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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32454-8.txt b/32454-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..580b3a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/32454-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2402 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Calvert and Penn, by Brantz Mayer + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Calvert and Penn + Or the Growth of Civil and Religious Liberty in America, + as Disclosed in the Planting of Maryland and Pennsylvania + +Author: Brantz Mayer + +Release Date: May 20, 2010 [EBook #32454] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALVERT AND PENN *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller, Jasmine Yu and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's note: In Appendix I in the original publication the +"Original Latin" and "English Translation" are show side by side.] + + + + +CALVERT AND PENN; + + OR THE GROWTH OF + CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY + IN AMERICA, + + AS DISCLOSED IN THE PLANTING OF + MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA: + + [Illustration] + + A DISCOURSE BY + BRANTZ MAYER, + + DELIVERED IN PHILADELPHIA BEFORE THE + PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, + + 8 APRIL, 1852. + + + + + "Se mai turba il Ceil Sereno + "Fosco vel di nebbia impura, + "Quando il sol gli squarcia il seno, + "Piu sereno il ciel si fa. + + "Rea, discordia, invidia irata + "Fuga il tempo, e nuda splende. + "Vincitrice e vendicata. + "L'offuscata Verita." + + + + + PRINTED FOR THE + PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY + BY JOHN D TOY + BALTIMORE + + + + +CALVERT AND PENN. + + +It is a venerable and beautiful rite which commands the Chinese not only +to establish in their dwellings a Hall of Ancestors, devoted to +memorials of kindred who are dead, but which obliges them, on a certain +day of every year, to quit the ordinary toils of life and hasten to the +tombs of their Forefathers, where, with mingled services of festivity +and worship, they pass the hours in honoring the manes of those whom +they have either loved or been taught to respect for their virtues. + +This is a wholesome and ennobling exercise of the memory. It teaches +neither a blind allegiance to the past, nor a superstitious reverence +for individuals; but it is a recognition of the great truth that no man +is a mere isolated being in the great chain of humanity, and that, while +we are not selfishly independent of the past, so also, by equal +affinity, we are connected with and control the fate of those who are to +succeed us in the drama of the world. + +The Time that merges in Eternity, sinks like a drop in the ocean, but +the deeds of that Time, like the drop in the deep, are again exhaled and +fitted for new uses; so that although the Time be dead, the acts thereof +are immortal--for the achieved action never perishes. That which was +wrought, in innocence or wrong, is eternal in its results or +influences. + +This reflection inculcates a profound lesson of our responsibility. It +teaches us the value of assembling to look over the account of the past; +to separate the good from the false; to winnow the historical harvest we +may have reaped; to survey the heavens, and find our place on the ocean +after the storm. And if such conduct is correct in the general concerns +of private life, how much more is it proper when we remember the duty we +owe to the founders of great principles,--to the founders of great +states,--of great states that have grown into great nations! In this +aspect the principle rises to a dignity worthy our profoundest respect. +History is the garnered treasure of the past, and it is from the glory +or shame of that past, that nations, like individuals, take heart for +the coming strife, or sink under irresistible discouragement. + +Is it not well, then, that we, the people of this large country, divided +as we are in separate governments, should assemble, at proper seasons, +to celebrate the foundations of our time-honored commonwealths; and, +while each state casts its annual tribute on the altar of our country, +each should brighten its distinctive symbols, before it merges their +glory in that great constellation of American nations, which, in the +political night that shrouds the world, is the only guiding sign for +unfortunate but hopeful humanity! + + * * * * * + +When the Reformation in England destroyed the supremacy of the Roman +Church, and the Court set the example of a new faith, it may readily be +supposed, that the people were sorely taxed when called on to select +between the dogmas they had always cherished, and those they were +authoritatively summoned to adopt. The age was not one either of free +discussion or of printing and publication. Oral arguments, and not +printed appeals, were the only means of reaching the uncultivated minds +of the masses, and even of a large portion of the illiterate gentry and +aristocracy. If we reflect, with what reverence creeds are, even now, +traditionally inherited in families, we must be patient with their +entailed tenure in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The soul of +nations cannot be purged of its ancestral faith by Acts of Parliament. +There may be submission to law, external indifference, hypocritical +compliance, but, that implicit adoption and correspondent honest action, +which flow from conscientious belief, must spring from sources of very +different sanctity. + +When the world contained only one great Christian Church, the idea of +Union betwixt that Church and the State, was not fraught with the +disgusts or dangers that now characterize it. There were then no sects. +All were agreed on one faith, one ritual, one interpretation of God's +law, and one infallible expositor; nor was it, perhaps, improper that +this law--thus ecclesiastically expounded and administered in perfect +national unity of faith--should be the rule of civil and political, as +well as of religious life. Indeed, it is difficult, even now, to +separate the ideas; for, inasmuch as God's law is a law of life, and not +a mere law of death--inasmuch as it controls all our relations among +ourselves and thus defines our practical duty to the Almighty--it is +difficult, I repeat, to define wherein the law of man should properly +differ from the law of God. Mere morality--mere political morality,--is +nothing but a bastard policy, or another name for expediency, unless it +conforms in all its motives, means and results, to religion. In truth, +morality, social as well as political, to be vital and not hypocritical, +must be religion put into practical exercise. This is the simple, just, +and wise reconciliation of religion and good government, which I humbly +believe to be, ever and only, founded upon Christianity. But it was a +sad mistake in other days, to confound a Primitive Christianity and the +dogmas of a Historical Church. Unfortunately for the ancient union of +Church and State, this great identification of the true christian action +of the civil and ecclesiastical bodies, was but a mere fiction, so far +as religion was concerned, and a fact, only so far as power was +interested. Christianity ever has remained, and ever will remain, the +same radiant unit; but a church, with irresponsible power--a church +which, at best, is but an aggregation of human beings, with all the +passions, as well as all the virtues of our race--soon, necessarily, +abandons the purity of its early time, and grows into a vast hierarchy, +which, founding its claims to authority on divine institution, sways the +world, sometimes for good and sometimes for evil, with a power suited to +the asserted omnipotence of its origin. + +But the idea of honest union between church and state was naturally +destroyed, in the minds of all right thinking persons, from the moment +that there was a secession from the Church of Rome. The very idea, I +assert, was destroyed; for the Catholic Princes and the sects into which +Protestants divided themselves, began an internecine war, which, in +effect, not only forever obliterated supremacy from the vocabulary of +ecclesiastical power, but almost destroyed, by disgracing, the religion +in whose name it perpetrated its remorseless cruelties. + +The social as well as religious anarchy consequent upon the Reformation, +was soon discerned by the statesmen of England, who took council with +prudent ecclesiastics, and, under the authority of law, erected the +Church of England. In this new establishment they endeavored to +substitute for Romanism, a new ecclesiastical system, which, by its +concessions to the ancient faith, its adoption of novel liberalities, +its compromises and its purity, might contain within itself, sufficient +elements upon which the adherents of Rome might gracefully retreat, and +to which the Reformers might either advance or become reconciled. This +scheme of legislative compromise for a national religion, was doubtless, +not merely designed as an amiable neutral ground for the spiritual wants +of the people, but as the nucleus of an institution which would +gradually, if not at once, transfer to the Royalty of England, that +spiritual authority which its sovereigns had found it irksome to bear or +to control when wielded by the Pope. + +The architects of this modern faith were not wrong in their estimate of +the English people, for, perhaps, the great body of the nation willingly +adopted the new scheme. Yet there were bitter opponents both among the +Catholics and Calvinists, whose extreme violence admitted no compromise, +either with each other, or with the Church of England. For them there +was no resource but in dumbness or rebellion; and, as many a lip opened +in complaint or attempted seduction, the legislature originated that +charitable and reconciling system of disabilities and penalties, which a +pliant judiciary was not slow in enforcing with suitable rigor. While +the Puritan could often fairly yield a sort of abstinent conformity +which saved him from penalties, the Roman Catholic, who adhered +faithfully and conscientiously to his ancestral church, made no +compromise with his allegiance. Accordingly, on him, the unholy and +intolerant law fell with all its persecuting bane. + +"About the middle of the reign of Queen Elizabeth there arose among the +Calvinists, a small body, who bore nearly the same relation to them, +which they bore to the great body of the Reformed; these were ultra +Puritans, as they were ultra Protestants. These persons deemed it their +religious duty to separate themselves entirely from the church, and, in +fact, to war against it. The principle upon which they founded +themselves, was, that there should be no national church at all, but +that the whole nation should be cast in a multitude of small churches or +congregations, each self-governed, and having only, as they believed, +the officers of which we read in the New Testament,--pastor, teacher, +elder and deacon."[1] + + * * * * * + +Such was the ecclesiastical and political aspect of England, and of a +part of Scotland, about the period when the First James ascended the +British throne. As there is nothing that so deeply concerns our welfare +as the rights and duties of our soul, it is not at all singular to find +how quickly men became zealous in the assertion of their novel +privileges, as soon as they discovered that there were two ways of +interpreting God's law, or, at least, two modes of worshiping him,--one +wrapped in gorgeous ceremonial, the other stripped in naked +simplicity,--and that the right to this interpretation or worship was +not only secured by law, but was inherent in man's nature. Personal +interests may be indolently neglected or carelessly pursued. It is rare +to see men persecute each other about individual rights or properties. +Yet, such is not the case when a right or an interest is the religious +property of a multitude. Then, community of sentiment or of risk, bands +them together in fervent support, and when the thing contended for is +based on conscience and _eternal_ interest, instead of personal or +_temporary_ welfare, we behold its pursuit inflame gradually from a +principle into a passion,--from passion into persecution, until at +length, what once glimmered in holy zeal, blazes in bigoted fanaticism. +Thus, all persecutors may not, originally, be bad men, though their +practices are wicked. The very liberty of conscience which freemen +demand, must admit this to be possible in the conduct of those who +differ from us most widely in faith and politics. + +Religious Conscience, therefore, is the firmest founder of the right of +forming and asserting Free Opinions; and when it has securely +established the great fact of Religious Freedom, it at once, as an +immediate consequence, realizes Political Freedom, which is nothing but +the individual right independently to control our personal destinies, as +well as to shape our conscientious spiritual destinies. The right of +free judgment asserts that Christianity put into vital exercise, in our +social or national relations, is, in fact, the essence of pure +democracy. It is liberty of action that produces responsibility--it is +equal responsibility that makes us _one_ before the law. To teach man +the humility and equality of his race, _as rights_; and to illustrate +the glorious lesson that from the cottage and cabin have sprung the +intellects that filled the world with light, it pleased the Almighty to +make a stable the birth-place of our Redeemer, and a manger his lowly +cradle! + + * * * * * + +When the valiant men of olden times had checked the corporate system of +theology in England and Germany, and established their right, at least, +_to think_ for themselves; and when the Reformation had subsequently +received a countercheck in Germany, England and France,--the stalwart, +independent worshippers, who could no longer live peacefully together +within their native realms, began to cast about for an escape from the +persecutions of non-conformity and the mean "tyranny of incapacitation." + +The Reformation was the work of the early part of the sixteenth century. +The close of the fifteenth had been signalized by the discovery of +America, and by the opening of a maritime communication with India. The +East, though now accessible by water, was still a far distant land. The +efforts of all navigators, even when blundering on our continent, were, +in truth, not to find a new world, but to reach one already well known +for the richness of its products, and the civilization of its people. +But distant as it was, it presented no field for colonization. It was +the temporary object of mercantile and maritime enterprise, and although +colonial lodgments were impracticable on its far off shores, it +nevertheless permitted the establishment of factories which served, in +the unfrequent commerce of those ages, as almost regal intermediaries +between Europe and Asia. + +But the Western World was both nearer, and, for a while, more alluring +to avarice and enterprise. It was not a civilized, populous, and warlike +country like the East, but it possessed the double temptation of wealth +and weakness. The fertility of the West Indies, the reports of +prodigious riches, the conquests of Cortez and Pizzaro, the emasculated +semi-civilization of the two Empires, which, with a few cities and royal +courts, combined the anomaly of an almost barbarous though tamely +tributary people--had all been announced throughout Europe. Yet, the +bold, brave and successful Spaniard of those days contrived for a long +while to reap the sole benefit of the discovery. What he effected was +done by _conquest_. _Colonization_, which is a gradual settlement, +either under enterprise or persecution, was to follow. + +The conquest and settlement of the Southern part of this continent are +so well known, that it is needless for me to dwell on them; but it is +not a little singular that the very first effort at what may strictly be +called colonization, within the present acknowledged limits of the +United States, was owing to the spirit of persecution which was so rife +in Europe. + +The Bull of the Pope, in its division of the world, had assigned America +to Spain. Florida, which had been discovered by Ponce de Leon, and the +present coast of our Republic on the Gulf of Mexico, were not, in the +sixteenth century, disputed with Spain by any other nation. Spain +claimed, however, under the name of Florida, the whole sea-coast as far +as Newfoundland and even to the remotest north, so that, so far as +_asserted_ ownership was involved, the whole of our coast was Spanish +domain. + +The poor, persecuted, weather-beaten Huguenots of France, had been +active in plans of Colonization for escape from the mingled imbecility +and terrorism of Charles IX. They saw that it was not well to stay in +the land of their birth. The Admiral de Coligny, one of the ablest +leaders of the French Protestants, was zealous in his efforts to found a +Gallic empire of his fellow subjects and sufferers on this continent. He +desired, at least, a refuge for them; and in 1562, entrusted to John +Ribault, of Dieppe, the command of an expedition to the American shores. +The first soil of this virgin hemisphere that was baptised by the tread +of refugees flying from the terrors of the future hero of St. +Bartholomew--of men who were seeking freedom from persecution for the +sake of their religion--was that of South Carolina. Ribault first +visited St. John's River, in Florida, and then slowly coasted the low +shores northward, until he struck the indenture where Hilton-Head +Island, and Hunting and St. Helen's Islands are divided by the entrance +into the ocean of Broad River at Port Royal. + +It was a beautiful region, where venerable oaks shadowed a luxuriant +soil, while the mild air, delicious with the fragrance of +forest-flowers, forever diffused a balmy temperature, free alike from +the fire of the tropics and the frost of the north. Here, in this +pleasant region, he built Fort Carolina, and landed his humble colony of +twenty persons who were to keep possession of the chosen land. + +But Frenchmen are not precisely at home in the wilderness. They require +the aggregation of large villages or cities. The Frenchman is a social +being, and regret for the loss of civil comforts soon spoils his +vivacious temper, and fills him with discontent. Accordingly, +dissensions broke forth in the colony soon after the departure of +Ribault for France; and, most of the dissatisfied colonists, finding +their way back to Europe as best they could, the settlement was broken +up forever. + +Yet, Coligny was not to be thwarted. In 1564, he again resolved to +colonize Florida, and entrusted Laudonnière--a seaman rather than a +soldier, who had already visited the American coasts,--with three ships +which had been conceded by the king. An abundance of colonists, not +disheartened by the failure of their predecessors, soon offered for the +voyage, and, after a passage of sixty days, the eager adventurers hailed +the American coast. They did not go to the old site, marked as it was by +disaster, but nestled on the embowered banks of the beautiful St. +John's, or, as it was then known--"The River of May." + +But the French of that era, when in pursuit of qualified self-government +or of any principle, either civil or religious, were not unlike their +countrymen of the present time. They found it difficult to make +enthusiasm subordinate to the mechanism of progress, and to restrain the +elastic vapor which properly directed gives energy to humanity, but +which heedlessly handled destroys what it should impel or guide. +Religious enthusiasm is not miraculously fed by ravens in the +wilderness. Coligny's emigrants were improvident or careless settlers. +Their supplies wasted. They were not only gratified by the sudden relief +from royal oppression, but the removal of a weight, gave room for the +display of that secret avarice, which, more or less, possesses the +hearts of all men. They had heard of the Spaniard's success, and were +seized with a passion for sudden wealth. They became discontented with +the toil of patient labor and slow accretion. Mutiny ripened into +rebellion. A party compelled Laudonnière to suffer it to embark for +Mexico; but its two vessels were soon employed in piratical enterprises +against the Spaniards. Some of the reckless insurgents fell into the +hands of the men they assailed, and were made prisoners and sold as +slaves, while the few who escaped, were, on their return, executed by +orders of Laudonnière. + +The main body of the colonists who had either remained true to their +duty or were kept in subjection, had, meanwhile, become greatly +disheartened by these occurrences and by the failing supplies of their +settlement, when they were temporarily relieved by the arrival of the +celebrated English adventurer--Sir John Hawkins. Ribault soon after came +out from France to take command, and brought with him new emigrants, +seeds, animals, agricultural implements, and fresh supplies of every +kind. + +These occurrences, it will be recollected, took place in Florida, within +the ancient claim of Spain. It is true that the country was a +wilderness; but Spain still asserted her dominion, though no beneficial +use had been made of the neglected forest and tangled swamp. At this +epoch, a certain Pedro Melendez de Aviles--a coarse, bold, bloody man, +who signalized himself in the wars in Holland against the Protestants, +and was renowned in Spanish America for deeds which, even in the loose +law of that realm, had brought him to justice, was then hanging about +the Court of Philip II. in search of plunder or employment. He perceived +a tempting "mission" of combined destruction and colonization in the +French Protestant settlement in Florida; and, accordingly, a compact was +speedily made between himself and his sovereign, by which he was +empowered, in consideration of certain concessions and rights, to invade +Florida with at least five hundred men, and to establish the Spanish +authority and Catholic religion. + +An expedition, numbering under its banner more than twenty-five hundred +persons, was soon prepared. After touching, with part of these forces, +on the Florida coast, in the neighborhood of the present river Matanzas, +the adventurer sailed in quest of the luckless Huguenots, whose vessels +were soon descried escaping seaward from a combat for which they were +unprepared. For a while, Melendez pursued them, but abandoning the +chase, steered south once more, and entering the harbor on the coast he +had just before visited, laid the foundations of that quaint old Spanish +town of ST. AUGUSTINE, which is the parent of civic civilization on our +continent. Ribault, meanwhile, who had put to sea with his craft, lost +most of his vessels in a sudden storm on the coast, though the greater +part of his companions escaped. + +But Melendez, whose ships suffered slightly from this tempest, had no +sooner placed his colonists in security, at St. Augustine, than he set +forth with a resolute band across the marshy levels which intervened +between his post and the St. John's. With savage fury the reckless +Spaniard fell on the Huguenots. The carnage was dreadful. It seems to +have been rather slaughter than warfare. The Huguenots, unprepared for +battle, little dreamed that the wars of the old world would be +transferred to the new, and vainly imagined that human passion could +find victims enough for its malignity without crossing the dangerous +seas. Full two hundred fell. Many fled to the forest. A few surrendered, +and were slain. Some escaped in two French vessels that fortunately +still lingered in the harbor. The wretches who had been providentially +saved from the wreck, were next followed and found by this Castilian +monster. "Let them surrender their flags and arms," said he, "and thus +placing themselves at my discretion, I may do with them what God in his +mercy desires!" Yet, as soon as they yielded, they were bound and +marched through the forest to St. Augustine, and, as they approached the +fort which had been hastily raised on the level shores, the sudden blast +of a trumpet was the signal for the musketeers to pour into the crowd a +volley that laid them dead on the spot. It was asserted that these +victims of reliance on Spanish mercy, were massacred, "not as Frenchmen, +but as Lutherans;"--and thus, about nine hundred Protestant human +beings, were the first offering on the soil of our present Union to the +devilish fanaticism of the age. + +But the bloody deed was not to go unrevenged. A bold Gascon, Dominic de +Gourgues, in 1567, equipped three ships and set sail for Florida. He +swooped down suddenly, like a falcon on the forts at the mouth of the +St. John's, and putting the occupants to the sword, hanged them in the +forest, inscribing over their dangling corpses, this mocking reply to +the taunt at the Lutherans: "I do this not as unto Spaniards and +sailors, but as unto murderers, robbers and traitors!" + +The revenge was merciless; and thus terminated the first chapter in the +history of religious liberty in America. BLOOD stained the earliest +meeting between Catholic and Protestant on the present soil of our +Union! + + * * * * * + +The power of Spain, the unattractiveness of our coast, the indifferent +climate, and the failure to find wealthy native nations to plunder, kept +the northern part of our continent in the back ground for the greater +part of a century after the voyages of Columbus and Cabot. There were +discouragements at that time for mercantile or maritime enterprise, +which make us marvel the more at the energy of the men who with such +slender vessels and knowledge of navigation, tempted the dangers of +unknown seas. + +Emigration from land to land, from neighboring country to neighboring +country, was, at that epoch, a formidable enterprise; what then must we +think of the hardihood, or compulsion, which could either tempt or drive +men, not only over conterminous boundaries, but across distant seas? +Feudal loyalty and the strong tie of family, bound them not only to +their local homes, but to their native land. The lusty sons of labor +were required to till the soil, while their stalwart brethren, clad in +steel, were wandering on murderous errands, over half of Europe, +fighting for Protestantism or Catholicity. Adventure, then, in the shape +of colonization, must hardly be thought of, from the inland states of +the old world; and, even from the maritime nations, with the exception +of Spain and Portugal, we find nothing worthy of record, save the +fisheries on the Banks, the small settlements of the French in Acadia +and along the St. Lawrence, and the holy efforts of Catholic +Missionaries among the Northern Indians. If we did not know their zeal +to have been Christian, it might almost be considered romantic. + +Soon after the return of De Gourgues from his revengeful exploit, the +report of the daring deed and its provocation, was spread over Europe, +and excited the people's attention to America more eagerly than ever. +Among those who were attracted to the subject, was a British gentleman, +whose character and misfortunes have always engaged my sincere +admiration. + +Sir Walter Raleigh was the natural offspring of the remarkable age in +which he lived. We owe him our profoundest respect, for it was Sir +Walter who gave the first decided impulse to our race's beneficial +enjoyment of this continent. It was his fortune to live at a time of +great and various action. The world was convulsed with the throes of a +new civilization, and the energy it exhibited was consequent upon its +long repose. It was an age of transition. It was an age of coat and +corselet--of steel and satin--of rudeness and refinement,--in which the +antique soldier was melting into the modern citizen. It was the twilight +of feudalism. Baronial strongholds were yielding to municipal +independence. Learning began to teach its marvels to the masses; warfare +still called chivalrous men to the field; a spirited queen, surrounded +by gallant cavaliers, sat on a dazzling throne; adventurous commerce +armed splendid navies and nursed a brood of hardy sailors; while the +mysterious New World invited enterprise to invade its romantic and +golden depths. It was peculiarly an age of thought and action; and is +characterized by a vitality which is apparent to all who recollect its +heroes, statesmen, philosophers and poets. + +Sir Walter Raleigh was destined, by his deeds and his doom, to bring +this northern continent, which we are now enjoying, into prominent +notice. He was the embodiment of the boyhood of our new world. In early +life he had been a soldier, but the drift of his genius led him into +statesmanship. He was a well known favorite of the Virgin Queen. A +spirit of adventure bore him across the Atlantic, where, if the occasion +had offered, he would have rivalled Cortez in his courageous hardihood, +and outstripped him in his lukewarm humanity. He became a courtier; and, +mingling in the intrigues of the palace, according to the morals of the +age, was soon too great a favorite with his sovereign to escape the +dislike of men who beheld his sudden rise with envy. From the palace he +passed to prison; and, scorning the idleness which would have rusted so +active an intellect, he prepared that remarkable History of the World, +wherein he concentrated a mass of rare learning, curious investigation, +and subtle thought, which demonstrate the comprehensive and yet minute +character of his wonderful mind. A volume of poems shows how sweetly he +could sing. The story of his battles, discloses how bravely he could +fight. The narrative of his voyages proves the boldness of his +seamanship. The calmness of his prison life teaches us the manly lesson +of endurance. The devotion of his wife, denotes how deeply he could +love; while his letters to that cherished woman--those domestic records +in which the heart divulges its dearest secrets--teem with proofs of his +affection and Christianity. Indeed, the gallantry of his courtiership; +the foresight of his statecraft; the splendid dandyism of his apparel; +the wild freedom and companionship of his forest life, show how +completely the fop and the forager, the queenly pet and loyal subject, +the author and the actor, the noble and the democrat, the soldier and +the scholar, were, in the age of Elizabeth and James, blent in one man, +and that man--Sir Walter Raleigh. + +Do we not detect in this first adventurous and practical patron of North +America, many of the seemingly discordant qualities which mingle so +commonly in the versatile life of our own people? If the calendar of +courts had its saints, like the calendar of the church, well might Sir +Walter have been canonized as protector of the broad realm for which the +brutal James made him a martyr to the jealousy and fear of Spain.[2] + +Queen Elizabeth was the first British Sovereign who built up that +maritime power of England which has converted her magnificent +Island--dot as it is, in the waste of the sea--into the wharf of the +world. She was no friend of the Spaniards, and she had men in her +service who admired Spanish galeons. Wealth, realized in coin, and gold +or silver, in bulk, were tempting merchandize in frail vessels, which +sailors, half pirate, half privateer, might easily deliver of their +burden. It was easier to rob than to mine; and, while Spain performed +the labor in the bowels of the earth, England took the profit as a prize +on the sea! Such were some of the elements of maritime success, which +weakened Spain by draining her colonial wealth, while it enriched her +rival and injured the Catholic sovereign. + +Yet, in the ranks of these adventurers, there were men of honest +purpose; and, among the first whose designs of colonization on this +continent were unquestionably conceived in a spirit of discovery and +speculation, was the half brother of Sir Walter Raleigh--Sir Humphrey +Gilbert. But Sir Humphrey, while pursuing his northern adventures, was +unluckily lost at sea, and Sir Walter took up the thread where his +relative dropped it. I regret that I have not time to pursue this +subject, and can only say that his enterprises were, doubtless, the +germ of that colonization, which, by degrees, has filled up and formed +our Union. + +You will remember the striking difference between colonization from +England, and the colonization from other nations of ancient and modern +times. The short, imperfect navigation of the Greeks, along the shores +and among the islands of their inland sea, made colonization rather a +diffusive overflow, than an adventurous transplanting of their people. +They were urged to this oozing emigration either by personal want, by +the command of law, or by the oracles of their gods, who doubtless spoke +under the authority of law. Where the national religion was a unit in +faith, there was no persecution to drive men off, nor had the spirit of +adventure seized those primitive classics with the zeal of "annexation" +that animated after ages. + +The Roman colonies were massive, military progresses of population, +seeking to spread national power by conquest and permanent encampment. + +Portugal and Spain, mingled avarice and dominion in their conquests or +occupation of new lands. + +The French Protestants were, to a great extent, prevented by the bigotry +of their home government, as well as by foreign jealousy, from obtaining +a sanctuary in America. France drove the refugees chiefly into other +European countries, where they established their manufacturing industry; +and thus, fanaticism kept out of America laborious multitudes who would +have pressed hard on the British settlements. In the islands, a small +trade and the investment of money, rather than the desire to acquire +fortune by personal industry, were the motives of the early and regular +emigration of Frenchmen. + +The Dutch, devoted to trade, generally located themselves where they +"have just room enough to manifest the miracles of frugality and +diligence."[3] + +Thus, wherever we trace mankind abandoning its home, in ancient or +modern days, we find a selfish motive, a superstitious command, a love +of wealth, a lust of power, or a spirit of robbery, controlling the +movement. The first adventurous effort towards the realization of actual +settlement on this continent, was, as we have seen, made by the +persecuted Huguenots, and was, probably, an attempt rather to fly from +oppression, than to establish religious freedom. The first English +settlement, also, was founded more upon speculation than on any novel or +exalted principle. There was a quest of gold, a desire for land, and an +honest hope of improving personal fortunes. + +VIRGINIA had been a charter government, but, in 1624, it was merged in +the Royal Government. The crown reassumed the dominion it had granted to +others. Virginia, in the first two decades of the seventeenth century, +although exhibiting some prosperous phases, was nothing more than a +delicate off-shoot from the British stock, somewhat vigorous for its +change to virgin soil, but likely to bear the same fruit as its parent +tree. Virginia was a limb timidly transplanted,--not a branch torn off, +and flung to wither or to fertilize new realms by its decay. This +continent, with all that a century and a half of maritime coasting had +done for it, was but thinly sprinkled with settlements, which bore the +same proportion to the vast continental wilderness that single ships or +small squadrons bear to the illimitable sea. But the spirit of +adventure, the desire for refuge, the dream of liberty, were soon to +plant the seeds of a new civilization in the Western World. + + * * * * * + +Henry VIII, Founder of the English Church, as he had, whilom, been, +Defender of the Roman Faith, was no friend of toleration; but the rigor +of his system was somewhat relaxed during the reign of the sixth Edward. +Mary, daughter of Henry, and sister of Edward, re-constructed the great +ancestral church, and the world is hardly divided in opinion as to the +character of her reign. Elizabeth re-established the church that had +been founded by her father; and her successor James I of England and VI +of Scotland,--the Protestant son of a Catholic mother,--while he openly +adhered to the church of his realm, could not avoid some exhibitions of +coquettish tenderness for the faith of his slaughtered parent. + +But, amid all these changes, there was one class upon which the wrath of +the Church of England and of the Church of Rome, met in accordant +severity;--this was the Puritan and ultra Puritan sect,--to which I have +alluded at the commencement of this discourse,--whose lot was even more +disastrous under the Protestant Elizabeth, than under the Catholic Mary. +The remorseless courts of her commissioners, who inquisitorially tried +these religionists by interrogation on oath, imprisoned them, if they +remained lawfully silent and condemned them if they honestly confessed! + +A congregation of these sectaries had existed for some time on the +boundaries of Lincoln, Nottingham and York, under the guidance of +Richard Clifton and John Robinson, the latter of whom was a modest, +polished, and learned man. This christian fold was organized about 1602; +but worried by ceaseless persecution, it fled to Holland, where its +members, fearing they would be absorbed in the country that had +entertained them so hospitably, resolved in 1620 to remove to that +portion of the great American wilderness, known as North Virginia. Such, +in the chronology of our Continent, was the first decisive emigration of +our parent people to the New World, _for the sake of opinion_. + +It is neither my purpose, nor is it necessary, to sketch the subsequent +history of this New England emigration, or of the followers, who swelled +it into colonial significance. + +Its great characteristic, seems to me, to have been, an unalterable will +to worship God according to _its_ own sectarian ideas, and to afford an +equal right and protection to all who thought as _it_ did, or were +willing to conform to its despotic and anchoritic austerity. It is not +very clear, what were its notions of abstract political liberty; yet +there can be very little doubt what its practical opinions of equality +must have been, when we remember the common dangers, duties, and +interests of such a band of emigrants on the dreary, ice-bound, savage +haunted, coasts of Massachusetts. + + "_When Adam delved, and Eve span, + Pray who was then the gentleman?_" + +may well be asked of a community which for so long a time, had been the +guest of foreigners, and now saw the first great human and divine law of +liberty and equality, taught by the compulsion of labor and mutual +protection, on a strip of land between the sea and the forest. The +colonists were literally reduced to first principles; they were stripped +of the comforts, pomps, ambitions, distinctions, of the Old World, and +they embraced the common destiny of a hopeful future in the New.[4] They +had been persecuted for their opinions, but that did not make them +tolerant of the opinions of their persecutors. It was better, then, that +oppressor and oppressed should live apart in both hemispheres; and thus, +in sincerity, if not in justice, their future history exhibits many bad +examples of the malign spirit from which they fled in Europe. If they +were, essentially, Republicans, their democracy was limited to a +political and religious equality of Puritan sectarianism;--it had not +ripened into the democracy of an all embracing Christianity.[5] + +These occurrences took place during the reign of the prince who united +the Scottish and English thrones. At the Court of James, and in his +intimate service, during nearly the whole period of his sovereignty, was +a distinguished personage, who, though his name does not figure grandly +on the page of history, was deeply interested in the destiny of our +continent. + +SIR GEORGE CALVERT, was descended from a noble Flemish family, which +emigrated and settled in the North of England, where, in 1582, the +Founder of Maryland was born. After taking his Bachelor's degree at +Oxford and travelling on the Continent, he became, at the age of +twenty-five, private Secretary to Sir Robert Cecil, the Lord +Treasurer--afterwards the celebrated Earl of Salisbury. In 1609, he +appears as one of the patentees named in the new Charter then granted to +the Virginia Company. After the death of his ministerial patron, he was +honored with knighthood and made clerk of the crown to the Privy +Council. This brought him closely to the side of his sovereign. In 1619, +he was appointed one of the Secretaries of State, and was then, also, +elected to Parliament; first for his native Yorkshire, and subsequently +for Oxford. He continued in office, under James, as Secretary of State, +until near that monarch's death, and resigned in 1624. + +Born in the Church of England, Sir George, had, in the course of his +public career, become a Roman Catholic. With the period or the means of +his conversion from the court-faith to an unpopular creed, we have now +no concern. Fuller, in his "Worthies of England," asserts that Calvert +resigned in consequence of his change of religion;--other writers, +relying, perhaps, more on the _obiter dicta_ of memoirs and history, +believe that his convictions as to faith had changed some years before. +Be that, however, as it may, the resignation, and its alleged cause +which was well known to his loving master, James, produced no ill +feeling in that sovereign. He retired in unpersecuted peace. He was even +honored by the retention of his seat at the Privy Council;--the King +bestowed a pension for his faithful services;--regranted him, in fee +simple, lands which he previously held by another tenure; and, finally, +created him Lord Baron of Baltimore, in Ireland.[6] + +Whilst Sir George was in office, his attention, it seems, had been early +directed towards America; and in 1620, he is still mentioned in a list +of the members of the Virginia Company. Soon after, he became concerned +in the plantation of Newfoundland, and finally, obtained a patent for +it, to him and his heirs, as Absolute Lord and Proprietary, with all the +royalties of a Count Palatine. We must regret that the original, or a +copy of this grant for the province of Avalon, in Newfoundland, has not +been recently seen, or, if discovered, transmitted to this country. + +Here, Sir George built a house; spent £25,000 in improvements; removed +his family to grace the new Principality; manned ships, at his own +charge, to relieve and guard the British fisheries from the attacks of +the French; but, at length, after a residence of some years, and an +ungrateful return from the soil and climate, he abandoned his luckless +enterprise. + +Yet, it was soil and climate alone that disheartened the Northern +adventurer:--he had not turned his back on America. In 1629 he repaired +to Virginia, in which he had been so long concerned, and was most +ungraciously greeted by the Protestant royalists, with an offer of the +Test-Oaths of Allegiance and supremacy. Sir George, very properly +refused the challenge, and departed with his followers from the +inhospitable James River, where the bigotry of prelacy denied him a +foothold within the fair region he had partly owned. + +But, before he returned to England, he remembered that Virginia was now +a Royal Province and no longer the property of corporate +speculation;--he recollected that there were large portions of it still +unoccupied by white men, and that there were bays and rivers, pouring, +sea-like, to the ocean, of which grand reports had come to him when he +was one of the committee of the Council for the affairs of the +Plantations. Accordingly, when he left the James River, he steered his +keel around the protecting peninsula of Old Point Comfort, and ascending +the majestic Chesapeake, entered its tributary streams, and laid, in +imagination, at least, the foundations of Maryland. + +His examination of the region being ended, Calvert went home to England, +and in 1632, obtained the grant of Maryland from Charles I, the son of +his royal patron and friend. The charter, which is said to have been the +composition of Sir George, did not, however, pass the seals until after +the death of its author; but was issued to his eldest son and heir, +Cecilius, on the 20th of June, 1632. The life of Sir George had been one +of uninterrupted personal and political success; his family was large, +united and happy; if he did not inherit wealth, he, at least, contrived +to secure it; and, although his conscience taught him to abandon the +faith of his fathers, his avowal of the change had been the signal for +princely favors instead of political persecution. + +Here the historic connexion of the _first_ LORD BALTIMORE with Maryland +ends. The real work of Plantation was the task of CECILIUS, the first +actual Lord Proprietary, and of LEONARD CALVERT, his brother, to whom, +in the following year, the heir of the family intrusted the original +task of colonial settlement. If anything was done by SIR GEORGE, in +furtherance of the rights, liberties, or interests of humanity, so far +as the foundation of Maryland is concerned, it was unquestionably +effected anterior to this period, for we have no authority to say, that +after his death, his children were mere executors of previous designs, +or, that what was then done, was not the result of their own provident +liberality. I think there can be no question that the charter was the +work of Sir George. That, at least, is his property; and he must be +responsible for its defects, as well as entitled to its glory.