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+Project Gutenberg's The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: John Coulter
+
+Release Date: November 12, 2010 [EBook #34304]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE STORY--GALVESTON HORROR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                   IN MEMORY OF THE DEAD AT GALVESTON
+
+                             SEPT. 8TH 1900.
+
+
+
+
+               The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror.
+
+                      Written by the Survivors.
+
+  Incidents of the awful Tornado, Flood and Cyclone Disaster; Personal
+      Experiences of Survivors; Horrible Looting of Dead Bodies and the
+      Robbing of Empty Homes; Pestilence from so many Decaying Bodies
+      Unburied; Barge Captains Compelled by Armed Men to Tow Dead Bodies
+      to Sea; Millions of Dollars raised to aid the Suffering Survivors;
+      President McKinley Orders Army Rations and Army Tents issued to
+      Survivors and orders U. S. Troops to protect the People and
+      Property; Tales of the Survivors from Galveston; Adrift all Night
+      on Rafts; Acts of Valor; United States Soldiers Drowned; Great
+      Heroism; Great Vandalism; Great Horror; A Second Johnstown Flood,
+      but worse: Hundreds of Men, Women and Children Drowned; No way of
+      Escape, only
+
+                         Death! Death! Everywhere!
+
+                                Edited by
+                              John Coulter,
+                       Formerly of the N. Y. Herald.
+
+                     Fully Illustrated with Photographs.
+
+                       UNITED PUBLISHERS OF AMERICA.
+
+
+
+                     Copyright, 1900, by E. E. Sprague.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In presenting to the people of this country and the world a chronicle of
+the frightful visitation of hurricane and flood upon the beautiful and
+enterprising City of Galveston, which unparalleled calamity occurred on
+September 8, 1900, the Publishers wish to say that the utmost care has
+been taken to make the record of the catastrophe complete in every
+particular.
+
+No expense has been spared to obtain the facts; the illustrations
+contained in the work are from photographs taken by artists on the spot;
+the experiences of survivors were obtained from the victims themselves,
+their language being faithfully reported, while what they wrote is
+reproduced without a single change being made.
+
+The situation in the stricken City of Galveston is portrayed day by day
+exactly as it existed, and is not the product of imaginings of writers who
+put down what the conditions should have been; the storm has been followed
+from its inception, just south of the island of San Domingo, to Galveston,
+through Texas and then along its course until it disappeared in the broad
+Atlantic off the Eastern coast; the horrors of the gale, the cruel killing
+of thousands by the winds and waters, the wrecking of thousands of
+buildings and the drowning of helpless men, women and children, are all
+given in graphic and picturesque language.
+
+The fearful mutilation of the dead by the ghouls and vandals who afterward
+despoiled the corpses of their valuables and the swift vengeance which
+followed these unutterable crimes when the troops shot the vampires and
+harpies by the score, are told in the most vivid way; the disposal of the
+dead by casting their bodies into the sea, burying them hastily in the
+sands along the beach or cremating them by burning upon vast funeral pyres
+erected in the principal streets of the city are painted in the ghastly
+colors of truth; the wave of insanity which swept over the city and
+claimed hundreds who had escaped the perils of the deluge and the
+hurricane is set forth most graphically.
+
+What caused the mighty elemental disturbance, the possibilities of its
+recurrence and the danger which constantly hangs over other seacoast
+cities are given in detail; the pestilential conditions set up in
+Galveston by the catastrophe, the panic-stricken people flying from the
+scene of death and desolation, the horrible spectacle of hundreds of dead
+bodies floating in Galveston bay and the Gulf of Mexico, the generous
+response of the people of the United States to the appeal for help--these
+are pictured with minuteness.
+
+Nothing is wanting to make this work reliable and correct; it contains a
+full list of the identified dead, which is a feature no other publication
+has been able to do; in short, it is the story, well and accurately told,
+of a disaster which has not its like since the world began.
+
+The Publishers are confident this volume will meet the approval of the
+country.
+
+THE PUBLISHERS.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+  Preface                                                               4
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+    West Indian Hurricane Descends Upon Galveston, Causing Immense
+    Losses of Life and Property--Catastrophe Unparalleled in the
+    History of the World--A Night of Horrors and Suffering              33
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+    Sad Scenes in All Parts of the Ruined City--Corpses Everywhere--
+    A Sombre, Solemn Sunday--People Apathetic, Dejected and
+    Heartbroken                                                         51
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+    Crowds of Refugees at Houston--Fed and Housed in Tents--Regular
+    Soldiers Drowned--Government Property Lost--Fears for
+    Galveston's Future                                                  64
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+    Thrilling Experiences of People During the Great Storm--
+    Eighty-five Persons Perish by Being Blown from a Train--
+    Adventures of Survivors at Galveston                                89
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+    Relief Sent from All Parts of the World as Soon as the True
+    Situation of Affairs Was Made Known--Millions of Dollars
+    Subscribed and Thousands of Carloads of Supplies Forwarded to
+    the Desolated City                                                 117
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+    Cremating Bodies by the Hundreds in the Streets of Galveston--
+    Negroes Faint While Handling the Decayed Corpses--How Some of
+    Those Rescued Escaped with Their Lives                             133
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+    Lives Lost and Property Damage Sustained Outside of Galveston--
+    One Thousand Victims and Millions of Value in Crops Swept
+    Away--Estimates Made                                               149
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+    Business Resumed at Galveston in a Small Way on the Sixth Day
+    After the Catastrophe--"Galveston Shall Rise Again"--How the
+    City Looked on Saturday, One Week After the Flood                  159
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+    Galveston Nine Days After--Great Changes Apparent--Life in a
+    Business Exhibited--Systematic Efforts to Obtain Names of the
+    Dead                                                               172
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+    Magnitude of the Relief Necessary--Twenty Thousand Persons
+    to Be Clothed and Fed--System of Relief Organization--How the
+    Storm Effected Trade                                               180
+
+  CHAPTER XI.
+    Insanity Follows Frightful Sufferings of the Poor Victims--
+    Five Hundred Demented Ones--Indifferent to the Loss of
+    Relatives                                                          188
+
+  CHAPTER XII.
+    Serious Danger from Fire--Scarcity of Boats to Carry People
+    to the Main Land--Laborers Imported into Galveston--Untold
+    Sufferings on Bolivar Island--Experience of a Chicago Man          196
+
+  CHAPTER XIII.
+    Two Women Tell How They Were Affected at Galveston--One
+    Arrived After the Catastrophe, While the Other Was in the
+    Storm from Beginning to End                                        206
+
+  CHAPTER XIV.
+    Twenty Thousand People Fed Every Day at a Cost of $40,000--
+    Incidents at the Relief Stations--Applicants and Their
+    Peculiarities--Great Mortality Among the Negroes                   216
+
+  CHAPTER XV.
+    Total Dead and Missing at Galveston and Vicinity 8,661--Five
+    Million Dollars in Relief Necessary to Carry the Survivors
+    Through the Fall and Winter to Spring                              246
+
+  CHAPTER XVI.
+    Galveston's Inhabitants Refuse to Heed the Lessons Taught by
+    Their Experiences--Carelessness in Failing to Provide Against
+    the Recurrence of Catastrophes                                     261
+
+  CHAPTER XVII.
+    Galveston's Storm Flies Over the United States and Does Great
+    Damage--Many Lives Lost--It Finally Disappears in the Atlantic
+    Ocean                                                              267
+
+  CHAPTER XVIII.
+    The World Not So Heartless as Supposed--People Give Generously
+    to Aid the Suffering--A Social Phenomenon--Value of the United
+    States Weather Bureau                                              271
+
+  CHAPTER XIX.
+    Galveston Island Directly in the Path of Storms, With No Way of
+    Escape--What is the City's Future?--All Coast Cities in
+    Danger--New York Will Be Flooded--Hurricane Foretold--
+    Galveston's Settlement--Storm Will Recur                           281
+
+  CHAPTER XX.
+    Comparisons Between the Galveston and Johnstown Disasters--The
+    Latter Not So Horrible in Its Features--Frightful Plight of the
+    Texas Victims                                                      294
+
+  CHAPTER XXI.
+    Great Calamities Caused by Flood and Gale During Past Century--
+    Millions of Lives Lost Through the Fury of the Elements            299
+
+  CHAPTER XXII.
+    Overwhelming of Johnston, Pa., by the Waters from Conemaugh
+    Lake--One of the Most Peculiar Happenings in History--Actual
+    Number of Deaths Will Never Be Known--About Twenty-five
+    Hundred Bodies Found                                               321
+
+  CHAPTER XXIII.
+    Not More Than Half the Bodies of Victims Identified--Hundreds
+    of Corpses of the Unknown and Nameless Cast Into the Sea--
+    Others Buried in the Sand and Cremated--List of Identifications    361
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GALVESTON STORM RAGING]
+
+[Illustration: SISTERS OF MERCY FOUND TIED TO THE LITTLE CHILDREN WHOM
+THEY TRIED TO SAVE]
+
+[Illustration: BLOWN OUT INTO THE GULF]
+
+[Illustration: WHEN THE WATERS REACHED THE ORPHAN ASYLUM]
+
+[Illustration: A RACE WITH THE WIND AND TIDE AT GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: SOME WERE SAVED IN THE GALVESTON DISASTER BY FLOATING ON
+BOX CARS]
+
+[Illustration: VANDALS ROBBING THE DEAD]
+
+[Illustration: GATHERING THE KILLED AND INJURED AFTER THE STORM]
+
+[Illustration: DROWNING OF GALVESTON SUFFERERS BY THE TIDAL WAVE]
+
+[Illustration: DEATH ON THE GALVESTON SHORE AFTER THE STORM]
+
+[Illustration: THE STORM DEALING DEATH AND DESTRUCTION IN ITS PATH]
+
+[Illustration: FURY OF THE STORM AND DESPERATE PREDICAMENT OF RESIDENTS]
+
+[Illustration: AT DEATH'S DOOR IN THE GALVESTON STORM]
+
+[Illustration: SURVIVORS, NEARLY STARVED, RANSACKING A GROCERY STORE FOR
+FOOD]
+
+
+
+
+THE GALVESTON HORROR.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+West Indian Hurricane Descends Upon Galveston, Causing Immense Losses of
+Life and Property--Catastrophe Unparalleled in the History of the World--A
+Night of Horrors and Suffering.
+
+
+The frightful West Indian hurricane which descended upon the beautiful,
+prosperous and progressive, but ill-fated, city of Galveston, on Saturday,
+September 8, 1900, causing the loss of many thousands of lives and the
+destruction of millions of dollars' worth of property, and then ravaged
+Central and Western Texas, killing several hundred people and inflicting
+damage which cost millions to repair, has had no parallel in history.
+
+When the gale approached the island upon which Galveston it situated, it
+lashed the waves of the Gulf of Mexico into a tremendous fury, causing
+them to rise to all but mountain height, and then it was that, combining
+their forces, the wind and water pounced upon their prey.
+
+In the short space of four hours the entire site of the city was covered
+by angry waters, while the gale blew at the rate of one hundred miles an
+hour; business houses, public buildings, churches, residences, charitable
+institutions, and all other structures gave way before the pressure of the
+wind and the fierce onslaught of the raging flood, and those which did not
+crumble altogether were so injured, in the majority of cases, that they
+were torn down.
+
+Such a night of horror as the unfortunate inhabitants were compelled to
+pass has fallen to the lot of few since the records of history were first
+opened. In the early evening, when the water first began to invade
+Galveston Island, the people residing along the beach and near it fled in
+fear from their homes and sought the highest points in the city as places
+of refuge, taking nothing but the smaller articles in their houses with
+them. On and on crawled the flood, until darkness had set in, and then, as
+though possessed of a fiendish vindictiveness, hastened its speed and
+poured over the surface of the town, completely submerging it--covering
+the most elevated ground to a depth of five feet and the lower portions
+ten and twelve feet.
+
+The hurricane was equally malignant, if not more fiendish and cruel, and
+tore great buildings and beautiful homes to pieces with evident delight,
+scattering the debris far and wide; telegraph and telephone lines were
+thrown down, railway tracks and bridges--the latter connecting the island
+and city with the mainland--torn up, and the mighty, tangled mass of
+wires, bricks, sections of roofs, sidewalks, fences and other things
+hurled into the main thoroughfares and cross streets, rendering it
+impossible for pedestrians to make their way along for many days after the
+waters and gale had subsided.
+
+Forty thousand people--men, women and children--cowered in terror for
+eight long hours, the intense blackness of the night, the swishing and
+lapping of the waves, the demoniac howling and shrieking of the wind and
+the indescribable and awful crashing, tearing and rending as the houses,
+hundreds at a time, were wrecked and shattered, ever sounding in their
+ears. Often, too, the friendly shelter where families had taken refuge
+would be swept away, plunging scores and scores of helpless ones into the
+mad current which flowed through every street of the town, and fathers and
+mothers were compelled to undergo the agony of seeing their children
+drown, with no possibility of rescue; husbands lost their wives and wives
+their husbands, and the elements were only merciful when they destroyed
+an entire family at once.
+
+All during that fearful night of Saturday until the gray and gloomy dawn
+of Sunday broke upon the sorrow-stricken city, the entire population of
+Galveston stood face to face with grim death in its most horrible shapes;
+they could not hope for anything more than the vengeance of the hurricane,
+and as they realized that with every passing moment souls were being
+hurried into eternity, is it at all wonderful that, after the strain was
+over and all danger gone, reason should finally be unseated and men and
+women break into the unmeaning gayety of the maniac?
+
+Not one inhabitant of Galveston old enough to realize the situation had
+any idea other than that death was to be the fate of all before another
+day appeared, and when this long and weary suspense, to which was added
+the chill of the night and the growing pangs of hunger, was at last broken
+by the first gleams of the light of the Sabbath morn, the latter was not
+entirely welcome, for the face of the sun was hidden by morose and ugly
+clouds, from which dripped, at dreary intervals, cold and gusty showers.
+
+Thousands were swallowed up during the darkness and their bodies either
+mangled and mutilated by the wreckage which had been tossed everywhere,
+left to decompose in the slimy ooze deposited by the flood or forced to
+follow the waves in their sullen retirement to the waters of the gulf.
+
+Dejection and despondency succeeded fright; the majority of the business
+men of the city had suffered such losses that they were overcome by
+apathy; nearly all the homes of the people were in ruins; the streets were
+impassable, and the dead lay thickly on every side; all telegraph and
+telephone wires were down, and as miles and miles of railroad track had
+disappeared and the bridges carried away, there was absolutely no means of
+communication with the outer world, except by boat. The strange spectacle
+was then presented of the richest city of its size in the richest country
+in the world lying prostrate, helpless and hopeless, a prey to ghouls,
+vultures, harpies, thieves, thugs and outlaws of every sort; its people
+starving, and the putrid bodies of its dead breeding pestilence.
+
+
+SKETCH OF THE CITY OF GALVESTON.
+
+The City of Galveston is situated on the extreme east end of the Island of
+Galveston. It is six square miles in area, its present limits being the
+limits of the original corporation and the boundaries of the land
+purchased from the Republic of Texas by Colonel Menard in 1838 for the sum
+of $50,000. Colonel Menard associated with himself several others, who
+formed a town site company with a capital of $1,000,000. The City of
+Galveston was platted on April 20, 1838, and seven days later the lots
+were put on the market. The streets of Galveston are numbered from one to
+fifty-seven across the island from north to south, and the avenues are
+known by the letters of the alphabet, extending east and west lengthwise
+of the island.
+
+The founders of the city donated to the public every tenth block through
+the center of the city from east to west for public parks. They also gave
+three sites for public markets and set aside one entire block for a
+college, three blocks for a girls' seminary, and gave to every Christian
+denomination a valuable site for a church.
+
+The growth of the city in population was slow until after the war of the
+rebellion. It is a remarkable fact that for the population Galveston does
+double the amount of business of any city in America. The population in
+1890 was 30,000, showing an increase of over 400 per cent in thirty years.
+At the time of the disaster the population was estimated at 40,000.
+
+Galveston has over two miles of completed wharfs along the bay front and
+others under construction, all of which are equipped with modern
+appliances. The Galveston Wharf Company, which owns practically all the
+wharfage, has expended millions during the last five years for
+improvements in the way of elevators and facilities for handling grain and
+cotton. During the cotton season, Sept. 1 to March 31 inclusive, large
+ocean-going craft line the wharves, often thirty or more steamers and as
+many large sailing vessels being accommodated at one time, besides the
+numerous smaller vessels and sailing craft doing a coastwise trade.
+
+Manufacturing is one of the chief supports of the city. In this branch of
+industry Galveston leads any city in the State of Texas by 50 per cent in
+number and more than 100 per cent in capital employed and product turned
+out. Of factories the city has 306, employing a capital aggregating
+$10,886,900, with an output of $12,000,000 a year.
+
+The jetty construction forms one of the chief features of its commercial
+advantages. The construction began in 1885, progressing slowly for five
+years, when the desire of the citizens for a first-class harbor led to the
+formation of a permanent committee, which succeeded in getting a bill
+through Congress authorizing an expenditure of $6,200,000 on the harbor.
+The bill provided that there should be two parallel stone jetties
+extending nearly six miles out into the gulf, one from the east point of
+Galveston Island, the other from the west point of Bolivar Peninsula. The
+jetties are fifty feet wide at the bottom and slope gradually to five feet
+above mean low tide, and are thirty-five feet wide at the top, with a
+railroad track running their entire length, which railroad is the property
+of the Federal Government. The immediate effect of early construction of
+the jetties was to remove the inner bar, which formerly had thirteen feet
+of water over it, and which now has over twenty-one feet of water.
+
+The principal business street of Galveston is the Strand, which is of made
+land 150 feet from the water of the bay, in the extreme northern end of
+the city. Besides being the principal port of Texas, Galveston is the
+financial center of the State, and some of the largest business houses in
+Texas have their offices in the Strand. Among the business houses on this
+street are the following:
+
+Sealy, Hutchins & Co., bankers; most modern banking building in Texas;
+four-story structure, in which is also located the office of the Mallory
+steamship line, and also the offices of Congressman R. B. Hawley, one of
+the Republican leaders in the State.
+
+H. Kempner, cotton broker; four-story brick building.
+
+First National Bank, J. Runge, President. Mr. Runge is also President of
+the Cotton Exchange, President of the Galveston Cotton mills, and
+President of the City Railway Company.
+
+W. L. Moody & Co., bankers and cotton factors; four-story brick. Mr. Moody
+is an intimate friend of W. J. Bryan and periodically entertains him at
+Lake Surprise, a duck hunting ground fifteen miles inland from Galveston;
+a famous hunting ground.
+
+General offices Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway and the Galveston,
+Henderson and Houston Railway, which is the gulf terminus of the
+International and Great Northern Railway.
+
+Adoue & Lobit, bankers; four-story brick.
+
+Island City Savings Bank and Gulf City Trust Company, M. Lasker,
+President; four-story brick.
+
+Texas Loan and Trust Company and Flint & Rogers, cotton factors;
+four-story brick building.
+
+Mensing Bros., wholesale grocers; four-story brick.
+
+Western Union Telegraph Company and Mexican Cable Company; four-story
+brick building.
+
+Galveston Dry Goods Company; four-story brick.
+
+Hullman, Owen & Co., wholesale grocers; four-story brick building.
+
+Wallace, Landis & Co., wholesale grocers; five-story brick.
+
+L. W. Levy & Co., wholesale liquor dealers; four-story brick.
+
+Schneider Bros., wholesale liquor dealers; four-story brick.
+
+Beers, Kennison & Co., general insurance agents in Texas for several large
+companies; four-story brick.
+
+Concisely put and with no waste of words, the following facts comprise the
+history of the unfortunate city:
+
+1. It is the richest city of its size in the United States.
+
+2. Is the largest and most extensively commercial city of Texas.
+
+3. Is the gateway of an enormous trade, situated as it is between the
+great West granaries and Europe.
+
+4. Lies two miles from the northeast corner of the Island of Galveston.
+
+5. Is a port of entry and the principal seaport of the State.
+
+6. Its harbor is the best, not only on the coast line of Texas, but also
+on the entire gulf coast from the mouth of the Mississippi to the Rio
+Grande.
+
+7. Is the nearest and most accessible first-class seaport for the States
+of Texas, Kansas, New Mexico and Colorado, the Indian Territory and the
+Territory of Arizona and parts of the States and Territories adjoining
+those just mentioned.
+
+8. Is to-day the gulf terminus of most of the great railway systems
+entering Texas.
+
+9. Ranks third among the cotton ports of the United States.
+
+10. Its port charges are as low as or lower than any other port in the
+United States.
+
+11. Is the only seaport on the gulf coast west of the Mississippi into
+which a vessel drawing more than 10 feet of water can enter.
+
+12. Has steamship lines to Liverpool, New York, New Orleans and the ports
+of Texas as far as the Mexican boundary.
+
+13. Has harbor area of 24 feet depth and over 1,300 acres; of 30 feet
+depth and over 463 acres (the next largest harbor on the Texas coast has
+only 100 acres of 24 feet depth of water).
+
+14. Has the lowest maximum temperature of any city in Texas.
+
+15. Has the finest beach in America and is a famous summer and winter
+resort.
+
+16. Has public free school system unexcelled in the United States.
+
+17. Has never been visited by any epidemic disease since the yellow fever
+scourge of 1867.
+
+18. Has forty miles of street railways in operation.
+
+19. Has electric lights throughout the city (plant owned by city).
+
+20. It has millions invested in docks, warehouses, grain elevators,
+flouring mills, marine ways, manufactories and mercantile houses.
+
+
+THE MOST PROMISING TOWN IN THE SOUTH.
+
+"Galveston was the most promising town in the South, so far as shipping is
+concerned," said Thomas B. Bryan, the founder of North Galveston, the day
+after the disaster occurred. "There has been persistent opposition to it
+on the part of a railroad that wished the transportation of cotton and
+other produce farther east, but finally the geographical position of
+Galveston triumphed. Even Collis P. Huntington, the railroad magnate,
+succumbed, and later he inaugurated improvements in Galveston on the most
+colossal scale, involving an expenditure of many millions of dollars. One
+of the last announcements Mr. Huntington made before his death was that
+Galveston would become the greatest shipping port in America if money
+could accomplish it. At the time I was in Galveston, a few weeks ago,
+there was an army of workmen employed by the Southern Pacific Railroad
+constructing great docks and wharves, which were to eclipse any on the
+globe.
+
+"Some conception of Galveston can be formed by supposing the business
+district of Chicago--say from Lake to Twenty-second street--were to extend
+out into the lake on a pier for a distance of three miles and at a height
+above the water varying from three to seven, and possibly, in some places,
+nine feet. My own observation of Galveston induced my taking hold of the
+nearest eligible elevated locality for residences, which is North
+Galveston, sixteen miles from the city proper. It has an elevation above
+the water of fifteen to twenty feet more than Galveston, and is free from
+inundation. No news has reached me from North Galveston, and, though
+damage may have been done by wind, I am confident none can be done by
+water or waves."
+
+
+HOW THE HURRICANE ORIGINATED.
+
+Storms which move with the velocity of that which swept Galveston and
+which are common to the southern and southeastern coasts of the United
+States invariably originate, according to Weather Forecaster H. J. Cox, of
+the United States Weather Bureau at Chicago, in "the doldrums," or that
+region in the ocean where calms abound. In this particular instance the
+place was south of the West Indies and north of the equator. The region of
+the doldrums varies in breadth from sixty to several hundred miles, and at
+different seasons shifts its extreme limits between 5 degrees south and 15
+degrees north. It is always overhung by a belt of clouds which is gathered
+by opposing currents of the trade winds.
+
+"The storm which swept Galveston and the surrounding country, I should
+say, originated at a considerable distance south of the West Indies, in
+this belt of calms," said Forecaster Cox the Monday night following the
+catastrophe.
+
+"It was caused by two strong currents meeting at an angle, and this caused
+the whirling motion which finally spent its force on the coast of Texas.
+It is seldom that a storm originating in the doldrums moves so far inland
+as did this one, but it is not, however, unprecedented. The reason this
+storm reached so far as Galveston was that the northwesterly wind moved
+about twice as fast as it usually does before reaching land. Usually the
+force of these winds are spent on the coast of Florida and sometimes they
+reach as far north as North Carolina. When they strike the land at these
+points they are given a northeasterly direction.
+
+"This storm missed the eastern coast of the United States, and
+consequently was deflected to the west. Thunderstorms are prevailing in
+Kansas and all of the district just north of the course of the storm,
+which is the natural result after such commotion of the elements. The
+conditions of the land are such about Galveston that when the storm
+reached that far it had no possible means of escape, and hence the dire
+results. If there had been a chance for the wind to move further west
+along the coast it would in all probability have passed Galveston, giving
+the place no more than a severe shaking up. In this event the worst effect
+would in all probability have been felt on the eastern coast of Mexico."
+
+It was an absolute impossibility for anyone to form an idea of the extent
+and magnitude of the disaster within a week of its occurrence. The morning
+of Sunday, when the wind and the waves had subsided, the streets of the
+city were found clogged with debris of all sorts. The people of Galveston
+could not realize for several days what had happened. Four thousand houses
+had been entirely demolished and hardly a building in the city was fit for
+habitation.
+
+The people were apathetic; they wandered around the streets in an aimless
+sort of way, unable to do anything or make preparations to repair the
+great damage done. The Monday following the catastrophe, Galveston was
+practically in the hands of thieves, thugs, ghouls, vampires, and bandits,
+some of them women, who robbed the dead, mutilated the corpses which were
+lying everywhere, ransacked business houses and residences and created a
+reign of terror, which lasted until the officers in command of the force
+of regulars stationed at the beach barracks sent a company of men to
+patrol the streets. The governor of the state ordered out all the
+regiments of the National Guard and various associations of business men
+also supplied men, who assisted the soldiers in doing patrol duty in the
+city and suburbs.
+
+The depredations of the lawless element were of an inconceivably brutal
+character. Unprotected women, whether found upon the streets or in their
+houses, were subjected to outrage or assault and robbed of their clothing
+and jewelry. Pedestrians were held up on the public thoroughfare in broad
+daylight and compelled to give up all valuables in their possession. The
+bodies of the dead were despoiled of everything and in their haste to
+secure valuables the ghouls would mutilate the corpses, cutting off
+fingers to obtain the rings thereon and amputating the ears of the women
+to get the earrings worn therein.
+
+The majority of the thieves and vampires belonged in the city of Galveston
+and were reinforced by desperadoes from outside towns, like Houston,
+Austin, and New Orleans, who took advantage of the rush to the city
+immediately after the disaster, obtaining free transportation on the
+railroad and steamers upon a pretense that they were going to Galveston
+for the purpose of working with relief parties and the gangs assigned for
+burial of the dead. Their outrages became so flagrant and the people of
+the city became so terrified in consequence of their depredations that the
+city authorities unable to cope with them, most of the officers of the
+police department having been victims of the flood, that an appeal was
+made to the governor to send state troops and procure the preservation of
+order. Captain Rafferty, commanding Battery O of the First Regiment of
+Artillery, U. S. A., was also implored to lend his aid in putting down the
+lawless bands, and he accordingly sent all the men in his command who had
+not met death in the gale.
+
+There was some delay in getting the state troops to Galveston because so
+many miles of railroad had been washed away, the Adjutant General being
+compelled to notify some companies of militia by courier, but Captain
+Rafferty ordered his men on duty at once, with instructions to promptly
+shoot all persons found despoiling the dead. Most of the vampires were
+negroes, some of them, however, being white women, the latter being as
+savage and merciless in their treatment of the dead as the most abandoned
+of their male companions.
+
+The regulars were put on duty on Tuesday night and before morning had shot
+several of the thugs, who were executed on the spot when found in the act
+of robbery. In every instance the pockets of the harpies slain by the
+United States troops were found filled with jewelry and other valuables,
+and in some cases, notably that of one negro, fingers were found in their
+possession which had been cut from the hands of the dead, the vampires
+being in such a hurry that they could not wait to tear the rings off. On
+Wednesday evening the government troops came across a gang of fifty
+desperadoes, who were despoiling the bodies of the dead found enmeshed in
+the debris of a large apartment house. With commendable promptness the
+regulars put the ghouls under arrest and finding the proceeds of their
+robberies in their possession lined them up against a brick wall and
+without ceremony shot every one of them. In cases where the villains were
+not killed at the first fire, the sergeant administered coup de grace.
+Many of the thugs begged piteously for mercy, but no attention was paid to
+their feelings and they suffered the same stern fate as the rest.
+
+When the state troops arrived in the city they took the same severe
+measures and the result was that within forty-eight hours the city was as
+safe as it had ever been. The police arrested every suspicious character
+and the jail and cells at the police station were filled to overflowing.
+These people were deported as soon as possible and notified that if they
+returned they would be shot without warning. The temper of the citizens of
+Galveston was such that they would not temporize in any case with those
+who were neither criminals or inclined to work. Every able-bodied man in
+town was impressed for duty in relief and burial parties and whenever an
+individual refused to do the work required he was promptly shot. By
+Thursday morning all the men required had been obtained and relief and
+burial parties were filled to the quota deemed necessary and the work of
+disposing of the bodies of the dead, administering to the wants of the
+wounded and the clearing of the streets of the debris was proceeding
+satisfactorily.
+
+The dead lay in the streets and vacant places in hundreds and the heat of
+the sun began to have its natural effect. Decomposition set in and the
+stench became unbearable. At first an effort was made to identify the
+corpses, but it was soon found that work could not be proceeded with, as
+any delay imperilled the living. Fears entertained in regard to pestilence
+were speedily verified and the people of the city were taken ill by
+scores. It was difficult to obtain men to perform the duty of burying the
+bloated corpses of the victims of the catastrophe and consequently the
+city authorities ordered that the dead be loaded on barges, taken a few
+miles out to sea, weighted and thrown into the water. The ground had
+become so watersoaked that it was impossible to dig graves or trenches for
+the reception of the bodies, although in many instances people buried
+relatives and friends in their yards and the ground surrounding their
+residence. Along the beach hundreds of corpses were buried in the sand,
+but the majority of the burials were at sea. By Wednesday night 2,500
+bodies had been cast into the water, while about 500 had been interred
+within the city limits. Precautions were taken, however, to mark the
+graves and when the ground had dried sufficiently the bodies were
+disinterred and taken to the various cemeteries where, after burial,
+suitable memorials were erected to mark their last resting place. No
+attempts were made at identification after Wednesday, lists being simply
+made of the number of victims. The graves of those buried in the sand were
+marked by headboards with the inscriptions, "White man, aged forty;"
+"White woman, aged twenty-five," and "male" or "female" child, as the case
+might be.
+
+So accustomed did the burial parties become to the handling of the dead
+that they treated the bodies as though they were merely carcasses of
+animals and not bodies of human beings and they were dumped into the
+trenches prepared for their reception without ceremony of any kind. The
+excavations were then filled up as hurriedly as possible, the sand being
+packed down tightly. This might have seemed inhuman, unfeeling, and
+brutal, but the exigencies of the situation demanded that the corpses be
+put out of the way as speedily as possible. Great difficulty was
+experienced in securing men to transport bodies to the wharves where the
+barges lay, and it was practically an impossibility to get anyone to touch
+the bodies of the negro victims, decomposition having set in earlier than
+in the cases of the whites, and had it not been that the members of the
+fire department volunteered their services the remains of the negroes
+would have remained unburied for a longer time than they were. Finally,
+however, patience ceased to be a virtue and orders were given the guards
+to shoot any man who refused to do his duty under the circumstances. The
+result of this was that the beginning of Wednesday there was less delay in
+the matter of disposing of the dead.
+
+However, in spite of the activity of the burial parties, the work of
+clearing the streets of corpses was a most tedious one.
+
+
+FORECAST OFFICIAL'S REPORT ON THE STORM.
+
+The forecast official of the United States Weather Bureau at Galveston
+made the following report, September 14, on the storm:
+
+"The local office of the United States weather bureau received the first
+message in regard to this storm at 4 p. m., September 4. It was then
+moving northward over Cuba. Each day thereafter until the West India
+hurricane struck Galveston bulletins were posted by the United States
+weather bureau officials giving the progressive movements of the
+disturbance.
+
+"September 6 the tropical storm had moved up over southern Florida, thence
+it changed its course and moved westward in the gulf and was central off
+the Louisiana coast the morning of the 7th, when northwest storm warnings
+were ordered up for Galveston. The morning of the 8th the storm had
+increased in energy and was still moving westward, and at 10:10 a. m. the
+northwest storm warnings were changed to northeast. Then was when the
+entire island was in apparent danger. The telephone at the United States
+weather bureau office was busy until the wires went down; many could not
+get the use of the telephone on account of the line being busy. People
+came to the office in droves inquiring about the weather. About the same
+time the following information was given to all alike:
+
+"'The tropical storm is now in the gulf, south or southwest of us; the
+winds will shift to the northeast-east and probably to the southeast by
+morning, increasing in energy. If you reside in low parts of the city,
+move to higher grounds.'"
+
+"Prepare for the worst, which is yet to come," were the only consoling
+words of the weather bureau officials at Galveston from morning until
+night of the 8th, when no information further could be given out.
+
+The local forecast official and one observer stayed at the office
+throughout the entire storm, although the building was wrecked. The
+forecast official and one observer were out taking tide observations about
+4 a. m., September 9. Another observer left after he had sent the last
+telegram which could be gotten off, it being filed at Houston over the
+telephone wires about 4 p. m. of the 8th. Over half the city was covered
+with tide water by 3 p. m. One of the observers left for home at about 4
+p. m., after he had done all he could, as telephone wires were then going
+down. The entire city was then covered with water from one to five feet
+deep. On his way home he saw hundreds of people and he informed all he
+could that the worst was still to come, and people who could not hear his
+voice on account of the distance he motioned them to go downtown.
+
+The lowest barometer by observation was 28.53 inches at 8:10 p. m.,
+September 8, but the barometer went slightly lower than this, according to
+the barograph. The tide at about 8 p. m. stood from six to fifteen feet
+deep throughout the city, with the wind blowing slightly over a hundred
+miles an hour. The highest wind velocity by the anemometer was ninety-six
+miles from the northeast at 5:15 p. m., and the extreme velocity was a
+hundred miles an hour at about that time. The anemometer blew down at this
+time and the wind was still higher later, when it shifted to the east and
+southeast, when the observer estimated that it blew a gale of between 110
+and 120 miles. There was an apparent tidal wave of from four to six feet
+about 8 p. m., when the wind shifted to the east and southeast, that
+carried off many houses which had stood the tide up to that time.
+
+The observer believed from the records he managed to save that the
+hurricane moved inland near Galveston, going up the Brazos Valley.
+
+The warnings of the United States Weather Bureau were the means of
+thousands of lives being saved through the hurricane. It was so severe,
+however, that it was impossible to prepare for such destruction. The
+observer of the United States Weather Bureau at Galveston, to relieve
+apprehension, stated on September 14 that the barometer had gone up to
+about the normal, and there were no indications of another storm
+following.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Sad Scenes in All Parts of the Ruined City--Corpses Everywhere--A Sombre,
+Solemn Sunday--People Apathetic, Dejected and Heartbroken.
+
+
+The surviving people of Galveston did not awaken from sleep on Sunday
+morning, for they had not slept the night before. For many weary hours
+they had stood face to face with death, and knew that thousands had
+yielded up their lives and that millions of dollars worth of property had
+been destroyed.
+
+There was not a building in Galveston which was not either entirely
+destroyed or damaged, and the people of the city lived in the valley of
+the shadow of death, helpless and hopeless, deprived of all hope and
+ambition--merely waiting for the appearance of the official death roll.
+
+Confusion and chaos reigned everywhere; death and desolation were on all
+sides; wreck and ruin were the only things visible wherever the eye might
+rest; and with business entirely suspended and no other occupation than
+the search for and burial of the dead it was strange that the
+thoroughfares and residence streets were not filled with insane victims of
+the hurricane's frightful visit.
+
+For days the people of Galveston knew there was danger ahead; they were
+warned repeatedly, but they laughed at all fears, business went on as
+usual, and when the blow came it found the city unprepared and without
+safeguards.
+
+Owing to the stupefaction following the awful catastrophe, the people were
+in no condition, either physical or mental, to provide for themselves,
+and therefore depended upon the outside world for food and clothing.
+
+The inhabitants of Galveston needed immediate relief, but how they were to
+get it was a mystery, for Galveston was not yet in touch with the outside
+world by rail or sea. The city was sorely stricken, and appealed to the
+country at large to send food, clothing and water. The waterworks were in
+ruins and the cisterns all blown away, so that the lack of water was one
+of the most serious of the troubles.
+
+Never did a storm work more cruelly. All the electric light and telegraph
+poles were prostrated and the streets were littered with timbers, slate,
+glass and every conceivable character of debris. There was hardly a
+habitable house in the entire city, and nearly every business house was
+either wrecked entirely or badly damaged.
+
+On Monday there were deaths from hunger and exposure, and the list swelled
+rapidly. People were living as best they could--in the ruins of their
+homes, in hotels, in schoolhouses, in railway stations, in churches, in
+the streets by the side of their beloved dead.
+
+So great was the desolation one could not imagine a more sorrowful place.
+Street cars were not running; no trains could reach the town; only
+sad-eyed men and women walked about the streets; the dead and wounded
+monopolized the attention of those capable of doing anything whatever, and
+the city was at the mercy of thieves and ruffians.
+
+All the fine churches were in ruins.
+
+From Tremont to P street, thence to the beach, not a vestige of a
+residence was to be seen.
+
+In the business section of the city the water was from three to ten feet
+deep in stores, and stocks of all kinds, including foodstuffs, were total
+losses. It was a common spectacle--that of inhabitants of the fated city
+wandering around in a forsaken and forlorn way, indifferent to everything
+around them and paying no attention to inquiries of friends and relatives.
+
+God forbid that such scenes are enacted again in this country.
+
+It was thought the vengeance of the fates had been visited in its most
+appalling shape upon the place which had unwittingly incurred its wrath.
+
+It was fortunate after all, however, that those compelled to endure such
+trials were temporarily deprived of their understanding; were so stunned
+that they could not appreciate the enormity of the punishment.
+
+The first loss of life reported was at Rietter's saloon, in the Strand,
+where three of the most prominent citizens of the town--Stanley G.
+Spencer, Charles Kellner and Richard Lord--lost their lives and many
+others were maimed and imprisoned. These three were sitting at a table on
+the first floor Saturday night, making light of the danger, when the roof
+suddenly caved in and came down with a crash, killing them. Those in the
+lower part of the building escaped with their lives in a miraculous
+manner, as the falling roof and flooring caught on the bar, enabling the
+people standing near it to crawl under the debris. It required several
+hours of hard work to get them out. The negro waiter who was sent for a
+doctor was drowned at Strand and Twenty-first streets, his body being
+found a short time afterward.
+
+Fully 700 people were congregated at the city hall, most of them more or
+less injured in various ways. One man from Lucas Terrace reported the loss
+of fifty lives in the building from which he escaped. He himself was
+severely injured about the head.
+
+Passing along Tremont street, out as far as Avenue P, climbing over the
+piles of lumber which had once been residences, four bodies were observed
+in one yard and seven in one room in another place, while as many as sixty
+corpses were seen lying singly and in groups in the space of one block. A
+majority of the drowned, however, were under the ruined houses. The body
+of Miss Sarah Summers was found near her home, corner of Tremont street
+and Avenue F, her lips smiling, but her features set in death, her hands
+grasping her diamonds tightly. The remains of her sister, Mrs. Claude
+Fordtran, were never found.
+
+The report from St. Mary's Infirmary showed that only eight persons
+escaped from that hospital. The number of patients and nurses was one
+hundred. Rosenberg Schoolhouse, chosen as a place of refuge by the people
+of that locality, collapsed. Few of those who had taken refuge there
+escaped--how many cannot be told, and will never be known.
+
+Never before had the Sabbath sun risen upon such a sight, and as though
+unable to endure it, the god of the day soon veiled his face behind dull
+and leaden clouds, and refused to shine.
+
+Surely it was enough to draw tears even from inanimate things.
+
+At the Union Depot Baggagemaster Harding picked up the lifeless form of a
+baby girl within a few feet of the station. Its parents were among the
+lost. The station building was selected as a place of refuge by hundreds
+of people, and although all the windows and a portion of the south wall at
+the top were blown in, and the occupants expected every moment to be their
+last, escape was impossible, for about the building the water was fully
+twelve feet deep. A couple of small shanties were floating about, but
+there was no means of making a raft or getting a boat.
+
+Every available building in the city was used as a hospital. As for the
+dead, they were being put away anywhere. In one large grocery store on
+Tremont street all the space that could be cleared was occupied by the
+wounded.
+
+It was nothing strange to see the dead and crippled everywhere, and the
+living were so fascinated by the dead they could hardly be dragged away
+from the spots where the corpses were piled.
+
+There were dead by the score, by the hundreds and by the thousands.
+
+It was a city of the dead; a vast battlefield, the slain being victims of
+flood and gale.
+
+The dead were at rest, but the living had to suffer, for no aid was at
+hand.
+
+In the business portion of the town the damage could not be even
+approximately estimated. The wholesale houses along the Strand had about
+seven feet of water on their ground floors, and all window panes and glass
+protectors of all kinds were demolished.
+
+On Mechanic street the water was almost as deep as on the Strand. All
+provisions in the wholesale groceries and goods on the lower floors were
+saturated and rendered valueless.
+
+In clearing away the ruins of the Catholic Orphans' Home heartrending
+evidence of the heroism and love of the Sisters was discovered.
+
+Bodies of the little folks were found which indicated by their position
+that heroic measures were taken to keep them together so that all might be
+saved.
+
+The Sisters had tied them together in bunches of eight and then tied the
+cords around their own waists. In this way they probably hoped to quiet
+the children's fears and lead them to safety.
+
+The storm struck the Home with such terrific force that the structure
+fell, carrying the inmates with it and burying them under tons of debris.
+
+Two crowds of children, tied and attached to Sisters, have been found. In
+one heap the children were piled on the Sisters, and the arms of one
+little girl were clasped around a Sister's neck.
+
+In the wreck of the Home over ninety children and Sisters were killed. It
+was first believed that they had been washed out to sea, but the discovery
+of the little groups in the ruins indicates that all were killed and
+buried under the wreckage.
+
+Sunday and Monday were days of the greatest suffering, although the
+population had hardly sufficiently recovered from the shock of the mighty
+calamity to realize that they were hungry and cold.
+
+On Monday all relief trains sent from other cities toward Galveston were
+forced to turn back, the tracks being washed away.
+
+On Tuesday Mayor Jones of Galveston sent out the following appeal to the
+country:
+
+     "It is my opinion, based on personal information, that 5,000 people
+     have lost their lives here. Approximately one-third of the residence
+     portion of the city has been swept away. There are several thousand
+     people who are homeless and destitute--how many there is no way of
+     finding out. Arrangements are now being made to have the women and
+     children sent to Houston and other places, but the means of
+     transportation are limited. Thousands are still to be cared for here.
+     We appeal to you for immediate aid.
+
+        "WALTER J. JONES,
+            "Mayor of Galveston."
+
+Some relief had been sent in, the railroad to Texas City, six miles away,
+having been repaired, boats taking the supplies from that point into
+Galveston.
+
+Food and women's clothing were the things most needed just then. While the
+men could get along with the clothes they had on and what they had secured
+since Sunday, the women suffered considerably, and there was much sickness
+among them in consequence. It was noticeable, however, that the women of
+the city had, by their example, been instrumental in reviving the drooping
+spirits of the men. There was a better feeling prevalent Tuesday among the
+inhabitants, as news had been received that within a few days the acute
+distress would be over, except in the matter of shelter. Every house
+standing was damp and unhealthy, and some of the wounded were not getting
+along as well as hoped. Many of the injured had been sent out of town to
+Texas City, Houston and other places, but hundreds still remained. It
+would have endangered their lives to move them.
+
+Tuesday night ninety negro looters were shot in their tracks by citizen
+guards. One of them was searched and $700 found, together with four
+diamond rings and two water-soaked gold watches. The finger of a white
+woman with a gold band around it was clutched in his hands.
+
+In the afternoon, at the suggestion of Colonel Hawley, a mounted squad of
+nineteen men, under Adjutant Brokridge, was detailed by Major Faylings to
+search a house where negro looters were known to have secreted plunder.
+
+"Shoot them in their tracks, boys! We want no prisoners," said the Major.
+The plunderers changed their location before the arrival of the
+detachment, however, and the raiders came back empty-handed. Twenty cases
+of looting were reported between 3 and 6 in the evening.
+
+At 6 o'clock a report reached Major Faylings that twenty negroes were
+robbing a house at Nineteenth and Beach streets.
+
+"Plant them," commanded the young Major, as a half dozen citizen soldiers,
+led by a corporal, mustered before him for orders.
+
+"I want every one of those twenty negroes, dead or alive," said the Major.
+
+The squad left on the double quick. Half an hour later they reported ten
+of the plunderers killed.
+
+The following order was posted on the streets at noon of Tuesday:
+
+     "To the Public: The city of Galveston being under martial law, and
+     all good citizens being now enrolled in some branch of the public
+     service, it becomes necessary, to preserve the peace, that all arms
+     in this city be placed in the hands of the military. All good
+     citizens are forbidden to carry arms, except by written permission
+     from the Mayor or Chief of Police or the Major commanding. All good
+     citizens are hereby commanded to deliver all arms and ammunition to
+     the city and take Major Faylings' receipt.
+
+        "WALTER C. JONES, Mayor."
+
+
+WHAT A RELIEF PARTY SAW SUNDAY MORNING.
+
+Starting as soon as the water began to recede Sunday morning, a relief
+party began the work of rescuing the wounded and dying from the ruins of
+their homes. The scenes presented were almost beyond description.
+Screaming women, bruised and bleeding, some of them bearing the lifeless
+forms of children in their arms; men, broken-hearted and sobbing,
+bewailing the loss of their wives and children; streets filled with
+floating rubbish, among which there were many bodies of the victims of
+the storm, constituted part of the awful picture. In every direction, as
+far as the eye could reach, the scene of desolation and destruction
+continued.
+
+It was certainly enough to cause the stoutest heart to quail and grow
+sick, and yet the searchers well knew they could not unveil one-hundredth
+part of the misery the destructive elements had brought about.
+
+They knew, also, that the full import and heaviness of the blow could not
+be realized for days to come.
+
+Although those in the relief party were prepared to see the natural
+evidences following upon the heels of the mighty storm, they did not
+anticipate such frightful revelations.
+
+It was a butchery, without precedent; a gathering of victims that was so
+ghastly as to be beyond the power of any man to picture.
+
+As the party went on the members met others who made reports of things
+that had come under their notice. There were fifty killed or drowned in
+one section of town; one hundred in another; five hundred in another. The
+list grew larger with each report.
+
+It was a matter of wonder, and increasing wonder too, that a single soul
+escaped to tell the tale.
+
+No one seemed entirely sane, for there was madness in the very air.
+
+All moved in an atmosphere of gloom; it was difficult to move and breathe
+with so much death on all sides.
+
+Yet no one could keep his eyes off of those horrible, fascinating corpses.
+They riveted the gaze.
+
+Life and death were often so closely intermingled they could not be told
+apart.
+
+It was the apotheosis of the frightful.
+
+Those who had escaped the hurricane and flood were searching for missing
+dear ones in such a listless way as to irresistibly convey the idea that
+they did not care whether they found them or not.
+
+It was the languor of hopelessness and despair.
+
+Some of those who had lost their all were even merry, but it was the glee
+of insanity.
+
+As Sunday morning dawned the streets were lined with people, half-clad,
+crippled in every conceivable manner, hobbling as best they could to where
+they could receive attention of physicians for themselves and summon aid
+for friends and relatives who could not move.
+
+Police Officer John Bowie, who had recently been awarded a prize as the
+most popular officer in the city, was in a pitiable condition; the toes on
+both of his feet were broken, two ribs caved in, and his head badly
+bruised, but his own condition, he said, was nothing.
