ten of them in one night, together with the happenings +subsequent thereto. + +Concerning Messalina, there appears to be no question but that she was a +nymphomaniac, and that, while Empress of Rome, she participated in some +fearful debaucheries. The question is what to believe, for much that we +have heard about her is almost certainly apocryphal. + +The author from whom Montaigne took his facts is the elder Pliny, who, +in his Natural History, Book X, Chapter 83, says, "Other animals become +sated with veneral pleasures; man hardly knows any satiety. Messalina, +the wife of Claudius Caesar, thinking this a palm quite worthy of an +empress, selected for the purpose of deciding the question, one of the +most notorious women who followed the profession of a hired prostitute; +and the empress outdid her, after continuous intercourse, night and day, +at the twenty-fifth embrace." + +But Pliny, notwithstanding his great attainments, was often a retailer of +stale gossip, and in like case was Aurelius Victor, another writer who +heaped much odium on her name. Again, there is a great hiatus in the +Annals of Tacitus, a true historian, at the period covering the earlier +days of the Empress; while Suetonius, bitter as he may be, is little more +than an anecdotist. Juvenal, another of her detractors, is a prejudiced +witness, for he started out to satirize female vice, and naturally aimed +at high places. Dio also tells of Messalina's misdeeds, but his work is +under the same limitations as that of Suetonius. Furthermore, none but +Pliny mentions the excess under consideration. + +However, "where there is much smoke there must be a little fire," and +based upon the superimposed testimony of the writers of the period, there +appears little doubt but that Messalina was a nymphomaniac, that she +prostituted herself in the public stews, naked, and with gilded nipples, +and that she did actually marry her chief adulterer, Silius, while +Claudius was absent at Ostia, and that the wedding was consummated in the +presence of a concourse of witnesses. This was "the straw that broke the +camel's back." Claudius hastened back to Rome, Silius was dispatched, +and Messalina, lacking the will-power to destroy herself, was killed when +an officer ran a sword through her abdomen, just as it appeared that +Claudius was about to relent. + + +"THEN SPAKE YE DAMNED WINDMILL, SIR WALTER" + +Raleigh is thoroughly in character here; this observation is quite in +keeping with the general veracity of his account of his travels in +Guiana, one of the most mendacious accounts of adventure ever told. +Naturally, the scholarly researches of Westermarck have failed to +discover this people; perhaps Lady Helen might best be protected among +the Jibaros of Ecuador, where the men marry when approaching forty. + +Ben Jonson in his Conversations observed "That Sr. W. Raughlye esteemed +more of fame than of conscience." + + +YE VIRGIN QUEENE + +Grave historians have debated for centuries the pretensions of Elizabeth +to the title, "The Virgin Queen," and it is utterly impossible to dispose +of the issue in a note. However, the weight of opinion appears to be in +the negative. Many and great were the difficulties attending the +marriage of a Protestant princess in those troublous times, and Elizabeth +finally announced that she would become wedded to the English nation, +and she wore a ring in token thereof until her death. However, more or +less open liaisons with Essex and Leicester, as well as a host of lesser +courtiers, her ardent temperament, and her imperious temper, are +indications that cannot be denied in determining any estimate upon the +point in question. + +Ben Jonson in his Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden +says, + +"Queen Elizabeth never saw herself after she became old in a true glass; +they painted her, and sometymes would vermillion her nose. She had +allwayes about Christmass evens set dice that threw sixes or five, and +she knew not they were other, to make her win and esteame herself +fortunate. That she had a membrana on her, which made her uncapable of +man, though for her delight she tried many. At the comming over of +Monsieur, there was a French Chirurgion who took in hand to cut it, yett +fear stayed her, and his death." + +It was a subject which again intrigued Clemens when he was abroad with +W. H. Fisher, whom Mark employed to "nose up" everything pertaining to +Queen Elizabeth's manly character. + + +"'BOCCACCIO HATH A STORY" + +The author does not pay any great compliment to Raleigh's memory here. +There is no such tale in all Boccaccio. The nearest related incident +forms the subject matter of Dineo's novel (the fourth) of the First day +of the Decameron. + + +OLD SR. NICHOLAS THROGMORTON + +The incident referred to appears to be Sir Nicholas Throgmorton's trial +for complicity in the attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England, +a charge of which he was acquitted. This so angered Queen Mary that she +imprisoned him in the Tower, and fined the jurors from one to two +thousand pounds each. Her action terrified succeeding juries, so that +Sir Nicholas's brother was condemned on no stronger evidence than that +which had failed to prevail before. While Sir Nicholas's defense may +have been brilliant, it must be admitted that the evidence was weak. +He was later released from the Tower, and under