[7] + +I presume it is hardly necessary for me to say what manner of person the +King was, whom Calvert had served so intimately during nearly a whole +reign. James is precisely the historical prodigy, to which a reflective +mind would suppose the horrors of his parentage naturally gave birth. In +royal chronology he stands between two axes,--the one that cleft the +ivory neck of his beautiful mother--the other that severed the +irresolute but refined head of his son and heir. His father, doubtless, +had been deeply concerned in the shocking murder of his mother's second +husband. Cradled on the throne of Scotland; educated for Kingship by +strangers; the ward of a regency; the shuttle-cock of ambitious +politicians; the hope and tool of two kingdoms,--James lived during an +age in which the struggle of opinion and interest, of prerogative and +privilege, of human right and royal power, of glimmering science and +superstitious quackery, might well have bewildered an intellect, +brighter and calmer than his. The English people, who were yet in the +dawn of free opinions, but who, with the patience that has always +characterized them, were willing to obey any symbol of order,--may be +said, rather to have tolerated than honored his pedantry in learning, +his kingcraft in state, his petulance in authority, and his manifold +absurdities, which, while they made him tyrannical, deprived him of the +dignity that sometimes renders even a tyrant respectable. + +You will readily believe that a man like George Calvert found it +sometimes difficult to serve such a sovereign, in intimate state +relations. In private life he might not have selected him for a friend +or a companion. But James was his King; the impersonation of British +Royalty and nationality. In serving him, he was but true to England; +and, even in that task, it, no doubt, often required the whole strength +of his heart's loyalty, to withstand the follies of the royal buffoon. +Calvert, I think, was not an enthusiast, but, emphatically, a man of his +time. His time was not one of Reform, and he had no brave ambition to be +a Reformer. Accustomed to the routine of an observing and technical +official life, he was, essentially a practical man, and dealt, in +politics, exclusively with the present. Endowed, probably, with but +slender imagination, he found little charm or flavor in excursive +abstractions. His maxim may perhaps have been--"_quieta ne +movete_,"--the motto of moderate or cautions men who live in disturbed +times, preceding or succeeding revolutions, and think it better-- + + "---- to bear those ills we have + "Than fly to others that we know not of!" + +Yet, with all these characteristics, no one will hesitate to believe +that Calvert was a bold and resolute person, when it is recollected that +he visited the wilderness of the New World in the seventeenth century, +and projected therein the formation of a British Province. + +But, in truth, our materials for his biography are extremely scant. He +died at the very moment when America's chief interest in him began. He +belonged to the Court Party, as distinguished from the Country Party. He +is known to have been a zealous supporter of the "supremacy of +authority." He held, that "America, having been acquired by conquest, +was subject, exclusively, to the control of royal prerogative." He was +the defender of the Court in its diplomacy; and, ultra as James was in +his monarchical doctrines, there can be little doubt that he would have +dismissed Calvert from office, had there not been concord between the +crown and its servant, as to the policy, if not the justice, of the +toryism they both professed. But let us not judge that century by the +standards of this. That would be writing history from a false point. Let +us not condemn rulers who seem to be despotic in historic periods of +transition--in periods of mutual intolerance and distrust--in periods +when men know nothing, from practical experience, of the capacity of +mankind for self government.[8] + +The charter which Sir George Calvert framed, and the successor of James +granted, was precisely the one we might justly suppose such a subject, +and such a sovereign would prepare and sign. It invested the Lord +Proprietary with all the royal rights, enjoyed by the Bishop of Durham, +within the County Palatine of Durham. He was the source of justice. He +was the fountain of honor, and allowed to decorate meritorious +provincials with whatever titles and dignities he should appoint. He had +the power to establish feudalism and all its incidents. He was not +merely the founder and filler of office, but he was also the sole +executive. He might erect towns, boroughs and cities;--he might pardon +offences and command the forces. As ecclesiastical head of the Province, +he had the right to found churches, and was entitled to their +advowsons.[9] In certain cases he had the dangerous privilege of issuing +ordinances, which were to have the force of sovereign decrees. In fact, +allegiance to England, was alone preserved, and the Lord Proprietary +became an autocrat, with but two limitations: 1st, the laws were to be +enacted by the Proprietary, with the advice and approbation of the free +men, or free-holders or their deputies,--the "_liberi homines_" and +"_liberi tenentes_," spoken of in the charter;--and 2nd, "no +interpretation" of the charter was "to be made whereby God's Holy Rights +and the true Christian Religion, _or_ the allegiance due to us," (the +King of England,) "our heirs and successors, may, in any wise, suffer by +change, prejudice or diminution." Christianity and the King--I blush to +unite such discordant names--were protected in equal co-partnership.[10] + +The first of these reserved privileges of the people, the Lord +Proprietary Cecilius understood, to mean, that _he_ had the exclusive +privilege of proposing laws, and that the free-men, or free-holders of +his province, could only accept or reject his propositions. These laws +of the province were not to be submitted to the King for his approval, +nor had he the important _right of taxation_, which was expressly +relinquished. In the early legislation of Maryland, this supposed +exclusive right of proposing laws by the Proprietary, was soon tested by +mutual rejections, both by the legislative Assembly and by Cecilius, of +the Acts, which each had separately passed or prepared. + +But the other clause, touching "God's Holy Rights and the true Christian +Religion," was one, in regard to the practical interpretation of which, +I apprehend, there was never a moment's doubt in the mind either of the +people or of the Proprietary. It is a radiant gem in the antique setting +of the charter. It is the glory of Calvert. It is the utter obliteration +of prejudice among all who professed Christianity. Toleration was +unknown in the old World; but this was more than toleration, for it +declared freedom at least to _Christians_,--yet it was not perfect +freedom, for it excluded that patient and suffering race--that chosen +people--who, to the disgrace even of republican Maryland, within my +recollection, were bowed down by political disabilities. + +I am aware that many historians consider the religious freedom of +Maryland as originating in subsequent legislation, and claim the act of +1649 as the statute of toleration. I do not agree with them. Sir George +Calvert had been a Protestant;--he became a Catholic. As a Catholic, he +came to Virginia, and in the colony where he sought to settle, he found +himself assailed, for the first time in his life, by Protestant +virulence and incapacitation. He was now, himself, about to become a +Lord Proprietor. The sovereign who granted his charter was a Protestant, +and moreover, the king of a country whose established religion was +Protestant. The Protestant monarch, of course, could not _grant_ +anything which would compromise him with his Protestant subjects; yet +the Catholic nobleman, who was to take the beneficiary charter, could +not _receive_, from his Protestant master, a grant which would assail +the conscience of co-religionists over whom he was, in fact, to be a +sovereign. In England, the King had no right to interfere with the +Church of England; but in America, which was a vacant, royal domain, his +paramount authority permitted him to abolish invidious ecclesiastical +distinctions. Calvert, the Catholic, must have been less than a man, if +he forgot his fellow sufferers and their disabilities when he drew his +charter. His Protestant recollections taught him the vexations of +Catholic trials, while his Catholic observation informed him sharply of +Protestant persecution. Sectarianism was already rampant across the +Atlantic.[11] The two British lodgments, in Virginia and New England, +were obstinately sectarian. Virginia was Episcopalian; New England was +Puritan;--should Maryland be founded as an exclusively Protestant +province, or an exclusively Catholic settlement? It is evident that +either would be impossible:--the latter, because it would have been both +impolitic and probably illegal; and the former because it would have +been a ridiculous anomaly to force a converted Catholic, to govern a +colony wherein his own creed was not tolerated by a fundamental and +unalterable law. It is impossible to conceive that the faith of Calvert +and the legal religion of Charles, did not enter into their +deliberations, when they discussed the Charter; and, doubtless, both +subject and sovereign justly decided to make "THE LAND OF MARY," which +the Protestant Charles baptised in honor of his Catholic Queen, a free +soil for Christianity. It was Calvert's duly and interest to make +Charles tolerant of Catholic Christianity; nor could he deny to others +the immunity he demanded for himself and his religious brethren. The +language of the charter, therefore, seems explicit and incapable of any +other meaning. There were multitudes of Catholics in England, who would +be glad to take refuge in a region where they were to be free from +disabilities, and could assert their manhood. The king, moreover, +secured for his Catholic subjects a quiet, but chartered banishment, +which still preserved their allegiance. At the court there was much +leaning towards the church of Rome. It was rather fashionable to believe +one way, and conform another. The Queen was zealous in her ancestral +faith; and her influence over the king, colored more than one of his +acts. Had Calvert gone to the market place, and openly proclaimed, that +a Protestant king, by a just charter of neutrality, had established an +American sanctuary for Catholics, and invited them thither under the +banner of the cross, one of his chief objects, must have been at once +defeated; for intolerance would have rallied its parties against the +project, and the dream of benevolence would have been destroyed for +ever. If by the term, "God's Holy Rights and the true Christian +religion," the charter meant, _the church of England_, then, _ex vi +termini_, Catholicity could never have been tolerated in Maryland; and +yet it is unquestionable that the original settlement was made under +Catholic auspices--blessed by Catholic clergymen--and acquiesced in by +Protestant followers. Was it not wise, therefore, to shield conscience +in Maryland, under the indefinite but unsectarian phraseology of "God's +Holy Rights and the true Christian Religion?"[12] + + * * * * * + +So far, then, for the basis of the charter, and for the action of Sir +George Calvert. After his death, the planting of the colony took place +under the administration of Cecilius, who, remaining in Europe, +dispatched his brother Leonard to America to carry out his projects. + +If the personal history of the Calverts is scant, the history of the +early days of Maryland is scarcely less so; but the industry of +antiquarians, and the researches of a learned Catholic clergyman, have +brought to light two documents which disclose much of the religious and +business character of the settlement. The work entitled:--"A RELATION OF +MARYLAND," which was published in London in 1635, and gave the first +account of the planting of the province, is a minute, mercantile, +statistical, geographical and descriptive narrative of the landing and +locating of the adventurers who set sail in 1633, and of their genial +intercourse with the aborigines. If I had time, it would be pleasing to +sum up the facts of this historical treasure, which was evidently +prepared under the direction of Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, if not +actually written by him. It is full of the spirit of careful, honest +enterprise; and exhibits, I think, conclusively, the fact that the +design of Calvert, in establishing this colony, was mainly the creation +of a great estate, manorial and agricultural, whose ample revenues +should, at all times, supply the needs of his ten children and their +descendants. + +The other document to which I refer, is a manuscript discovered some +years ago, by the Rev. Mr. McSherry, in the archives of the college of +the Propaganda, at Rome, and exhibits the zeal with which the worthy +Jesuits, whom Lord Baltimore sent forth with the first settlers, applied +themselves to the christianization of the savages. It presents some +beautiful pictures of the simple life of these devotees. It shows that, +in Maryland, the first step was _not_ made in crime; and that the +earliest duty of the Governor, was not only to conciliate the Indian +proprietors, but to purchase the land they were willing to resign. Nor +was this all; there was provident care for the soul as well as the soil +of the savage. There is something rare in the watchful forethought which +looks not only to the present gain or future prospects of our fellow +men, which takes heed not only of the personal rights and material +comforts of the race it is displacing, but guards the untutored savage, +and consigns him to the vigilance of instructed piety. This "NARRATIVE +OF FATHER WHITE," and the Jesuits' letters, preserved in the college at +Georgetown, portray the zeal with which the missionaries, in their frail +barks, thridded the rivers, coves and inlets of our Chesapeake and +Patapsco;--how they raised the cross, under the shadow of which the +first landing was effected;--how they set up their altars in the wigwams +of the Indians, and sought, by simplicity, kindness and reason, to reach +and save the Indian. In Maryland, persecution was dead at the +founding;--prejudice, even, was forbidden. The cruelties of Spanish +planting were unknown in our milder clime. No violence was used, to +convert or to appropriate, and thus, the symbol of salvation, was +properly raised on the green Isle of St. Clement, as an emblem of the +peace and good will, which the Proprietary desired should sanctify his +enterprise.[13] + +I think there ran be no doubt that this adventure had the double object +of affording an exile's refuge to Calvert's co-religionists, as well as +of promoting the welfare of his family. It was designed for land-holders +and laborers. It was a manorial, planting colony. Its territory was +watered by two bays, several large rivers, and innumerable streams. Its +fertile lands and thick forests, invited husbandmen, while its capacious +coasts tempted the hardy fisherman. And so it is, that in the Arms which +were prepared for the Proprietary government, the baronial shield of the +Calvert family, dropped, in America, its two supporting leopards, and +received in their stead, on either side, a Fisherman and a Farmer. +"Crescite et Multiplicamini,"--its motto,--was a watchword of provident +thrift. + + * * * * * + +Forty-nine years after the charter was granted to Lord Baltimore, King +Charles II issued a patent, for a magnificent patrimony in America, to +WILLIAM PENN. + +But what a change, in that half century, had passed over the world! A +catalogue of the events that took place, in Great Britain alone, is a +history of the growth of Opinion and of the People. + +Charles's efforts to overthrow the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, and +to enforce Episcopacy, brought on the war with the stern enthusiasts of +that country. Laud, in the Church, and the Earl of Strafford, in the +Cabinet, kept the King in a constant passion of royal and ecclesiastical +power. Strafford fell, and the civil war broke out. Cromwell towered up +suddenly, on the bloody field, and was victorious over the royalists. +The King perished on the scaffold. Cromwell became Lord Protector. Anon, +the commonwealth fell; the Stuarts were restored, and Charles II +ascended the throne;--but amid all these perilous acts of political and +religious fury, the world of thought had been stirred by the speeches +and writings, of Taylor, Algernon Sydney, Hampden, and Milton. As the +people gradually felt their power they learned to know their rights, +and, although they went back from Republicanism to Royalty, they did so, +perhaps, only to save themselves from the anarchy that ever threatens a +nation while freeing itself from feudal traditions. + +Besides these political and literary phases of the time, there had been +added to the Catholic, Episcopal, and Puritan sects, a _new_ element of +religious power, which was destined to produce a slow but safe +revolution among men. + +An humble shoemaker, named GEORGE FOX, arose and taught that "every man +was complete in himself; he stood in need of no alien help; the light +was free of all control,--above all authority external to itself. Each +human being, man or woman, was supreme." The christian denomination +called Quakers, or more descriptively--"Friends,"--- thus obtained a +hearing and a standing among all serious persons who thought Religion a +thing of life as well as of death. + +Quakerism, with such fundamental principles of equality in constant +practice, became a social polity. If the Quaker was a Democrat, he was +so because the "inner light" of his christianity made him one, and he +dared not disobey his christianity. He recognized no superiors, for his +conscience taught him to deny any privileges to claimed superiority. But +the Quaker added to his system, an element which, hitherto, was unknown +in the history of sects;--he was a Man of Peace. It is not to be +supposed that any royal or ecclesiastical government would allow such +radical doctrines to pass unnoticed, in the midst of a society which was +ever greedy for new teachings. The Quaker, therefore, soon participated +in the persecutions which prelacy thought due to liberal christianity. +But persecution of the Friend, was the Friend's best publication, for he +answered persecution, not by recantation, but by peaceful endurance. +Combative resistance, in religious differences, always gives the victor +a right, or at least, an excuse, to slay. But Quakerism, a system of +personal and religious independence and peace,--became slowly successful +by the _vis inertiæ_ of passive resistance. All other sects were, more +or less, combative;--Quakerism was an obstinate rock, which stood, in +rooted firmness, amid a sea of strife:--the billows of faction raged +around it and broke on its granite surface, but they wasted +themselves--_not_ the rock! And this is a most important fact in the +history of Religion in its development of society. All other sects lost +caste, power or material, either by aggression or by fighting. But the +Quaker said to the Prelate, the Puritan, and the Catholic, you may annoy +us by public trials, by denial of justice, by misrepresentation, by +imprisonment, by persecution, by the stake,--yet we shall stand +immovable on two principles, which deny that God is glorified by +warfare--especially for opinion. Our principles are, equality and +peace--in the church and in the world. Equality is to make us humble and +good citizens. Peace is to convert this den of human tigers into a fold, +wherein by simply performing our duties to each other and to God, we may +prepare ourselves for the world of spirits. You can persecute--_we_ can +suffer. Who shall tire first? We will be victorious by the firmness that +bears your persecutions; and those very persecutions, while they publish +your shame, shall proclaim our principles as well as our endurance. They +knew, from the history of Charles 1st, that the worst thing to be done +with a bad king was to kill him; for, if the axe metamorphosed that +personage into a martyr, the prison could never extinguish the light of +truth in the doctrines of Quakerism![14] + + * * * * * + +You will pardon me, gentlemen, for having detained you so long in +discussing the foundation of Maryland. The planting of your own state is +familiar to you. It has been thoroughly treated in the writings of your +Proud, Watson, Gordon, Du Ponceau, Tyson, Fisher, Wharton, Reed, +Ingraham, Armstrong and many others. Can it be necessary for me to say a +word, in Philadelphia, of the history of WILLIAM PENN;--of him, who, as +a lawgiver and executive magistrate,--a practical, pious, +Quaker,--_first_ developed in state affairs, and reduced to practice, +the liberty and equality enjoined by his religion and founded on +liberal christianity;--of him who _first_ taught mankind the sublime +truth, that-- + + "Beneath the rule of men entirely great + "The PEN _is mightier than the sword? Behold_ + "The arch-enchanter's wand,--itself a nothing! + "But taking sorcery from the master hand + "To paralyse the Cesars! _Take away the sword_, + "_States can be saved without it!_" + +It would be idle to detail the facts of his life or government, for, not +only have Pennsylvanians recorded and dwelt upon them until they are +household lessons, but they have been favorite themes for French, +British, Italian, German and Spanish philosophers and historians. + + * * * * * + +It was Penn to whom the charter of 1681 was granted, half a century +after the patent issued to Cecilius Calvert. The instrument itself, has +many of the features of the Maryland grant; but it is well known that +the absolute powers it bestowed on the Proprietary, were only taken by +him in order that he might do as he pleased in the formation of a new +state, whose principles of freedom and peace, might, first in the +World's history, practically assume a national aspect. + +I shall not recount the democratic liberalities of his system, as it was +matured by his personal efforts and advice. Original, as he +unquestionably was, in genius; bold as he was in resisting the pomp of +the world, at a time when its vanities sink easiest and most +corruptingly into the heart,--we may nevertheless, say, that the deeds +and history of his time, as well as of the previous fifty years, had a +large share in moulding his character. + +In William Penn, the crude germs of religious originality, which, in +Fox, were struggling, and sometimes almost stifling for utterance, found +their first, ablest, and most accomplished expounder. He gave them +refinement and respectability. His intimacy with Algernon Sidney taught +him the value of introducing those principles into the doctrines of +government;--and thus, he soon learned that when political rights grow +into the sanctity of religious duties, they receive thereby a vitality +which makes them irresistible. Penn, in this wise, become an expanded +embodiment of Fox and Sidney; and, appropriating their mingled faith and +polity, discarded every thing that was doctrinal and not practical, and +realized, in government, their united wisdom. Nobly _in his age_, did he +declare: "I know what is said by the several admirers of monarchy, +aristocracy, and democracy, which are the rule of one, of a few, and of +the many, and are the three common ideas of government when men +discourse on that subject. But I choose to solve the controversy with +this small distinction, and it belongs to all three:--_any government is +free to the people under it, whatever be the frame, where the laws rule +and the people are a party to those laws; and more than this is tyranny, +oligarchy, and confusion._"[15] + +In these historical illustrations, I have striven to show that Primitive +Christianity was the basis of equal rights and responsibilities. The +alleged defence of this christianity, in the land of its birth, gave +rise to "holy wars," in which Feudalism and Chivalry originated. +Feudalism was the source of the strictest military dependence, as well +as of manifold social perversions. The knight expanded into a lord,--the +subject commoner dwindled to a soldier or a serf. Thus Feudalism and a +great historical Church, grew up in aristocratic co-partnership over the +bodies and souls of mankind, until the one, by the omnipotence of its +spiritual authority, ripened into an universal hierarchy, while the +other, by the folly of its "divine right," decayed into a temporal +despotism that fell at the first blow of the heads-man's axe. The +reformation and revolution broke the enchanter's wand; and, when the +cloud passed from the bloody stage, instead of seeing before us a +magician full of the glories of his art and almost deceived himself, by +the splendor of his incantations, we beheld a meagre and pitiful +creature, who though blind and palsied, still retained for a while, the +power of witch-like mischief. But his reign was not lasting. The stern +Puritan,--the pioneer of Independence,--advanced with his remorseless +weapon,--while quietly, in his shadow, followed the calm and patient +Friend, sowing the seed of Peace and Good-Will in the furrows plowed by +the steel of his unrelenting predecessor. And thus again, after ages of +corrupt and desolating perversion, the selfish heart of man came humbly +back to its original faith that Liberal Christianity is the true basis +of enlightened freedom, and the only foundation of good and lasting +government. + + * * * * * + +The bleak winds of March were blowing in Maryland, when Calvert +conciliated and purchased from the Indians at Saint Mary's; but Autumn +was + + "Laying here and there + "A fiery finger on the leaves," + +when Penn, also, established a perfect friendship with the savages at +Shackamaxon.[16] + +Calvert, a protestant officer of the crown, became a catholic, and, +retiring to private life, was rewarded by his king, with a pension, +estates, and an American principality;--Penn, the son of a British +Admiral, and who is only accurately known to us by a portrait which +represents him _in armor_, began life as an adherent of the Church of +England, and having conscientiously, doffed the steel for the simple +garb of Quakerism, was persecuted, not only by his government but his +parent. Calvert took the grant of a feudal charter, and asserting all +its legislative and baronial powers, sought to fasten its Chinese +influence, in feudal fixedness, on his colonists;--but Penn, knowing +that feudalism was an absurdity, in the necessary equality of a +wilderness, embraced his great authority in order "to leave himself and +his successors no power of doing mischief, so that the will of one man +might not hinder the good of a whole community."[17] + +Calvert seems to have thought of English or Irish emigration +alone;--Penn, did not confine himself to race, but sought for support +from the Continent as well as from Britain.[18] + +Calvert was ennobled for his services;--Penn rejected a birthright which +might have raised him to the peerage. + +Calvert's public life was antecedent to his American visit--Penn's was +almost entirely subsequent to the inception of his "holy experiment." + +Calvert laid the foundations of a mimic kingdom;--Penn, with the power +of a prince, stripped himself of authority. The one was naturally an +aristocrat of James's time; the other, quite as naturally, a democrat of +the transition age of Sidney. + +Calvert imagined that mankind stood still; but, Penn believed, that +mankind _ever_ moves, or, that like an army under arms, when not +marching, it is marking time. + +While to Calvert is due the honor of a considerable religious advance on +his age, as developed in his charter,--Penn is to be revered for the +double glory of civil and _perfect_ religious liberty. Calvert mitigated +man's lot by toleration;--Penn expanded the germ of toleration into +unconditional freedom. + +Calvert was the founder of a Planting Province, mainly agricultural, and +creative of all the manorial dependencies;--but Penn seems to have +heartily cherished the idea of a great City, and of the commerce it was +to gather and develope from a wilderness over which it was to stand as +guardian sentinel. As farming was the chief interest of the one, +trading, became, also, a favorite of the other; and thus, while the +_transient_ trader visited, supplied, and left the native Indian +free,--the _permanent_ planter settled forever on his "hunting grounds," +and drove him further into the forest. + +Calvert recognized the law of war;--Penn made peace a fundamental +institution. They both felt that civilized nations have a double and +concurrent life,--material and spiritual;--but Calvert sought rather to +develop one, while Penn addressed himself to the care of both. + +Calvert's idea was to open a new land by old doctrines, and to form his +preserving amber around a worthless fly;--but Penn's Pennsylvania was to +crystalize around the novel and lucid nucleus of freedom. + +Calvert supposed that America was to be a mere reflex of Britain, and +that the heart of his native Island would pulsate here; but Penn, seeing +that the future population of America, like the soil of the Mississippi +Valley, would be an alluvial deposit from the overflow of European +civilization, thought it right to plant a new doctrine of human rights, +which would grow more vigorously for its transplanting and culture. + + * * * * * + +The germs of Civil and Religious freedom may be found elsewhere in the +foundation of American provinces and colonies. I know they are claimed +for the cabin of the Mayflower, the rock of Plymouth, and the sands of +Rhode Island. But I think that William Penn is justly entitled to the +honor of adopting them on principle, after long and patient reflection, +as the seed of his people, and thus, of having taken from their +introduction by him into this country, all the disparagement of +originating either in discontent or accident. His plan was the offspring +of beautiful design, and not the gypsey child of chance or circumstance. + +History is to man what water is to the landscape,--it mirrors, but +distorts in its reflection, and the great founder of Pennsylvania has +suffered from this temporary distortion. But, at length, the water will +become still, and the image will be perfect. Penn is one of those +majestic figures that loom up on the waste of time, in the same eternal +permanence and simple grandeur in which the Pyramids rise in relief from +the sands of Egypt. Let no Arab displace a single stone! + + + + +APPENDIX No. I. + + +It is singular that the clause in the XXII section of Charles Ist's +charter to Lord Baltimore, relating to the interpretation of that +instrument in regard to religion, has never been accurately translated, +but that all commentators have, hitherto, followed the version given by +Bacon. I shall endeavor to demonstrate the error. + +The following parallel passages exhibit the original Latin, and Bacon's +adopted translation: + +ORIGINAL LATIN. + +The 22nd section of the charter of Maryland, copied from Bacon's Laws, +wherein it was adopted from an attested copy from the original record +remaining in the Chapel of Rolls in 1758: + +"SECTION XXII. Et si fortè imposterum contingat Dubitationes aliquas +quæstiones circa verum sensum et Intellectum alicujus verbi clausulæ vel +sententiæ in hâe presenti CHARTA nostrâ contentæ generari EAM semper et +in omnibus Interpretationem adhiberi et in quibuscunque Curiis et +Prætoriis nostris obtinere VOLUMUS præcipimus et mandamus quæ præfato +modò Baroni de BALTIMORE Hæredibus et Assignatis suis benignior utilior +et favorabilior esse judicabitur Proviso semper quod nulla fiat +Interpretatio per quam sacro-sancta DEI et vera Christiana Religio aut +Ligeantia NOBIS Hæredibus et successoribus nostris debita Immutatione +Prejudicio vel dispendio in aliquo patiantur:" &c. &c. + + ENGLISH TRANSLATION. + + Translation of the 22nd section of the charter, from Bacon's Laws of + Maryland, wherein it is copied from an old translation published by + order of the Lower House in the year 1725: + + "SECTION XXII. And if, peradventure, hereafter it may happen that + any doubts or questions should arise concerning the true sense and + meaning of any word, clause or sentence contained in this our + present charter, we will, charge, and command, THAT Interpretation + to be applied, always, and in all things, and in all our Courts and + Judicatories whatsoever, to obtain which shall be judged to be more + beneficial, profitable and favorable to the aforesaid now Baron of + BALTIMORE, his heirs and assigns: Provided always that no + interpretation thereof be made whereby GOD's holy and true christian + religion, or the allegiance due to us, our heirs and successors, + may, in any wise, suffer by change, prejudice or diminution:" &c. + &c. + +It will be noticed that this _Latin_ copy, according to the well known +ancient usage in such papers, is not punctuated, so that we have no +guidance, for the purpose of translation, from that source. + +The translation of this section as far as the words: "_Proviso semper +quod nulla fiat interpretatio_," &c. is sufficiently correct; but the +whole of the final clause, should in my opinion, be rendered thus:-- + +"Provided always that no interpretation thereof be made, whereby GOD'S +HOLY RIGHTS _and_ the TRUE CHRISTIAN RELIGION, or the allegiance due to +us our heirs or successors, may, in any wise suffer by change, prejudice +or diminution." Let me offer my reasons for this alteration: + +1st, This new translation harmonizes with the evident grammatical +construction of the Latin sentence, and is the easiest as well as most +natural. The common version, given by Bacon: "GOD'S holy _and_ true +CHRISTIAN religion,"--is grossly pleonastic, if not nonsensical. Among +christians, "God's religion," can of course, only be the "christian +religion;" and, with equal certainty, it is not only a "true" religion, +but a "holy" one! + +2nd, The word _Sacrosanctus_, always conveys the idea of a _consecrated +inviolability, in consequence of inherent rights and privileges_. In a +dictionary, _contemporary with the charter_, I find the following +definition,--_in verbo sacrosanctus._ + +"SACROSANCTUS: Apud Ciceronem dicebatur id quod interposito jurejurando +sanctum, et institutum erat idem etiam significat ac sanctus, _santo_. +_Tribunus plebis dicebatur sacrosanctus, quia eum nefas erat attingere, +longè diviniori ratione Catholici appellamus ecclesiam Romanam +sacrosanctam._ Calpinus Parvus;--seu Dictionarium Cæsaris Calderini +Mirani: _Venetiis_, 1618." + +Cicero, _in Catil_: 2. 8.--uses the phrase--"Possessiones sacrosanctæ," +in this sense; and so does Livy in the epithet,--"Sacrosancta potestas," +as applied to the Tribuneship; and, in the sentence,--"ut plebi sui +magistratus essent sacrosanctæ." + +From the last sentence, in the definition given in the Venetian +Dictionary of 1618, which I have cited in italics, it will be seen that +the epithet had a peculiarly Catholic signification _in its +appropriation_ by the Roman Church. + +3d, I contend that "_sacrosancta_" does not qualify "_religio_," but +agrees with _negotia_, or some word of similar import, understood; and +thus the phrase--"_sacrosancta Dei_"--forms a distinct branch of the +sentence. + +If the translation given in Bacon is the true one, the positions of the +words "sacrosancta" and "Dei" should be reversed, for their present +collocation clearly violates accurate Latin construction. In that case, +"_Dei_" being subject to the government of "_religio_," ought to precede +"_sacrosancta_," which would be appurtenant to "_religio_," while +"_et_," which would then couple the two adjectives instead of the two +members of the sentence, should be placed immediately between them, +without the interposition of any word to disunite it either from +"_sacrosancta_" or "_vera_." If my translation be correct, then the +collocation of all the words in the original Latin of the charter, is +proper. If "_sacrosancta_" is a neuter adjective agreeing with +"_negotia_," understood,--and "_et_" conjoins members of sentences, then +the whole clause is obedient to a positive law of Latin verbal +arrangement. Leverett says: "The genitive is elegantly put before the +noun which governs it with one or more words between; _except_ when the +genitive is _governed by a neuter adjective_, in which case, _it must_ +be _placed after it_." + +4th, Again:--if "_et_" joins "_sacrosancta_" and "_vera_," which, +thereby, qualify the same noun, there are _then_ only two nominatives in +the Latin sentence of the charter, viz: "_religio_" and "_ligcantia_." +Now these nouns, being coupled by the disjunctive conjunction "_aut_," +must have the verb agreeing with them _separately_ in the singular. But, +as "_patiantur_" happens to be in the plural, the author of the charter +must either have been ignorant of one of the simplest grammar rules, or +have designed to convey the meaning I contend for. + +I must acknowledge the aid and confirmation I have received, in +examining this matter, from the very competent scholarship of my friend +Mr. Knott, assistant Librarian of the Maryland Historical Society. + + + + +APPENDIX No. II. + + +The scope of my discourse is confined to the illustration of +_principles_ either announced, or acted on, in the _founding_ of +Maryland and Pennsylvania. I have contended that Sir George Calvert, the +_first_ Lord Baltimore, so framed the charter which was granted by +Charles I, that, without express concessions, the general character of +its language in regard to religious rights, would secure liberty of +conscience to christians. + +I: 1632.--Language can scarcely be more perspicuously comprehensive, +than in the phrase: "God's Holy Rights and the true Christian Religion." +Under such a clause, _in the charter_, no particular church could set up +a claim for its exclusive christianity. There was no mention, in the +instrument, of "the Established Church," or, of "the Church of England." +The Catholic could not deny the Episcopalian's christianity; the +Episcopalian could not deny the Catholic's, nor could the Puritan +question the christianity of either. All professed faith in Christ. Each +of the three great sects might contend that its _form_ of worship, or +interpretation of the Bible, was the correct one; but all came lawfully +under the great generic class of christians. And, while the political +government of the colonists was to be conducted by a Catholic +magistrate, in a province belonging to a Catholic Lord,--the +_interpretation_ of the law of religious rights was to be made, not by +the laws of England, but exclusively under the paramount law of the +provincial charter. By that document the broad "rights of God," and "the +true christian religion," could not "suffer by change, prejudice or +diminution." + +This view is strengthened by a clause in the 4th section of the charter, +by which the king granted Lord B. "the patronages and advowsons of ALL +_churches_ which, _with the increasing worship and_ RELIGION OF CHRIST, +(_crescenti Christi cultu et religione_,") should be built within his +province. The right of _advowson_, being thus bestowed on the Lord +Proprietary, for _all Christian Churches_; his majesty, then, goes on, +empowering Lord B. to erect and found churches, chapels, &c. and _to +cause_ them to be dedicated "_according to the Ecclesiastical laws of +our kingdom of England_." The general right of advowson, and the +particular privilege, conceded to a Catholic, of causing the +consecration of Episcopal churches, are _separate_ powers and ought not +to be confounded by a hasty reader of the charter. + +I think there can hardly be a fair doubt that the interpretation I give +to the 22nd clause is the one assigned to it by the immigrants from the +earliest colonial movement in 1633. We may assert, therefore, the fact, +that religious freedom was offered and secured for christians, in the +province of Maryland, from the very beginning. + +II: 1633.--We must recollect that under the English statutes, _adherents +of the national church required no protection_; they were free in the +exercise of their faith; but Catholics and Puritans were not so happily +situated, and, accordingly, they sought, in the new world an exemption +from the disabilities and persecutions they experienced at home. Can it +be credited, that, under such vexations, the Catholic Lord Baltimore +would have drawn a charter, or, his Catholic son and successor, sent +forth a colony, under a Catholic Governor, when the fundamental law, +under which alone he exercised his power, did not secure liberty to him +and his co-religionists? It is simply necessary to ask the question, in +order to demonstrate the absurdity of such a supposition. + +III: 1634.--If we show, then, that Catholic conscience was untrammeled +in Maryland, I think we may fairly assume the general ground as +satisfactorily proved. What was, briefly, the first movement of this +sect, under the Lord Proprietary's auspices? When Lord Cæcilius was +planning his colonial expedition in 1633, one of his earliest cares was +to apply to the Order of Jesus for clergymen to attend the Catholic +planters and settlers, and to convert the natives. Accordingly, under +the sanction of the Superior, Father White joined the emigrants, +_although, under previous persecutions in England, he had been sent into +perpetual banishment, to return from which subjected the culprit to the +penalty of death_! These facts are set forth, at page 14 of the 2nd +volume of Challoner's Memoirs. Historia Anglo-Bavara, S. J. Rev. Dr. +Oliver's collections illustrative of the Scotch, English and Irish +Jesuits, page 222, and in the essay on the Early Maryland Missions, by +Mr. B. U. Campbell. Fathers Andrew White and John Altham, and two lay +brothers, named John Knowles and Thomas Gervase, accompanied the first +expedition, and were active agents in consecrating the possession of the +soil, and converting _Protestant immigrants_ as well as heathen natives. +The colony, therefore, cannot properly be called a Protestant one, when +its _only_ spiritual guides were Catholics; and consequently if it was +more of a Catholic than a Protestant emigration, it must, by legal +necessity, have been free from the moment it quitted the shores of +England. If the Catholic was free, all were free. + +IV: 1637.--Our next authority, in regard to the _early interpretation_ +of religious rights in Maryland, is found in a passage in Chalmers's +Political Annals, page 235. "In the oath," says he, "taken by the +Governor and Council, _between_ the years 1637 and 1657, there was the +following clause, which ought to be administered to the rulers of every +country. 