+
+"My house, with wife and children, is in the gulf. I have not a thing on
+earth for which to live."
+
+The houses of all prominent citizens which escaped destruction were turned
+into hospitals, as were also the leading hotels. There was scarcely one of
+the houses left standing which did not contain one or more of the dead as
+well as many injured.
+
+The rain began to pour down in torrents and the party went back down
+Tremont street toward the city. The misery of the poor people, all mangled
+and hurt, pressing to the city for medical attention, was greatly
+augmented by this rain. Stopping at a small grocery store to avoid the
+rain, the party found it packed with injured. The provisions in the store
+had been ruined and there was nothing for the numerous customers who came
+hungry and tired. The place was a hospital, no longer a store.
+
+Further down the street a restaurant, which had been submerged by water,
+was serving out soggy crackers and cheese to the hungry crowd. That was
+all that was left. The food was soaked full of water, and the people who
+were fortunate enough to get those sandwiches were hungry and made no
+complaint.
+
+It was hard to determine what section of the city suffered the greatest
+damage and loss of life. Information from both the extreme eastern and
+extreme western portions of the city was difficult to obtain at that time.
+
+In fact, it was nearly impossible, but the reports received indicated that
+those two sections had suffered the same fate as the rest of the city and
+to a greater degree.
+
+Thus the relief party wended its way through streets which, but a few
+hours before, were teeming with life.
+
+Now they were the thoroughfares of death.
+
+It did not seem as if they could ever resound to the throb of quickened
+vitality again.
+
+It seemed as though it would take years to even remove the wreckage.
+
+As to rebuilding, it appeared as the work of ages.
+
+Annihilation was everywhere.
+
+
+GALVESTON PEOPLE REFUSED TO HEED THE WARNING--DISASTER WAS PREDICTED.
+
+As marked out on the charts of the United States Weather Bureau at
+Washington the storm which struck Galveston had a peculiar course. It was
+first definitely located south by east of San Domingo, and the last day of
+August the center of the disturbance was approximately at a point fixed at
+14 degrees north latitude and 68 degrees west longitude. From there it
+made a course almost due northeast, passing through Kingston, Jamaica, and
+if it had continued on this same line it would have struck Galveston just
+the same, but somewhat earlier than it did. The storm apparently was
+headed for Galveston all the time, but on Tuesday of last week, when
+almost due south of Cienfuegos, Cuba, it changed its course so as to go
+almost due north, across the Island of Cuba, through the toe of the
+Florida peninsula, and up the coast to the vicinity of Tampa. Here the
+storm made another sharp turn to the westward and headed again almost
+straight for Galveston.
+
+It was this sharp turn to the westward which could not be anticipated, so
+the Weather Bureau sent out its hurricane signals both for the Atlantic
+and the gulf coast, well understanding that the prediction as to one of
+these coasts would certainly fail. As soon as the storm turned westward
+from below Tampa the Weather Bureau knew the Atlantic coast was safe, and
+turned its attention toward the gulf.
+
+The people of Galveston had abundant warning of the coming of the
+hurricane, but, of course, could not anticipate the destructive energy it
+would gain on the way across the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+The Weather Bureau was informed that the first sign of the disturbance was
+noticed on Aug. 30 near the Windward Islands. On Aug. 31 it still was in
+the same neighborhood. The storm did not develop any hurricane features
+during its slow passage through the Caribbean Sea and across Cuba, but was
+accompanied by tremendous rains. During the first twelve hours of Sept. 3,
+in Santiago, Cuba, 10.50 inches rain fell and 2.80 inches fell in the next
+twelve. On Sept. 4 the rainfall during twelve hours in Santiago was 4.44
+inches, or a total fall in thirty-six hours of 17.20 inches. There were
+some high winds in Cuba the night of Sept. 4.
+
+By the morning of the 6th the storm center was a short distance northwest
+of Key West, Fla., and the high winds had commenced over Southern Florida,
+forty-eight miles an hour from the east being reported from Jupiter and
+forty miles from the northeast from Key West. During the 6th barometric
+conditions over the eastern portion of the United States so far changed as
+to prevent the movement of the storm along the Atlantic coast, and it,
+therefore, continued northwest over the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+On the morning of the 7th it apparently was central south of the Louisiana
+coast, about longitude 89, latitude 28. At this time storm signals were
+ordered up on the North Texas coast, and during the day were extended
+along the entire coast. On the morning of the 8th the storm was nearing
+the Texas coast and was apparently central at about latitude 28, longitude
+94.
+
+Galveston's disastrous storm was predicted with startling accuracy by the
+weather prophet, Prof. Andrew Jackson DeVoe. In the "Ladies' Birthday
+Almanac," issued from Chattanooga, Tenn., in January, 1900, Prof. DeVoe
+forecasts the weather for the following month of September as follows:
+
+"This will be a hot dry month over the Northern States, but plenty of rain
+over the Atlantic coast States. First and second days hot and sultry.
+Third and fourth heavy storms over the extreme Northwestern States,
+causing thunderstorms over the Missouri Valley and showery, rainy weather
+over the whole country from 5th to 8th.
+
+"On the 9th a great cyclone will form over the Gulf of Mexico and move up
+the Atlantic coast, causing very heavy rains from Florida to Maine from
+10th to 12th."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Crowds of Refugees at Houston--Fed and Housed in Tents--Regular Soldiers
+Drowned--Government Property Lost--Fears for Galveston's Future.
+
+
+Houston was the great rendezvous for supplies sent to Galveston, and they
+poured in there by the carload, beginning with Tuesday. The response to
+the appeal for aid by the people of Galveston, on the part of the United
+States, and, in fact, every country in the world, was prompt and generous.
+
+That relief was an absolute necessity was made apparent from the
+appearance of the refugees who began to flock into Houston as soon as the
+boats began to run to Galveston after the catastrophe. In addition to
+these, thousands of strangers arrived also, and the Houston authorities
+were at a loss as to what to do with them. Some of these visitors were
+from points far distant, who had relatives in the storm-stricken district,
+and had come to learn the worst regarding them; others there were who had
+come to volunteer their services in the relief work, but the greatest
+number consisted of curious sight-seers, almost frantic in their efforts
+to get to the stricken city and feed their eyes on the sickening,
+repulsive and disease-breeding scenes. In addition there were hundreds of
+the sufferers themselves, who had been brought out of their misery to be
+cared for here.
+
+The question of caring for these crowds came up at a mass meeting of the
+Houston general relief committee held Monday. Every incoming train brought
+scores more of people, and immediate action was necessary. It was decided
+finally to pitch tents in Emancipation Park, and there as many of the
+strangers as possible were cared for. The hotels could not accommodate
+one-tenth of them.
+
+First attention, naturally, was given the survivors of the storm. Mayor
+Brashear sent word to Mayor Jones of Galveston that all persons, no matter
+who they were, rich or poor, ill or well, should be sent to Houston as
+soon as possible. They would be well provided for, he said. The urgency of
+his message for the depopulation of Galveston, he explained, was that
+until sanitation could be restored in the wrecked city everybody possible
+should be sent away.
+
+It was estimated that nearly 1,000 of the unfortunate survivors were sent
+to Houston on Tuesday from Galveston in response to Mayor Brashear's
+request. Every building in Houston at all habitable was opened to them,
+and all the seriously ill comfortably housed. The others were made as
+comfortable as possible, but it was not only food and clothing that was
+wanted; the only relief some of them sought could not be furnished. They
+were grieving for lost ones left behind--fathers, mothers, sisters, wives
+and children. Nearly everybody had some relative missing, but few of them
+were certain whether they were dead or alive. All, however, were satisfied
+that they were dead.
+
+Men, bareheaded and barefooted, with sunken cheeks and hollow eyes; women
+and children with tattered clothing and bruised arms and faces, and mere
+infants with bare feet bruised and swollen, were among the crowds seen on
+the streets of Houston. Women of wealth and refinement, with hatless heads
+and gowns of rich material torn into shreds, were among the refugees. At
+times a man and his wife, and sometimes with one or two children, could be
+seen together, but such sights were infrequent, for nearly all who went
+to Houston had suffered the loss of one or more of their loved ones.
+
+But with all this suffering there was a marvelous amount of heroism shown.
+A week before most of these people had happy homes and their families were
+around them. The Tuesday following the disaster they were homeless,
+penniless and with nothing to look forward to. Yet there was scarcely any
+whimpering or complaining. They walked about the streets as if in a
+trance; they accepted the assistance offered them with heartfelt thanks,
+and apparently were greatly relieved at being away from the scenes of
+sorrow and woe at home. They were all made to feel at home in Houston,
+that they were welcome and that everything in the power of the people of
+Houston would be done for their comfort and welfare, and yet they seemed
+not to understand half that was said to them.
+
+John J. Moody, a member of the committee sent from Houston to take charge
+of the relief station at Texas City, reported to the Mayor of Houston on
+Tuesday as follows:
+
+"To the Mayor--Sir: On arriving at Lamarque this morning I was informed
+that the largest number of bodies was along the coast of Texas City.
+Fifty-six were buried yesterday and to-day within less than two miles,
+extending opposite this place and toward Virginia City. It is yet six
+miles farther to Virginia City, and the bodies are thicker where we are
+now than where they have been buried. A citizen inspecting in the opposite
+direction reports dead bodies thick for twenty miles.
+
+"The residents of this place have lost all--not a habitable building left,
+and they have been too busy disposing of the dead to look after personal
+affairs. Those who have anything left are giving it to the others, and
+yet there is real suffering. I have given away nearly all the bread I
+brought for our own use to hungry children.
+
+"A number of helpless women and beggared children were landed here from
+Galveston this afternoon and no place to go and not a bite to eat.
+To-morrow others are expected from the same place. Every ten feet along
+the wreck-lined coast tells of acts of vandalism; not a trunk, valise or
+tool chest but what has been rifled. We buried a woman this afternoon
+whose finger bore the mark of a recently removed ring."
+
+The United States government furnished several thousand tents for the
+Houston camp, which was under the supervision of the United States Marine
+Hospital authorities.
+
+
+TWENTY-EIGHT REGULARS DROWNED.
+
+General McKibbin, who was sent to Galveston by the War Department to
+investigate the conditions prevailing there, made the following official
+report on Wednesday, September 12:
+
+     "Houston, Texas, September 12, 1900.--Adjutant-General,
+     Washington.--Arrived at Galveston at 6 p. m., having been ferried
+     across bay in a yawl boat. It is impossible to adequately describe
+     the condition existing. The storm began about 9 a. m. Saturday and
+     continued with constantly increasing violence until after midnight.
+     The island was inundated; the height of the tide was from eleven to
+     thirteen feet. The wind was a cyclone. With few exceptions, every
+     building in the city is injured. Hundreds are entirely destroyed.
+
+     "All the fortifications except the rapid-fire battery at San Jacinto
+     are practically destroyed. At San Jacinto every building except the
+     quarantine station has been swept away. Battery O, First Artillery,
+     United States Army, lost twenty-eight men. The officers and their
+     families were all saved. Three members of the hospital corps lost.
+     Names will be sent as soon as possible. Loss of life on the island is
+     possibly more than 1,000. All bridges are gone, waterworks destroyed
+     and all telegraph lines are down.
+
+     "Colonel Roberts was in the city and made every effort to get
+     telegrams through. City under control of committee of citizens and
+     perfectly quiet.
+
+     "Every article of equipment or property pertaining to Battery O was
+     lost. Not a record of any kind is left. The men saved had nothing but
+     the clothing on their persons. Nearly all are without shoes or
+     clothing other than their shirts and trousers. Clothing necessary has
+     been purchased and temporary arrangements made for food and shelter.
+     There are probably 5,000 citizens homeless and absolutely destitute,
+     who must be clothed, sheltered and fed. Have ordered 20,000 rations
+     and tents for 1,000 people from Sam Houston. Have wired
+     Commissary-General to ship 30,000 rations by express. Lieutenant
+     Perry will make his way back to Houston and send this telegram.
+
+        "McKIBBIN."
+
+
+CONDITION OF THE GOVERNMENT WORKS.
+
+Captain Charles S. Riche, U. S. A., corps of engineers, when seen after he
+had completed a tour of inspection of the government works around
+Galveston, made the following statement:
+
+"The jetties are sunk nearly to mean low tide level, but not seriously
+breached. The channel is as good as before, perhaps better, twenty-five
+feet certainly.
+
+"Fort Crockett, fifteen-pounder implacements, concrete all right,
+standing on filling; water underneath. Battery for eight mortars about
+like preceding, and mortars and carriages on hand unmounted and in good
+shape. Shore line at Fort Crockett has moved back about 600 feet. At Fort
+San Jacinto the battery for eight twelve-inch mortars is badly wrecked,
+and magazines reported fallen in. The mortars are reported safe. No piling
+was under this battery. Some of the sand parapet is left. The battery for
+two ten-inch guns badly wrecked. Both gun platforms are down and guns
+leaning. The battery for two 4.7-inch rapid-fire guns, concrete standing
+upon piling, both guns apparently all right. The battery for two
+fifteen-pounder guns, concrete apparently all right, standing on piling.
+
+"Fort Travis, Bolivar Point--Battery for three fifteen-pounder guns,
+concrete intact, standing on piling. East gun down. Western gun probably
+all right. The shore line has moved back about 1,000 feet on the line of
+the rear of these batteries."
+
+Under the engineers' corps are the fortifications, built at a considerable
+expense; also the harbor improvements, upon which more than $8,000,000 had
+been expended.
+
+
+FEARED THE CITY WAS BEYOND REPAIR.
+
+"I fear Galveston is destroyed beyond its ability to recover," is the
+manner in which Quartermaster Baxter concluded his report, made September
+12, to the War Department at Washington. He recommended the continuance of
+his office only long enough to recover the office safes and close up
+accounts, and declared all government works were wrecked so restoration
+was impossible.
+
+This gloomy prophecy for the city's future was reflected in an official
+report to Governor Sayers, of Texas, by ex-State Treasurer Wortham, who
+spent a day at Galveston, investigating the situation. His statement
+claimed that 75 per cent of the city was demolished and gives little hope
+for rebuilding.
+
+Mr. Wortham, who acted as aid to Adjutant-General Scurry, Texas National
+Guard, during the inquiry, said in his report:
+
+"The situation at Galveston beggars description. I am convinced that the
+city is practically wrecked for all time to come.
+
+"Fully 75 per cent of the business of the town is irreparably wrecked, and
+the same per cent of damage is to be found in the residence district.
+Along the wharf front great ocean steamers have bodily bumped themselves
+on the big piers and lie there, great masses of iron and wood, that even
+fire cannot totally destroy. The great warehouses along the water front
+are smashed in on one side, unroofed and gutted throughout their length,
+their contents either piled in heaps on the wharves or along the streets.
+Small tugs and sailboats have jammed themselves half into the buildings,
+where they were landed by the incoming waves, and left by the receding
+waters. Houses are packed and jammed in great confusing masses in all of
+the streets.
+
+"Great piles of human bodies, dead animals, rotting vegetation, household
+furniture, and fragments of the houses themselves are piled in confused
+heaps right in the main streets of the city. Along the gulf front human
+bodies are floating around like cordwood. Intermingled with them are to be
+found the carcasses of horses, chickens, dogs, and rotting vegetable
+matter. Above all arises the foulest stench that ever emanated from any
+cesspool, absolutely sickening in its intensity and most dangerous to
+health in its effects.
+
+"Along the Strand adjacent to the gulf front, where are located all the
+big wholesale warehouses and stores, the situation is even worse. Great
+stores of fresh vegetation have been invaded by the incoming waters, and
+are now turned into garbage piles of most befouling odors. The gulf waters
+while on the land played at will with everything, smashing in doors of
+stores, depositing bodies of humans where they pleased, and then receded,
+leaving the wreckage to tell its own tale of how the work had been done.
+As a result, the great warehouses are tombs, wherein are to be found the
+dead bodies of human beings and carcasses, almost defying the efforts of
+relief parties.
+
+"In the pile of debris along the street, in the water, and scattered
+throughout the residence portion of the city, are to be found masses of
+wreckage, and in these great piles are to be found more human bodies and
+household furniture of every description.
+
+"Handsome pictures are seen lying alongside of the ice-cream freezers and
+resting beside the nude figure of some man or woman. These great masses of
+debris are not confined to any one particular section of the city.
+
+"The waters of the gulf and the winds spared no one who was exposed.
+Whirling houses around in its grasp, the wind piled their shattered frames
+high in confusing masses and dumped their contents on top.
+
+"Men and women were thrown around like so many logs of wood and left to
+rot in the withering sun.
+
+"I believe that with the best exertions of the men it will require weeks
+to secure some semblance of physical order in the city, and it is doubtful
+even then if all the debris will be disposed of.
+
+"I never saw such a wreck in my life. From the gulf front to the center of
+the island, from the ocean back, the storm wave left death and destruction
+in its wake.
+
+"There is hardly a family on the island whose household is not short a
+member or more, and in some instances entire families have been washed
+away or killed. Hundreds who escaped from the waves did so only to become
+victims of a worse death by being crushed by falling buildings.
+
+"Down in the business portion of the city the foundations of great
+buildings have given way, carrying towering structures to their ruin.
+These ruins, falling across the streets, formed barricades on which
+gathered all the floating debris and many human bodies. Many of these
+bodies were stripped of their clothing by the force of the water and the
+wind, and there was nothing to protect them from the scorching sun, the
+millions of flies, and the rapid invasion of decomposition that set in.
+
+"Many of the bodies have decayed so rapidly that they could not be handled
+for burial.
+
+"Some of the most conservative men on the island place the loss of human
+beings at not less than 7,500 and possibly 10,000, while others say it
+will not exceed 5,000."
+
+
+COAST CITIES NOT PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED.
+
+Chief Willis L. Moore, of the United States Weather Bureau at Washington,
+being asked his opinion of the idea of rebuilding Galveston on some other
+site, replied as follows:
+
+     "Weather Bureau, U. S., Washington, D. C., September 13, 1900.
+
+     "I should not advise the abandonment of the city of Galveston. It is
+     true that tropical hurricanes sometimes move westward across the
+     gulf and strike the Texas coast, but such movement is infrequent.
+     Within the last thirty years no storm of like severity has touched
+     any part of the coast of the United States. There are many points on
+     both the Atlantic and gulf coasts, some of them occupied by cities
+     the size of Galveston, that are equally exposed to the force of both
+     wind and water, should a hurricane move in from the ocean or gulf and
+     obtain the proper position relative to them. It would not be
+     advisable to abandon these towns and cities merely because there is a
+     remote probability that at some future time a hurricane may be the
+     cause of great loss of life and property.
+
+     "We have just passed through a summer that for sustained high
+     temperature has no parallel within the last thirty years. Records of
+     low temperature, torrential rains, and other meteorological phenomena
+     that have stood for twenty and thirty years are not infrequently
+     broken. There does not appear to be, so far as we know, any law
+     governing the occurrence or recurrence of storms. The vortex of a
+     hurricane is comparatively narrow, at most not more than twenty or
+     thirty miles in width. It is only within the vortex that such a great
+     calamity as has befallen Galveston can occur.
+
+     "It would seem that, rather than abandon the city, means should be
+     adopted at Galveston and other similarly exposed cities on the
+     Atlantic and gulf coasts to erect buildings only on heavy stone
+     foundations that should have solid interiors of masonry to a height
+     of ten feet above mean sea level. Rigid building regulations should
+     allow no other structures erected for habitations in the future in
+     any city located at sea level and that is exposed to the direct sweep
+     of the sea.
+
+     "But Galveston should take heart, as the chances are that not once
+     in a thousand years would she be so terribly stricken, and high,
+     solid foundations would doubtless make her impregnable to loss of
+     life by all future storms.
+
+        "WILLIS L. MOORE,
+            "Chief U. S. Weather Bureau."
+
+
+COURAGE OF GALVESTON'S BUSINESS MEN.
+
+The courage of Galveston's business men under the distressing conditions
+was shown by the utterances of Mr. Eustace Taylor, one of the best-known
+residents of that city, a cotton buyer known to the trade in all parts of
+the country. Mr. Taylor was asked on Thursday succeeding the flood for an
+opinion as to the future of Galveston.
+
+"I think," he said, "that what we have done here for the four days which
+have passed since the storm has been wonderful. It will take us two weeks
+before we can ascertain the actual commercial loss. But we are going to
+straighten out everything. We are going to stay here and work it out. We
+will have a temporary wharf within thirty days, and with that we can
+resume business and handle the traffic through Galveston.
+
+"I think that within thirty or forty days business will be carried on in
+no less volume than before. I am going to stand right up to Galveston.
+
+"If it costs me the last cent, I will stand up for Galveston. With our
+temporary wharf we shall put from 1,000 to 2,000 men at work loading
+vessels while we are waiting for the railroads to restore bridges and
+terminals on the island. We shall bring business by barges from Virginia
+Point and load in midstream. In this way we shall not only resume our
+commercial relations, but we shall be able to put the labor of the city at
+work.
+
+"This port holds the advantage over every other port of this country for
+accommodating 10,000,000 producers, and will accommodate millions of tons,
+and in inviting these millions, as we have, to continue their business
+through this port we must in our construction do it on the same lines
+employed by the communities of Boston, New York, Buffalo and Chicago, the
+stability of which was plainly illustrated in some structures recently
+erected in our community.
+
+"The port is all right. The ever-alert engineers in charge of the harbor
+here have already taken their soundings. The fullest depth of water
+remains. The jetties, with slight repair, are intact, and because of these
+conditions, which exist nowhere else for the territory and people it
+serves, the restoration will be more rapid than may be thought, and the
+flow of commerce will be as great, and for the courage and fortitude and
+foresight to look beyond the unhappy events of to-day, as prosperous and
+secure as in any part of our prosperous country."
+
+
+ELEVATORS AND GRAIN NOT BADLY DAMAGED.
+
+J. C. Stewart, a well-known grain elevator builder, arrived at Galveston
+on Thursday, in response to a telegram from General Manager M. E. Bailey,
+of the Galveston Wharf Company. He at once made an inspection of the grain
+elevators and their contents, and then said not 2 per cent of the
+elevators had been damaged. The spouts were intact, and elevator "A" would
+be ready to deliver grain to ships the following Sunday.
+
+The wheat in elevator "A" was loaded into vessels just as rapidly as they
+arrived at the elevator to take it. As soon as the elevator was emptied of
+its grain the wheat from elevator "Q" was transferred to it and loaded
+into ships. Very little of the wheat in elevator "B" had been injured,
+but the conveyors were swept away, and it was necessary to transfer the
+grain to elevator "A" in order to get it to the ships. Mr. Bailey put a
+large force of men to work clearing up each of the wharves, and the
+company was ready for new business all along the line within eight days.
+
+
+BURNING BODIES BY THE HUNDREDS.
+
+Pestilence could only be avoided here by cremation. That was the order of
+the day. Human corpses, dead animals and all debris were therefore to be
+submitted to the flames. On Thursday upwards of 400 bodies, mostly women
+and children, were cremated, and the work went rapidly on. They were
+gathered in heaps of twenty and forty bodies, saturated with kerosene and
+the torch applied.
+
+
+CONFLICT OF AUTHORITY BREEDS TROUBLE.
+
+A conflict of authority, due to a misunderstanding, precipitated a
+temporary disorganization of the policing of the city of Galveston on
+Thursday. When General Scurry, Adjutant-General of the Texas National
+Guard, arrived at Galveston on Tuesday night, with about 200 militia, from
+Houston, he at once conferred with the Chief of Police as to the plans for
+guarding property, protecting the lives of citizens and preserving law and
+order. An order was then issued by the Chief of Police to the effect that
+the soldiers should arrest all persons found carrying arms, unless they
+showed a written order, signed by the Chief of Police or Mayor of the
+city, giving them permission to go armed.
+
+Sheriff Thomas had, meantime, appointed and sworn in 150 special deputy
+sheriffs. These deputies were supplied with a ribboned badge of authority,
+but were not given any written or printed commission. Acting under the
+order issued by the Chief of Police, Major Hunt McCaleb, of Galveston, who
+was appointed as aide to General Scurry, issued an order to the militia to
+arrest all persons carrying arms without the proper authority. The result
+was that about fifty citizens wearing deputy sheriff badges were taken
+into custody by the soldiers and taken to police headquarters.
+
+The soldiers had no way of knowing by what authority the men were acting
+with these badges, and would listen to no excuses.
+
+General Scurry and Sheriff Thomas, hearing of the wholesale arrests,
+called at police headquarters and consulted with Acting Chief Amundsen.
+The latter referred General Scurry to Mayor Jones. Then General Scurry and
+Sheriff Thomas held a conference at the City Hall. These two officers soon
+arrived at an understanding, and an agreement was decided upon to the
+effect that all persons deputized as deputy sheriffs and all persons
+appointed as special officers should be permitted to carry arms and pass
+in and out of the guard lines. General Scurry suggested that the deputy
+sheriffs and special police--and the regular police, for that
+matter--guard the city during the daytime and that the militia take charge
+of the city at night.
+
+General Scurry was acting for and by authority granted by Mayor Jones, and
+promptly said he was there to work in harmony with the city and county
+authorities, and that there would be no conflict. When General Scurry and
+Sheriff Thomas called upon the Mayor, the Mayor said that he knew that if
+the Adjutant-General, the Chief of Police and the Sheriff would get
+together they could take care of the police work.
+
+It was known that people were coming to Galveston by the score; that many
+of them had no business there, and that the city had enough to do to watch
+the lawless element of Galveston, without being burdened with the care of
+outsiders.
+
+All deputy sheriffs wearing the badge issued by the Sheriff carried arms
+thereafter and made arrests, and were not interfered with in any way by
+the military guards.
+
+
+INADEQUATE TRANSPORTATION PREVENTS SUPPLIES FROM REACHING THE
+FAMINE-STRICKEN PEOPLE.
+
+On Thursday, September 13, train load after train load of provisions,
+clothing, disinfectants and medicines were lined up at Texas City, six
+miles from Galveston, all sent to the suffering survivors of the
+storm-swept city. Across the bay were thousands of people, friends of the
+dead and living, waiting for news of the missing ones and an opportunity
+to help, but only a meager amount of relief had at that time reached the
+stricken town. Two telegraph wires had been put up and partial
+communication restored to let the outside world know that conditions there
+were far more horrible than was at first supposed. That was about all. It
+was not that which was needed; it was a more practicable connection with
+the mainland. True, more boats had been pressed into service to carry
+succor to the suffering and the suffering to succor, but they were few and
+small, and although working diligently night and day the service was
+inadequate in the extreme. And the people were still suffering--the sick
+dying for want of medicine and care; the well growing desperate and in
+many cases gradually losing their reason.
+
+While there were many who could not be provided for because the necessary
+articles for them could not be carried in, there were hundreds who were
+being benefited. Those supplies which had arrived had been of great
+assistance, but they were far from ample to provide for even a small
+percentage of the sufferers, estimated at 30,000. Even the rich were
+hungry. An effort was being made on the part of the authorities to provide
+for those in the greatest need, but this was found to be difficult work,
+so many were there in sad condition. A rigid system of issuing supplies
+was established, and the regular soldiers and a number of citizens were
+sworn in as policemen. These attended to the issuing of rations as soon as
+the boats arrived.
+
+Every effort was put forth to reach the dying first, but all sorts of
+obstacles were encountered, because many of them were so badly maimed and
+wounded that they were unable to apply to the relief committees, and the
+latter were so burdened by the great number of direct applications that
+they were unable to send out messengers.
+
+The situation grew worse every minute; everything was needed for man and
+beast--disinfectants, prepared foods, hay, grain, and especially water and
+ice. Scores more of people died that day as a result of inattention and
+many more were on the verge of dissolution, for at best it was to be many
+days before a train could be run into the city, and the only hope was the
+arrival of more boats to transport the goods.
+
+The relief committee held a meeting and decided that armed men were needed
+to assist in burying the dead and clear the wreckage, and arrangements
+were made to fill this demand. There were plenty of volunteers for this
+work but an insufficiency of arms. The proposition of trying to pay for
+work was rejected by the committee, and it was decided to go ahead
+impressing men into service, issuing orders for rations only to those who
+worked or were unable to work.
+
+Word was received that refugees would be carried from the city to Houston
+free of charge. An effort was made to induce all who are able to leave to
+go, because the danger of pestilence was frightfully apparent.
+
+There was any number willing to depart, and each outgoing boat, after
+having unloaded its provisions, was filled with people. The safety of the
+living was a paramount consideration, and the action of the railroads in
+offering to carry refugees free of charge greatly relieved the situation.
+The workers had their hands full in any event, and the nurses and
+physicians also, for neglect, although unavoidable, often resulted in the
+death of many.
+
+It was estimated $2,500,000 would be needed for the relief work. The banks
+of Galveston subscribed $10,000, but personal losses of the citizens of
+Galveston had been so large that very few were able to subscribe anything.
+The confiscation of all foodstuffs held by wholesale grocers and others
+was decided upon early in the day by the relief committee. Starvation
+would inevitably ensue unless the supply was dealt out with great care.
+All kerosene oil was gone, and the gas works and electric lights were
+destroyed. The committee asked for a shipload of kerosene oil, a shipload
+of drinking water and tons of disinfectants, such as lime and
+formaldehyde, for immediate use, and money and food next. Not a tallow
+candle could be bought for gold, or light of any kind procured.
+
+No baker was making bread, and milk was remembered as a past luxury only.
+
+What was there to do with?
+
+Everything was gone in the way of ovens and utensils.
+
+It was absolutely necessary to let the outside world know the true state
+of things.
+
+The city was unable to help itself.
+
+In fact, a great part of the mighty, noble state of Texas was prostrate.
+
+Even the country at large was paralyzed at the sense of the magnitude of
+the disaster, and was for the time being powerless to do anything.
+
+The entire world was thrilled with alarm, it being instinctively felt that
+the worst had not yet been made known.
+
+Twenty-five thousand people had to be clothed and fed for many weeks, and
+many thousands supplied with household goods as well. Much money was
+required to make their residences even fit to live in.
+
+During the first few days after the disaster it was almost beyond
+possibility to make any estimate of the amount of money necessary to even
+temporarily relieve the sufferings of the unfortunate people.
+
+As a means of enlightenment, Major R. G. Lowe, business manager of the
+Galveston News, was asked to send out a statement to the Associated Press,
+for dissemination throughout the globe, and he accordingly dispatched the
+following to Colonel Charles S. Diehl, General Manager of the Associated
+Press at the headquarters in Chicago:
+
+     "Galveston, Texas, Sept. 12.--Charles S. Diehl, General Manager the
+     Associated Press, Chicago: A summary of the conditions prevailing at
+     Galveston is more than human intellect can master. Briefly stated,
+     the damage to property is anywhere between $15,000,000 and
+     $20,000,000. The loss of life cannot be computed. No lists could be
+     kept and all is simply guesswork. Those thrown out to sea and buried
+     on the ground wherever found will reach the horrible total of at
+     least 3,000 souls.
+
+     "My estimate of the loss on the island of the City of Galveston and
+     the immediate surrounding district is between 4,000 and 5,000 deaths.
+     I do not make this statement in fright or excitement. The whole story
+     will never be told, because it cannot be told. The necessities of
+     those living are total. Not a single individual escaped property
+     loss. The property on the island is wrecked; fully one-half totally
+     swept out of existence. What our needs are can be computed by the
+     world at large by the statement herewith submitted much better than I
+     could possibly summarize them. The help must be immediate.
+
+        "R. G. LOWE,
+            "Manager Galveston News."
+
+Thursday evening at the Tremont Hotel, in Galveston, occurred a wedding
+that was not attended with music and flowers and a gathering of
+merrymaking friends and relatives. On the contrary, it was peculiarly sad.
+Mrs. Brice Roberts expected some day to marry Earnest Mayo; the storm
+which desolated so many homes deprived her of almost everything on
+earth--father, mother, sister and brother. She was left destitute. Her
+sweetheart, too, was a sufferer. He lost much of his possessions in
+Dickinson, but he stepped bravely forward and took his sweetheart to his
+home.
+
+Galveston began, September 14, to emerge from the valley of the shadow of
+death into which she had been plunged for nearly a week, and on that day,
+for the first time, actual progress was made toward clearing up the city.
+The bodies of those killed and drowned in the storm had for the most part
+been disposed of. A large number was found when the debris was removed
+from wrecked buildings, but on that date there were no corpses to be seen
+save those occasionally cast up by the sea. As far as sight, at least, was
+concerned, the city was cleared of its dead.
+
+They had been burned, thrown into the water, buried--anything to get them
+quickly out of sight. The chief danger of pestilence was due almost
+entirely to the large number of unburied cattle lying upon the island,
+whose decomposing carcasses polluted the air to an almost unbearable
+extent. This, however, was not in the city proper, but was a condition
+prevailing on the outskirts of Galveston. One great trouble heretofore had
+been the inability to organize gangs of laborers for the purpose of
+clearing the streets.
+
+
+THE SAD SITUATION FOUR DAYS AFTER THE CATASTROPHE.
+
+The situation in the stricken city on Wednesday, September 12, was
+horrible indeed. Men, women and children were dying for want of food and
+scores went insane from the terrible strain to which they had been
+subjected.
+
+In his appeal to the country for aid, issued on Tuesday, September 11,
+Mayor Walter J. Jones said fully 5,000 people had lost their lives during
+the hurricane, this estimate being based upon personal information.
+Captain Charles Clarke, a vessel-owner of Galveston, and a reliable man,
+said the death list would be even greater than that, and he was backed in
+his opinion by several other conservative men who had no desire to
+exaggerate the losses, but felt that they are justified in letting the
+country know the full extent of the disaster in order that the necessary
+relief might be supplied.
+
+It was the general opinion that to hide any of the facts would be
+criminal.
+
+Captain Clarke was not a sensationalist, but he well knew that the truth
+was what the people of the United States wanted at that time.
+
+If the people of the country at large felt they were being deceived in
+anything they would be apt to close their pocketbooks and refuse to give
+anything.
+
+If told the truth they would respond to the appeal for aid generously.
+
+When relief finally began to pour in it was remarkable how soon the women
+of the city plucked up courage, and went to work with the men.
+
+They had suffered frightfully, but they refused to give up hope.
+
+Many called upon the mayor and offered their services as nurses.
+
+Others prepared bandages for the wounded and aided the physicians in
+procuring medicines for the sick.
+
+They went among the men who were engaged in burying and otherwise
+disposing of the dead and cheered them with bright faces and soothing
+words.
+
+They were everywhere, and their presence was as rays of sunshine after the
+black clouds of the storm.
+
+A regular fleet of steamers and barges was plying between Galveston and
+Texas City, only six miles distant, and which had railway communication
+with all parts of the United States. As the railroad line to Texas City
+had been repaired, trains were sent in there as close together as
+possible, but this did not prevent many hundreds in Galveston from dying
+of starvation and lack of medical attendance.
+
+
+A CITY OFFICIAL'S VERSION OF THE REIGN OF TERROR
+
+A leading city official of Galveston gave the following version of the
+Reign of Terror, as the regime of the thugs and ghouls was called:
+
+"Galveston suffered in every conceivable way since the catastrophe of
+Saturday. Hurricane and flood came first; then famine, and then vandalism.
+Scores of reckless criminals flocked to the city by the first boats that
+landed there, and were unchecked in their work of robbery of the helpless
+dead Monday and Tuesday.
+
+"Wednesday, however, Captain Rafferty, commanding the regulars at the
+beach barracks, sent seventy men of an artillery company there to do guard
+duty in the streets, and, being ordered to promptly shoot all those found
+looting, carried out their instructions to the letter.
+
+"Over 100 ghouls were shot Wednesday afternoon and evening, and no mercy
+was shown vandals. If they were not killed at the first volley the
+troops--regulars of the United States army and those of the Texas National
+Guard--saw that the coup de grace was administered.
+
+"Most of the robbers were negroes, and when executed were found loaded
+with spoil--jewelry wrenched from the bodies of women, money and watches
+and silverware and other articles taken from residences and business
+houses.
+
+"Not only had these fiends robbed the dead, but they mutilated the bodies
+as well, in many instances fingers and ears of dead women being amputated
+in order to secure the jewelry. Some of the business organizations of the
+city also furnished guards to assist in patroling the streets, and fully
+1,000 men are now on duty.
+
+Wednesday evening the regulars shot forty-nine ghouls after they had been
+tried by court-martial, having found them in possession of large
+quantities of plunder. The vandals begged for mercy, but none was shown
+them and they were speedily put out of the way. The bandits, as a rule,
+obtained transportation to the city by representing themselves as having
+been engaged to do relief work and to aid in burying the dead. Shortly
+after the first bunch of thieves was executed another party of twenty was
+shot. The outlaws were afterward put out of the way by twos and threes, it
+being their habit to travel in gangs and never alone. In every instance
+the pockets of these bandits were found filled with plunder.
+
+More than 2,000 bodies had been thrown into the sea up to Wednesday night,
+this having been decided upon by the authorities as the only way of
+preventing a visitation of pestilence, which, they felt, should not be
+added to the horrors the city had already experienced. Tuesday evening,
+shortly before darkness set in, three barges, containing 700 bodies, were
+sent out to sea, the corpses being thrown into the water after being
+heavily weighted to prevent the possibility of their afterwards coming to
+the surface. As there were few volunteers for this ghastly work, troops
+and police officers were sent out to impress men for the service, but
+while these unwilling laborers, after being filled with liquor, agreed to
+handle the bodies of white men, women and children, nothing could induce
+them to touch the negro dead. Finally city firemen came forward and
+attended to the disposal of the corpses of the colored victims. These were
+badly decomposed, and it was absolutely necessary to get them out of the
+way to prevent infection.
+
+No attempt had been made so far to gather up the dead at night because the
+gas and electric light plants were so badly damaged that they could
+furnish no illumination whatever. By Thursday night, however, some of the
+arc lights were ready for use. Since Wednesday morning no efforts at
+identification were made by the searchers after the dead, it being
+imperative that the bodies be disposed of as soon as possible. While the
+barges containing the bodies were on their way out to sea lists were made,
+but that was the only care taken in regard to the victims, many of whom
+were among the most prominent people of the city. Of the hundreds buried
+at Virginia Point and other places along the coast not 10 per cent were
+identified, the stakes at the heads of the hastily dug graves simply being
+marked, "White woman, aged 30," "White man, aged 45," or "Male" or "Female
+child."
+
+Ninety-six bodies were buried at Texas City, all but eight of which
+floated to that place from Galveston. Some were identified, but the great
+majority were not. State troops were stationed at Texas City and Virginia
+Point to prevent those who could not give a satisfactory account of
+themselves from boarding boats bound for Galveston. In burying the dead
+along the shore of the gulf no coffins were used, the supply being
+exhausted. There was no time to knock even an ordinary pine box together.
+Cases were known where people have buried their dead in their yards.
+
+As soon as possible the work of cremating the bodies of the dead began.
+Vast funeral pyres were erected and the corpses placed thereon, the
+incineration being under the supervision of the fire department. Matters
+had come to such a pass that even the casting of bodies into the sea was
+not only dangerous to those who handled them, but there was the utmost
+danger in carrying the decomposed, putrefying masses of human flesh
+through the streets to the barges on the beach. The cemeteries were not
+fit for burial purposes, and no attempt whatever was made to reach them
+until the ground was thoroughly dried out. Then the bodies of those buried
+in private grounds, yards and in the sands along the beach, not only on
+Galveston Island, but at Virginia Point and Texas City, were removed to
+the public places of interment, where suitable memorials were set up to
+mark their last resting places. It might have been deemed unfeeling and
+even brutal, but the fact was that the bodies of the unidentified victims
+received small consideration, being handled roughly by the workmen, and
+thrown into the temporary graves along the beach as though they were
+animals and not the remains of human beings. No prayers were uttered save
+in isolated instances, and the poor mangled bodies were consigned to the
+trench as hurriedly as possible. The burying parties had no time for
+sentiment, and so accustomed had the workers in the "dead gangs," as they
+were named, become to their grewsome task that they even laughed and joked
+when laying away the corpses.
+
+Special attention was given the wounded. Physicians were on duty all the
+time, some of them not having been to bed since Friday night longer than
+an hour at a time. Victims not badly hurt were put aside for those
+suffering and actually requiring the services of surgeons. There were
+thousands of them. There were few in Galveston who did not bear the marks
+of wounds of some sort.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Thrilling Experiences of People During the Great Storm--Eighty-five
+Persons Perish by Being Blown from a Train--Adventures of Survivors at
+Galveston.
+
+
+The experiences and adventures of those who were in the great and
+disastrous storm and escaped only after undergoing frightful anxiety, make
+interesting reading. Those who emerged in safety from the fearful vortex
+were unusually fortunate, when it is considered that possibly 8,000
+persons in Galveston lost their lives and hundreds fell victims to the
+fury of the hurricane in the territory adjacent to the ill-fated city.
+
+Hon. John H. Poe, member of the Louisiana State Board of Education, and
+residing at Lake Charles, La., was present when eighty-five passengers on
+the Gulf & Interstate train which left Beaumont early Saturday morning
+from Bolivar Point lost their lives. Mr. Poe was one of the passengers on
+this train and fortunately, together with a few others, sought safety in
+the lighthouse at Bolivar Point and was saved. The train reached Bolivar
+about noon and all preparations were made to run the train on the
+ferryboat preparatory to crossing the bay. But the wind blew so swiftly
+that the ferry could not make a landing and the conductor of the train,
+after allowing it to stand on the tracks for a few minutes, started to
+back it back toward Beaumont. The wind increased so rapidly, coming in
+from the open sea, that soon the water had reached a level with the bottom
+of the seats within the cars. It was then that some of the passengers
+sought safety in the nearby lighthouse, but in spite of all efforts
+eighty-five passengers were blown away or drowned. The train was entirely
+wrecked. Some of the killed were from New Orleans, as the train made
+direct connections with the Southern Pacific train which left New Orleans
+Friday night.
+
+Those who were saved had to spend over fifty hours in the dismal
+lighthouse on almost no rations. The experience was one they will remember
+as one of the most terrible of their whole lives.
+
+
+COMMERCIAL TRAVELER'S EXPERIENCE IN GALVESTON.
+
+A graphic description of one man's experience was given by a commercial
+traveler--William Van Eaton. He reached Galveston Saturday morning. His
+narrative is especially interesting, because it shows with what suddenness
+the storm assumed a dangerous character.
+
+"There was high wind and rain," said he, "but so little was thought of it,
+however, that myself and some acquaintances started down to the beach. The
+water came up so rapidly that we turned and hurried toward the Tremont
+Hotel. Before we reached it we had to wade in water waist deep.
+
+"Within a few minutes," he went on to say, "women and children began to
+flock to the hotel for refuge. All were panic-stricken. I saw two women,
+one with a child, trying to get to the hotel. They were drowned not 300
+yards from us."
+
+Mr. Van Eaton was one of the first to cross from Galveston to the mainland
+after the storm subsided. He paid $15 to a boatman to make the crossing.
+When he reached the point he found an engine and a caboose chained
+together, with the water several feet deep around them. While he waited in
+the caboose for the water to go down the bodies of two men and a boy
+floated against it, and the trainmen tied them to one end of the car. Mr.
+Van Eaton counted fourteen bodies that had drifted in from the bay, all
+showing that they had been dashed against wreckage.
+
+
+ONLY ONE OUT OF FIFTY PEOPLE SAVED.
+
+Patrick Joyce, a railroad man, who passed through the storm at Galveston
+in 1872, suffered such hardships in that city Saturday morning that he was
+convinced that the storm at that time was only a "mild little blow" in
+comparison. He was one of the refugees picked up at Lamarque.
+
+"It began raining in Galveston early Saturday morning," he said. "About 9
+o'clock work was discontinued by the company, and I left for home. I got
+there about 11 o'clock and found about three feet of water in the yard. It
+began to get worse and worse, the water getting higher and the wind
+stronger, until it was almost as bad as the gulf itself with its raging
+torrents. Finally the house was taken off its foundation and demolished.
+
+"There were nine families in the house, which was a large two-story frame,
+and of the fifty people residing there myself and niece were the only ones
+who could get away. I managed to find a raft of driftwood or wreckage and
+got on it, going with the tide. I had not got far before I was struck with
+some wreckage and my niece knocked out of my arms. I could not save her,
+and had to see her drown.
+
+"I was carried on and on with the tide, sometimes on a raft, and again I
+was thrown from it by coming in contact with some pieces of timber, parts
+of houses, logs, cisterns and other things which were floating around in
+the gulf and bay. Many and many a knock I got on my head and body, until
+I was black and blue all over. The wind was blowing at a terrific rate of
+speed and the waves were away up.
+
+"I drifted and swam all night, not knowing where I was going or in what
+direction. About 3 o'clock in the morning I began to feel the hard ground,
+and then I knew I was on the mainland. I wandered around until I came to a
+house, and there a person gave me some clothes. I had lost most of mine
+soon after I started, and only wore a coat.
+
+"I was in the water about seven hours, and this sensation, together with
+the feeling of all these bruises I have on my head and body, is not a
+pleasant one. I managed to save my own life through the hardest kind of a
+struggle, but I thought more than once I was done for, and I lost all I
+had in this world--relatives who were dear to me, home and all."
+
+
+HEROISM OF A HOTEL-KEEPER IN SAVING LIVES.
+
+James Black, a well-known merchant at Morgan's Point, saved nine lives
+during the storm. The story of his heroism was told by W. S. Wall of
+Houston, Tex., who has a summer home at Morgan's Point.
+
+"My wife was taking supper at the Black Hotel," said Mr. Wall, "when Mr.
+Black rushed into the dining-room and called upon all to fly for their
+lives. The tidal wave was on them in an instant, and almost before they
+could leave the hotel to go to a higher point where the Vincent residence
+stood, some five or six blocks away, the rushing waters were all about
+them more than three feet deep.
+
+"Mr. Black, struggling against the elements, bore my wife in safety to the
+Vincent home, miraculously escaping being crushed by a heavy log which
+the rushing waters carried along the pathway of escape. Returning
+immediately to the hotel, Mr. Black in like manner brought safely to the
+Vincent home his aged father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. James Black, Sr. His
+next act of heroism was to rescue Mrs. Rushmore, her two daughters, two
+grandchildren and another woman whose name I cannot recall. The Vincent
+home withstood the storm, but the Black Hotel was wrecked.
+
+"Louis Braquet, manager of the Black Hotel, was engulfed in the waves and
+gave up his life in the successful rescue of his wife and a colored
+servant girl."
+
+
+SPENT A MOST THRILLING NIGHT.
+
+F. T. Woodward, who was a passenger on the first train to arrive at
+Dallas, Tex., from Houston, the Monday night succeeding the catastrophe,
+spent a thrilling Saturday night in the Grand Central station in the
+latter city. One hundred and fifty other persons shared his memorable
+experiences.
+
+"The depot, standing as it does isolated and alone," said Mr. Woodward,
+"was exposed to the full force of the hurricane, and the first strong gust
+at 8 o'clock was followed by a sound of shattering glass. Several of the
+windows of the general offices overhead had given away under the almost
+irresistible pressure. This was the beginning of seven hours of mortal
+dread.
+
+"The storm continued to rage with unabated fury and the roar of the wind
+was accompanied by the sound of crashing glass, as one after another of
+the many windows was torn from its fastenings and shattered against the
+brick walls of the building or upon the sidewalk below. Women clasped
+their children in their arms, as though they expected to be torn asunder
+the next moment. Men began to scan the pillars and partition walls
+supporting the floor above and to take up such positions as seemed to be
+most conducive to safety in the event the huge building was razed by the
+storm.
+
+"The crashing of glass was soon followed by a sound of ripping and
+tearing. Section after section of the tin roof was rolled up like sheets
+of parchment and hurled hundreds of feet away. To add to the terror and
+confusion, the electric lights suddenly went out and the building was left
+in darkness, except where the trainmen with their lanterns stood.