Elizabeth was one of a +group of commissioners sent by that princess into Scotland, to foment +trouble with Mary, Queen of Scots. When the attempt became known, +Elizabeth repudiated the acts of her agents, but Sir Nicholas, having +anticipated this possibility, had sufficient foresight to secure +endorsement of his plan by the Council, and so outwitted Elizabeth, who +was playing a two-faced role, and Cecil, one of the greatest statesmen +who ever held the post of principal minister. Perhaps it was this +incident to which the company referred, which might in part explain +Elizabeth's rejoinder. However, he had been restored to confidence ere +this, and had served as ambassador to France. + + +"TO SAVE HIS DOTER'S MAIDENHEDDE" + +Elizabeth Throckmorton (or Throgmorton), daughter of Sir Nicholas, was +one of Elizabeth's maids of honor. When it was learned that she had been +debauched by Raleigh, Sir Walter was recalled from his command at sea by +the Queen, and compelled to marry the girl. This was not "in that olde +daie," as the text has it, for it happened only eight years before the +date of this purported "conversation," when Elizabeth was sixty years +old. + + + + + + +PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY + +The various printings of 1601 reveal how Mark Twain's 'Fireside +Conversation' has become a part of the American printer's lore. But more +important, its many printings indicate that it has become a popular bit +of American folklore, particularly for men and women who have a feeling +for Mark Twain. Apparently it appeals to the typographer, who devotes to +it his worthy art, as well as to the job printer, who may pull a crudely +printed proof. The gay procession of curious printings of 1601 is unique +in the history of American printing. + +Indeed, the story of the various printings of 1601 is almost legendary. +In the days of the "jour." printer, so I am told, well-thumbed copies +were carried from print shop to print shop. For more than a quarter +century now it has been one of the chief sources of enjoyment for +printers' devils; and many a young rascal has learned about life from +this Fireside Conversation. It has been printed all over the country, +and if report is to be believed, in foreign countries as well. Because +of the many surreptitious and anonymous printings it is exceedingly +difficult, if not impossible, to compile a complete bibliography. Many +printings lack the name of the publisher, the printer, the place or date +of printing. In many instances some of the data, through the patient +questioning of fellow collectors, has been obtained and supplied. + + +1. [Date, 1601.] Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the +Time of the Tudors. + +DESCRIPTION: Pamphlet, pp. [ 1 ]-8, without wrappers or cover, measuring +7x8 inches. The title is Set in caps. and small caps. + +The excessively rare first printing, printed in Cleveland, 1880, at the +instance of Alexander Gunn, friend of John Hay. Only four copies are +believed to have been printed, of which, it is said now, the only known +copy is located in the Willard S. Morse collection. + + +2. Date 1601. Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the +time of the Tudors. + +(Mem.--The following is supposed to be an extract from the diary of the +Pepys of that day, the same being cup-bearer to Queen Elizabeth. It is +supposed that he is of ancient and noble lineage; that he despises these +literary canaille; that his soul consumes with wrath to see the Queen +stooping to talk with such; and that the old man feels his nobility +defiled by contact with Shakespeare, etc., and yet he has got to stay +there till Her Majesty chooses to dismiss him.) + +DESCRIPTION: Title as above, verso blank; pp. [i]-xi, text; verso p. xi +blank. About 8 x 10 inches, printed on handmade linen paper soaked in +weak coffee, wrappers. The title is set in caps and small caps. + +COLOPHON: at the foot of p. xi: Done Att Ye Academie Preffe; M DCCC LXXX +II. + +The privately printed West Point edition, the first printing of the text +authorized by Mark Twain, of which but fifty copies were printed. The +story of this printing is fully told in the Introduction. + + +3. Conversation As It Was By The Social Fire-side In The Time Of The +Tudors from Ye Diary of Ye Cupbearer to her Maisty Queen Elizabeth. +[design] Imprinted by Ye Puritan Press At Ye Sign of Ye Jolly Virgin +1601. + +DESCRIPTION: 2 blank leaves; p. [i] blank, p. [ii] fronds., p. [iii] +title [as above], p. [iv] "Mem.", pp. 1-[25] text, I blank leaf. 4 3/4 +by 6 1/4 inches, printed in a modern version of the Caxton black letter +type, on M.B.M. French handmade paper. The frontispiece, a woodcut by +A. E. Curtis, is a portrait of the cup-bearer. Bound in buff-grey +boards, buckram back. Cover title reads, in pale red ink, Caxton type, +Conversation As It Was By The Social Fire-side In The Time Of The Tudors. +[The Byway Press, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1901, 120 copies.] + +Probably the first published edition. + +Later, in 1916, a facsimile edition of this printing was published in +Chicago from plates. + + + + +End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of 1601 +by Mark Twain + diff --git a/old/mtsxn11.zip b/old/mtsxn11.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c89d520 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/mtsxn11.zip |