'I will not, by myself or any other, directly or indirectly, +trouble, molest or discountenance, any person professing to believe in +Jesus Christ, for or on account of his religion.'" This shows, that +"belief in Jesus Christ," under the constitutional guaranty of the +charter, anterior to the enactment of any colonial law by the Maryland +Assembly, secured sects from persecution. The language of the oath, +which was doubtless promulgated by the Lord Proprietor, is as broad as +the language of the charter. The statement of Chalmers has been held to +be indefinite as to whether the oath was taken _from_ 1637 to 1657, or, +whether it was taken in some years _between_ those dates; but, if the +historian did not mean to say that it had been administered _first_ in +1637, and continued afterwards, why would he not have specified any +other, as the beginning year, as well as 1637? The objection seems +rather hypercritical than plausible. Chalmers was too accurate a writer +to use dates so loosely, and inasmuch as he was an old Maryland lawyer +and custodian of the Maryland provincial papers, he had the best +opportunity to designate the precise date. A Governor's oath was a +regular and necessary official act. No one can doubt that an oath was +required of that personage in Maryland; and the oath in question, is +precisely such an one as Protestant settlers, in that age, might +naturally expect from a Catholic Magistrate, who, (even from motives of +the humblest policy,) would be willing to grant to others what he was +anxious to secure for himself. If ever there was a proper time for +perfect toleration, it was at this moment, when a Catholic became, _for +the first time in history_, a sovereign prince of the _first province_ +of the British Empire! + +Mr. Chalmers could not have confounded the oath whose language he cites, +with other oaths which the reader will find cited in the 2nd volume of +Bozman's History of Maryland, at pages 141, 608, 642. The oath prepared +for Stone in 1648, appears to have been an augmented edition of the one +quoted by Chalmers, and is so different in parts of its phraseology as +well as items, that it cannot have been mistaken by the learned +annalist. Bancroft, McMahon, Tyson, C. F. Mayer and B. U. Campbell, +adopt his statement as true. + +V: 1638.--In regard to the early _practice of Maryland_ tribunals, on +the subject of tolerance, we have a striking case in 1638. In that year +a certain _Catholic_, named William Lewis, was arraigned before the +Governor, Secretary, &c., for _abusive language to Protestants_. Lewis +confessed, that, coming into a room where Francis Gray and Robert +Sedgrave, servants of Captain Cornwaleys, were reading, he heard them +recite passages so that he should hear them, that were reproachful to +his religion, "viz: that the Pope was anti-Christ, and the Jesuits +anti-Christian Ministers, &c: he told them it was a falsehood and came +from the devil, and that he that writ it was an instrument of the devil, +and so he would approve it!" The court found the culprit "guilty of a +very offensive speech in calling the Protestant ministers, the ministers +of the devil," and of "exceeding his rights, in forbidding them to read +a lawful book." In consequence of this "offensive language," and other +"unreasonable disputations, in point of religion, tending to the +disturbance of the peace and quiet of the Colony, committed by him, +_against a public proclamation set forth to prohibit all such +disputes_," Lewis was fined and remanded into custody until he gave +security for future good behaviour.[19] + +Thus, four years, only, after the settlement, the liberty of conscience +was vindicated by a recorded judicial sentence, and "unreasonable +disputations in point of religion," rebuked by a Catholic Governor in +the person of a Catholic offender. There could scarcely be a clearer +evidence of impartial and tolerant sincerity. The decision, moreover, is +confirmatory of the fact that the Governor had taken such an oath as +Chalmers cites, in the previous year, 1637; especially as there had +_already been a "proclamation to prohibit disputes_!" + +VI: 1638.--At the _first efficient_ General Assembly of the Colony, +which was held in this year, only two Acts were passed, though +thirty-six other bills were twice read and engrossed, but not finally +ripened into laws. The second of the two acts that were passed, +contains a section asserting that "Holy Church, _within this province_, +shall have all her rights and liberties;" thus securing the rights of +Catholics;--while the first of the thirty-six incomplete acts was one, +which we know only by _title_, as "An act for _Church liberties_." It +was to continue in force until the end of the next General Assembly, and +then, with the Lord Proprietary's consent, to be perpetual. Although we +have no means of knowing the extent of the proposed "Church liberties," +we may suppose that the proposed enactment was general, in regard to all +Christian sects besides the Catholics. + +VII: 1640.--At the session of 1640, an act for "Church liberties" _was +passed_ on the 23d October, and confirmed, as a perpetual law, in the +first year of the accession of Charles Calvert, 3d Lord Baltimore, in +1676. This Act also declares that "Holy Church, within this province, +shall have and enjoy all her rights, liberties and franchises, wholly +and without blemish." Thus, in 1640, legislation had already settled +opinion as to the rights of Catholics and Protestants. Instead of the +early Catholics seeking to contract the freedom of other sects, their +chief aim and interest seem to have been to secure their own. I consider +the Acts I have cited rather as mere declaratory statutes, than as +necessary original laws. + +VIII: 1649.--In this year, an assembly, believed to have been composed +of a Protestant majority, passed the act which has been lauded as the +source of religious toleration. It is "An Act concerning Religion," and, +in my judgment, is less tolerant than the Charter or the Governor's +Oath, inasmuch as it included Unitarians in the same category with +blasphemers and those who denied our Saviour Jesus Christ, punishing all +alike, with confiscation of goods and the pains of _death_. This was the +epoch of the trial and execution of Charles I, and of the establishment +of the Commonwealth. + +IX: 1654.--The celebrated act I have just noticed, however, was passed +fifteen years after the original settlement, which exceeds the period +comprised in the actual _founding_ of Maryland. Besides this, the +political and religious aspect of England was changing, and the +influence of the home-quarrel was beginning to be felt across the +Atlantic. In 1654, during the mastery of Cromwell, religious freedom was +destroyed: Puritanism became paramount; Papacy and Prelacy were +denounced by law; and freedom was assured only to Puritans, and such as +professed "faith in God by Jesus Christ, though differing in judgment, +from the doctrine or worship publicly held forth." + +X. It has been alleged that the clause in the Maryland Charter securing +"God's holy rights and the true Christian religion," is only an +incorporation into Lord Baltimore's instrument, of certain clauses +contained in the early Charters of Virginia. If the reader will refer to +the 1st volume of Henning's Statutes at large, he will find all those +documents in English, but _unaccompanied by the original Latin_. Thus, +we have no means of judging the _accuracy of the translation_, or +_identity of language_ in the Maryland and Virginia instruments. +Adopting, however, for the present, the translation given by Henning, we +find no coincidence of phraseology either to justify the suspicion of a +mere copy, or to subject our charter to the _limitations_ contained in +the Virginia patents. Disabilities are to be construed strictly in law, +and our charter is not to be interpreted by another, but stands on its +own, independent, context and manifest signification. + +The first Virginia Charter or Patent was issued to Sir Thomas Gates and +others, April 10th, 1606, in the 4th year of James's English reign. +Among the "Articles, Orders, Instructions," &c., set down for Virginia, +20th Nov., 1606,--(though nothing is said about restrictions in +religion, while the preamble commends the noble work of propagating the +Christian religion among infidel savages,)--is the following +clause:--"And we doe specallie ordaine, charge, and require the +presidents and councills," (of the two Colonies of Virginia,) +"respectively, within their severall limits and precincts, that they +with all diligence, care and respect, doe provide, that the _true word +and service of God and Christian faith_, be preached, planted and used, +not only within every of the said severall colonies and plantations, but +alsoe, as much as they may, among the salvage people which doe or shall +adjoine unto them, or border upon them, _according to the_ DOCTRINE, +RIGHTS, _and_ RELIGION, _now professed and established within our realme +of England_."--_1st Henning_, 69. + +The second charter or patent, dated 23d May, 1609, 7th "James I," was +issued to the Treasurer and Company for Virginia, and in its XXIX +section, declares: "And lastly, because the principal effect, which we +can desire or expect of this action, is the conversion and reduction of +the people in those parts unto the _Worship of God and Christian +religion, in which respect we should be loath, that any person be +permitted to pass, that we suspected to affect the superstitions of the +Church of Rome_; we do hereby declare that it is our will and pleasure +that none be permitted to pass in any voyage, from time to time, to be +made unto the said country, but such as shall first have taken the Oath +of Supremacy;" &c., &c.--_1st Henning_, 97. + +The third Charter of James the I, in the 9th year of his English reign, +was issued 12th March, 1611-12 to the Treasurer and Company for +Virginia. The XIIth section empowers certain officers to administer the +_Oath of Supremacy and Allegiance_, to "all and every persons which +shall at any time or times hereafter go or pass to said Colony of +Virginia." + +The Instructions to Governor Wyatt, of 24th of July, 1621, direct +him:--"_to keep up the Religion of the Church of England, as near as may +be_," &c., &c.--_1st Henning._ + +All these extracts, it will be observed, contain _limitations_ and +_restrictions_, either explicitly _in favor_ of the English Church, or +_against_ the, so called, "superstitions of the Church of Rome." The +Maryland Charter shows no such narrow clauses, and consequently, is +justly free from any connexion, _in interpretation_, with the Virginia +instruments. Besides this, we do not know that the language of the +original Latin of the Virginia Charters, is the same as ours, and, +therefore, it would be "reasoning in a circle," or, "begging the +question," if we translated the Maryland Charter into the exact language +of the Virginian. The phraseology--"God's holy rights and the true +Christian religion,"--_unlimited in the Maryland Patent_,--was a +distinct assertion of broad equality to all professing to believe in +Jesus Christ. It was not subject to any sectarian restriction, and +formed the basis of religious liberty in Maryland, until it was +undermined during the Puritan intolerance in 1654. + + + + +CORRESPONDENCE. + + + HALL OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA,} + PHILADELPHIA, _April 12th, 1852_. } + + DEAR SIR: + +We have been appointed a committee to communicate to you the following +resolution passed at a meeting of the Historical Society held this +evening: + + "RESOLVED, That the thanks of the HISTORICAL SOCIETY, are hereby + returned to MR. BRANTZ MAYER, of BALTIMORE, for his very able and + eloquent address, delivered before it, on Thursday evening, the 8th + instant; and that MESSRS. TYSON, FISHER, COATES and ARMSTRONG, be + appointed a committee to transmit this resolution to Mr. Mayer, and + request a copy of the address for publication." + +Permit us to express the pleasure we derived from the delivery of your +Discourse, and, also, the hope that you will comply with the Society's +request. + +We remain, with great respect, your obedient servants, + + JOB R. TYSON, + J. FRANCIS FISHER, + B. H. COATES, + EDW. ARMSTRONG. + + To MR. BRANTZ MAYER, BALTIMORE. + + + + + BALTIMORE, _15th April, 1852_. + + GENTLEMEN: + +I am much obliged to the PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, for the +complimentary resolution it was pleased to pass in relation to the +Discourse I delivered before it on the 8th of this month. In compliance +with your request, I place a copy of the address at your disposal; and, +while thanking you for the courtesy with which you have communicated the +vote of your colleagues, I have the honor to be, your most obedient +servant, + + BRANTZ MAYER. + + To MESSIEURS JOB R. TYSON, } + J. FRANCIS FISHER,} Committee, &c. &c. &c. + B. H. COATES, } + EDW. ARMSTRONG, } + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Mr. Joseph Hunter's "Collections concerning the Early History of the +Founders of New Plymouth." London, 1849: No 2 of his Critical and +Historical Tracts, p. 14. + +[2] It is believed by historians that Sir Walter Raleigh fell a victim +to the intrigues of Spain at the Court of James. His American adventures +and hardihood were dangerous to the Spanish Empire. A small pamphlet +entitled: A NEW DESCRIPTION OF VIRGINIA, published in London in 1619, a +reprint of which is possessed by the Virginia Historical Society, shows +how the prophetic fears of the Spaniard, even at that early time, +conjured up the warning phantom of Anglo-Saxon "_annexation._" + +"It is well known," says the pamphlet, "that our English plantations +have had little countenance; nay, that our statesmen, (when time was,) +had store of Gundemore's gold," (meaning Gondomar, Spanish Minister at +James's Court)--"_to destroy_ and discountenance the plantation of +Virginia; and he effected it, in great part, by dissolving the company, +wherein most of the nobility, gentry, corporate cities, and most +merchants of England, were interested and engaged; after the expense of +some hundred of thousands of pounds; for Gundemore did affirm to his +friends, that he had commission from his master"--(the King of +Spain,)--"to destroy that plantation. For, said he, should they thrive +and go on increasing, as they have done under that popular Lord of +Southampton, _my master's West Indies_, AND HIS MEXICO, _would shortly +be visited by sea and by land, from those Planters in Virginia_." + +Generals Scott and Taylor--both sons of Virginia--have verified, in the +nineteenth century, the foresight of the cautious statesman of the +seventeenth. + + _See Virginia His. Reg. Vol. 1. p. 28._ + +[3] Dr. Miller's "History Philosophically Illustrated," vol 1. p. 95. + +[4] "Men who have to count, miserly, the kernels of corn for their daily +bread, and to till their ground, staggering through weakness from the +effect of famine, can do but little in settling the metaphysics of +faith, or in counting frames, and gauging the exercises of their +feelings. Grim necessity of hunger looks morbid sensibility out of +countenance."--_Rev. Dr. G. B. Cheever's edition of the Journal of the +Pilgrims;--1848: p. 112._ + +[5] "The New England Puritans, though themselves refugees from religions +intolerance, and martyrs, as they supposed, to the cause of religious +freedom, practiced the same intolerance to those who were so unfortunate +as to differ from them. In 1635, Roger Williams was banished from the +Massachusetts colony for differences of religious opinions with the +civil powers. This was the next year after the arrival of the Maryland +colony. In 1659, fifteen years later, a Baptist received thirty lashes +at the whipping post, in Boston, for his peculiar faith; and nine years +later, three persons suffered death by the common hangman, in the same +place, for their adherence to the sect of Quakers."--_Rev. Dr. Burnap's +Life of Leonard Calvert, in Sparks's Am. Biog. 2nd series, vol. IX. p. +170, Boston, 1846._ + +On the 13th Sept. 1644, these N. England Puritans, passed a law of +banishment against Anabaptists; in 1646, another law, imposing the same +punishment, was passed against Heresy and Error; in 1647, the order of +Jesuits came in for a share of intolerance;--its members were inhibited +from entering the colony; if they came in, heedless of the law, they +were to be banished, and if they returned after banishment, they were to +be _put to death_. On the 14th of October 1656, the celebrated law was +enacted against "the cursed sect of heretics lately risen up in the +world, which are commonly called Quakers:"--by its decrees, captains of +vessels who introduced these religionists, knowingly, were to be fined +or imprisoned; "quaker books or writings containing their devilish +opinions," were not to be brought into the colony, under a penalty; +while quakers who came in, were to be committed to the house of +correction, kept constantly at work, not allowed to speak, and severely +whipped, on their entrance into this sanctuary!--See original Acts, +_Hazard's His. Coll. 1, pp. 538, 545, 550, 630_. + +[6] See Mr. John P. Kennedy's discourse on the life and character of Sir +George Calvert, and the reviews thereof, with Mr K's reply, on this +question of religion, in the U. S. Catholic Magazine, 1846. Since the +publication of Mr. Kennedy's discourse and the reviews of it, in 1846, I +have met with an English work published in London in 1839, _attributed_ +to Bishop Goodman, entitled an "Account of the Court of James the +first." In vol. 1, p. 376, he says: "The third man who was thought to +gain by the Spanish match was Secretary Calvert; and as he was the _only +Secretary employed in the Spanish match_, so undoubtedly he did what +good offices he could therein, for religion's sake, _being infinitely +addicted to the Roman Catholic faith, having been converted thereto by +Count Gondemar and Count Arundel, whose daughter Secretary Calvert's Son +had married; and, as it was said, the Secretary did usually catechise +his own children, so to ground them in his own religion; and in his best +room having an altar set up, with chalice, candlesticks, and all other +ornaments, he brought all strangers thither, never concealing anything, +as if his whole joy and comfort had been to make open profession of his +religion_." As the Prelate was a _contemporary_, this statement, +founded, as it may be, on report, is of considerable importance. Fuller, +also, was a contemporary though thirty years younger than Calvert. The +Spanish match, alluded to, was on the carpet as early as 1617, and was +broken off in the beginning of 1624. It was probably during this period +that Lord Arundel and the Spanish Minister influenced the mind of Sir +George as to religion. + +[7] Mr. Chalmers, in his Hist. of the Revolt of the Am. Col. B. 2 ch. 3, +says that the charter of Maryland was a _literal copy_ from the prior +patent of Avalon; but of this we are unable to judge, as he neither +cites his authority nor indicates the depository of the Avalon Charter. +If the Maryland charter is an _exact_ transcript of the Avalon document, +it is interesting to know the fact, as Calvert may have been a +Protestant, when the latter was issued. Bozman states an authority for +its date, as of 1623, which would indicate that this document may still +probably be found in the British Museum. If it was issued in 1623, it +was granted a year before, Fuller says, Calvert resigned because he had +become a Catholic. In all likelihood, however, Sir George was not +converted in a day!--_See Bozman Hist. Maryland ed. 1837, vol. 1 p. 240 +et seq. in note._ + +[8] The Baron Von Raumer, in his Hist. of the XVI and XVII Centuries, +vol. 2, p. 263, quoting from Tillieres, says of Calvert: "He is an +honorable, sensible well-minded man, courteous towards strangers, full +of respect towards embassadors, zealously intent on the welfare of +England; but by reason of all these good qualities, entirely without +consideration or influence." + +The only original work or tract by which we know the character of Sir +George Calvert's mind is "THE ANSWER TO TOM TELL-TROTH, THE PRACTISE OF +PRINCES AND THE LAMENTATIONS OF THE KIRKE, _written by Lord Baltimore, +late Secretary of State_." London, _printed 1642_:--a copy of which, in +MS., is in the collections of the Maryland Hist. Soc. This is a quaint +specimen of pedantic politics and toryism--larded with Latin quotations, +and altogether redolent of James's Court. It was addressed to Charles I, +and shows the author's intimate acquaintance with the political history +and movements of the continental powers. We may judge Calvert's politics +by the following passage in which he _commends_ the doctrines of his old +master:-- + +"King James," says he, "in his oration to the Parliament, 1620, used +these words _very judiciattie_; Kings and Kingdoms were before +Parliaments; the Parliament was never called for the purpose to meddle +with complaints against the King, the Church, or State matters, but _ad +consultandum de rebus arduis, Nos et Regnum nostrum concernantibus_; as +the writ will inform you. I was never the cause, nor guiltie of the +election of my sonne by the Bohemians, neither would I be content that +any other king should dispute whether I am a lawful King or no, and to +tosse crowns like Tennis-balls." + +[9] It may seem strange, that, being a Catholic, he still had the right +of advowson or of presentation to Protestant Episcopal Churches; but it +was not until the Act of 1st William and Mary, chapter 26, that +Parliament interfered with the right of Catholics to present to +religious benefices. That Act vested the presentations belonging to +Catholics in the Universities. An Act passed 12th Anne, was of a similar +disabling character.--_Butler's Hist. Mem. vol. 3, pp. 136, 148, 149._ + +[10] See Appendix No. 1, in regard to the erroneous translation of this +clause from the Latin, that has hitherto been adopted from Bacon's laws +of Maryland. + +[11] As an illustration of this feeling, I will quote a passage showing +how it fared with Marylanders in Massachusetts in 1631. "The Dove," one +of the vessels of the first colonists to Maryland, was dispatched to +Massachusetts with a cargo of corn to exchange for fish. She carried a +friendly letter from Calvert and another from Harvey, but the +magistrates were suspicious of a people who "_did set up mass openly_." +Some of the crew were accused of reviling the inhabitants of +Massachusetts as "holy brethren," "the members," &c., and just as the +ship was about to sail; _the supercargo, happening on shore, was +arrested in order to compel the master to give up the culprits_. The +proof failed, and the vessel was suffered to depart, but not without a +special charge to the master "_to bring no more such disordered +persons!_"--_Hildreth Hist. U. S., vol. 1, 209_. + +[12] See Appendix No. 2. + +[13] In order to illustrate the spirit in which the region for the first +settlement at St. Mary's was acquired, I will quote from a MS. copy of +"A Relation of Maryland, 1635," now in my possession: "To make his +entrie peaceable and safe, he thought fit to present ye Werowance and +Wisoes of the town (so they call ye chief men of accompt among them,) +with some English cloth (such as is used in trade with ye Indians,) +axes, hoes, and knives, which they accepted verie kindlie, and freely +gave consent toe his companie that hee and they should dwell in one part +of their towne, and reserved the other for themselves: and those Indians +that dwelt in that part of ye towne which was allotted for ye English, +freely left them their houses and some corne that they had begun to +plant: It was also agreed between them that at ye end of ye Harvest they +should have ye whole Towne, which they did accordinglie. And they made +mutuall promises to each other to live peaceably and friendlie together, +and if any injury should happen to be done, on any part, that +satisfaction should be made for ye same; and thus, on ye 27 DAIE of +MARCH, A. D. 1634, ye Gouernour took possession of ye place, and named +ye _Towne--Saint Marie's_. + +"There was an occasion that much facilitated their treatie with these +Indians which was this: the Susquehanocks (a warlike people that inhabit +between Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay) did usuallie make warres and +incursions upon ye neighboring Indians, partly for superioritie, partly +for to gett their women, and what other purchase they could meet with; +which the Indians of _Yoacomaco_ fearing, had, ye yeere before our +arivall there, made a resolution, for there safetie, to remove +themselves higher into ye countrie, where it was more populous, and many +of them where gone there when ye English arrived." + +At Potomac, Father Altham,--according to Father White's Latin MS. in the +Maryland Hist. Soc. Col.--informed the guardian of the King that _we_ +(the clergy) had not come thither for war, but for the sake of +benevolence,--that we might imbue a rude race with the principles of +civilization, and open a way to Heaven, as well as to impart to them the +advantages enjoyed by distant regions. The prince signified that we had +come acceptably. The interpreter was one of the Virginia Protestants. +When the Father, for lack of time, could not continue his discourse, and +promised soon to return: "I will that it should be so," said +Archihau--"our table shall be one; my men shall hunt for you; all things +shall be in common between us." + +The Werowance of Pautuxent visited the strangers, and when he was about +departing, used the following language, as recorded in the MS. Relation +of Maryland of 1635: "I love ye English so well that if they should goe +about to kill me, if I had so much breath as to speak, I would command +ye people not to revenge my death; for I know they would not doe such a +thinge except it was through mine own default." See also Mr. B. U. +Campbell's admirable SKETCH OF THE EARLY MISSIONS TO MARYLAND, read +before the Md. Hist. Soc. 8th Jan. 1846, and subsequently printed in the +U.S. Catholic Magazine. + +[14] In William Penn's second reply to a committee of the House of Lords +appointed in 1678, he declares that those who cannot comply with laws, +through tenderness of conscience, should not "revile or conspire against +the government, _but with christian humility and patience tire out all +mistakes against us_, and wait their better information, who, we +believe, do as undeservedly as severely treat us." + +[15] Preface to Frame of Government, 25 April, 1682. + +[16] Those who desire to know the precise character of the celebrated +Elm-tree Treaty, should read the Memoir on its history, in vol. 3, part +2, p. 145 of the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Hist. Soc., written by the +late Mr. Du Ponceau, and Mr. Joshua Francis Fisher. It is one of the +finest specimen of minute, exhaustive, historical analysis, with which I +am acquainted. These gentlemen, prove, I think, conclusively, that the +Treaty was altogether one of amity and friendship, and was entirely +unconnected with the purchase of lands. + +[17] Janney's Life of Penn, 163. + +[18] See 2nd Bozman Hist. Md. p. 616--note XLIII, Conditions, &c. + +[19] 2d Bozman, 597, and Orig. MS. in Md. His. Soc. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Calvert and Penn, by Brantz Mayer + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALVERT AND PENN *** + +***** This file should be named 32454-8.txt or 32454-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/4/5/32454/ + +Produced by Julia Miller, Jasmine Yu and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Calvert and Penn + Or the Growth of Civil and Religious Liberty in America, + as Disclosed in the Planting of Maryland and Pennsylvania + +Author: Brantz Mayer + +Release Date: May 20, 2010 [EBook #32454] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALVERT AND PENN *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller, Jasmine Yu and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1>CALVERT AND PENN;</h1><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">OR THE GROWTH OF</p> + +<h2>CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY +IN AMERICA,</h2> + +<p class="center">AS DISCLOSED IN THE PLANTING OF</p> +<h3>MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA:</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/logo.jpg" width="200" height="195" alt="logo" title="logo" /> +</div> + +<p class="center">A DISCOURSE BY</p> +<h3>BRANTZ MAYER,</h3> + +<p class="center">DELIVERED IN PHILADELPHIA BEFORE THE</p> +<h3>PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY,</h3> + +<h5>8 APRIL, 1852.</h5> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> +<div class="poemblock"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Se mai turba il Ceil Sereno<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Fosco vel di nebbia impura,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Quando il sol gli squarcia il seno,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Piu sereno il ciel si fa.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Rea, discordia, invidia irata<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Fuga il tempo, e nuda splende.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Vincitrice e vendicata.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"L'offuscata Verita."<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p class="center"><br />PRINTED FOR THE <br /> +PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY <br /> +BY JOHN D TOY <br /> +BALTIMORE</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CALVERT_AND_PENN" id="CALVERT_AND_PENN"></a>CALVERT AND PENN.</h2> + + +<p>It is a venerable and beautiful rite which commands the +Chinese not only to establish in their dwellings a Hall of +Ancestors, devoted to memorials of kindred who are dead, but +which obliges them, on a certain day of every year, to quit +the ordinary toils of life and hasten to the tombs of their Forefathers, +where, with mingled services of festivity and worship, +they pass the hours in honoring the manes of those +whom they have either loved or been taught to respect for +their virtues.</p> + +<p>This is a wholesome and ennobling exercise of the memory. +It teaches neither a blind allegiance to the past, nor a superstitious +reverence for individuals; but it is a recognition of +the great truth that no man is a mere isolated being in the +great chain of humanity, and that, while we are not selfishly +independent of the past, so also, by equal affinity, we are connected +with and control the fate of those who are to succeed +us in the drama of the world.</p> + +<p>The Time that merges in Eternity, sinks like a drop in the +ocean, but the deeds of that Time, like the drop in the deep, +are again exhaled and fitted for new uses; so that although +the Time be dead, the acts thereof are immortal—for the +achieved action never perishes. That which was wrought, in +innocence or wrong, is eternal in its results or influences.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + +<p>This reflection inculcates a profound lesson of our responsibility. +It teaches us the value of assembling to look over +the account of the past; to separate the good from the false; +to winnow the historical harvest we may have reaped; to +survey the heavens, and find our place on the ocean after the +storm. And if such conduct is correct in the general concerns +of private life, how much more is it proper when we +remember the duty we owe to the founders of great principles,—to +the founders of great states,—of great states that +have grown into great nations! In this aspect the principle +rises to a dignity worthy our profoundest respect. History is +the garnered treasure of the past, and it is from the glory or +shame of that past, that nations, like individuals, take heart +for the coming strife, or sink under irresistible discouragement.</p> + +<p>Is it not well, then, that we, the people of this large country, +divided as we are in separate governments, should assemble, +at proper seasons, to celebrate the foundations of our time-honored +commonwealths; and, while each state casts its annual +tribute on the altar of our country, each should brighten +its distinctive symbols, before it merges their glory in that +great constellation of American nations, which, in the political +night that shrouds the world, is the only guiding sign for +unfortunate but hopeful humanity!</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>When the Reformation in England destroyed the supremacy +of the Roman Church, and the Court set the example +of a new faith, it may readily be supposed, that the people +were sorely taxed when called on to select between the dogmas +they had always cherished, and those they were authoritatively +summoned to adopt. The age was not one either of +free discussion or of printing and publication. Oral arguments, +and not printed appeals, were the only means of reaching +the uncultivated minds of the masses, and even of a large +portion of the illiterate gentry and aristocracy. If we reflect, +with what reverence creeds are, even now, traditionally +inherited in families, we must be patient with their entailed +tenure in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The soul of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +nations cannot be purged of its ancestral faith by Acts of Parliament. +There may be submission to law, external indifference, +hypocritical compliance, but, that implicit adoption +and correspondent honest action, which flow from conscientious +belief, must spring from sources of very different +sanctity.</p> + +<p>When the world contained only one great Christian Church, +the idea of Union betwixt that Church and the State, was not +fraught with the disgusts or dangers that now characterize it. +There were then no sects. All were agreed on one faith, one +ritual, one interpretation of God's law, and one infallible +expositor; nor was it, perhaps, improper that this law—thus +ecclesiastically expounded and administered in perfect national +unity of faith—should be the rule of civil and political, as well +as of religious life. Indeed, it is difficult, even now, to +separate the ideas; for, inasmuch as God's law is a law of life, +and not a mere law of death—inasmuch as it controls all our +relations among ourselves and thus defines our practical duty +to the Almighty—it is difficult, I repeat, to define wherein +the law of man should properly differ from the law of God. +Mere morality—mere political morality,—is nothing but a +bastard policy, or another name for expediency, unless it +conforms in all its motives, means and results, to religion. +In truth, morality, social as well as political, to be vital and +not hypocritical, must be religion put into practical exercise. +This is the simple, just, and wise reconciliation of religion and +good government, which I humbly believe to be, ever and +only, founded upon Christianity. But it was a sad mistake +in other days, to confound a Primitive Christianity and the +dogmas of a Historical Church. Unfortunately for the ancient +union of Church and State, this great identification of the true +christian action of the civil and ecclesiastical bodies, was +but a mere fiction, so far as religion was concerned, and +a fact, only so far as power was interested. Christianity +ever has remained, and ever will remain, the same radiant +unit; but a church, with irresponsible power—a church +which, at best, is but an aggregation of human beings, +with all the passions, as well as all the virtues of our race—soon,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +necessarily, abandons the purity of its early time, and +grows into a vast hierarchy, which, founding its claims to +authority on divine institution, sways the world, sometimes +for good and sometimes for evil, with a power suited to the +asserted omnipotence of its origin.</p> + +<p>But the idea of honest union between church and state was +naturally destroyed, in the minds of all right thinking persons, +from the moment that there was a secession from the Church +of Rome. The very idea, I assert, was destroyed; for the +Catholic Princes and the sects into which Protestants divided +themselves, began an internecine war, which, in effect, not +only forever obliterated supremacy from the vocabulary of +ecclesiastical power, but almost destroyed, by disgracing, the +religion in whose name it perpetrated its remorseless cruelties.</p> + +<p>The social as well as religious anarchy consequent upon +the Reformation, was soon discerned by the statesmen of +England, who took council with prudent ecclesiastics, and, +under the authority of law, erected the Church of England. +In this new establishment they endeavored to substitute for +Romanism, a new ecclesiastical system, which, by its concessions +to the ancient faith, its adoption of novel liberalities, +its compromises and its purity, might contain within itself, +sufficient elements upon which the adherents of Rome might +gracefully retreat, and to which the Reformers might either +advance or become reconciled. This scheme of legislative +compromise for a national religion, was doubtless, not merely +designed as an amiable neutral ground for the spiritual wants +of the people, but as the nucleus of an institution which would +gradually, if not at once, transfer to the Royalty of England, +that spiritual authority which its sovereigns had found it irksome +to bear or to control when wielded by the Pope.</p> + +<p>The architects of this modern faith were not wrong in their +estimate of the English people, for, perhaps, the great body +of the nation willingly adopted the new scheme. Yet there +were bitter opponents both among the Catholics and Calvinists, +whose extreme violence admitted no compromise, +either with each other, or with the Church of England. For +them there was no resource but in dumbness or rebellion; and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +as many a lip opened in complaint or attempted seduction, +the legislature originated that charitable and reconciling +system of disabilities and penalties, which a pliant judiciary +was not slow in enforcing with suitable rigor. While the +Puritan could often fairly yield a sort of abstinent conformity +which saved him from penalties, the Roman Catholic, who +adhered faithfully and conscientiously to his ancestral church, +made no compromise with his allegiance. Accordingly, on +him, the unholy and intolerant law fell with all its persecuting +bane.</p> + +<p>"About the middle of the reign of Queen Elizabeth there +arose among the Calvinists, a small body, who bore nearly +the same relation to them, which they bore to the great body +of the Reformed; these were ultra Puritans, as they were +ultra Protestants. These persons deemed it their religious +duty to separate themselves entirely from the church, and, in +fact, to war against it. The principle upon which they +founded themselves, was, that there should be no national +church at all, but that the whole nation should be cast in a +multitude of small churches or congregations, each self-governed, +and having only, as they believed, the officers of +which we read in the New Testament,—pastor, teacher, elder +and deacon."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Such was the ecclesiastical and political aspect of England, +and of a part of Scotland, about the period when the First +James ascended the British throne. As there is nothing +that so deeply concerns our welfare as the rights and duties +of our soul, it is not at all singular to find how quickly +men became zealous in the assertion of their novel privileges, +as soon as they discovered that there were two ways +of interpreting God's law, or, at least, two modes of worshiping +him,—one wrapped in gorgeous ceremonial, the other +stripped in naked simplicity,—and that the right to this +interpretation or worship was not only secured by law,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +but was inherent in man's nature. Personal interests may +be indolently neglected or carelessly pursued. It is rare to +see men persecute each other about individual rights or properties. +Yet, such is not the case when a right or an interest +is the religious property of a multitude. Then, community of +sentiment or of risk, bands them together in fervent support, +and when the thing contended for is based on conscience and +<i>eternal</i> interest, instead of personal or <i>temporary</i> welfare, we +behold its pursuit inflame gradually from a principle into a +passion,—from passion into persecution, until at length, what +once glimmered in holy zeal, blazes in bigoted fanaticism. +Thus, all persecutors may not, originally, be bad men, though +their practices are wicked. The very liberty of conscience +which freemen demand, must admit this to be possible in the +conduct of those who differ from us most widely in faith +and politics.</p> + +<p>Religious Conscience, therefore, is the firmest founder of +the right of forming and asserting Free Opinions; and when +it has securely established the great fact of Religious Freedom, +it at once, as an immediate consequence, realizes Political +Freedom, which is nothing but the individual right independently +to control our personal destinies, as well as to shape +our conscientious spiritual destinies. The right of free judgment +asserts that Christianity put into vital exercise, in our +social or national relations, is, in fact, the essence of pure +democracy. It is liberty of action that produces responsibility—it +is equal responsibility that makes us <i>one</i> before the +law. To teach man the humility and equality of his race, <i>as +rights</i>; and to illustrate the glorious lesson that from the +cottage and cabin have sprung the intellects that filled the +world with light, it pleased the Almighty to make a stable +the birth-place of our Redeemer, and a manger his lowly +cradle!</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>When the valiant men of olden times had checked the corporate +system of theology in England and Germany, and established +their right, at least, <i>to think</i> for themselves; and when +the Reformation had subsequently received a countercheck in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +Germany, England and France,—the stalwart, independent +worshippers, who could no longer live peacefully together +within their native realms, began to cast about for an escape +from the persecutions of non-conformity and the mean +"tyranny of incapacitation."</p> + +<p>The Reformation was the work of the early part of the +sixteenth century. The close of the fifteenth had been signalized +by the discovery of America, and by the opening of +a maritime communication with India. The East, though +now accessible by water, was still a far distant land. The +efforts of all navigators, even when blundering on our continent, +were, in truth, not to find a new world, but to reach +one already well known for the richness of its products, and +the civilization of its people. But distant as it was, it presented +no field for colonization. It was the temporary object +of mercantile and maritime enterprise, and although colonial +lodgments were impracticable on its far off shores, it nevertheless +permitted the establishment of factories which served, +in the unfrequent commerce of those ages, as almost regal +intermediaries between Europe and Asia.</p> + +<p>But the Western World was both nearer, and, for a while, +more alluring to avarice and enterprise. It was not a civilized, +populous, and warlike country like the East, but it possessed +the double temptation of wealth and weakness. The fertility +of the West Indies, the reports of prodigious riches, the conquests +of Cortez and Pizzaro, the emasculated semi-civilization +of the two Empires, which, with a few cities and royal +courts, combined the anomaly of an almost barbarous though +tamely tributary people—had all been announced throughout +Europe. Yet, the bold, brave and successful Spaniard of those +days contrived for a long while to reap the sole benefit of the +discovery. What he effected was done by <i>conquest</i>. <i>Colonization</i>, +which is a gradual settlement, either under enterprise +or persecution, was to follow.</p> + +<p>The conquest and settlement of the Southern part of this +continent are so well known, that it is needless for me to dwell +on them; but it is not a little singular that the very first effort +at what may strictly be called colonization, within the present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +acknowledged limits of the United States, was owing to the +spirit of persecution which was so rife in Europe.</p> + +<p>The Bull of the Pope, in its division of the world, had +assigned America to Spain. Florida, which had been discovered +by Ponce de Leon, and the present coast of our +Republic on the Gulf of Mexico, were not, in the sixteenth +century, disputed with Spain by any other nation. Spain +claimed, however, under the name of Florida, the whole sea-coast +as far as Newfoundland and even to the remotest +north, so that, so far as <i>asserted</i> ownership was involved, the +whole of our coast was Spanish domain.