+
+"Then many moved toward the main entrance of the building, with the
+evident intention of seeking other quarters, but they were checked at the
+door by the blinding sheet of water which was being driven by the wind
+with mighty force, and which lay between them and any place of refuge.
+They appeared to hesitate between a choice of being drenched by water and
+possibly struck by a flying section of roof and of remaining in the depot
+until the end.
+
+"The question was soon settled. Even as they looked the roof of the Grand
+Central Hotel was torn off, many of its inmates rushing into the street.
+Almost simultaneously a wail went up from the people in the Lawlor Hotel
+as the big skylight on top was torn loose and fell crashing down the
+shaft, causing pandemonium. This seemed to satisfy those in the depot that
+no haven of safety could be found, and they determined to make the best of
+the situation.
+
+"Just then, above the roar of the wind, the crashing of glass and the
+flapping and pounding and tearing of tin, a new sound was heard. It was
+that of falling brick. Every one stood crouched, prepared to leap to
+either side as the occasion might require. Every one realized the gravity
+of the situation, but, there was no shrieking, no fainting. Every woman
+stood the ordeal with such fortitude as to lend courage to even the
+faintest-hearted man. Even the babies were mute and clung to their
+mothers' necks in breathless despair.
+
+"Nearer and nearer came that awful rumbling. A shower of brick and mortar
+fell in the rear of the women's waiting-room. Nothing remained of the
+tin-covered awning. Few if any doubted that the end had come and that in
+another moment all would be buried beneath the ruins.
+
+"Suddenly the sound ceased. The brick had fallen and the lower story of
+the building remained intact. It was soon learned that the entire wall
+stood unbroken and that the fall of brick and mortar was but the collapse
+of several large chimneys surmounting the top of the building.
+
+"As soon as this became known the effect upon the awe-stricken mass was
+electrical. Men lighted cigars, women cheered and laughed, and, though
+more chimneys fell, more glass was shivered and the loosened tin on the
+roof continued to pound furiously until nearly 3 o'clock in the morning,
+there was no more panic, and all felt that the building would withstand
+the fury of the storm. And it did."
+
+
+HOW HE GOT INTO AND OUT OF GALVESTON.
+
+A. V. Kellogg, civil engineer in the employ of the Houston and Texas
+Central Railroad, with headquarters at Houston, told an interesting story
+of how he got into and out of Galveston during and after the great storm,
+and of his observations in the stricken city. He went to Galveston
+Saturday morning, over the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Road, arriving
+a few hours after the storm began.
+
+"When we crossed the bridge over Galveston Bay, going into Galveston,"
+said Mr. Kellogg, "the water had reached an elevation equal to the bottom
+caps of the pile bents, or two feet below the level of the track. After
+crossing the bridge and reaching a point some two miles beyond, we were
+stopped by reason of a washout of the track ahead, and were compelled to
+wait one hour for a relief train to come over the Galveston, Houston and
+Henderson track. During this period of one hour the water rose a foot and
+a half, running over the rails of the track.
+
+"The relief train signaled us to return half a mile to higher ground,
+where the passengers were transferred, the train crew leaving with the
+passengers and going on the relief train. The water had reached an
+elevation of eight or ten inches above the Galveston, Houston and
+Henderson track, and was flowing in a westward direction at a terrific
+speed. The train crew was compelled to wade ahead of the engine and
+dislodge driftwood from the track.
+
+"At 1:15 we arrived at the Santa Fe Union Depot. At that period of the day
+the wind was increasing and had then reached a velocity of about
+thirty-five miles an hour.
+
+"After arriving at Galveston I immediately went to the Tremont Hotel,
+where I remained the balance of the day and during the night. At 5:30 the
+water had begun to creep into the rotunda of the hotel, and by 8 o'clock
+it was twenty-six inches above the floor of the hotel, or about six and
+one-half feet above the street level.
+
+"The front windows of the hotel were blown out, the roof was torn off and
+the skylights over the rotunda fell crashing on the floor below. The
+refugees began to come into the hotel between 5:30 and 8 o'clock, until at
+least 800 or 1,000 persons had sought safety there. The floors were strewn
+with people all during the night.
+
+"Manager George Korst did everything in his power to help the sufferers
+from the effects of the storm and to give them shelter. When the wind was
+blowing from the northeast it was at a velocity of about forty-five miles
+an hour, but at 8 o'clock it had reached the climax, the speed then being
+fully 100 miles. The vibration of the hotel was not unlike that of a box
+car in motion. I tried to sleep that night, but there was so much noise
+and confusion from the crashing of buildings that I could not get any
+rest.
+
+"I arose early Sunday morning. The sights in the streets were simply
+appalling. The water on Tremont street had lowered some eight feet from
+the high-water mark, leaving the pavement clear for two blocks north and
+seven blocks south of the Tremont Hotel. The streets were full of debris,
+the wires were all down and the buildings were in a very much damaged
+condition. Every building in the business district was damaged to some
+extent, with but one or two exceptions, noticeably the Levy Building and
+Union Depot, both of which remain intact and went through the storm
+without a scratch.
+
+"The refugees came pouring into the heart of the city, many of them having
+but little clothing, and scores were almost naked. They were homeless and
+without food or drink, and many had lost their all and were really in
+destitute circumstances.
+
+"Mayor Jones issued a call for a mass meeting, which was held Sunday
+morning at 9 o'clock, and was attended by a large number of prominent
+citizens. Steps were taken to furnish provisions and relieve the suffering
+of the refugees and bury the dead.
+
+"A conservative estimate of the number of people killed or drowned is from
+1,500 to 3,000.
+
+"Early in the morning it was learned that the water supply had been cut
+off from some unknown reason. I presume that it was caused by the English
+ship which was blown up against the bridges, cutting the pipes. At all
+events the city was without water, and something had to be done by the
+citizens of Houston to relieve the situation. People who had depended on
+cisterns, of course, had their resources swept away, and there were but
+few large reservoirs to be found in the business district.
+
+"The scene on the docks was a terrible one. The small working fleet and
+the larger schooners were washed up over the docks and railroad tracks in
+frightful confusion. The Mallory docks were demolished. The elevators were
+torn in shreds. Three ocean liners were anchored off the docks and seemed
+to be in good condition. The damage to the shipping interests is something
+immense, the Huntington improvements being entirely swept away.
+
+"I tried to get out of the town as quick as I could, and succeeded in
+securing passage on the first sloop which sailed, the Annie K., Captain
+Willoughby. We sailed from the Twenty-second slip at 11 o'clock, with
+seven people aboard. When we got outside of the harbor we found a terrible
+gale blowing and the sea running very high. Under three reefs and the peak
+down, we set our course for North Galveston.
+
+"As we passed Pelican Flats we could see the English steamer anchored off
+over toward where the railroad bridge should be, and came to the
+conclusion that she had evidently broken the water mains and cut the
+supply off from the city. Another ocean liner could be seen off the shore
+of Texas City, in what would seem to have been about two feet of water in
+a normal tide.
+
+"We passed within a few hundred yards of where the Half-Moon Lighthouse
+once stood, but could see no evidence of the lighthouse, it being
+completely washed away.
+
+"The waters of the bay were strewn with hundreds of carcasses of dead
+animals. We had a very hazardous passage, running against a five-mile
+tide, but managed to reach North Galveston at 1:35 o'clock.
+
+"At North Galveston we found that a tidal wave had crossed the peninsula,
+carrying destruction in its path. The factory building and the opera-house
+were completely blown down and other buildings destroyed. While there were
+no deaths reported at North Galveston, there were many hardships endured
+during the battle with the elements."
+
+
+NEWSPAPER MAN'S GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOOD.
+
+"It was one of the most awful tragedies of modern times which has visited
+Galveston. The city is in ruins and the dead will number probably 1,000."
+
+So says Richard Spillane, a well-known Galveston newspaper man, the first
+of his profession to come from the stricken city after the hurricane, and
+who arrived at Houston, after a perilous trip. He continued:
+
+"I am just from the city, having been commissioned by the Mayor and
+Citizens' Committee to get in touch with the outside world and appeal for
+help. Houston was the nearest point at which working telegraph instruments
+could be found, the wires, as well as nearly all the buildings, between
+here and the Gulf of Mexico being wrecked.
+
+"When I left Galveston, shortly before noon yesterday, the people were
+organizing for the prompt burial of the dead, the distribution of food
+and all necessary work after a period of disaster.
+
+"The wreck of Galveston was brought about by a tempest so terrible that no
+words can adequately describe its intensity, and by a flood which turned
+the city into a raging sea. The Weather Bureau records show that the wind
+attained a velocity of eighty-four miles an hour, when the measuring
+instruments blew away, so it is impossible to tell what was the maximum.
+
+"The storm began at 2 o'clock Saturday morning. Previous to that a great
+storm had been raging in the gulf, and the tide was very high. The wind at
+first came from the north and was in direct opposition to the force from
+the gulf. While the storm in the gulf piled the water upon the beach side
+of the city, the north wind piled the water from the bay onto the bay part
+of the city.
+
+"About noon it became evident that the city was going to be visited with
+disaster. Hundreds of residences along the beach front were hurriedly
+abandoned, the families fleeing to dwellings in higher portions of the
+city. Every home was opened to the refugees, black or white. The winds
+were rising constantly, and it rained in torrents. The wind was so fierce
+that the rain cut like a knife.
+
+"By 5 o'clock the waters of the gulf and bay met, and by dark the entire
+city was submerged. The flooding of the electric light plant and the gas
+plants left the city in darkness. To go upon the streets was to court
+death. The wind was then at cyclonic velocity. Roofs, cisterns, portions
+of buildings, telegraph poles and walls were falling, and the noise of the
+wind and the crashing of the buildings were terrifying in the extreme.
+
+"The wind and waters rose steadily from dark until 1:45 o'clock Sunday
+morning. During all this time the people of Galveston were like rats in
+traps. The highest portion of the city was four to five feet under water,
+while in the great majority of cases the streets were submerged to a depth
+of ten feet. To leave a house was to drown. To remain was to court death
+in the wreckage. Such a night of agony has seldom been equaled.
+
+"Without apparent reason, the waters suddenly began to subside at 1:45
+a. m. Within twenty minutes they had gone down two feet, and before
+daylight the streets were practically freed of the flood waters. In the
+meantime the wind had veered to the southeast.
+
+"Very few if any buildings escaped injury. There is hardly a habitable dry
+house in the city. When the people who had escaped death went out at
+daylight to view the work of the tempest and the floods they saw the most
+horrible sights imaginable.
+
+"In the three blocks from Avenue N to Avenue P, in Tremont street, I saw
+eight bodies. Four corpses were in one yard. The whole of the business
+front for three blocks in from the gulf was stripped of every vestige of
+habitation, the dwellings, the great bathing establishments, the Olympia
+and every structure having been either carried out to sea or its ruins
+piled in a pyramid far into the town, according to the vagaries of the
+tempest.
+
+"The first hurried glance over the city showed that the largest
+structures, supposed to be the most substantially built, suffered the
+greatest. The Orphans' Home, Twenty-first street and Avenue M, fell like a
+house of cards. How many dead children and refugees are in the ruins could
+not be ascertained.
+
+"Of the sick in St. Mary's Infirmary, together with the attendants, only
+eight are understood to have been saved.
+
+"The Old Woman's Home, on Rosenberg avenue, collapsed, and the Rosenberg
+Schoolhouse is a mass of wreckage. The Ball High School is but an empty
+shell, crushed and broken. Every church in the city, with possibly one or
+two exceptions, is in ruins.
+
+"At the forts nearly all the soldiers are reported dead, they having been
+in temporary quarters, which gave them no protection against the tempest
+or the flood.
+
+"The bay front from end to end is in ruins. Nothing but piling and the
+wreck of great warehouses remains. The elevators lost all their superworks
+and their stocks are damaged by water.
+
+"The life-saving station at Fort Point was carried away, the crew being
+swept across the bay fourteen miles to Texas City. I saw Captain Haines
+yesterday and he told me that his wife and one of his crew were drowned.
+
+"The shore at Texas City contains enough wreckage to rebuild a city. Eight
+persons who were swept across the bay during the storm were picked up
+there alive. Five corpses were also picked up. In addition to the living
+and the dead which the storm cast up at Texas City, caskets and coffins
+from one of the cemeteries at Galveston were fished out of the water
+there.
+
+"The cotton mills, the bagging factory, the gas works, the electric light
+works and nearly all the industrial establishments of the city are either
+wrecked or crippled. The flood left a slime about one inch deep over the
+whole city, and unless fast progress is made in burying corpses and
+carcasses of animals there is danger of pestilence.
+
+"Some of the stories of the escapes are miraculous. William Nisbett, a
+cotton man, was buried in the ruins of the Cotton Exchange saloon, and
+when dug out in the morning had no further injury than a few bruised
+fingers.
+
+"Dr. S. O. Young, secretary of the Cotton Exchange, was knocked senseless
+when his house collapsed, but was revived by the water and carried ten
+blocks by the hurricane.
+
+"A woman who had just given birth to a child was carried from her home to
+a house a block distant, the men who were carrying her having to hold her
+high above their heads, as the water was five feet deep when she was
+moved.
+
+"Many stories were current of houses falling and inmates escaping.
+Clarence N. Ousley, editor of the Galveston Evening Tribune, had his
+family and the families of two neighbors in his house when the lower half
+crumbled and the upper part slipped down into the water. Not one in the
+house was hurt.
+
+"Of the Lavine family, six out of seven are reported dead. Of the Burnett
+family only one is known to have been saved. The family of Stanley G.
+Spencer, who met death in the Cotton Exchange saloon, is reported to be
+dead.
+
+"The Mistrot House, in the west end, was turned into a hospital. All of
+the regular hospitals of the city were unavailable.
+
+"Of the new Southern Pacific works little remains but the piling. Half a
+million feet of lumber was carried away, and Engineer Boschke says, as far
+as the company is concerned, it might as well start over again.
+
+"Eight ocean steamers were torn from their moorings and stranded in the
+bay. The Kendall Castle was carried over the flats from the Thirty-third
+street wharf to Texas City and lies in the wreckage of the Inman pier. The
+Norwegian steamer Gyller is stranded between Texas City and Virginia
+Point. An ocean liner was swirled around through the West Bay, crashed
+through the bay bridges and is now lying in a few feet of water near the
+wreckage of the railroad bridges. The steamship Taunton was carried across
+Pelican Point and is stranded about ten miles up toward East Bay. The
+Mallory steamer Alamo was torn from her wharf and dashed upon Pelican
+flats and the bow of the British steamer Red Cross, which had previously
+been hurled there. The stern of the Alamo is stove in and the bow of the
+Red Cross is crushed.
+
+"Down the channel to the jetties two other ocean steamships lie grounded.
+Some schooners, barges and smaller craft are strewn bottom side up along
+the slips of the piers. The tug Louise of the Houston Direct Navigation
+Company is also a wreck.
+
+"It will take a week to tabulate the dead and the missing and to get
+anything near an approximate idea of the monetary loss. It is safe to
+assume that one-half of the property of the city is wiped out and that
+one-half of the residents have to face absolute poverty.
+
+"At Texas City three of the residents were drowned. One man stepped into a
+well by a mischance and his corpse was found there. Two other men ventured
+along the bay front during the height of the storm and were killed. There
+are but few buildings at Texas City that do not tell the story of the
+storm. The hotel is a complete ruin.
+
+"For ten miles inland from the shore it is a common sight to see small
+craft, such as steam launches, schooners and oyster sloops. The life boat
+of the life-saving station was carried half a mile inland, while a vessel
+that was anchored in Moses Bayou lies high and dry five miles up from
+Lamarque."
+
+
+WENT THROUGH THE STORM OF 1875.
+
+"The great storm which has just devastated Galveston reminds me of the
+terrible equinoctial storm that swept over that city in September, 1875,"
+said Dr. Henry Stanhope Bunting of room 500, 57 Washington street,
+Chicago.
+
+"At that time I was a resident of Galveston, and my experience was similar
+to that of many others who escaped. The loss of life and property was
+great.
+
+"The situation of Galveston exposes the city to the waves whenever there
+is a severe windstorm. The island is thirty miles long and quite narrow.
+It is really only a great sand bar, rising four to five feet above the
+surface of the gulf. At their highest point the sand banks are not more
+than ten feet above the normal surface of the water.
+
+"The city is built at the northern end of the island at the entrance to
+Galveston Bay. The opening to the bay between the end of the island and
+the mainland gives the water a free sweep over the jetties when a heavy
+wind is blowing. In this way waves running several feet high pour immense
+volumes of water into the bay, causing its waters to rise many feet and
+flood the lowlands. In the rush of the waters back toward the gulf the
+narrow channel entrance to the bay is not a sufficient outlet and the
+flood sweeps into the city.
+
+"It is seldom that the equinoctial storms are so severe that the back flow
+of the water inundates the island. In very heavy storms, however, as in
+the latest hurricane, the great waves might sweep across the island from
+the gulf and add to the work of destruction in rushing back to the gulf
+from the bay.
+
+"The houses have no cellars. They are built on pillars of brick several
+feet above the ground. When the water is high it washes up to the first
+floor and sometimes drives the occupants of the building to the second
+story.
+
+"When the storm struck in 1875 we were at a house near the water's edge
+five miles down the island from Galveston. The waves lifted the house off
+its brick pillars and dropped it in the water and sand tilted at an angle
+of 45 degrees. With other families we took refuge at a house on much
+higher ground, but even there we were driven to the second story."
+
+
+AWFUL EXPERIENCES DURING THE FLOOD. FIFTY-TWO FAMILIES MEET DEATH IN ONE
+HUGE BUILDING--RESCUERS' LOVED ONES PERISH.
+
+John Davis, having apartments in a huge flat building, whose wife was
+killed, and for whose body he was searching in the debris of the
+structure, said there were fifty-two families there when the house
+collapsed, and he was the only survivor.
+
+Policemen Joseph Bird and John Rowan rescued about 100 people Saturday
+from the fury of the storm. They returned to the police station only when
+the high water floated the patrol wagon and threatened to drown their
+team. They had no idea that the waters of the gulf had invaded the western
+portion of the city where they lived until they returned to the police
+station. They started immediately for their homes, but their families had
+been swept away. Policeman Bird lost his wife and five children and Rowan
+his wife and three children.
+
+Many refugees were picked up at Hitchcock and taken to the Jacquard Hotel,
+where they were given every possible attention. Many of these refugees
+were suffering from injuries and had been in the water for some time.
+
+Most of these persons had floated in on drift and rafts, and one of the
+party came ashore on a piano.
+
+One hundred ammunition boxes from Camp Hawley were found near Hitchcock,
+and a pile-driver from Huntington wharf was driven inland to within a few
+hundred yards of the town. The prairie was covered with drift of all
+kinds, dead cattle, water craft of all sizes, buggies, wagons and such
+like. Searching parties found dozens of bodies in Hall's Bayou and buried
+them.
+
+
+SEES FAMILY SWEPT AWAY.
+
+One of the refugees who arrived at Houston on the first relief train from
+Texas City, just out of Galveston, and who had a sad experience in the
+hurricane, was S. W. Clinton, an engineer at the fertilizing plant at the
+Galveston stock yards. Mr. Clinton's family consisted of his wife and six
+children. When his house was washed away he managed to get two of his
+little boys safely to a raft, and with them he drifted helplessly about.
+His raft collided with wreckage of every description and was split in two
+and he was forced to witness the drowning of his sons, being unable to
+help them in any way. Mr. Clinton says parts of the city are seething
+masses of water.
+
+
+ESCAPED, BUT LOST HIS WIFE.
+
+Mr. Jennings, a slater, who resided at Thirty-eighth street and Avenue M
+1/2, Galveston, got to the mainland in about the same manner as Clinton.
+After losing his wife, he set out, and by swimming and drifting around
+reached the mainland.
+
+William Smith, a boy about 18 years old, whose home is in West Texas, had
+a narrow escape. Young Smith was blown off the docks and came ashore in
+the driftwood. Despite the difficulty he experienced in keeping afloat he
+held out to the end and reached the shore safe and sound.
+
+A. L. Forbes, a United States postal clerk, whose car was attached to a
+train which passed through the territory not far from Galveston on Sunday,
+said that at Oyster Creek the train crew and passengers heard cries
+coming out of a mass of debris. Several persons answered the cries and
+found a negro woman fastened under a roof. They pulled her out and she
+informed her rescuers there were others under the roof. A further search
+resulted in the finding of nine dead bodies, all colored persons.
+
+When the train arrived at Angleton, the jail, all the churches and a
+number of houses had been blown down.
+
+
+A GENUINE HELL UPON EARTH.
+
+Joseph Johnson, a prominent citizen of Austin, Tex., who was among the
+list of missing, arrived at home Wednesday evening, direct from Galveston,
+and was received with joy by his family. Mr. Johnson went to Galveston on
+Friday, the day before the disaster, and was there during all the terrible
+storm and until Tuesday night, where he aided in the work of rescue and
+saw some sorrowing sights. He said many of the survivors got through the
+flood almost by miracle. He saw young men who were black-haired on
+Saturday come out of the ordeal with hair turned completely white on
+Sunday.
+
+"It would take 5,000 men one year," he says, "to clear the streets and
+town of Galveston, so complete is the ruin. The biggest liar in America
+could not do justice to the existing condition of affairs there. I was in
+the Tremont Hotel during the storm. The building was thronged with
+refugees; women were praying throughout the night, and above the roar of
+the wind could be heard crash of buildings and splash of the waves against
+the building. We expected the hotel to go down any minute. At daylight
+Sunday morning I and four others started out to view the ruins. We passed
+eight bodies within a block, and when we reached the beach, where the
+waters were still running high, we stayed some time, and while there about
+one body per minute passed us, floating with the tide. Homes that were
+formerly elegant are a mass of wreckage.
+
+"When I left the city the stench from decaying human bodies was simply
+terrible and almost unbearable. It is with difficulty that they can be
+handled at all, and the only ones who can now do the work are negroes. The
+sight is sickening. It is impossible to make any effort at identification,
+except to keep a record of the jewels and valuables taken from them. All
+pretense at holding inquests was abandoned yesterday. The bodies are piled
+on drays and hauled to the wharf, where they are lowered into the water.
+They are piled one on the other like so many animals, it being impossible
+to give them any attention. The bodies of poor and rich alike are treated
+in this manner. Hundreds of men and women who are seeking friends or
+relatives who are among the missing surround the places where the bodies
+are handled, and their cries of distress are almost unbearable.
+
+"There was not a living animal on the island so far as I could see.
+Thousands of head of cattle and horses were drowned and killed. No cats or
+dogs survived the storm and not a bird is to be seen. No one can make
+anything like a reliable estimate of the number of deaths. I had to walk
+for twelve miles from the place where I landed on the mainland before I
+got out of the wreckage. The water swept the coast for a distance of
+twenty miles inland, and dead bodies are to be seen all over this
+territory. I passed a large number on my walk to get a train. The stench
+in this storm-swept part of the mainland is awful. It is estimated that
+over 5,000 head of cattle were drowned by the gulf waters in that
+section."
+
+
+STRANGE DEATH OF A WEALTHY ENGLISHMAN.
+
+One of the most pathetic stories of suffering in Galveston was brought to
+light Friday morning when the Southern Pacific train arrived at New
+Orleans from Houston. Among the passengers were Mrs. Mary Quayle of
+Liverpool, England, and Mr. Jonathan Hale of Gloversville, N. Y. Mrs.
+Quayle came from New York to Galveston, arriving there on the Thursday
+before the storm, accompanied by her husband, Edward Quayle, a tabulater
+on the Liverpool Cotton Exchange. Mrs. Quayle and her husband took
+apartments in the Lucas Terrace, a fashionable place in the eastern end of
+Galveston Island.
+
+All day Saturday, the day of the storm, her husband was not feeling well
+and remained in his room most of the time, lying down on a couch. When the
+storm became very bad after 8 o'clock he arose and went to the window to
+look out in the darkness, hoping to see, by an occasional flash of
+lightning, whether or not there was danger of destruction, as was greatly
+feared.
+
+Suddenly there came an unusually violent fit of wind and the window out of
+which Mr. Quayle was peering was literally sucked out as if by a mighty
+air-pump, and he was taken along with it. Mrs. Quayle, so far as she was
+able to explain, instead of being drawn along in the direction of the
+storm, was thrown in the opposite direction against the door of her room.
+
+When she came to her senses she found she was not severely hurt, and began
+to call for her husband. There was no reply, and in her fright she fairly
+shrieked out his name. Mr. Hale, who occupied the adjoining room, came to
+her assistance and cared for her until dawn of Sunday morning. Then they
+went out together and searched the adjacent portion of the city for her
+missing husband. But not a trace of him was to be found. The search was
+kept up until Monday night, by which time all the wounded had been cared
+for in the best possible way and all the unburied dead had become putrid.
+Then Mr. Hale brought Mrs. Quayle via Houston to New Orleans and they
+immediately took the through Louisville & Nashville train for New York.
+
+Mr. Quayle had on his person some very valuable jewelry and quite a large
+sum of money at the time he disappeared. Luckily, however, Mrs. Quayle had
+enough money on her to pay her way back to England. She was completely
+overcome by fright and although having not yet reached the middle age, had
+all the appearance of being a frail, decrepit old woman, so terrible had
+been her recent and trying ordeal. She was compelled to remain in her
+berth while traveling.
+
+
+UNNERVED BY WHAT HE SAW.
+
+Michael B. Hancock, 3452 Dearborn street, Chicago, unnerved by the scenes
+of horror he witnessed among the ruins of Galveston on Tuesday, hastened
+to leave the stricken city, and arrived in Chicago Thursday afternoon.
+Sights of the dead bodies constantly before him, and, according to his
+statements, he had been practically without sleep since he first set foot
+on the island.
+
+Hancock, who is a Pullman car porter, had a run from Chicago to Austin,
+Tex., but when he reached the end of his trip Monday he heard of the
+disaster at Galveston and decided to go with a relief party leaving Austin
+that night. The relief train was able to proceed only as far as Houston,
+and from there the goods were transported to the coast and put aboard a
+small excursion steamer.
+
+Hancock was accompanied by his conductor, Frank Alphons. Although they
+were with the relief party, they were stopped several times by the pickets
+at the steamer landings. After much difficulty they gained a view of the
+city and the dead.
+
+While in the midst of their sightseeing they were accosted by United
+States soldiers and commanded to assist in the recovery and burning of the
+dead bodies. Feigning to acquiesce, they managed to draw away from the
+soldiers, and then made a run for the beach. A small boat carried them to
+the mainland, and they made a forced march of twelve miles before they
+were able to obtain a vehicle to take them to Houston. Reaching Houston
+late at night, they started at once for Austin and the north. Alphons
+stopped at St. Louis and Hancock came straight through.
+
+When seen at his residence Thursday night Hancock said:
+
+"The sights in the wrecked city of Galveston were the most horrible that I
+have ever witnessed. Dead bodies were everywhere. Part of the city had
+been blotted out. For a distance of two miles along the bay houses had
+been washed away and only the foundations left. The water had not yet
+entirely receded, and where business blocks and fine residences had once
+stood were simply holes marking the foundations. These were filled with
+floating debris and bodies of the drowned.
+
+"The sight was ghastly in the extreme, as the working parties would arrive
+at one of these holes and start to drag the bodies of the dead from the
+pools of dirty water. Every one was expected to work at recovering the
+dead, and the soldiers corralled Alphons and me and told us that we would
+have to assist in the work. At that time we were standing watching a party
+of five men working under a guard. They were lassoing the bodies and
+pulling them out on the higher places, and then piling them on boards
+preparatory to burning them.
+
+
+[Illustration: WRECK OF SHOE STORE, MARKET STREET, GALVESTON.]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH SIDE POWER HOUSE, COMPLETE WRECK.]
+
+[Illustration: WHERE TWELVE MEN AND WOMEN WERE MIRACULOUSLY SAVED.]
+
+[Illustration: Y. M. C. A. BUILDING. SHOWING COMPLETE WRECK OF SURROUNDING
+BUILDINGS.]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF WRECKAGE ONE-HALF MILE FROM BEACH]
+
+[Illustration: APPEARANCE OF AVENUE K SCHOOL BUILDING.]
+
+[Illustration: THE WORK OF THE STORM IN GALVESTON.]
+
+[Illustration: REMOVAL OF THE BODIES OF STORM VICTIMS.]
+
+
+"Just as some of the regulars were guarding us a terrible outcry arose
+from the men engaged in the rescue work. Running quickly to the scene of
+trouble, we saw one of the workers was in the grasp of one of the
+soldiers. Another soldier was covering him with his rifle. The man, a
+Mexican, dressed in shabby clothes and wearing a drooping sombrero, was
+standing sullenly eying the crowd, with one hand in his pocket. His captor
+grasped his arm suddenly and dragged his hand from the pocket, and five
+mutilated fingers which he had hacked from corpses dropped to the ground.
+Each had one or more rings on it.
+
+"With the sight of these evidences of crime before then the workers seemed
+to go mad, and with cries of 'Lynch him!' 'Burn him!' made for the
+unfortunate wretch. Before that he had been standing stolid and unmoved,
+but the approaching danger shook his courage, and he sunk to the ground
+pleading for mercy. But there was no mercy for the monster, and the men
+were only prevented from killing him then and there by the interference of
+the soldiers.
+
+"'Leave him to us,' said the corporal in charge of the party as he ranged
+his men around the prisoner. 'We will attend to his case,' and with that
+he had the Mexican marched over and placed against a post not more than
+fifteen feet from the bodies he had mutilated. Selecting four soldiers as
+a firing party, he lined them up ten feet from the doomed man, and with
+the word 'Fire!' four bullets pierced the ghoul's body and he fell dead.
+Such was a measure of the speedy justice which is being meted out to
+vandals in Galveston. Besides this case, I heard of several more where the
+guilty men were given the benefit of a short court-martial, then sentenced
+to death and shot.
+
+"I told Alphons that I did not want any of that kind of work, and that I
+never could stand the notion of handling the bodies, and suggested that we
+escape. He agreed with me, and we gradually edged away from the soldiers
+and finally made a run and reached the beach. Here we hired a small boy to
+row us to the mainland, and from there we had to walk twelve miles before
+we could get a rig to take us back to Houston.
+
+"It will be a long time before I will want to return to Galveston, or
+before I can forget the terrible scenes witnessed there. Since I left
+there I have been seeing the dead bodies all day, lying stark and stiff,
+with looks of terror on their faces, as though they had realized that a
+sure death was before them, and at night I have dreamed of having to help
+handle them. I tell you such things wear on a man, and I will bless the
+time when I can forget that I was ever in Galveston.
+
+"The ruins show that the tidal wave must have struck the city broadside,
+as the buildings are washed away in almost a straight line back from the
+shore. The wave swept away buildings as far as twelve blocks inland for a
+space of nearly two miles. This ruined part comprised all the best part of
+the city. All the city buildings and the entire business portion of the
+city were swept away, and nothing remains to mark the spots where business
+blocks stood except half-submerged foundations filled with boards and dead
+bodies.
+
+"The inhabitants who were rendered homeless and were not able to leave the
+city are now living in tents furnished by the United States government.
+Several distributing stations had been established and forces of men were
+busy issuing food and clothing to the unfortunate people. There appeared
+to be no lack of provisions, but water is scarce and there is no ice.
+While we were there the heat was almost unendurable, and the stench from
+the bodies made the task of the relief party anything but pleasant. Water
+has to be hauled for several miles. The electric-light plant was destroyed
+and the city is without light, but the moon has shone brightly, and the
+work of finding the bodies has been carried on day and night.
+
+"Conservative estimates of the number drowned made by persons familiar
+with the city place the loss of life at 5,000. No one knows just how many
+were killed, and it will be difficult for an accurate statement to be ever
+made, as the authorities are making no attempt at identifying the dead,
+but are bending all their efforts toward getting the city cleaned up in
+order to prevent a pestilence. At first relatives of those killed were
+allowed to accompany the searching parties, but this was found to be too
+slow a method, and now the pickets are instructed to prevent any one not
+connected with relief parties from entering the city.
+
+"For the first two days the bodies were carried out to sea in steamers and
+dumped overboard, but now the officials are piling up the slain in heaps
+with boards and pieces of timber among them, and, after saturating the
+pile with oil, set fire to them.
+
+"It hardly seems probable that they will rebuild Galveston, at least not
+on its present location. The city stood but little above the sea level,
+and the soil is sandy, which accounts for the complete destruction of most
+of the buildings even to the foundations.
+
+"Many refugees came north with us, and all seemed to be in a hurry to
+leave the scene of desolation. They acted as though dazed, and many were
+unable to talk intelligently regarding their escape. All along the line we
+were besieged with questions regarding the safety of different people,
+but of course were unable to give our questioners any reliable
+information.
+
+"Smaller towns through Texas that were struck by the hurricane had
+buildings blown down and a few casualties resulting. However, Galveston
+was the only city to suffer from the tidal wave, and that accounts for the
+large loss of life. Most of the dead in Galveston were drowned, and but
+few were killed by falling timbers. In Houston several buildings were
+blown down and about ten persons killed."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Relief Sent from All Parts of the World as Soon as the True Situation of
+Affairs was Made Known--Millions of Dollars Subscribed and Thousands of
+Carloads of Supplies Forwarded to the Desolated City.
+
+
+Mayor Jones, of Galveston, issued his appeal to the United States for help
+on the 11th inst., and the response was prompt and liberal.
+
+The Mayor was not afraid the people of the United States and the world
+would call him sensational, for no one was better qualified to judge of
+the situation than he.
+
+He had spent almost every hour after the flood in working for the good of
+the city and had accomplished wonders.
+
+He organized the citizens, giving of his own money, induced others--more
+unwilling than he--to open their hearts and pocketbooks, and, in fact,
+took no rest for days after the calamity.
+
+As he had been around the city several times before the appeal was issued,
+he knew the condition of things thoroughly.
+
+Therefore, the general public had confidence in what he said:
+
+The same day the General Relief Committee of Galveston issued the
+following:
+
+     "Galveston, Tex., Sept. 11.--To the Public of America:
+
+     "A conservative estimate of the loss of life is that it will reach
+     3,000; at least 5,000 families are shelterless and wholly destitute.
+     The entire remainder of the population is suffering in greater or
+     less degree.
+
+     "Not a single church, school or charitable institution, of which
+     Galveston had so many, is left intact. Not a building escaped damage
+     and half the whole number were entirely obliterated.
+
+     "There is immediate need for food, clothing and household goods of
+     all kinds. If near by cities will open asylums for women and children
+     the situation will be greatly relieved.
+
+     "Coast cities should send us water as well as provisions, including
+     kerosene oil, gasoline and candles.
+
+        "W. C. JONES,
+            "Mayor.
+
+        "M. LASKER,
+            "President Island City Savings Bank.
+
+        "J. D. SKINNER,
+            "President Cotton Exchange.
+
+        "C. H. McMASTER,
+            "For Chamber of Commerce.
+
+        "R. G. LOWE,
+            "Manager Galveston News.
+
+        "CLARENCE OWSLEY,
+            "Manager Galveston Tribune.
+
+        "Members of the Galveston Local Relief Committee."
+
+The Secretary of the Treasury at Washington received a joint telegram from
+Postmaster Griffen and Special Deputy Collector Rosenthal, at Galveston.
+This described the destruction caused by the storm and said:
+
+"Thousands homeless and destitute. Five hundred sheltered in custom house,
+which is practically roofless. Old custom house roofless and windows blown
+out. Need tents and 30,000 rations. Citizens' relief committee doing all
+in their power, but stock of undamaged provisions exhausted. With all the
+people housed, need extra force six men to keep building in sanitary
+condition. Relief urgently requested."
+
+The Secretary sent the government revenue cutter Onondaga from Norfolk to
+Mobile, Ala., to carry supplies to Galveston.
+
+The day the appeal was made Acting Secretary of War Meiklejohn at
+Washington authorized the chartering of a special train from St. Louis to
+carry Quartermasters' and commissary supplies to the relief of the
+destitute at Galveston.
+
+Orders were also issued by the War Department for the immediate shipment
+to Galveston of 855 tents and 50,000 rations. These stores and supplies
+were divided between St. Louis and San Antonio.
+
+September 12 Governor Sayers issued the following statement:
+
+     "Austin, Tex., Sept. 12.--Conditions at Galveston are fully as bad as
+     reported. Communication, however, has been re-established between the
+     island and the mainland, and hereafter transportation of supplies
+     will be less difficult.
+
+     "The work of clearing the city is progressing fairly well, and
+     Adjutant-General Scurry, under direction of the mayor, is patrolling
+     the city for the purpose of preventing depredations.
+
+     "The most conservative estimate as to the number of deaths places
+     them at 2,000.
+
+     "Contributions from citizens of this state, and also from other
+     states, are coming in rapidly and liberally, and it is confidently
+     expected that within the next ten days the work of restoration by the
+     people of Galveston will have begun in good earnest and with energy
+     and success.
+
+     "Of course, the destruction of property has been very great, not less
+     than $10,000,000, but it is hoped and believed that even this great
+     loss will be overcome through the energy and self-reliance of the
+     people.
+
+        "JOSEPH D. SAYERS, Governor."
+
+On the same day the Galveston General Relief Committee sent out this
+statement of the condition of affairs:
+
+     "We are receiving numerous telegrams of condolence and offers of
+     assistance. Near-by cities are supplying and will supply sufficient
+     food, clothing, etc., for immediate needs. Cities farther away can
+     serve us best by sending money. Checks should be made payable to John
+     Sealy, Chairman of the Finance Committee. All supplies should come to
+     W. A. McVitie, Chairman Relief Committee.
+
+     "We have 25,000 people to clothe and feed for many weeks and to
+     furnish with household goods. Most of these are homeless, and the
+     others will require money to make their wrecked residences habitable.
+     From this the world may understand how much money we will need. This
+     committee will from time to time report our needs with more
+     particularity. We refer to dispatch of this date of Major R. G. Lowe,
+     which the committee fully endorses. All communicants will please
+     accept this answer in lieu of direct response and be assured of the
+     heartfelt gratitude of the entire population.
+
+        "W. C. JONES, Mayor.
+        "M. LASKER,
+        "J. D. SKINNER,
+        "C. H. McMASTER,
+        "R. G. LOWE,
+        "CLARENCE OWSLEY."
+
+Colonel Amos. S. Kimball, Assistant Quartermaster General, stationed at
+New York, was informed by army contractors on Tuesday, the day the appeal
+was sent out, that Miss Helen Gould had purchased 50,000 army rations for
+the Galveston sufferers. The rations were started from the Pennsylvania
+railroad station in Jersey City at 3 p. m. the same day. Miss Gould went
+directly to the contractors who supply the army with provisions and
+ordered rations identical with those furnished for soldiers, consisting of
+bacon, canned meats, beans, hard bread, and coffee.
+
+Chicago sent $25,000 to the Governor of Texas; Andrew Carnegie gave
+$20,000 in cash; Sir Thomas Lipton cabled from London to his manager at
+New York to send $1,000 at once, which was done; Davenport, Ia., sent
+$1,600 immediately; Philadelphia wired Governor Sayers $5,000 without
+delay; the American Steel Hoop Company, American Tin Plate Company and
+American Sheet Steel Company gave $10,000 each, and the Southern Pacific
+Railway Company, $5,000; Chicago started a trainload of supplies
+southward, as also did the State of California; the railroads hauling the
+cars free of charge; several newspapers in Chicago, New York and Kansas
+City either gave money or started relief trains with doctors, nurses and
+medical supplies, with orders to beat the best record time to Galveston;
+Cincinnati began with $1,000 and subscribed that amount daily for many
+days; Cleveland, O., telegraphed $2,500, and then made it $15,000; 30,000
+rations and 900 United States army tents were sent from St. Louis from the
+office of the United States Quartermaster; the mayor of Colorado Springs,
+Colo., was told by the citizens to send $2,000 at once and he did so;
+nearly all the theatres of the United States gave benefits; the State of
+Kansas, having $500 left in its Indian Famine Relief Fund, sent that;
+people of the State of Texas sent $15,000 to the Governor at Austin;
+Houston, Tex., raised $2,000 in cash; the Governors of nearly all the
+States issued proclamations calling upon their people to subscribe to the
+relief fund, the mayors of most of the cities doing the same--the
+consequence being that Governor Sayers had about $250,000 in hand in cash
+that very (Tuesday) night, with several hundreds of thousands more in
+sight and within call.
+
+By Thursday he had $900,000 in hand and on Saturday had $1,500,000, in
+addition to which were several thousand cars loaded with supplies of all
+sorts--provisions, medicines, disinfectants, fruits, clothing, wines for
+the sick, tents, bandages, stoves, oil--everything that could possibly be
+needed.
+
+It was estimated that fully $2,500,000 would be necessary to carry the
+sufferers through the fall and winter and into the following spring, for
+thousands of them were ill and unable to provide in any way for
+themselves. There were fully 50,000 men, women and children in Galveston
+and Central and Southern Texas who were dependent upon charity.
+
+On Friday night Governor Sayers decided upon two important plans of
+action. The first was that he would allow all food and clothing shipped
+from the east and west to be concentrated in Galveston for the use of that
+city and that he would also grant that city the use of 30,000 laborers for
+a period of thirty days, the same to be paid $1.50 per man per day for
+that time out of the relief fund. In addition thereto all requests for
+money from the Galveston Relief Committee were to be granted.
+
+His second decision was that he personally would look after the needs of
+the 30,000 destitute along the gulf coast on the mainland, provide them
+with flour and bacon and keep them going until they get on their feet
+again. Chairman Sealy of the Galveston committee was to keep track of the
+Galveston situation while the Governor looked out for the outside points.
+
+That night a local committee from Galveston was sent to Houston and
+Virginia Point to take charge of the receiving and distribution of
+supplies that arrived there for the Galveston people. A serious matter
+confronting the authorities not only at the coast points, but in the
+cities near Galveston, was the rapid gathering of toughs, gamblers and
+rough characters generally, which after the flood were forced to leave
+Galveston island as they would not work. Others drifted into the mainland
+opposite Galveston and on to the neighboring towns by the hundreds in the
+hope of pickpocketing and the like among the crowds.
+
+All this gathering of disorderly characters made the peace officers rather
+uneasy as to the future. The police and troops in Galveston and the
+special officers on the mainland were constantly on the alert to keep down
+trouble and prevent all possible thieving and they did not get the upper
+hand of this element until they had shot a score or more. These fellows
+would steal the provisions and supplies sent by the generous people from
+the outside, and whenever caught were shot without delay.
+
+The following was sent out from Galveston on Saturday, Sept. 15, which
+showed how serious the situation was:
+
+     "Galveston, Texas, Sept. 14.--Hon. Joseph D. Sayers, Governor: After
+     the fullest possible investigation here we feel justified in saying
+     to you and through you to the American people that no such disaster
+     has ever overtaken any community or section in the history of our
+     country. The loss of life is appalling and can never be accurately
+     determined. It is estimated at 5,000 to 8,000 people.
+
+     "There is not a home in Galveston that has not been injured, while
+     thousands have been destroyed. The property loss represents
+     accumulations of sixty years and more millions than can be safely
+     stated. Under these conditions, with ten thousand people homeless and
+     destitute, with the entire population under a stress and strain
+     difficult to realize, we appeal directly in the hour of our great
+     emergency to the sympathy and aid of mankind.
+
+        "WALTER JONES,
+            "Mayor.
+
+        "R. B. HAWLEY,
+            Congressman.
+
+        "McKIBBIN,
+            "Commander Department of Texas."
+
+General McKibbin, when he looked over the city three days before, had
+wired the War Department at Washington that perhaps 1,000 people had
+perished. He was a conservative man, as army officers usually are, and
+when he signed a statement saying probably 8,000 persons had lost their
+lives his signature carried weight with it.
+
+Not only did the people of the United States sympathize deeply with the
+Texas sufferers, but those of other nations as well. President Loubet, of
+France, sent the following kind message to President McKinley at
+Washington:
+
+     "Rambouillet Presidence, Sept. 12.--To His Excellency, the President
+     of the United States of America:
+
+     "The news of the disaster which has just devastated the State of
+     Texas has deeply moved me. The sentiments of traditional friendship
+     which unite the two republics can leave no doubt in your mind
+     concerning the very sincere share that the President, the government
+     of the republic, and the whole nation take in the calamity that has
+     proved such a cruel ordeal for so many families in the United States.
+
+     "It is natural that France should participate in the sadness, as well
+     as in the joy, of the American people. I take it to heart to tender
+     to your excellency our most heartfelt condolences, and to send to the
+     families of the victims the expression of our afflicted sympathy.
+
+        "EMILE LOUBET."
+
+President McKinley sent this answer the next day:
+
+     "Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., Sept. 13.--His Excellency,
+     Emile Loubet, President of the French Republic, Rambouillet, France:
+
+     "I hasten to express, in the name of the thousands who have suffered
+     by the disaster in Texas, as well as in behalf of the whole American
+     people, heartfelt thanks for your touching message of sympathy and
+     condolence.
+
+        "WILLIAM McKINLEY."
+
+
+SCHOOL CHILDREN GAVE THEIR PENNIES.
+
+Even the school children of the country helped the sufferers with their
+pennies. Miss Ethel Donelson, a pupil at the Grant School, Chicago, wrote
+a letter to a Chicago daily paper suggesting that the school children give
+some of their pennies to the victims of the great hurricane. The idea was
+carried out and several thousand dollars was raised in this way in
+Chicago. The plan was adopted also in several other cities.
+
+When the suggestion was first made United States Postoffice Inspector
+Walter S. Mayor wrote as follows:
+
+     "I was reared in Galveston; lived there from my infancy until
+     appointed to the government service nineteen years ago, and my mother
+     and brother still live there.
+
+     "When Chicago had its great fire in 1871 the people of Galveston sent
+     a generous subscription, and with it was one made up by the boys of
+     the school I attended. Our teacher, E. E. Crawford, gave us a holiday
+     for the purpose, and the fifty-odd boys organized themselves into a
+     number of soliciting committees. I was on the committee with Charles
+     Fowler, now one of Galveston's leading business men, and we two
+     succeeded in collecting $8. In all, for our day's work we got
+     together $200, which was turned into the general fund raised by the
+     Citizens' Committee.
+
+     "In the twenty-nine years that have followed since then Chicago has
+     pulled itself out of the ashes and risen to a high place among the
+     world cities. Many forces have been brought to bear to accomplish
+     this great end, but possibly the most potent one was the helping hand
+     of the neighbor when help was needed. Among those who helped with
+     their little mite may the school children of Galveston now be
+     remembered.
+
+     "I most heartily second Miss Donelson's suggestion that the school
+     children of Chicago be given an opportunity to aid their little
+     brothers and sisters in Galveston, many of whom are naked and
+     orphaned by the terrible disaster that has come to them.
+
+        "WALTER S. MAYER,
+            "Postoffice Inspector."
+
+On Thursday, Sept. 13, American residents and visitors in Paris, France,
+together with Frenchmen whose sympathies were aroused by the storm
+disaster in Texas, contributed 50,000 francs in twenty minutes for the
+relief of the sufferers. The Americans held a meeting in the Chamber of
+Commerce, which was largely attended. United States Ambassador Porter was
+a leader among those who proposed to organize for the work of aiding in
+the relief. The Americans perfected an organization and elected General
+Porter President, George Munroe, the banker, Treasurer, and Francis
+Kimball Secretary. The subscription list was then opened and the 50,000
+francs raised. The Mayor of Galveston was informed by cable of the result.
+
+The same day P. P. W. Houston, Member of Parliament for the West Toxteth
+division of Liverpool, England, and head of the Houston Line of steamers,
+cabled £1,000 to Galveston for the relief of the sufferers.
+
+Members of the American colony in Berlin, Germany, held a meeting Sunday,
+September 16, at the United States Embassy and raised $5,000.
+
+Americans in London subscribed $10,000 and many London theatres gave
+benefits.
+
+The Marquis of Salisbury, Premier of England, the Emperor William of
+Germany, the Emperor of Austria, the King of Italy, the Czar of Russia--in
+fact, nearly all the heads of state in the world cabled condolences, and
+the legislative bodies of foreign nations then in session passed
+resolutions of sympathy.
+
+By Saturday New York had raised $174,000; Chicago, $91,000, together with
+many carloads of supplies which were sent as special trains, and the
+following cities had contributed the amounts named:
+
+  St. Louis           $61,300
+  Boston               32,140
+  Philadelphia         29,358
+  New Orleans          26,000
+  Cincinnati            7,314
+  Cleveland             9,358
+  Colorado Springs      7,100
+  Minneapolis          13,430
+  Denver               12,180
+  Pittsburg            26,123
+  Kansas City          15,321
+  Portland, Oregon      1,000
+  Peoria, Ill.          1,800
+  Memphis               8,426
+  San Francisco        16,000
+  Louisville           12,585
+  Baltimore            12,138
+  Milwaukee            13,431
+  Springfield, Ill.     2,314
+  St. Paul              6,904
+  Topeka, Kan.          5,110
+  Charleston, S. C.     6,008
+  Los Angeles           5,400
+  Detroit               4,936
+  Indianapolis          3,800
+  Helena, Mont.         3,400
+  Johnstown, Pa.        3,000
+
+As stated before, the total for the four and a half days ensuing from the
+time the appeal was issued--$1,500,000 was contributed, while an
+additional $1,000,000 was not long in following. Both Chicago and New York
+increased their subscriptions largely.
+
+In no case did the railroads charge for carrying the cars over their
+lines.
+
+
+THEIR PENALTIES WERE REMITTED.
+
+Navigation and other laws were set at naught by the United States
+authorities in order to help the Galveston and other flood sufferers. On
+Friday, September 14, the following telegram was referred to General
+Spaulding by President McKinley:
+
+     "Galveston, Tex., Sept. 12, 1900.--To President of the United States:
+     In consequence of calamity and fear of sickness numerous people wish
+     to leave the city. All our rail communication is cut off. The revenue
+     cutter of this district is disabled and no American steamer
+     immediately available. We therefore respectfully request you to
+     instruct the proper authorities to allow British steamers Caledonia
+     and Whitehall and any other foreign vessels now here, but compelled
+     to proceed to New Orleans for cargo, to carry passengers from
+     Galveston to New Orleans.
+
+        "W. C. JONES, Mayor,
+        "CLARENCE OUSLEY,
+        "J. D. SKINNER,
+        "C. H. McMASTER,
+        "R. G. LOWE,
+        "Committee."
+
+General Spaulding at once sent the following telegram:
+
+     "W. C. Jones, Mayor, Galveston, Tex.: Replying to your telegram of
+     the 12th inst. addressed to President: If British steamships
+     Caledonia, Whitehall, or other foreign vessels now in your port carry
+     passengers in distress from Galveston to New Orleans or other
+     American ports during present conditions this department will
+     consider favorably applications for remission of penalties which may
+     be incurred under the law. Advise masters.
+
+        "O. L. SPAULDING, Acting Secretary."
+
+On Friday night Governor Sayers stated that the work of relieving the
+flood sufferers was making excellent progress. He said:
+
+"Most generous contributions are coming in from all parts of the country
+sufficiently large to relieve the immediate wants as to food and clothing,
+and in the meantime the people of Galveston are recovering themselves, and
+I have no hesitancy in expressing the firm conviction that a strong
+reaction from an almost mortal blow to the city has already set in, and
+that in a short while the city will be in a condition to resume its normal
+and progressive position in commercial life. After a full conference
+to-day with an authorized committee from Galveston, I am more than
+convinced that the people there will be able, with the assistance already
+given, to handle the situation successfully."
+
+
+HOW GALVESTON'S BUSINESS MEN WERE HELPED ALONG.
+
+As a rule there is no sentiment in business, but the retail merchants of
+Galveston whose business and fortunes were swept away were not forgotten
+in the hour of need by the wholesale houses of Chicago, which announced
+just after the disaster that stocks of goods would be shipped promptly and
+willingly, any time and terms being accorded to the business of the gulf
+city. The regular way of determining credits was ignored, as was the
+credit man also. His cold judgment was not asked for, but instead sympathy
+and compassion for the unfortunate position of the merchants of the
+stricken city determined largely the stand the wholesalers announced they
+would take.
+
+In doing this the houses of Chicago had the precedent established by the
+outside world in its treatment of them in the days following the great
+Chicago fire. Chicago men said they will do as they were done by, and the
+Galveston merchant had but to ask for the help he needed. Many Chicago
+houses wrote their Galveston customers at once advising them that they
+could have credit, time, and terms to suit themselves. This favor was also
+given to all business men who had lost all but names and prestige, whether
+they had been customers or not.
+
+Firms that never had had any business with Galveston or Texas firms stated
+that they stood ready to ship goods on the same terms. No business man in
+the damaged district, they said, whose misfortunes were due to the
+catastrophe could come to Chicago for supplies and go away without them
+even if he had not a dollar's worth of assets in the world, as long as he
+could show a former good business standing and repute.
+
+"We will take any and all risks," said one after another of the
+representatives of Chicago wholesale houses. "In the present emergency
+credits cannot be measured by the regular business standards. Humanity
+must dictate the terms on which the merchants of Galveston who have bought
+from us, or who may want to buy from us, are to have goods and supplies."
+
+Firm after firm of the wholesale district, whether or not they now have
+trade in the afflicted territory, made the same statement.
+
+"We already have written to 200 former customers who are scattered along
+the coast, asking them how they came out of the disaster and offering them
+any terms of settlement their losses may warrant," said the credit man of
+one of the largest houses in the West, on the Friday following the flood.
+"We will view the facts in their cases not from a business but from a
+sympathetic standpoint."
+
+"We are making our former customers time, terms and credits of their own
+asking," said the Vice-President of a great wholesale dry goods house. "We
+will make the same terms to new customers who have been good business
+men."
+
+"We have advised former customers that their orders will be filled
+promptly for complete stocks," said the manager of a music and musical
+instrument house. "We have told them to make their own time and terms. We
+charge no interest."
+
+"We are looking at the men of Galveston and not at their present assets,"
+said the managing partner of a wholesale clothing house having a large
+Texas trade.
+
+"We have sent word to fifty of our customers in Galveston to draw on us
+for new stocks without asking them if they have saved a penny from the
+catastrophe," said the President of one of the largest cigar and tobacco
+concerns in the city.
+
+"The conditions are so distressing as to shame a Chicagoan asking what any
+Galveston business man has to-day," said the manager of a grocery house.
+"We have never reached into Texas after trade, but shall do so
+immediately. Any business man wanting our goods can have them on his own
+terms."
+
+"Our customers in Galveston can send in their orders for new stocks and
+have them filled as quickly as if they forwarded double prices," said a
+furnishing goods wholesaler. "We are not asking them what their assets
+are."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Cremating Bodies by the Hundred in the Streets of Galveston--Negroes Faint
+While Handling the Decomposed Corpses--How Some of Those Rescued Escaped
+with Their Lives.
+
+
+Fully 1,500 bodies were cremated at Galveston after it became apparent
+that the time necessary to bury them or cast them into the sea could not
+be taken, owing to their advanced state of decomposition.
+
+Many of the negroes who handled the bodies fell from fright and nausea.
+White volunteers took their places and the work went on. The volunteers
+bandaged their mouths and noses with cotton cloths saturated with
+disinfectants and were relieved by other volunteers every hour.
+
+Fires could not be started every place where bodies were found. The usual
+plan was to collect all bodies within two blocks in one spot and then
+build the funeral pyre. On the remains of many women were valuable rings
+and jewelry, but the men did not attempt to remove the jewelry. It was
+burned with the owners.
+
+Officers Mass and Woodward reported that their two gangs burned 100
+bodies, the majority women and children. The percentage of deaths among
+children was frightful. Sheriff Thomas and his negroes burned forty bodies
+on the beach near Tremont street.
+
+Catholic priests in charge of gangs reported 120 bodies burned. The
+sanitary experts pushed the work of burning the dead. No other disposition
+was considered. People who had lost relatives and friends made no
+objection and looked on the plan with favor.
+
+Disinfectants were used as never before in the world. The smell of the
+charnel house was driven away and the whole city was filled with the
+fumes of carbolic acid and lime in solution.
+
+This is general order No. 9, issued by Brigadier General Thomas Scurry,
+commanding the city forces:
+
+"Guards, foreman of gangs, and working parties or others acting under the
+authorities of this department will use diligence toward preventing any
+hardships on private individuals or impressing men for service. The
+conditions, however, are so critical, and it is so necessary that sanitary
+precautions be taken to preserve the lives and health of the people of
+this stricken city, that individual interests must give way to the general
+good of all. If it is found feasible to secure volunteers, general
+impressment will be avoided, but, the medical fraternity being a unit in
+the opinion that further delay or procrastination will bring pestilence to
+finish the dire work of the hurricane, the interests of no individual,
+firm, or corporation will for one instant be spared to secure volunteers
+for work, but, failing this, every able-bodied man is to be put to work to
+clear the wreckage, burn the hundreds of bodies under it, and save, if
+possible, the lives of those who yet remain. I trust this position may be
+thoroughly appreciated and understood, so that all people will govern
+themselves accordingly."
+
+
+BOY FLOATS MILES ON A TRUNK.
+
+The miracles of Galveston were many. Some of them will not be received
+with full credit by readers. In the infirmary at Houston was a boy whose
+name is Rutter. He was found on Monday morning lying behind a trunk on the
+land near the town of Hitchcock, which is twenty miles to the northward of
+Galveston. The boy was only 12 years old. His story was that his father,
+mother, and two children remained in the house. There was a crash. The
+house went to pieces. The boy said he caught hold of a trunk when he found
+himself in the water and floated off with it. He was sure the others were
+drowned. He had no idea of where it took him, but when daylight came he
+was across the bay and out upon the still partially submerged mainland.
+
+
+ESCAPED IN BATHING SUITS.
+
+The wife of Manager Bergman of the Houston Opera House saw more of the
+storm than fell to the lot of most women who live to tell of it. She had
+been spending the heated term at a Rosenberg avenue cottage only a short
+distance from the beach.
+
+On Saturday morning the water had risen there three feet. Putting on a
+bathing suit, Mrs. Bergman went to the Olympia to talk over the long
+distance telephone with her husband in Houston. This was about 10 a. m. At
+the Olympia she had to wade waist deep in the water. At 2 o'clock Mrs.
+Bergman became alarmed, and with her sister she left the summer cottage
+and started toward the more thickly settled part of the city. Neighbors
+laughed at the fear of the women. Out of a family of fifteen in the next
+house only three were saved.
+
+Mrs. Bergman and her sister waded and swam alternately several blocks
+until they reached the higher streets. Then they hired a negro with a dray
+and told him to take them to the telephone exchange. Within two blocks
+from where the start was made in this way the mule got into deep water and
+was drowned. The women reached the telephone building, but when the
+firemen began to bring in the dead bodies they left and went to Balton's
+livery stable. This was only 600 yards away, but Mrs. Bergman says it was
+the hardest part of the trip, with the air full of flying bits of glass,
+slate, and wood. In the stable they remained until morning.
+
+When the sun had risen the water had so far receded that they went out to
+the site of their cottage. A hitching post was all that served to locate
+the place. No houses were left standing for many blocks around. A dead
+baby lay in the yard. The two women returned down-town. Passing a store
+with plate glass windows and doors blown out, they went in and helped
+themselves to the black cloth from which they made the gowns they still
+wore when they reached Houston three days later. During the storm they
+wore their bathing suits.
+
+
+STRANGE INCIDENTS OF THE FLOOD.
+
+Many instances of devotion of husband to wife, of wife to husband, of
+child to parent and parent to child could be mentioned. One poor woman
+with her child and her father was cast out into the raging waters. They
+were separated. Both were in drift and both believed they went out in the
+gulf and returned. The mother was finally cast upon the drift and there
+she was pounded by the waves and debris until she was pulled into a house
+against which the drift had lodged, and during all that frightful ride she
+held to her eight months' old boy and when she was on the drift pile she
+lay upon the infant and covered it with her body that it might escape the
+blows of the planks. She came out of the ordeal cut and maimed, but the
+infant had not a scratch.
+
+
+STATUES ON ALTAR NOT HARMED.
+
+St. Joseph's Catholic Church presents a strange contrast, with the roof
+and rear wall back of the altar being carried away. The wall collapsed,
+but the altar was not damaged and the frail lifesize statues of St.
+Joseph and the Virgin on the altar were not harmed or moved.
+
+When their home went to pieces the members of the Stubbs family--husband,
+wife, and two children--climbed upon the roof of a house floating by. They
+felt tolerably secure. Without warning the roof parted in two pieces. Mr.
+and Mrs. Stubbs were separated. Each had a child. The parts of the raft
+went different ways in the darkness. One of the children fell off and
+disappeared. Not until some time Sunday was the family reunited. Even the
+child was saved, having caught a table and clung to it until it reached a
+place of safety.
+
+Another man took his wife from one house to another by swimming until he
+had occupied three. Each fell in its turn and then he took to the waves
+and they were separated and each, as the persons above mentioned, believed
+they were carried to sea. After three hours in the water he heard her call
+and finally rescued her.
+
+
+THREW $10,000 WORTH OF DIAMONDS INTO THE WATER.
+
+Edward Zeigler, Thomas Farley and Alexander McCarthy arrived at Mobile,
+Ala., Thursday evening from Galveston. They left Galveston that morning on
+the tug Robinson with 130 other refugees and were taken to Houston. Until
+they arrived at New Orleans they were clad in undergarments and were
+coatless.
+
+They escaped at 10:30 on Sunday morning from a house on the exposed beach
+by clinging to a log and floating to high ground. Zeigler was struck by
+floating wreckage, but was assisted by his companions to safety. An old
+negress, who gave the sleeping men warning, was drowned.
+
+Zeigler was naked and the other men were in their night garments when
+they reached the crowd gathered near the Tremont house, but their
+appearance was similar to that of hundreds, many women being rescued for
+whom clothing had to be at once obtained. At noon Sunday they had
+sufficient space to move around with comfort, although filled with anxiety
+and penned in on all sides by the rapidly rising water. Four hours later
+the few thoroughfares above water were congested with crowds of hysterical
+women, crying children and frantic men.
+
+The separation of families produced pathetic scenes when mothers mourned
+their offspring and men lamented the loss of all dear to them. There was
+no confusion, only a clinging closer together without discrimination of
+class or sex as the waters advanced foot by foot.
+
+At dark the misery deepened and the women occupied the hotel and
+approaches, the highest point in the city, and the water continuing to
+advance, buildings and stores were thrown wide open to provide refuge in
+the upper stories. The men gave the better positions to the women.
+
+As midnight approached conditions became worse; several women became
+demented and one woman, a member of the demi-monde, threw $10,000 worth of
+diamonds into the flood.
+
+In the hotel the women kissed each other and said good-by. They prayed and
+sang hymns in turn. With each announcement that the waters were rising
+many men and women gave up to the terrible mental strain and fainted.
+
+The survivors paid a high tribute to the bravery in the face of death of
+the women of Galveston, and stated that, although abject melancholy had
+fallen over all, that the spirit of fortitude displayed by the women
+nerved the men. The horrors of that night were equaled on the succeeding
+days as the water receded.
+
+
+DARED EVERYTHING FOR WIFE AND SON.
+
+Of all the heroism and dogged tenacity of purpose noted in connection with
+the Galveston storm none was greater than that of W. L. Love of Houston.
+Mr. Love was a compositor on the Houston Post, and his wife and little son
+were visiting Mrs. Love's mother in Galveston when the storm struck the
+city.
+
+Early Sunday morning when the first news of the Galveston disaster began
+to drift in, Mr. Love announced to the foreman of the composing-room,
+under whom he was working, that he intended starting immediately for
+Galveston.
+
+He went to one of the depots and fortunately found a train leaving toward
+Galveston. He boarded it, but the train was forced to stop eight miles
+before it reached Galveston Bay. He walked eight miles, arriving at the
+bay in about two hours. There was no boat in sight, not even a skiff or
+canoe.
+
+He found a large cypress railroad-tie near the water's edge and, procuring
+a coal hook from a locomotive that had blown from the track, he got
+astride the tie after having placed it in the water, and set out on a
+difficult and perilous journey across the three miles of salt water. Thus
+he labored for six trying hours, the sun beating down on him and with his
+body half submerged in the brine of the bay.
+
+At last the goal was reached and he pulled himself out of the water and
+stepped on the once fair island.
+
+After having passed on his way more than a hundred decaying bodies of the
+storm victims, the heroic young man set about finding his wife and little
+boy. This he did after a lengthy search. His wife had lost her mother,
+father, brothers and sisters, numbering eight in all.
+
+The little boy had been utterly stripped of his clothing by the wind and
+both he and his mother had an experience that rarely comes to a mother and
+son.
+
+
+PITIFUL TALES OF SOME OF THE SURVIVORS.
+
+The story of Thomas Klee was indeed most pitiful. Klee lived near Eleventh
+and N streets. When the storm burst he was alone in his home with his two
+infant children. He seized one under each arm and rushed from the frail
+structure in time to cheat death among the falling timbers of his home.
+
+Once in the open, with his babies under his arms, he was swept into the
+bay among hundreds of others. He held to his precious burden and by
+skillful maneuvering managed to get close to a tree which was sweeping
+along with the tide. He saw a haven in the branches of the tree and raised
+his two-year-old daughter to place her in the branches. As he did so the
+little one was torn from his arm and carried away to her death.
+
+The awful blow stunned but did not render him senseless. Klee retained his
+hold on the other child, aged four years, and was whirled along among the
+dying and dead victims of the storm's fury, hoping to effect a landing
+somewhere.
+
+An hour in the water brought the desired end. He was thrown ashore, with
+wreckage and corpses, and, stumbling to a footing, lifted his son to a
+level with his face. The boy was dead.
+
+Klee remembered nothing until Thursday night, when he was put ashore in
+Texas City. He had a slight recollection of helping to bury dead, clear
+away debris and obey the command of soldiers. His brain, however, did not
+execute its functions until Friday morning.
+
+George Boyer's experience was a sad one. He was thrown into the rushing
+waters, and while being carried with frightful velocity down the bay saw
+the dead face of his wife in the branches of a tree. The woman had been
+wedged firmly between two branches.
+
+Margaret Lees' life was saved at the expense of her brother's. The woman
+was in her Twelfth street home when the hurricane struck. Her brother
+seized her and guided her to St. Mary's University, a short distance away.
+He returned to search for his son, and was killed by a falling house.
+
+
+HORRIBLE CONDITION OF THE CITY AFTER THE FLOOD.
+
+I. J. Jones, sent to Galveston by Governor Sayers, of Texas, the day after
+the storm to investigate the condition of the Texas State quarantine
+there, reported to the Governor at Austin on September 14, said, among
+other things, in his report:
+
+"The sanitary condition of the city is very bad. Large quantities of lime
+have been ordered to the place, but I doubt if any one will be found to
+unload it from the vessels and attend its systematic distribution when it
+arrives. The stench is almost unbearable. It arises from piles of debris
+containing the carcasses of human beings and animals. These carcasses are
+being burned whenever it can be done with safety, but little of the
+wreckage can be destroyed. There is no water protection, and should a fire
+break out the destruction of the city would soon be complete. When
+searching parties come across a human body it is taken into an open space
+and wreckage piled over it. This is set on fire and the body slowly
+consumed. The odor of the burning bodies is horrible.
+
+"The chairman of the finance relief committee at Galveston wanted me to
+make the announcement that the city wants all the skilled mechanics and
+contractors with their tools that can be brought to Galveston. There is
+some repair work now going on, but it is impossible to find men who will
+work at that kind of business. Those now in Galveston not engaged in the
+relief work have their own private business to look after and mechanics
+are not to be had. All mechanics will be paid regular wages and will be
+given employment by private parties who desire to get their wrecked homes
+in a habitable condition as rapidly as possible. There are many houses
+which have only the roof gone. These residences are finely furnished, and
+it is desired that the necessary repairs be made quickly.
+
+"The relief work is fairly well organized. Nothing has been accomplished
+except the distribution of food among the needy. About one-half of the
+city is totally wrecked and many people are living in houses that are
+badly wrecked. The destitute are being removed from the city as rapidly as
+possible. It will take three or four days yet before all who want to go
+have been removed from the island and city. A remarkably large number of
+horses survived the storm, but there is no feed for them and many of them
+will soon die of starvation.
+
+"I am thoroughly satisfied after spending two days in Galveston that the
+estimate of 5,000 dead is too conservative. It will exceed that number.
+Nobody can ever estimate or will ever know within 1,000 of how many lives
+were lost. In the city the dead bodies are being got rid of in whatever
+manner possible. They are burying the dead found on mainland. At one place
+250 were found and buried on Wednesday. There must be hundreds of dead
+bodies back on the prairies that have not been found. It is impracticable
+to make a search. Bodies have been found as far back as seven miles from
+the mainland shore. It would take an army to search that territory on the
+mainland.
+
+"The waters of the gulf and bay are still full of dead bodies and they are
+being constantly cast upon the beach. On my trip to and from the
+quarantine I passed a procession of bodies going seaward. I counted
+fourteen of them on my trip in from the station, and this procession is
+kept up day and night. The captain of a ship who had just reached
+quarantine informed me that he began to meet floating bodies fifty miles
+from port.
+
+"As an illustration of how high the water got in the gulf, a vessel which
+was in port tried to get into the open sea when the storm came on. It got
+out some distance and had to put back. It was dark and all the landmarks
+had been obliterated. The course of the vessel could not be determined and
+she was being furiously driven in toward the island by the wind. Before
+her course could be established she had actually run over the top of the
+north jetty. As the vessel draws twenty-five feet of water, some idea can
+be obtained as to the height of the water in the gulf."
+
+
+THRILLING EXPERIENCE OF A DALLAS GIRL.
+
+One of the most thrilling descriptions of personal experience with the
+fearful flood ever written was that of Miss Maud Hall, of Dallas, Tex.,
+who was spending her school vacation with friends at Galveston. She wrote
+an account of her adventures to her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Emory Hall:
+
+"Dear Papa and Mamma: I suppose before this you will have received my
+telegram and know I am safe. This has been a terrible experience. I hope I
+will be spared any more such. I am just a nervous wreck--fever blisters
+over my mouth, eyes with hollows under them, and shaking all over. When I
+close my eyes I can't see anything but piles of naked dead and wild-eyed
+men and women. I suppose I had better begin at the beginning, but I don't
+know if I can write with any sense. Saturday at about 11 o'clock it began
+raining, and the wind rose a little. Sidney Spann and two young lady
+boarders could not get home to dinner. After the dinner the men left and
+we sat around in dressing sacks watching the storm. All at once Birdie
+Duff (Mrs. Spann's married daughter) said: 'Look at the water in the
+street; it must be the gulf.'
+
+"There was water from curb to curb. It rose rapidly as we watched it, and
+Mrs. Spann sent us all to dress. It rose to the sidewalk, and the men
+began to come home. The wind and rain rose to a furious whirlwind and all
+the time the water crept higher and higher. We all crowded into the hall
+of the house--a big, two-story one--and it rocked like a cradle. About 6
+o'clock the roof was gone, all the blinds torn off, and all the windows
+blown in. Glass was flying in all directions and the water had risen to a
+level with the gallery.
+
+"Then the men told us we would have to leave and go to a house across the
+street at the end of the block, a big one. Mrs. Spann was wild about her
+daughter Sidney, who had not been home, and the telephone wires were down.
+The men told us we must not wear heavy skirts, and could only take a few
+things in a little bundle. I took my watch and ticket and what money I had
+and pinned them in my corset; took off everything from my waist down but
+an underskirt and my linen skirt; no shoes and stockings. I put what
+clothes I could find in my trunk and locked it. Tell mamma the last thing
+I put in was her gray skirt, for I thought it might be injured.
+
+"It took two men to each woman to get her across the street and down to
+the end of the block. Trees thicker than any in our yard were whirled down
+the street; pine logs, boxes and driftwood of all sorts swept past, and
+the water looked like a whirlpool. Birdie and I went across on the second
+trip. The wind and rain cut like a knife and the water was icy cold. It
+was like going down into the grave, and I was never so near death, unless
+it was once before, since I have been here. I came near drowning with
+another girl. It was dark by this time, and the men put their arms around
+us and down into the water we went. Birdie was crying about her baby that
+she had to leave behind until the next trip, and I was begging Mr.
+Mitchell and the other man not to turn me loose.
+
+"Mrs. Spann came last. The water was over her chin. It was up to my
+shoulders when I went over. One man brought a bundle of clothing, such as
+he could find for us to put on, wrapped up in his mackintosh. He had to
+swim over. I spent the night, such a horrible one, wet from shoulder to my
+waist and from my knees down, and barefoot. Nobody had any shoes and
+stockings. Mrs. Spann did not have anything but a thin lawn dress and
+blanket wrapped around her from her waist down. Nellie had a lawn wrapper
+and blanket, and Fannie had a skirt and winter jacket. Mr. Mitchell had a
+pair of trousers and a light shirt and was barefooted. The house was
+packed with people just like us.
+
+"The house had a basement and was of stone. The windows were blown out,
+and it rocked from top to bottom, and the water came into the first floor.
+Of course no one slept. About 3 o'clock in the morning the wind had
+changed and blew the water back to the gulf, and as we stood at the
+windows watching it fall we saw two men and two girls wading the street
+and heard Sidney calling for her mother. She and the young lady with her
+spent the night crowded into an office with nine men in total darkness,
+sitting on boxes, with their feet up off the floor. It was an immense
+brick building four stories high. They were on the second floor. The roof
+and one story was blown away and the water came up to the second floor. It
+was down toward the wharf.
+
+"As soon as we could we waded home. Such a home! The water had risen three
+feet in the house and the roof being gone the rain poured in. I had not a
+dry rag but a dirty skirt which was hanging in the wardrobe and an
+underskirt with it. My trunk had floated and everything in it was stained
+except the gray skirt. We had not had anything to eat since noon the day
+before, and we lived on whisky. Every time the men would see us they would
+poke a bottle of whisky at us, and make us drink some. All we had all day
+Sunday was crackers at 50 cents a small box and whisky.
+
+"We were all so weak we knew we could not get any more, so Miss Decker and
+I went down about 10 o'clock. It was awful. Dead animals everywhere, and
+the streets filled with fallen telegraph poles and brick stores blown
+over. Hundreds of women and children and men sitting on steps crying for
+lost ones, and half of them, nearly, injured. Wild-eyed, ghastly-looking
+men hurried by and told of whole families killed.
+
+"I could not stand any more and made them bring me home, and fell on the
+bed with hysterics. They poured whisky down me, but the only effect it had
+was to make my head ache worse. I had about got straightened out when a
+girl and a woman came to the house--relatives of Mrs. Spann--who had lost
+their mother and friends and house, and all they had. They had hysterics,
+and everybody cried, and I had another spell. All day wagon after wagon
+passed filled with dead--most of them without a thing on them--and men
+with stretchers with dead bodies with just a sheet thrown over them, some
+of them little children.
+
+"We waited, every minute expecting to have the two bodies brought here.
+But they had not been found up to now, and all hope is lost. There is a
+little boy in the house that spent the night in the water clinging to a
+log, and his father and mother and four sisters were drowned. He is all
+alone. Last night Mr. Mitchell took Miss Decker and I to another boarding
+house to find a dry bed. We slept on a folding bed, with nothing under us
+but a rug and sheet, and I had to borrow something dry to sleep in. The
+husband of the lady who lost her mother has just come from Houston. He
+walked and swam all the way. He is nearly wild, and she is just screaming.
+I cannot write any more. Am coming home soon as I can."
+
+
+SAVED AS BY A MIRACLE.
+
+The Stubbs family, consisting of father, mother and two children, was in
+its home when it collapsed. They found refuge on a floating roof. This
+parted and father and one child were swept in one direction, while the
+mother and the other child drifted in another. One of the children was
+washed off, but Sunday evening all four were reunited.
+
+Mrs. P. Watkins became a raving maniac as the result of her experiences.
+With her two children and her mother she was drifting on a roof, when her
+mother and one child were swept away. Mrs. Watkins mistakes attendants in
+the hospital for her lost relatives and clutches wildly for them.
+
+Harry Steele, a cotton man, and his wife sought safety in three successive
+houses which were demolished. They eventually climbed on a floating door
+and were saved.
+
+W. R. Jones, with fifteen other men, finding the building they were in
+about to fall, made their way to the water tower and, clapping hands,
+encircled the standpipe to keep from being washed or blown away.
+
+Mrs. Chapman Bailey, wife of the southern manager of the Galveston Wharf
+Company, and Miss Blanche Kennedy floated in the waters ten to twenty feet
+deep all night and day by catching wreckage. Finally they got into a
+wooden bath tub and were driven into the gulf overnight. The incoming tide
+drove them back to Galveston and they were rescued the next day. They were
+fearfully bruised. All their relatives were drowned.
+
+A pathetic incident in the search for the dead occurred Friday. A squad of
+men discovered in a wrecked building five bodies. Among these bodies was
+one which a member of the burial party recognized as his own brother. The
+bodies were all in an advanced state of decomposition. They were removed
+and a funeral pyre was built, at which the brother assisted and, with
+Spartan-like firmness, stood by and saw the bodies of the dead reduced to
+ashes.
+
+On Monday a brakeman of the Galveston, Houston and Northern left Virginia
+Point and started to walk toward Texas City. He found a little child,
+which he picked up and carried for miles. On his way he discovered the
+bodies of nine women. These he covered with grass to protect them from the
+vultures until some arrangements could be made for their interment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Lives Lost and Property Damage Sustained Outside of Galveston--One
+Thousand Victims and Millions of Value in Crops Swept Away--Estimates
+Made.
+
+
+Galveston's property loss by the hurricane was hardly less than
+$20,000,000; outside of that city, in Houston and other points in Central
+and Southern Texas, together with the agricultural and stock-raising
+districts, the property damage was nearly half that amount, or in the
+neighborhood of $10,000,000.
+
+Probably seventy-five villages and towns were swept by the storm, and in
+most of these places there was loss of life.
+
+It was reliably estimated from reports received at Austin, the capital
+city of Texas, from these places that the loss of life, exclusive of the
+death list of Galveston Island and City of Galveston, would aggregate
+1,000 people. In many towns the percentage of killed or drowned exceeded
+that in the City of Galveston. Several towns were swept completely out of
+existence.
+
+The scene of desolation in the devastated district was terrible to
+witness. The storm was over 200 miles wide and extended as far inland as
+Temple, a distance of over 200 miles from the gulf. The cotton crop in the
+lower counties was completely ruined. The same was true of the rice crop.
+The distress was keenly felt by the planters and small farmers throughout
+the storm-swept region.
+
+In Houston the damage was not figured at over $400,000; at Alvin,
+$200,000, the town being virtually destroyed and 6,000 people in that
+section deprived not only of shelter and food for the time being but all
+prospect for crops in the year to come.
+
+On the 15th of September, R. W. King sent out the following statement and
+appeal from Houston after a thorough investigation of the situation in and
+around Alvin:
+
+"I arrived in Alvin from Dallas and was astonished and bewildered by the
+sight of devastation on every side. Ninety-five per cent of the houses in
+this vicinity are in ruins, leaving 6,000 people without adequate shelter
+and destitute of the necessaries of life, and with no means whatever to
+procure them. Everything in the way of crops is destroyed, and unless
+there is speedy relief there will be exceedingly great suffering.
+
+"The people need and must have assistance. Need money to rebuild their
+homes and buy stock and implements. They need food--flour, bacon, corn.
+They must have seeds for their gardens so as to be able to do something
+for themselves very soon. Clothing is badly needed. Hundreds of women and
+children are without a change and are already suffering. Some better idea
+may be had of the distress when it is known that box cars are being
+improvised as houses and hay as bedding. Only fourteen houses in the Town
+of Alvin are standing, and they are badly damaged."
+
+The damage at Hitchcock was not less than $100,000, but the news from
+there was disheartening. A bulletin from a reliable source, dated
+September 15, said:
+
+"Country districts are strewn with corpses. The prairies around Hitchcock
+are dotted with the bodies of the dead. Scores are unburied, as the bodies
+are too badly decomposed to handle and the water too deep to admit of
+burial.
+
+"A pestilence is feared from the decomposing animal matter lying
+everywhere. The stench is something awful. Disinfecting material is badly
+needed."
+
+Other outside losses were:
+
+                                    Property.
+
+  Richmond                          $  75,000
+  Fort Bend County                    300,000
+  Wharton                              30,000
+  Wharton County                      100,000
+  Colorado County                     250,000
+  Angleton                             75,000
+  Velasco                              50,000
+  Other points, Brazoria County        80,000
+  Sabine                               50,000
+  Paton                                10,000
+  Rollover                             10,000
+  Winnie                               10,000
+  Belleville                            5,000
+  Hempstead                            25,000
+  Brookshire                           35,000
+  Waller County                       100,000
+  Arcola                                5,000
+  Sartartia                            50,000
+  Dickinson                            30,000
+  Texas City                          150,000
+  Columbia                             10,000
+  Sandy Point                          10,000
+  Near Brazoria (convicts killed)      35,000
+  Other points                        100,000
+
+Damage to railroads outside of Galveston, $500,000.
+
+Damage to telegraph and telephone wires outside of Galveston, $50,000.
+
+Damage to cotton crop, estimated on average crop of counties affected,
+50,000 bales, at $60 a bale, $3,000,000.
+
+Damage to stock was great, thousands of horses and cattle having perished
+during the storm.
+
+In Brazoria and other counties of that section there was hardly a
+plantation building left standing. All fences were also gone and the
+devastation was complete. Many large and expensive sugar refineries were
+wrecked. The negro cabins were blown down and many negroes killed. On one
+plantation, a short distance from the ill-fated Town of Angleton, three
+families of negroes were killed.
+
+The villages of Needville and Basley in Fort Bend county were completely
+destroyed. Over twenty people were killed, most of the bodies having been
+recovered. Every house in that part of the country was destroyed and
+there was great suffering among the homeless people.
+
+There was much destitution among the people of Richmond in the same
+county. Richmond was one of the most prosperous towns in south Texas. It
+was wholly destroyed and the homeless ones were without shelter. Their
+food supplies were provided by their more fortunate neighbors until other
+assistance could be had.
+
+The State authorities heard from the Sartaria plantation, where several
+hundred State convicts were employed. Every building on the plantation was
+blown down and the loss to property aggregated $35,000. Fifteen convicts
+were caught under the timbers of a falling building and all killed. Over a
+score of others were injured. In addition to the loss on buildings the
+entire cane crop was destroyed on this as well as other plantations in
+that section.
+
+Seven people were killed in the Town of Angleton, which was almost
+completely destroyed. In the neighborhood of Angleton five more persons
+were killed and their bodies have been recovered. The loss of life in that
+immediate section far exceeded the estimates given in the earlier reports.
+
+The search for victims of the flood at Seabrook resulted in fifty bodies
+being recovered. Seabrook was a favorite summer resort with many Texas
+people, and its hotels were filled with guests. Many were out on pleasure
+jaunts when the storm came upon them. There were many guests in the
+private houses which were swept away.
+
+The casualties at Texas City were five.
+
+Velasco, situated near the mouth of the Brazos river, asked for help. Over
+one-half of the town was destroyed and eleven people lost their lives.
+Reports from the adjacent country showed that many negroes were killed.
+
+Eleven negro convicts employed on a plantation in Matagorda county were
+killed by the collapse of a building in which they had sought refuge from
+the storm.
+
+The Town of Matagorda, situated on the coast, was in the brunt of the
+storm. Several people were killed in the Towns of Caney and Elliott, in
+the same county. The new buildings on the Clemmons convict farm, owned and
+operated by the State, were destroyed and several convicts injured. The
+crops were also ruined.
+
+Over fifty negroes were killed in Wharton county, ten being killed on one
+plantation near the Town of Wharton.
+
+Bay City suffered a loss of nearly all of its buildings and three were
+killed there. There were many homeless people in Missouri City, every
+house in the town but two being destroyed. The destitute people were
+living out of doors and camping on the wet ground.
+
+Outside of the cities of Galveston and Houston, the greatest suffering was
+between Houston and East Lake, inland, and on the coast to the Brazos
+river. There was no damage at Corpus Christi, Rockport, or in that
+immediate section of the coast.
+
+People in immediate need of relief were those of the Colorado and Brazos
+river bottoms. The planters in that section had everything swept away last
+year, and the flood this year devastated their crops, leaving the tenants
+in a state bordering on starvation. An enormous acreage was planted in
+rice and the crop was ready for harvesting when the furious winds laid
+everything low.
+
+At Wharton, Sugarland, Quintana, Waller, Prairie View and many other
+smaller places barely a house was left standing. Many of the farm hands
+had been brought into that section to assist at cotton picking and other
+farming. The people were huddled in small cabins when the first signs of a
+storm began brewing. But few escaped. Their clothing and everything was
+gone. They were absolutely devoid of even the necessities with which to
+sustain life.
+
+To begin over again the owners of plantations had to rebuild houses,
+purchase new machinery and new draft animals. The loss of horses and mules
+in the stricken district was a severe blow. Live stock interests were also
+greatly harmed.
+
+In the opinion of railway men several years must elapse before the farming
+districts can be restored to their former conditions. The advanced prices
+of building material was a hard blow for the smaller farmers, who in most
+instances were owners of farms.
+
+Appeals for relief were received from everywhere in the storm center. The
+season had given promise of producing the best harvest in the previous
+fifteen years.
+
+Five Houston people were drowned at Morgan's Point--Mrs. C. H. Lucy and
+her two children, Haven McIlhenny and the five-year-old son of David Rice.
+Mr. Michael McIlhenny was rescued alive, exhausted and in a state of
+terrible nervousness.
+
+McIlhenny said the water came up so rapidly that he and his family sought
+safety upon the roof. He had Haven in his arms and the other children were
+strapped together. A heavy piece of timber struck Haven, killing him.
+McIlhenny then took up young Rice, and while he had him in his arms he was
+twice washed off the roof and in this way young Rice was drowned.
+
+Mrs. Lucy's oldest child was next killed by a piece of timber and the
+younger one was drowned, and next Mrs. Lucy was washed off and drowned,
+thus leaving Mr. and Mrs. McIlhenny the only occupants on the roof.
+Finally the roof blew off the house and as it fell into the water it was
+broken in twain, Mrs. McIlhenny remaining on one half and McIlhenny on the
+other. The portion of the roof to which Mrs. McIlhenny clung turned over
+and this was the last seen of her. McIlhenny held to his side of the roof
+so distracted in mind as to care little where or how it drifted. He
+finally landed about 2 p. m. Sunday.
+
+At Surfside, a summer resort opposite Quintana, there were seventy-five
+persons in the hotel. The water was about it, and the danger was from the
+heavy logs floating from above. Only a few men worked in the village, so a
+number of women went into the water to their waists and assisted in
+keeping the logs away from the hotel, and no one was lost.
+
+At Belleville every house in the place was damaged, and several were
+demolished, including two churches. One girl was killed near there. Not a
+house was left at Patterson in a habitable condition.
+
+Two boarding cars were blown out on the main line and whirled along by the
+wind sixteen miles to Sandy Point, where they collided with a number of
+other boarding cars, killing two and injuring thirteen occupants.
+
+A dead child, the destruction of all houses except one and the destitution
+of some fifty families is the record of the work of the hurricane at
+Arcadia. From fifty other towns came reports that buildings were wrecked
+or demolished. Most of them reported several dead and injured.
+
+J. D. Dillon, commercial agent of the Santa Fe Railway Company, made a
+trip over the line of his road from Hitchcock to Virginia Point on foot,
+September 13, and gave a graphic account of his journey, which was made
+under many difficulties.
+
+"Twelve miles of track and bridges are gone south of Hitchcock," said he.
+"I walked, waded and swam from Hitchcock to Virginia Point, and nothing
+could be seen in all of that country but death and desolation. The
+prairies are covered with water, and I do not think I exaggerate when I
+say that not less than 5,000 horses and cattle are to be seen along the
+line of the tracks south of Hitchcock.
+
+"The little towns along the railway are all swept away, and the sight is
+the most terrible that I have ever witnessed. When I reached a point about
+two miles north of Virginia Point I saw some bodies floating on the
+prairie, and from that point until Virginia Point was reached dead bodies
+could be seen from the railroad track, floating about the prairie.
+
+"At Virginia Point nothing is left. About 100 cars of loaded merchandise
+that reached Virginia Point on the International and Great Northern and
+the Missouri, Kansas and Texas on the night of the storm are scattered
+over the prairie, and their contents will no doubt prove a total loss."
+
+On Friday, September 14, from early morning until far into the afternoon
+Governor Sayers was in conference with relief committees from various
+points along the storm-swept coast. Among the first committees to arrive
+was one from Galveston. These men consulted at length with the Governor,
+and as a result of this conference it was decided that the State Adjutant
+General, General Scurry, should be left in command of the city, which was
+to be considered under military rule, and that he was to have the
+exclusive control not only of the patrolling of the city, but of the
+sanitary forces engaged in cleaning the city.
+
+It was decided also that instead of looking to the laboring people of
+Galveston for work in the emergency an importation of outside laborers to
+the number of 2,000 should be made to conduct the sanitary work while the
+people of Galveston were given an opportunity of looking after their own
+losses and rebuilding their own property without giving any time to the
+city at large.
+
+It was believed that with the work of these 2,000 outside laborers it
+would require about four weeks to clean the city of debris, and in the
+meantime the citizens could be working on their own property and repairing
+damage there.
+
+Another relief committee from Velasco reported that 2,000 persons were in
+destitute circumstances, without food, clothing, or homes. Crops had been
+totally destroyed, all farming implements were washed away, and the people
+had nothing at hand with which to work the fields.
+
+A relief committee from the Columbia precinct reported 2,500 destitute.
+Other sections sent in committees during the day, and as a result of all
+Governor Sayers ordered posthaste shipments of supplies.
+
+The text of the message of sympathy received by President McKinley from
+the Emperor of Germany was as follows:
+
+     "Stettin, Sept. 13, 1900.--President of the United States of America,
+     Washington:--I wish to convey to your excellency the expression of my
+     deep-felt sympathy with the misfortune that has befallen the town and
+     harbor of Galveston and many other ports of the coast, and I mourn
+     with you and the people of the United States over the terrible loss
+     of life and property caused by the hurricane, but the magnitude of
+     the disaster is equaled by the indomitable spirit of the citizens of
+     the new world, who, in their long and continued struggle with the
+     adverse forces of nature, have proved themselves to be victorious.
+
+     "I sincerely hope that Galveston will rise again to new prosperity.
+
+        "WILLIAM, I. R."
+
+The President replied:
+
+     "Executive Mansion, September 14, 1900.--His Imperial and Royal
+     Majesty Wilhelm II., Stettin, Germany:--Your majesty's message of
+     condolence and sympathy is very grateful to the American government
+     and people, and in their name, as well as on behalf of the many
+     thousands who have suffered bereavement and irreparable loss in the
+     Galveston disaster, I thank you most earnestly.
+
+        "WILLIAM McKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Business Resumed at Galveston in a Small Way on the Sixth Day after the
+Catastrophe--"Galveston Shall Rise Again"--How the City Looked On
+Saturday, One Week after the Flood.
+
+
+By the time Friday--practically the sixth day after the flood, although
+the waters did not subside nor the wind go down until about 2 o'clock on
+Sunday morning--had arrived many of the business men of the stricken city
+had recovered their courage and two or three banks and a few business
+houses were opened, although most of the streets were still choked with
+debris and practically impassable. On every corner was this sign:
+
+                            CLEAN UP.
+
+Some women even ventured out shopping, picking their way over great masses
+of wreckage. Tremont street was by that time opened from the bay to the
+beach, and Mechanic street, the Strand and Winnie and Church streets were
+being rapidly cleared. However, the stench from the putrefying bodies of
+the victims of the calamity still in the ruins of scores and hundreds of
+buildings was all but unbearable.
+
+
+"GALVESTON SHALL RISE AGAIN."
+
+"Galveston must rise again," said the Galveston News in an editorial on
+Thursday.
+
+"At the first meeting of Galveston citizens Sunday afternoon after the
+great hurricane, for the purpose of bringing order out of chaos, the only
+sentiment expressed," the editorial says, "was that Galveston had received
+an awful blow. The loss of life and property is appalling--so great that
+it required several days to form anything like a correct estimate. With
+sad and aching hearts, but with resolute faces, the sentiment of the
+meeting was that out of the awful chaos of wrecked homes and wrecked
+business, Galveston must rise again.
+
+"The sentiment was not that of bury the dead and give up the ship; but,
+rather, bury the dead, succor the needy, appeal for aid from a charitable
+world, and then start resolutely to work to mend the broken chains. In
+many cases the work of upbuilding must begin over. In other cases the
+destruction is only partial.
+
+"The sentiment was, Galveston will, Galveston must, survive, and fulfill
+her glorious destiny. Galveston shall rise again. * * *
+
+"If we have lost all else, we still have life and the future, and it is
+toward the future that we must devote the energies of our lives. We can
+never forget what we have suffered; we cannot forget the thousands of our
+friends and loved ones who found in the angry billows that destroyed them
+a final resting place. But tears and grief must not make us forget our
+present duties. The blight and ruin which have destroyed Galveston are not
+beyond repair; we must not for a moment think Galveston is to be abandoned
+because of one disaster, however horrible that disaster has been.
+
+"It is a time for courage of the highest order. It is a time when men and
+women show the stuff that is in them, and we can make no loftier
+acknowledgment of the material sympathy which the world is extending to us
+than to answer back that after we shall have buried our dead, relieved the
+sufferings of the sick and destitute, we will bravely undertake the vast
+work of restoration and recuperation which lies before us in a manner
+which shall convince the world that we have spirit to overcome misfortune
+and rebuild our homes. In this way we shall prove ourselves worthy of the
+boundless tenderness which is being showered upon us in the hour of
+desolation and sorrow."
+
+This sentiment voiced the feeling of the people of the prostrate city
+pretty accurately, for they had begun to look around them and make plans
+for rebuilding, although it was many days after that before the streets
+were cleaned and the ground was dry enough to begin work.
+
+
+THE SITUATION A WEEK AFTERWARDS.
+
+A newspaper correspondent who had unusual facilities for getting at the
+true state of affairs summed up the situation on Saturday, September 15,
+just a week after the awful visitation, as follows:
+
+"The first week of Galveston's suffering has passed away, and the extent
+of the disaster which wind and flood brought to the city seems greater
+than it did even when the blow had just been struck.
+
+"That 5,000 or more of the 40,000 men, women and children who made up the
+population of the city seven days ago are dead is almost certain. And the
+money value of the damage to the property of the citizens is so great that
+no one can attempt to estimate it within $5,000,000 of the real amount.
+
+"In one thing the effects of the flood are irreparable. Water now covers
+5,300,000 square feet of ground that was formerly a part of the city, but
+which now can never be reclaimed from the gulf.
+
+"A strip of land three miles long and from 350 to 400 feet wide along the
+south side of the city, where the finest residences stood, is now covered
+by the waves even at low tide. The Beach Hotel now has its foundations in
+the gulf, although before the hurricane it had a fine beach 400 feet wide
+in front of it. This land is gone forever.
+
+"Like men stunned and dazed, the survivors of the flood have worked and
+struggled to bury their dead and to make the city habitable for the
+living, but it may be doubted whether they even yet realize to the full
+extent what they have lost, or guess the suffering that is in store for
+them when their moments of leisure come and they begin to miss their
+friends and loved ones who are dead.