</p> + +<p>The poor, persecuted, weather-beaten Huguenots of France, +had been active in plans of Colonization for escape from the +mingled imbecility and terrorism of Charles IX. They saw +that it was not well to stay in the land of their birth. +The Admiral de Coligny, one of the ablest leaders of the +French Protestants, was zealous in his efforts to found a +Gallic empire of his fellow subjects and sufferers on this continent. +He desired, at least, a refuge for them; and in 1562, +entrusted to John Ribault, of Dieppe, the command of an +expedition to the American shores. The first soil of this +virgin hemisphere that was baptised by the tread of refugees +flying from the terrors of the future hero of St. Bartholomew—of +men who were seeking freedom from persecution for the +sake of their religion—was that of South Carolina. Ribault +first visited St. John's River, in Florida, and then slowly +coasted the low shores northward, until he struck the indenture +where Hilton-Head Island, and Hunting and St. +Helen's Islands are divided by the entrance into the ocean of +Broad River at Port Royal.</p> + +<p>It was a beautiful region, where venerable oaks shadowed +a luxuriant soil, while the mild air, delicious with the fragrance +of forest-flowers, forever diffused a balmy temperature, free +alike from the fire of the tropics and the frost of the north. +Here, in this pleasant region, he built Fort Carolina, and +landed his humble colony of twenty persons who were to keep +possession of the chosen land.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<p>But Frenchmen are not precisely at home in the wilderness. +They require the aggregation of large villages or cities. The +Frenchman is a social being, and regret for the loss of civil +comforts soon spoils his vivacious temper, and fills him with +discontent. Accordingly, dissensions broke forth in the +colony soon after the departure of Ribault for France; and, +most of the dissatisfied colonists, finding their way back to +Europe as best they could, the settlement was broken up +forever.</p> + +<p>Yet, Coligny was not to be thwarted. In 1564, he again +resolved to colonize Florida, and entrusted Laudonnière—a +seaman rather than a soldier, who had already visited the +American coasts,—with three ships which had been conceded +by the king. An abundance of colonists, not disheartened by +the failure of their predecessors, soon offered for the voyage, +and, after a passage of sixty days, the eager adventurers +hailed the American coast. They did not go to the old site, +marked as it was by disaster, but nestled on the embowered +banks of the beautiful St. John's, or, as it was then known—"The +River of May."</p> + +<p>But the French of that era, when in pursuit of qualified self-government +or of any principle, either civil or religious, were +not unlike their countrymen of the present time. They found +it difficult to make enthusiasm subordinate to the mechanism +of progress, and to restrain the elastic vapor which properly +directed gives energy to humanity, but which heedlessly +handled destroys what it should impel or guide. Religious +enthusiasm is not miraculously fed by ravens in the wilderness. +Coligny's emigrants were improvident or careless settlers. +Their supplies wasted. They were not only gratified by the +sudden relief from royal oppression, but the removal of a +weight, gave room for the display of that secret avarice, which, +more or less, possesses the hearts of all men. They had heard +of the Spaniard's success, and were seized with a passion for +sudden wealth. They became discontented with the toil of +patient labor and slow accretion. Mutiny ripened into rebellion. +A party compelled Laudonnière to suffer it to embark +for Mexico; but its two vessels were soon employed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +piratical enterprises against the Spaniards. Some of the +reckless insurgents fell into the hands of the men they assailed, +and were made prisoners and sold as slaves, while the few +who escaped, were, on their return, executed by orders of +Laudonnière.</p> + +<p>The main body of the colonists who had either remained +true to their duty or were kept in subjection, had, meanwhile, +become greatly disheartened by these occurrences and by the +failing supplies of their settlement, when they were temporarily +relieved by the arrival of the celebrated English adventurer—Sir +John Hawkins. Ribault soon after came out +from France to take command, and brought with him new +emigrants, seeds, animals, agricultural implements, and fresh +supplies of every kind.</p> + +<p>These occurrences, it will be recollected, took place in +Florida, within the ancient claim of Spain. It is true that +the country was a wilderness; but Spain still asserted her +dominion, though no beneficial use had been made of the +neglected forest and tangled swamp. At this epoch, a certain +Pedro Melendez de Aviles—a coarse, bold, bloody man, who +signalized himself in the wars in Holland against the Protestants, +and was renowned in Spanish America for deeds +which, even in the loose law of that realm, had brought him +to justice, was then hanging about the Court of Philip II. in +search of plunder or employment. He perceived a tempting +"mission" of combined destruction and colonization in the +French Protestant settlement in Florida; and, accordingly, a +compact was speedily made between himself and his sovereign, +by which he was empowered, in consideration of certain +concessions and rights, to invade Florida with at least +five hundred men, and to establish the Spanish authority and +Catholic religion.</p> + +<p>An expedition, numbering under its banner more than +twenty-five hundred persons, was soon prepared. After +touching, with part of these forces, on the Florida coast, in +the neighborhood of the present river Matanzas, the adventurer +sailed in quest of the luckless Huguenots, whose vessels +were soon descried escaping seaward from a combat for which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +they were unprepared. For a while, Melendez pursued them, +but abandoning the chase, steered south once more, and entering +the harbor on the coast he had just before visited, laid the +foundations of that quaint old Spanish town of <span class="smcap">St. Augustine</span>, +which is the parent of civic civilization on our continent. +Ribault, meanwhile, who had put to sea with his craft, lost +most of his vessels in a sudden storm on the coast, though the +greater part of his companions escaped.</p> + +<p>But Melendez, whose ships suffered slightly from this +tempest, had no sooner placed his colonists in security, at +St. Augustine, than he set forth with a resolute band across +the marshy levels which intervened between his post and the +St. John's. With savage fury the reckless Spaniard fell on +the Huguenots. The carnage was dreadful. It seems to +have been rather slaughter than warfare. The Huguenots, +unprepared for battle, little dreamed that the wars of the old +world would be transferred to the new, and vainly imagined +that human passion could find victims enough for its malignity +without crossing the dangerous seas. Full two hundred +fell. Many fled to the forest. A few surrendered, and were +slain. Some escaped in two French vessels that fortunately +still lingered in the harbor. The wretches who had been providentially +saved from the wreck, were next followed and found +by this Castilian monster. "Let them surrender their flags +and arms," said he, "and thus placing themselves at my +discretion, I may do with them what God in his mercy +desires!" Yet, as soon as they yielded, they were bound and +marched through the forest to St. Augustine, and, as they +approached the fort which had been hastily raised on the level +shores, the sudden blast of a trumpet was the signal for the +musketeers to pour into the crowd a volley that laid them +dead on the spot. It was asserted that these victims of reliance +on Spanish mercy, were massacred, "not as Frenchmen, +but as Lutherans;"—and thus, about nine hundred Protestant +human beings, were the first offering on the soil of our +present Union to the devilish fanaticism of the age.</p> + +<p>But the bloody deed was not to go unrevenged. A bold +Gascon, Dominic de Gourgues, in 1567, equipped three ships<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +and set sail for Florida. He swooped down suddenly, like a +falcon on the forts at the mouth of the St. John's, and putting +the occupants to the sword, hanged them in the forest, inscribing +over their dangling corpses, this mocking reply to the +taunt at the Lutherans: "I do this not as unto Spaniards and +sailors, but as unto murderers, robbers and traitors!"</p> + +<p>The revenge was merciless; and thus terminated the first +chapter in the history of religious liberty in America. BLOOD +stained the earliest meeting between Catholic and Protestant +on the present soil of our Union!</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The power of Spain, the unattractiveness of our coast, the +indifferent climate, and the failure to find wealthy native +nations to plunder, kept the northern part of our continent in +the back ground for the greater part of a century after the +voyages of Columbus and Cabot. There were discouragements +at that time for mercantile or maritime enterprise, +which make us marvel the more at the energy of the men +who with such slender vessels and knowledge of navigation, +tempted the dangers of unknown seas.</p> + +<p>Emigration from land to land, from neighboring country +to neighboring country, was, at that epoch, a formidable +enterprise; what then must we think of the hardihood, or +compulsion, which could either tempt or drive men, not only +over conterminous boundaries, but across distant seas? +Feudal loyalty and the strong tie of family, bound them not +only to their local homes, but to their native land. The lusty +sons of labor were required to till the soil, while their stalwart +brethren, clad in steel, were wandering on murderous errands, +over half of Europe, fighting for Protestantism or Catholicity. +Adventure, then, in the shape of colonization, must hardly +be thought of, from the inland states of the old world; and, +even from the maritime nations, with the exception of Spain +and Portugal, we find nothing worthy of record, save the +fisheries on the Banks, the small settlements of the French +in Acadia and along the St. Lawrence, and the holy efforts of +Catholic Missionaries among the Northern Indians. If we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +did not know their zeal to have been Christian, it might +almost be considered romantic.</p> + +<p>Soon after the return of De Gourgues from his revengeful +exploit, the report of the daring deed and its provocation, +was spread over Europe, and excited the people's attention +to America more eagerly than ever. Among those who +were attracted to the subject, was a British gentleman, whose +character and misfortunes have always engaged my sincere +admiration.</p> + +<p>Sir Walter Raleigh was the natural offspring of the remarkable +age in which he lived. We owe him our profoundest +respect, for it was Sir Walter who gave the first decided +impulse to our race's beneficial enjoyment of this continent. +It was his fortune to live at a time of great and various action. +The world was convulsed with the throes of a new civilization, +and the energy it exhibited was consequent upon its long +repose. It was an age of transition. It was an age of coat +and corselet—of steel and satin—of rudeness and refinement,—in +which the antique soldier was melting into the +modern citizen. It was the twilight of feudalism. Baronial +strongholds were yielding to municipal independence. +Learning began to teach its marvels to the masses; warfare +still called chivalrous men to the field; a spirited queen, +surrounded by gallant cavaliers, sat on a dazzling throne; +adventurous commerce armed splendid navies and nursed a +brood of hardy sailors; while the mysterious New World +invited enterprise to invade its romantic and golden depths. +It was peculiarly an age of thought and action; and is +characterized by a vitality which is apparent to all who +recollect its heroes, statesmen, philosophers and poets.</p> + +<p>Sir Walter Raleigh was destined, by his deeds and his +doom, to bring this northern continent, which we are now +enjoying, into prominent notice. He was the embodiment +of the boyhood of our new world. In early life he had +been a soldier, but the drift of his genius led him into +statesmanship. He was a well known favorite of the Virgin +Queen. A spirit of adventure bore him across the Atlantic, +where, if the occasion had offered, he would have rivalled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +Cortez in his courageous hardihood, and outstripped him in +his lukewarm humanity. He became a courtier; and, mingling +in the intrigues of the palace, according to the morals of +the age, was soon too great a favorite with his sovereign to +escape the dislike of men who beheld his sudden rise with +envy. From the palace he passed to prison; and, scorning +the idleness which would have rusted so active an intellect, he +prepared that remarkable History of the World, wherein he +concentrated a mass of rare learning, curious investigation, and +subtle thought, which demonstrate the comprehensive and +yet minute character of his wonderful mind. A volume of +poems shows how sweetly he could sing. The story of his +battles, discloses how bravely he could fight. The narrative +of his voyages proves the boldness of his seamanship. The +calmness of his prison life teaches us the manly lesson of +endurance. The devotion of his wife, denotes how deeply he +could love; while his letters to that cherished woman—those +domestic records in which the heart divulges its dearest +secrets—teem with proofs of his affection and Christianity. +Indeed, the gallantry of his courtiership; the foresight of his +statecraft; the splendid dandyism of his apparel; the wild +freedom and companionship of his forest life, show how completely +the fop and the forager, the queenly pet and loyal +subject, the author and the actor, the noble and the democrat, +the soldier and the scholar, were, in the age of Elizabeth and +James, blent in one man, and that man—Sir Walter Raleigh.</p> + +<p>Do we not detect in this first adventurous and practical +patron of North America, many of the seemingly discordant +qualities which mingle so commonly in the versatile life of +our own people? If the calendar of courts had its saints, like +the calendar of the church, well might Sir Walter have been +canonized as protector of the broad realm for which the brutal +James made him a martyr to the jealousy and fear of Spain.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<p>Queen Elizabeth was the first British Sovereign who built +up that maritime power of England which has converted her +magnificent Island—dot as it is, in the waste of the sea—into +the wharf of the world. She was no friend of the Spaniards, +and she had men in her service who admired Spanish galeons. +Wealth, realized in coin, and gold or silver, in bulk, were +tempting merchandize in frail vessels, which sailors, half +pirate, half privateer, might easily deliver of their burden. It +was easier to rob than to mine; and, while Spain performed +the labor in the bowels of the earth, England took the profit +as a prize on the sea! Such were some of the elements of +maritime success, which weakened Spain by draining her +colonial wealth, while it enriched her rival and injured the +Catholic sovereign.</p> + +<p>Yet, in the ranks of these adventurers, there were men of +honest purpose; and, among the first whose designs of colonization +on this continent were unquestionably conceived in +a spirit of discovery and speculation, was the half brother of +Sir Walter Raleigh—Sir Humphrey Gilbert. But Sir Humphrey, +while pursuing his northern adventures, was unluckily +lost at sea, and Sir Walter took up the thread where his relative +dropped it. I regret that I have not time to pursue this +subject, and can only say that his enterprises were, doubtless,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +the germ of that colonization, which, by degrees, has filled +up and formed our Union.</p> + +<p>You will remember the striking difference between colonization +from England, and the colonization from other nations +of ancient and modern times. The short, imperfect navigation +of the Greeks, along the shores and among the islands of their +inland sea, made colonization rather a diffusive overflow, +than an adventurous transplanting of their people. They +were urged to this oozing emigration either by personal want, +by the command of law, or by the oracles of their gods, who +doubtless spoke under the authority of law. Where the +national religion was a unit in faith, there was no persecution +to drive men off, nor had the spirit of adventure seized those +primitive classics with the zeal of "annexation" that animated +after ages.</p> + +<p>The Roman colonies were massive, military progresses of +population, seeking to spread national power by conquest and +permanent encampment.</p> + +<p>Portugal and Spain, mingled avarice and dominion in their +conquests or occupation of new lands.</p> + +<p>The French Protestants were, to a great extent, prevented +by the bigotry of their home government, as well as by foreign +jealousy, from obtaining a sanctuary in America. France +drove the refugees chiefly into other European countries, +where they established their manufacturing industry; and +thus, fanaticism kept out of America laborious multitudes who +would have pressed hard on the British settlements. In the +islands, a small trade and the investment of money, rather +than the desire to acquire fortune by personal industry, were +the motives of the early and regular emigration of Frenchmen.</p> + +<p>The Dutch, devoted to trade, generally located themselves +where they "have just room enough to manifest the miracles +of frugality and diligence."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Thus, wherever we trace mankind abandoning its home, +in ancient or modern days, we find a selfish motive, a +superstitious command, a love of wealth, a lust of power, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +a spirit of robbery, controlling the movement. The first +adventurous effort towards the realization of actual settlement +on this continent, was, as we have seen, made by the persecuted +Huguenots, and was, probably, an attempt rather to fly +from oppression, than to establish religious freedom. The +first English settlement, also, was founded more upon speculation +than on any novel or exalted principle. There was +a quest of gold, a desire for land, and an honest hope of +improving personal fortunes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Virginia</span> had been a charter government, but, in 1624, +it was merged in the Royal Government. The crown reassumed +the dominion it had granted to others. Virginia, +in the first two decades of the seventeenth century, although +exhibiting some prosperous phases, was nothing more than a +delicate off-shoot from the British stock, somewhat vigorous +for its change to virgin soil, but likely to bear the same fruit +as its parent tree. Virginia was a limb timidly transplanted,—not +a branch torn off, and flung to wither or to fertilize new +realms by its decay. This continent, with all that a century +and a half of maritime coasting had done for it, was but +thinly sprinkled with settlements, which bore the same proportion +to the vast continental wilderness that single ships +or small squadrons bear to the illimitable sea. But the spirit +of adventure, the desire for refuge, the dream of liberty, were +soon to plant the seeds of a new civilization in the Western +World.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Henry VIII, Founder of the English Church, as he had, +whilom, been, Defender of the Roman Faith, was no friend +of toleration; but the rigor of his system was somewhat +relaxed during the reign of the sixth Edward. Mary, +daughter of Henry, and sister of Edward, re-constructed +the great ancestral church, and the world is hardly divided +in opinion as to the character of her reign. Elizabeth re-established +the church that had been founded by her father; +and her successor James I of England and VI of Scotland,—the +Protestant son of a Catholic mother,—while he +openly adhered to the church of his realm, could not avoid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +some exhibitions of coquettish tenderness for the faith of his +slaughtered parent.</p> + +<p>But, amid all these changes, there was one class upon +which the wrath of the Church of England and of the Church +of Rome, met in accordant severity;—this was the Puritan +and ultra Puritan sect,—to which I have alluded at the commencement +of this discourse,—whose lot was even more +disastrous under the Protestant Elizabeth, than under the +Catholic Mary. The remorseless courts of her commissioners, +who inquisitorially tried these religionists by interrogation +on oath, imprisoned them, if they remained lawfully +silent and condemned them if they honestly confessed!</p> + +<p>A congregation of these sectaries had existed for some +time on the boundaries of Lincoln, Nottingham and York, +under the guidance of Richard Clifton and John Robinson, +the latter of whom was a modest, polished, and learned man. +This christian fold was organized about 1602; but worried by +ceaseless persecution, it fled to Holland, where its members, +fearing they would be absorbed in the country that had entertained +them so hospitably, resolved in 1620 to remove to that +portion of the great American wilderness, known as North +Virginia. Such, in the chronology of our Continent, was the +first decisive emigration of our parent people to the New +World, <i>for the sake of opinion</i>.</p> + +<p>It is neither my purpose, nor is it necessary, to sketch the +subsequent history of this New England emigration, or of the +followers, who swelled it into colonial significance.</p> + +<p>Its great characteristic, seems to me, to have been, an +unalterable will to worship God according to <i>its</i> own sectarian +ideas, and to afford an equal right and protection to all +who thought as <i>it</i> did, or were willing to conform to its despotic +and anchoritic austerity. It is not very clear, what +were its notions of abstract political liberty; yet there can be +very little doubt what its practical opinions of equality must +have been, when we remember the common dangers, duties, +and interests of such a band of emigrants on the dreary, ice-bound, +savage haunted, coasts of Massachusetts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poemblock2"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"<i>When Adam delved, and Eve span,</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0"><i>Pray who was then the gentleman?</i>"<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>may well be asked of a community which for so long a time, +had been the guest of foreigners, and now saw the first great +human and divine law of liberty and equality, taught by the +compulsion of labor and mutual protection, on a strip of land +between the sea and the forest. The colonists were literally +reduced to first principles; they were stripped of the comforts, +pomps, ambitions, distinctions, of the Old World, and +they embraced the common destiny of a hopeful future in +the New.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> They had been persecuted for their opinions, but +that did not make them tolerant of the opinions of their persecutors. +It was better, then, that oppressor and oppressed +should live apart in both hemispheres; and thus, in sincerity, +if not in justice, their future history exhibits many bad examples +of the malign spirit from which they fled in Europe. If +they were, essentially, Republicans, their democracy was limited +to a political and religious equality of Puritan sectarianism;—it +had not ripened into the democracy of an all +embracing Christianity.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p><p>These occurrences took place during the reign of the prince +who united the Scottish and English thrones. At the Court +of James, and in his intimate service, during nearly the whole +period of his sovereignty, was a distinguished personage, who, +though his name does not figure grandly on the page of history, +was deeply interested in the destiny of our continent.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir George Calvert</span>, was descended from a noble Flemish +family, which emigrated and settled in the North of England, +where, in 1582, the Founder of Maryland was born. +After taking his Bachelor's degree at Oxford and travelling on +the Continent, he became, at the age of twenty-five, private +Secretary to Sir Robert Cecil, the Lord Treasurer—afterwards +the celebrated Earl of Salisbury. In 1609, he appears as +one of the patentees named in the new Charter then granted +to the Virginia Company. After the death of his ministerial +patron, he was honored with knighthood and made clerk of +the crown to the Privy Council. This brought him closely to +the side of his sovereign. In 1619, he was appointed one of +the Secretaries of State, and was then, also, elected to Parliament; +first for his native Yorkshire, and subsequently for Oxford. +He continued in office, under James, as Secretary of +State, until near that monarch's death, and resigned in 1624.</p> + +<p>Born in the Church of England, Sir George, had, in the +course of his public career, become a Roman Catholic. With +the period or the means of his conversion from the court-faith +to an unpopular creed, we have now no concern. Fuller, +in his "Worthies of England," asserts that Calvert resigned +in consequence of his change of religion;—other writers, +relying, perhaps, more on the <i>obiter dicta</i> of memoirs and history, +believe that his convictions as to faith had changed some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +years before. Be that, however, as it may, the resignation, +and its alleged cause which was well known to his loving +master, James, produced no ill feeling in that sovereign. He +retired in unpersecuted peace. He was even honored by the +retention of his seat at the Privy Council;—the King bestowed +a pension for his faithful services;—regranted him, in fee simple, +lands which he previously held by another tenure; and, +finally, created him Lord Baron of Baltimore, in Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Whilst Sir George was in office, his attention, it seems, +had been early directed towards America; and in 1620, he is +still mentioned in a list of the members of the Virginia Company. +Soon after, he became concerned in the plantation of +Newfoundland, and finally, obtained a patent for it, to him +and his heirs, as Absolute Lord and Proprietary, with all the +royalties of a Count Palatine. We must regret that the original, +or a copy of this grant for the province of Avalon, in +Newfoundland, has not been recently seen, or, if discovered, +transmitted to this country.</p> + +<p>Here, Sir George built a house; spent £25,000 in improvements; +removed his family to grace the new Principality; +manned ships, at his own charge, to relieve and guard the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +British fisheries from the attacks of the French; but, at length, +after a residence of some years, and an ungrateful return from +the soil and climate, he abandoned his luckless enterprise.</p> + +<p>Yet, it was soil and climate alone that disheartened the +Northern adventurer:—he had not turned his back on America. +In 1629 he repaired to Virginia, in which he had been so +long concerned, and was most ungraciously greeted by the +Protestant royalists, with an offer of the Test-Oaths of Allegiance +and supremacy. Sir George, very properly refused +the challenge, and departed with his followers from the inhospitable +James River, where the bigotry of prelacy denied him +a foothold within the fair region he had partly owned.</p> + +<p>But, before he returned to England, he remembered that +Virginia was now a Royal Province and no longer the property +of corporate speculation;—he recollected that there +were large portions of it still unoccupied by white men, and +that there were bays and rivers, pouring, sea-like, to the +ocean, of which grand reports had come to him when he was +one of the committee of the Council for the affairs of the Plantations. +Accordingly, when he left the James River, he +steered his keel around the protecting peninsula of Old Point +Comfort, and ascending the majestic Chesapeake, entered its +tributary streams, and laid, in imagination, at least, the foundations +of Maryland.</p> + +<p>His examination of the region being ended, Calvert went +home to England, and in 1632, obtained the grant of Maryland +from Charles I, the son of his royal patron and friend. +The charter, which is said to have been the composition +of Sir George, did not, however, pass the seals until after +the death of its author; but was issued to his eldest son and +heir, Cecilius, on the 20th of June, 1632. The life of Sir +George had been one of uninterrupted personal and political +success; his family was large, united and happy; if he did +not inherit wealth, he, at least, contrived to secure it; and, +although his conscience taught him to abandon the faith of +his fathers, his avowal of the change had been the signal for +princely favors instead of political persecution.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<p>Here the historic connexion of the <i>first</i> <span class="smcap">Lord Baltimore</span> +with Maryland ends. The real work of Plantation was the +task of <span class="smcap">Cecilius</span>, the first actual Lord Proprietary, and of +<span class="smcap">Leonard Calvert</span>, his brother, to whom, in the following +year, the heir of the family intrusted the original task of colonial +settlement. If anything was done by <span class="smcap">Sir George</span>, in +furtherance of the rights, liberties, or interests of humanity, +so far as the foundation of Maryland is concerned, it was unquestionably +effected anterior to this period, for we have no +authority to say, that after his death, his children were mere +executors of previous designs, or, that what was then done, +was not the result of their own provident liberality. I think +there can be no question that the charter was the work of Sir +George. That, at least, is his property; and he must be +responsible for its defects, as well as entitled to its glory.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> + +<p>I presume it is hardly necessary for me to say what manner +of person the King was, whom Calvert had served so intimately +during nearly a whole reign. James is precisely the historical +prodigy, to which a reflective mind would suppose the +horrors of his parentage naturally gave birth. In royal chronology +he stands between two axes,—the one that cleft the +ivory neck of his beautiful mother—the other that severed the +irresolute but refined head of his son and heir. His father, +doubtless, had been deeply concerned in the shocking murder +of his mother's second husband. Cradled on the throne of +Scotland; educated for Kingship by strangers; the ward of a +regency; the shuttle-cock of ambitious politicians; the hope +and tool of two kingdoms,—James lived during an age in +which the struggle of opinion and interest, of prerogative and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +privilege, of human right and royal power, of glimmering +science and superstitious quackery, might well have bewildered +an intellect, brighter and calmer than his. The English +people, who were yet in the dawn of free opinions, but who, +with the patience that has always characterized them, were +willing to obey any symbol of order,—may be said, rather to +have tolerated than honored his pedantry in learning, his kingcraft +in state, his petulance in authority, and his manifold +absurdities, which, while they made him tyrannical, deprived +him of the dignity that sometimes renders even a tyrant respectable.</p> + +<p>You will readily believe that a man like George Calvert +found it sometimes difficult to serve such a sovereign, in intimate +state relations. In private life he might not have selected +him for a friend or a companion. But James was his +King; the impersonation of British Royalty and nationality. +In serving him, he was but true to England; and, even in +that task, it, no doubt, often required the whole strength of his +heart's loyalty, to withstand the follies of the royal buffoon. +Calvert, I think, was not an enthusiast, but, emphatically, a +man of his time. His time was not one of Reform, and he +had no brave ambition to be a Reformer. Accustomed to the +routine of an observing and technical official life, he was, +essentially a practical man, and dealt, in politics, exclusively +with the present. Endowed, probably, with but slender imagination, +he found little charm or flavor in excursive abstractions. +His maxim may perhaps have been—"<i>quieta ne movete,</i>"—the +motto of moderate or cautions men who live in disturbed +times, preceding or succeeding revolutions, and think +it better—</p> + +<div class="poemblock2"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"——to bear those ills we have<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Than fly to others that we know not of!"<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>Yet, with all these characteristics, no one will hesitate to believe +that Calvert was a bold and resolute person, when it is +recollected that he visited the wilderness of the New World +in the seventeenth century, and projected therein the formation +of a British Province.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<p>But, in truth, our materials for his biography are extremely +scant. He died at the very moment when America's chief +interest in him began. He belonged to the Court Party, as +distinguished from the Country Party. He is known to have +been a zealous supporter of the "supremacy of authority." He +held, that "America, having been acquired by conquest, was +subject, exclusively, to the control of royal prerogative." He +was the defender of the Court in its diplomacy; and, ultra as +James was in his monarchical doctrines, there can be little +doubt that he would have dismissed Calvert from office, had +there not been concord between the crown and its servant, as +to the policy, if not the justice, of the toryism they both professed. +But let us not judge that century by the standards of +this. That would be writing history from a false point. Let +us not condemn rulers who seem to be despotic in historic +periods of transition—in periods of mutual intolerance and distrust—in +periods when men know nothing, from practical +experience, of the capacity of mankind for self government.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>The charter which Sir George Calvert framed, and the successor +of James granted, was precisely the one we might justly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +suppose such a subject, and such a sovereign would prepare +and sign. It invested the Lord Proprietary with all the +royal rights, enjoyed by the Bishop of Durham, within the +County Palatine of Durham. He was the source of justice. +He was the fountain of honor, and allowed to decorate meritorious +provincials with whatever titles and dignities he should +appoint. He had the power to establish feudalism and all its +incidents. He was not merely the founder and filler of office, +but he was also the sole executive. He might erect towns, +boroughs and cities;—he might pardon offences and command +the forces. As ecclesiastical head of the Province, he had +the right to found churches, and was entitled to their advowsons.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +In certain cases he had the dangerous privilege of +issuing ordinances, which were to have the force of sovereign +decrees. In fact, allegiance to England, was alone preserved, +and the Lord Proprietary became an autocrat, with but two +limitations: 1st, the laws were to be enacted by the Proprietary, +with the advice and approbation of the free men, or free-holders +or their deputies,—the "<i>liberi homines</i>" and "<i>liberi +tenentes,</i>" spoken of in the charter;—and 2nd, "no interpretation" +of the charter was "to be made whereby God's Holy +Rights and the true Christian Religion, <i>or</i> the allegiance due +to us," (the King of England,) "our heirs and successors, +may, in any wise, suffer by change, prejudice or diminution." +Christianity and the King—I blush to unite such discordant +names—were protected in equal co-partnership.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<p>The first of these reserved privileges of the people, the +Lord Proprietary Cecilius understood, to mean, that <i>he</i> had the +exclusive privilege of proposing laws, and that the free-men, +or free-holders of his province, could only accept or reject his +propositions. These laws of the province were not to be submitted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +to the King for his approval, nor had he the important +<i>right of taxation</i>, which was expressly relinquished. In the +early legislation of Maryland, this supposed exclusive right of +proposing laws by the Proprietary, was soon tested by mutual +rejections, both by the legislative Assembly and by Cecilius, +of the Acts, which each had separately passed or prepared.</p> + +<p>But the other clause, touching "God's Holy Rights and +the true Christian Religion," was one, in regard to the practical +interpretation of which, I apprehend, there was never a +moment's doubt in the mind either of the people or of the Proprietary. +It is a radiant gem in the antique setting of the charter. +It is the glory of Calvert. It is the utter obliteration of +prejudice among all who professed Christianity. Toleration +was unknown in the old World; but this was more than toleration, +for it declared freedom at least to <i>Christians</i>,—yet it +was not perfect freedom, for it excluded that patient and suffering +race—that chosen people—who, to the disgrace even +of republican Maryland, within my recollection, were bowed +down by political disabilities.</p> + +<p>I am aware that many historians consider the religious freedom +of Maryland as originating in subsequent legislation, and +claim the act of 1649 as the statute of toleration. I do not +agree with them. Sir George Calvert had been a Protestant;—he +became a Catholic. As a Catholic, he came to Virginia, +and in the colony where he sought to settle, he found himself +assailed, for the first time in his life, by Protestant virulence +and incapacitation. He was now, himself, about to become +a Lord Proprietor. The sovereign who granted his charter +was a Protestant, and moreover, the king of a country whose +established religion was Protestant. The Protestant monarch, +of course, could not <i>grant</i> anything which would compromise +him with his Protestant subjects; yet the Catholic nobleman, +who was to take the beneficiary charter, could not +<i>receive</i>, from his Protestant master, a grant which would assail +the conscience of co-religionists over whom he was, in fact, to +be a sovereign. In England, the King had no right to interfere +with the Church of England; but in America, which was +a vacant, royal domain, his paramount authority permitted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +him to abolish invidious ecclesiastical distinctions. Calvert, +the Catholic, must have been less than a man, if he forgot his +fellow sufferers and their disabilities when he drew his charter. +His Protestant recollections taught him the vexations of +Catholic trials, while his Catholic observation informed him +sharply of Protestant persecution. Sectarianism was already +rampant across the Atlantic.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> The two British lodgments, in +Virginia and New England, were obstinately sectarian. Virginia +was Episcopalian; New England was Puritan;—should +Maryland be founded as an exclusively Protestant province, +or an exclusively Catholic settlement? It is evident that either +would be impossible:—the latter, because it would have been +both impolitic and probably illegal; and the former because it +would have been a ridiculous anomaly to force a converted +Catholic, to govern a colony wherein his own creed was not +tolerated by a fundamental and unalterable law. It is impossible +to conceive that the faith of Calvert and the legal religion +of Charles, did not enter into their deliberations, when +they discussed the Charter; and, doubtless, both subject and +sovereign justly decided to make "<span class="smcap">The Land of Mary,</span>" +which the Protestant Charles baptised in honor of his Catholic +Queen, a free soil for Christianity. It was Calvert's duly +and interest to make Charles tolerant of Catholic Christianity; +nor could he deny to others the immunity he demanded for +himself and his religious brethren. The language of the +charter, therefore, seems explicit and incapable of any other +meaning. There were multitudes of Catholics in England, +who would be glad to take refuge in a region where they were +to be free from disabilities, and could assert their manhood.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +The king, moreover, secured for his Catholic subjects a quiet, +but chartered banishment, which still preserved their allegiance. +At the court there was much leaning towards the +church of Rome. It was rather fashionable to believe one +way, and conform another. The Queen was zealous in her +ancestral faith; and her influence over the king, colored more +than one of his acts. Had Calvert gone to the market place, +and openly proclaimed, that a Protestant king, by a just charter +of neutrality, had established an American sanctuary for +Catholics, and invited them thither under the banner of the +cross, one of his chief objects, must have been at once defeated; +for intolerance would have rallied its parties against the +project, and the dream of benevolence would have been destroyed +for ever. If by the term, "God's Holy Rights and the +true Christian religion," the charter meant, <i>the church of England</i>, +then, <i>ex vi termini</i>, Catholicity could never have been +tolerated in Maryland; and yet it is unquestionable that the +original settlement was made under Catholic auspices—blessed +by Catholic clergymen—and acquiesced in by Protestant +followers. Was it not wise, therefore, to shield conscience in +Maryland, under the indefinite but unsectarian phraseology of +"God's Holy Rights and the true Christian Religion?"<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>So far, then, for the basis of the charter, and for the action +of Sir George Calvert. After his death, the planting of the +colony took place under the administration of Cecilius, who, +remaining in Europe, dispatched his brother Leonard to +America to carry out his projects.</p> + +<p>If the personal history of the Calverts is scant, the history +of the early days of Maryland is scarcely less so; but the industry +of antiquarians, and the researches of a learned Catholic +clergyman, have brought to light two documents which disclose +much of the religious and business character of the settlement. +The work entitled:—"<span class="smcap">A Relation of Maryland,</span>" +which was published in London in 1635, and gave the first +account of the planting of the province, is a minute, mercantile, +statistical, geographical and descriptive narrative of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +landing and locating of the adventurers who set sail in 1633, +and of their genial intercourse with the aborigines. If I had +time, it would be pleasing to sum up the facts of this historical +treasure, which was evidently prepared under the direction of +Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, if not actually written by him. +It is full of the spirit of careful, honest enterprise; and exhibits, +I think, conclusively, the fact that the design of Calvert, +in establishing this colony, was mainly the creation of a +great estate, manorial and agricultural, whose ample revenues +should, at all times, supply the needs of his ten children and +their descendants.