+
+"It is certain now that, however much Galveston has suffered, the city
+will be rebuilt and be the scene of as great a business as before. But few
+of the men of the city can pay any attention yet to the work that is
+necessary for this restoration. To-day they are busy with the roughest
+work of cleaning the city, of clearing away the debris, of burying the
+bodies which still are being discovered under ruins each day and of
+providing for their simplest necessities.
+
+"The woman who a few days ago was the mistress of a splendid mansion, with
+every want provided for, may now be seen half-clad making her way through
+the streets in search of a little food, and esteeming herself fortunate if
+her family is still intact to gather in the wreckage of the former home.
+The man who a few days ago was the owner of a great business and the
+master of many servants may to-day be seen working in the trying tasks of
+removing wreckage and hauling away to burial the decayed and
+unrecognizable bodies of the dead, under the direction of armed soldiers
+and deputy sheriffs, who are there to see that the work is not slighted.
+
+"And around every one is ruin. The broken and shattered houses, the
+scattered articles of furniture, above all the burning funeral pyres on
+which the bodies of many of the dead are being consumed, make the city a
+place of horror even to those whose personal wants are best provided for.
+
+"The peril from the wind and waves was followed for those who survived by
+a peril of hunger and a peril of disease. There came also a peril to life
+and property from the great horde of robbers and inhuman outlaws who were
+attracted by the helpless condition of the city to seek their prey.
+
+"The splendid response of the country to Galveston's appeal for help has
+removed all danger of further suffering from hunger, and the prompt action
+of Governor Sayers, through Adjutant General Scurry, and of Mayor Jones
+and the citizens' relief committee have re-established order and made the
+horrible scenes of the stripping of corpses and the assaults on persons no
+longer possible. The city is still under martial law, and it will remain
+so, nominally at least, until normal conditions otherwise have been
+restored.
+
+"The danger of pestilence is still great, however, and indeed the fear
+that other thousands may fall victims to a scourge of disease is gaining
+in strength and leading to an exodus of all the women and children and of
+many of the men of the city, who are crowding the boats to get away to the
+mainland.
+
+"Added to the danger from the thousands of decomposing bodies both of men
+and of beasts, which still lie under ruined houses and along the gulf
+shore, is the danger from the unflushed sewers and closets in the city.
+Until yesterday it was practically impossible to flush the sewers in any
+part of the city on account of the lack of water, and although the
+condition is now much better there is much of evil still.
+
+"Fevers and other diseases which may be bred under these conditions will
+not show themselves for ten days or longer, at the earliest. Some of the
+physicians in the city have issued statements to-day calculated to calm
+the apprehensions of the citizens in this matter. Among them is Dr. W. H.
+Blount, state health officer, who says that there is no great danger. He
+refers to the cyclone of 1867, which covered the city with slimy mud, and
+instead of breeding disease served practically to put an end to the yellow
+fever then prevalent.
+
+"The work of clearing away the debris in the streets has been carried on
+with a fair degree of vigor, and it is expected that it will be pushed
+much faster from now on. The 2,000 laborers whom it has been decided to
+bring in from outside the city for the work will be able to take up the
+task without having to worry about the safety of the remnants of their own
+property which they may have left unprotected.
+
+"The most important need is, however, for money to pay the men. Adjutant
+General Scurry said to-day: 'I have not a dollar to pay the men who are
+working in the streets all day long. I am not able to say to a single one
+of these men, "You shall be paid for your work." I have not the money to
+make good the promise and I hope and believe that the country will relieve
+the situation.
+
+"'We must have this city cleaned up at any cost, and with the greatest
+speed possible. If it is not done with all haste, and at the same time
+done well, there may be a pestilence, and if it once breaks out here it
+will not be Galveston alone that will suffer. Such things spread, and it
+is not only for the sake of this city, but for others outside of this
+place that I urge that above all things we want money.
+
+"'The nation has been most kind in its response to the appeal of
+Galveston, and from what I hear, food and disinfectants sufficient for
+temporary purposes at least, are here or on the way. The country does not
+understand, it cannot understand, unless it visit Galveston, the awful
+destitution prevailing here. Of all the poor people here, not one has
+anything. A majority of them could not furnish a single room in which to
+commence housekeeping even though they had the money to rebuild the room.
+
+"'These people have absolutely nothing except what is given them by the
+relief committee. They are in a condition of absolute want, they lack
+everything, and save for the splendid generosity of the nation they would
+be utterly without hope.'
+
+"The gangs of men in the streets are still finding every now and then
+badly decomposed bodies. Few of these relics of human life can be
+recognized, and many of them are naked and without anything about them
+which would lead to identification. They are disposed of as rapidly as
+possible, but the work is very offensive and the men engaged in it cannot
+endure it steadily for any great length of time.
+
+"'Pull them out of the water as soon as seen and throw them into the
+flames as soon as taken from the water,' is the order, and it is
+effectually carried out.
+
+"The best work in this direction was done along the shore line of the gulf
+on the south side of the city. During the day bodies were found at
+frequent intervals, and just at sunset seven were found in the ruins of
+one house. It is expected that more will be found to-morrow, as the work
+gang that to-day found seven bodies will clear up the debris where it is
+known that fifteen people were killed.
+
+"The soldiers from Dallas and Houston who have been here providing for
+order and helping in the work of cleaning up the city have become
+exhausted and it has been necessary to relieve them. The Craddock Light
+Infantry of Terrell arrived to-day to take up the work.
+
+"The exodus to Houston and other neighboring cities is still going on. The
+sailboats across the bay are crowded to their fullest capacity, and they
+make as many round trips each day as they can."
+
+
+NOTHING LIKE IT IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+"No calamity in the history of the United States approaches the horror of
+Galveston." Such was the declaration of Col. Walter Hudnall of the United
+States treasury department, Saturday, after filing a secret report to the
+government in which he outlined the damage sustained by the government and
+made confidential suggestions concerning the advisability of continuing
+the expenditures that have been made there annually.
+
+"Galveston needs no more physicians or nurses," he continued. "Those who
+would rush to the aid of the stricken island should send quicklime,
+chloride of lime, carbolic acid and other disinfectants and stay away
+themselves. To-day Galveston is a gigantic funeral pyre. From the wreckage
+ascend numerous pillars of smoke and the air is filled with the sickening
+odor of burning human flesh. But above all, making one forget even the
+presence of the uncounted dead, is the stench of decaying coffee, rice and
+other vegetable products that lie swelling with the heat and putrefying.
+Powerful chemicals and disinfectants are required to prevent what this is
+sure to produce--disease.
+
+"In the face of these conditions Galveston is burying her dead, burning
+her wreckage, attempting to restore order and bring about a resumption of
+business.
+
+"No words of complaint are heard. The woe which has come upon the island
+city is too great for tears and the afflictions of individuals in the loss
+of dear ones is entirely forgotten in the heroic fight that is being made
+for self-preservation for the community. Women of wealth steal through the
+streets without clothing, save for a bit of torn and grimy cloth wrapped
+about them. Men of means are in the same sorry plight and go about their
+grewsome task of cleaning up in so stolid a manner that it is obvious that
+Galveston has not awakened to the full horror of the situation. There has
+not been time to think.
+
+"It is not uncommon to hear worn and haggard men refer to the loss of
+their families and their all with so little evidence of concern that it
+would attract wonder were not the senses of the visitor numbed by the
+terror of the situation. It is the reaction that is feared most by those
+who are leading the effort to make the city habitable. When this work is
+completed and there is time to think a heartrending wail of woe will go up
+from the twenty-odd thousand mourning survivors and gloomy desperation is
+expected to succeed the energy that is now manifested.
+
+"The spirit of the people is aptly illustrated by Capt. John Delaney,
+chief customs inspector of the port. Delaney, 60 years of age, lost his
+entire family, wife, son and daughters. The bodies of the son and
+daughters were recovered, but no trace of Mrs. Delaney has been found.
+Whether her body was cast into the sea from one of the dread funeral
+barges or buried may never be known. Terrible as was the blow, Delaney was
+at his post the day following the disaster, attired in a pair of overalls,
+all that he managed to save. Yesterday a butcher, fortunate in saving a
+portion of two suits, loaned Delaney a pair of trousers. Clad in them he
+boarded a big German tramp steamer that arrived in port, inspected her and
+sent her back to New Orleans, as she was unable to discharge her cargo at
+Galveston."
+
+In his report to Washington Col. Hudnall placed the loss of life at from
+6,500 to 8,000 and ridiculed the idea that any person could estimate the
+property loss at that time. He predicted that it would be impossible to
+estimate within $10,000,000 of the correct figures. His estimate was based
+upon what was said to be better information than that of any other visitor
+in Galveston, as he had made a thorough canvass of the city on horseback,
+visiting every locality where it was possible to travel, instructions from
+the treasury department being to thoroughly investigate in every detail.
+No one else had made such a canvass.
+
+Vice-President and General Manager Trice of the International and Great
+Northern railroad, after looking over the situation in Galveston, said the
+railroad losses would aggregate $5,000,000 or $6,000,000 in that city
+alone.
+
+At Galveston their wharves, warehouses, depots and tracks were ruined. The
+costly bridges which connected the island with the mainland were in ruins
+and must be entirely rebuilt.
+
+The International and Great Northern and Santa Fe had considerable track
+washed out, while the Galveston, Houston and Northern suffered heavily.
+
+All track between Seabrooke and Virginia Point, with all of the bridges,
+was washed away, and Section Foreman Scanlan and all his crew at Nadeau
+had been lost.
+
+
+HOW THE INSURANCE COMPANIES FARED.
+
+Naturally the question of insurance carried on the lives and property of
+people of Galveston was one much discussed after the first feeling of
+horror occasioned by the catastrophe had worn away, and the fact was
+developed that while the life insurance companies were somewhat badly
+hit--although in not so great a degree as would naturally be supposed when
+the heavy death list was taken into consideration--very little property
+insurance was carried by the business men and property owners of the
+desolated city.
+
+Although the loss of life was over 5,000, a large proportion of the
+victims was composed of women and children, a class which rarely if ever
+carries insurance; again, the majority of the men drowned and crushed were
+residents of the poorer districts of the town, the wealthier men having
+abandoned their homes at the first alarm and fled to the elevated places.
+These victims were caught in their houses, together with their families,
+and husbands, wives and children died together.
+
+As a matter of fact, the men who work for a living at trades and in the
+various branches of employment where skilled labor is not demanded, do not
+carry life insurance as a general thing, except in benevolent or fraternal
+societies of which they may be members, and this is the main reason why
+the "straight" life insurance companies, as they are called, did not
+suffer more than they did.
+
+One of the most prominent insurance managers in the United States said
+three days after the catastrophe:
+
+"Life insurance companies will feel the blow of the Galveston storm. How
+much insurance was carried by the victims of the storm is not known, but
+it must have been great in the aggregate. The large proportion of women
+and children among the dead will lighten the burden, as they do not often
+carry insurance.
+
+"The rule requiring the body of the insured to be identified will have to
+be waived, because of the number of bodies buried at sea and otherwise
+without identification. Unless the rigor of this rule is relaxed by the
+insurers litigation will be boundless.
+
+"Practically no property insurance was carried at Galveston."
+
+Galveston and Houston representatives of the largest eastern insurance
+companies when seen concurred in the opinion that the insurance policies
+against storm losses carried by Galvestonians would not aggregate $10,000.
+They said there was absolutely no demand for such insurance at Galveston.
+
+The head of one of the leading insurance firms in Galveston which
+represented many large eastern companies said: "We did not carry a dollar
+of storm insurance at Galveston, and while my information on that point is
+limited, I feel sure the storm insurance was very small. We never had a
+request for storm insurance policies. If there had been any demand at
+Galveston for insurance of this kind we would have heard of it.
+
+"We held $50,000 storm insurance on two big oil mills at Houston and our
+loss will probably be $40,000 to $50,000 on these two structures. We held
+$25,000 storm insurance at Port Arthur and about $1,200 at Alvin. The
+insurance situation at Galveston is very quiet. There was no loss by fire,
+and I think the insurance against storms was trivial."
+
+More than 4,000 houses were destroyed; millions of dollars' worth of
+property in dry goods, grocery and other business houses--wholesale and
+retail--was ruined; there was hardly a house in the city which did not
+suffer damage, the total property losses aggregating about $20,000,000;
+and yet, living in a section where storms were liable to occur at any
+time, little or no insurance was carried.
+
+The first message by wire was sent out of Galveston Thursday at 4:16 p. m.
+over the wire of the Western Union Company. The company laid a cable
+across the channel, and through it they transmitted the message. The cable
+was brought from Chicago on a passenger train. The Postal Telegraph
+Company had several wires in good working order by Saturday night, as also
+had the Western Union Company.
+
+The Mexican Cable Company secured both ends of its cable and established
+communication from Galveston with the outside world via the City of Mexico
+Friday evening.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Galveston Nine Days After--Great Changes Apparent--Life in a Business
+Exhibited--Systematic Efforts to Obtain Names of the Dead.
+
+
+Monday, September 17, Galveston presented a far different appearance than
+the Monday previous. Street cars were in operation in the business part of
+the city and the electric line and water service had been partly resumed.
+The progress made under the circumstances was little short of remarkable.
+
+It must not be understood by any means that the remaining portion of the
+city had been put in anything like its normal condition, but so very great
+a change had been wrought, so much order and system prevailed where
+formerly chaos reigned, that Galveston and the people who had been giving
+her such noble assistance had good reason to be satisfied with what had
+been accomplished in the face of such fearful odds. According to
+statements made by General Scurry, Mayor Jones, Alderman Perry and others,
+there was equally good reason to believe that the progress of the work
+from that time on would be even more satisfactory.
+
+On that morning the board of health began a systematic effort to obtain
+the names of the dead, so that the information could be used for legal
+purposes and for life insurance settlements. An agent was stationed at the
+headquarters of the Central Relief Committee to receive and file sworn
+statements in lieu of coroner's certificates. Persons who had left the
+city but were in possession of information concerning the dead were
+notified to send sworn statements to Mr. Doherty.
+
+The steady stream of refugees from Galveston was kept up. There was not a
+departing train from across the bay which was not packed to its platforms.
+Refugees continued to leave for many days thereafter.
+
+No sadder sight could be imagined than the picture presented by a boat
+load of refugees, when the ropes were cast off and the craft swung out
+into the bay and away from the desolate city. There was not a face that
+was not turned toward the ruin. There was not an eye that was not
+moistened by tears. So great had been the rush to leave behind the scene
+of the storm that the Lawrence, the boat which connected with trains at
+Texas City, had not left her wharf a single day without denying passage to
+a portion of those who wanted to get away.
+
+The partings at the waterside were pitiful. Husbands came to the gangplank
+and kissed their weeping wives good-by, turning back to the hard work of
+reconstruction which confronted them, with breaking hearts. Scores of
+women, overcome at the last moment, were cared for by strange hands, while
+those who loved them, bound to Galveston by necessity, could do no more
+than watch from afar and pray.
+
+Instead of waiting until Galveston was reached to begin work, steps were
+taken to care for refugees at the bay terminal of the Galveston, Houston
+and Henderson Road, and during Saturday night and Sunday hundreds of
+hungry refugees were fed, while numbers of sick and wounded were cared
+for.
+
+There was plenty of work on hand for ten times the force of laborers
+employed. The area which had not yet been touched embraced four and a half
+miles of frontage on the beach and bay.
+
+There were enough provisions on hand ahead to feed everybody in Galveston
+for a week. There was a great deal of trouble in properly distributing
+supplies, the rush at the depots being as great as at any time since they
+were opened.
+
+It was indeed a mercy that the weather since the storm had been clear and
+dry. Had it rained a single day the suffering would have been terrible,
+for there was not a whole roof in Galveston.
+
+There were about 200 soldiers in Galveston doing guard and police duty.
+The camp on the wharf, between the Galveston Red Snapper Company and the
+foot of Tremont street had been put into shape and the soldiers
+comfortably housed. There were five militia commands--the Dallas rough
+riders, Captain Ormonde Paget, with forty-five men; the Houston Light
+Guards, Captain George McCormick, with forty-five men; the Galveston
+Sharpshooters, Captain A. Bunschell, with thirty-five men; Battery D of
+Houston, Captain G. A. Adams, with fifteen men, and Troop A. Houston
+Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant Breedlove, with twenty men.
+
+The fact that no money was available to pay the men who were engaged in
+cleaning the streets was a great detriment to preparing the way not only
+for rebuilding the city but in the efforts to prevent the spread of plague
+and pestilence.
+
+General Scurry, general in charge of the operations at Galveston, made the
+following statement on Sunday, September 16:
+
+     "I have not a dollar to pay the men who are working in the streets
+     all day long. I am not able to say to a single one of them 'You'll be
+     paid for your work.' I have not the money to make good the promise. I
+     hope and believe that the country will understand the situation. We
+     must have this city cleaned up at any cost and with the greatest
+     speed possible. If it is not done with all haste, and at the same
+     time done well, there may be a pestilence, and if it breaks out here
+     it will not be Galveston alone that will suffer.
+
+     "Such things spread, and it is not only for the sake of this city,
+     but for others outside that I urge that above all things we want
+     money. The nation has been most kind in its response to appeals from
+     Galveston. From what I hear food and disinfectants sufficient for
+     temporary purposes at least are here or on the way. The country does
+     not understand. It cannot understand unless it could visit Galveston,
+     the situation prevailing here.
+
+        "SCURRY,
+            "Adjutant-General State of Texas."
+
+As to the probability of a pestilence, General Chambers McKibbin, U. S. A.,
+commanding the Military Department of Texas, said:
+
+     "I am personally in favor of burning as much rubbish as possible, and
+     of burning it as quickly as permissible. I do not predict a
+     pestilence, but I think the things are coming to that point where a
+     pestilence may be possible unless prompt measures are taken, and
+     there is nothing so effective as fire. Burn everything and burn it at
+     once."
+
+All the churches in Galveston either being wrecked or ruined, with but one
+or two exceptions, divine services on Sunday, September 16, were in most
+cases suspended. Mass was celebrated at St. Mary's cathedral in the
+morning and was largely attended.
+
+Father Kirwin preached an eloquent and feeling sermon, in which he spoke
+of the awful calamity that had befallen the people. After expressing
+sympathy with the afflicted and distressed he advised all to go to work
+in burying the dead. The next day a census of the Catholic population was
+begun to ascertain the number of widows and orphans caused by the storm
+and the exact number of Catholics who perished.
+
+Bishop Gallagher, who had been active in his efforts to mitigate suffering
+at Galveston, received a telegram from Archbishop Corrigan of New York,
+stating the diocese of that city would see that all Catholic orphan
+children sent to his care were kindly provided for.
+
+Houston was the center of relief distribution, and also the key to
+Galveston. It was practically the only way in or out for weeks. Hundreds
+of refugees passed through every day. Houston was well filled with them,
+but the larger number went right through to points farther north. Free
+transportation was furnished to any point in Texas, provided they had
+relatives who would take care of them. Many of the refugees arrived at
+Houston scantily clothed and in a pitiful condition.
+
+"Vast as the work is, all are being provided for," said Edward Watkins,
+Chairman of the transportation division of the Relief Committee. "We have
+not let anybody go through uncared for."
+
+Mere curiosity was at a discount here. People who had urgent business in
+Galveston found it hard to get permits to go there, and those who were
+simply curious could not get there at all. Camera fiends were absolutely
+barred. One man was shot for taking a picture of a nude woman on the
+beach, and three newspaper men who were taking views of the ruins were
+rounded up, their cameras smashed and themselves forced to go to work
+gathering up decomposed corpses.
+
+Even Houston was in a similar state of martial law. Guards surrounded the
+depot of the International & Great Northern, the only road running south,
+and would not even allow curious crowds to gather to see the refugees
+come in. This was in enforcement of a proclamation issued by Mayor
+Brashear, copies of which, printed on large red cards, were posted
+conspicuously all over the city.
+
+The catastrophe all but paralyzed shipping business in the storm-visited
+section. At Fort Worth all purchasing stopped. Cotton was just beginning
+to move, but it had to go by way of New Orleans, the additional freights
+eating up the apparent profit of the 1 cent a pound advance in price. Had
+the storm struck a few weeks later the loss would have been greatly
+increased, as the cotton would then have been upon the wharves.
+
+Heavy financial losers were the fraternal societies. One known as the
+United Moderns, with headquarters at Denver, lost 100 out of a lodge of
+500. Policies ranged from $1,000 to $2,000.
+
+
+INSURANCE MATTERS CREATE A BIG BOTHER.
+
+One hundred and fifty odd million dollars represented the value of the
+life insurance policies carried by the old-line companies in the state of
+Texas at the time of the flood. It was estimated that $4,000,000
+represented the life risks carried in Galveston by the regular companies,
+and that over $2,000,000 was carried by assessment and fraternal
+organizations.
+
+Insurance men said it was probable that of the persons killed in the
+recent disaster 900 were men, and that, according to statistics, half of
+them had life policies of an average value of $2,000. On this basis
+$900,000 approximated the losses to be met in Galveston by the life
+insurance companies. Eighteen old-line companies and a great many
+assessment and fraternal companies divided the losses, and no reputable
+organization was crippled thereby.
+
+Accurate figures of the losses were not made, but the above figures
+represented the calculations hastily made by George T. Dexter,
+superintendent of the domestic agencies of the Mutual Life Insurance
+Company of New York. In regard to this Mr. Dexter said:
+
+"The most striking feature of the insurance situation at Galveston is the
+difficulty that will arise when the adjustment of claims is taken up.
+Hundreds of bodies have been buried without identification, hundreds more
+have been taken out into the gulf and many have been cremated. Whole
+families have been destroyed in many instances, and insurance papers have
+suffered in the general destruction of property. This state of affairs
+will make it difficult for the beneficiaries to establish their claims and
+will enable the organizations so disposed to escape payment. I have no
+doubt the level premium companies will adjust claims, in a large measure,
+on circumstantial evidence.
+
+"Our agency property at San Antonio was destroyed, and we have no accurate
+reports of our Texas losses, so it is impossible to give other than
+general estimates of what they may be. The class of people insuring in the
+regular companies are in general surrounded by conditions that render them
+better risks in the event of such a calamity as this, but if my
+information is correct the better portion of the residence district
+suffered most, and we may hear of heavy losses. I think we carried between
+$300,000 and $400,000 insurance in Galveston. The insurance business in
+that part of the south has been exceptionally good of late because of the
+cotton values."
+
+H. H. Knowles, southern manager of the Equitable Life of New York, said:
+
+"We have two $100,000 risks in Galveston, and we are hoping that they are
+not among the lost. Our reports from Texas are not in, but I should think
+that our company will be fortunate if it gets off with less than a loss of
+$100,000. I believe that the assessment and fraternal insurance concerns
+will have the most losses because of the fact that in such a disaster the
+loss of life is greater among the poorer classes."
+
+The accident insurance companies had heavy losses to meet.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Magnitude of the Relief Necessary--Twenty Thousand Persons to be Clothed
+and Fed--System of Relief Organization--How the Storm Affected Trade.
+
+
+The situation at Galveston on Saturday night, just a week after the
+calamity, was thus described by a competent authority who arrived in the
+city the day after the flood:
+
+"It must be possible by this time to give some idea of the magnitude which
+relief must assume. There were 38,000 persons in the city when the census
+was taken a few weeks ago. After the storm 32,000 remained. This latter
+statement is made after careful inquiry from the best sources of
+information. About 3,000 have left the island, most of them women and
+children, to go to friends temporarily.
+
+"Of the 29,000 remaining how many must be helped and how long?
+
+"The question is a hard one. The men who knew most of the situation, who
+have labored day and night since Sunday, hesitate to answer.
+
+"Mr. McVittie, the executive head of the relief work, said it was possible
+there were 3,500 persons in the city who did not require any assistance
+whatever. Mr. Lowe of the Galveston News, a most careful and conservative
+man, said he believed fully two-thirds of the surviving and remaining
+population were dependent to-day. Others familiar with the situation were
+asked for their opinions, and they estimated variously the number that
+must be helped temporarily at from two-thirds to three-fourths.
+
+"The conclusion is forced that there are to-day in Galveston 20,000
+persons who must be fed and clothed. The proportion of those who were in
+fair circumstances and lost all is astonishing. Relief cannot be limited
+to those who formed the poor class before the storm.
+
+"An intelligent man left Galveston to-day, taking his wife and children to
+relatives. He said: 'A week ago I had a good home and a business which
+paid me between $400 and $500 a month. To-day I have nothing. My house was
+swept away and my business is gone. I see no way of re-establishing it in
+the near future.'
+
+"This man had a real estate and house-renting agency.
+
+"At the military headquarters, one of the principal officials doing
+temporary service for the city, said: 'Before the storm I had a good home
+and good income. I felt rich. My house is gone and my business. The fact
+is I don't even own the clothes I stand before you in. I borrowed them.'
+
+"Now these are not exceptional cases. They are fairly typical. Men who
+worked for salaries, who rented or owned good houses and considered
+themselves fairly well provided for, as the world goes, are to-day, by
+thousands, not only penniless, but without food, without clothes, and
+without employment.
+
+"There must be fed and clothed these 20,000 until they can work out their
+temporal salvation. And then something ought to be done to help the worthy
+get on their feet and make a fresh start. Some people will leave
+Galveston. It is plain, however, that nothing like the number expected
+will go. Galveston is still home to the great majority. It was a city of
+fine local pride. It was one of the most beautiful of American cities, and
+with its surrounding of gulf and bay was a pleasant place to live in,
+even in summer. Those who can stay and live here will do so.
+
+"If the country responds to the needs in anything like the measure given
+to Johnstown, Chicago, Charleston and other stricken cities and sections,
+Galveston as a community will not only be restored but will enter upon a
+greater future than was expected before the storm.
+
+"This seems rather an extraordinary thing to say. It has been the
+experience, wherefore it is expected here. Since Tuesday there has been no
+doubt of Galveston's restoration. If in the future this city celebrates a
+flood anniversary the day upon which the community's courage was reborn
+ought to be remembered.
+
+"From a central organization the relief work has been divided by wards. A
+depot and a subcommittee were established in each ward of the city. 'They
+who will not work should not eat' was the principle adopted when the
+organization was perfected. Few idle mouths are now being fed in
+Galveston. There are fatherless, and there are widows, and there are sick
+who must have charity.
+
+"But the able-bodied are working in parties under the direction of bosses.
+They are paid in food and clothing. In this way the relief committee is,
+within the first week, meeting the needs of the survivors and at the same
+time gradually clearing the streets and burning the ruins and refuse.
+
+"A single report made by a ward committeeman to Mr. McVittie will serve to
+show on what scale this plan is being carried out. 'In my ward,' said the
+committeeman, 'I have 600 men employed and I am feeding 3,700 persons.'
+
+"The system of the Galveston relief organization is admirable. Perhaps
+never before was economy practiced so rigidly in the distribution of the
+nation's largess. 'Our aim,' Mr. McVittie said, 'is to distribute no money
+at this time, but to employ with relief funds all of the labor in the
+clearing of the city and the cremation of the dead until we have removed
+to that extent the ravages of the storm.
+
+"'We employ all who can work and we give food and clothing as
+remuneration. We scrutinize most carefully applications for charity and
+grant none if the applicant is able to render service. We adopted this
+plan in the beginning and we are going to continue it. Most of our people
+responded to the rule and went to work. To those who were unwilling to
+work we applied the authority of martial law.
+
+"'All Galveston is now at work and the contributions which we are
+receiving from the sympathizing nation are going to pay for the most
+urgent work the storm imposed on us.'
+
+"Six days have wrought surprising changes in conditions at Galveston. Each
+day has been a chapter in itself. Sunday was paralysis. On Monday came the
+beginning of realization. Tuesday might be called the crisis period. And
+the crisis was passed safely. What has been accomplished since the turning
+point on Tuesday is amazing. It is almost as incredible as some of the
+effects of this visitation are without precedent.
+
+"On Sunday the people did little but go about dazed and bewildered,
+gathering a few hundred of the bodies which were in their way. On Monday
+the born leaders who are usually not discovered in a community until some
+great emergency arises began to forge in front. They were not men from one
+rank in point of wealth or intelligence. They came from all classes. For
+example there was Hughes, the 'longshoreman.
+
+"Bodies which lay exposed in the streets and which were necessary to
+remove somewhere lest they be stepped on were carried into a temporary
+morgue until 500 lay in rows on the floor. Then a problem in mortality,
+such as no other American community ever faced, was presented. Pestilence,
+which stalked forth by Monday, seemed about to take possession of what the
+storm had left. Immediate disposition of those bodies was absolutely
+necessary to save the living. Then it was that Lowe and McVittie and Sealy
+and the others, who by common impulse had come together to deal with the
+problem, found Hughes.
+
+"The 'longshoreman took up the most grewsome task ever seen away from a
+battlefield. He had to have helpers. Some volunteered, others were pressed
+into the service at the point of the bayonet. Whisky by the bucketful was
+carried to these men and they were drenched with it. The stimulant was
+kept at hand and applied continuously. Only in this way was it possible
+for the stoutest-hearted to work in such surroundings. Under the direction
+of Hughes these hundreds of bodies already collected and others brought
+from the central part of the city--those which were quickest found--were
+loaded on to an ocean barge and taken far off into the gulf to be cast
+into the sea."
+
+
+HOW THE STORM AFFECTED TRADE.
+
+The following trade statement, issued from New York on Saturday, September
+15, showed the effect of the great storm in commercial circles:
+
+"The tropical storm that devastated the gulf coast, almost wiping out the
+city of Galveston and doing damage in other parts of the country, caused
+reduction in the volume of business at the South, and railroads in the
+gulf region have probably not shown their maximum losses of earnings as
+yet, but even after such a catastrophe a recuperative power is shown.
+
+"From many quarters of the West and Southeast a better distribution of
+merchandise is reported in jobbing and retail circles. The weather has
+continued favorable for the maturing corn crop, with cutting progressing
+and the crop generally beyond danger, but damage to cotton by the storm is
+still an unknown quantity. Prices of staple commodities are higher for the
+week, hoisted by the sharp rise in cotton, but in manufactured products
+there is little change, though steady increases of business at the current
+level is satisfactory.
+
+"Cotton closed last week at the highest price in ten years, and a large
+short interest was awaiting reaction. Instead, there came news of the
+disaster in Texas and sensational reports that 1,000,000 bales had been
+destroyed. At the New York Exchange trading was far in excess of all
+previous records, and prices rose by bounds. Subsequently there were less
+exaggerated reports from the South, but the market failed to respond and
+middling uplands advanced 11 cents.
+
+"The rise in the raw material caused sharp advances in cotton goods. In
+one week standard brown sheetings rose from 5.67 to 6 cents, wide bleached
+sheetings from 20 to 21 cents, standard brown drills from 5.67 to 5.87,
+and staple ginghams from 5 to 5.50 cents. Buyers who have been delaying
+for weeks are anxious to secure liberal supplies, both instant and
+distant."
+
+
+TWO APPEALS WHICH BROUGHT MUCH MONEY.
+
+Two appeals for aid which brought in much money were the following, the
+first one being by the G. A. R. and Women's Relief Corps, Department of
+Texas:
+
+     "The appalling calamity that has befallen Galveston and the coast
+     country has smitten hundreds of our comrades in the city, villages
+     and on farms. In many instances, portions of whole families are lost;
+     in a hundred others, houses are wrecked, live stock killed and crops
+     destroyed.
+
+     "George B. McClellan Post of this city is doing what it can, but its
+     efforts are all inadequate. Systematic organized assistance alone can
+     avert distress, and we therefore appeal to the members of this
+     department in behalf of these comrades. They had made their last
+     stand and effort to secure for themselves and families homes on the
+     coast country of Texas. Their all is involved. Far along in the
+     evening of their life they cannot recuperate.
+
+     "If there was time to make another crop they have nothing with which
+     to make it. Unless we help them they must abandon their homes, their
+     all. If the principles of our order--fraternity, charity and
+     loyalty--are of any avail, it is time to show it. Fraternity means
+     organization--charity means everything and is the 'greatest of all.'
+     Loyalty means standing by our comrades as well as the flag. They were
+     our brothers in arms, they are our kindred in adversity.
+
+     "We confidently expect every post, every member of every corps to
+     contribute something. Remittances and supplies from the G. A. R.
+     should be made to Colonel E. G. Rust, assistant quartermaster
+     general, and from the Women's Relief Corps to Mrs. Mina Metcalf, both
+     of Houston, Texas.
+
+        "CHARLES B. PECK,
+            "Department Commander.
+
+        "ANNETTE VAN HORN,
+            "Department Commander."
+
+The other was by President Michaux of the Travelers' Protective
+Association, addressed to the members of the organization throughout the
+United States:
+
+     "Whereas, A great calamity has befallen the city of Galveston,
+     thousands of dead, dying and wounded to be cared for by our united
+     and benevolent people; and
+
+     "Whereas, Numbers of traveling men are reported seriously wounded;
+     therefore, to care for immediate wants, I deem it necessary to call
+     on the traveling men to contribute as much as in their power to help,
+     aid and assist our stricken companions.
+
+     "Our association is able and will take care of all its unfortunate
+     members, and I appeal to you in the name of charity and love to
+     assist us in caring for them not so fortunate. Remit what you can
+     afford by postoffice, express money order to James E. Ludlow, San
+     Antonio, Texas. Secretaries of all local T. P. A. posts will receive
+     and remit your subscriptions. I trust that this appeal to the
+     traveling men will be met by a quick response. Sincerely and
+     fraternally,
+
+        "D. W. MICHAUX, President.
+            "Texas T. P. A. of America, Houston, Texas."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Insanity Follows Frightful Sufferings of the Poor Victims--Five Hundred
+Demented Ones--Indifferent to the Loss of Relatives.
+
+
+Hundreds of people became insane during the week succeeding the flood.
+They had bravely borne the loss of relatives, the hunger and fatigue, had
+apparently been unmindful of the horrors of the catastrophe, and had, as a
+rule, given no indications of mental aberration while the disaster was on,
+but when the danger was passed and relief from the great strain came, the
+overburdened mind gave way.
+
+J. A. Fernandez, a prominent citizen of Galveston, who was connected with
+the relief work, told of many cases which came under his observation.
+
+The second Sunday following the storm, September 16, he said, in
+recounting his experiences:
+
+"There are at least 500 persons there whose minds have become unbalanced,
+and some have lost every vestige of their mental faculties, there being
+some raving maniacs among them; one of whom came under my personal
+observation. His name is Charles Thompson, a gardener. He occupied a room
+above me at the hotel, and during the night he kept raving and pacing the
+floor and kept calling on God to witness his action, continually invoking
+the mercy of the Deity. He has lost his family and home, and by a miracle
+saved himself.
+
+"As soon as he was out of personal danger on that awful night he commenced
+rescuing women and children and saved seventy people, according to a
+gentleman who knew the circumstances. He then lost his mind. He created so
+much excitement at the hotel that two policemen were detailed to capture
+him. He heard them approaching and leaped out of a three-story window to
+an adjoining building. His fall was somewhat broken, but his body struck a
+bay window in my room. He was badly injured, but continued his mad flight.
+He baffled his pursuers and escaped. This occurred at 5 o'clock this
+morning. This is only one illustration of the conditions that prevail
+there.
+
+"A man whose wife was drowned in the flood had been searching in vain for
+her remains for several days, and yesterday located the body in the water
+near Thirty-third street and Avenue G. Soldiers had also seen the body,
+and they took it in charge. He protested and rushed to take possession of
+the body. The soldiers were stern and had to discharge their duty, and the
+husband, practically demented, was bound while the body was thrown in the
+flames and soon burned to a crisp. The man made frantic efforts to get
+away from the soldiers, but to no avail.
+
+"In the course of my rounds I saw a family of six half-naked, and they
+appeared crazy, and would look into the face of every stranger with a
+vacant stare that was pitiable in the extreme. They were hurrying in the
+direction of the places where provisions were being distributed. They had
+lost their homes, and had only the clothing on their backs. There were
+thousands in a similar condition."
+
+I. Thompson, a young man who was very active in saving life during the
+night of the storm, became insane because of the awful scenes he
+witnessed. Thompson's friends first noticed his condition when he told
+them that one of the persons he rescued had deposited $10,000 in one of
+the Galveston banks to his credit and that he was going to live in luxury
+the rest of his life.
+
+Thompson retired to his room on the third floor of the Washington hotel
+Saturday night seemingly sane. Soon afterward he became violent. The
+person engaged to watch him was compelled to leave the room for a short
+time, and when he returned found Thompson had wrenched the shutters off
+his window and leaped out upon an awning and thence to the street. He was
+seen running toward the bay, and in all probability threw himself in and
+was drowned.
+
+Another case was that of a young woman who was caught in the storm, and
+with two other women and about fifty men and boys found refuge in an
+office. As the storm gradually subsided the young woman started for her
+home quite reassured. She found a wild waste of waters sweeping over the
+site of her home. Among the first victims carried into the temporary
+morgue were the young woman's mother, brother and two children. These were
+quickly followed by her brother's wife and her two sisters. The shock
+overthrew the girl's reason, and she became a nervous wreck, without a
+relative in the world.
+
+
+STORM REFUGEES PRECIPITATE A PANIC IN A CONVENT.
+
+The Ursuline convent and academy, in charge of the Sisters of St. Angelo,
+proved a haven of refuge for nearly 1,000 homeless and storm-driven
+unfortunates. No one was refused admittance to the sheltering institution.
+Negroes and whites were taken in without question and the asylum was
+thrown open to all who sought its protecting wings.
+
+In the midst of the storm the hundreds or more negroes grew wild and
+shouted and sang in true camp-meeting style until the nerves of the other
+refugees were shattered and a panic seemed imminent. It was then that
+Mother Superioress Joseph rang the chancel bell and caused a hush of the
+pandemonium. When quiet had been restored the mother addressed the negroes
+and told them that it was no time nor place for such scenes; that if they
+wanted to pray they should do so from their hearts, and the Creator of all
+things would hear their offerings above the roar of the hurricane, which
+raged with increased fury as she spoke to the awe-stricken assemblage.
+
+The negroes listened attentively and when the mother told them that all
+those who wished to be baptized and resign themselves to God could do so
+nearly every one asked that the sacrament be administered. The panic had
+been precipitated by the falling of the north wall of that section of the
+building in which the negroes had sought refuge. Order and silent prayer
+were brought about by the nun's determination and presence of mind.
+
+Families that had been separated by the conflict of elements were united
+by the waters of the gulf tossing them into this haven of refuge.
+Heart-moving scenes were presented by these unions as the half-dead,
+mangled and bruised unfortunates were rescued and dragged from the waters
+by the more fortunate members of their families.
+
+The academy was to have opened for the fall session on Tuesday and
+forty-two boarding scholars from all parts of the State had arrived at the
+convent, preparatory to resuming their studies on that date. The community
+of nuns comprised forty sisters, and they, too, were there administering
+cheer and mercy to the sufferers, many of whom were more dead than alive
+when brought into the shelter. Within this religious home and in the cells
+of the nuns four babies came into this world during that dark night.
+
+Mother Joseph, in speaking of the incidents of the night within the
+convent walls, said that she believed it was the first time in the
+history of the world that a baby had been born in the nuns' cell of a
+convent. They were christened, for no one expected to live to see the
+light of day, and it was voted that these babes should not leave the world
+they had just entered without baptism, and, regardless of the religious
+belief of the parents, the little ones were baptized.
+
+
+WASHED UP IN A TRUNK.
+
+Mrs. William Henry Haldeman was one of the mothers and whose new-born babe
+was christened William Henry. The experiences of this mother were
+horrible. Only a chapter was learned by a reporter, as told by Mother
+Joseph. Mrs. Haldeman was thrown on the mercies of the storm when her home
+went down and was swept away. The family had separated when they started
+to abandon their home to the greed of the storm. When Mrs. Haldeman was
+carried away on the roof of the wrecked cottage she lost all trace of the
+other members of the family, but never lost faith and courage. The roof
+struck some obstruction and the next instant Mrs. Haldeman was hurled from
+her improvised raft and landed in a trunk which was rocked on the waves.
+
+Cramped up in the trunk, the poor woman, suffering agonies, was protected
+to a limited extent and was afforded some warmth. On went the trunk,
+tossed high on the sea, bumping against driftwood until the crude bark was
+hurled against the Ursuline convent walls and was pulled into the
+building. The little babe was born a few hours later, and while the good
+sisters and some of the women in the building were attending to the mother
+and child another chapter in this family's history was being enacted just
+without the convent walls. In a tree in the convent yard a young man, a
+brother of Mrs. Haldeman, battled with the wind and waters while clinging
+fast to the limb of the tree which swayed and bowed to the wind.
+
+He knew not where he was. He could but merely discern the outlines of the
+academy building. While not knowing his chance of life or death he heard
+the plaintive cry of a child near by. Reaching out with one hand he caught
+the dress of a little tot, who, child-like, cried out, "Me swimming." The
+child had run the mill race buoyed by the force of the storm and had not
+had time to realize her peril. The young man in the tree was Mrs.
+Haldeman's brother, and the child which had come to him on the waves was
+Mrs. Haldeman's little girl. A few minutes afterward a rescuing party was
+sent out from the convent in response to cries for help and found the
+young man and his niece and brought him to the sheltering institution. The
+reunion of at least a part of the family followed a few minutes later.
+
+Dr. Truhart, chairman of the organization of physicians for the relief of
+the wounded and sick, states that there is absolutely no further necessity
+for trained nurses and physicians.
+
+
+SAVED AS BY A MIRACLE.
+
+Destitute save for a few personal effects carried in a small valise, and
+with nerves shattered by a week of horror, Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Prutsman,
+with their two daughters, 12 and 6 years old, reached Chicago Sunday
+morning, September 16, from the flood-swept district of Texas.
+
+"Yes, we were fortunate," said Mrs. Prutsman, as she leaned wearily back
+in a rocking chair and tenderly contemplated the two children at her side.
+"It seems to me just like an awful dream, and when I think of the
+hundreds and hundreds of children who were killed right before our very
+eyes, I feel as though I always ought to be satisfied no matter what
+comes."
+
+Mr. Prutsman said:
+
+"The reports from Galveston are not half as appalling as the situation
+really is. We left the fated city Wednesday afternoon, going by boat to
+Texas City, and by rail to Houston. The condition of Galveston at that
+time, while showing an improvement, was awful, and never shall I forget
+the terrible scenes that met our eyes as the boat on which we left steamed
+out of the harbor. There were bodies on all sides of us. In some places
+they were piled six and seven deep, and the stench was horrible.
+
+"I resided with my family at 718 Nineteenth street. This is fourteen
+blocks away from the beach, yet my house was swept away at 5 p. m.
+Saturday, and with it went everything we had in the world. Fifteen minutes
+before I took my wife and children to the courthouse and we were saved,
+along with about 1,000 others who sought refuge there. When we went
+through the streets the water was up to our arms and we carried the
+children on our heads.
+
+"I assisted for several days in the work of rescue. In one pile of debris
+we found a woman who seemed to have escaped the flood, but who was injured
+and pinned down so she could not escape. A guard came along, and, after
+failing to rescue her, deliberately shot her to end her misery.
+
+"The streets present a grewsome appearance. Every available wagon and
+vehicle in the city is being used to transport the dead, and it is no
+uncommon thing to see a load of bodies ten deep. The stench in the city is
+nauseating. Since the flood the only water that could be used for drinking
+purposes was in cisterns, and it has become tainted with the slime and
+filth that covers the city until it is little better than no water at all.
+
+"Since the city was placed under martial law conditions have been much
+better and there is little lawlessness. The soldiers have shown no quarter
+and have orders to shoot on sight. This has had a wonderful effect on the
+disreputable characters who have flocked into the city.
+
+"Everybody who remains in Galveston is made to work, and the punishment
+for a refusal is about the same as that meted out to ghouls. I saw four
+colored men shot in one day. There were confined in the hold of a steamer
+in the harbor six colored men who were found by the soldiers with a flour
+sack almost filled with fingers and ears on which were jewels. These men
+probably have been publicly executed before this time.
+
+"In the work of rescue we found whole families tied together with ropes,
+and in several instances mothers had their babes clasped in their arms.
+
+"Scores of unfortunates straggle into Houston every day and their
+condition is pitiable. Several have lost their reason. The citizens of
+Houston are doing all in their power to meet the demands of the sufferers,
+and every available building in the city has been converted into a
+hospital. When we arrived in Houston we scarcely had clothes enough to
+cover us and the citizens fitted us out and started us north. The fear of
+fever or some awful plague drove us from Galveston.
+
+"Already speculators are flocking into the city, and there is some
+activity among them over tax-title real estate. In several instances whole
+families were wiped out of existence, and the opportunities in this line
+seem to be great."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Serious Danger from Fire--Scarcity of Boats to Carry People to the
+Mainland--Laborers Imported into Galveston--Untold Sufferings on Bolivar
+Island--Experience of a Chicago Man.
+
+
+One of the serious dangers which Galveston faced for many days was fire.
+Not a drop of rain had fallen during the two weeks succeeding the
+hurricane, and the hot winds and blistering suns made the wrecked houses
+and buildings so much tinder, piled mountain high in every direction. In
+nearly all parts of the city the fire hydrants were buried fifty feet, in
+some places a hundred feet deep under the wreckage, and as yet the water
+supply at best was only of the most meager kind.
+
+Galveston's fire department was small and badly crippled and would have
+been utterly powerless to stay the flames should they once start. There
+was no relief nearer than Houston, and that was hours away.
+
+In view of all the then existing conditions it was no wonder that the cry
+was: "Get the women and children to the mainland; anywhere off the
+island," nor was it a wonder that with one small boat carrying only 300
+passengers and making only two trips a day people fairly fought to be
+taken aboard.
+
+All during Sunday, September 16, fears were entertained by the authorities
+that even this service would be cut off and Galveston left without any
+means of getting to the mainland owing to the trouble with the owner of
+the boat.
+
+The sanitary conditions did not improve to any great extent. Dr.
+Trueheart, chairman of the committee in charge of caring for the sick and
+injured, was proceeding with dispatch. More physicians were needed, and
+he requested that about thirty outside physicians come to Galveston and
+work for at least a month, and, if needed, longer.
+
+The city's electric light service was completely destroyed and the city
+electrician said it would be sixty days before the business portion of the
+city could be lighted.
+
+A glorious and modern Galveston to be rebuilt in place of the old one, was
+the cry raised by the citizens, but it seemed a task beyond human power to
+ever remove the wreckage of the old city.
+
+The total number of people fed in the ten wards Saturday was 16,144.
+Sunday the number increased slightly. No accurate statement of the amount
+of supplies could be obtained as they were put in the general stock as
+soon as received.
+
+
+GALVESTON SCARED BY A FIRE.
+
+Galveston received another scare Sunday night, the 16th, when it became
+rumored that Houston, where all the relief trains were side-tracked, was
+burning with its precious supplies of food and clothing.
+
+The scare grew out of a $400,000 fire in Houston, which destroyed the
+Merchants and Planters' oil mill, the largest in the world. The fire broke
+out at noon, but was not observable until nightfall, when the glow in the
+sky could be seen for a great distance.
+
+Galveston was reassured by telegraph that a second southern Texas calamity
+was out of the question and that the relief supplies were safe.
+
+One feature of the efforts to relieve the people of Galveston was the
+delay in getting supplies to the island city. Trainload after trainload
+was in Houston, which would have assisted materially in the work of
+relief, but on account of the limited transportation facilities they could
+not be hurried there. There was but one track and it was of light rails
+and was used only for terminal business. Even if the supplies were at
+Texas City they could not be moved fast, as there were not enough boats of
+light draft at Galveston. Buffalo bayou could be used from Houston, but it
+was impossible to get the boats for the purpose.
+
+
+LABORERS IMPORTED INTO GALVESTON.
+
+The general committee of public safety at Galveston decided, on September
+17, to import laborers. This action was taken with the consent of the
+local unions. Skilled mechanics had been busy burying the dead without
+pay, but were relieved of this work and replaced by imported unskilled
+labor.
+
+According to Dr. William W. Meloy of Chicago, who has investigated the
+health situation, there was no fever in Galveston September 17.
+
+"The water supply has been adequate," he said, "and is not liable to
+contamination. Nervous prostration, hysteria and mild dementia occur among
+the wealthy class, due to shock, exhaustion and grief. Among the poorer
+classes the use of spoiled food during the earlier part of the week has
+led to intestinal troubles. Several cases of heat prostration have
+occurred among the workmen. The danger from the unburied dead is mostly to
+the people who handle them."
+
+Major Frank M. Spencer arrived at Galveston on September 16 with $50,000
+cash from Governor Sayers, to be expended in hastening the disposal of the
+debris and the burial of bodies. Major Spencer arrived too late to bank
+the money and for twenty-four hours it rested in the safe of the Tremont
+House, guarded by soldiers.
+
+Galveston passed the first Sunday following the disaster burying the dead
+and clearing away debris. General Scurry's order that all men able to work
+should labor to the limit of their strength was carried out to the letter.
+
+"We're thankful," said Mayor Jones on Monday, when told of the arrival of
+the Chicago relief train at Houston. "You can't make that statement too
+strong to the people of Chicago. We are thankful and thankful again.
+Chicago people are among the staunchest friends in the world in times like
+these. Yes, we'll build Galveston up again, and, like Chicago, we'll make
+it a better city than it was. We shall never forget the kindness of the
+people of Chicago in coming so generously to our relief, and we all thank
+them from the bottom of our hearts."
+
+
+A HELP IN GETTING RELIEF SUPPLIES TO THE NEEDY.
+
+Arrangements were completed by the Santa Fe road September 17 whereby it
+established a barge line to Galveston from Virginia Point. This helped
+somewhat in getting relief supplies from the mainland.
+
+Clara Barton, head of the Red Cross league, arrived at Galveston that day.
+
+Captain W. A. Hutchins, superintendent of the Galveston life-saving
+station, returned from a trip along the island and reported that he saw a
+great many bodies. He said the life-saving crew at San Luis had taken from
+the beach 181 bodies and buried them at different points along the
+island.
+
+
+UNTOLD SUFFERINGS OF A FAMILY ON BOLIVAR ISLAND.
+
+After suffering untold privations for over a week on Bolivar peninsula, an
+isolated neck of land extending into Galveston bay a few miles from the
+east end of Galveston island, the Rev. L. P. Davis, wife and five young
+children reached Houston September 17 famished, penniless and nearly
+naked, but overcome with amazement and joy at their miraculous delivery
+from what seemed to them certain death. Wind and water wrecked their home,
+annihilated their neighbors and destroyed every particle of food for miles
+around, yet they passed through the terrible days and nights raising their
+voices above the shriek of the wind in singing hymns and in prayer. And
+through it all not one member of the family was injured to the extent of
+even a scratch.
+
+When the hurricane struck the Rev. Mr. Davis' home at Patton beach the
+water rose so fast that it was pouring into the windows before the members
+of the family realized their danger. Rushing out Mr. Davis hitched his
+team and placing his wife and children into a wagon started for a place of
+safety. Before they had left his yard another family of refugees drove up
+to ask assistance, only to be upset by the waves before his very eyes.
+With difficulty the party was saved from drowning, and when safe in the
+Davis wagon were half floated, half drawn by the team to a grove.
+
+With clotheslines Mr. Davis lashed his 12 and 14 year old boys in a tree.
+One younger child he secured with the chain of his wagon, and lifting his
+wife into another tree he climbed beside her.
+
+While the hurricane raged above and a sea of water dashed wildly below,
+Mrs. Davis clung to her 6-month-old babe with one arm, while with the
+other she held fast to her precarious haven of refuge. The minister held a
+baby of 18 months in the same manner, and while the little one cried for
+food he prayed. In other trees the family he had rescued from drowning
+found a precarious footing.
+
+When the night had passed and the water receded, wreckage, dead animals
+and the corpses of parishioners surrounded the devoted party. There was
+nothing to eat, and, nearly dead with exhaustion, the preacher and his
+little flock set out on foot to seek assistance. They were too weak to
+continue far and sank down on the plain, while Mr. Davis pushed on alone.
+Five miles away a farmhouse was found, partially intact, and securing a
+team Davis returned for his half-dead party.
+
+For two days they remained at the home of the hospitable farmer and then
+set out afoot to find a hamlet or make their way over the desert-like
+peninsula to Bolivar Point. In the heat of the burning sun they plodded on
+along the water front, subsisting upon a steer which they killed and
+devoured raw, until finally they came upon an abandoned and overturned
+sailboat high on the beach.
+
+With a united effort they succeeded in launching the boat and with
+improvised distress signals displayed managed to sail to Galveston. There,
+because of red tape, they were unable to secure clothing, although they
+were given a little food and transportation to Houston. Clad in an old
+pair of trousers, a tattered shirt and torn shoes, with his family in even
+worse plight, the circuit rider of the Patton Beach, Johnston's Bethel,
+Bolivar Point and High Island Methodist churches rode into Houston, dirty,
+weak and half-starved. Here the family were sent to a hospital and cared
+for.
+
+They were sent to Dickinson, Tex., where they had relatives, who aided
+them until the Methodist church came to their relief.
+
+Bolivar reported that up to September 16, 220 bodies had been found and
+buried and many were still lying on the sands. Assistance was needed. It
+was a fact generally commented upon and merely emphasized by the
+clergyman's experience, that while succor was being rushed to Galveston
+other sufferers were neglected. The relief trains en route from Houston to
+Galveston traversed a storm-swept section where famishing and nearly naked
+survivors sat on the wrecks of their homes and hungrily watched tons of
+provisions whirling past them while there was little prospect of aid
+reaching them.
+
+
+MAN HAD HIS BROKEN NECK SET.
+
+One of the most difficult operations known to medical history, and a
+rarity, was performed by Drs. Johnson, Lucas and Ryon Monday morning,
+September 17, at a hospital in Houston.
+
+F. H. Wigzell, of Alvin, a suburban town not far from Galveston, was blown
+half a mile in his house and suffered dislocation of the cervical
+vertebræ. His head fell forward on his chest and he had no power to raise
+it. It was a plain case of broken neck and the physicians operated
+successfully. They placed the neck in a plaster cast and the man will live
+for years to come.
+
+
+MOST TERRIBLE WEEK OF HIS LIFE.
+
+L. F. Menage of Chicago, who returned from Galveston the Friday night
+succeeding the disaster, reached the Tremont Hotel, Galveston, the Friday
+evening before the terrible storm began. He said it had been the most
+terrible week in his experience; the most awful two days a man could
+imagine were the Sunday and Monday succeeding the hurricane.
+
+"One man would ask another how his family had come out," said Mr. Menage,
+"and the answer would be indifferent and hard--almost offish: 'Oh, all
+gone.' 'All gone' was the phrase on all sides.
+
+"The night before the disaster, when I reached the hotel, it was blowing
+rather hard, and the clerk said we were in for a storm, and I asked him if
+his roof was firmly fixed, and he said, 'Well, it won't be quite as bad as
+that,' but by the next night at the same time there was three feet of
+water in the rotunda and the skylight had fallen in and the servants'
+annex had been blown to pieces, and the place was crowded with refugees
+who arrived from all points of the city in boats. Saturday night there was
+little sleep, yet no one realized the extent of the disaster.
+
+"On Sunday morning one could walk on the higher streets, so quickly had
+the water gone down. I took a walk along the beach, and the place was one
+great litter of overturned houses, debris of all kinds and corpses. I met
+one woman who burst into tears at sight of a small rocker, her property
+mixed in among the wreckage. She had lost all her family in the flood.
+
+"People were for the most part bereft of their senses from the horror, and
+a single funeral would have seemed more terrible--more solemn--than a pile
+of cremated bodies.
+
+"The tales of looting are only too true, and as I passed northward in a
+sailboat on Tuesday I heard the shots ring out which told some ghoul was
+paying the penalty. Galveston will rise again on the old site, and without
+as much difficulty as is at present anticipated. Most of the people will,
+however, try and live on the mainland. At least 5,000 persons perished."
+
+
+THE FLOOD HORRORS DROVE THEM CRAZY.
+
+Three-fourths of the people who applied for relief were mentally dull. The
+physicians said with proper care most of them might be cured.
+
+A young girl was brought into the general relief station in Galveston on
+Friday night. The relief corps found her huddled up in an empty freight
+car, laughing and singing to amuse herself. The doctors said food and care
+were all she needed to restore her to reason.
+
+It was over a week after the flood before those from the outside really
+began to find out what the awful calamity was to the people in the
+desolated city.
+
+The first shock was wearing off, the long lists of dead and missing were
+getting to be an old story, and the sick and suffering were crawling into
+places of refuge. Some of them had been sleeping on the open prairies ever
+since the storm, most of them, in fact, men with broken arms and legs,
+sick women and ailing children.
+
+They would crawl out of the wreck of their homes and lie down on the bare
+ground to die.
+
+Relief parties found such as these every day and brought them into the
+hospitals as fast as possible. One relief party found 5,000 people in the
+vicinity of Galveston homeless, helpless, hopeless and tearless.
+
+It was a sight to cause a stone statue to weep.
+
+Monday, September 17, a man rode up to a hospital at Houston, and told the
+doctors he had just come from the Brazos bottoms.
+
+Said he: "The folks there are starving. There is not a pound of flour left
+and the children are crying for milk. There are so many sick people there
+that we don't know what to do. Can you send some one down?"
+
+The physician in charge said he would go at once.
+
+The man on horseback leaned over his saddle and tried to speak. Something
+in his face frightened me. I called to two doctors. They ran out and
+caught him. He was in a dead faint. When we had brought him to he laughed
+sheepishly.
+
+"I don't know what's the matter with me," he said. "Ain't never been taken
+this way before."
+
+The doctors looked at each other and smiled, but the nurses' eyes were
+full of tears. The man had not tasted food for thirty-six hours, and he
+had ridden fifty miles in the broiling Texas sun.
+
+More troops were called for on September 17 by Governor Sayers of Texas to
+relieve those on duty at Galveston who were worn out by their hard work.
+The response was prompt and hearty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Two Women Tell How They Were Affected at Galveston--One Arrived After the
+Catastrophe, While the Other Was in the Storm from Beginning to End.
+
+
+A woman--a newspaper correspondent, and the first of the fair sex from the
+outside to gain admittance to the Sealed City of Galveston--wrote a
+description of what she saw and heard there. She arrived in Galveston on
+Friday, and although she was on a relief train carrying doctors, nurses
+and medical supplies, she had hard work to get past the file of soldiers
+at the wharf, but she at last succeeded.
+
+Said she:
+
+"The engineer who brought our train down from Houston spent the night
+before groping around in the wrecks on the beach looking for his wife and
+three children. He found them, dug a rude grave in the sand and set up a
+little board marked with his name.
+
+"The man in front of me on the car had floated all Monday night with his
+wife and mother on a part of the roof of his little home. He told me that
+he kissed his wife good-by at midnight and told her that he could not hold
+on any longer; but he did hold on, dazed and half-conscious, until the day
+broke and showed him that he was alone on his piece of driftwood. He did
+not even know when the woman that he loved had died.
+
+"Every man on the train--there were no women there--had lost some one that
+he loved in the terrible disaster, and was going across the bay to try and
+find some trace of his family."
+
+As the train neared Texas City, near Galveston, a great flame leaped up,
+and she said to one of four men near her, "What a terrible fire! Some of
+the large buildings must be burning."
+
+She then went on to say:
+
+"A man who was passing on the deck behind my chair heard me. He stopped,
+put his hand on the bulwark and turned down and looked into my face, his
+face like the face of a dead man; but he laughed.
+
+"'Buildings!' he said. 'Don't you know what is burning over there? It is
+my wife and children--such little children! Why, the tallest was not as
+high as this'--he laid his hand on the bulwark--'and the little one was
+just learning to talk.
+
+"'She called my name the other day, and now they are burning over
+there--they and the mother who bore them. She was such a little, tender,
+delicate thing, always so easily frightened, and now she's out there all
+alone with the two babies, and they're burning.'
+
+"The man laughed again and began again to walk up and down the deck.
+
+"'That's right,' said the Marshal of the State of Texas, taking off his
+broad hat and letting the starlight shine on his strong face. 'That's
+right. We had to do it. We've burned over 1,000 people to-day, and
+to-morrow we shall burn as many more.
+
+"'Yesterday we stopped burying the bodies at sea; we had to give the men
+on the barges whisky to give them courage to do the work. They carried out
+hundreds of the dead at one time, men and women, negroes and white people,
+all piled up as high as the barge could stand it, and the men did not go
+out far enough to sea, and the bodies have begun drifting back again.'
+
+"'Look!' said the man who was walking the deck, touching my shoulder with
+his shaking hand. 'Look there!'
+
+"Before I had time to think I had to look, and saw floating in the water
+the body of an old woman, whose hair was shining in the starlight, A
+little farther on we saw a group of strange driftwood.
+
+"We looked closer and found it to be a mass of wooden slabs, with names
+and dates cut upon them, and floating on top of them were marble stones,
+two of them.
+
+"The graveyard, which has held the sleeping citizens of Galveston for
+many, many years, was giving up its dead. We pulled up at a little wharf
+in the hush of the starlight; there were no lights anywhere in the city
+except a few scattered lamps shining from a few desolate, half-destroyed
+houses. We picked our way up the street. The ground was slimy with the
+debris of the sea.
+
+"We climbed over wreckage and picked our way through heaps of rubbish. The
+terrible, sickening odor almost overcame us, and it was all that I could
+do to shut my teeth and get through the streets somehow. The soldiers were
+camping on the wharf front, lying stretched out on the wet sand, the
+hideous, hideous sand, stained and streaked in the starlight with dark and
+cruel blotches. They challenged us, but the marshal took us through under
+his protection. At every street corner there was a guard, and every guard
+wore a six-shooter strapped around his waist.
+
+"I went toward the heart of the city. I do not know what the names of the
+streets were or where I was going. I simply picked my way through masses
+of slime and rubbish which scar the beautiful wide streets of the once
+beautiful city.
+
+"They won't bear looking at, those piles of rubbish. There are things
+there that gripe the heart to see--a baby's shoe, for instance, a little
+red shoe, with a jaunty tasseled lace--a bit of a woman's dress and
+letters.
+
+"The stench from these piles of rubbish is almost overpowering. Down in
+the very heart of the city most of the dead bodies have been removed, but
+it will not do to walk far out. To-day I came upon a group of people in a
+by-street, a man and two women, colored. The man was big and muscular, one
+of the women was old and one was young.
+
+"They were dipping in a heap of rubbish and when they heard my footsteps
+the man turned an evil, glowering face upon me and the young woman hid
+something in the folds of her dress. Human ghouls, these, prowling in
+search of prey.
+
+"A moment later there was noise and excitement in the little narrow
+street, and I looked back and saw the negro running, with a crowd at his
+heels. The crowd caught him and would have killed him, but a policeman
+came up.
+
+"They tied his hands and took him through the streets with a whooping
+rabble at his heels. It goes hard with a man in Galveston caught looting
+the dead in these days.
+
+"A young man well known in the city shot and killed a negro who was
+cutting the ears from a living woman's head to get her ear rings out. The
+negro lay in the streets like a dead dog, and not even the members of his
+own race would give him the tribute of a kindly look.
+
+"The abomination of desolation reigns on every side. The big houses are
+dismantled, their roofs gone, windows broken, and the high water mark
+showing inconceivably high on the paint. The little houses are
+gone--either completely gone as if they were made of cards and a giant
+hand which was tired of playing with them had swept them all off the board
+and put them away, or they are lying in heaps of kindling wood covering no
+one knows what horrors beneath.
+
+"The main streets of the city are pitiful. Here and there a shop of some
+sort is left standing. South Fifth street looks like an old man's jaw,
+with one or two straggling teeth protruding. The merchants are taking
+their little stores of goods that have been left them and are spreading
+them out in the bright sunshine, trying to make some little husbanding of
+their small capital. The water rushed through the stores as it did through
+the houses, in an irresistible avalanche that carried all before it. The
+wonder is not that so little of Galveston is left standing, but that there
+is any of it at all.
+
+"Every street corner has its story, in its history of misery and human
+agony bravely endured. The eye-witnesses of a hundred deaths have talked
+to me and told me their heart-rendering stories, and not one of them has
+told of a cowardly death.
+
+"The women met their fate as did the men, bravely and for the most part
+with astonishing calmness. A woman told me that she and her husband went
+into the kitchen and climbed upon the kitchen table to get away from the
+waves, and that she knelt there and prayed.
+
+"As she prayed, the storm came in and carried the whole house away, and
+her husband with it, and yesterday she went out to the place where her
+husband had been, and there was nothing there but a little hole in the
+ground.
+
+"Her husband's body was found twisted in the branches of a tree, half a
+mile from the place where she last saw him. She recognized him by a locket
+he had around his neck--the locket she gave him before they were married.
+It had her picture and a lock of the baby's hair in it. The woman told me
+all this without a tear or a trace of emotion. No one cries here.
+
+"They will stand and tell the most hideous stories, stories that would
+turn the blood in the veins of a human machine cold with horror, without
+the quiver of an eyelid. A man sat in the telegraph office and told me how
+he had lost two Jersey cows and some chickens.
+
+"He went into minute particulars, told how his house was built and what it
+cost, and how it was strengthened and made firm against the weather. He
+told me how the storm had come and swept it all away, and how he had
+climbed over a mass of wabbling roofs and found a friend lying in the
+curve of a big roof, in the stoutest part of the tide, and how they two
+had grasped each other and what they said.
+
+"He told me just how much his cows cost and why he was so fond of them,
+and how hard he had tried to save them, but I said: 'You have saved
+yourself and your family; you ought not to complain.'
+
+"The man stared at me with blank, unseeing eyes.
+
+"'Why, I did not save my family,' he said. 'They were all drowned. I
+thought you knew that; I don't talk very much about it.'
+
+"The hideous horror of the whole thing has benumbed every one who saw it."
+
+
+ILLINOIS GIRL HAS A TRYING TIME IN THE RUINED CITY.
+
+Miss Alice Pixley, of Elgin, Ill., arrived at her home on Sunday,
+September 16, from Galveston, where she had a most trying time during the
+storm. She told her story in a wonderfully graphic way.
+
+"I had been in Galveston for about six weeks, visiting Miss Lulu George,
+who lives on Thirty-fifth street between N and N 1/2 streets. It was not
+until after the noon hour of Monday that we were frightened. Buildings
+had gone down as mere egg shells before that death-dealing wind.
+
+"About 1:30 o'clock I told Miss George that we must make our way to
+another building about half a block away. The water had risen over five
+feet in two hours, and as I hurried to the front door the wind tore down
+my hair and I was blinded for a time.
+
+"I turned my eyes to the west and for three long miles there was not a
+building standing, everything had been swept away. How we ever reached the
+two-story building a hundred yards away I do not know. We waded through
+the water and every few minutes we were carried off our feet and dashed
+against the floating debris.
+
+"The building we were trying to reach was a store and the foundation kept
+out the water. We hurried to the cellar and stayed there for several
+hours. At last the wind-swept waves found an opening and broke through the
+foundation and we had a mad run to escape the rushing, swirling waters.
+
+"We reached the first floor and I shrank into a corner, expecting every
+second to be carried out to my death. How it happened I can never tell,
+but this and one other building were the only ones left for blocks around.
+
+"As it was several people were killed in the building we occupied and the
+other house that was left standing.
+
+"After a time I felt faint from hunger and, while too weak from fright to
+seek food, I told Miss George that I would go into another room. I
+staggered along the floor until I reached a window, and fell, half
+fainting, through it. As I leaned there I witnessed sights that I pray God
+will never make another see.
+
+"Whirling by me, bodies, more than I could dare count, were crushed and
+mangled between a jumble of timbers and debris. Men, women and children
+went by, sinking, floating, dashing on I know not where. I wanted to
+close my eyes, but I could not. I cried aloud and made an attempt to go to
+my friends, but I was exhausted and all I could do was to watch the
+terrible scenes.
+
+"Babies, oh, such pretty little ones, too, were carried on and on, gowned
+in dainty clothing, their eyes open, staring in mute terror above. Thank
+Providence they were dead.
+
+"I was partly blinded by tears, but I could still see through the mist.
+Little arms seemed to stretch toward me asking assistance and there I lay,
+half prostrated, too weak to lend assistance.
+
+"How it all ended I know not. I must have fainted for I awakened with 'We
+are saved, Alice,' ringing in my ears.
+
+"When I found we could get out of the city I declared I would go at all
+costs. I thought of home and my parents and I wanted to telegraph, just
+like thousands of others, that I was safe.
+
+"It was days before we could get away, however, and then it was in a most
+terrible confusion. Eighty-eight persons crowded on a small boat and
+started for Houston.
+
+"The day we left the militia was out in all its force. I could hear the
+sharp report of a rifle and the wail of some soul as he paid the penalty
+for his thieving operations.
+
+"Later I saw the soldiers with their glistening rifles leveled at scores
+of men and saw them topple forward dead. Oh, they had to shoot those
+terrible beasts, for they were robbing the dead. They groveled in blood,
+it seemed.
+
+"I saw with my own eyes the fingers of women cut off by regular demons in
+the search for jewels. The soldiers came and killed them and it was well.
+
+
+HUMAN BODIES IN FIRE HEAP.
+
+"As we made our way toward the boat that was to take us from the City of
+Death I saw great clouds of smoke rising in the air. Upon the top of
+flaming boards thousands of bodies were being reduced to ashes.
+
+"It was best, for the odor that arose from the dead bodies was awful.
+Still it made one's heart ache with a sorrow never to be equaled as one
+witnessed little children tossed into the midst of the hissing flames. Do
+you wonder I cry?
+
+"Before me, no matter which way I turned, I could see dead bodies, their
+cold eyes gazing at me with staring intentness. I closed my eyes and
+stumbled forward, hoping I might escape for a moment the sight of dead
+bodies, but no; the moment I would open them again, right at my feet I
+would find the form of some poor creature.
+
+
+FULLY 10,000 ARE DEAD.
+
+"Coming to Chicago on the train I read the papers. They are mistaken, away
+wrong. They only say 5,000 dead. It will be more than 10,000.
+
+"I know I am right; every one in Galveston talks of 12,000, 15,000 and
+18,000 dead, but it will be 10,000 at the very least.
+
+"I believe the worst sight I witnessed was the 2,800 bodies being carried
+out to sea and buried in the gulf. Huge barges were tied at the wharves
+and loaded with the unknown dead. As fast as one barge was filled it made
+its way out from the shore, and weighting the bodies, men cast them into
+the water.
+
+"Oh, those eyes," she cried, "that I might put them from my mind. I can
+see those little children, mere babies go floating by my place of refuge,
+dead, dead! God alone knows the suffering I went through. Thousands, yes
+thousands of poor souls were carried over the brink of death in the
+twinkling of an eye, and I saw it all."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Twenty Thousand People Fed Every Day at a Cost of $40,000--Incidents at
+the Relief Stations--Applicants and Their Peculiarities--Great Mortality
+Among the Negroes.
+
+
+Twenty thousand people were fed and cared for daily in Galveston for many
+days with the supplies which poured in from all parts of the country. This
+number was cut at least one-half about October 1.
+
+The estimated cost of the aid extended after the first week of suffering
+was $40,000 a day. The great bulk of the aid went to the 4,000 men at work
+cleaning up the wreckage, digging for bodies and cleaning the streets.
+Through them it went to their families. No able-bodied laboring man was
+allowed to escape the work, whether he needed aid or not, though most of
+them did. The business men in position to resume were allowed to attend to
+their stores, and their clerical forces were not interfered with.
+
+On Tuesday, September 18, the debris-hunting and street-cleaning work was
+put upon a cash basis, the wages being $1.50. Time had been kept from the
+beginning, though the records were not complete. All were paid for the
+full time they worked. This applied to those who had to be made to work at
+the point of a bayonet as well as those who volunteered their services.
+
+This aid was given in the form of orders for tools for mechanics, lumber
+for those who had homes they wished to repair, etc. Heretofore practically
+every able-bodied man had been made to work, and unless he worked he got
+no supplies. The first few days' wages consisted entirely of rations,
+which were given according to the number and needs of the laborer's
+family, regardless of the amount of work he accomplished. Since other
+supplies began coming in they had been added.
+
+The work of distribution was conducted systematically and with an apparent
+minimum of imposition and fraud. There was a central committee, of which
+W. A. McVitie, a prominent business man, was chairman. Then there was a
+committee for each one of the twelve wards. As fast as goods or provisions
+arrived from the mainland they were placed in the central warehouse, from
+which the different ward chairmen requisitioned them, and they were taken
+to supply depots in the different wards. All day long there was a motley
+crowd around every one of these depots, negroes predominating at least two
+to one. Every applicant passed in review before the ward chairman.
+
+"Ah want a dress foh ma sistah," said a big negress.
+
+"You're 'Manda Jones, and you haven't any sister living here," replied the
+chairman.
+
+"Foh de Lord, ah has; ah ain't 'Mandy Jones at all; we done live on Avenue
+N before de storm, and we los' everything."
+
+"Go out with this woman and find out if she has a sister who needs a
+dress," ordered the chairman to a committeeman. In this way check was kept
+on all the applicants for aid.
+
+At the Fifth ward distributing station clothing was given away the evening
+of the 17th. A negro woman, who had been refused a supply, went outside
+and by way of revenge pointed out different ones of her friends and
+neighbors whom she alleged were similarly unentitled.
+
+"Dat woman done los' nuthin' at all," she shrieked. "Ah did not los'
+nuthin' mahself and doan wan' nuthin'."
+
+"What's the trouble?" asked a bystander.
+
+An old negress who was lined up waiting her turn replied. "Oh, she's mad
+'cause de white folks won't give her nuthin'."
+
+So far no woman had been required to work, but a strong feeling developed
+to compel negro women to work cleaning up the houses. There were plenty of
+people who were willing to hire them, but as long as free food and
+clothing could be secured it was hard to get colored women to go in and
+clean up the partially ruined homes.
+
+"Our supply of foodstuffs is adequate," said Chairman McVitie, "but just
+now we are a little short of clothing. We have no idea of the contents of
+the cars on the road to us. Frequently we don't know anything is coming
+until the cars reach Texas City. With the money which has been coming in
+we have been augmenting our supplies by purchasing of local merchants in
+lines where there was a shortage. What do we need most? Money. If we have
+money we can order just what we need and probably get better value than
+the people who are buying it. Many people have made the mistake of sending
+money to Houston and Dallas and asking committees there to buy for us.
+They do not know just what we need, and if we had the money we could do
+better for ourselves. Money should be sent to us."
+
+One of the most remarkable things attending the Galveston disaster was the
+fortitude of the people. Their loss in relatives, friends and property had
+been so overwhelming that it seemed too much to be expressed with outward
+grief.
+
+Two men who had not seen each other since the disaster met in the street.
+
+"How many did you lose?" they asked by common impulse.
+
+"I lost all my property, but my wife and I came through all right."
+
+"I was not so fortunate. My wife and my little boy were both drowned."
+
+There was an expression of sympathy from the other, but nothing
+approaching a tear from either.
+
+"They are making good progress cleaning up," remarked the one whose losses
+were heaviest, with a pleasant smile. The other one made a light answer
+and they passed on.
+
+The people of Galveston had seen so much death that they were temporarily
+hardened to it. The announcement of the loss of another friend meant
+little to a man who had seen the dead bodies of his neighbors and
+towns-people hauled to the wharf by the drayload.
+
+No services were attempted for the dead until nearly a month had passed.
+Neither were there memorial services.
+
+The Rev. J. M. K. Kerwin, priest in charge of St. Mary's Catholic
+cathedral, said: "It was impossible. Priest and layman had to join in the
+work of cleaning the city of dead bodies. I don't expect there will be
+memorial services for a month."
+
+Father Kerwin's church was among the few which was comparatively little
+damaged. He set the value of Catholic property destroyed in the city at
+$300,000. Included in this loss was the Ursula convent and academy, which
+was badly damaged. It covered four blocks between Twenty-fifth and
+Twenty-seventh streets and Avenues N and O. It was the finest in the
+South.
+
+The city rapidly improved in its sanitary conditions. The smell from the
+ooze and mud with which most of the streets were filled was stronger ten
+days after the tragedy than that which came from the debris heaps
+containing undiscovered bodies. When these heaps were being burned and the
+wind carried the smoke over the city the odor was very similar to that
+which afflicts Chicago at night when refuse is being burned at the stock
+yards, and no worse. Soon even the odor of the slime was gone. Every
+dumpcart in the city was at work.
+
+Every Galveston business man talked confidently of the future of the city,
+though many of the clerks announced their intention of going away as soon
+as they can accumulate money enough.
+
+"I am not afraid of another storm," said a clerk in one of the principal
+stores. "But I'm sick and tired of the whole business."
+
+The Southwestern Telephone and Telegraph Company, which is a branch of the
+Erie system, early began to rebuild its telephone system there.
+
+"This will take us three months, and in the meantime we will give no
+service save long-distance," said D. McReynolds, superintendent of
+construction. "We will install a central emergency system the same as that
+in Chicago and put all wires under ground. We will employ 500 men if
+necessary to do the work in ninety days. The company's losses in Texas are
+$300,000--$200,000 here, $60,000 at Houston and the rest at other points."
+
+Residents were greatly pleased at this announcement, as it showed the
+confidence of a foreign company in the future of Galveston.
+
+
+FIFTEEN HUNDRED NEGROES PERISHED AT GALVESTON.
+
+William Guest, a Pullman car porter, returned to Chicago from the
+storm-stricken district Monday, September 17. He said:
+
+"I left Harrisburg night before last, and things then in the neighborhood
+were in a dreadful state. Galveston is about twenty miles distant, and the
+refugees were pouring in the direction of Houston in great numbers. Many
+well-to-do colored people have lost all they had. The Rev. W. H. Cain, a
+colored Episcopal minister, and his entire family were killed, and it was
+reported to me that Mrs. Cuney, the widow of Wright Cuney, was also lost,
+as well as a number of colored teachers employed in the public schools. At
+Houston relief committees have been organized."
+
+The Rev. Mr. Cain was well known in Chicago, having preached several times
+from the pulpit of the St. Thomas Episcopal church on Dearborn near
+Thirtieth street.
+
+Cyrus Field Adams, publisher of the Appeal, Chicago, received a letter
+from Galveston from W. H. Noble, Jr., saying that about 1,500
+Afro-Americans lost their lives in the storm, and that fully 10,000 were
+homeless.
+
+Cooped up in a house that collapsed after being carried along by a deluge
+of water, John Elford, brother of A. B. Elford, No. 269 South Lincoln
+street, Chicago, his wife and little grandson, met death in the flood
+during the Galveston storm. Milton, son of John Elford, was in the
+building with the family at the time, and was the only one of the many
+occupants including fifteen women known to have escaped.
+
+A. B. Elford, bookkeeper for A. M. Foster & Co., No. 120 Lake street, was
+dumfounded when he received the first information of the disaster, for he
+had no idea of his brother being in Texas. John Elford was a retired
+farmer and merchant of Langdon, N. D. He had taken his family on a trip to
+old and New Mexico.
+
+On September 17 Mr. Elford received the following letter from Langdon,
+N. D.:
+
+     "We have just received a letter from Milton. Father, mother, Dwight
+     and Milton went to Galveston from Mineral Springs, Tex., where they
+     had previously been stopping. They were so delighted with Galveston
+     on reaching there that they sold their return tickets and decided to
+     remain about two months. They were at first in a house near the
+     beach, but moved farther away and to a larger and stronger house when
+     the water began to rise.
+
+     "All at once the water came down the street bringing houses and
+     debris. They started to build a raft, but before it could be got
+     together the house started to float. It had gone but a short distance
+     when it went to pieces. Milton was struck with something and knocked
+     out into the water. He came up, caught a timber and climbed to a
+     roof, and thus managed to make his escape. He saw no one escape from
+     the building as it collapsed. We do not believe the bodies have yet
+     been recovered.
+
+     "We have wired for more definite news regarding the bodies, but have
+     heard nothing more.
+
+        "EDGAR ELFORD."
+
+Dwight Elford, one of the drowned, was only five years old. He was the son
+of George Elford of Langdon.
+
+
+THE TAIL-END OF THE WEST INDIAN HURRICANE.
+
+On September 18 a tropical cyclone was central near these islands. The
+storm set in Monday morning, September 17, and was raging with increased
+severity the next day. Heavy cyclone rollers were sweeping in upon the
+coast and a strong northeast gale was blowing.
+
+All of the telegraph wires were blown down.
+
+Southeast rollers began to wash the shores Sunday, but the barometer
+continued high. During the night, however, it commenced falling, showing
+29.91 inches. At 7 o'clock in the morning the wind was rising. By noon it
+had reached gale force from the northeast and rain was falling. The
+barometer then recorded 29.71 inches. The storm continued to increase
+during the afternoon, and at 4 o'clock the wind was blowing more than
+sixty miles an hour, carrying away the telegraph wires. Heavy seas were
+rushing in upon the coast. The barometer continued to fall, recording only
+29.32 inches, but the wind veered to the north, although it was still
+blowing with some violence.
+
+A correspondent at St. John's, N. F., telegraphed as follows the same day:
+
+"From all quarters of Newfoundland come reports of devastation wrought by
+the gale of last Wednesday and Thursday, the outcome of the Texas
+hurricane sweeping north. So far sixty-five schooners are reported ashore
+or foundered, over 100 more being damaged.
+
+"Thirty-one lives have been reported lost so far. This small list of
+fatalities is due to the fact that most of the vessels have been in harbor
+latterly, as the fishing was poor. Several vessels are still missing,
+however, and it is feared the death roll may be enlarged. Labrador has
+suffered severely, fishing craft having been driven on the rocks by the
+shore, which fact, added to the bad fishing season, makes the condition of
+the coast folk pitiable in the extreme.
+
+"In Belle Isle strait the whole of the fishing premises has been
+destroyed. On the French shore over fifty vessels have been battered, ten
+being a total loss. The steamer Francis has been wrecked at St. George's.
+The bark Mary Hendry anthracite laden from New York is dismasted and
+derelict off St. Mary's.
+
+"On the Grand Banks the gale raged with the greatest fury.
+
+"Twenty-four men from Provincetown fishing schooner Willie McKay were
+landed at Bay Bulls Monday morning, their ship having foundered from
+buffeting in the storm Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. The men drifted
+about on the sinking hulk, without food, water or shelter, and only by
+incessant pumping kept her afloat.
+
+"The seas were constantly sweeping the decks and the entire crew were
+lashed about the rigging or bulwarks. They were ultimately rescued by the
+schooner Talisman of Gloucester, which landed them. One man perished from
+the exposure. The crew say the storm must have done awful damage on the
+banks. It seems certain many vessels could not escape the disaster when
+theirs, the finest of the fleet, succumbed."
+
+
+CLARA BARTON'S VIEW OF THE SITUATION.
+
+Miss Clara Barton, head of the Red Cross Society, wrote of the situation
+at Galveston on September 18:
+
+"It would be difficult to exaggerate the awful scene that meets the
+visitors everywhere. The situation could not be exaggerated. Probably the
+loss of life will exceed any estimate that has been made.
+
+"In those parts of the city where destruction was the greatest there still
+must be hundreds of bodies under the debris. At the end of the island
+first struck by the storm, and which was swept clean of every vestige of
+the splendid residences that covered it, the ruin is inclosed by a
+towering wall of debris, under which many bodies are buried. The removal
+of this has scarcely even begun.
+
+"The story that will be told when this mountain of ruins is removed may
+multiply the horrors of the fearful situation. As usual in great
+calamities, the people are dazed and speak of their losses with an
+unnatural calmness that would astonish those who do not understand it.
+
+
+[Illustration: DESTRUCTION OF HOMES BY THE GALVESTON STORM]
+
+[Illustration: GALVESTON SUFFERERS AFLOAT ALL NIGHT]
+
+[Illustration: BODIES OF THE DEAD ALONG THE SHORE AFTER THE GALVESTON
+STORM]
+
+[Illustration: A DESPERATE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE IN THE GALVESTON STORM]
+
+[Illustration: A HERO SAVING HIS WIFE AND MOTHER IN THE STORM]
+
+[Illustration: THE WATER FROM THE GULF DESTROYING GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: GALVESTON NEW COURT HOUSE, BUILT 1899]
+
+[Illustration: LOCOMOTIVE AND TRAIN DASHED INTO FRAGMENTS BY TEXAS STORM,
+GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: CHILDREN THAT WERE NOT HURT BY THE STORM]
+
+[Illustration: BURNING THE BODIES OF GALVESTON VICTIMS]
+
+[Illustration: JESUIT COLLEGE AND CHURCH, GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: SHOOTING VANDALS AT WORK ON THE DEAD BODIES IN GALVESTON
+AFTER THE DISASTER]
+
+[Illustration: EXODUS FROM GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: A SURVIVOR'S DREAM OF THE AWFUL GALVESTON NIGHT]
+
+[Illustration: HEROIC MEN TRYING TO SAVE WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE
+GALVESTON STORM]
+
+[Illustration: SURVIVORS INSANE OVER THE LOSS OF HOMES AND DEAR ONES]
+
+
+"I do believe there is danger of an epidemic. But the nervous strain upon
+the people, as they come to realize their condition, may be nearly as
+fatal. They talk of friends that are gone with tearless eyes, making no
+allusion to the loss of property.
+
+"A professional gentleman who called upon me this afternoon, a gentleman
+of splendid human sympathies and refinement, wore a soiled black flannel
+shirt, without a coat, and in apologizing for his appearance said in the
+most casual, light-hearted way: 'Excuse my appearance; I have just come in
+from burying the dead.'
+
+"But these people will break down under this strain, and the Red Cross is
+glad of the force of strong, competent workers which it has brought to
+their relief.
+
+"Portions of the business part of the city escaped the greatest severity
+of the storm and are left partially intact. Thus it is possible to
+purchase here nearly all the supplies that may be wanting. Still, the
+Galveston merchants should be given the benefit of home demands.
+
+"Mayor Jones has offered to the Red Cross as headquarters the best
+building at his disposal.
+
+"Relief is coming as rapidly as the crippled transportation facilities
+will admit. No one need fear, after seeing the brave and manly way in
+which these people are helping themselves, that too much outside aid will
+be given.
+
+"In reply to the question, 'What is most needed?' I would say: The most
+immediate needs are surgical dressings, the ordinary medical remedies, and
+delicacies for the sick."
+
+
+THEY READ THEIR OWN OBITUARIES.
+
+Reported dead several times, their obituaries printed in Galveston and
+Houston papers, Peter Boss, wife and son, formerly of Chicago, were found
+on the afternoon of September 18, after having passed through a most
+thrilling experience.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Boss were the persons in search of whom Mrs. M. C. McDonald,
+No. 4501 Drexel boulevard, Chicago, went to Houston.
+
+Mrs. Boss' story of her experience in the disaster was a thrilling one.
+With her husband and son she was seated at supper in her home on Twelfth
+street when the storm broke. She seized a handkerchief containing $2,000
+from a bureau, and, placing it in her bosom, went with her husband and son
+to the second story.
+
+There they remained until the water reached them and they leaped into the
+darkness and the storm. They alighted on a wooden cistern upon which they
+rode the entire night, clinging with one hand to the top of the cistern.
+Several times Mrs. Boss lost her hold, and fell backward into the water
+only to be drawn up again by her son. Timbers crashed against their queer
+boat, people on all sides of them were crushed to death or drawn into the
+whirling waters, but with grim perseverance the Boss family held on and
+rode the night out.
+
+Mrs. Boss was pushed off the cistern several times by her excited husband,
+but young Boss' presence of mind always saved her. With her feet crushed
+and bleeding, her clothing torn from her body and nearly exhausted, the
+woman was finally taken from her perilous position several hours after the
+hurricane started.
+
+Her companions were without clothing and were delirious. They were the
+only persons saved in the entire block in which they lived. They were
+taken to emergency hospitals, where they all tossed in delirium until
+Sunday. Mrs. Boss lost her money, and the family, wealthy a week before,
+was penniless. They had to appeal to the city authorities for aid, and got
+but little.
+
+
+TERRIBLE SCENES WITNESSED AT HOUSTON.
+
+The terrible scenes and happenings in Houston, Tex., the great amount of
+damage done and the intense suffering of the people there as a result of
+the recent storm were vividly portrayed in a letter from Walter Scott of
+that city to his sister in Chicago, received September 15.
+
+"Much has been written about the damage done to Galveston," Mr. Scott
+wrote, "and I suppose things there are so terrible that little thought is
+given to other places. But right here in this city the damage is so great
+that one would not believe even time could repair it. Furthermore, the
+suffering here is indeed the greatest I ever heard of. Thousands of
+refugees are here from Galveston and other places and the city is being
+taxed to the limit to find places for all of them.
+
+"Wednesday morning the first contingent arrived. There were about eight
+hundred, and a more forlorn, dejected and suffering lot of people never
+were brought together. The sick were cared for in hospitals and private
+homes, and the greater number of the others were assigned to places. But
+they apparently could not quiet themselves unless so fatigued and weak
+from loss of sleep and want of food that they practically fell down
+exhausted.
+
+"They roamed the streets with scarcely any clothing on them, men, women
+and children; all were hollow-eyed and sunken-cheeked and on the verge of
+despair. It is terrible to realize how many families have been broken up.
+
+"I have listened to harrowing tales until I am actually sick. The
+newspaper reports have not been exaggerated one iota. There is really
+nothing one can say which will express the situation. When I arrived at
+home from New Orleans at 10:30 o'clock Sunday night there wasn't a light
+in the city. Everything was in total darkness. It had been reported on the
+train that 7,000 lives had been lost at Galveston, but this we believed to
+be a gross exaggeration.
+
+"But I have changed my mind. I think now it is a conservative figure. I
+groped my way through the darkness, stumbling over piles of debris, to my
+boarding place, and after no little difficulty succeeded in reaching my
+room. Upon lighting a match I found the place denuded of everything; the
+paper was stripped from the ceiling and was hanging in shreds from the
+walls. It was damp and cold. My landlady, hearing me, soon came in, and
+standing there in the darkness she gave me a harrowing account of what
+they passed through, the details of which the newspapers already have
+described. All the other people in the house had gone elsewhere, and she,
+her husband and myself were alone in the house.
+
+"That night I slept in a fairly dry bed in a tolerably dry room, but all
+the windows in the house had been blown out, and the building was so damp
+and cold that we were almost afraid to sleep there. Some of the rooms in
+the lower part of the building were still flooded. There wasn't a room in
+the entire house that had not been damaged, and the servants' house in the
+yard was almost completely wrecked. The ruins were toppled over and
+leaning against our next-door neighbor's house.
+
+"There is scarcely a structure in Houston which escaped the fury of the
+storm. With the exception of the First Presbyterian, every church lost its
+steeple, and all were damaged to some extent. The streets for two or three
+days and even longer afterward were filled with debris--telephone and
+telegraph poles and wires, huge piles of bricks and timber, tin roofs and
+all kinds of miscellaneous things, such as furniture, trees, etc.
+
+"At Seabrook, a little seaside resort near here, only two homes were left
+standing."
+
+Walter S. Keenan, general passenger agent of the Gulf, Colorado and Santa
+Fe Railroad, arrived in Chicago September 17 from Galveston. He was in the
+general office, which is connected with the Union station at Galveston,
+during the great storm and escaped without injury. He said the accounts of
+the Galveston disaster were in no way exaggerated. The debris, in some of
+the streets, he declared, was thirty feet high. He went to his office in
+the station Saturday morning and was compelled to remain there until
+Sunday afternoon without a bite to eat.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Total Dead and Missing at Galveston and Vicinity, 8,661--Five Million
+Dollars in Relief Necessary to Carry the Survivors Through the Fall and
+Winter to Spring.
+
+
+It was given out from Galveston on Tuesday, September 20, that so far as
+could be ascertained on that date, the loss of life in the great
+catastrophe was as follows:
+
+  Identified                             4,754
+  Unidentified (recovered)                 300
+  Missing                                2,000
+                                        ------
+      Total                              7,054
+
+  Dead in Central and Southern Texas     1,044
+  High Island                              563
+                                        ------
+      Total                              1,607
+
+This makes the grand total of dead 8,661.
+
+The horrifying news reached Dallas late on the afternoon of September 18
+that High Island, a seaside resort thirty miles northeast of Galveston,
+near the gulf shore and in the southwestern corner of Jefferson county,
+Tex., was entirely destroyed by the hurricane of the 8th inst.
+
+The place had about 1,000 residents, many of them visitors.
+
+Not a house was left standing and more than 400 dead bodies were found by
+relief and exploring parties.
+
+General Manager Spangler, of the Gulf and Interstate Railway, also
+received information on that date that more than thirty miles of that road
+had been entirely destroyed between Bolivar Point and High Island.
+
+After looking over the situation carefully, the decision was arrived at,
+ten days succeeding the tragedy, that to put Galveston on her feet would
+require $5,000,000. Such was the opinion of Congressman Hawley, one of the
+city's representative business men. This did not mean that the sum
+mentioned would come anywhere near restoring the city to the condition
+before the storm. Far from it.
+
+Mr. Hawley did not so intend to be understood. He was asked:
+
+"What measure of relief will burn your dead, clean and purify your streets
+and public places, feed and clothe the living, and place your people where
+they can be self-sustaining and on the way to regain what has been lost?"
+
+His reply was: "It will take $5,000,000 to relieve Galveston from the
+distress of the storm. At least that sum will be needed to dispose of the
+dead, to remove the ruins, and to do what is right for the living. I think
+that we should not only feed and clothe, but that we ought to have some
+means to help people who have lost everything to make a start toward the
+restoration of their homes. To do this will require every dollar of
+$5,000,000."
+
+There were then on the scene more nurses and physicians than required. The
+injured were recovering rapidly from their hurts, which were largely
+superficial. Many men and women were suffering from severe nervous shock
+and found it impossible to sleep. Food was coming in by boatload and
+carload faster than it could be handled, in such generous quantities that
+no further doubts were entertained about supplies.
+
+Estimates of the number dependent upon the relief committees varied. Mayor
+Jones made it about 8,000, while other authorities put the number as high
+as 15,000. In the business center the streets had been cleaned and opened.
+All buildings still showed marks of wind and water, but goods were
+displayed and business was being transacted.
+
+The city was gradually assuming the bustling ante-flood appearance. The
+principal streets were electrically lighted. Stenches no longer assailed
+the nostrils, except in the outside circle of destruction, where much
+debris still remained untouched. Cremation of the dead was being pushed,
+but it was many days before the working parties got out the last of the
+bodies.
+
+The whole twenty-two miles' length of the island was submerged.
+
+The horrors of the western portion beyond the city limits were just being
+learned at San Luis. One hundred and eighty-one bodies were buried on
+September 17. Between twenty and thirty bodies were counted among the
+piles of the railroad bridge between the island and Virginia Point. In
+Kinkead's addition about 100 were lost, eighteen in one house.
+
+The farther the men worked in the Denver reservoir section the more
+numerous were the dead. Fires were burning every 300 feet on the beach and
+along many of the streets.
+
+Mayor Walter C. Jones made a statement on that day of conditions and needs
+of Galveston people, basing his conclusions on the most reliable
+information which has come to him.
+
+Mayor Jones' statement was as follows:
+
+"It is almost impossible to speak definitely as yet of the needs of our
+people. We are broke, the majority of us. Galveston must have suffered, in
+my estimation, based upon all of the reports I have, $20,000,000. We now
+need money more than anything.
+
+"From the advices I have received I believe the shipments of disinfectants
+and food supplies now on the way will be sufficient to meet the immediate
+wants. By the time these are used we shall have regained our
+transportation facilities and stocks of everything, so that we can use
+money more advantageously.