</p> + +<p>The other document to which I refer, is a manuscript discovered +some years ago, by the Rev. Mr. McSherry, in the +archives of the college of the Propaganda, at Rome, and exhibits +the zeal with which the worthy Jesuits, whom Lord +Baltimore sent forth with the first settlers, applied themselves +to the christianization of the savages. It presents some beautiful +pictures of the simple life of these devotees. It shows +that, in Maryland, the first step was <i>not</i> made in crime; and +that the earliest duty of the Governor, was not only to conciliate +the Indian proprietors, but to purchase the land they were +willing to resign. Nor was this all; there was provident +care for the soul as well as the soil of the savage. There is +something rare in the watchful forethought which looks not +only to the present gain or future prospects of our fellow men, +which takes heed not only of the personal rights and material +comforts of the race it is displacing, but guards the untutored +savage, and consigns him to the vigilance of instructed +piety. This "<span class="smcap">Narrative of Father White,</span>" and the +Jesuits' letters, preserved in the college at Georgetown, portray +the zeal with which the missionaries, in their frail barks, +thridded the rivers, coves and inlets of our Chesapeake and +Patapsco;—how they raised the cross, under the shadow of +which the first landing was effected;—how they set up their +altars in the wigwams of the Indians, and sought, by simplicity, +kindness and reason, to reach and save the Indian. In Maryland, +persecution was dead at the founding;—prejudice, even, +was forbidden. The cruelties of Spanish planting were unknown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +in our milder clime. No violence was used, to convert +or to appropriate, and thus, the symbol of salvation, was +properly raised on the green Isle of St. Clement, as an emblem +of the peace and good will, which the Proprietary desired +should sanctify his enterprise.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> +<p>I think there ran be no doubt that this adventure had the +double object of affording an exile's refuge to Calvert's co-religionists, +as well as of promoting the welfare of his family. +It was designed for land-holders and laborers. It was a +manorial, planting colony. Its territory was watered by two +bays, several large rivers, and innumerable streams. Its fertile +lands and thick forests, invited husbandmen, while its +capacious coasts tempted the hardy fisherman. And so it is, +that in the Arms which were prepared for the Proprietary government, +the baronial shield of the Calvert family, dropped, +in America, its two supporting leopards, and received in +their stead, on either side, a Fisherman and a Farmer. +"Crescite et Multiplicamini,"—its motto,—was a watchword +of provident thrift.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Forty-nine years after the charter was granted to Lord +Baltimore, King Charles II issued a patent, for a magnificent +patrimony in America, to <span class="smcap">William Penn</span>.</p> + +<p>But what a change, in that half century, had passed over +the world! A catalogue of the events that took place, in +Great Britain alone, is a history of the growth of Opinion and +of the People.</p> + +<p>Charles's efforts to overthrow the Presbyterian Church in +Scotland, and to enforce Episcopacy, brought on the war +with the stern enthusiasts of that country. Laud, in the +Church, and the Earl of Strafford, in the Cabinet, kept the +King in a constant passion of royal and ecclesiastical power. +Strafford fell, and the civil war broke out. Cromwell towered +up suddenly, on the bloody field, and was victorious over the +royalists. The King perished on the scaffold. Cromwell +became Lord Protector. Anon, the commonwealth fell; the +Stuarts were restored, and Charles II ascended the throne;—but +amid all these perilous acts of political and religious fury, +the world of thought had been stirred by the speeches and +writings, of Taylor, Algernon Sydney, Hampden, and Milton. +As the people gradually felt their power they learned to know +their rights, and, although they went back from Republicanism +to Royalty, they did so, perhaps, only to save themselves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +from the anarchy that ever threatens a nation while +freeing itself from feudal traditions.</p> + +<p>Besides these political and literary phases of the time, there +had been added to the Catholic, Episcopal, and Puritan sects, +a <i>new</i> element of religious power, which was destined to +produce a slow but safe revolution among men.</p> + +<p>An humble shoemaker, named <span class="smcap">George Fox</span>, arose and +taught that "every man was complete in himself; he stood in +need of no alien help; the light was free of all control,—above +all authority external to itself. Each human being, man or +woman, was supreme." The christian denomination called +Quakers, or more descriptively—"Friends,"—- thus obtained +a hearing and a standing among all serious persons who +thought Religion a thing of life as well as of death.</p> + +<p>Quakerism, with such fundamental principles of equality +in constant practice, became a social polity. If the Quaker +was a Democrat, he was so because the "inner light" of +his christianity made him one, and he dared not disobey +his christianity. He recognized no superiors, for his conscience +taught him to deny any privileges to claimed superiority. +But the Quaker added to his system, an element +which, hitherto, was unknown in the history of sects;—he was +a Man of Peace. It is not to be supposed that any royal or +ecclesiastical government would allow such radical doctrines +to pass unnoticed, in the midst of a society which was ever +greedy for new teachings. The Quaker, therefore, soon participated +in the persecutions which prelacy thought due to +liberal christianity. But persecution of the Friend, was the +Friend's best publication, for he answered persecution, not by +recantation, but by peaceful endurance. Combative resistance, +in religious differences, always gives the victor a right, or at +least, an excuse, to slay. But Quakerism, a system of personal +and religious independence and peace,—became slowly successful +by the <i>vis inertiæ</i> of passive resistance. All other +sects were, more or less, combative;—Quakerism was an +obstinate rock, which stood, in rooted firmness, amid a sea of +strife:—the billows of faction raged around it and broke on +its granite surface, but they wasted themselves—<i>not</i> the rock!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +And this is a most important fact in the history of Religion +in its development of society. All other sects lost caste, +power or material, either by aggression or by fighting. But +the Quaker said to the Prelate, the Puritan, and the Catholic, +you may annoy us by public trials, by denial of justice, by +misrepresentation, by imprisonment, by persecution, by the +stake,—yet we shall stand immovable on two principles, +which deny that God is glorified by warfare—especially for +opinion. Our principles are, equality and peace—in the +church and in the world. Equality is to make us humble +and good citizens. Peace is to convert this den of human +tigers into a fold, wherein by simply performing our duties to +each other and to God, we may prepare ourselves for the +world of spirits. You can persecute—<i>we</i> can suffer. Who +shall tire first? We will be victorious by the firmness that +bears your persecutions; and those very persecutions, while +they publish your shame, shall proclaim our principles as well +as our endurance. They knew, from the history of Charles +1st, that the worst thing to be done with a bad king was to +kill him; for, if the axe metamorphosed that personage into +a martyr, the prison could never extinguish the light of +truth in the doctrines of Quakerism!<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>You will pardon me, gentlemen, for having detained you so +long in discussing the foundation of Maryland. The planting +of your own state is familiar to you. It has been thoroughly +treated in the writings of your Proud, Watson, Gordon, +Du Ponceau, Tyson, Fisher, Wharton, Reed, Ingraham, Armstrong +and many others. Can it be necessary for me to say +a word, in Philadelphia, of the history of <span class="smcap">William Penn</span>;—of +him, who, as a lawgiver and executive magistrate,—a +practical, pious, Quaker,—<i>first</i> developed in state affairs, and +reduced to practice, the liberty and equality enjoined by his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +religion and founded on liberal christianity;—of him who +<i>first</i> taught mankind the sublime truth, that—</p> + +<div class="poemblock2"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Beneath the rule of men entirely great<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"The <span class="smcap">Pen</span> <i>is mightier than the sword? Behold</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0">"The arch-enchanter's wand,—itself a nothing!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"But taking sorcery from the master hand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"To paralyse the Cesars! <i>Take away the sword</i>,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"<i>States can be saved without it!</i>"<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>It would be idle to detail the facts of his life or government, +for, not only have Pennsylvanians recorded and dwelt upon +them until they are household lessons, but they have been +favorite themes for French, British, Italian, German and +Spanish philosophers and historians.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>It was Penn to whom the charter of 1681 was granted, +half a century after the patent issued to Cecilius Calvert. +The instrument itself, has many of the features of the Maryland +grant; but it is well known that the absolute powers it +bestowed on the Proprietary, were only taken by him in order +that he might do as he pleased in the formation of a new +state, whose principles of freedom and peace, might, first in +the World's history, practically assume a national aspect.</p> + +<p>I shall not recount the democratic liberalities of his system, +as it was matured by his personal efforts and advice. Original, +as he unquestionably was, in genius; bold as he was in +resisting the pomp of the world, at a time when its vanities +sink easiest and most corruptingly into the heart,—we may +nevertheless, say, that the deeds and history of his time, as +well as of the previous fifty years, had a large share in +moulding his character.</p> + +<p>In William Penn, the crude germs of religious originality, +which, in Fox, were struggling, and sometimes almost stifling +for utterance, found their first, ablest, and most accomplished +expounder. He gave them refinement and respectability. +His intimacy with Algernon Sidney taught him the value of +introducing those principles into the doctrines of government;—and +thus, he soon learned that when political rights +grow into the sanctity of religious duties, they receive thereby<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +a vitality which makes them irresistible. Penn, in this wise, +become an expanded embodiment of Fox and Sidney; and, +appropriating their mingled faith and polity, discarded every +thing that was doctrinal and not practical, and realized, in +government, their united wisdom. Nobly <i>in his age</i>, did he +declare: "I know what is said by the several admirers of +monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, which are the rule +of one, of a few, and of the many, and are the three common +ideas of government when men discourse on that subject. +But I choose to solve the controversy with this small distinction, +and it belongs to all three:—<i>any government is free to +the people under it, whatever be the frame, where the laws +rule and the people are a party to those laws; and more than +this is tyranny, oligarchy, and confusion.</i>"<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<p>In these historical illustrations, I have striven to show that +Primitive Christianity was the basis of equal rights and responsibilities. +The alleged defence of this christianity, in the +land of its birth, gave rise to "holy wars," in which Feudalism +and Chivalry originated. Feudalism was the source of +the strictest military dependence, as well as of manifold social +perversions. The knight expanded into a lord,—the subject +commoner dwindled to a soldier or a serf. Thus Feudalism +and a great historical Church, grew up in aristocratic co-partnership +over the bodies and souls of mankind, until the one, +by the omnipotence of its spiritual authority, ripened into an +universal hierarchy, while the other, by the folly of its "divine +right," decayed into a temporal despotism that fell at the first +blow of the heads-man's axe. The reformation and revolution +broke the enchanter's wand; and, when the cloud passed +from the bloody stage, instead of seeing before us a magician +full of the glories of his art and almost deceived himself, by +the splendor of his incantations, we beheld a meagre and +pitiful creature, who though blind and palsied, still retained +for a while, the power of witch-like mischief. But his reign +was not lasting. The stern Puritan,—the pioneer of Independence,—advanced +with his remorseless weapon,—while +quietly, in his shadow, followed the calm and patient Friend,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +sowing the seed of Peace and Good-Will in the furrows +plowed by the steel of his unrelenting predecessor. And +thus again, after ages of corrupt and desolating perversion, +the selfish heart of man came humbly back to its original faith +that Liberal Christianity is the true basis of enlightened freedom, +and the only foundation of good and lasting government.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The bleak winds of March were blowing in Maryland, +when Calvert conciliated and purchased from the Indians at +Saint Mary's; but Autumn was</p> + +<div class="poemblock"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Laying here and there<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"A fiery finger on the leaves,"<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>when Penn, also, established a perfect friendship with the +savages at Shackamaxon.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>Calvert, a protestant officer of the crown, became a catholic, +and, retiring to private life, was rewarded by his king, +with a pension, estates, and an American principality;—Penn, +the son of a British Admiral, and who is only accurately +known to us by a portrait which represents him <i>in armor</i>, began +life as an adherent of the Church of England, and having +conscientiously, doffed the steel for the simple garb of Quakerism, +was persecuted, not only by his government but his +parent. Calvert took the grant of a feudal charter, and +asserting all its legislative and baronial powers, sought to fasten +its Chinese influence, in feudal fixedness, on his colonists;—but +Penn, knowing that feudalism was an absurdity, +in the necessary equality of a wilderness, embraced his great +authority in order "to leave himself and his successors no +power of doing mischief, so that the will of one man might +not hinder the good of a whole community."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p><p>Calvert seems to have thought of English or Irish emigration +alone;—Penn, did not confine himself to race, but +sought for support from the Continent as well as from Britain.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>Calvert was ennobled for his services;—Penn rejected a +birthright which might have raised him to the peerage.</p> + +<p>Calvert's public life was antecedent to his American visit—Penn's +was almost entirely subsequent to the inception of his +"holy experiment."</p> + +<p>Calvert laid the foundations of a mimic kingdom;—Penn, +with the power of a prince, stripped himself of authority. +The one was naturally an aristocrat of James's time; the +other, quite as naturally, a democrat of the transition age of +Sidney.</p> + +<p>Calvert imagined that mankind stood still; but, Penn believed, +that mankind <i>ever</i> moves, or, that like an army under +arms, when not marching, it is marking time.</p> + +<p>While to Calvert is due the honor of a considerable religious +advance on his age, as developed in his charter,—Penn is to +be revered for the double glory of civil and <i>perfect</i> religious +liberty. Calvert mitigated man's lot by toleration;—Penn +expanded the germ of toleration into unconditional freedom.</p> + +<p>Calvert was the founder of a Planting Province, mainly +agricultural, and creative of all the manorial dependencies;—but +Penn seems to have heartily cherished the idea of a great +City, and of the commerce it was to gather and develope +from a wilderness over which it was to stand as guardian +sentinel. As farming was the chief interest of the one, trading, +became, also, a favorite of the other; and thus, while +the <i>transient</i> trader visited, supplied, and left the native +Indian free,—the <i>permanent</i> planter settled forever on his +"hunting grounds," and drove him further into the forest.</p> + +<p>Calvert recognized the law of war;—Penn made peace a +fundamental institution. They both felt that civilized nations +have a double and concurrent life,—material and spiritual;—but +Calvert sought rather to develop one, while Penn addressed +himself to the care of both.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> +<p>Calvert's idea was to open a new land by old doctrines, +and to form his preserving amber around a worthless fly;—but +Penn's Pennsylvania was to crystalize around the novel +and lucid nucleus of freedom.</p> + +<p>Calvert supposed that America was to be a mere reflex of +Britain, and that the heart of his native Island would pulsate +here; but Penn, seeing that the future population of +America, like the soil of the Mississippi Valley, would be an +alluvial deposit from the overflow of European civilization, +thought it right to plant a new doctrine of human rights, +which would grow more vigorously for its transplanting and +culture.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The germs of Civil and Religious freedom may be found +elsewhere in the foundation of American provinces and colonies. +I know they are claimed for the cabin of the Mayflower, +the rock of Plymouth, and the sands of Rhode Island. +But I think that William Penn is justly entitled to the honor +of adopting them on principle, after long and patient reflection, +as the seed of his people, and thus, of having taken from their +introduction by him into this country, all the disparagement +of originating either in discontent or accident. His plan was +the offspring of beautiful design, and not the gypsey child of +chance or circumstance.</p> + +<p>History is to man what water is to the landscape,—it mirrors, +but distorts in its reflection, and the great founder of +Pennsylvania has suffered from this temporary distortion. +But, at length, the water will become still, and the image will +be perfect. Penn is one of those majestic figures that loom +up on the waste of time, in the same eternal permanence and +simple grandeur in which the Pyramids rise in relief from the +sands of Egypt. Let no Arab displace a single stone!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_No_I" id="APPENDIX_No_I"></a>APPENDIX No. I.</h2> + + +<p>It is singular that the clause in the XXII section of Charles Ist's charter to +Lord Baltimore, relating to the interpretation of that instrument in regard to +religion, has never been accurately translated, but that all commentators have, +hitherto, followed the version given by Bacon. I shall endeavor to demonstrate +the error.</p> + +<p>The following parallel passages exhibit the original Latin, and Bacon's +adopted translation:</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>ORIGINAL LATIN.</td> +<td align='center'>ENGLISH TRANSLATION.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>The 22nd section of the charter of Maryland, copied from Bacon's Laws, +wherein it was adopted from an attested copy from the original record +remaining in the Chapel of Rolls in 1758:</td> +<td align='left'>Translation of the 22nd section of the charter, from Bacon's Laws of +Maryland, wherein it is copied from an old translation published by +order of the Lower House in the year 1725:</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>"<span class="smcap">Section xxii.</span> Et si fortè imposterum contingat Dubitationes aliquas +quæstiones circa verum sensum et Intellectum alicujus verbi clausulæ vel +sententiæ in hâe presenti <span class="smcap">Charta</span> nostrâ contentæ generari <span class="smcap">Eam</span> semper et +in omnibus Interpretationem adhiberi et in quibuscunque Curiis et +Prætoriis nostris obtinere <span class="smcap">Volumus</span> præcipimus et mandamus quæ præfato +modò Baroni de <span class="smcap">Baltimore</span> Hæredibus et Assignatis suis benignior utilior +et favorabilior esse judicabitur Proviso semper quod nulla fiat +Interpretatio per quam sacro-sancta <span class="smcap">Dei</span> et vera Christiana Religio aut +Ligeantia <span class="smcap">Nobis</span> Hæredibus et successoribus nostris debita Immutatione +Prejudicio vel dispendio in aliquo patiantur:" &c. &c.</td> + +<td align='left' style='vertical-align: top;'>"<span class="smcap">Section xxii.</span> And if, peradventure, hereafter it may happen that +any doubts or questions should arise concerning the true sense and +meaning of any word, clause or sentence contained in this our +present charter, we will, charge, and command, <span class="smcap">That</span> Interpretation +to be applied, always, and in all things, and in all our Courts and +Judicatories whatsoever, to obtain which shall be judged to be more +beneficial, profitable and favorable to the aforesaid now Baron of +<span class="smcap">Baltimore</span>, his heirs and assigns: Provided always that no +interpretation thereof be made whereby <span class="smcap">God</span>'s holy and true christian +religion, or the allegiance due to us, our heirs and successors, +may, in any wise, suffer by change, prejudice or diminution:" &c. +&c.,</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>It will be noticed that this <i>Latin</i> copy, according to the well known ancient +usage in such papers, is not punctuated, so that we have no guidance, for the +purpose of translation, from that source.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + +<p>The translation of this section as far as the words: "<i>Proviso semper quod +nulla fiat interpretatio,</i>" &c. is sufficiently correct; but the whole of the final +clause, should in my opinion, be rendered thus:—</p> + +<p>"Provided always that no interpretation thereof be made, whereby <span class="smcap">God's +holy rights</span> <i>and</i> the <span class="smcap">TRUE CHRISTIAN RELIGION</span>, or the allegiance due to +us our heirs or successors, may, in any wise suffer by change, prejudice or +diminution." Let me offer my reasons for this alteration:</p> + +<p>1st, This new translation harmonizes with the evident grammatical construction +of the Latin sentence, and is the easiest as well as most natural. +The common version, given by Bacon: "<span class="smcap">God's</span> holy <i>and</i> true <span class="smcap">CHRISTIAN</span> +religion,"—is grossly pleonastic, if not nonsensical. Among christians, "God's +religion," can of course, only be the "christian religion;" and, with equal +certainty, it is not only a "true" religion, but a "holy" one!</p> + +<p>2nd, The word <i>Sacrosanctus</i>, always conveys the idea of a <i>consecrated inviolability, +in consequence of inherent rights and privileges</i>. In a dictionary, <i>contemporary +with the charter</i>, I find the following definition,—<i>in verbo sacrosanctus.</i></p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sacrosanctus</span>: Apud Ciceronem dicebatur id quod interposito jurejurando +sanctum, et institutum erat idem etiam significat ac sanctus, <i>santo</i>. +<i>Tribunus plebis dicebatur sacrosanctus, quia eum nefas erat attingere, longè +diviniori ratione Catholici appellamus ecclesiam Romanam sacrosanctam.</i> Calpinus +Parvus;—seu Dictionarium Cæsaris Calderini Mirani: <i>Venetiis</i>, 1618.</p> + +<p>Cicero, <i>in Catil</i>: 2. 8.—uses the phrase—"Possessiones sacrosanctæ," in this +sense; and so does Livy in the epithet,—"Sacrosancta potestas," as applied to +the Tribuneship; and, in the sentence,—"ut plebi sui magistratus essent sacrosanctæ."</p> + +<p>From the last sentence, in the definition given in the Venetian Dictionary of +1618, which I have cited in italics, it will be seen that the epithet had a peculiarly +Catholic signification <i>in its appropriation</i> by the Roman Church.</p> + +<p>3d, I contend that "<i>sacrosancta</i>" does not qualify "<i>religio</i>," but agrees with +<i>negotia</i>, or some word of similar import, understood; and thus the phrase—"<i>sacrosancta +Dei</i>"—forms a distinct branch of the sentence.</p> + +<p>If the translation given in Bacon is the true one, the positions of the words +"sacrosancta" and "Dei" should be reversed, for their present collocation clearly +violates accurate Latin construction. In that case, "<i>Dei</i>" being subject to the +government of "<i>religio</i>," ought to precede "<i>sacrosancta</i>," which would be appurtenant +to "<i>religio</i>," while "<i>et</i>," which would then couple the two adjectives +instead of the two members of the sentence, should be placed immediately between +them, without the interposition of any word to disunite it either from +"<i>sacrosancta</i>" or "<i>vera</i>." If my translation be correct, then the collocation of +all the words in the original Latin of the charter, is proper. If "<i>sacrosancta</i>" +is a neuter adjective agreeing with "<i>negotia</i>," understood,—and "<i>et</i>" conjoins +members of sentences, then the whole clause is obedient to a positive law of +Latin verbal arrangement. Leverett says: "The genitive is elegantly put before +the noun which governs it with one or more words between; <i>except</i> when +the genitive is <i>governed by a neuter adjective</i>, in which case, <i>it must</i> be <i>placed +after it</i>."</p> + +<p>4th, Again:—if "<i>et</i>" joins "<i>sacrosancta</i>" and "<i>vera</i>," which, thereby, qualify +the same noun, there are <i>then</i> only two nominatives in the Latin sentence of +the charter, viz: "<i>religio</i>" and "<i>ligcantia</i>." Now these nouns, being coupled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +by the disjunctive conjunction "<i>aut</i>," must have the verb agreeing with them +<i>separately</i> in the singular. But, as "<i>patiantur</i>" happens to be in the plural, the +author of the charter must either have been ignorant of one of the simplest +grammar rules, or have designed to convey the meaning I contend for.</p> + +<p>I must acknowledge the aid and confirmation I have received, in examining +this matter, from the very competent scholarship of my friend Mr. Knott, +assistant Librarian of the Maryland Historical Society.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_No_II" id="APPENDIX_No_II"></a>APPENDIX No. II.</h2> + + +<p>The scope of my discourse is confined to the illustration of <i>principles</i> either +announced, or acted on, in the <i>founding</i> of Maryland and Pennsylvania. I +have contended that Sir George Calvert, the <i>first</i> Lord Baltimore, so framed +the charter which was granted by Charles I, that, without express concessions, +the general character of its language in regard to religious rights, would secure +liberty of conscience to christians.</p> + +<p>I: 1632.—Language can scarcely be more perspicuously comprehensive, +than in the phrase: "God's Holy Rights and the true Christian Religion." +Under such a clause, <i>in the charter</i>, no particular church could set up a claim +for its exclusive christianity. There was no mention, in the instrument, of +"the Established Church," or, of "the Church of England." The Catholic +could not deny the Episcopalian's christianity; the Episcopalian could not +deny the Catholic's, nor could the Puritan question the christianity of either. +All professed faith in Christ. Each of the three great sects might contend that +its <i>form</i> of worship, or interpretation of the Bible, was the correct one; but +all came lawfully under the great generic class of christians. And, while the +political government of the colonists was to be conducted by a Catholic magistrate, +in a province belonging to a Catholic Lord,—the <i>interpretation</i> of the law +of religious rights was to be made, not by the laws of England, but exclusively +under the paramount law of the provincial charter. By that document the +broad "rights of God," and "the true christian religion," could not "suffer by +change, prejudice or diminution."</p> + +<p>This view is strengthened by a clause in the 4th section of the charter, by +which the king granted Lord B. "the patronages and advowsons of <span class="smcap">ALL</span> <i>churches</i> +which, <i>with the increasing worship and</i> <span class="smcap">Religion of Christ</span>, (<i>crescenti Christi +cultu et religione,</i>") should be built within his province. The right of <i>advowson</i>, +being thus bestowed on the Lord Proprietary, for <i>all Christian Churches</i>; +his majesty, then, goes on, empowering Lord B. to erect and found churches, +chapels, &c. and <i>to cause</i> them to be dedicated "<i>according to the Ecclesiastical +laws of our kingdom of England</i>." The general right of advowson, and the particular +privilege, conceded to a Catholic, of causing the consecration of Episcopal +churches, are <i>separate</i> powers and ought not to be confounded by a hasty +reader of the charter.</p> + +<p>I think there can hardly be a fair doubt that the interpretation I give to the +22nd clause is the one assigned to it by the immigrants from the earliest colonial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +movement in 1633. We may assert, therefore, the fact, that religious freedom +was offered and secured for christians, in the province of Maryland, from the +very beginning.</p> + +<p>II: 1633.—We must recollect that under the English statutes, <i>adherents of +the national church required no protection</i>; they were free in the exercise of their +faith; but Catholics and Puritans were not so happily situated, and, accordingly, +they sought, in the new world an exemption from the disabilities and +persecutions they experienced at home. Can it be credited, that, under such +vexations, the Catholic Lord Baltimore would have drawn a charter, or, his +Catholic son and successor, sent forth a colony, under a Catholic Governor, +when the fundamental law, under which alone he exercised his power, did not +secure liberty to him and his co-religionists? It is simply necessary to ask the +question, in order to demonstrate the absurdity of such a supposition.</p> + +<p>III: 1634.—If we show, then, that Catholic conscience was untrammeled in +Maryland, I think we may fairly assume the general ground as satisfactorily +proved. What was, briefly, the first movement of this sect, under the Lord +Proprietary's auspices? When Lord Cæcilius was planning his colonial expedition +in 1633, one of his earliest cares was to apply to the Order of Jesus for +clergymen to attend the Catholic planters and settlers, and to convert the natives. +Accordingly, under the sanction of the Superior, Father White joined +the emigrants, <i>although, under previous persecutions in England, he had been +sent into perpetual banishment, to return from which subjected the culprit to the +penalty of death</i>! These facts are set forth, at page 14 of the 2nd volume of +Challoner's Memoirs. Historia Anglo-Bavara, S. J. Rev. Dr. Oliver's collections +illustrative of the Scotch, English and Irish Jesuits, page 222, and in +the essay on the Early Maryland Missions, by Mr. B. U. Campbell. Fathers +Andrew White and John Altham, and two lay brothers, named John Knowles +and Thomas Gervase, accompanied the first expedition, and were active agents +in consecrating the possession of the soil, and converting <i>Protestant immigrants</i> +as well as heathen natives. The colony, therefore, cannot properly be called a +Protestant one, when its <i>only</i> spiritual guides were Catholics; and consequently +if it was more of a Catholic than a Protestant emigration, it must, by legal +necessity, have been free from the moment it quitted the shores of England. +If the Catholic was free, all were free.</p> + +<p>IV: 1637.—Our next authority, in regard to the <i>early interpretation</i> of religious +rights in Maryland, is found in a passage in Chalmers's Political Annals, +page 235. "In the oath," says he, "taken by the Governor and Council, +<i>between</i> the years 1637 and 1657, there was the following clause, which ought +to be administered to the rulers of every country. 'I will not, by myself or any +other, directly or indirectly, trouble, molest or discountenance, any person professing +to believe in Jesus Christ, for or on account of his religion.'" This +shows, that "belief in Jesus Christ," under the constitutional guaranty of the +charter, anterior to the enactment of any colonial law by the Maryland Assembly, +secured sects from persecution. The language of the oath, which was +doubtless promulgated by the Lord Proprietor, is as broad as the language of +the charter. The statement of Chalmers has been held to be indefinite as to +whether the oath was taken <i>from</i> 1637 to 1657, or, whether it was taken in +some years <i>between</i> those dates; but, if the historian did not mean to say that +it had been administered <i>first</i> in 1637, and continued afterwards, why would he +not have specified any other, as the beginning year, as well as 1637? The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +objection seems rather hypercritical than plausible. Chalmers was too accurate +a writer to use dates so loosely, and inasmuch as he was an old Maryland +lawyer and custodian of the Maryland provincial papers, he had the best opportunity +to designate the precise date. A Governor's oath was a regular and +necessary official act. No one can doubt that an oath was required of that +personage in Maryland; and the oath in question, is precisely such an one as +Protestant settlers, in that age, might naturally expect from a Catholic Magistrate, +who, (even from motives of the humblest policy,) would be willing to +grant to others what he was anxious to secure for himself. If ever there was +a proper time for perfect toleration, it was at this moment, when a Catholic +became, <i>for the first time in history</i>, a sovereign prince of the <i>first province</i> of +the British Empire!</p> + +<p>Mr. Chalmers could not have confounded the oath whose language he cites, +with other oaths which the reader will find cited in the 2nd volume of Bozman's +History of Maryland, at pages 141, 608, 642. The oath prepared for +Stone in 1648, appears to have been an augmented edition of the one quoted +by Chalmers, and is so different in parts of its phraseology as well as items, +that it cannot have been mistaken by the learned annalist. Bancroft, +McMahon, Tyson, C. F. Mayer and B. U. Campbell, adopt his statement as +true.</p> + +<p>V: 1638.—In regard to the early <i>practice of Maryland</i> tribunals, on the subject +of tolerance, we have a striking case in 1638. In that year a certain +<i>Catholic</i>, named William Lewis, was arraigned before the Governor, Secretary, +&c., for <i>abusive language to Protestants</i>. Lewis confessed, that, coming into a +room where Francis Gray and Robert Sedgrave, servants of Captain Cornwaleys, +were reading, he heard them recite passages so that he should hear them, +that were reproachful to his religion, "viz: that the Pope was anti-Christ, +and the Jesuits anti-Christian Ministers, &c: he told them it was a falsehood +and came from the devil, and that he that writ it was an instrument of the +devil, and so he would approve it!" The court found the culprit "guilty of +a very offensive speech in calling the Protestant ministers, the ministers of +the devil," and of "exceeding his rights, in forbidding them to read a lawful +book." In consequence of this "offensive language," and other "unreasonable +disputations, in point of religion, tending to the disturbance of the +peace and quiet of the Colony, committed by him, <i>against a public proclamation +set forth to prohibit all such disputes</i>," Lewis was fined and remanded +into custody until he gave security for future good behaviour.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Thus, four years, only, after the settlement, the liberty of conscience was +vindicated by a recorded judicial sentence, and "unreasonable disputations in +point of religion," rebuked by a Catholic Governor in the person of a Catholic +offender. There could scarcely be a clearer evidence of impartial and tolerant +sincerity. The decision, moreover, is confirmatory of the fact that the Governor +had taken such an oath as Chalmers cites, in the previous year, 1637; especially +as there had <i>already been a "proclamation to prohibit disputes</i>!"</p> + +<p>VI: 1638.—At the <i>first efficient</i> General Assembly of the Colony, which +was held in this year, only two Acts were passed, though thirty-six other bills +were twice read and engrossed, but not finally ripened into laws. The second<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +of the two acts that were passed, contains a section asserting that "Holy +Church, <i>within this province</i>, shall have all her rights and liberties;" thus securing +the rights of Catholics;—while the first of the thirty-six incomplete +acts was one, which we know only by <i>title</i>, as "An act for <i>Church liberties</i>." +It was to continue in force until the end of the next General Assembly, and +then, with the Lord Proprietary's consent, to be perpetual. Although we +have no means of knowing the extent of the proposed "Church liberties," we +may suppose that the proposed enactment was general, in regard to all Christian +sects besides the Catholics.</p> + +<p>VII: 1640.—At the session of 1640, an act for "Church liberties" <i>was passed</i> +on the 23d October, and confirmed, as a perpetual law, in the first year of the +accession of Charles Calvert, 3d Lord Baltimore, in 1676. This Act also +declares that "Holy Church, within this province, shall have and enjoy all +her rights, liberties and franchises, wholly and without blemish." Thus, in +1640, legislation had already settled opinion as to the rights of Catholics and +Protestants. Instead of the early Catholics seeking to contract the freedom of +other sects, their chief aim and interest seem to have been to secure their own. +I consider the Acts I have cited rather as mere declaratory statutes, than as +necessary original laws.</p> + +<p>VIII: 1649.—In this year, an assembly, believed to have been composed of +a Protestant majority, passed the act which has been lauded as the source of +religious toleration. It is "An Act concerning Religion," and, in my judgment, +is less tolerant than the Charter or the Governor's Oath, inasmuch as it +included Unitarians in the same category with blasphemers and those who +denied our Saviour Jesus Christ, punishing all alike, with confiscation of +goods and the pains of <i>death</i>. This was the epoch of the trial and execution +of Charles I, and of the establishment of the Commonwealth.</p> + +<p>IX: 1654.—The celebrated act I have just noticed, however, was passed +fifteen years after the original settlement, which exceeds the period comprised +in the actual <i>founding</i> of Maryland. Besides this, the political and religious +aspect of England was changing, and the influence of the home-quarrel was +beginning to be felt across the Atlantic. In 1654, during the mastery of +Cromwell, religious freedom was destroyed: Puritanism became paramount; +Papacy and Prelacy were denounced by law; and freedom was assured only +to Puritans, and such as professed "faith in God by Jesus Christ, though differing +in judgment, from the doctrine or worship publicly held forth."</p> + +<p>X.—It has been alleged that the clause in the Maryland Charter securing +"God's holy rights and the true Christian religion," is only an incorporation +into Lord Baltimore's instrument, of certain clauses contained in the early +Charters of Virginia. If the reader will refer to the 1st volume of Henning's +Statutes at large, he will find all those documents in English, but <i>unaccompanied +by the original Latin</i>. Thus, we have no means of judging the <i>accuracy +of the translation</i>, or <i>identity of language</i> in the Maryland and Virginia instruments. +Adopting, however, for the present, the translation given by Henning, +we find no coincidence of phraseology either to justify the suspicion of a mere +copy, or to subject our charter to the <i>limitations</i> contained in the Virginia +patents. Disabilities are to be construed strictly in law, and our charter is not +to be interpreted by another, but stands on its own, independent, context and +manifest signification.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + +<p>The first Virginia Charter or Patent was issued to Sir Thomas Gates and +others, April 10th, 1606, in the 4th year of James's English reign. Among +the "Articles, Orders, Instructions," &c., set down for Virginia, 20th Nov., +1606,—(though nothing is said about restrictions in religion, while the preamble +commends the noble work of propagating the Christian religion among +infidel savages,)—is the following clause:—"And we doe specallie ordaine, +charge, and require the presidents and councills," (of the two Colonies of +Virginia,) "respectively, within their severall limits and precincts, that they +with all diligence, care and respect, doe provide, that the <i>true word and service +of God and Christian faith</i>, be preached, planted and used, not only within +every of the said severall colonies and plantations, but alsoe, as much as they +may, among the salvage people which doe or shall adjoine unto them, or border +upon them, <i>according to the</i> <span class="smcap">DOCTRINE</span>, <span class="smcap">RIGHTS</span>, <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">RELIGION</span>, <i>now professed +and established within our realme of England</i>."—<i>1st Henning</i>, 69.</p> + +<p>The second charter or patent, dated 23d May, 1609, 7th "James I," was +issued to the Treasurer and Company for Virginia, and in its XXIX section, +declares: "And lastly, because the principal effect, which we can desire or +expect of this action, is the conversion and reduction of the people in those +parts unto the <i>Worship of God and Christian religion, in which respect we should +be loath, that any person be permitted to pass, that we suspected to affect the superstitions +of the Church of Rome</i>; we do hereby declare that it is our will and +pleasure that none be permitted to pass in any voyage, from time to time, to +be made unto the said country, but such as shall first have taken the Oath of +Supremacy; &c., &c.—<i>1st Henning</i>, 97.</p> + +<p>The third Charter of James the I, in the 9th year of his English reign, was +issued 12th March, 1611-12 to the Treasurer and Company for Virginia. The +XIIth section empowers certain officers to administer the <i>Oath of Supremacy +and Allegiance</i>, to "all and every persons which shall at any time or times +hereafter go or pass to said Colony of Virginia."</p> + +<p>The Instructions to Governor Wyatt, of 24th of July, 1621, direct him:—"<i>to +keep up the Religion of the Church of England, as near as may be</i>," &c., +&c.—<i>1st Henning.</i></p> + +<p>All these extracts, it will be observed, contain <i>limitations</i> and <i>restrictions</i>, +either explicitly <i>in favor</i> of the English Church, or <i>against</i> the, so called, "superstitions +of the Church of Rome." The Maryland Charter shows no such +narrow clauses, and consequently, is justly free from any connexion, <i>in interpretation</i>, +with the Virginia instruments. Besides this, we do not know that +the language of the original Latin of the Virginia Charters, is the same as ours, +and, therefore, it would be "reasoning in a circle," or, "begging the question," +if we translated the Maryland Charter into the exact language of the Virginian. +The phraseology—"God's holy rights and the true Christian religion,"—<i>unlimited +in the Maryland Patent</i>,—was a distinct assertion of broad equality +to all professing to believe in Jesus Christ. It was not subject to any sectarian +restriction, and formed the basis of religious liberty in Maryland, until it was +undermined during the Puritan intolerance in 1654.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CORRESPONDENCE" id="CORRESPONDENCE"></a>CORRESPONDENCE.