+
+"It is impossible to state just how much money has reached us. We have
+received from the Governor, at Austin, $100,000 in cash. That is from the
+general fund. Special contributions have come through the Chamber of
+Commerce, the Cotton Exchange and several other channels. We have between
+1,500 and 3,000 men at work searching for bodies, clearing the streets and
+burning debris. Of this work, which ought to be done as fast as possible
+in the interest of the living, there is enough to keep 3,000 employed for
+forty days, although I believe we shall have the principal streets clear
+in ten days or two weeks.
+
+"I hesitate to say how much it will take to put Galveston where her people
+can care for themselves. Certainly $5,000,000 will be a moderate estimate.
+There is not a building but is damaged, not a house of those left standing
+but will have to be re-roofed, and few that will not need to be
+straightened on their foundations. If Galveston could get $10,000,000 it
+would be used judiciously to enable the people to become self-sustaining.
+
+"It is true Galveston is represented as being one of the wealthiest cities
+of the country. But our rich people had everything here and are crippled.
+The people of moderate means, who had homes and worked on salaries are,
+with scarcely an exception, ruined. The class dependent upon labor must be
+furnished something to do for wages or must suffer.
+
+"Dr. Lord and others, who have been among the people more than I have, say
+there are 8,000 helpless who must be fed and clothed and carried along for
+some time to come, even after what might be called immediate needs have
+been met.
+
+"There is no contagious disease and we do not anticipate any. But many are
+suffering from shock and exposure and from injuries received among the
+ruins. The City of Galveston, I am convinced, lost fully 5,000 persons.
+Down the island, outside of the city limits, were scattered between 2,000
+and 3,000 persons. From the reports slowly coming in it appears that most
+of these people lost their lives. The island in the sparsely settled parts
+seems to have been swept clean of habitations."
+
+The most motley crowd of United States regulars ever seen at attention
+lined up before Captain Rafferty the second Monday after the calamity.
+Battery O, First United States Artillery, the organization, was battered
+Battery O. No two men were dressed alike. Parts of uniforms and clothes
+which bore no semblance to any uniform were barely sufficient to cover
+nakedness, and in some cases there were bad rents, which showed the bare
+anatomy on dress parade.
+
+Battery O came out of the storm with a loss of 28 out of 190 men, a loss
+seldom sustained in battle. One of these regulars floated fifty-two miles
+on a door, another was carried on an outhouse across the island and then
+across Galveston Bay. The survivors had been barracked in a shattered
+church since the Sunday after the storm. They were sent to San Antonio to
+be outfitted and armed.
+
+The officers and men lost everything and had to get clothes to cover them.
+
+James Stewart, of St. Louis, had undertaken to see that Captain Benton
+Kennedy's boys did not suffer. It was believed the grain men of St. Louis
+would take a personal interest in this case. Captain Kennedy came to
+Galveston from St. Louis, Mo., where he was well known. He was
+superintendent of Elevator A. His family consisted of his wife, three boys
+and two girls. In August Captain Kennedy bought a nice home and moved into
+it. When the storm made the house no longer safe he placed Henry and
+Edwin, little fellows of 15 and 9, on a raft at the door and went back for
+the others. The raft was carried half a mile and the boys were rescued.
+Captain Kennedy and Mrs. Kennedy and the sisters and one brother were
+lost.
+
+Adjutant-General Thomas Scurry said Monday evening, September 17:
+
+"In my opinion the situation is rapidly growing better; the people found
+themselves dazed and shattered as a result of the storm. While there was
+an abundance of energy remaining, as might have been naturally expected, a
+vast amount of it was not concentrated. It has been the policy of this
+office to concentrate energies. These efforts have been most gratifying.
+We have a large number of men, possibly 2,000, at work.
+
+"What is most needed for Galveston now is money. Thousands of persons who
+owned their little homes have had them destroyed. They are now dependent
+upon the generosity of the outside world and upon the Relief Committee to
+prepare for the rigors of winter and to refurnish their homes with
+necessities. No man who has not been an eye-witness to the desolation
+which has swept over this city can have the faintest conception of what it
+means.
+
+"Galveston lies on an island about a mile wide from north to south, the
+city covering about six miles of this east and west. Along the southern
+side for a distance of two to five blocks every house has been absolutely
+demolished. Such of these unfortunates as were not drowned are now
+penniless."
+
+
+AN EYE-WITNESS TELLS OF THE STORM.
+
+A graphic description of the storm was that given by R. L. Johnson, a
+prominent citizen of Galveston. He said:
+
+"I reached home after wading in water to my neck and made immediate
+preparations to take my wife and three children where I felt their safety
+would be assured. The water began to rise so rapidly that in fifteen
+minutes we were driven to the second floor, and it was then impossible to
+leave the house. At this time Neighbor Kell's house, adjoining mine, went
+down with husband, wife and children. Then down Avenue S came two small
+cottages, which struck a telegraph pole and stopped directly in front of
+my house. I heard children crying and women screaming. The words, 'O God,
+save me,' I can still hear ringing in my ears.
+
+"Another cottage came sweeping by and carried away the gallery of my
+house. The Artigan, Henman and Pennings houses, carrying eighteen persons,
+floated by and I could see the struggling forms in the water.
+
+"I was expecting it was our turn next. I kissed my wife and children
+good-by, and as I did so my eldest boy, a lad of 15, said: 'Father, it is
+not our time to die.' Then came the piercing scream of a woman, followed
+by a crash, and another house turned over on its side and was driven past
+by the wind and flood.
+
+"The current was running like a mill race. The water was already on our
+second floor, and the waves kept knocking us about until we were
+completely exhausted. Then the wind went, and the water began to fall. I
+looked about and could not see a house for two blocks; there was nothing
+but a flood of water in every direction. In the morning we found our
+house had been moved about ten feet and deposited upon the sand."
+
+
+GALVESTON AGAIN MADE A PORT.
+
+"Issue bills of lading to Galveston and through Galveston to other
+points."
+
+On September 17, up and down the International and Great Northern, the
+Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Santa Fe and their connections the wires
+were carrying the official information that Galveston would be a terminal,
+a sure enough port, as soon as the traffic could reach there. The
+Vice-Presidents and General Managers and General Agents had mastered the
+railroad wreck, they had set the time for the running of the first train
+into Galveston, and that time was Friday, September 21. By that date,
+according to the engineers, the temporary bridge would be ready for use.
+It was ready to the minute.
+
+The news that the roads had declared readiness to accept freight for
+Galveston and through Galveston was received by business men as tidings of
+great joy. It added greatly to the improvement of spirit. For several days
+after the storm the prediction was that no trains would enter Galveston
+under thirty days and that the time might be sixty days.
+
+Equally exhilarating with the action of the railroad men was the action
+taken by Secretary Bailey, of the Wharf Company, that exportation of wheat
+would be resumed to-morrow morning. The machinery of Elevator A was
+started up and was successful. Monday afternoon the wharf was cleared. A
+steamship was brought under the spout and loaded. James Stewart, Mr.
+Orthwein and other St. Louis grain men said almost the entire stock of
+wheat would be saved.
+
+The number of persons who left Galveston up to September 17, it was stated
+at relief headquarters, was over 8,000, of whom about 5,000 were then in
+Houston being cared for. Others had gone on into the interior of the State
+or to other States. The number coming up on the trains showed no falling
+off.
+
+New arrangements made at Galveston enabled people to get out without so
+much red tape and they took advantage of the opportunity to do so.
+Governor Sayers had now taken charge of the relief work here at all
+points, and money was being given out where needed, more than provisions
+and clothing.
+
+
+SWELLING THE RELIEF FUND.
+
+On September 18 Chicago had raised over $100,000 for the Galveston
+sufferers; New York nearly $300,000; St. Louis nearly $70,000, and other
+cities the following amounts:
+
+  Boston                      $32,700
+  Philadelphia                 28,320
+  Pittsburg                    27,108
+  New Orleans                  26,100
+  San Francisco                18,000
+  Kansas City                  17,000
+  Louisville                   14,000
+  Milwaukee                    14,046
+  Baltimore                    15,000
+  Denver                       13,000
+  Minneapolis                  12,000
+  Newark, N. J.                12,000
+  Cleveland                     9,345
+  Memphis                       9,123
+  Cincinnati                    9,000
+  Colorado Springs              7,200
+  St. Paul                      7,000
+  Topeka, Kan.                  5,438
+  Charleston, S. C.             6,000
+  Omaha, Neb.                   6,212
+  Los Angeles                   5,184
+  Detroit, Mich.                5,190
+  Indianapolis                  4,000
+  Helena, Mont.                 4,108
+  Johnstown, Pa.                3,000
+  Columbus, Ohio                3,100
+  South Bend, Ind.              1,985
+  Springfield, Ill.             2,000
+  Portland, Ore.                2,100
+  Lexington, Ky.                2,098
+
+The United States embassy at Berlin, Germany, cabled $500 to Governor
+Sayers on September 17.
+
+General J. B. Vinet, president of the Red Cross Society, State of
+Louisiana, New Orleans, received on Tuesday morning, September 18, a
+telegram from Miss Clara Barton, who was at Galveston, as follows:
+
+     "Find greatest immediate needs here are surgical dressings, usual
+     medicines and delicacies for the sick. No epidemic, but many people
+     are worn out with suffering and exertion who need tender care and
+     proper food.
+
+        "CLARA BARTON."
+
+Building material was needed at Galveston but its delivery was necessarily
+slow, owing to the lack of rail communication with the mainland.
+
+There were still many pitiable cases of destitution. Many half-demented
+persons positively refused to leave their wrecked homes and as
+persistently refused to accept offers of relief extended them. In several
+instances parents who had lost children still occupied ruins of their
+former home and the surroundings had brought them to a state of mental and
+physical collapse.
+
+The number who had gone insane as a result of their experiences will
+probably never be known. In every lot of refugees sent out of the stricken
+city there were many insane men and women. The victims first made light of
+their losses, and laughed immoderately when telling of the death of
+relatives in the flood. It was a very short step from this to
+uncontrollable madness.
+
+The state militia companies did splendid work in patrolling the city after
+the storm, and many of the men were of the belief that they should be
+allowed to return to their homes and troops sent from other parts of the
+state to fill their places.
+
+The fears of an epidemic were allayed by the presence and the distribution
+of medicines and disinfectants and therefore a feature which would
+undoubtedly have had the effect of causing many to seek succor elsewhere,
+was eliminated from the situation.
+
+
+GOVERNOR SAYERS SENDS HIS THANKS.
+
+Governor Sayers, of Texas, sent out the following expression of thanks on
+behalf of the sufferers in Galveston and as the representative of the
+people of his state:
+
+"In behalf of the people of Texas I desire to express my acknowledgment to
+the people of the United States for the ready and generous response they
+have made in coming to the aid of our afflicted people. The number of
+deaths, the amount of destitution, and the loss of property is far greater
+than had been anticipated.
+
+"The Secretary of the Navy has placed the revenue cutter Galveston at my
+disposal, and I have in turn placed it at the disposal of the mayor of
+Galveston. The addition of this cutter to the boats already loaned by the
+Federal government will give us five boats at Galveston to handle
+supplies and passengers to and from the mainland, and I anticipate that
+their presence there will relieve the situation materially.
+
+"The city authorities at Galveston are in full control, and every effort
+is being made to bury the dead, to remove the debris, and to sanitate the
+city. Contributions of the most liberal character are reaching me, and I
+shall see that the money is used to the best advantage for the sufferers
+and that there shall be no waste of the magnificent contributions coming
+from the free hands and generous hearts of a sympathetic people."
+
+No idea could possibly be formed as to the frightful crush of railroad
+trains bearing relief supplies in and around Houston and Texas City, the
+latter being but six miles from Galveston, but separated from it by a
+stretch of water. Owing to the small number of vessels plying between
+Texas City and Galveston the shipment of supplies to the latter was
+necessarily aggravatingly slow.
+
+
+GREWSOME SCENES AND HARROWING INCIDENTS.
+
+Grewsome scenes and soul-harrowing incidents of the time immediately
+following the great gale in Galveston were graphically portrayed in a
+letter from a young woman caught on the island in the awful storm. It was
+written by Miss Nellie Cary to her parents, who live at 5408 Lake avenue,
+Chicago. Miss Cary had been home on a vacation for several weeks and left
+Chicago for Galveston the Tuesday evening before the hurricane, reaching
+the doomed city just in time to participate in the terrible experience.
+Her letter follows:
+
+"Galveston, Wednesday, September 12.--Dearest Parents: Have not had a
+minute to write and cannot collect my thoughts to tell you of the horrible
+disaster down here. Thousands of dead in the streets--the gulf and bay
+strewn with dead bodies. The whole island demolished. Not a drop of
+water--food scarce. If help does not reach us soon there will be great
+starvation for everybody.
+
+"The dead are not being identified at all--they throw them on drays and
+take them to barges, where they are loaded like cordwood, and taken out to
+sea to be cast into the waves, now peaceful, which were so hungry for them
+in their anger.
+
+"I was at the wharf this morning for a short time and saw three barges
+loaded with their grewsome freight. The bodies are frightful, every one
+nearly nude. God alone knows who they are.
+
+"The bay is full of dead cattle and horses, together with human corpses,
+blistering in the hot sun. It will be impossible to remove the dead from
+the debris for weeks--the whole island is frightful. I saw thirty-eight
+bodies taken from one house. Every one is striving to get the bodies
+buried for fear of the plague.
+
+"I never expected to get out alive, but thank God, not one of us was
+killed. We were driven back to the stairs, and up, stair by stair, by the
+great waves. The wind was blowing over a hundred miles an hour, and the
+rain fell in torrents. Never shall I forget the sight as darkness settled
+upon us. I thought of you, papa and mamma, and prayed that you might be
+comforted. Our roof is now gone, the walls have fallen around us, but we
+still have a floor and--I can't tell you, it is too horrible.
+
+"I was nearly drowned getting home from the office at 4 o'clock Saturday
+afternoon. Mrs. Whitman is almost crazy and is in a dangerous condition. I
+have lost everything; am now wearing clothes borrowed from those who were
+more fortunate. The stench is terrible.
+
+"Thousands of horses and cattle without owners are in the most pitiable
+condition imaginable; not a drop of water for them to drink since Saturday
+morning. And the people--I wonder that everybody is not mad at the
+horrors. No account can exaggerate it. It is absolutely necessary that
+everybody in the United States do what they can.
+
+"Nearly all our help at Clark & Courts are drowned--Mr. Hansinger, his
+whole family, our other bookkeeper and a number of the girls. The town is
+under martial law to protect it from the mob. Last night a negro was
+arrested with ten fingers in his pockets, with valuable rings on them. Mr.
+Fayling, at our house, is in command of the protective force. They have
+had to shoot many to keep the horrible ghouls in control. Eddie Rogers is
+next in command, and is doing noble work. I have done what I could to help
+the dying and wounded.
+
+
+COMPLETE RUIN FOR MILES.
+
+"We were on the highest point of ground in Galveston. That is all that
+saved us. For blocks and blocks, reaching into miles, not a house remains;
+not a building but is completely demolished--houses just torn board from
+board and piled up. I have climbed over wreckage forty feet high in the
+streets to get to places. I think we were more fortunate than any one else
+in town. I think not one was killed, though our escape was narrow. With
+the exception of Mrs. Whitman all were calm, though I reckon everybody
+quaked inside--I know I did.
+
+"Thursday.--Am well. Had something to eat this morning, and a little
+rainwater. Coffee is plenty, but water scarce. To-day the flesh slips off
+the bodies as they take hold to drag them from the ruins. They are piling
+them in great heaps now and burning them. The horrors multiply. I have
+seen men shot down in the streets by the soldiers. The stench is untold.
+Last night the awful smell kept us awake although we were utterly
+exhausted. It fills your throat and mouth, and makes your head ache so.
+
+
+COMPARATIVELY FEW CHILDREN LEFT.
+
+"The horrible experiences it will take years to tell and more than a
+lifetime to forget. If you could be here you would feel that your anxiety
+was nothing. It is so pitiable to see husbands, with a look of despair in
+their eyes, searching for their wives and children; wives for their loved
+ones; and, most pitiable of all, the comparatively few children--although
+they are enough, God knows, to be left orphans and homeless--looking into
+every one's face with frightened, appealing eyes. It is heartrending.
+
+"Now I am much better off. I am safe, so please don't worry. I hope to
+hear from you soon.
+
+"Best love and kisses to both from
+
+"NELLIE."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+Galveston's Inhabitants Refuse to Heed the Lessons Taught by their
+Experiences--Carelessness in Failing to Provide Against the Recurrence of
+Catastrophes.
+
+
+Although Galveston had been struck three times with floods and hurricanes
+even this experience was not enough to convince the residents that it
+might happen again. Only a few of the more cautious had any idea after the
+last disaster of taking steps to prevent its repetition. Asked if anything
+would be done to make future floods impossible they might probably quote
+the old saw: "Lightning never strikes in the same place twice," and seem
+to think that settled it. In the next sentence they would compare the
+damage done in the floods of 1875 and 1886 with this latest disaster.
+
+"No," said E. M. Hartrick, assistant United States engineer, "the people
+of Galveston will go on living in fancied security just as they did
+before. The plan to put a dike around the city is perfectly feasible and
+so is a series of jetties. I think the good old Holland plan is the best.
+The city doesn't need to be raised. I was six years city engineer of
+Galveston, and following the storm of 1886 drew plans for a dike ten feet
+high and extending all around the island except on the north side. There
+the wharves were to be raised and form the dike.
+
+"Galveston gave this plan consideration, and there is a map of the city in
+existence which shows it with a dike surrounding it. The legislature gave
+authority to bond the city, but it was some months after the flood when
+this had been secured, and the people said, 'Oh, we'll never get another
+one,' and they didn't build."
+
+The construction by the government of two jetties, one eight miles long
+extending out southeast for the purpose of making a narrower and deeper
+channel for boats coming into Galveston harbor, made the necessity of
+remedial work more apparent, but nothing was done. In the last storm, the
+southwesterly one of the jetties pocketed the water and carried it up over
+the southeastern end of the island.
+
+This was the place where whole blocks of buildings were literally washed
+away, leaving hardly enough of the foundations to indicate that buildings
+ever stood there. In that part of the city the water rose to a depth of
+fifteen feet in the streets. Had the houses demolished by waves and swept
+away by wind not formed into a great jam similar to a log jam, but
+extending along the south shore of the island for seven miles, this
+enormous body of water would have swept over the entire island and the
+number of dead would have been quadrupled.
+
+"It formed a dike," said Engineer Hartrick, in calling attention to this
+feature of the flood, "and had it not been for that dike we might not any
+of us be here now."
+
+According to Mr. Hartrick, Galveston had the wrong style of architecture
+for a gulf town. Its newer buildings were built on the northern plan with
+balloon frames, and poorly adapted to stand a blow.
+
+"This storm was a hurricane," he said, "just such as they have in the West
+Indies every summer, but which we have here perhaps once in a hundred
+years. Still we never know when one may come again, and we should build
+our houses accordingly."
+
+Colonel Davidson, a member of the relief committee, had given some time in
+the past to consideration of projects to prevent inundations. He favored
+the jetty system, but, like Engineer Hartrick, said nothing would ever be
+done.
+
+"You never heard of a man wanting an umbrella when it wasn't raining, did
+you?" he asked. "What we want is not to keep all the water out. We want
+the waves to break their force before they rise on to the island. It was
+the force of the great waves which wrecked the houses."
+
+The work of extracting bodies from the mass of wreckage continued.
+Tuesday, September 18, over 400 bodies were taken out of the debris which
+lined the beach front. With all that had been done to recover bodies
+buried beneath or pinned to the immense drift, the work had scarcely
+started. There was no time to dig graves and the putrefying flesh, beaten
+and bruised beyond identification, was consigned to the flames. Volunteers
+for this grewsome work came in fast. Men who had avoided the dead under
+ordinary conditions were working with a vigorous will and energy in
+putting them away.
+
+Under one pile of wreckage Tuesday afternoon twenty bodies were taken out
+and cremated. In another pile a man pulled out the remains of two children
+and for a moment gazed upon them, then mechanically cast them into the
+fire. They were his own flesh and blood. As they slowly burned he watched
+them until they were consumed, then resumed his work assisting others in
+removing other bodies.
+
+A large force of men was still engaged in removing the dead from Hurd's
+lane, located about four miles west of the city. At this point the water
+ran to a height of fourteen feet, and hung up in trees and fences were the
+bodies of men, women and children, which were being collected and cremated
+as fast as possible.
+
+On the mainland the searching for and cremating of bodies that either
+perished or found lodgment there was being prosecuted vigorously.
+
+The situation throughout the country extending from Bolivar to High island
+was possibly worse than in any other section of the mainland.
+
+Clara Barton, president of the Red Cross Society, issued an appeal on
+September 18 to the American people for money and supplies for the sick
+and wounded. Her idea was to spend some of the money with local merchants
+wherever practicable.
+
+Chairman Davidson of the relief committee stated that the greatest
+sufferers from the storm were the people of limited means who owned homes
+near the beach. There were hundreds of these people who owned mortgaged
+lots and had homes constructed by the loan companies and though their
+property was swept away the loan companies were protected by liens.
+
+Mr. Davidson advised that a fund be raised for people who had suffered in
+this way, that they might be able to restore what took them years to
+accumulate and was taken from them in a single night.
+
+The resources of the numerous sub-relief stations scattered throughout the
+city were taxed to their utmost capacity, and long lines of people awaited
+their turns for provisions and clothing.
+
+At Texas City a force of deputy United States marshals under Marshal Grant
+was guarding the entrance to Galveston and keeping back all people who
+could show no good reason for desiring to go there. People were daily
+leaving the city, a majority being women and children. The city was still
+under martial law, and remained so for weeks. Idlers and sight-seers who
+eluded the guards on the mainland upon their arrival were pressed into the
+street service. There was no place for a man who would not work. It was
+work or go to jail, and they generally went to jail.
+
+
+GOVERNOR SAYERS IN A HOPEFUL MOOD.
+
+"I look for the rebuilding of Galveston to be well under way by the latter
+part of this week," said Governor Sayers, of Texas, on September 18, at
+Austin, the state capital. "The work of cleaning the city of unhealthful
+refuse and burying the dead will have been completed by that time, and all
+the available labor in the city can be applied to its rebuilding.
+
+"If the laboring people of Galveston will only get to work in earnest
+prosperity will soon again smile on the city. Arrangements have been made
+to pay all the laborers working under the direction of the military
+authorities $1.50 and rations for every day they have worked or will work.
+An account has been kept of all work done and no laborer will lose one
+day's pay.
+
+"The money and food contributions coming from a generous people have been
+a great help to the people of Galveston, as it has relieved them of the
+necessity of spending their money to support the needy, and it can now be
+applied to the improvement of their own property and putting again on foot
+their business enterprises.
+
+"Five dollars a day is being offered to the mechanics who will come to
+Galveston, and, with the assurance from reputable physicians that there is
+no extraordinary danger of sickness, outside laborers will flock to
+Galveston and before many days a new city will rise on the storm-swept
+island.
+
+"The telegraph and telephone companies and railroads have been exceedingly
+generous since the great calamity. They have not only given money, but
+everything has been transported to that city free of charge, while those
+desiring to get away from the harrowing scenes of Galveston have been
+transported free. The people of Texas will long remember with grateful
+hearts the kindness of these companies.
+
+"It is now an assured fact that trains will be running into Galveston this
+week, and with uninterrupted communication with the outside world
+Galveston should soon assume her normal condition."
+
+
+SAD SIGHTS AT VIRGINIA POINT.
+
+When the relief train reached Virginia Point, which is on the mainland,
+opposite Galveston, it was found that of those who survived the flood and
+hurricane the majority was severely injured. Most of them were bruised and
+maimed, presenting a pitiful sight, their limbs lacerated and bleeding.
+All bemoaned the fate of those dear to them.
+
+Many of the dead--and the beach was strewn with corpses--had their faces
+and heads mutilated so that it was almost impossible to learn the names of
+those who found their last resting-place in the crude graves hurriedly
+dug. A headboard was placed on the grave in every instance, giving as
+nearly as possible age and accurate description.
+
+It was found necessary in many instances to bury three and four in one
+grave.
+
+Those who survived the wreck were homeless and had had nothing to eat
+since Saturday. As most of them were injured it was not possible for them
+to organize a movement on their part. Life sustenance was furnished these
+survivors in order that they might not swell the list of dead.
+
+Most of the bodies found in and around the vicinity of Virginia Point were
+supposed to have been washed inland from Galveston.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+Galveston's Storm Flies Over the United States and Does Great Damage--Many
+Lives Lost--It Finally Disappears in the Atlantic Ocean.
+
+
+When the hurricane was through with Galveston and central and southern
+Texas it sped north through Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska--its path being
+300 miles in width--and then turning toward the east, or slightly
+northeast, crossed northern Iowa, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
+southern Michigan, northern Illinois, northern Indiana, northern Ohio,
+northern New York and southern Canada, finally disappearing in the
+Atlantic ocean, creating wreck and havoc wherever it went. It caused great
+losses of life and property in Newfoundland and destroyed many vessels off
+the eastern coast of the United States.
+
+The following dispatches show how widespread was its fury:
+
+Buffalo, September 12.--Immense damage was done here and at other lake
+ports by the Texas storm which traveled with great violence down Lake Erie
+last night. Reports from Crystal Beach, a summer resort on the Canadian
+side of Lake Erie, say that every dock has been destroyed, and all the
+boats of the Buffalo Canoe Club, together with several large seagoing
+yachts anchored there, were completely wrecked.
+
+In this city the wind attained a velocity of seventy-two miles an hour,
+and seemed to regain some of the power which it exhibited in wrecking
+Southern cities. Reports of property loss and fatalities have come in.
+
+St. Joseph, Mich., September 12.--The steamer Lawrence arrived here at 1
+o'clock this afternoon from Milwaukee. She left that place at 8 o'clock
+yesterday morning, and the captain reports a fearful voyage. The captain's
+wife was here from Milwaukee and was on the dock waiting to meet her
+husband when the boat touched the dock. The meeting between the two was
+affecting. All this morning anxious watchers waited on the bluffs at the
+mouth of the river for a glimpse of the missing boat. Many people had
+friends among the passengers and crew, and as the morning hours wore on
+their anxiety became intense.
+
+Cleveland, September 12.--As a result of the furious gale which swept over
+the lake region last night telegraph and telephone lines were prostrated
+in all directions from this city to-day. During the height of the storm
+the wind reached a velocity of sixty miles an hour. To-day the storm is
+subsiding, the wind having dropped to twenty-six miles an hour.
+
+Up to noon to-day the big passenger steamers City of Erie and the
+Northwest, which left Buffalo last evening for this port, have not been
+heard from. They were due here at 6 o'clock this morning. The passenger
+steamer State of Ohio, due here about the same hour from Toledo, had not
+arrived at noon.
+
+The wind blew sixty miles an hour across Lake Erie, but the warnings had
+been so thorough that few vessels were caught unprepared. The steamer
+Cornell of the Pittsburg Steamship Company's fleet lost her smokestack off
+Fairport. Her barge anchored, but both came into port later. The Buffalo
+passenger boat has not yet arrived, having been in shelter at Long Point
+during the worst of the blow.
+
+Detour, Mich., September 12.--In the storm yesterday the schooner
+Narragansett, stranded near Cockburn island, was washed off the rocks,
+and shipping suffered greatly.
+
+Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., September 12.--The wind reached a velocity of
+thirty miles an hour from the northwest at midnight, the storm being
+accompanied by considerable rain. Many vessels were lost.
+
+Amhertsburg, Ont., September 12.--The tail end of the Galveston storm
+struck this section with great force about 11 o'clock last night and
+continued until early this morning. The loss to shipping is heavy.
+
+Kingston, Ont., September 12.--The Canadian steamer Albacore was driven
+ashore at 7 o'clock this morning, east of the life-saving station. The
+crew was saved. The wind is blowing a gale from the west, and shipping on
+Lake Ontario suffered seriously, many sailors being drowned.
+
+South Haven, Mich., September 12.--The storm did much damage to the docks
+here last night. Several vessels are reported lost.
+
+Port Huron, Mich., September 12.--The wind blew a gale until 11:30 last
+night. Three small schooners which left here bound for Sand Beach were
+wrecked.
+
+The gale passed over Chicago September 11 and attained a velocity early in
+the afternoon of seventy-two miles an hour, destroyed many lives in the
+city and neighborhood, did great damage to property on the land and
+wrecked several vessels on the lakes.
+
+The wind was fitful and blew in gusts. Its advance was met with frequent
+lulls and interruptions. An embankment of dark, ominous clouds rose
+steadily in the west. At first it was broken by an occasional rift which
+revealed the blue sky. But as the cloud bank rose it darkened and rolled
+over the plains toward Chicago with increasing speed. At 3 o'clock all the
+blue patches of sky had disappeared, the heavens had assumed a forbidding
+look and the lake rolled. The increased violence of the storm carried
+everything before it. No one disputed its rights to the streets, and it
+blew down wires innumerable, badly crippling the telegraph and telephone
+service.
+
+The Western Union's fifty-two New York lines were all down.
+
+From Chicago the storm continued its progress across Lake Huron, but was
+steadily diminishing in intensity.
+
+The storm's velocity diminished after leaving Texas, but increased with
+wonderful rapidity after reaching the lake region. The wind reached the
+greatest velocity at Chicago it had attained since leaving Galveston.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+The World Not So Heartless as Supposed--People Give Generously to Aid the
+Suffering--A Social Phenomenon--Value of United States Weather Bureau.
+
+
+Perhaps the world is not so bad as it has been painted, or so heartless
+and indifferent as some pessimists would have us believe. Ordinarily men
+and women have enough to do in attending to their own affairs, expecting
+others, of course, to do the same, and consequently they pay small
+attention to what is going on around them; but when their hearts are
+really touched they drop everything and rush to the rescue of the
+afflicted.
+
+So it was in the case of Galveston.
+
+The catastrophe at Galveston served to bring conspicuously into notice the
+best and worst sides of human nature, which is always the common result of
+all appalling disasters.
+
+The people of that afflicted city were suddenly overwhelmed by the almost
+unprecedented fury of the elements. Thousands were killed and injured.
+Thousands more lost their homes and places of business. They were
+suffering with hunger and menaced with pestilence. All were brought to a
+common level by dangers of every description, death in its most awful
+forms, and an outlook of terrible uncertainty.
+
+And yet in the midst of all this ruin and suffering they were harassed by
+thugs and thieves and ghouls in human shape, who looted property,
+assaulted citizens who resisted them, and despoiled and disfigured the
+dead in a shockingly savage manner to secure rings and other jewels.
+Devoid of any feeling of sympathy or pity, they seized upon this awful
+disaster as an opportunity to enrich themselves. As soon, however, as the
+authorities could recover from the first shock of the disaster the city
+was placed under martial law, and the troops patrolling the island did not
+hesitate to kill every one of the vandals caught in the commission of his
+infamous work. Public opinion sustained this prompt style of punishment.
+It was a species of Southern lynching to which no objection was ever
+raised.
+
+The disaster also brought into prominence the greed and mercenary passion
+of human nature. A clique of ravenous wretches, taking advantage of the
+fact that the city of Galveston was cut off from bridge communication with
+the mainland, conspired to secure control of the transportation facilities
+by water, and charged extortionate prices even to those who were seeking
+to carry relief to the suffering people.
+
+Never was a more inhuman trust organized.
+
+Again, all the fresh provisions in the city were ruined, leaving only a
+few canned and dried articles which were available for food. The owners of
+these, bent upon making personal profit out of the necessities of their
+fellow-citizens, pushed up the prices, raising bread to 60 cents a loaf
+and bacon to 50 cents a pound.
+
+The mayor of Galveston, however, proved himself equal to the emergency,
+confiscated the food supply, reduced the prices to a reasonable rate, and
+compelled the owners of schooners and small craft to put down their prices
+also.
+
+This was the dark side of human nature, but the picture had its bright
+side also. The news of the awful disaster had hardly appeared in the
+public prints before tens of thousands of helping hands were busy
+collecting relief. The Chief Executive of the nation, the Governors of
+States, and the mayors of cities issued their appeals to the people,
+whose sympathies were already aroused and whose hearts and hands were
+enlisted generously and enthusiastically in the work of relief.
+
+Far-off countries sent their offerings; every city and town in the world
+where Americans live contributed; and crowned heads hastened to cable
+sympathy, together with more substantial evidences of their kindly
+feeling.
+
+Without delay of any kind, instantly and spontaneously, the machinery of
+charity began its work. The people of the North might differ radically
+from the people of the South in many ways, but in the presence of such a
+dreadful visitation of nature, involving suffering and death, the
+brotherhood of man asserted itself and all things else were forgotten.
+Only the higher and nobler attributes of human nature assert themselves.
+
+Private individuals, business houses, great corporations, municipal, state
+and national government vied with each other, as they did when fire swept
+over Chicago and the flood overwhelmed Johnstown, in expediting relief to
+the storm-ruined people of Texas.
+
+Day by day trains sped to Galveston from every part of the country, loaded
+with supplies, and the telegraph wires carried orders for money,
+testifying to the unanimity of the great work of relief, and to the higher
+and nobler instincts of human nature when it is appealed to by the claims
+of humanity.
+
+The ghouls of Galveston were comparatively few in number. Its generous
+sympathizers were to be counted by scores of millions.
+
+The convicts in the Texas state penitentiary at Rusk were moved by the
+sufferings of the Galveston victims to contribute $40 to the relief fund.
+
+Are men who go to prison totally bad?
+
+The scope and rapidity of the Galveston relief work all over the country
+afforded a spectacle at once gratifying and noteworthy. Trains laden with
+food and comforts for the sufferers were rushed towards the stricken city
+from every quarter of the United States.
+
+From Boston to San Francisco nearly every city, regardless of size,
+contributed its quota to the generous cause. Even from across the Atlantic
+the Liverpool and Paris funds came, being on the list for $10,000 each.
+Within a week after the disaster Galveston was in possession of a
+magnificent relief fund that went far toward alleviating the physical
+sufferings of its homeless thousands.
+
+Here is a social phenomenon that may well give pause to all critics who
+are wont to inveigh against our commercial and industrial age. These
+exhibitions of liberality are not rare in the United States. A long series
+of them might be compiled within the period between the Chicago fire and
+the Porto Rican hurricane.
+
+Singly and in the aggregate they are a striking negative to the charge of
+sordid commercialism in our individual and national life. The modern
+American is making more money than ever before, but he has a heart as well
+as a business head, and he is giving larger sums to noble causes than were
+ever given before.
+
+Probably the increased willingness of the people to help stricken
+communities like Galveston is due more to the railroads and telegraph
+lines than to anything else. Modern charity is the child of modern
+conditions. These indispensable adjuncts to commercial enterprise alone
+make widespread relief work possible.
+
+If the telegraph and the newspaper had not placed the sad picture of
+Galveston's misfortunes at once before the eyes of Americans from ocean to
+ocean there could have been no such national impulse of generosity.
+
+About ninety years ago an earthquake in Southern Missouri brought calamity
+to many settlers, but it was a month before the news reached the East, and
+another month would have had to elapse before relief could have been
+carried to the sufferers. The impulse to give cannot thrive under such
+circumstances.
+
+There have been tender hearts in all ages, but only in our time have the
+means of quick communication made human sympathy effective across
+continents. The railroad, the telegraph and the newspaper have lengthened
+the arm of charity quite as much as that of business.
+
+The Galveston incident is also a fine example of the way in which these
+agencies bind all sections of the nation together in increasing
+solidarity.
+
+
+GREAT VALUE OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU.
+
+The great value of the United States Weather Bureau and the remarkable
+correctness of its observations, all things considered, was demonstrated
+by the events preceding and succeeding the West Indian hurricane. It gave
+warning of the hurricane days before it manifested itself on the Texas
+coast. It anticipated its course from the vicinity of San Domingo until it
+reached Cuban waters, where it made a deflection no human skill could have
+foreseen.
+
+The bureau was not caught napping, however. It sent out its hurricane
+signals both for the Atlantic coast and the gulf coast, and when the storm
+turned from the north of Cuba westward the bureau turned its attention to
+Texas, and on the morning of September 7, nearly thirty-six hours before
+the disaster, warned the people of Galveston of its coming, and during
+that day extended its signals all along the Texas coast, thus preventing
+vessels from leaving.
+
+Of course the observers could not know what terrible energy it would gain
+crossing the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+Perhaps still greater accuracy in forecasting was displayed by the bureau
+in the warnings given out to mariners on the Great Lakes on Tuesday
+morning, September 11. Though nearly all lines of communication in Texas
+were cut off, the bureau kept track of the storm as it swept through
+Oklahoma into Kansas, and gave timely warning that it would turn
+northeast, moving across northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, and
+thence across Lake Michigan and the northern end of the southern peninsula
+of Michigan to Canada.
+
+It further predicted the furious winds which prevailed the next day, their
+maximum velocity, the change caused by the northwest current from Lake
+Superior, and the fall of temperature yesterday to the nicety of a degree.
+Every vessel captain on the lakes had ample warning given him.
+
+In times gone by it was the habit to jeer at Old Probabilities, and
+whenever a prediction failed of verification to condemn the Weather Bureau
+as unreliable and not worth the expense of its maintenance.
+
+During the last few years, however, its operators have gained in skill and
+its record now is of a character of which its officials have every reason
+to be proud and which amply justifies whatever expense it may entail by
+its great saving of life and property.
+
+
+WHY SHOULD NOT GALVESTON BE REBUILT?
+
+The appalling nature of the wreck to which Galveston was reduced naturally
+led to some talk of abandoning the old site altogether and rebuilding the
+city somewhere on the mainland. An army officer concluded his report to
+Washington headquarters by expressing the opinion that Galveston was
+destroyed beyond the ability to recover, and the Southern Pacific railway
+was said to be in favor of leaving the flat island to the sport of the
+treacherous waves and heading a movement to rebuild the city at the mouth
+of the Brazos river.
+
+It is natural that non-residents of Galveston should consider the
+advisability of abandoning such a perilous site, especially as there can
+never be any complete security against a disaster like that of Saturday,
+September 8. But it is safe to say that Galveston will be rebuilt on its
+sand island. Mankind is not wont to desert any spot of the earth's surface
+because of a sudden and rare convulsion of nature.
+
+Lisbon was not abandoned because of the disastrous earthquake that killed
+50,000 people in 1755.
+
+Similar earthquake disasters in Central and South America have not induced
+the survivors to abandon a single city.
+
+When 100,000 Chinamen were swallowed up at Peking in the last century it
+did not change the site of the city, nor have the still more disastrous
+floods along the Yellow river ever caused the survivors to change their
+habitat.
+
+History shows Europeans and Americans to be quite as tenacious in this
+regard as any other races.
+
+Italian peasants continue to cultivate the slopes of Vesuvius in spite of
+all past disasters, and the inhabitants of the Sea Islands along the
+Carolina coast were not disheartened when the elements committed fearful
+ravages.
+
+The leading business men of Galveston emphasized a point when they began
+to talk of rebuilding which had escaped general attention until that time.
+They were exceedingly anxious that commercial bodies, steamship owners,
+brokers and those interested in the commerce of Galveston should be as
+considerate as possible in their treatment of the city, that is to say,
+there should be liberality in the commercial relations. These men urged
+that the extent of the calamity should be taken into account when
+adjustment of contracts took place and in all business arrangements until
+the city could regain its footing. Charters provide by special mention for
+"Visitations of Providence," for the "Acts of God."
+
+The Galveston business men hoped that their business connections would
+apply a like spirit to all commerce affected by the storm.
+
+They were not disappointed, as the result showed.
+
+Galveston was just entering upon the busy season. There were from 200 to
+300 ships under sailing contracts with that port for the months of
+September, November and December. Some of these ships were, when the storm
+came, on the high seas. Even a temporary paralysis of thirty days meant
+much loss and the derangement of many contracts.
+
+It was a time which called for the generous policy, not for strict
+enforcements of the letter of agreements. Galveston only asked what her
+business men thought was just, that thereby the shock to commerce might be
+mitigated. When the time came Galveston found that she had not asked too
+much, as she received all the consideration she could wish.
+
+Representatives of the railroad systems which connected Galveston with the
+outside world before the occurrence of the disaster agreed in saying, in a
+meeting held at New York, that her residents would rebuild on the same
+sand island in spite of the terrible experiences. They believed that
+Galveston, injured financially though her citizens had been, would be
+rebuilt by her citizens without the aid of outside capital.
+
+A. F. Walker, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Atchison, Topeka
+and Santa Fe, said he felt certain that Galveston would be rebuilt.
+
+The new energy and courage displayed by the people of Galveston is what
+was to be expected in a city so full of American pluck. Though stunned and
+prostrate under the most fatal disaster that had ever overtaken an
+American community, Galveston took only a few days to regain its breath.
+It has simply reasserted the same indomitable courage and will power by
+which Americans in times past built up a great nation where there was a
+wilderness a century ago.
+
+The terse motto stuck up on every street corner of the wrecked city is
+"Clean Up." Behind its grim humor there lies a stern determination that is
+one of the proudest attributes of our race.
+
+There is no reason why a greater Galveston, should not speedily rise on
+the site of the present ruins.
+
+The report of an army officer that the city was ruined beyond recovery and
+the suggestions of other persons that Galveston should be rebuilt on
+another site find no sympathy among the citizens. Galveston will be
+rebuilt upon its former site.
+
+Carpenters, masons and artisans are being called for by thousands, and,
+with the generous aid contributed by people all over the country, there
+will be a rapid transformation. The city has thrust its sorrow behind it
+and has its face set toward the future.
+
+Since the danger of flood cannot be removed so long as the city stands at
+its present level, it is to be hoped its builders will begin a new era of
+security by raising the grade of the streets.
+
+A few feet will materially decrease the danger from tidal waves. It will
+also be wise to construct the foundations of all permanent large buildings
+of stone to a height above the level reached by the recent inundation. In
+resolving to defy an untoward fate Galveston should begin by adopting all
+practical means for defying wind and waves.
+
+Even though the expense and delay will be greater, it will pay to give the
+new buildings all possible safeguards of solidity.
+
+Galveston will be rebuilt, as it was after the disaster of fourteen years
+previously. Its inhabitants will reason that the city had existed for
+two-thirds of a century in comparative safety, and that such a tidal wave
+is not likely to be repeated in a hundred years. The same commercial
+advantages that first tempted settlers to the island, and that made
+Galveston one of the most thriving cities on the gulf coast, are still
+present.
+
+Men who own real estate on the island will not abandon it, even though the
+improvements thereon have been reduced to a wreck. They know that even if
+they did abandon it there would be plenty of others to take it--risks and
+all--and rebuild the city.
+
+The federal government may hesitate about rebuilding its structures on so
+precarious a site, but private interests are not likely to abandon a city
+even for so terrible a disaster as that at Galveston.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+Galveston Island Directly in the Path of Storms, with No Way of
+Escape--What Is the City's Future--All Coast Cities in Danger--New York
+Will Be Flooded--Hurricane Foretold--Galveston's Settlement--Storm Will
+Recur.
+
+
+Galveston Island, with a stretch of thirty-five miles, rises only five
+feet above the level of high tide. To the south is an unbroken sweep of
+sea for 800 miles. Twelve hundred miles away is the nesting place of
+storms--storms that rise out of the dead calm of the doldrums and sweep
+northward, sometimes with a fury that nothing can withstand. Most of these
+storms describe a parabola, with the westward arch touching the Atlantic
+coast, after which the track is northeastward, finally disappearing with
+the storm itself in the north Atlantic.
+
+But every little while one of these West Indian hurricanes starts
+northwestward from its island nest, moving steadily on its course and
+entering the gulf itself.
+
+September and October are the months of these storms, and of the two
+months September is worse. In the ten years between 1878 and 1887,
+inclusive, fifty-seven hurricanes arose in the warm, moist conditions of
+the West Indian doldrums. Most of these passed out to sea and to the St.
+Lawrence River country, where they disappeared. But the hurricane of
+October 11, 1887, came ashore at New Orleans on October 17, and wrought
+havoc as it passed up the Eastern States to New Brunswick. The storm of
+October 8, 1886, reached Louisiana on the 12th, curving again toward
+Galveston on the Texas coast. It was in this storm that Galveston was
+flooded with loss of life and property while Indianola was destroyed
+beyond recovery.
+
+With these non-recurring storms two conditions favor their passage into
+the gulf. A high barometric area lies over the Atlantic coast States,
+while a trough of low pressure leads into the gulf and northward into the
+region of the Dakotas. The hurricane takes the path of least resistance
+always, and it must pass far northward before it can work its natural way
+around the tardy high area that hangs over the central coast States. It
+was this condition exactly which diverted the recent storm to Galveston
+and the Texas coast.
+
+The origin of a hurricane is not fully settled. Its accompanying
+phenomena, however, are significant to even the casual observer. A long
+swell on the ocean usually precedes it. This swell may be forced to great
+distances in advance of the storm and be observed two or three days before
+the storm strikes. A faint rise in the barometer may be noticed before the
+sharp fall follows. Wisps of thin, cirrus cloud float for 200 miles around
+the storm center. The air is calm and sultry until a gentle breeze springs
+from the southeast. This breeze becomes a wind, a gale, and, finally, a
+tempest, with matted clouds overhead, precipitating rain and a churning
+sea below throwing clouds of spume into the air.
+
+Here are all the terrible phenomena of the West Indian hurricane--the
+tremendous wind, the thrashing sea, the lightning, the bellowing thunder,
+and the drowning rain that seems to be dashed from mighty tanks with the
+force of Titans.
+
+But almost in an instant all these may cease. The wind dies, the lightning
+goes out, the rain ceases, and the thunder bellows only in the distance.
+The core of the storm is overhead. Only the waves of the sea are churning.
+There may be twenty miles of this central core, a diameter of only
+one-thirtieth that of the storm. It passes quickly, and with as little
+warning as preceded its stoppage the storm closes in again, but with the
+wind from the opposite direction, and the whole phenomena suggesting a
+reversal of all that has gone before.
+
+No storm possible in the elements presents the terrors that accompany the
+hurricane. The twisting tornado is confined to a narrow track and it has
+no long-drawn-out horrors. Its climax is reached in a moment. The
+hurricane, however, grows and grows, and when it has reached to 100 or 120
+miles an hour nothing can withstand it.
+
+It is this terrible besom of the Southern seas that so nearly has taken
+Galveston off the map. The great storm of 1875 frightened the city. The
+fate of Indianola in 1886 and the loss of ten lives and $200,000 worth of
+property on Galveston Island has kept Galveston uneasy ever since. To-day,
+for it to suggest rebuilding, will meet with the disapprobation of many of
+the sympathizing Americans who are giving freely to the stricken people.
+
+But the abandonment of Galveston could not be without a struggle. For
+fourteen years its old citizens had been admitting that twice in their
+memory the sea had come in on the island, causing death and destruction,
+but as sturdily as their conservatism prompted they had insisted that it
+never could do so again. They gave no consistent reason for their belief.
+The island was no higher; the force of the sea was as boundless as before;
+the doldrums of the West Indies still hung over the archipelago in
+storm-brooding calm. But their belief spread and the island city grew and
+developed as the old settler never had hoped to see it grow when he
+squatted there in the sand more than sixty years ago.
+
+This settler stock of Galveston Island was of queer characteristics. The
+island settlement was of a sort of Captain Streeter origin. The only
+variation was that the Colonel Menard who founded it bought the island
+and established a town-site company to attract immigration. The mainland,
+as flat and desolate almost as the island, was three miles away. But deep
+water was there and to the north was an agricultural country that one day
+would have cotton to export. So the settlers waited. They held to their
+sand lots and traded with the "mosquito fleet" which sailed up and down
+the coast from Corpus Christi to New Orleans. This mosquito fleet was the
+only means for bringing outside traders to the town. As it grew it
+developed that the city's export trade was all it had. It did a wholesale
+business that was to its retail business in the proportion of 100 to 1!