</h2> + +<table class="right" summary="Address"> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">Hall of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania,</td> +<td class="tdr two" rowspan="2">}</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, <em>April 12th, 1852</em>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</p> + +<p>We have been appointed a committee to communicate to +you the following resolution passed at a meeting of the Historical Society held +this evening:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, That the thanks of the <span class="smcap">Historical Society</span>, are hereby +returned to <span class="smcap">Mr. Brantz Mayer</span>, of <span class="smcap">Baltimore</span>, for his very able and eloquent +address, delivered before it, on Thursday evening, the 8th instant; and +that <span class="smcap">Messrs. Tyson</span>, <span class="smcap">Fisher</span>, <span class="smcap">Coates</span> and <span class="smcap">Armstrong</span>, be appointed a +committee to transmit this resolution to Mr. Mayer, and request a copy of the +address for publication."</p></blockquote> + +<p>Permit us to express the pleasure we derived from the delivery of your Discourse, +and, also, the hope that you will comply with the Society's request.</p> + +<p>We remain, with great respect, your obedient servants,</p> + +<table summary="Recipients"> +<tr> +<td>JOB R. TYSON,<br /> +J. FRANCIS FISHER,<br /> +B. H. COATES,<br /> +EDW. ARMSTRONG.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>To MR. BRANTZ MAYER, <span class="smcap">Baltimore</span>.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Baltimore</span>, <em>15th April, 1852</em>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>:</p> + +<p>I am much obliged to the <span class="smcap">Pennsylvania Historical +Society</span>, for the complimentary resolution it was pleased to pass in relation to +the Discourse I delivered before it on the 8th of this month. In compliance +with your request, I place a copy of the address at your disposal; and, while +thanking you for the courtesy with which you have communicated the vote of +your colleagues, I have the honor to be, your most obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="right">BRANTZ MAYER.</p> + +<table summary="Recipients"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">To <span class="smcap">Messieurs</span></td> + +<td class="tdl">JOB R. TYSON,<br/> +J. FRANCIS FISHER,<br /> +B. H. COATES,<br /> +EDW. ARMSTRONG,</td> + +<td class="tdmid"><span class="four">}</span></td> + +<td class="tdmid">Committee, &c. &c. &c.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr style="width: 100%;" /> + +<h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mr. Joseph Hunter's "Collections concerning the Early History of the +Founders of New Plymouth." London, 1849: No 2 of his Critical and Historical +Tracts, p. 14.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> It is believed by historians that Sir Walter Raleigh fell a victim to the +intrigues of Spain at the Court of James. His American adventures and hardihood +were dangerous to the Spanish Empire. A small pamphlet entitled: A +<span class="smcap">New Description of Virginia</span>, published in London in 1619, a reprint of +which is possessed by the Virginia Historical Society, shows how the prophetic +fears of the Spaniard, even at that early time, conjured up the warning +phantom of Anglo-Saxon "<i>annexation.</i>"</p> + +<p>"It is well known," says the pamphlet, "that our English plantations have +had little countenance; nay, that our statesmen, (when time was,) had store +of Gundemore's gold," (meaning Gondomar, Spanish Minister at James's +Court)—"<i>to destroy</i> and discountenance the plantation of Virginia; and he +effected it, in great part, by dissolving the company, wherein most of the +nobility, gentry, corporate cities, and most merchants of England, were +interested and engaged; after the expense of some hundred of thousands of +pounds; for Gundemore did affirm to his friends, that he had commission from +his master"—(the King of Spain,)—"to destroy that plantation. For, said +he, should they thrive and go on increasing, as they have done under that +popular Lord of Southampton, <i>my master's West Indies</i>, <span class="smcap">and his Mexico</span>, +<i>would shortly be visited by sea and by land, from those Planters in Virginia</i>." +</p> +<p>Generals Scott and Taylor—both sons of Virginia—have verified, in the +nineteenth century, the foresight of the cautious statesman of the seventeenth. +</p> + +<p><br /> +<i>See Virginia His. Reg. Vol. 1. p. 28.</i><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Dr. Miller's "History Philosophically Illustrated," vol 1. p. 95.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Men who have to count, miserly, the kernels of corn for their daily bread, +and to till their ground, staggering through weakness from the effect of famine, +can do but little in settling the metaphysics of faith, or in counting frames, +and gauging the exercises of their feelings. Grim necessity of hunger looks +morbid sensibility out of countenance."—<i>Rev. Dr. G. B. Cheever's edition of +the Journal of the Pilgrims;—1848: p. 112.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "The New England Puritans, though themselves refugees from religions +intolerance, and martyrs, as they supposed, to the cause of religious freedom, +practiced the same intolerance to those who were so unfortunate as to differ +from them. In 1635, Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts +colony for differences of religious opinions with the civil powers. This was +the next year after the arrival of the Maryland colony. In 1659, fifteen years +later, a Baptist received thirty lashes at the whipping post, in Boston, for his +peculiar faith; and nine years later, three persons suffered death by the common +hangman, in the same place, for their adherence to the sect of Quakers."—<i>Rev. +Dr. Burnap's Life of Leonard Calvert, in Sparks's Am. Biog. 2nd series, +vol. IX. p. 170, Boston, 1846.</i> +</p><p> +On the 13th Sept. 1644, these N. England Puritans, passed a law of banishment +against Anabaptists; in 1646, another law, imposing the same punishment, +was passed against Heresy and Error; in 1647, the order of Jesuits came +in for a share of intolerance;—its members were inhibited from entering the +colony; if they came in, heedless of the law, they were to be banished, and if +they returned after banishment, they were to be <i>put to death</i>. On the 14th of +October 1656, the celebrated law was enacted against "the cursed sect of heretics +lately risen up in the world, which are commonly called Quakers:"—by its +decrees, captains of vessels who introduced these religionists, knowingly, were +to be fined or imprisoned; "quaker books or writings containing their devilish +opinions," were not to be brought into the colony, under a penalty; while quakers +who came in, were to be committed to the house of correction, kept constantly +at work, not allowed to speak, and severely whipped, on their entrance +into this sanctuary!—See original Acts, <i>Hazard's His. Coll. 1, pp. 538, 545, +550, 630</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See Mr. John P. Kennedy's discourse on the life and character of Sir George +Calvert, and the reviews thereof, with Mr K's reply, on this question of religion, +in the U. S. Catholic Magazine, 1846. Since the publication of Mr. +Kennedy's discourse and the reviews of it, in 1846, I have met with an English +work published in London in 1839, <i>attributed</i> to Bishop Goodman, entitled an +"Account of the Court of James the first." In vol. 1, p. 376, he says: "The +third man who was thought to gain by the Spanish match was Secretary Calvert; +and as he was the <i>only Secretary employed in the Spanish match</i>, so undoubtedly +he did what good offices he could therein, for religion's sake, <i>being +infinitely addicted to the Roman Catholic faith, having been converted thereto by +Count Gondemar and Count Arundel, whose daughter Secretary Calvert's Son +had married; and, as it was said, the Secretary did usually catechise his own +children, so to ground them in his own religion; and in his best room having an +altar set up, with chalice, candlesticks, and all other ornaments, he brought all +strangers thither, never concealing anything, as if his whole joy and comfort had +been to make open profession of his religion</i>." As the Prelate was a <i>contemporary</i>, +this statement, founded, as it may be, on report, is of considerable importance. +Fuller, also, was a contemporary though thirty years younger than +Calvert. The Spanish match, alluded to, was on the carpet as early as 1617, +and was broken off in the beginning of 1624. It was probably during this +period that Lord Arundel and the Spanish Minister influenced the mind of Sir +George as to religion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Mr. Chalmers, in his Hist. of the Revolt of the Am. Col. B. 2 ch. 3, says +that the charter of Maryland was a <i>literal copy</i> from the prior patent of Avalon; +but of this we are unable to judge, as he neither cites his authority nor indicates +the depository of the Avalon Charter. If the Maryland charter is an <i>exact</i> +transcript of the Avalon document, it is interesting to know the fact, as Calvert +may have been a Protestant, when the latter was issued. Bozman states +an authority for its date, as of 1623, which would indicate that this document +may still probably be found in the British Museum. If it was issued in 1623, +it was granted a year before, Fuller says, Calvert resigned because he had become +a Catholic. In all likelihood, however, Sir George was not converted in +a day!—<i>See Bozman Hist. Maryland ed. 1837, vol. 1 p. 240 et seq. in note.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The Baron Von Raumer, in his Hist. of the XVI and XVII Centuries, vol. +2, p. 263, quoting from Tillieres, says of Calvert: "He is an honorable, sensible +well-minded man, courteous towards strangers, full of respect towards embassadors, +zealously intent on the welfare of England; but by reason of all these +good qualities, entirely without consideration or influence." +</p><p> +The only original work or tract by which we know the character of Sir +George Calvert's mind is "<span class="smcap">The Answer to Tom Tell-Troth, the Practise +of Princes and the Lamentations of the Kirke</span>, <i>written by Lord +Baltimore, late Secretary of State</i>." London, <i>printed 1642</i>:—a copy of which, in +MS., is in the collections of the Maryland Hist. Soc. This is a quaint specimen +of pedantic politics and toryism—larded with Latin quotations, and altogether +redolent of James's Court. It was addressed to Charles I, and shows +the author's intimate acquaintance with the political history and movements of +the continental powers. We may judge Calvert's politics by the following passage +in which he <i>commends</i> the doctrines of his old master:— +</p><p> +"King James," says he, "in his oration to the Parliament, 1620, used these +words <i>very judiciattie</i>; Kings and Kingdoms were before Parliaments; the +Parliament was never called for the purpose to meddle with complaints against +the King, the Church, or State matters, but <i>ad consultandum de rebus arduis, +Nos et Regnum nostrum concernantibus</i>; as the writ will inform you. I was +never the cause, nor guiltie of the election of my sonne by the Bohemians, +neither would I be content that any other king should dispute whether I am +a lawful King or no, and to tosse crowns like Tennis-balls."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> It may seem strange, that, being a Catholic, he still had the right of advowson +or of presentation to Protestant Episcopal Churches; but it was not until +the Act of 1st William and Mary, chapter 26, that Parliament interfered with +the right of Catholics to present to religious benefices. That Act vested the +presentations belonging to Catholics in the Universities. An Act passed 12th +Anne, was of a similar disabling character.—<i>Butler's Hist. Mem. vol. 3, pp. +136, 148, 149.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See Appendix No. 1, in regard to the erroneous translation of this clause +from the Latin, that has hitherto been adopted from Bacon's laws of Maryland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> As an illustration of this feeling, I will quote a passage showing how it fared +with Marylanders in Massachusetts in 1631. "The Dove," one of the vessels +of the first colonists to Maryland, was dispatched to Massachusetts with a +cargo of corn to exchange for fish. She carried a friendly letter from Calvert +and another from Harvey, but the magistrates were suspicious of a people who +"<i>did set up mass openly</i>." Some of the crew were accused of reviling the inhabitants +of Massachusetts as "holy brethren," "the members," &c., and just +as the ship was about to sail; <i>the supercargo, happening on shore, was arrested in +order to compel the master to give up the culprits</i>. The proof failed, and the +vessel was suffered to depart, but not without a special charge to the master +"<i>to bring no more such disordered persons!</i>"—<i>Hildreth Hist. U. S., vol. 1, 209</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See Appendix No. 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> In order to illustrate the spirit in which the region for the first settlement at +St. Mary's was acquired, I will quote from a MS. copy of "A Relation of Maryland, +1635," now in my possession: "To make his entrie peaceable and safe, +he thought fit to present ye Werowance and Wisoes of the town (so they call +ye chief men of accompt among them,) with some English cloth (such as is +used in trade with ye Indians,) axes, hoes, and knives, which they accepted +verie kindlie, and freely gave consent toe his companie that hee and they should +dwell in one part of their towne, and reserved the other for themselves: and +those Indians that dwelt in that part of ye towne which was allotted for ye +English, freely left them their houses and some corne that they had begun to +plant: It was also agreed between them that at ye end of ye Harvest they +should have ye whole Towne, which they did accordinglie. And they made +mutuall promises to each other to live peaceably and friendlie together, and if +any injury should happen to be done, on any part, that satisfaction should be +made for ye same; and thus, on ye 27 <span class="smcap">Daie</span> of <span class="smcap">March</span>, A. D. 1634, ye Gouernour +took possession of ye place, and named ye <i>Towne—Saint Marie's</i>. +</p><p> +"There was an occasion that much facilitated their treatie with these Indians +which was this: the Susquehanocks (a warlike people that inhabit between +Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay) did usuallie make warres and incursions +upon ye neighboring Indians, partly for superioritie, partly for to gett their +women, and what other purchase they could meet with; which the Indians of +<i>Yoacomaco</i> fearing, had, ye yeere before our arivall there, made a resolution, +for there safetie, to remove themselves higher into ye countrie, where it was +more populous, and many of them where gone there when ye English arrived." +</p><p> +At Potomac, Father Altham,—according to Father White's Latin MS. in +the Maryland Hist. Soc. Col.—informed the guardian of the King that <i>we</i> (the +clergy) had not come thither for war, but for the sake of benevolence,—that we +might imbue a rude race with the principles of civilization, and open a way to +Heaven, as well as to impart to them the advantages enjoyed by distant regions. +The prince signified that we had come acceptably. The interpreter was one +of the Virginia Protestants. When the Father, for lack of time, could not continue +his discourse, and promised soon to return: "I will that it should be so," +said Archihau—"our table shall be one; my men shall hunt for you; all +things shall be in common between us." +</p><p> +The Werowance of Pautuxent visited the strangers, and when he was about +departing, used the following language, as recorded in the MS. Relation of +Maryland of 1635: "I love ye English so well that if they should goe about to +kill me, if I had so much breath as to speak, I would command ye people not +to revenge my death; for I know they would not doe such a thinge except +it was through mine own default." See also Mr. B. U. Campbell's admirable +<span class="smcap">Sketch of the early missions to Maryland</span>, read before the Md. +Hist. Soc. 8th Jan. 1846, and subsequently printed in the U.S. Catholic +Magazine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> In William Penn's second reply to a committee of the House of Lords appointed +in 1678, he declares that those who cannot comply with laws, through +tenderness of conscience, should not "revile or conspire against the government, +<i>but with christian humility and patience tire out all mistakes against us</i>, +and wait their better information, who, we believe, do as undeservedly as +severely treat us."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Preface to Frame of Government, 25 April, 1682.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Those who desire to know the precise character of the celebrated Elm-tree +Treaty, should read the Memoir on its history, in vol. 3, part 2, p. 145 of the +Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Hist. Soc., written by the late Mr. Du Ponceau, +and Mr. Joshua Francis Fisher. It is one of the finest specimen of minute, +exhaustive, historical analysis, with which I am acquainted. These gentlemen, +prove, I think, conclusively, that the Treaty was altogether one of amity +and friendship, and was entirely unconnected with the purchase of lands.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Janney's Life of Penn, 163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> See 2nd Bozman Hist. Md. p. 616—note XLIII, Conditions, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> 2d Bozman, 597, and Orig. MS. in Md. His. Soc.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Calvert and Penn, by Brantz Mayer + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALVERT AND PENN *** + +***** This file should be named 32454-h.htm or 32454-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/4/5/32454/ + +Produced by Julia Miller, Jasmine Yu and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Calvert and Penn + Or the Growth of Civil and Religious Liberty in America, + as Disclosed in the Planting of Maryland and Pennsylvania + +Author: Brantz Mayer + +Release Date: May 20, 2010 [EBook #32454] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALVERT AND PENN *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller, Jasmine Yu and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's note: In Appendix I in the original publication the +"Original Latin" and "English Translation" are show side by side.] + + + + +CALVERT AND PENN; + + OR THE GROWTH OF + CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY + IN AMERICA, + + AS DISCLOSED IN THE PLANTING OF + MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA: + + [Illustration] + + A DISCOURSE BY + BRANTZ MAYER, + + DELIVERED IN PHILADELPHIA BEFORE THE + PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, + + 8 APRIL, 1852. + + + + + "Se mai turba il Ceil Sereno + "Fosco vel di nebbia impura, + "Quando il sol gli squarcia il seno, + "Piu sereno il ciel si fa. + + "Rea, discordia, invidia irata + "Fuga il tempo, e nuda splende. + "Vincitrice e vendicata. + "L'offuscata Verita." + + + + + PRINTED FOR THE + PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY + BY JOHN D TOY + BALTIMORE + + + + +CALVERT AND PENN. + + +It is a venerable and beautiful rite which commands the Chinese not only +to establish in their dwellings a Hall of Ancestors, devoted to +memorials of kindred who are dead, but which obliges them, on a certain +day of every year, to quit the ordinary toils of life and hasten to the +tombs of their Forefathers, where, with mingled services of festivity +and worship, they pass the hours in honoring the manes of those whom +they have either loved or been taught to respect for their virtues. + +This is a wholesome and ennobling exercise of the memory. It teaches +neither a blind allegiance to the past, nor a superstitious reverence +for individuals; but it is a recognition of the great truth that no man +is a mere isolated being in the great chain of humanity, and that, while +we are not selfishly independent of the past, so also, by equal +affinity, we are connected with and control the fate of those who are to +succeed us in the drama of the world. + +The Time that merges in Eternity, sinks like a drop in the ocean, but +the deeds of that Time, like the drop in the deep, are again exhaled and +fitted for new uses; so that although the Time be dead, the acts thereof +are immortal--for the achieved action never perishes. That which was +wrought, in innocence or wrong, is eternal in its results or +influences. + +This reflection inculcates a profound lesson of our responsibility. It +teaches us the value of assembling to look over the account of the past; +to separate the good from the false; to winnow the historical harvest we +may have reaped; to survey the heavens, and find our place on the ocean +after the storm. And if such conduct is correct in the general concerns +of private life, how much more is it proper when we remember the duty we +owe to the founders of great principles,--to the founders of great +states,--of great states that have grown into great nations! In this +aspect the principle rises to a dignity worthy our profoundest respect. +History is the garnered treasure of the past, and it is from the glory +or shame of that past, that nations, like individuals, take heart for +the coming strife, or sink under irresistible discouragement. + +Is it not well, then, that we, the people of this large country, divided +as we are in separate governments, should assemble, at proper seasons, +to celebrate the foundations of our time-honored commonwealths; and, +while each state casts its annual tribute on the altar of our country, +each should brighten its distinctive symbols, before it merges their +glory in that great constellation of American nations, which, in the +political night that shrouds the world, is the only guiding sign for +unfortunate but hopeful humanity! + + * * * * * + +When the Reformation in England destroyed the supremacy of the Roman +Church, and the Court set the example of a new faith, it may readily be +supposed, that the people were sorely taxed when called on to select +between the dogmas they had always cherished, and those they were +authoritatively summoned to adopt. The age was not one either of free +discussion or of printing and publication. Oral arguments, and not +printed appeals, were the only means of reaching the uncultivated minds +of the masses, and even of a large portion of the illiterate gentry and +aristocracy. If we reflect, with what reverence creeds are, even now, +traditionally inherited in families, we must be patient with their +entailed tenure in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The soul of +nations cannot be purged of its ancestral faith by Acts of Parliament. +There may be submission to law, external indifference, hypocritical +compliance, but, that implicit adoption and correspondent honest action, +which flow from conscientious belief, must spring from sources of very +different sanctity. + +When the world contained only one great Christian Church, the idea of +Union betwixt that Church and the State, was not fraught with the +disgusts or dangers that now characterize it. There were then no sects. +All were agreed on one faith, one ritual, one interpretation of God's +law, and one infallible expositor; nor was it, perhaps, improper that +this law--thus ecclesiastically expounded and administered in perfect +national unity of faith--should be the rule of civil and political, as +well as of religious life. Indeed, it is difficult, even now, to +separate the ideas; for, inasmuch as God's law is a law of life, and not +a mere law of death--inasmuch as it controls all our relations among +ourselves and thus defines our practical duty to the Almighty--it is +difficult, I repeat, to define wherein the law of man should properly +differ from the law of God. Mere morality--mere political morality,--is +nothing but a bastard policy, or another name for expediency, unless it +conforms in all its motives, means and results, to religion. In truth, +morality, social as well as political, to be vital and not hypocritical, +must be religion put into practical exercise. This is the simple, just, +and wise reconciliation of religion and good government, which I humbly +believe to be, ever and only, founded upon Christianity. But it was a +sad mistake in other days, to confound a Primitive Christianity and the +dogmas of a Historical Church. Unfortunately for the ancient union of +Church and State, this great identification of the true christian action +of the civil and ecclesiastical bodies, was but a mere fiction, so far +as religion was concerned, and a fact, only so far as power was +interested. Christianity ever has remained, and ever will remain, the +same radiant unit; but a church, with irresponsible power--a church +which, at best, is but an aggregation of human beings, with all the +passions, as well as all the virtues of our race--soon, necessarily, +abandons the purity of its early time, and grows into a vast hierarchy, +which, founding its claims to authority on divine institution, sways the +world, sometimes for good and sometimes for evil, with a power suited to +the asserted omnipotence of its origin. + +But the idea of honest union between church and state was naturally +destroyed, in the minds of all right thinking persons, from the moment +that there was a secession from the Church of Rome. The very idea, I +assert, was destroyed; for the Catholic Princes and the sects into which +Protestants divided themselves, began an internecine war, which, in +effect, not only forever obliterated supremacy from the vocabulary of +ecclesiastical power, but almost destroyed, by disgracing, the religion +in whose name it perpetrated its remorseless cruelties. + +The social as well as religious anarchy consequent upon the Reformation, +was soon discerned by the statesmen of England, who took council with +prudent ecclesiastics, and, under the authority of law, erected the +Church of England. In this new establishment they endeavored to +substitute for Romanism, a new ecclesiastical system, which, by its +concessions to the ancient faith, its adoption of novel liberalities, +its compromises and its purity, might contain within itself, sufficient +elements upon which the adherents of Rome might gracefully retreat, and +to which the Reformers might either advance or become reconciled. This +scheme of legislative compromise for a national religion, was doubtless, +not merely designed as an amiable neutral ground for the spiritual wants +of the people, but as the nucleus of an institution which would +gradually, if not at once, transfer to the Royalty of England, that +spiritual authority which its sovereigns had found it irksome to bear or +to control when wielded by the Pope. + +The architects of this modern faith were not wrong in their estimate of +the English people, for, perhaps, the great body of the nation willingly +adopted the new scheme. Yet there were bitter opponents both among the +Catholics and Calvinists, whose extreme violence admitted no compromise, +either with each other, or with the Church of England. For them there +was no resource but in dumbness or rebellion; and, as many a lip opened +in complaint or attempted seduction, the legislature originated that +charitable and reconciling system of disabilities and penalties, which a +pliant judiciary was not slow in enforcing with suitable rigor. While +the Puritan could often fairly yield a sort of abstinent conformity +which saved him from penalties, the Roman Catholic, who adhered +faithfully and conscientiously to his ancestral church, made no +compromise with his allegiance. Accordingly, on him, the unholy and +intolerant law fell with all its persecuting bane. + +"About the middle of the reign of Queen Elizabeth there arose among the +Calvinists, a small body, who bore nearly the same relation to them, +which they bore to the great body of the Reformed; these were ultra +Puritans, as they were ultra Protestants. These persons deemed it their +religious duty to separate themselves entirely from the church, and, in +fact, to war against it. The principle upon which they founded +themselves, was, that there should be no national church at all, but +that the whole nation should be cast in a multitude of small churches or +congregations, each self-governed, and having only, as they believed, +the officers of which we read in the New Testament,--pastor, teacher, +elder and deacon."[1] + + * * * * * + +Such was the ecclesiastical and political aspect of England, and of a +part of Scotland, about the period when the First James ascended the +British throne. As there is nothing that so deeply concerns our welfare +as the rights and duties of our soul, it is not at all singular to find +how quickly men became zealous in the assertion of their novel +privileges, as soon as they discovered that there were two ways of +interpreting God's law, or, at least, two modes of worshiping him,--one +wrapped in gorgeous ceremonial, the other stripped in naked +simplicity,--and that the right to this interpretation or worship was +not only secured by law, but was inherent in man's nature. Personal +interests may be indolently neglected or carelessly pursued. It is rare +to see men persecute each other about individual rights or properties. +Yet, such is not the case when a right or an interest is the religious +property of a multitude. Then, community of sentiment or of risk, bands +them together in fervent support, and when the thing contended for is +based on conscience and _eternal_ interest, instead of personal or +_temporary_ welfare, we behold its pursuit inflame gradually from a +principle into a passion,--from passion into persecution, until at +length, what once glimmered in holy zeal, blazes in bigoted fanaticism. +Thus, all persecutors may not, originally, be bad men, though their +practices are wicked. The very liberty of conscience which freemen +demand, must admit this to be possible in the conduct of those who +differ from us most widely in faith and politics. + +Religious Conscience, therefore, is the firmest founder of the right of +forming and asserting Free Opinions; and when it has securely +established the great fact of Religious Freedom, it at once, as an +immediate consequence, realizes Political Freedom, which is nothing but +the individual right independently to control our personal destinies, as +well as to shape our conscientious spiritual destinies. The right of +free judgment asserts that Christianity put into vital exercise, in our +social or national relations, is, in fact, the essence of pure +democracy. It is liberty of action that produces responsibility--it is +equal responsibility that makes us _one_ before the law. To teach man +the humility and equality of his race, _as rights_; and to illustrate +the glorious lesson that from the cottage and cabin have sprung the +intellects that filled the world with light, it pleased the Almighty to +make a stable the birth-place of our Redeemer, and a manger his lowly +cradle! + + * * * * * + +When the valiant men of olden times had checked the corporate system of +theology in England and Germany, and established their right, at least, +_to think_ for themselves; and when the Reformation had subsequently +received a countercheck in Germany, England and France,--the stalwart, +independent worshippers, who could no longer live peacefully together +within their native realms, began to cast about for an escape from the +persecutions of non-conformity and the mean "tyranny of incapacitation." + +The Reformation was the work of the early part of the sixteenth century. +The close of the fifteenth had been signalized by the discovery of +America, and by the opening of a maritime communication with India. The +East, though now accessible by water, was still a far distant land. The +efforts of all navigators, even when blundering on our continent, were, +in truth, not to find a new world, but to reach one already well known +for the richness of its products, and the civilization of its people. +But distant as it was, it presented no field for colonization. It was +the temporary object of mercantile and maritime enterprise, and although +colonial lodgments were impracticable on its far off shores, it +nevertheless permitted the establishment of factories which served, in +the unfrequent commerce of those ages, as almost regal intermediaries +between Europe and Asia. + +But the Western World was both nearer, and, for a while, more alluring +to avarice and enterprise. It was not a civilized, populous, and warlike +country like the East, but it possessed the double temptation of wealth +and weakness. The fertility of the West Indies, the reports of +prodigious riches, the conquests of Cortez and Pizzaro, the emasculated +semi-civilization of the two Empires, which, with a few cities and royal +courts, combined the anomaly of an almost barbarous though tamely +tributary people--had all been announced throughout Europe. Yet, the +bold, brave and successful Spaniard of those days contrived for a long +while to reap the sole benefit of the discovery. What he effected was +done by _conquest_. _Colonization_, which is a gradual settlement, +either under enterprise or persecution, was to follow. + +The conquest and settlement of the Southern part of this continent are +so well known, that it is needless for me to dwell on them; but it is +not a little singular that the very first effort at what may strictly be +called colonization, within the present acknowledged limits of the +United States, was owing to the spirit of persecution which was so rife +in Europe. + +The Bull of the Pope, in its division of the world, had assigned America +to Spain. Florida, which had been discovered by Ponce de Leon, and the +present coast of our Republic on the Gulf of Mexico, were not, in the +sixteenth century, disputed with Spain by any other nation. Spain +claimed, however, under the name of Florida, the whole sea-coast as far +as Newfoundland and even to the remotest north, so that, so far as +_asserted_ ownership was involved, the whole of our coast was Spanish +domain. + +The poor, persecuted, weather-beaten Huguenots of France, had been +active in plans of Colonization for escape from the mingled imbecility +and terrorism of Charles IX. They saw that it was not well to stay in +the land of their birth. The Admiral de Coligny, one of the ablest +leaders of the French Protestants, was zealous in his efforts to found a +Gallic empire of his fellow subjects and sufferers on this continent. He +desired, at least, a refuge for them; and in 1562, entrusted to John +Ribault, of Dieppe, the command of an expedition to the American shores. +The first soil of this virgin hemisphere that was baptised by the tread +of refugees flying from the terrors of the future hero of St. +Bartholomew--of men who were seeking freedom from persecution for the +sake of their religion--was that of South Carolina. Ribault first +visited St. John's River, in Florida, and then slowly coasted the low +shores northward, until he struck the indenture where Hilton-Head +Island, and Hunting and St. Helen's Islands are divided by the entrance +into the ocean of Broad River at Port Royal. + +It was a beautiful region, where venerable oaks shadowed a luxuriant +soil, while the mild air, delicious with the fragrance of +forest-flowers, forever diffused a balmy temperature, free alike from +the fire of the tropics and the frost of the north. Here, in this +pleasant region, he built Fort Carolina, and landed his humble colony of +twenty persons who were to keep possession of the chosen land. + +But Frenchmen are not precisely at home in the wilderness. They require +the aggregation of large villages or cities. The Frenchman is a social +being, and regret for the loss of civil comforts soon spoils his +vivacious temper, and fills him with discontent. Accordingly, +dissensions broke forth in the colony soon after the departure of +Ribault for France; and, most of the dissatisfied colonists, finding +their way back to Europe as best they could, the settlement was broken +up forever. + +Yet, Coligny was not to be thwarted. In 1564, he again resolved to +colonize Florida, and entrusted Laudonniere--a seaman rather than a +soldier, who had already visited the American coasts,--with three ships +which had been conceded by the king. An abundance of colonists, not +disheartened by the failure of their predecessors, soon offered for the +voyage, and, after a passage of sixty days, the eager adventurers hailed +the American coast. They did not go to the old site, marked as it was by +disaster, but nestled on the embowered banks of the beautiful St. +John's, or, as it was then known--"The River of May." + +But the French of that era, when in pursuit of qualified self-government +or of any principle, either civil or religious, were not unlike their +countrymen of the present time. They found it difficult to make +enthusiasm subordinate to the mechanism of progress, and to restrain the +elastic vapor which properly directed gives energy to humanity, but +which heedlessly handled destroys what it should impel or guide. +Religious enthusiasm is not miraculously fed by ravens in the +wilderness. Coligny's emigrants were improvident or careless settlers. +Their supplies wasted. They were not only gratified by the sudden relief +from royal oppression, but the removal of a weight, gave room for the +display of that secret avarice, which, more or less, possesses the +hearts of all men. They had heard of the Spaniard's success, and were +seized with a passion for sudden wealth. They became discontented with +the toil of patient labor and slow accretion. Mutiny ripened into +rebellion. A party compelled Laudonniere to suffer it to embark for +Mexico; but its two vessels were soon employed in piratical enterprises +against the Spaniards. Some of the reckless insurgents fell into the +hands of the men they assailed, and were made prisoners and sold as +slaves, while the few who escaped, were, on their return, executed by +orders of Laudonniere. + +The main body of the colonists who had either remained true to their +duty or were kept in subjection, had, meanwhile, become greatly +disheartened by these occurrences and by the failing supplies of their +settlement, when they were temporarily relieved by the arrival of the +celebrated English adventurer--Sir John Hawkins. Ribault soon after came +out from France to take command, and brought with him new emigrants, +seeds, animals, agricultural implements, and fresh supplies of every +kind. + +These occurrences, it will be recollected, took place in Florida, within +the ancient claim of Spain. It is true that the country was a +wilderness; but Spain still asserted her dominion, though no beneficial +use had been made of the neglected forest and tangled swamp. At this +epoch, a certain Pedro Melendez de Aviles--a coarse, bold, bloody man, +who signalized himself in the wars in Holland against the Protestants, +and was renowned in Spanish America for deeds which, even in the loose +law of that realm, had brought him to justice, was then hanging about +the Court of Philip II. in search of plunder or employment. He perceived +a tempting "mission" of combined destruction and colonization in the +French Protestant settlement in Florida; and, accordingly, a compact was +speedily made between himself and his sovereign, by which he was +empowered, in consideration of certain concessions and rights, to invade +Florida with at least five hundred men, and to establish the Spanish +authority and Catholic religion. + +An expedition, numbering under its banner more than twenty-five hundred +persons, was soon prepared. After touching, with part of these forces, +on the Florida coast, in the neighborhood of the present river Matanzas, +the adventurer sailed in quest of the luckless Huguenots, whose vessels +were soon descried escaping seaward from a combat for which they were +unprepared. For a while, Melendez pursued them, but abandoning the +chase, steered south once more, and entering the harbor on the coast he +had just before visited, laid the foundations of that quaint old Spanish +town of ST. AUGUSTINE, which is the parent of civic civilization on our +continent. Ribault, meanwhile, who had put to sea with his craft, lost +most of his vessels in a sudden storm on the coast, though the greater +part of his companions escaped. + +But Melendez, whose ships suffered slightly from this tempest, had no +sooner placed his colonists in security, at St. Augustine, than he set +forth with a resolute band across the marshy levels which intervened +between his post and the St. John's. With savage fury the reckless +Spaniard fell on the Huguenots. The carnage was dreadful. It seems to +have been rather slaughter than warfare. The Huguenots, unprepared for +battle, little dreamed that the wars of the old world would be +transferred to the new, and vainly imagined that human passion could +find victims enough for its malignity without crossing the dangerous +seas. Full two hundred fell. Many fled to the forest. A few surrendered, +and were slain. Some escaped in two French vessels that fortunately +still lingered in the harbor. The wretches who had been providentially +saved from the wreck, were next followed and found by this Castilian +monster. "Let them surrender their flags and arms," said he, "and thus +placing themselves at my discretion, I may do with them what God in his +mercy desires!" Yet, as soon as they yielded, they were bound and +marched through the forest to St. Augustine, and, as they approached the +fort which had been hastily raised on the level shores, the sudden blast +of a trumpet was the signal for the musketeers to pour into the crowd a +volley that laid them dead on the spot. It was asserted that these +victims of reliance on Spanish mercy, were massacred, "not as Frenchmen, +but as Lutherans;"--and thus, about nine hundred Protestant human +beings, were the first offering on the soil of our present Union to the +devilish fanaticism of the age. + +But the bloody deed was not to go unrevenged. A bold Gascon, Dominic de +Gourgues, in 1567, equipped three ships and set sail for Florida. He +swooped down suddenly, like a falcon on the forts at the mouth of the +St. John's, and putting the occupants to the sword, hanged them in the +forest, inscribing over their dangling corpses, this mocking reply to +the taunt at the Lutherans: "I do this not as unto Spaniards and +sailors, but as unto murderers, robbers and traitors!" + +The revenge was merciless; and thus terminated the first chapter in the +history of religious liberty in America. BLOOD stained the earliest +meeting between Catholic and Protestant on the present soil of our +Union! + + * * * * * + +The power of Spain, the unattractiveness of our coast, the indifferent +climate, and the failure to find wealthy native nations to plunder, kept +the northern part of our continent in the back ground for the greater +part of a century after the voyages of Columbus and Cabot. There were +discouragements at that time for mercantile or maritime enterprise, +which make us marvel the more at the energy of the men who with such +slender vessels and knowledge of navigation, tempted the dangers of +unknown seas. + +Emigration from land to land, from neighboring country to neighboring +country, was, at that epoch, a formidable enterprise; what then must we +think of the hardihood, or compulsion, which could either tempt or drive +men, not only over conterminous boundaries, but across distant seas? +Feudal loyalty and the strong tie of family, bound them not only to +their local homes, but to their native land. The lusty sons of labor +were required to till the soil, while their stalwart brethren, clad in +steel, were wandering on murderous errands, over half of Europe, +fighting for Protestantism or Catholicity. Adventure, then, in the shape +of colonization, must hardly be thought of, from the inland states of +the old world; and, even from the maritime nations, with the exception +of Spain and Portugal, we find nothing worthy of record, save the +fisheries on the Banks, the small settlements of the French in Acadia +and along the St. Lawrence, and the holy efforts of Catholic +Missionaries among the Northern Indians. If we did not know their zeal +to have been Christian, it might almost be considered romantic. + +Soon after the return of De Gourgues from his revengeful exploit, the +report of the daring deed and its provocation, was spread over Europe, +and excited the people's attention to America more eagerly than ever. +Among those who were attracted to the subject, was a British gentleman, +whose character and misfortunes have always engaged my sincere +admiration. + +Sir Walter Raleigh was the natural offspring of the remarkable age in +which he lived. We owe him our profoundest respect, for it was Sir +Walter who gave the first decided impulse to our race's beneficial +enjoyment of this continent. It was his fortune to live at a time of +great and various action. The world was convulsed with the throes of a +new civilization, and the energy it exhibited was consequent upon its +long repose. It was an age of transition. It was an age of coat and +corselet--of steel and satin--of rudeness and refinement,--in which the +antique soldier was melting into the modern citizen. It was the twilight +of feudalism. Baronial strongholds were yielding to municipal +independence. Learning began to teach its marvels to the masses; warfare +still called chivalrous men to the field; a spirited queen, surrounded +by gallant cavaliers, sat on a dazzling throne; adventurous commerce +armed splendid navies and nursed a brood of hardy sailors; while the +mysterious New World invited enterprise to invade its romantic and +golden depths. It was peculiarly an age of thought and action; and is +characterized by a vitality which is apparent to all who recollect its +heroes, statesmen, philosophers and poets. + +Sir Walter Raleigh was destined, by his deeds and his doom, to bring +this northern continent, which we are now enjoying, into prominent +notice. He was the embodiment of the boyhood of our new world. In early +life he had been a soldier, but the drift of his genius led him into +statesmanship. He was a well known favorite of the Virgin Queen. A +spirit of adventure bore him across the Atlantic, where, if the occasion +had offered, he would have rivalled Cortez in his courageous hardihood, +and outstripped him in his lukewarm humanity. He became a courtier; and, +mingling in the intrigues of the palace, according to the morals of the +age, was soon too great a favorite with his sovereign to escape the +dislike of men who beheld his sudden rise with envy. From the palace he +passed to prison; and, scorning the idleness which would have rusted so +active an intellect, he prepared that remarkable History of the World, +wherein he concentrated a mass of rare learning, curious investigation, +and subtle thought, which demonstrate the comprehensive and yet minute +character of his wonderful mind. A volume of poems shows how sweetly he +could sing. The story of his battles, discloses how bravely he could +fight. The narrative of his voyages proves the boldness of his +seamanship. The calmness of his prison life teaches us the manly lesson +of endurance. The devotion of his wife, denotes how deeply he could +love; while his letters to that cherished woman--those domestic records +in which the heart divulges its dearest secrets--teem with proofs of his +affection and Christianity. Indeed, the gallantry of his courtiership; +the foresight of his statecraft; the splendid dandyism of his apparel; +the wild freedom and companionship of his forest life, show how +completely the fop and the forager, the queenly pet and loyal subject, +the author and the actor, the noble and the democrat, the soldier and +the scholar, were, in the age of Elizabeth and James, blent in one man, +and that man--Sir Walter Raleigh. + +Do we not detect in this first adventurous and practical patron of North +America, many of the seemingly discordant qualities which mingle so +commonly in the versatile life of our own people? If the calendar of +courts had its saints, like the calendar of the church, well might Sir +Walter have been canonized as protector of the broad realm for which the +brutal James made him a martyr to the jealousy and fear of Spain.[2] + +Queen Elizabeth was the first British Sovereign who built up that +maritime power of England which has converted her magnificent +Island--dot as it is, in the waste of the sea--into the wharf of the +world. She was no friend of the Spaniards, and she had men in her +service who admired Spanish galeons. Wealth, realized in coin, and gold +or silver, in bulk, were tempting merchandize in frail vessels, which +sailors, half pirate, half privateer, might easily deliver of their +burden. It was easier to rob than to mine; and, while Spain performed +the labor in the bowels of the earth, England took the profit as a prize +on the sea! Such were some of the elements of maritime success, which +weakened Spain by draining her colonial wealth, while it enriched her +rival and injured the Catholic sovereign. + +Yet, in the ranks of these adventurers, there were men of honest +purpose; and, among the first whose designs of colonization on this +continent were unquestionably conceived in a spirit of discovery and +speculation, was the half brother of Sir Walter Raleigh--Sir Humphrey +Gilbert. But Sir Humphrey, while pursuing his northern adventures, was +unluckily lost at sea, and Sir Walter took up the thread where his +relative dropped it. I regret that I have not time to pursue this +subject, and can only say that his enterprises were, doubtless, the +germ of that colonization, which, by degrees, has filled up and formed +our Union. + +You will remember the striking difference between colonization from +England, and the colonization from other nations of ancient and modern +times. The short, imperfect navigation of the Greeks, along the shores +and among the islands of their inland sea, made colonization rather a +diffusive overflow, than an adventurous transplanting of their people. +They were urged to this oozing emigration either by personal want, by +the command of law, or by the oracles of their gods, who doubtless spoke +under the authority of law. Where the national religion was a unit in +faith, there was no persecution to drive men off, nor had the spirit of +adventure seized those primitive classics with the zeal of "annexation" +that animated after ages. + +The Roman colonies were massive, military progresses of population, +seeking to spread national power by conquest and permanent encampment. + +Portugal and Spain, mingled avarice and dominion in their conquests or +occupation of new lands. + +The French Protestants were, to a great extent, prevented by the bigotry +of their home government, as well as by foreign jealousy, from obtaining +a sanctuary in America. France drove the refugees chiefly into other +European countries, where they established their manufacturing industry; +and thus, fanaticism kept out of America laborious multitudes who would +have pressed hard on the British settlements. In the islands, a small +trade and the investment of money, rather than the desire to acquire +fortune by personal industry, were the motives of the early and regular +emigration of Frenchmen. + +The Dutch, devoted to trade, generally located themselves where they +"have just room enough to manifest the miracles of frugality and +diligence."[3] + +Thus, wherever we trace mankind abandoning its home, in ancient or +modern days, we find a selfish motive, a superstitious command, a love +of wealth, a lust of power, or a spirit of robbery, controlling the +movement. The first adventurous effort towards the realization of actual +settlement on this continent, was, as we have seen, made by the +persecuted Huguenots, and was, probably, an attempt rather to fly from +oppression, than to establish religious freedom. The first English +settlement, also, was founded more upon speculation than on any novel or +exalted principle. There was a quest of gold, a desire for land, and an +honest hope of improving personal fortunes. + +VIRGINIA had been a charter government, but, in 1624, it was merged in +the Royal Government. The crown reassumed the dominion it had granted to +others. Virginia, in the first two decades of the seventeenth century, +although exhibiting some prosperous phases, was nothing more than a +delicate off-shoot from the British stock, somewhat vigorous for its +change to virgin soil, but likely to bear the same fruit as its parent +tree. Virginia was a limb timidly transplanted,--not a branch torn off, +and flung to wither or to fertilize new realms by its decay. This +continent, with all that a century and a half of maritime coasting had +done for it, was but thinly sprinkled with settlements, which bore the +same proportion to the vast continental wilderness that single ships or +small squadrons bear to the illimitable sea. But the spirit of +adventure, the desire for refuge, the dream of liberty, were soon to +plant the seeds of a new civilization in the Western World. + + * * * * * + +Henry VIII, Founder of the English Church, as he had, whilom, been, +Defender of the Roman Faith, was no friend of toleration; but the rigor +of his system was somewhat relaxed during the reign of the sixth Edward. +Mary, daughter of Henry, and sister of Edward, re-constructed the great +ancestral church, and the world is hardly divided in opinion as to the +character of her reign. Elizabeth re-established the church that had +been founded by her father; and her successor James I of England and VI +of Scotland,--the Protestant son of a Catholic mother,--while he openly +adhered to the church of his realm, could not avoid some exhibitions of +coquettish tenderness for the faith of his slaughtered parent. + +But, amid all these changes, there was one class upon which the wrath of +the Church of England and of the Church of Rome, met in accordant +severity;--this was the Puritan and ultra Puritan sect,--to which I have +alluded at the commencement of this discourse,--whose lot was even more +disastrous under the Protestant Elizabeth, than under the Catholic Mary. +The remorseless courts of her commissioners, who inquisitorially tried +these religionists by interrogation on oath, imprisoned them, if they +remained lawfully silent and condemned them if they honestly confessed! + +A congregation of these sectaries had existed for some time on the +boundaries of Lincoln, Nottingham and York, under the guidance of +Richard Clifton and John Robinson, the latter of whom was a modest, +polished, and learned man. This christian fold was organized about 1602; +but worried by ceaseless persecution, it fled to Holland, where its +members, fearing they would be absorbed in the country that had +entertained them so hospitably, resolved in 1620 to remove to that +portion of the great American wilderness, known as North Virginia. Such, +in the chronology of our Continent, was the first decisive emigration of +our parent people to the New World, _for the sake of opinion_. + +It is neither my purpose, nor is it necessary, to sketch the subsequent +history of this New England emigration, or of the followers, who swelled +it into colonial significance. + +Its great characteristic, seems to me, to have been, an unalterable will +to worship God according to _its_ own sectarian ideas, and to afford an +equal right and protection to all who thought as _it_ did, or were +willing to conform to its despotic and anchoritic austerity. It is not +very clear, what were its notions of abstract political liberty; yet +there can be very little doubt what its practical opinions of equality +must have been, when we remember the common dangers, duties, and +interests of such a band of emigrants on the dreary, ice-bound, savage +haunted, coasts of Massachusetts. + + "_When Adam delved, and Eve span, + Pray who was then the gentleman?_" + +may well be asked of a community which for so long a time, had been the +guest of foreigners, and now saw the first great human and divine law of +liberty and equality, taught by the compulsion of labor and mutual +protection, on a strip of land between the sea and the forest. The +colonists were literally reduced to first principles; they were stripped +of the comforts, pomps, ambitions, distinctions, of the Old World, and +they embraced the common destiny of a hopeful future in the New.[4] They +had been persecuted for their opinions, but that did not make them +tolerant of the opinions of their persecutors. It was better, then, that +oppressor and oppressed should live apart in both hemispheres; and thus, +in sincerity, if not in justice, their future history exhibits many bad +examples of the malign spirit from which they fled in Europe. If they +were, essentially, Republicans, their democracy was limited to a +political and religious equality of Puritan sectarianism;--it had not +ripened into the democracy of an all embracing Christianity.[5] + +These occurrences took place during the reign of the prince who united +the Scottish and English thrones. At the Court of James, and in his +intimate service, during nearly the whole period of his sovereignty, was +a distinguished personage, who, though his name does not figure grandly +on the page of history, was deeply interested in the destiny of our +continent. + +SIR GEORGE CALVERT, was descended from a noble Flemish family, which +emigrated and settled in the North of England, where, in 1582, the +Founder of Maryland was born. After taking his Bachelor's degree at +Oxford and travelling on the Continent, he became, at the age of +twenty-five, private Secretary to Sir Robert Cecil, the Lord +Treasurer--afterwards the celebrated Earl of Salisbury. In 1609, he +appears as one of the patentees named in the new Charter then granted to +the Virginia Company. After the death of his ministerial patron, he was +honored with knighthood and made clerk of the crown to the Privy +Council. This brought him closely to the side of his sovereign. In 1619, +he was appointed one of the Secretaries of State, and was then, also, +elected to Parliament; first for his native Yorkshire, and subsequently +for Oxford. He continued in office, under James, as Secretary of State, +until near that monarch's death, and resigned in 1624. + +Born in the Church of England, Sir George, had, in the course of his +public career, become a Roman Catholic. With the period or the means of +his conversion from the court-faith to an unpopular creed, we have now +no concern. Fuller, in his "Worthies of England," asserts that Calvert +resigned in consequence of his change of religion;--other writers, +relying, perhaps, more on the _obiter dicta_ of memoirs and history, +believe that his convictions as to faith had changed some years before. +Be that, however, as it may, the resignation, and its alleged cause +which was well known to his loving master, James, produced no ill +feeling in that sovereign. He retired in unpersecuted peace. He was even +honored by the retention of his seat at the Privy Council;--the King +bestowed a pension for his faithful services;--regranted him, in fee +simple, lands which he previously held by another tenure; and, finally, +created him Lord Baron of Baltimore, in Ireland.[6] + +Whilst Sir George was in office, his attention, it seems, had been early +directed towards America; and in 1620, he is still mentioned in a list +of the members of the Virginia Company. Soon after, he became concerned +in the plantation of Newfoundland, and finally, obtained a patent for +it, to him and his heirs, as Absolute Lord and Proprietary, with all the +royalties of a Count Palatine. We must regret that the original, or a +copy of this grant for the province of Avalon, in Newfoundland, has not +been recently seen, or, if discovered, transmitted to this country. + +Here, Sir George built a house; spent L25,000 in improvements; removed +his family to grace the new Principality; manned ships, at his own +charge, to relieve and guard the British fisheries from the attacks of +the French; but, at length, after a residence of some years, and an +ungrateful return from the soil and climate, he abandoned his luckless +enterprise. + +Yet, it was soil and climate alone that disheartened the Northern +adventurer:--he had not turned his back on America. In 1629 he repaired +to Virginia, in which he had been so long concerned, and was most +ungraciously greeted by the Protestant royalists, with an offer of the +Test-Oaths of Allegiance and supremacy. Sir George, very properly +refused the challenge, and departed with his followers from the +inhospitable James River, where the bigotry of prelacy denied him a +foothold within the fair region he had partly owned. + +But, before he returned to England, he remembered that Virginia was now +a Royal Province and no longer the property of corporate +speculation;--he recollected that there were large portions of it still +unoccupied by white men, and that there were bays and rivers, pouring, +sea-like, to the ocean, of which grand reports had come to him when he +was one of the committee of the Council for the affairs of the +Plantations. Accordingly, when he left the James River, he steered his +keel around the protecting peninsula of Old Point Comfort, and ascending +the majestic Chesapeake, entered its tributary streams, and laid, in +imagination, at least, the foundations of Maryland. + +His examination of the region being ended, Calvert went home to England, +and in 1632, obtained the grant of Maryland from Charles I, the son of +his royal patron and friend. The charter, which is said to have been the +composition of Sir George, did not, however, pass the seals until after +the death of its author; but was issued to his eldest son and heir, +Cecilius, on the 20th of June, 1632. The life of Sir George had been one +of uninterrupted personal and political success; his family was large, +united and happy; if he did not inherit wealth, he, at least, contrived +to secure it; and, although his conscience taught him to abandon the +faith of his fathers, his avowal of the change had been the signal for +princely favors instead of political persecution. + +Here the historic connexion of the _first_ LORD BALTIMORE with Maryland +ends. The real work of Plantation was the task of CECILIUS, the first +actual Lord Proprietary, and of LEONARD CALVERT, his brother, to whom, +in the following year, the heir of the family intrusted the original +task of colonial settlement. If anything was done by SIR GEORGE, in +furtherance of the rights, liberties, or interests of humanity, so far +as the foundation of Maryland is concerned, it was unquestionably +effected anterior to this period, for we have no authority to say, that +after his death, his children were mere executors of previous designs, +or, that what was then done, was not the result of their own provident +liberality. I think there can be no question that the charter was the +work of Sir George. That, at least, is his property; and he must be +responsible for its defects, as well as entitled to its glory.[7] + +I presume it is hardly necessary for me to say what manner of person the +King was, whom Calvert had served so intimately during nearly a whole +reign. James is precisely the historical prodigy, to which a reflective +mind would suppose the horrors of his parentage naturally gave birth. In +royal chronology he stands between two axes,--the one that cleft the +ivory neck of his beautiful mother--the other that severed the +irresolute but refined head of his son and heir. His father, doubtless, +had been deeply concerned in the shocking murder of his mother's second +husband. Cradled on the throne of Scotland; educated for Kingship by +strangers; the ward of a regency; the shuttle-cock of ambitious +politicians; the hope and tool of two kingdoms,--James lived during an +age in which the struggle of opinion and interest, of prerogative and +privilege, of human right and royal power, of glimmering science and +superstitious quackery, might well have bewildered an intellect, +brighter and calmer than his. The English people, who were yet in the +dawn of free opinions, but who, with the patience that has always +characterized them, were willing to obey any symbol of order,--may be +said, rather to have tolerated than honored his pedantry in learning, +his kingcraft in state, his petulance in authority, and his manifold +absurdities, which, while they made him tyrannical, deprived him of the +dignity that sometimes renders even a tyrant respectable. + +You will readily believe that a man like George Calvert found it +sometimes difficult to serve such a sovereign, in intimate state +relations. In private life he might not have selected him for a friend +or a companion. But James was his King; the impersonation of British +Royalty and nationality. In serving him, he was but true to England; +and, even in that task, it, no doubt, often required the whole strength +of his heart's loyalty, to withstand the follies of the royal buffoon. +Calvert, I think, was not an enthusiast, but, emphatically, a man of his +time. His time was not one of Reform, and he had no brave ambition to be +a Reformer. Accustomed to the routine of an observing and technical +official life, he was, essentially a practical man, and dealt, in +politics, exclusively with the present. Endowed, probably, with but +slender imagination, he found little charm or flavor in excursive +abstractions. His maxim may perhaps have been--"_quieta ne +movete_,"--the motto of moderate or cautions men who live in disturbed +times, preceding or succeeding revolutions, and think it better-- + + "---- to bear those ills we have + "Than fly to others that we know not of!" + +Yet, with all these characteristics, no one will hesitate to believe +that Calvert was a bold and resolute person, when it is recollected that +he visited the wilderness of the New World in the seventeenth century, +and projected therein the formation of a British Province. + +But, in truth, our materials for his biography are extremely scant. He +died at the very moment when America's chief interest in him began. He +belonged to the Court Party, as distinguished from the Country Party. He +is known to have been a zealous supporter of the "supremacy of +authority." He held, that "America, having been acquired by conquest, +was subject, exclusively, to the control of royal prerogative." He was +the defender of the Court in its diplomacy; and, ultra as James was in +his monarchical doctrines, there can be little doubt that he would have +dismissed Calvert from office, had there not been concord between the +crown and its servant, as to the policy, if not the justice, of the +toryism they both professed. But let us not judge that century by the +standards of this. That would be writing history from a false point. Let +us not condemn rulers who seem to be despotic in historic periods of +transition--in periods of mutual intolerance and distrust--in periods +when men know nothing, from practical experience, of the capacity of +mankind for self government.[8] + +The charter which Sir George Calvert framed, and the successor of James +granted, was precisely the one we might justly suppose such a subject, +and such a sovereign would prepare and sign. It invested the Lord +Proprietary with all the royal rights, enjoyed by the Bishop of Durham, +within the County Palatine of Durham. He was the source of justice. He +was the fountain of honor, and allowed to decorate meritorious +provincials with whatever titles and dignities he should appoint. He had +the power to establish feudalism and all its incidents. He was not +merely the founder and filler of office, but he was also the sole +executive. He might erect towns, boroughs and cities;--he might pardon +offences and command the forces. As ecclesiastical head of the Province, +he had the right to found churches, and was entitled to their +advowsons.[9] In certain cases he had the dangerous privilege of issuing +ordinances, which were to have the force of sovereign decrees. In fact, +allegiance to England, was alone preserved, and the Lord Proprietary +became an autocrat, with but two limitations: 1st, the laws were to be +enacted by the Proprietary, with the advice and approbation of the free +men, or free-holders or their deputies,--the "_liberi homines_" and +"_liberi tenentes_," spoken of in the charter;--and 2nd, "no +interpretation" of the charter was "to be made whereby God's Holy Rights +and the true Christian Religion, _or_ the allegiance due to us," (the +King of England,) "our heirs and successors, may, in any wise, suffer by +change, prejudice or diminution." Christianity and the King--I blush to +unite such discordant names--were protected in equal co-partnership.[10] + +The first of these reserved privileges of the people, the Lord +Proprietary Cecilius understood, to mean, that _he_ had the exclusive +privilege of proposing laws, and that the free-men, or free-holders of +his province, could only accept or reject his propositions. These laws +of the province were not to be submitted to the King for his approval, +nor had he the important _right of taxation_, which was expressly +relinquished. In the early legislation of Maryland, this supposed +exclusive right of proposing laws by the Proprietary, was soon tested by +mutual rejections, both by the legislative Assembly and by Cecilius, of +the Acts, which each had separately passed or prepared. + +But the other clause, touching "God's Holy Rights and the true Christian +Religion," was one, in regard to the practical interpretation of which, +I apprehend, there was never a moment's doubt in the mind either of the +people or of the Proprietary. It is a radiant gem in the antique setting +of the charter. It is the glory of Calvert. It is the utter obliteration +of prejudice among all who professed Christianity. Toleration was +unknown in the old World; but this was more than toleration, for it +declared freedom at least to _Christians_,--yet it was not perfect +freedom, for it excluded that patient and suffering race--that chosen +people--who, to the disgrace even of republican Maryland, within my +recollection, were bowed down by political disabilities. + +I am aware that many historians consider the religious freedom of +Maryland as originating in subsequent legislation, and claim the act of +1649 as the statute of toleration. I do not agree with them. Sir George +Calvert had been a Protestant;--he became a Catholic. As a Catholic, he +came to Virginia, and in the colony where he sought to settle, he found +himself assailed, for the first time in his life, by Protestant +virulence and incapacitation. He was now, himself, about to become a +Lord Proprietor. The sovereign who granted his charter was a Protestant, +and moreover, the king of a country whose established religion was +Protestant. The Protestant monarch, of course, could not _grant_ +anything which would compromise him with his Protestant subjects; yet +the Catholic nobleman, who was to take the beneficiary charter, could +not _receive_, from his Protestant master, a grant which would assail +the conscience of co-religionists over whom he was, in fact, to be a +sovereign. In England, the King had no right to interfere with the +Church of England; but in America, which was a vacant, royal domain, his +paramount authority permitted him to abolish invidious ecclesiastical +distinctions. Calvert, the Catholic, must have been less than a man, if +he forgot his fellow sufferers and their disabilities when he drew his +charter. His Protestant recollections taught him the vexations of +Catholic trials, while his Catholic observation informed him sharply of +Protestant persecution. Sectarianism was already rampant across the +Atlantic.[11] The two British lodgments, in Virginia and New England, +were obstinately sectarian. Virginia was Episcopalian; New England was +Puritan;--should Maryland be founded as an exclusively Protestant +province, or an exclusively Catholic settlement? It is evident that +either would be impossible:--the latter, because it would have been both +impolitic and probably illegal; and the former because it would have +been a ridiculous anomaly to force a converted Catholic, to govern a +colony wherein his own creed was not tolerated by a fundamental and +unalterable law. It is impossible to conceive that the faith of Calvert +and the legal religion of Charles, did not enter into their +deliberations, when they discussed the Charter; and, doubtless, both +subject and sovereign justly decided to make "THE LAND OF MARY," which +the Protestant Charles baptised in honor of his Catholic Queen, a free +soil for Christianity. It was Calvert's duly and interest to make +Charles tolerant of Catholic Christianity; nor could he deny to others +the immunity he demanded for himself and his religious brethren. The +language of the charter, therefore, seems explicit and incapable of any +other meaning. There were multitudes of Catholics in England, who would +be glad to take refuge in a region where they were to be free from +disabilities, and could assert their manhood. The king, moreover, +secured for his Catholic subjects a quiet, but chartered banishment, +which still preserved their allegiance. At the court there was much +leaning towards the church of Rome. It was rather fashionable to believe +one way, and conform another. The Queen was zealous in her ancestral +faith; and her influence over the king, colored more than one of his +acts. Had Calvert gone to the market place, and openly proclaimed, that +a Protestant king, by a just charter of neutrality, had established an +American sanctuary for Catholics, and invited them thither under the +banner of the cross, one of his chief objects, must have been at once +defeated; for intolerance would have rallied its parties against the +project, and the dream of benevolence would have been destroyed for +ever. If by the term, "God's Holy Rights and the true Christian +religion," the charter meant, _the church of England_, then, _ex vi +termini_, Catholicity could never have been tolerated in Maryland; and +yet it is unquestionable that the original settlement was made under +Catholic auspices--blessed by Catholic clergymen--and acquiesced in by +Protestant followers. Was it not wise, therefore, to shield conscience +in Maryland, under the indefinite but unsectarian phraseology of "God's +Holy Rights and the true Christian Religion?"[12] + + * * * * * + +So far, then, for the basis of the charter, and for the action of Sir +George Calvert. After his death, the planting of the colony took place +under the administration of Cecilius, who, remaining in Europe, +dispatched his brother Leonard to America to carry out his projects. + +If the personal history of the Calverts is scant, the history of the +early days of Maryland is scarcely less so; but the industry of +antiquarians, and the researches of a learned Catholic clergyman, have +brought to light two documents which disclose much of the religious and +business character of the settlement. The work entitled:--"A RELATION OF +MARYLAND," which was published in London in 1635, and gave the first +account of the planting of the province, is a minute, mercantile, +statistical, geographical and descriptive narrative of the landing and +locating of the adventurers who set sail in 1633, and of their genial +intercourse with the aborigines. If I had time, it would be pleasing to +sum up the facts of this historical treasure, which was evidently +prepared under the direction of Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, if not +actually written by him. It is full of the spirit of careful, honest +enterprise; and exhibits, I think, conclusively, the fact that the +design of Calvert, in establishing this colony, was mainly the creation +of a great estate, manorial and agricultural, whose ample revenues +should, at all times, supply the needs of his ten children and their +descendants. + +The other document to which I refer, is a manuscript discovered some +years ago, by the Rev. Mr. McSherry, in the archives of the college of +the Propaganda, at Rome, and exhibits the zeal with which the worthy +Jesuits, whom Lord Baltimore sent forth with the first settlers, applied +themselves to the christianization of the savages. It presents some +beautiful pictures of the simple life of these devotees. It shows that, +in Maryland, the first step was _not_ made in crime; and that the +earliest duty of the Governor, was not only to conciliate the Indian +proprietors, but to purchase the land they were willing to resign. Nor +was this all; there was provident care for the soul as well as the soil +of the savage. There is something rare in the watchful forethought which +looks not only to the present gain or future prospects of our fellow +men, which takes heed not only of the personal rights and material +comforts of the race it is displacing, but guards the untutored savage, +and consigns him to the vigilance of instructed piety. This "NARRATIVE +OF FATHER WHITE," and the Jesuits' letters, preserved in the college at +Georgetown, portray the zeal with which the missionaries, in their frail +barks, thridded the rivers, coves and inlets of our Chesapeake and +Patapsco;--how they raised the cross, under the shadow of which the +first landing was effected;--how they set up their altars in the wigwams +of the Indians, and sought, by simplicity, kindness and reason, to reach +and save the Indian. In Maryland, persecution was dead at the +founding;--prejudice, even, was forbidden. The cruelties of Spanish +planting were unknown in our milder clime. No violence was used, to +convert or to appropriate, and thus, the symbol of salvation, was +properly raised on the green Isle of St. Clement, as an emblem of the +peace and good will, which the Proprietary desired should sanctify his +enterprise.[13] + +I think there ran be no doubt that this adventure had the double object +of affording an exile's refuge to Calvert's co-religionists, as well as +of promoting the welfare of his family. It was designed for land-holders +and laborers. It was a manorial, planting colony. Its territory was +watered by two bays, several large rivers, and innumerable streams. Its +fertile lands and thick forests, invited husbandmen, while its capacious +coasts tempted the hardy fisherman. And so it is, that in the Arms which +were prepared for the Proprietary government, the baronial shield of the +Calvert family, dropped, in America, its two supporting leopards, and +received in their stead, on either side, a Fisherman and a Farmer. +"Crescite et Multiplicamini,"--its motto,--was a watchword of provident +thrift. + + * * * * * + +Forty-nine years after the charter was granted to Lord Baltimore, King +Charles II issued a patent, for a magnificent patrimony in America, to +WILLIAM PENN. + +But what a change, in that half century, had passed over the world! A +catalogue of the events that took place, in Great Britain alone, is a +history of the growth of Opinion and of the People. + +Charles's efforts to overthrow the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, and +to enforce Episcopacy, brought on the war with the stern enthusiasts of +that country. Laud, in the Church, and the Earl of Strafford, in the +Cabinet, kept the King in a constant passion of royal and ecclesiastical +power. Strafford fell, and the civil war broke out. Cromwell towered up +suddenly, on the bloody field, and was victorious over the royalists. +The King perished on the scaffold. Cromwell became Lord Protector. Anon, +the commonwealth fell; the Stuarts were restored, and Charles II +ascended the throne;--but amid all these perilous acts of political and +religious fury, the world of thought had been stirred by the speeches +and writings, of Taylor, Algernon Sydney, Hampden, and Milton. As the +people gradually felt their power they learned to know their rights, +and, although they went back from Republicanism to Royalty, they did so, +perhaps, only to save themselves from the anarchy that ever threatens a +nation while freeing itself from feudal traditions. + +Besides these political and literary phases of the time, there had been +added to the Catholic, Episcopal, and Puritan sects, a _new_ element of +religious power, which was destined to produce a slow but safe +revolution among men. + +An humble shoemaker, named GEORGE FOX, arose and taught that "every man +was complete in himself; he stood in need of no alien help; the light +was free of all control,--above all authority external to itself. Each +human being, man or woman, was supreme." The christian denomination +called Quakers, or more descriptively--"Friends,"--- thus obtained a +hearing and a standing among all serious persons who thought Religion a +thing of life as well as of death. + +Quakerism, with such fundamental principles of equality in constant +practice, became a social polity. If the Quaker was a Democrat, he was +so because the "inner light" of his christianity made him one, and he +dared not disobey his christianity. He recognized no superiors, for his +conscience taught him to deny any privileges to claimed superiority. But +the Quaker added to his system, an element which, hitherto, was unknown +in the history of sects;--he was a Man of Peace. It is not to be +supposed that any royal or ecclesiastical government would allow such +radical doctrines to pass unnoticed, in the midst of a society which was +ever greedy for new teachings. The Quaker, therefore, soon participated +in the persecutions which prelacy thought due to liberal christianity. +But persecution of the Friend, was the Friend's best publication, for he +answered persecution, not by recantation, but by peaceful endurance. +Combative resistance, in religious differences, always gives the victor +a right, or at least, an excuse, to slay. But Quakerism, a system of +personal and religious independence and peace,--became slowly successful +by the _vis inertiae_ of passive resistance. All other sects were, more +or less, combative;--Quakerism was an obstinate rock, which stood, in +rooted firmness, amid a sea of strife:--the billows of faction raged +around it and broke on its granite surface, but they wasted +themselves--_not_ the rock! And this is a most important fact in the +history of Religion in its development of society. All other sects lost +caste, power or material, either by aggression or by fighting. But the +Quaker said to the Prelate, the Puritan, and the Catholic, you may annoy +us by public trials, by denial of justice, by misrepresentation, by +imprisonment, by persecution, by the stake,--yet we shall stand +immovable on two principles, which deny that God is glorified by +warfare--especially for opinion. Our principles are, equality and +peace--in the church and in the world. Equality is to make us humble and +good citizens. Peace is to convert this den of human tigers into a fold, +wherein by simply performing our duties to each other and to God, we may +prepare ourselves for the world of spirits. You can persecute--_we_ can +suffer. Who shall tire first? We will be victorious by the firmness that +bears your persecutions; and those very persecutions, while they publish +your shame, shall proclaim our principles as well as our endurance. They +knew, from the history of Charles 1st, that the worst thing to be done +with a bad king was to kill him; for, if the axe metamorphosed that +personage into a martyr, the prison could never extinguish the light of +truth in the doctrines of Quakerism![14] + + * * * * * + +You will pardon me, gentlemen, for having detained you so long in +discussing the foundation of Maryland. The planting of your own state is +familiar to you. It has been thoroughly treated in the writings of your +Proud, Watson, Gordon, Du Ponceau, Tyson, Fisher, Wharton, Reed, +Ingraham, Armstrong and many others. Can it be necessary for me to say a +word, in Philadelphia, of the history of WILLIAM PENN;--of him, who, as +a lawgiver and executive magistrate,--a practical, pious, +Quaker,--_first_ developed in state affairs, and reduced to practice, +the liberty and equality enjoined by his religion and founded on +liberal christianity;--of him who _first_ taught mankind the sublime +truth, that-- + + "Beneath the rule of men entirely great + "The PEN _is mightier than the sword? Behold_ + "The arch-enchanter's wand,--itself a nothing! + "But taking sorcery from the master hand + "To paralyse the Cesars! _Take away the sword_, + "_States can be saved without it!_" + +It would be idle to detail the facts of his life or government, for, not +only have Pennsylvanians recorded and dwelt upon them until they are +household lessons, but they have been favorite themes for French, +British, Italian, German and Spanish philosophers and historians. + + * * * * * + +It was Penn to whom the charter of 1681 was granted, half a century +after the patent issued to Cecilius Calvert. The instrument itself, has +many of the features of the Maryland grant; but it is well known that +the absolute powers it bestowed on the Proprietary, were only taken by +him in order that he might do as he pleased in the formation of a new +state, whose principles of freedom and peace, might, first in the +World's history, practically assume a national aspect. + +I shall not recount the democratic liberalities of his system, as it was +matured by his personal efforts and advice. Original, as he +unquestionably was, in genius; bold as he was in resisting the pomp of +the world, at a time when its vanities sink easiest and most +corruptingly into the heart,--we may nevertheless, say, that the deeds +and history of his time, as well as of the previous fifty years, had a +large share in moulding his character. + +In William Penn, the crude germs of religious originality, which, in +Fox, were struggling, and sometimes almost stifling for utterance, found +their first, ablest, and most accomplished expounder. He gave them +refinement and respectability. His intimacy with Algernon Sidney taught +him the value of introducing those principles into the doctrines of +government;--and thus, he soon learned that when political rights grow +into the sanctity of religious duties, they receive thereby a vitality +which makes them irresistible. Penn, in this wise, become an expanded +embodiment of Fox and Sidney; and, appropriating their mingled faith and +polity, discarded every thing that was doctrinal and not practical, and +realized, in government, their united wisdom. Nobly _in his age_, did he +declare: "I know what is said by the several admirers of monarchy, +aristocracy, and democracy, which are the rule of one, of a few, and of +the many, and are the three common ideas of government when men +discourse on that subject. But I choose to solve the controversy with +this small distinction, and it belongs to all three:--_any government is +free to the people under it, whatever be the frame, where the laws rule +and the people are a party to those laws; and more than this is tyranny, +oligarchy, and confusion._"[15] + +In these historical illustrations, I have striven to show that Primitive +Christianity was the basis of equal rights and responsibilities. The +alleged defence of this christianity, in the land of its birth, gave +rise to "holy wars," in which Feudalism and Chivalry originated. +Feudalism was the source of the strictest military dependence, as well +as of manifold social perversions. The knight expanded into a lord,--the +subject commoner dwindled to a soldier or a serf. Thus Feudalism and a +great historical Church, grew up in aristocratic co-partnership over the +bodies and souls of mankind, until the one, by the omnipotence of its +spiritual authority, ripened into an universal hierarchy, while the +other, by the folly of its "divine right," decayed into a temporal +despotism that fell at the first blow of the heads-man's axe. The +reformation and revolution broke the enchanter's wand; and, when the +cloud passed from the bloody stage, instead of seeing before us a +magician full of the glories of his art and almost deceived himself, by +the splendor of his incantations, we beheld a meagre and pitiful +creature, who though blind and palsied, still retained for a while, the +power of witch-like mischief. But his reign was not lasting. The stern +Puritan,--the pioneer of Independence,--advanced with his remorseless +weapon,--while quietly, in his shadow, followed the calm and patient +Friend, sowing the seed of Peace and Good-Will in the furrows plowed by +the steel of his unrelenting predecessor. And thus again, after ages of +corrupt and desolating perversion, the selfish heart of man came humbly +back to its original faith that Liberal Christianity is the true basis +of enlightened freedom, and the only foundation of good and lasting +government. + + * * * * * + +The bleak winds of March were blowing in Maryland, when Calvert +conciliated and purchased from the Indians at Saint Mary's; but Autumn +was + + "Laying here and there + "A fiery finger on the leaves," + +when Penn, also, established a perfect friendship with the savages at +Shackamaxon.[16] + +Calvert, a protestant officer of the crown, became a catholic, and, +retiring to private life, was rewarded by his king, with a pension, +estates, and an American principality;--Penn, the son of a British +Admiral, and who is only accurately known to us by a portrait which +represents him _in armor_, began life as an adherent of the Church of +England, and having conscientiously, doffed the steel for the simple +garb of Quakerism, was persecuted, not only by his government but his +parent. Calvert took the grant of a feudal charter, and asserting all +its legislative and baronial powers, sought to fasten its Chinese +influence, in feudal fixedness, on his colonists;--but Penn, knowing +that feudalism was an absurdity, in the necessary equality of a +wilderness, embraced his great authority in order "to leave himself and +his successors no power of doing mischief, so that the will of one man +might not hinder the good of a whole community."[17] + +Calvert seems to have thought of English or Irish emigration +alone;--Penn, did not confine himself to race, but sought for support +from the Continent as well as from Britain.[18] + +Calvert was ennobled for his services;--Penn rejected a birthright which +might have raised him to the peerage. + +Calvert's public life was antecedent to his American visit--Penn's was +almost entirely subsequent to the inception of his "holy experiment." + +Calvert laid the foundations of a mimic kingdom;--Penn, with the power +of a prince, stripped himself of authority. The one was naturally an +aristocrat of James's time; the other, quite as naturally, a democrat of +the transition age of Sidney. + +Calvert imagined that mankind stood still; but, Penn believed, that +mankind _ever_ moves, or, that like an army under arms, when not +marching, it is marking time. + +While to Calvert is due the honor of a considerable religious advance on +his age, as developed in his charter,--Penn is to be revered for the +double glory of civil and _perfect_ religious liberty. Calvert mitigated +man's lot by toleration;--Penn expanded the germ of toleration into +unconditional freedom. + +Calvert was the founder of a Planting Province, mainly agricultural, and +creative of all the manorial dependencies;--but Penn seems to have +heartily cherished the idea of a great City, and of the commerce it was +to gather and develope from a wilderness over which it was to stand as +guardian sentinel. As farming was the chief interest of the one, +trading, became, also, a favorite of the other; and thus, while the +_transient_ trader visited, supplied, and left the native Indian +free,--the _permanent_ planter settled forever on his "hunting grounds," +and drove him further into the forest. + +Calvert recognized the law of war;--Penn made peace a fundamental +institution. They both felt that civilized nations have a double and +concurrent life,--material and spiritual;--but Calvert sought rather to +develop one, while Penn addressed himself to the care of both. + +Calvert's idea was to open a new land by old doctrines, and to form his +preserving amber around a worthless fly;--but Penn's Pennsylvania was to +crystalize around the novel and lucid nucleus of freedom. + +Calvert supposed that America was to be a mere reflex of Britain, and +that the heart of his native Island would pulsate here; but Penn, seeing +that the future population of America, like the soil of the Mississippi +Valley, would be an alluvial deposit from the overflow of European +civilization, thought it right to plant a new doctrine of human rights, +which would grow more vigorously for its transplanting and culture. + + * * * * * + +The germs of Civil and Religious freedom may be found elsewhere in the +foundation of American provinces and colonies. I know they are claimed +for the cabin of the Mayflower, the rock of Plymouth, and the sands of +Rhode Island. But I think that William Penn is justly entitled to the +honor of adopting them on principle, after long and patient reflection, +as the seed of his people, and thus, of having taken from their +introduction by him into this country, all the disparagement of +originating either in discontent or accident. His plan was the offspring +of beautiful design, and not the gypsey child of chance or circumstance. + +History is to man what water is to the landscape,--it mirrors, but +distorts in its reflection, and the great founder of Pennsylvania has +suffered from this temporary distortion. But, at length, the water will +become still, and the image will be perfect. Penn is one of those +majestic figures that loom up on the waste of time, in the same eternal +permanence and simple grandeur in which the Pyramids rise in relief from +the sands of Egypt. Let no Arab displace a single stone! + + + + +APPENDIX No. I. + + +It is singular that the clause in the XXII section of Charles Ist's +charter to Lord Baltimore, relating to the interpretation of that +instrument in regard to religion, has never been accurately translated, +but that all commentators have, hitherto, followed the version given by +Bacon. I shall endeavor to demonstrate the error. + +The following parallel passages exhibit the original Latin, and Bacon's +adopted translation: + +ORIGINAL LATIN. + +The 22nd section of the charter of Maryland, copied from Bacon's Laws, +wherein it was adopted from an attested copy from the original record +remaining in the Chapel of Rolls in 1758: + +"SECTION XXII. Et si forte imposterum contingat Dubitationes aliquas +quaestiones circa verum sensum et Intellectum alicujus verbi clausulae vel +sententiae in hae presenti CHARTA nostra contentae generari EAM semper et +in omnibus Interpretationem adhiberi et in quibuscunque Curiis et +Praetoriis nostris obtinere VOLUMUS praecipimus et mandamus quae praefato +modo Baroni de BALTIMORE Haeredibus et Assignatis suis benignior utilior +et favorabilior esse judicabitur Proviso semper quod nulla fiat +Interpretatio per quam sacro-sancta DEI et vera Christiana Religio aut +Ligeantia NOBIS Haeredibus et successoribus nostris debita Immutatione +Prejudicio vel dispendio in aliquo patiantur:" &c. &c. + + ENGLISH TRANSLATION. + + Translation of the 22nd section of the charter, from Bacon's Laws of + Maryland, wherein it is copied from an old translation published by + order of the Lower House in the year 1725: + + "SECTION XXII. And if, peradventure, hereafter it may happen that + any doubts or questions should arise concerning the true sense and + meaning of any word, clause or sentence contained in this our + present charter, we will, charge, and command, THAT Interpretation + to be applied, always, and in all things, and in all our Courts and + Judicatories whatsoever, to obtain which shall be judged to be more + beneficial, profitable and favorable to the aforesaid now Baron of + BALTIMORE, his heirs and assigns: Provided always that no + interpretation thereof be made whereby GOD's holy and true christian + religion, or the allegiance due to us, our heirs and successors, + may, in any wise, suffer by change, prejudice or diminution:" &c. + &c. + +It will be noticed that this _Latin_ copy, according to the well known +ancient usage in such papers, is not punctuated, so that we have no +guidance, for the purpose of translation, from that source. + +The translation of this section as far as the words: "_Proviso semper +quod nulla fiat interpretatio_," &c. is sufficiently correct; but the +whole of the final clause, should in my opinion, be rendered thus:-- + +"Provided always that no interpretation thereof be made, whereby GOD'S +HOLY RIGHTS _and_ the TRUE CHRISTIAN RELIGION, or the allegiance due to +us our heirs or successors, may, in any wise suffer by change, prejudice +or diminution." Let me offer my reasons for this alteration: + +1st, This new translation harmonizes with the evident grammatical +construction of the Latin sentence, and is the easiest as well as most +natural. The common version, given by Bacon: "GOD'S holy _and_ true +CHRISTIAN religion,"--is grossly pleonastic, if not nonsensical. Among +christians, "God's religion," can of course, only be the "christian +religion;" and, with equal certainty, it is not only a "true" religion, +but a "holy" one! + +2nd, The word _Sacrosanctus_, always conveys the idea of a _consecrated +inviolability, in consequence of inherent rights and privileges_. In a +dictionary, _contemporary with the charter_, I find the following +definition,--_in verbo sacrosanctus._ + +"SACROSANCTUS: Apud Ciceronem dicebatur id quod interposito jurejurando +sanctum, et institutum erat idem etiam significat ac sanctus, _santo_. +_Tribunus plebis dicebatur sacrosanctus, quia eum nefas erat attingere, +longe diviniori ratione Catholici appellamus ecclesiam Romanam +sacrosanctam._ Calpinus Parvus;--seu Dictionarium Caesaris Calderini +Mirani: _Venetiis_, 1618." + +Cicero, _in Catil_: 2. 8.--uses the phrase--"Possessiones sacrosanctae," +in this sense; and so does Livy in the epithet,--"Sacrosancta potestas," +as applied to the Tribuneship; and, in the sentence,--"ut plebi sui +magistratus essent sacrosanctae." + +From the last sentence, in the definition given in the Venetian +Dictionary of 1618, which I have cited in italics, it will be seen that +the epithet had a peculiarly Catholic signification _in its +appropriation_ by the Roman Church. + +3d, I contend that "_sacrosancta_" does not qualify "_religio_," but +agrees with _negotia_, or some word of similar import, understood; and +thus the phrase--"_sacrosancta Dei_"--forms a distinct branch of the +sentence. + +If the translation given in Bacon is the true one, the positions of the +words "sacrosancta" and "Dei" should be reversed, for their present +collocation clearly violates accurate Latin construction. In that case, +"_Dei_" being subject to the government of "_religio_," ought to precede +"_sacrosancta_," which would be appurtenant to "_religio_," while +"_et_," which would then couple the two adjectives instead of the two +members of the sentence, should be placed immediately between them, +without the interposition of any word to disunite it either from +"_sacrosancta_" or "_vera_." If my translation be correct, then the +collocation of all the words in the original Latin of the charter, is +proper. If "_sacrosancta_" is a neuter adjective agreeing with +"_negotia_," understood,--and "_et_" conjoins members of sentences, then +the whole clause is obedient to a positive law of Latin verbal +arrangement. Leverett says: "The genitive is elegantly put before the +noun which governs it with one or more words between; _except_ when the +genitive is _governed by a neuter adjective_, in which case, _it must_ +be _placed after it_." + +4th, Again:--if "_et_" joins "_sacrosancta_" and "_vera_," which, +thereby, qualify the same noun, there are _then_ only two nominatives in +the Latin sentence of the charter, viz: "_religio_" and "_ligcantia_." +Now these nouns, being coupled by the disjunctive conjunction "_aut_," +must have the verb agreeing with them _separately_ in the singular. But, +as "_patiantur_" happens to be in the plural, the author of the charter +must either have been ignorant of one of the simplest grammar rules, or +have designed to convey the meaning I contend for. + +I must acknowledge the aid and confirmation I have received, in +examining this matter, from the very competent scholarship of my friend +Mr. Knott, assistant Librarian of the Maryland Historical Society. + + + + +APPENDIX No. II. + + +The scope of my discourse is confined to the illustration of +_principles_ either announced, or acted on, in the _founding_ of +Maryland and Pennsylvania. I have contended that Sir George Calvert, the +_first_ Lord Baltimore, so framed the charter which was granted by +Charles I, that, without express concessions, the general character of +its language in regard to religious rights, would secure liberty of +conscience to christians. + +I: 1632.--Language can scarcely be more perspicuously comprehensive, +than in the phrase: "God's Holy Rights and the true Christian Religion." +Under such a clause, _in the charter_, no particular church could set up +a claim for its exclusive christianity. There was no mention, in the +instrument, of "the Established Church," or, of "the Church of England." +The Catholic could not deny the Episcopalian's christianity; the +Episcopalian could not deny the Catholic's, nor could the Puritan +question the christianity of either. All professed faith in Christ. Each +of the three great sects might contend that its _form_ of worship, or +interpretation of the Bible, was the correct one; but all came lawfully +under the great generic class of christians. And, while the political +government of the colonists was to be conducted by a Catholic +magistrate, in a province belonging to a Catholic Lord,--the +_interpretation_ of the law of religious rights was to be made, not by +the laws of England, but exclusively under the paramount law of the +provincial charter. By that document the broad "rights of God," and "the +true christian religion," could not "suffer by change, prejudice or +diminution." + +This view is strengthened by a clause in the 4th section of the charter, +by which the king granted Lord B. "the patronages and advowsons of ALL +_churches_ which, _with the increasing worship and_ RELIGION OF CHRIST, +(_crescenti Christi cultu et religione_,") should be built within his +province. The right of _advowson_, being thus bestowed on the Lord +Proprietary, for _all Christian Churches_; his majesty, then, goes on, +empowering Lord B. to erect and found churches, chapels, &c. and _to +cause_ them to be dedicated "_according to the Ecclesiastical laws of +our kingdom of England_." The general right of advowson, and the +particular privilege, conceded to a Catholic, of causing the +consecration of Episcopal churches, are _separate_ powers and ought not +to be confounded by a hasty reader of the charter. + +I think there can hardly be a fair doubt that the interpretation I give +to the 22nd clause is the one assigned to it by the immigrants from the +earliest colonial movement in 1633. We may assert, therefore, the fact, +that religious freedom was offered and secured for christians, in the +province of Maryland, from the very beginning. + +II: 1633.--We must recollect that under the English statutes, _adherents +of the national church required no protection_; they were free in the +exercise of their faith; but Catholics and Puritans were not so happily +situated, and, accordingly, they sought, in the new world an exemption +from the disabilities and persecutions they experienced at home. Can it +be credited, that, under such vexations, the Catholic Lord Baltimore +would have drawn a charter, or, his Catholic son and successor, sent +forth a colony, under a Catholic Governor, when the fundamental law, +under which alone he exercised his power, did not secure liberty to him +and his co-religionists? It is simply necessary to ask the question, in +order to demonstrate the absurdity of such a supposition. + +III: 1634.--If we show, then, that Catholic conscience was untrammeled +in Maryland, I think we may fairly assume the general ground as +satisfactorily proved. What was, briefly, the first movement of this +sect, under the Lord Proprietary's auspices? When Lord Caecilius was +planning his colonial expedition in 1633, one of his earliest cares was +to apply to the Order of Jesus for clergymen to attend the Catholic +planters and settlers, and to convert the natives. Accordingly, under +the sanction of the Superior, Father White joined the emigrants, +_although, under previous persecutions in England, he had been sent into +perpetual banishment, to return from which subjected the culprit to the +penalty of death_! These facts are set forth, at page 14 of the 2nd +volume of Challoner's Memoirs. Historia Anglo-Bavara, S. J. Rev. Dr. +Oliver's collections illustrative of the Scotch, English and Irish +Jesuits, page 222, and in the essay on the Early Maryland Missions, by +Mr. B. U. Campbell. Fathers Andrew White and John Altham, and two lay +brothers, named John Knowles and Thomas Gervase, accompanied the first +expedition, and were active agents in consecrating the possession of the +soil, and converting _Protestant immigrants_ as well as heathen natives. +The colony, therefore, cannot properly be called a Protestant one, when +its _only_ spiritual guides were Catholics; and consequently if it was +more of a Catholic than a Protestant emigration, it must, by legal +necessity, have been free from the moment it quitted the shores of +England. If the Catholic was free, all were free. + +IV: 1637.--Our next authority, in regard to the _early interpretation_ +of religious rights in Maryland, is found in a passage in Chalmers's +Political Annals, page 235. "In the oath," says he, "taken by the +Governor and Council, _between_ the years 1637 and 1657, there was the +following clause, which ought to be administered to the rulers of every +country. 'I will not, by myself or any other, directly or indirectly, +trouble, molest or discountenance, any person professing to believe in +Jesus Christ, for or on account of his religion.'" This shows, that +"belief in Jesus Christ," under the constitutional guaranty of the +charter, anterior to the enactment of any colonial law by the Maryland +Assembly, secured sects from persecution. The language of the oath, +which was doubtless promulgated by the Lord Proprietor, is as broad as +the language of the charter. The statement of Chalmers has been held to +be indefinite as to whether the oath was taken _from_ 1637 to 1657, or, +whether it was taken in some years _between_ those dates; but, if the +historian did not mean to say that it had been administered _first_ in +1637, and continued afterwards, why would he not have specified any +other, as the beginning year, as well as 1637? The objection seems +rather hypercritical than plausible. Chalmers was too accurate a writer +to use dates so loosely, and inasmuch as he was an old Maryland lawyer +and custodian of the Maryland provincial papers, he had the best +opportunity to designate the precise date. A Governor's oath was a +regular and necessary official act. No one can doubt that an oath was +required of that personage in Maryland; and the oath in question, is +precisely such an one as Protestant settlers, in that age, might +naturally expect from a Catholic Magistrate, who, (even from motives of +the humblest policy,) would be willing to grant to others what he was +anxious to secure for himself. If ever there was a proper time for +perfect toleration, it was at this moment, when a Catholic became, _for +the first time in history_, a sovereign prince of the _first province_ +of the British Empire! + +Mr. Chalmers could not have confounded the oath whose language he cites, +with other oaths which the reader will find cited in the 2nd volume of +Bozman's History of Maryland, at pages 141, 608, 642. The oath prepared +for Stone in 1648, appears to have been an augmented edition of the one +quoted by Chalmers, and is so different in parts of its phraseology as +well as items, that it cannot have been mistaken by the learned +annalist. Bancroft, McMahon, Tyson, C. F. Mayer and B. U. Campbell, +adopt his statement as true. + +V: 1638.--In regard to the early _practice of Maryland_ tribunals, on +the subject of tolerance, we have a striking case in 1638. In that year +a certain _Catholic_, named William Lewis, was arraigned before the +Governor, Secretary, &c., for _abusive language to Protestants_. Lewis +confessed, that, coming into a room where Francis Gray and Robert +Sedgrave, servants of Captain Cornwaleys, were reading, he heard them +recite passages so that he should hear them, that were reproachful to +his religion, "viz: that the Pope was anti-Christ, and the Jesuits +anti-Christian Ministers, &c: he told them it was a falsehood and came +from the devil, and that he that writ it was an instrument of the devil, +and so he would approve it!" The court found the culprit "guilty of a +very offensive speech in calling the Protestant ministers, the ministers +of the devil," and of "exceeding his rights, in forbidding them to read +a lawful book." In consequence of this "offensive language," and other +"unreasonable disputations, in point of religion, tending to the +disturbance of the peace and quiet of the Colony, committed by him, +_against a public proclamation set forth to prohibit all such +disputes_," Lewis was fined and remanded into custody until he gave +security for future good behaviour.[19] + +Thus, four years, only, after the settlement, the liberty of conscience +was vindicated by a recorded judicial sentence, and "unreasonable +disputations in point of religion," rebuked by a Catholic Governor in +the person of a Catholic offender. There could scarcely be a clearer +evidence of impartial and tolerant sincerity. The decision, moreover, is +confirmatory of the fact that the Governor had taken such an oath as +Chalmers cites, in the previous year, 1637; especially as there had +_already been a "proclamation to prohibit disputes_!" + +VI: 1638.--At the _first efficient_ General Assembly of the Colony, +which was held in this year, only two Acts were passed, though +thirty-six other bills were twice read and engrossed, but not finally +ripened into laws. The second of the two acts that were passed, +contains a section asserting that "Holy Church, _within this province_, +shall have all her rights and liberties;" thus securing the rights of +Catholics;--while the first of the thirty-six incomplete acts was one, +which we know only by _title_, as "An act for _Church liberties_." It +was to continue in force until the end of the next General Assembly, and +then, with the Lord Proprietary's consent, to be perpetual. Although we +have no means of knowing the extent of the proposed "Church liberties," +we may suppose that the proposed enactment was general, in regard to all +Christian sects besides the Catholics. + +VII: 1640.--At the session of 1640, an act for "Church liberties" _was +passed_ on the 23d October, and confirmed, as a perpetual law, in the +first year of the accession of Charles Calvert, 3d Lord Baltimore, in +1676. This Act also declares that "Holy Church, within this province, +shall have and enjoy all her rights, liberties and franchises, wholly +and without blemish." Thus, in 1640, legislation had already settled +opinion as to the rights of Catholics and Protestants. Instead of the +early Catholics seeking to contract the freedom of other sects, their +chief aim and interest seem to have been to secure their own. I consider +the Acts I have cited rather as mere declaratory statutes, than as +necessary original laws. + +VIII: 1649.--In this year, an assembly, believed to have been composed +of a Protestant majority, passed the act which has been lauded as the +source of religious toleration. It is "An Act concerning Religion," and, +in my judgment, is less tolerant than the Charter or the Governor's +Oath, inasmuch as it included Unitarians in the same category with +blasphemers and those who denied our Saviour Jesus Christ, punishing all +alike, with confiscation of goods and the pains of _death_. This was the +epoch of the trial and execution of Charles I, and of the establishment +of the Commonwealth. + +IX: 1654.--The celebrated act I have just noticed, however, was passed +fifteen years after the original settlement, which exceeds the period +comprised in the actual _founding_ of Maryland. Besides this, the +political and religious aspect of England was changing, and the +influence of the home-quarrel was beginning to be felt across the +Atlantic. In 1654, during the mastery of Cromwell, religious freedom was +destroyed: Puritanism became paramount; Papacy and Prelacy were +denounced by law; and freedom was assured only to Puritans, and such as +professed "faith in God by Jesus Christ, though differing in judgment, +from the doctrine or worship publicly held forth." + +X. It has been alleged that the clause in the Maryland Charter securing +"God's holy rights and the true Christian religion," is only an +incorporation into Lord Baltimore's instrument, of certain clauses +contained in the early Charters of Virginia. If the reader will refer to +the 1st volume of Henning's Statutes at large, he will find all those +documents in English, but _unaccompanied by the original Latin_. Thus, +we have no means of judging the _accuracy of the translation_, or +_identity of language_ in the Maryland and Virginia instruments. +Adopting, however, for the present, the translation given by Henning, we +find no coincidence of phraseology either to justify the suspicion of a +mere copy, or to subject our charter to the _limitations_ contained in +the Virginia patents. Disabilities are to be construed strictly in law, +and our charter is not to be interpreted by another, but stands on its +own, independent, context and manifest signification. + +The first Virginia Charter or Patent was issued to Sir Thomas Gates and +others, April 10th, 1606, in the 4th year of James's English reign. +Among the "Articles, Orders, Instructions," &c., set down for Virginia, +20th Nov., 1606,--(though nothing is said about restrictions in +religion, while the preamble commends the noble work of propagating the +Christian religion among infidel savages,)--is the following +clause:--"And we doe specallie ordaine, charge, and require the +presidents and councills," (of the two Colonies of Virginia,) +"respectively, within their severall limits and precincts, that they +with all diligence, care and respect, doe provide, that the _true word +and service of God and Christian faith_, be preached, planted and used, +not only within every of the said severall colonies and plantations, but +alsoe, as much as they may, among the salvage people which doe or shall +adjoine unto them, or border upon them, _according to the_ DOCTRINE, +RIGHTS, _and_ RELIGION, _now professed and established within our realme +of England_."--_1st Henning_, 69. + +The second charter or patent, dated 23d May, 1609, 7th "James I," was +issued to the Treasurer and Company for Virginia, and in its XXIX +section, declares: "And lastly, because the principal effect, which we +can desire or expect of this action, is the conversion and reduction of +the people in those parts unto the _Worship of God and Christian +religion, in which respect we should be loath, that any person be +permitted to pass, that we suspected to affect the superstitions of the +Church of Rome_; we do hereby declare that it is our will and pleasure +that none be permitted to pass in any voyage, from time to time, to be +made unto the said country, but such as shall first have taken the Oath +of Supremacy;" &c., &c.--_1st Henning_, 97. + +The third Charter of James the I, in the 9th year of his English reign, +was issued 12th March, 1611-12 to the Treasurer and Company for +Virginia. The XIIth section empowers certain officers to administer the +_Oath of Supremacy and Allegiance_, to "all and every persons which +shall at any time or times hereafter go or pass to said Colony of +Virginia." + +The Instructions to Governor Wyatt, of 24th of July, 1621, direct +him:--"_to keep up the Religion of the Church of England, as near as may +be_," &c., &c.--_1st Henning._ + +All these extracts, it will be observed, contain _limitations_ and +_restrictions_, either explicitly _in favor_ of the English Church, or +_against_ the, so called, "superstitions of the Church of Rome." The +Maryland Charter shows no such narrow clauses, and consequently, is +justly free from any connexion, _in interpretation_, with the Virginia +instruments. Besides this, we do not know that the language of the +original Latin of the Virginia Charters, is the same as ours, and, +therefore, it would be "reasoning in a circle," or, "begging the +question," if we translated the Maryland Charter into the exact language +of the Virginian. The phraseology--"God's holy rights and the true +Christian religion,"--_unlimited in the Maryland Patent_,--was a +distinct assertion of broad equality to all professing to believe in +Jesus Christ. It was not subject to any sectarian restriction, and +formed the basis of religious liberty in Maryland, until it was +undermined during the Puritan intolerance in 1654. + + + + +CORRESPONDENCE. + + + HALL OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA,} + PHILADELPHIA, _April 12th, 1852_. } + + DEAR SIR: + +We have been appointed a committee to communicate to you the following +resolution passed at a meeting of the Historical Society held this +evening: + + "RESOLVED, That the thanks of the HISTORICAL SOCIETY, are hereby + returned to MR. BRANTZ MAYER, of BALTIMORE, for his very able and + eloquent address, delivered before it, on Thursday evening, the 8th + instant; and that MESSRS. TYSON, FISHER, COATES and ARMSTRONG, be + appointed a committee to transmit this resolution to Mr. Mayer, and + request a copy of the address for publication." + +Permit us to express the pleasure we derived from the delivery of your +Discourse, and, also, the hope that you will comply with the Society's +request. + +We remain, with great respect, your obedient servants, + + JOB R. TYSON, + J. FRANCIS FISHER, + B. H. COATES, + EDW. ARMSTRONG. + + To MR. BRANTZ MAYER, BALTIMORE. + + + + + BALTIMORE, _15th April, 1852_. + + GENTLEMEN: + +I am much obliged to the PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, for the +complimentary resolution it was pleased to pass in relation to the +Discourse I delivered before it on the 8th of this month. In compliance +with your request, I place a copy of the address at your disposal; and, +while thanking you for the courtesy with which you have communicated the +vote of your colleagues, I have the honor to be, your most obedient +servant, + + BRANTZ MAYER. + + To MESSIEURS JOB R. TYSON, } + J. FRANCIS FISHER,} Committee, &c. &c. &c. + B. H. COATES, } + EDW. ARMSTRONG, } + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Mr. Joseph Hunter's "Collections concerning the Early History of the +Founders of New Plymouth." London, 1849: No 2 of his Critical and +Historical Tracts, p. 14. + +[2] It is believed by historians that Sir Walter Raleigh fell a victim +to the intrigues of Spain at the Court of James. His American adventures +and hardihood were dangerous to the Spanish Empire. A small pamphlet +entitled: A NEW DESCRIPTION OF VIRGINIA, published in London in 1619, a +reprint of which is possessed by the Virginia Historical Society, shows +how the prophetic fears of the Spaniard, even at that early time, +conjured up the warning phantom of Anglo-Saxon "_annexation._" + +"It is well known," says the pamphlet, "that our English plantations +have had little countenance; nay, that our statesmen, (when time was,) +had store of Gundemore's gold," (meaning Gondomar, Spanish Minister at +James's Court)--"_to destroy_ and discountenance the plantation of +Virginia; and he effected it, in great part, by dissolving the company, +wherein most of the nobility, gentry, corporate cities, and most +merchants of England, were interested and engaged; after the expense of +some hundred of thousands of pounds; for Gundemore did affirm to his +friends, that he had commission from his master"--(the King of +Spain,)--"to destroy that plantation. For, said he, should they thrive +and go on increasing, as they have done under that popular Lord of +Southampton, _my master's West Indies_, AND HIS MEXICO, _would shortly +be visited by sea and by land, from those Planters in Virginia_." + +Generals Scott and Taylor--both sons of Virginia--have verified, in the +nineteenth century, the foresight of the cautious statesman of the +seventeenth. + + _See Virginia His. Reg. Vol. 1. p. 28._ + +[3] Dr. Miller's "History Philosophically Illustrated," vol 1. p. 95. + +[4] "Men who have to count, miserly, the kernels of corn for their daily +bread, and to till their ground, staggering through weakness from the +effect of famine, can do but little in settling the metaphysics of +faith, or in counting frames, and gauging the exercises of their +feelings. Grim necessity of hunger looks morbid sensibility out of +countenance."--_Rev. Dr. G. B. Cheever's edition of the Journal of the +Pilgrims;--1848: p. 112._ + +[5] "The New England Puritans, though themselves refugees from religions +intolerance, and martyrs, as they supposed, to the cause of religious +freedom, practiced the same intolerance to those who were so unfortunate +as to differ from them. In 1635, Roger Williams was banished from the +Massachusetts colony for differences of religious opinions with the +civil powers. This was the next year after the arrival of the Maryland +colony. In 1659, fifteen years later, a Baptist received thirty lashes +at the whipping post, in Boston, for his peculiar faith; and nine years +later, three persons suffered death by the common hangman, in the same +place, for their adherence to the sect of Quakers."--_Rev. Dr. Burnap's +Life of Leonard Calvert, in Sparks's Am. Biog. 2nd series, vol. IX. p. +170, Boston, 1846._ + +On the 13th Sept. 1644, these N. England Puritans, passed a law of +banishment against Anabaptists; in 1646, another law, imposing the same +punishment, was passed against Heresy and Error; in 1647, the order of +Jesuits came in for a share of intolerance;--its members were inhibited +from entering the colony; if they came in, heedless of the law, they +were to be banished, and if they returned after banishment, they were to +be _put to death_. On the 14th of October 1656, the celebrated law was +enacted against "the cursed sect of heretics lately risen up in the +world, which are commonly called Quakers:"--by its decrees, captains of +vessels who introduced these religionists, knowingly, were to be fined +or imprisoned; "quaker books or writings containing their devilish +opinions," were not to be brought into the colony, under a penalty; +while quakers who came in, were to be committed to the house of +correction, kept constantly at work, not allowed to speak, and severely +whipped, on their entrance into this sanctuary!--See original Acts, +_Hazard's His. Coll. 1, pp. 538, 545, 550, 630_. + +[6] See Mr. John P. Kennedy's discourse on the life and character of Sir +George Calvert, and the reviews thereof, with Mr K's reply, on this +question of religion, in the U. S. Catholic Magazine, 1846. Since the +publication of Mr. Kennedy's discourse and the reviews of it, in 1846, I +have met with an English work published in London in 1839, _attributed_ +to Bishop Goodman, entitled an "Account of the Court of James the +first." In vol. 1, p. 376, he says: "The third man who was thought to +gain by the Spanish match was Secretary Calvert; and as he was the _only +Secretary employed in the Spanish match_, so undoubtedly he did what +good offices he could therein, for religion's sake, _being infinitely +addicted to the Roman Catholic faith, having been converted thereto by +Count Gondemar and Count Arundel, whose daughter Secretary Calvert's Son +had married; and, as it was said, the Secretary did usually catechise +his own children, so to ground them in his own religion; and in his best +room having an altar set up, with chalice, candlesticks, and all other +ornaments, he brought all strangers thither, never concealing anything, +as if his whole joy and comfort had been to make open profession of his +religion_." As the Prelate was a _contemporary_, this statement, +founded, as it may be, on report, is of considerable importance. Fuller, +also, was a contemporary though thirty years younger than Calvert. The +Spanish match, alluded to, was on the carpet as early as 1617, and was +broken off in the beginning of 1624. It was probably during this period +that Lord Arundel and the Spanish Minister influenced the mind of Sir +George as to religion. + +[7] Mr. Chalmers, in his Hist. of the Revolt of the Am. Col. B. 2 ch. 3, +says that the charter of Maryland was a _literal copy_ from the prior +patent of Avalon; but of this we are unable to judge, as he neither +cites his authority nor indicates the depository of the Avalon Charter. +If the Maryland charter is an _exact_ transcript of the Avalon document, +it is interesting to know the fact, as Calvert may have been a +Protestant, when the latter was issued. Bozman states an authority for +its date, as of 1623, which would indicate that this document may still +probably be found in the British Museum. If it was issued in 1623, it +was granted a year before, Fuller says, Calvert resigned because he had +become a Catholic. In all likelihood, however, Sir George was not +converted in a day!--_See Bozman Hist. Maryland ed. 1837, vol. 1 p. 240 +et seq. in note._ + +[8] The Baron Von Raumer, in his Hist. of the XVI and XVII Centuries, +vol. 2, p. 263, quoting from Tillieres, says of Calvert: "He is an +honorable, sensible well-minded man, courteous towards strangers, full +of respect towards embassadors, zealously intent on the welfare of +England; but by reason of all these good qualities, entirely without +consideration or influence." + +The only original work or tract by which we know the character of Sir +George Calvert's mind is "THE ANSWER TO TOM TELL-TROTH, THE PRACTISE OF +PRINCES AND THE LAMENTATIONS OF THE KIRKE, _written by Lord Baltimore, +late Secretary of State_." London, _printed 1642_:--a copy of which, in +MS., is in the collections of the Maryland Hist. Soc. This is a quaint +specimen of pedantic politics and toryism--larded with Latin quotations, +and altogether redolent of James's Court. It was addressed to Charles I, +and shows the author's intimate acquaintance with the political history +and movements of the continental powers. We may judge Calvert's politics +by the following passage in which he _commends_ the doctrines of his old +master:-- + +"King James," says he, "in his oration to the Parliament, 1620, used +these words _very judiciattie_; Kings and Kingdoms were before +Parliaments; the Parliament was never called for the purpose to meddle +with complaints against the King, the Church, or State matters, but _ad +consultandum de rebus arduis, Nos et Regnum nostrum concernantibus_; as +the writ will inform you. I was never the cause, nor guiltie of the +election of my sonne by the Bohemians, neither would I be content that +any other king should dispute whether I am a lawful King or no, and to +tosse crowns like Tennis-balls." + +[9] It may seem strange, that, being a Catholic, he still had the right +of advowson or of presentation to Protestant Episcopal Churches; but it +was not until the Act of 1st William and Mary, chapter 26, that +Parliament interfered with the right of Catholics to present to +religious benefices. That Act vested the presentations belonging to +Catholics in the Universities. An Act passed 12th Anne, was of a similar +disabling character.--_Butler's Hist. Mem. vol. 3, pp. 136, 148, 149._ + +[10] See Appendix No. 1, in regard to the erroneous translation of this +clause from the Latin, that has hitherto been adopted from Bacon's laws +of Maryland. + +[11] As an illustration of this feeling, I will quote a passage showing +how it fared with Marylanders in Massachusetts in 1631. "The Dove," one +of the vessels of the first colonists to Maryland, was dispatched to +Massachusetts with a cargo of corn to exchange for fish. She carried a +friendly letter from Calvert and another from Harvey, but the +magistrates were suspicious of a people who "_did set up mass openly_." +Some of the crew were accused of reviling the inhabitants of +Massachusetts as "holy brethren," "the members," &c., and just as the +ship was about to sail; _the supercargo, happening on shore, was +arrested in order to compel the master to give up the culprits_. The +proof failed, and the vessel was suffered to depart, but not without a +special charge to the master "_to bring no more such disordered +persons!_"--_Hildreth Hist. U. S., vol. 1, 209_. + +[12] See Appendix No. 2. + +[13] In order to illustrate the spirit in which the region for the first +settlement at St. Mary's was acquired, I will quote from a MS. copy of +"A Relation of Maryland, 1635," now in my possession: "To make his +entrie peaceable and safe, he thought fit to present ye Werowance and +Wisoes of the town (so they call ye chief men of accompt among them,) +with some English cloth (such as is used in trade with ye Indians,) +axes, hoes, and knives, which they accepted verie kindlie, and freely +gave consent toe his companie that hee and they should dwell in one part +of their towne, and reserved the other for themselves: and those Indians +that dwelt in that part of ye towne which was allotted for ye English, +freely left them their houses and some corne that they had begun to +plant: It was also agreed between them that at ye end of ye Harvest they +should have ye whole Towne, which they did accordinglie. And they made +mutuall promises to each other to live peaceably and friendlie together, +and if any injury should happen to be done, on any part, that +satisfaction should be made for ye same; and thus, on ye 27 DAIE of +MARCH, A. D. 1634, ye Gouernour took possession of ye place, and named +ye _Towne--Saint Marie's_. + +"There was an occasion that much facilitated their treatie with these +Indians which was this: the Susquehanocks (a warlike people that inhabit +between Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay) did usuallie make warres and +incursions upon ye neighboring Indians, partly for superioritie, partly +for to gett their women, and what other purchase they could meet with; +which the Indians of _Yoacomaco_ fearing, had, ye yeere before our +arivall there, made a resolution, for there safetie, to remove +themselves higher into ye countrie, where it was more populous, and many +of them where gone there when ye English arrived." + +At Potomac, Father Altham,--according to Father White's Latin MS. in the +Maryland Hist. Soc. Col.--informed the guardian of the King that _we_ +(the clergy) had not come thither for war, but for the sake of +benevolence,--that we might imbue a rude race with the principles of +civilization, and open a way to Heaven, as well as to impart to them the +advantages enjoyed by distant regions. The prince signified that we had +come acceptably. The interpreter was one of the Virginia Protestants. +When the Father, for lack of time, could not continue his discourse, and +promised soon to return: "I will that it should be so," said +Archihau--"our table shall be one; my men shall hunt for you; all things +shall be in common between us." + +The Werowance of Pautuxent visited the strangers, and when he was about +departing, used the following language, as recorded in the MS. Relation +of Maryland of 1635: "I love ye English so well that if they should goe +about to kill me, if I had so much breath as to speak, I would command +ye people not to revenge my death; for I know they would not doe such a +thinge except it was through mine own default." See also Mr. B. U. +Campbell's admirable SKETCH OF THE EARLY MISSIONS TO MARYLAND, read +before the Md. Hist. Soc. 8th Jan. 1846, and subsequently printed in the +U.S. Catholic Magazine. + +[14] In William Penn's second reply to a committee of the House of Lords +appointed in 1678, he declares that those who cannot comply with laws, +through tenderness of conscience, should not "revile or conspire against +the government, _but with christian humility and patience tire out all +mistakes against us_, and wait their better information, who, we +believe, do as undeservedly as severely treat us." + +[15] Preface to Frame of Government, 25 April, 1682. + +[16] Those who desire to know the precise character of the celebrated +Elm-tree Treaty, should read the Memoir on its history, in vol. 3, part +2, p. 145 of the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Hist. Soc., written by the +late Mr. Du Ponceau, and Mr. Joshua Francis Fisher. It is one of the +finest specimen of minute, exhaustive, historical analysis, with which I +am acquainted. These gentlemen, prove, I think, conclusively, that the +Treaty was altogether one of amity and friendship, and was entirely +unconnected with the purchase of lands. + +[17] Janney's Life of Penn, 163. + +[18] See 2nd Bozman Hist. Md. p. 616--note XLIII, Conditions, &c. + +[19] 2d Bozman, 597, and Orig. MS. in Md. His. Soc. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Calvert and Penn, by Brantz Mayer + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALVERT AND PENN *** + +***** This file should be named 32454.txt or 32454.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/4/5/32454/ + +Produced by Julia Miller, Jasmine Yu and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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