+
+In this way Galveston developed in-growing propensities. It scoffed at the
+mainland for years after the gulf shore began to be peopled. It was
+satisfied with its railroad "bridges," which were mere trestlework mounted
+on piling driven into the shallow water of the bay. If the mainland wished
+to reach the city let it row out or sail out; the city would not go to the
+expense of a wagon bridge.
+
+As a result, Galveston was the most somnolent city in Texas, save on the
+wharves where tramp and coastwise ships and steamers loaded. When the
+market house closed by law at 10 o'clock in the morning, and when
+Galveston's own local population had laid in its supplies for a midday
+dinner and for supper and breakfast, Strand street took a nap.
+
+In the '80s, however, a new element had been attracted, which was
+dissatisfied with the mossback order of things. It was not satisfied to
+make change with a stranger and give or take bits of yellow pasteboard,
+representing street car rides, in lieu of nickels.
+
+But these young immigrants were frowned upon by Galveston conservatism.
+They were a disturbing element. They kept the staid, mossback citizen
+awake in the afternoons and he did not like it. They were clamoring for
+sewers and artesian water in mains, whereas the conservative was content
+to build his rain water cistern above ground out of doors and strain the
+baby mosquitoes out of the water through a cloth.
+
+When a new waterworks and standpipe had been completed in 1889, and when
+some new mills had been established under difficulties, affairs had come
+to a pass when the new Galvestonian and the old found a great gap between.
+The visiting stranger was the confidant of both sides.
+
+"This town isn't what it used to be," sighed the conservative.
+
+"As a matter of fact," the young business man would say, "Galveston needs
+to bury about 150 of its 'old citizens' before it can get awake."
+
+This was the situation when the government began to expend money upon the
+harbor.
+
+This was the situation, slightly altered by time, when the wagon bridge
+was built to the main land, when the government appropriated $6,200,000
+for the deepening of the harbor, and when export trade from Galveston
+approached the mark of $100,000,000 annually. And this, virtually, was the
+Galveston now in ruins.
+
+In rebuilding Galveston, it has been suggested that the bay be dredged of
+sand and the island raised to a uniform level of fifteen feet above the
+tide. The plan is feasible in every sense, and it is contended that the
+value of the city as a port would more than justify the cost.
+
+However the island city may decide, it will have departed from several
+notable instances of water-swept cities in rebuilding. In addition to the
+abandonment of Indianola, on the mainland of Texas, are the stories of
+Last Island in the Gulf of Mexico and of Cobb's Island, a great fishing
+resort in Chesapeake Bay.
+
+Last Island was overwhelmed in 1856. Three hundred lives were lost in the
+hurricane. Lafcadio Hearn has put the legend of "L'Isle Derniere" into
+print and his description of the hurricane that swept in upon it is a
+description of the storm that has laid Galveston waste:
+
+"One great noon, when the blue abyss of day seemed to yawn over the world
+more deeply than ever before, a sudden change touched the quicksilver
+smoothness of the waters--the swaying shadow of a vast motion. First the
+whole sea circle appeared to rise up bodily at the sky; the horizon curve
+lifted to a straight line; the line darkened and approached--a monstrous
+wrinkle, an immeasurable fold of green water moving swift as a cloud
+shadow pursued by sunlight. But it had looked formidable only by startling
+contrast with the previous placidity of the open; it was scarcely two feet
+high; it curled slowly as it neared the beach and combed itself out in
+sheets of woolly foam with a low, rich roll of thunder. Swift in pursuit
+another followed--a third, a feebler fourth; then the sea only swayed a
+little and stilled again.
+
+"Irregularly the phenomenon continued to repeat itself, each time with
+heavier billowings and briefer intervals of quiet, until at last the whole
+sea grew restless and shifted color and flickered green--the swells became
+shorter and changed form. * * *
+
+"The pleasure-seekers of Last Island knew there must have been a 'great
+blow' somewhere that day. Still the sea swelled, and a splendid surf made
+the evening bath delightful. Then just at sundown a beautiful cloud bridge
+grew up and arched the sky with a single span of cottony, pink vapor that
+changed and deepened color with the dying of the iridescent day. And the
+cloud bridge approached, strained and swung round at last to make way for
+the coming of the gale--even as the light bridges that traverse the dreamy
+Teche swing open when the luggermen sound through their conch shells the
+long, bellowing signal of approach.
+
+"Then the wind began to blow from the northeast, clear, cool. * * * Clouds
+came, flew as in a panic against the face of the sun, and passed. All that
+day, through the night, and into the morning again the breeze continued
+from the northeast, blowing like an equinoctial gale. * * *
+
+"Cottages began to rock. Some slid away from the solid props upon which
+they rested. A chimney tumbled. Shutters were wrenched off; verandas
+demolished. Light roofs lifted, dropped again, and flapped into ruin.
+Trees bent their heads to earth. And still the storm grew louder and
+blacker with every passing hour. * * *
+
+
+WORK OF THE STORM.
+
+"So the hurricane passed, tearing off the heads of prodigious waves to
+hurl them a hundred feet in air--heaping up the ocean against the
+land--upturning the woods. Bays and passes were swollen to abysses; rivers
+regorged; the sea marshes changed to roaring wastes of water. Before New
+Orleans the flood of the mile-broad Mississippi rose six feet above
+highest water mark. One hundred and ten miles away Donaldsonville trembled
+at the towering tide of the Lafourche. Lakes strove to burst their
+boundaries. Far-off river steamers tugged wildly at their
+cables--shivering like tethered creatures that hear by night the
+approaching howl of destroyers. * * *
+
+"And swift in the wake of gull and frigate bird the wreckers come, the
+spoilers of the dead--savage skimmers of the sea--hurricane-riders wont
+to spread their canvas pinions in the face of storms. * * * There is
+plunder for all--birds and men. * * * Her betrothal ring will not come
+off, Guiseppe; but the delicate bone snaps easily; your oyster-knife can
+sever the tendon. * * * Over her heart you will find it, Valentio--the
+locket held by that fine, Swiss chain of woven hair * * * Juan, the
+fastenings of those diamond eardrops are much too complicated for your
+peon fingers; tear them out. * * *
+
+"Suddenly a long, mighty silver trilling fills the ears of all; there is a
+wild hurrying and scurrying; swiftly, one after another, the overburdened
+luggers spread wings and flutter away. Thrice the great cry rings through
+the gray air and over the green sea, and over the far-flooded shell reefs
+where the huge white flashes are--sheet lightning of breakers--and over
+the weird wash of corpses coming in.
+
+"It is the steam-call of the relief boat, hastening to rescue the living,
+to gather in the dead.
+
+"The tremendous tragedy is over."
+
+
+GALVESTON BUILT UPON THE SAND.
+
+Galveston is built upon the sand. According to Professor Willis L. Moore,
+Chief of the United States Weather Bureau at Washington, not only
+Galveston was insecurely built upon the flat sands of the island, but
+other cities on the gulf and Atlantic coasts, lying at tide, are subject
+to the same dangers. The West Indian hurricane may strike almost anywhere
+from the southern line of North Carolina, on down the coast, around the
+peninsula of Florida, and anywhere within the great arc described by the
+western shores of the Gulf of Mexico. These storms, perhaps 600 miles
+wide, have a vortex of twenty to thirty miles in diameter. It is in this
+vortex that the land is laid waste.
+
+It is this fact that will lead more strongly than any other to the
+rebuilding of Galveston. With an export business of $100,000,000 annually,
+the great West will bring pressure to bear upon the maintenance of the
+port. There is an island type of man in its population that will not be
+driven from that little ridge of sand three miles out in the gulf. There
+are 1,500 miles of gulf coast on which the vortex of such a storm may
+waste itself without touching Galveston, and both conservatism and
+commercialism will take the risk that a score of other cities at the tide
+level are taking.
+
+At the same time there are those who see for Galveston only a commercial
+existence. It never can grow as it has grown; it never can be the home of
+people whose fortunes are not tied up in the island.
+
+For fourteen years the city has had to contend with the fears of the
+incomer. The growth between 1890 and 1900 shows that these fears had been
+allayed in great measure, following the destruction in 1886. But years
+will not wipe out the black record of the last week. Hundreds will leave
+the island as a place of residence; thousands have been killed there and
+cremated in the sands or buried in the treacherous sea. A death rate of
+200 in a population of 1,000 drove Indianola from the map of Texas. Five
+thousand or more deaths of the 35,000 population of Galveston must have
+its influence upon the living.
+
+For with the assurances of the United States Weather Bureau, it is
+recognized that in natural phenomena there are cycle periods in which
+extremes are repeated from nature's great laboratory. Observation has put
+this period of repetition at twenty years. According to this, in the case
+of hurricanes, the range of maximum and minimum will be within such a
+period. Without question Galveston is in the track of a certain abnormal
+but not infrequent West Indian hurricane which fails to be deflected from
+the Georgia and Florida coasts. It keeps to its northwestward course and
+strikes the Louisiana, Texas or Mexico coasts, according to its impulse.
+In the Galveston storm a new maximum seems to have been established, yet
+its repetition may be looked for within the next twenty-year period. As a
+matter of fact, indeed, the average period between the recurrence of these
+maximum storms has been less than fifteen years.
+
+Lyman E. Cooley, one of the original engineers in marking the route of the
+drainage canal, is an observer of periodic natural phenomena, and his
+theory holds in great measure with the observations of the United States
+weather service.
+
+"It is a general proposition," said Mr. Cooley. "It means just this much:
+Suppose that Chicago has a snow storm on June 15. Within a twenty-year
+period we may expect another phenomenon of the kind in the same calendar
+month. It may not snow in Chicago itself; the storm may be ten, twenty or
+thirty miles away, on any side of it. But in the same general territory,
+about the same time of the phenomenon, it will be repeated.
+
+"Suppose a terrible rain or wind storm develops, its repetition may be
+looked for in the same period. So with extremes of temperature, influences
+on lake levels, and all the other phenomena of nature's forces. They have
+their cycles, and the twenty-year period covers most of them."
+
+But in the case of Galveston, one of its great hurricanes was experienced
+in 1875, another in 1886, and the last only fourteen years later. These
+historic facts tend to confirm Mr. Cooley's observations.
+
+Galveston's destruction and that of other towns similarly situated had
+been predicted. Writing in the Arena in 1890, Professor Joseph Rodes
+Buchanan said:
+
+"Every seaboard city south of New England that is not more than fifty feet
+above the sea level of the Atlantic coast is destined to a destructive
+convulsion. Galveston, New Orleans, Mobile, St. Augustine, Savannah and
+Charleston are doomed. Richmond, Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia,
+Newark, Jersey City and New York will suffer in various degrees in
+proportion as they approximate the sea level. Brooklyn will suffer less,
+but the destruction at New York and Jersey City will be the grandest
+horror.
+
+"The convulsion will probably begin on the Pacific coast, and perhaps
+extend in the Pacific toward the Sandwich Islands. The shock will be
+terrible, with great loss of life, extending from British Columbia down
+along the coast of Mexico, but the conformation of the Pacific coast will
+make its grand tidal wave far less destructive than on the Atlantic shore.
+Nevertheless, it will be calamitous. Lower California will suffer severely
+along the coast. San Diego and Coronado will suffer severely, especially
+the latter.
+
+"It may seem rash to anticipate the limits of the destructive force of a
+foreseen earthquake, but there is no harm in testing the prophetic power
+of science in the complex relations of nature and man.
+
+"The destruction of cities which I anticipate will be twenty-four years
+ahead--it may be twenty-three. It will be sudden and brief--all within an
+hour and not far from noon. Starting from the Pacific coast, as already
+described, it will strike southward--a mighty tidal wave and earthquake
+shock that will develop in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. It will
+strike the western coast of Cuba and severely injure Havana. Our sister
+republic, Venezuela, bound to us in destiny, by the law of periodicity
+will be assailed by the encroaching waves and terribly shaken by the
+earthquake. The destruction of her chief city, Caraccas, will be greater
+than in 1812, when 12,000 were said to be destroyed. The coming shock will
+be near total destruction.
+
+"From South America back to the United States, all Central America and
+Mexico are severely shaken; Vera Cruz suffers with great severity, but the
+City of Mexico realizes only a severe shock. Tampico and Matamoras suffer
+severely; Galveston is overwhelmed; New Orleans is in a dangerous
+condition--the question arises between total and partial destruction. I
+will only say it will be an awful calamity. If the tidal wave runs
+southward New Orleans may have only its rebound. The shock and flood pass
+up the Mississippi from 100 to 150 miles and strike Baton Rouge with
+destructive force.
+
+"As it travels along the gulf shore Mobile will probably suffer most
+severely and be more than half destroyed; Pensacola somewhat less.
+Southern Florida is probably entirely submerged and lost; St. Augustine
+severely injured; Charleston will probably be half submerged, and Newbern
+suffer more severely; Port Royal will probably be wiped out; Norfolk will
+suffer about as much as Pensacola; Petersburg and Richmond will suffer,
+but not disastrously; Washington will suffer in its low grounds, Baltimore
+and Annapolis much more severely on its water front, its spires will
+topple, and its large buildings be injured, but I do not think its grand
+city hall will be destroyed. Probably the injury will not affect more than
+one-fourth. But along the New Jersey coast the damage will be great.
+Atlantic City and Cape May may be destroyed, but Long Branch will be
+protected by its bluff from any severe calamity. The rising waters will
+affect Newark, and Jersey City will be the most unfortunate of large
+cities, everything below its heights being overwhelmed. New York below the
+postoffice and Trinity Church will be flooded and all its water margins
+will suffer."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+Comparisons Between the Galveston and Johnstown Disasters--The Latter Not
+So Horrible in Its Features--Frightful Plight of the Texas Victims.
+
+
+Until the elements wreaked their vengeance upon the fair City of Galveston
+and vented their wrath upon its unoffending population, the awful disaster
+at Johnstown, Pa., which occurred on the 31st of May, 1889, was the most
+frightful calamity known in the history of the United States. Johnstown
+was almost literally wiped from the face of the earth, the suddenness of
+the flood which created the havoc precluding the escape of anyone
+unfortunate enough to be in its path.
+
+Unlike the Galveston catastrophe, the flood at Johnstown poured its waters
+upon the devoted inhabitants without warning and the slaughter was over
+within the space of a comparatively few minutes. The victims, that is to
+say, the majority of them, were drowned or dashed to pieces before they
+had time to realize the horror of it all.
+
+At Galveston the people knew for hours before the angry waters submerged
+the island and the resistless gale tore the business buildings and
+residences to pieces what their fate was to be. They looked death squarely
+in the face hour after hour, suffering all the terrors dire certainty
+could inflict, their knowledge that they were absolutely powerless and
+beyond the reach of aid adding to their agonies.
+
+Death was merciful to the people of Johnstown; he was cruel to his prey at
+Galveston, and delighted in the tortures he was enabled to impose before
+he placed his icy hand upon them and bade them come.
+
+Perhaps the only parallel in history to the Galveston visitation was the
+destruction, in 79 A. D., of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The frightened
+pleasure-seekers of those doomed cities could see the red lava stream
+bearing down upon them as it was vomited up from the bowels of Vesuvius
+and thrown out from the mighty maw of the crater, but even then they were
+mercifully stifled by the tremendous, never-ending shower of ashes which
+soon enveloped them and completely covered their homes.
+
+They did not stand for hours, with the blackness of the night around them,
+listening to the roar of the volcano's eruption and hear their death knell
+sounded long before they were compelled to undergo the actual pain of an
+awful death; they were caught as they sought safety in flight and stricken
+down while endeavoring to get beyond the reach of the sickle of the grim
+reaper; they could move and act in accordance with their impulses which
+prompted them to make a flight for life, and they succumbed only after a
+desperate struggle.
+
+It was different at Galveston. The men, women and children were not
+permitted even the small but precious boon of falling while battling with
+the grim destroyer; they were caught and imprisoned, even as those who
+were done to death during the time when the Inquisition reigned, and, on
+the way to execution, were, it might be said, compelled to bear the very
+cross upon which they were to be impaled.
+
+There is no record since time began of such a long-drawn-out agony as that
+which the devoted people of Galveston endured during the period
+intervening between the advent of the hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico and
+the final imposition of the death penalty.
+
+Fathers saw their wives and babes crushed by the wreckage flung aloft and
+around by the fury of the gale, or drowned in the swift running current;
+wives saw their husbands and children torn from them and swept from their
+sight forever; children saw their parents disappear in the murky, turbid
+waters of the flood.
+
+Men saw the dead faces of their loved ones they would have deemed it a joy
+to save as they were borne along upon the bosom of the waters. Men invited
+destruction in their efforts at rescue, only to realize how weak and
+utterly futile was their strength in comparison to the irresistible power
+of the enraged elements. Men died desponding because they could not save
+those they had cherished and heretofore protected, and went down in
+despair and gloom.
+
+At Johnstown the released waters tore their way through the beautiful
+valley of the Conemagh with the rush and speed of a giant avalanche and
+enfolded their victims in their merciless embrace; the inhabitants were,
+in the twinkling of an eye, borne from the sunshine of life to the gloom
+of the valley of the shadow; they may have felt a momentary terror before
+they succumbed, but it was all over in an instant.
+
+At Galveston, the condemned simply waited for the inevitable; they clung
+to the brief remaining supports and died a thousand deaths before death
+claimed them; they stood upon the brink of eternity and cried in vain for
+the succor they well knew would not come; they prayed for mercy, but there
+was none.
+
+When the waters of the gulf leaped upon the island where the beautiful
+city sat in all her glory the people fled to the high places and saw the
+flood creep higher and higher until it overcame them. Although it was not
+until the darkness of the night had long since settled upon them they had
+known in the afternoon that Galveston was doomed. The hurricane would not
+permit them to escape, but sundered all communication with the mainland
+and then laughed at their puny efforts at preservation.
+
+The death roster in and around Galveston was fully 8,000; at Johnstown the
+known number of victims was a score less than 2,300. Many died at
+Johnstown of whom nothing was ever heard, and there were possibly 2,500
+persons engulfed in the stream which all but destroyed the town, but at
+the same time the probabilities are that 10,000 people died at Galveston
+and in the immediate vicinity. Bodies were washed up and thrown upon the
+shore by hundreds for days after the disaster; how many were burned upon
+the many funeral pyres no accurate record was kept.
+
+In one respect the two calamities were alike--the destruction of millions
+of dollars' worth of property, but the losses were not so great at
+Johnstown during those fearful two minutes as those occasioned by the
+beating of the winds and waves which for hours had Galveston at their
+mercy.
+
+Johnstown was a city of 30,000, teeming with the industry of a
+manufacturing town. With not even a warning shout to apprise the
+inhabitants the dam of a lake high above the town broke and the flood
+sweeping down the Conemagh Valley engulfed the city and its inhabitants
+before they even knew of the danger. The whole place was a mass of debris
+and dead when the deluge subsided.
+
+Galveston was a city of nearly 40,000 people, and had within its gates
+hundreds of strangers, and the fact that telegrams of inquiry from all
+parts of the United States poured into the mayor's office in a perfect
+stream for days after the flood indicated that scores were killed of whom
+the searchers knew nothing.
+
+But Johnstown was not alone in its misery. In the southwest a tragedy was
+enacted a few years later which claimed hundreds of victims.
+
+A tornado, immeasurable in its force and fury, blotted out a section of
+St. Louis late in the afternoon of May 22, 1896. Nearly a thousand lives
+and tens of millions in property were sacrificed.
+
+Until the disaster at Galveston the St. Louis catastrophe was the second
+greatest disaster of its kind in the history of the nation.
+
+The tornado destroyed dozens of the finest buildings in the city. It
+leveled massive structures to the ground. It tossed railroad locomotives
+about and crushed the eastern span of the Eads bridge, one of the
+strongest structures in the world.
+
+It made St. Louis a city of mourning for weeks and impoverished numberless
+families.
+
+Yet Galveston surpassed these cities in the frightful nature of its
+calamity. Hundreds of insane people are being cared for, their reason
+having been overthrown by their great sufferings. This was one of the
+saddest features of the shocking visitation. These poor creatures, first
+bereft of home, family and property, are now living legacies of the most
+stupendous catastrophe this country has ever known.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Great Calamities Caused by Flood and Gale During Past Centuries--Millions
+of Lives Lost Through the Fury of the Elements.
+
+
+Since the great flood which covered the earth, and of which Noah and his
+family were the only survivors, the world has seen many calamities of this
+nature, and millions of lives have been lost through gales and rushing
+waters.
+
+At Dort, in Holland, seventy-two villages and over 100,000 people were
+destroyed on April 17, 1421.
+
+At a general inundation of nearly the whole of Holland in 1530, upward of
+400,000 people lost their lives.
+
+In Catalonia, in 1617, 50,000 persons perished by flood.
+
+Six thousand perished by the floods in Silesia in 1813, and 4,000 in
+Poland in the same year.
+
+The loss of life during the recent floods in Austria-Hungary and in China
+have never been fully reckoned, and though 100,000 persons are said to
+have perished in the Chinese inundations, the figures are not regarded as
+trustworthy. These are the only floods on record where the loss of human
+life has been estimated at over 5,000. The list of smaller similar
+disasters is almost an endless one.
+
+Holland, the little lowland country "redeemed from the seas," has suffered
+worst, from the nature of its situation. Protected, as it is, by dikes,
+which separate the land from the water by artificial means, a constant
+vigilance has been required of its people to prevent the ocean from
+claiming its own. In both the deluges of 1421 and 1530 the immediate cause
+was a breaking down of the dikes. The records of both are meager, although
+the mere lists of the drowned suffice to show how awful the havoc must
+have been. The inundation at Dort began at Dordrecht, where a heavy storm
+caused the dikes at that point to give way. In that territory alone 10,000
+people were overwhelmed and perished, while over 100,000 were drowned in
+and around Dullart in Friesland and Zealand. The subsequent inundation of
+1530 was the most frightful on record. It nearly annihilated the
+Netherlands, and only to the indomitable pluck and industry which have
+ever characterized the inhabitants of that country was its subsequent
+recovery due.
+
+In 1108 Flanders was inundated by the sea. The submerged districts
+comprised an enormous area, and the harbor and town of Ostend were
+completely covered by water. The present city was built above a league
+from the channel, where the old one still lies beneath the waves.
+
+An awful inundation occurred at Dantzig on April 9, 1829, occasioned by
+the Vistula breaking through some of its dikes. Numerous lives were lost,
+and, the records state, 4,000 houses and 10,000 head of cattle were
+destroyed.
+
+A large part of Zealand was overflowed in 1717, and 1,300 of the
+inhabitants were lost in the floods. Hamburg, while her citizens with but
+few exceptions were saved, sustained an almost incalculable loss to
+property. The same city was again half flooded on January 1, 1855, and
+enormous damage suffered.
+
+In the Silesian flood spoken of above the ruin of the French army under
+MacDonald, which was in that country at the time, was materially
+accelerated by the forces of nature.
+
+One of the worst floods Germany ever had occurred in March, 1816; 119
+villages were laid under water and a great loss of life and property
+followed the inundation.
+
+The floods in China and that portion of the Eastern Hemisphere, from time
+immemorial peculiarly subject to such calamities, have always entailed
+losses about which little has been known. No definite statistics of loss
+of life and damages have ever been obtainable. In recent years there have
+been floods there which are known to have been very disastrous, but that
+is practically all that can be said. In October, 1833, occurred one of the
+worst floods in the empire. Ten thousand houses were swept away and 1,000
+persons perished in Canton alone, while equal or perhaps greater calamity
+was produced in other sections of the country.
+
+At Vienna the dwellings of 50,000 inhabitants were laid under water in
+February, 1830.
+
+Two thousand persons perished in Navarre in September, 1787, from torrents
+from the mountains produced by excessive rains.
+
+The beautiful Danube of poetry and song has, on numerous occasions, risen
+in its might, and brought disaster and distress to the inhabitants of the
+countries through which it winds. Pesth, near Presburg, suffered to an
+enormous extent from its overflow in April, 1811. Twenty-four villages
+were swept away, and a large number of their inhabitants perished.
+
+On the occasion of another overflow of this river, on September 14, 1813,
+a Turkish corps of 2,000 men, who were encamped on a small island near
+Widdin, were surprised and met instant death to a man.
+
+A catastrophe, which in some respects brings to mind that at Johnstown,
+occurred in Spain in 1802. Lorca, a city in Murcia, was overwhelmed by the
+bursting of a reservoir, and upwards of 1,000 people were destroyed.
+
+France has on numerous occasions suffered severely from floods. Its rivers
+have overflowed their banks at intervals for centuries back, causing great
+loss of life and damage to property. The Loire flooded the center and
+southwest of France by an unprecedented rise in October, 1846, and, while
+the people succeeded in escaping to a great extent, damages aggregating
+over $20,000,000 were sustained. Ten years later the south of France was
+again subjected to an inundation and an immense loss sustained.
+
+A large part of Toulouse was destroyed by a rising of the Garonne in June,
+1875. So sudden and disastrous was the flood that the inhabitants were
+taken unawares and over 1,000 lost their lives.
+
+Awful inundations occurred in France from October 31 to November 4, 1840.
+The Saone poured its waters into the Rhone, broke through its banks and
+covered 60,000 acres. Lyons was almost entirely submerged; in Avignon 100
+houses were swept away, 218 houses were carried away at La Guillotiere and
+upward of 300 at Voise, Marseilles and Nismes. It was the greatest height
+the Saone had attained for 238 years.
+
+At Besseges, in the south of France, a waterspout in 1861 destroyed the
+machinery of the mines and sent a torrent over the edge of the pit like a
+cataract. The gas exploded and hundreds of men and boys were buried below.
+Very few of the bodies of the dead were recovered.
+
+A thousand lives were lost in Murcia, Spain, by inundations in 1879.
+
+India has been the scene of numerous floods. In 186 a deluge overwhelmed
+the fertile districts of Bengal, killing hundreds and plunging the
+survivors into the direst poverty. Famine and pestilence followed,
+carrying thousands away like cattle.
+
+Italy has not been exempt from the devastation of the waters. On December
+28 and 29, 1870, Rome suffered great loss, and in October, 1872, the
+northern portions of the kingdom were visited by great floods. There have
+been innumerable smaller inundations.
+
+Great Britain has a long list of inundations. It is recorded that in the
+year 245 the sea swept over Lincolnshire and submerged thousands of acres.
+In the year 353 over 3,000 persons were drowned in Cheshire from the same
+cause. Four hundred families were destroyed in Glasgow in the year 738 by
+a great flood. The coast of Kent was similarly afflicted in 1100, and the
+immense bank still known as the Goodwin Sands was formed by the action of
+the sea.
+
+While the record as given above is by no means complete, it will serve for
+all purposes of comparison. It embraces the most important disasters of
+the rushing waters on record, and shows what a destructive force the same
+element has proven which babbles in noisy brooks and sings merrily as it
+courses down the mountain sides.
+
+
+DEATH-DEALING STORMS IN OTHER COUNTRIES IN FORTY YEARS.
+
+1864--Calcutta, India; 45,000 lives and 100 ships lost.
+
+1881--Haifong, China; 300,000 lives lost.
+
+1881--England; great destruction of life and property and many lives lost.
+
+1882--Manila, Philippine Islands; 60,000 families rendered homeless and
+100 lives lost.
+
+1886--Madrid, Spain; 32 killed, 620 injured.
+
+1887--Australian coast; 550 pearl fishers perished.
+
+1888--Cuba; 1,000 lives lost.
+
+1889--Apia, Samoan Islands; German and American warships wrecked and many
+lives lost.
+
+1890--Muscat, Arabia; 700 lives lost.
+
+1891--Martinique; 340 lives lost and $10,000,000 worth of property
+destroyed.
+
+1892--Ravigo, Northern Italy; several hundred lives lost.
+
+1892--Tonnatay, Madagascar; several hundred lives lost.
+
+1893--Great storm on the northwest coast of Europe; 237 lives lost off
+English coast and 165 fishermen off Jutland.
+
+
+HISTORIC DEVASTATING STORMS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES.
+
+1840--Adams County, Mississippi; 317 killed, 100 injured; loss $1,260,000.
+
+1842--Adams County, Mississippi; 500 killed; great property loss.
+
+1880--Barry, Stone, Webster and Christian Counties, Missouri; 100 killed,
+600 injured; 200 buildings destroyed; loss $1,000,000.
+
+1880--Noxubee County, Mississippi; 22 killed, 72 injured; 55 buildings
+destroyed; loss $100,000.
+
+1880--Fannin County, Texas; 40 killed, 83 injured; 49 buildings destroyed.
+
+1882--Henry and Saline Counties, Missouri; 8 killed, 53 injured; 247
+buildings destroyed; loss $300,000.
+
+1883--Kemper, Copiah, Simpson, Newton and Lauderdale Counties,
+Mississippi; 51 killed, 200 injured; 100 buildings destroyed; loss
+$300,000.
+
+1883--Izard, Sharp and Clay Counties, Arkansas; 5 killed, 162 injured; 60
+buildings destroyed; loss $300,000.
+
+1884--North and South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia,
+Kentucky and Illinois; 800 killed, 2,500 injured; 10,000 buildings
+destroyed.
+
+
+[Illustration: HOMES RUINED AND FAMILIES KILLED]
+
+[Illustration: RUIN CAUSED BY THE FLOOD]
+
+[Illustration: A STREET AFTER THE FLOOD]
+
+[Illustration: AFTER THE DISASTER]
+
+[Illustration: RUINED HOMES]
+
+[Illustration: A STREET OF STORES IN RUINS]
+
+[Illustration: A TYPICAL SCENE AFTER THE DISASTER]
+
+[Illustration: HOUSES DESTROYED BY THE FLOOD]
+
+[Illustration: SOLDIERS ENCAMPED IN THE STRICKEN CITY]
+
+[Illustration: DESTRUCTION ALONG THE WHARFS]
+
+[Illustration: THE DESTRUCTION BY THE WATER]
+
+[Illustration: A STREET AFTER THE DISASTER]
+
+[Illustration: EXODUS FROM GALVESTON THE NEXT DAY]
+
+[Illustration: CREMATION OF BODIES HAULED TO THE WHARF FRONT]
+
+[Illustration: BODIES OF VICTIMS OF THE HURRICANE BEING CARTED TO SCOWS
+FOR BURIAL IN THE GULF]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+Overwhelming of Johnstown, Pa., by the Waters from Conemaugh Lake--One of
+the Most Peculiar Happenings in History--Actual Number of Deaths Will
+Never Be Known--About Twenty-Five Hundred Bodies Found.
+
+
+On Friday, May 31, 1889, at 12:45 p. m., the stones in the center of the
+dam which confined the waters of Conemaugh Lake began to sink because of
+leaks in the masonry; at 1 o'clock the dam broke and the flood rushed
+fiercely down the beautiful Conemaugh Valley to Johnstown, two and a half
+miles directly to the southwest--but thirteen miles by way of the winding
+valley--and within a few minutes nearly 2,300 men, women and children
+(this many, it is known, perished, although it is probable the loss of
+life was much greater) were lying dead in the wreckage of the city;
+millions of dollars' worth of property were destroyed and thousands of
+people beggared--and all because the members of the fishing club which
+controlled the lake were too penurious to have the leaks in the dam
+repaired. The coroner's verdict was to the effect that the club was to
+blame for the disaster.
+
+Hundreds of business buildings and residences were destroyed, and less
+than a score of the structures composing the town were uninjured; complete
+paralysis followed, and many said, as in the case of Galveston, the city
+would not be rebuilt; hundreds were crazed by their sufferings and never
+regained their reason; thieves swarmed to the place and looted the bodies
+of the dead until the arrival of several thousand State troops put an end
+to the carnival of crime; the impoverished survivors were cared for until
+they could get upon their feet again, relief pouring in from everywhere in
+the shape of hundreds of thousands of dollars in cash and thousands of
+carloads of supplies of all sorts; the business men plucked up courage and
+went to work with a will when the apathy succeeding the calamity had worn
+off, and to-day Johnstown is greater than ever, and has added to both her
+wealth and population.
+
+Conemaugh Lake is three and one-half miles in length, one and one-quarter
+miles in width, and in some places one hundred feet in depth, located on a
+mountain three hundred feet above the level of Johnstown, its waters being
+held within bounds by a huge earth dam nearly one thousand feet long,
+ninety feet thick and one hundred and twenty feet in height, the top
+having a breadth of over twenty feet. It was once a reservoir and a feeder
+for the Pennsylvania Canal. It had been widened and deepened and was the
+property of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, an organization of
+rich and influential citizens of Pittsburg. It was a constant menace to
+the residents of the Conemaugh Valley, but engineers of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad regularly inspected it once a month and pronounced it safe.
+
+The club leased the lake in 1881 from the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
+It paid no attention to the fears of the people of Johnstown, but merely
+quoted the opinions of experts to the effect that nothing short of an
+extraordinary convulsion of nature could affect the protecting dam.
+
+Johnstown's geographical situation is one that renders it peculiarly
+liable to terrible loss of life in the event of such a casualty as that
+reported. It is a town built in a basin of the mountains and girt about by
+streams, all of which finally find their way into the Allegheny River, and
+thence into the Ohio. On one side of the town flows the Conemaugh River, a
+stream which during the dry periods of the summer drought can be readily
+crossed in many places by stepping from stone to stone, but which
+speedily becomes a raging mountain torrent, when swollen by the spring
+freshets or heavy summer rains.
+
+On the other side of the town is the Stony Creek, which gathers up its own
+share of the mountain rains and whirls them along toward Pittsburg. The
+awful flood caused by the sudden outpouring of the contents of the
+reservoir, together with the torrents of rain that had already swollen
+these streams to triple their usual violence, is supposed to be the cause
+of the sudden submersion of Johnstown and the drowning of so many of its
+citizens. The water, unable to find its way rapidly enough through its
+usual channels, piled up in overwhelming masses, carrying before it
+everything that obstructed its onward rush upon the town.
+
+Johnstown, the center of the great disaster, is on the main line of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad, 276 miles from Philadelphia. It is the headquarters
+of the great Cambria Iron Company, and its acres of ironworks fill the
+narrow basin in which the city is situated. The rolling mill and Bessemer
+steel works employ 6,000 men. The mountains rise quite abruptly almost on
+all sides, and the railroad track, which follows the turbulent course of
+the Conemaugh River, is above the level of the iron works. The summit of
+the Allegheny Mountains is reached at Gallatizin, about twenty-four miles
+east of Johnstown.
+
+The people of Johnstown had been warned of the impending flood as early as
+1 o'clock in the afternoon, but not a person living near the reservoir
+knew that the dam had given way until the flood swept the houses off their
+foundations and tore the timbers apart. Escape from the torrent was
+impossible. The Pennsylvania Railroad hastily made up trains to get as
+many people away as possible, and thus saved many lives.
+
+Four miles below the dam lay the town of South Fork, where the South Fork
+itself empties into the Conemaugh River. The town contained about 2,000
+inhabitants. It has not been heard from, but it is said that four-fifths
+of it has been swept away.
+
+Four miles further down, on the Conemaugh River, which runs parallel with
+the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was the town of Mineral Point.
+It had 800 inhabitants, 90 per cent of the houses being on a flat and
+close to the river. Few of them escaped.
+
+Six miles further down was the town of Conemaugh, and here alone was there
+a topographical possibility of the spreading of the flood and the breaking
+of its force. It contained 2,500 inhabitants and was wholly devastated.
+
+Woodvale, with 2,000 people, lay a mile below Conemaugh, in the flat, and
+one mile further down were Johnstown and its cluster of sister towns,
+Cambria City, Conemaugh borough, with a total population of 30,000.
+
+On made ground, and stretching along right at the river verge, were the
+immense iron works of the Cambria Iron and Steel Company, which had
+$5,000,000 invested in the plant.
+
+The great damage to Johnstown was largely due to the rebound of the flood
+after it swept across. The wave spread against the stream of Stony Creek
+and passed over Kernsville to a depth of thirty feet in some places. It
+was related that the lumber boom had broken on Stony Creek, and the rush
+of tide down stream, coming in contact with the spreading wave, increased
+the extent of the disaster in this section. In Kernsville, as well as in
+Hornerstown, across the river, the opinion was expressed that so many
+lives would not have been lost had the people not believed from their
+experience with former floods that there was positively no danger beyond
+the filling of cellars or the overflow of the shores of the river. After
+rushing down the mountains from the South Fork dam, the pressure of water
+was so great that it forced its way against the natural channel not only
+over Kernsville and Hornerstown, but all the way up to Grubbtown, on Stony
+Creek.
+
+By the terrible flood communication by rail and wire was nearly all cut
+off.
+
+The exact number of the victims of this dreadful disaster probably will
+never be known. Bodies were found beyond Pittsburg, which in all
+probability were carried to that place from Johnstown and its suburbs. The
+terrible holocaust at the barricade of wrecks at the bridge of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad below Johnstown, where hundreds of men, women and
+children who were saved from the waves were burned to death, caused a
+terrible loss of life. The loss of property was about $10,000,000.
+
+
+KNEW THE DAM WAS WEAK.
+
+On the Monday after the catastrophe there came to Johnstown a man who had
+scarcely more than a dozen rags to cover his nakedness. His name was
+Herbert Webber, and he was employed by the South Fork Club as a sort of
+guard. He supported himself mostly by hunting and fishing on the club's
+preserves. By almost super-human efforts he succeeded in working his way
+through the forest and across flood, in order to ascertain for himself the
+terrible results of the deluge which he saw start from the Sportsman's
+Club's lake. Webber said that he had been employed in various capacities
+about the preserve for a considerable time.
+
+He had repeatedly, he declared, called the attention of the members of the
+club to the various leakages at the dam, but he received the stereotyped
+reply that the masonry was all right; that it had been "built to stand for
+centuries," and that such a thing as its giving way was among the
+impossibilities. But Webber did not hesitate to continue his warnings.
+Finally, according to his own statement, he was instructed to "shut up or
+he would be bounced." He was given to understand that the officers of the
+club were tired of his croakings and that the less he said about the dam
+from thence on the better it would be for him.
+
+Webber then laid his complaint before the Mayor of Johnstown, not more
+than a month before the catastrophe. He told him that the spring freshets
+were due, and that, if they should be very heavy, the dam would certainly
+give way. Webber says the Mayor promised to send an expert to examine the
+dam then, and if necessary to appeal to the State. Somehow the expert was
+not chosen, the appeal was not made at Harrisburg, and the calamity
+ensued.
+
+For three days previous to the final outburst, Webber said, the water of
+the lake forced itself through the interstices of the masonry, so that the
+front of the dam resembled a large watering pot. The force of the water
+was so great that one of these jets squirted full thirty feet horizontally
+from the stone wall. All this time, too, the feeders of the lake,
+particularly three of them, more nearly resembled torrents than mountain
+streams and were supplying the dammed up body of water with quite
+3,000,000 gallons of water hourly.
+
+At 11 o'clock Friday morning, May 31, Webber said he was attending to a
+camp about a mile back from the dam, when he noticed that the surface of
+the lake seemed to be lowering. He doubted his eyes, and made a mark on
+the shore, and then found that his suspicions were undoubtedly well
+founded. He ran across the country to the dam, and there he saw the water
+of the lake welling out from beneath the foundation stones of the dam.
+Absolutely helpless, he was compelled to stand there and watch the gradual
+development of what was to be the most disastrous flood of this continent.
+
+According to his reckoning it was 12:45 when the stones in the centre of
+the dam began to sink because of the undermining, and within eight minutes
+a gap of twenty feet was made in the lower half of the wall face, through
+which the water poured as though forced by machinery of stupendous power.
+By 1 o'clock the toppling masonry, which before had partaken somewhat of
+the form of an arch, fell in, and then the remainder of the wall opened
+outward like twin-gates, and the great storage lake was foaming and
+thundering down the valley of the Conemaugh.
+
+Webber became so awestruck at the catastrophe that he was unable to leave
+the spot until the lake had fallen so low that it showed bottom fifty feet
+below him. How long a time elapsed he did not know before he recovered
+sufficient power of observation to notice this, but he did not think more
+than five minutes passed. Webber said that had the dam been repaired after
+the spring freshet of 1888 the disaster would not have occurred. Had it
+been given ordinary attention in the spring of 1887 the probabilities are
+thousands of lives would not have been lost. To have put the dam in
+excellent condition would not have cost $5,000.
+
+
+EXPERT SAID THE DAM WAS NOT STRONG.
+
+A. M. Wellington, one of the most noted engineering experts in the United
+States, said of the dam after the flood:
+
+"No engineer of known and good standing could possibly have been engaged
+in the reconstruction of the old dam after it had been neglected in disuse
+for twenty odd years, and the old dam was a very inferior piece of work,
+and of a kind wholly unwarranted by good engineering practices of its day,
+thirty years ago.
+
+"Both the original dam and the reconstructed one were built of earth only,
+with no heart wall and rip-rapped only, on the slopes. True, the earth is
+of a sticky, clayey quality; the best of earth for adhesiveness, and the
+old dam was made in watered layers, well rammed down, as is still shown in
+the wrecked dam. But the new end was probably not rammed down at all; the
+earth was simply dumped in like an ordinary railway filling. Much of the
+old dam still stands, while the new work contiguous to it was carried
+away.
+
+"It has been an acknowledged principle of dam building for forty years,
+and the invariable practice to build a central wall either of puddle or
+solid masonry, but there was neither in the old nor in the new dam. It is
+doubtful if there is another dam of the height of fifty feet in the United
+States which lacks this central wall.
+
+"Ignorance or carelessness is shown in the reconstruction, for the middle
+of the new dam was nearly two feet lower in the middle than at the ends.
+It should have been crowned in the middle by all the rules and practice of
+engineering.
+
+"Had the break begun at the ends, the cut of the water would have been
+gradual and little or no harm would have resulted. And had the dam been
+cut at once at the ends when the water began running over the center, the
+suddenness of the break might have been checked, the wall crumbling away
+at least more slowly and gradually and possibly prolonged so that little
+harm would have been done.
+
+"There was an overflow through the rocks in the old dam, which provided
+that the water must rise seven feet above the ordinary level before it
+would pass over the crest of the dam. But, owing to the raising of the
+ends of the dam in 1881, without raising the crest, only five and a half
+feet of water was necessary to run water over the middle of the dam. And
+this spillway, narrow at best, had been further contracted by a close
+grating to prevent the fish from escaping from the lake, while the
+original discharge pipe at the foot of the dam was permanently closed when
+the dam was constructed. Indeed, the maximum discharge was reduced in all
+directions. The safety valve to that dangerous dam was almost screwed down
+tight.
+
+"There seems to have been no leakage through the dam, its destruction
+resulting from its running over at the top. The estimates for the original
+dam call for half earth and rock, but there is no indication of it in the
+broken dam. The riprap was merely a skin on each face, with loose spawls
+mixed with the earth. The dam was 72 feet high, 2 inches slope to a foot
+inside, 1-1/2 inches to a foot outside slope and 20 feet thick at the top.
+The fact that the dam was a reconstructed one, after twenty years disuse,
+made it especially hard on the old dam to withstand the pressure of the
+water."
+
+
+EVERYTHING OVER IN A FEW MINUTES.
+
+All was over in a few moments' time. The flood rushed down the valley when
+released from its prison, swept earth, trees, houses and human beings
+before it, depositing the vast debris in front of the railroad bridge,
+which formed an impassable barrier to the passage of everything except the
+vast agent of destruction--the flood--which overflowed it and passed on to
+wreak fresh vengeance below.
+
+One of the most terrible sights was the gorge at the railroad bridge. This
+gorge consisted of debris of all kinds welded into an almost solid mass.
+Here were the charred timbers of houses and the charred and mutilated
+remains of human beings. The fire at this point, which lasted until June 3
+and had still some of its vitality left on the 5th, was one of the
+incidents of the Johnstown disaster that will become historic. The story
+has not been and cannot be fully told. One could not look at it without a
+shock to his sensibilities. So tangled and unyielding was the mass that
+even dynamite had little effect upon it. One deplorable effect, however,
+was to dismember the few parts of human bodies wedged in the mass that the
+ruthless flood left whole.
+
+From the western end of the railroad bridge the view was but a prelude to
+the views that were to follow. Looking across the gorge the first object
+the eye caught in the ruined town is the Melville school, standing as a
+guardian over the dead--a solitary sentinel left on the field after the
+battle. Still further on and near the center of the town were the offices
+and stores of the Cambria Iron Company. Beyond and around both buildings
+were sand flats, mud flats until the 29th of May, the almost navigable
+water of the flood itself until the 2d of June, the most populous and busy
+part of the city until the 31st of May. Part of the ground was covered by
+a part of the shops of the Cambria Company. Not a vestige of these
+remained.
+
+When the great storm of Friday came, the dam was again a source of
+uneasiness, and early in the morning the people of Johnstown were warned
+that the dam was weakening. They had heard the same warning too often,
+however, to be impressed, and many jeered at their informants. Some of
+those that jeered were before nightfall scattered along the banks of the
+Conemaugh, cold in death, or met their fate in the blazing pile of wrecked
+houses wedged together at the big stone bridge. Only a few heeded the
+warning, and these made their way to the hillside, where they were safe.
+
+Early in the day the flood caused by the heavy rains swept through the
+streets of Johnstown. Every little mountain stream was swollen by the
+rains; rivulets became creeks and creeks were turned into rivers. The
+Conemaugh, with a bed too narrow to hold its greatly increased body of
+water, overflowed its banks, and the damage caused by this overflow alone
+would have been large. But there was more to come, and the results were so
+appalling that there lived not a human being who was likely to anticipate
+them.
+
+At 1 o'clock in the afternoon the resistless flood tore away the huge
+lumber boom on Stony creek. This was the real beginning of the end. The
+enormous mass of logs was hurled down upon the doomed town. The lines of
+the two water courses were by this time obliterated, and Stony creek and
+the Conemaugh river were raging seas. The great logs levelled everything
+before them, crushing frame houses like eggshells and going on unchecked
+until the big seven-arch stone bridge over the Conemaugh river just below
+Johnstown was reached.
+
+Had the logs passed this bridge Johnstown might have been spared much of
+its horror. There were already dead and dying, and homes had already been
+swept away, but the dead could only be counted by dozens and not yet by
+thousands. Wedged fast at the bridge, the logs formed an impenetrable
+barrier. People had moved to the second floor of their houses and hoped
+that the flood might subside. There was no longer a chance to get away,
+and had they known what was in store for them the contemplation of their
+fate would have been enough to make them stark mad. Only a few hours had
+elapsed from the time of the breaking of the lumber boom when the waters
+of Conemaugh lake rushed down upon them. The scoffers realized their
+folly. The dam had given way, and the immense body of water which had
+rested in a basin five miles long, two miles wide and seventy feet deep
+was let loose to begin its work of destruction.
+
+The towering wall of water swooped down upon Johnstown with a force that
+carried everything before it. Had it been able to pass through the big
+stone bridge a portion of Johnstown might have been saved. The rampart of
+logs, however, checked the torrent and half the houses of the town were
+lifted from their foundations and hurled against it. This backed the water
+up into the town, and as there had to be an outlet somewhere, the river
+made a new channel through the heart of the lower part of the city. Again
+and again did the flood hurl itself against the bridge, and each wave
+carried with it houses, furniture and human beings. The bridge stood firm,
+but the railway embankment gave way, and some fifty people were carried
+down to their deaths in the new break. Through this new outlet the waters
+were diverted in the direction of the Cambria Iron Works, a mile below,
+and in a moment the great buildings of a plant valued at $5,000,000 were
+engulfed and laid low. Here had gathered a number of iron workers, who
+felt that they were out of the reach of the flood, and almost before they
+realized their peril they were swept away into the seething torrent.
+
+It was now night, and darkness added to the terror of the situation. Then
+came flames to make the calamity all the more appalling. Hundreds of
+buildings had been piled up against the stone bridge. The inmates of but
+few of them had had time to escape. Just how many people were imprisoned
+in that mass of wreckage may never be known, but the number was estimated
+at between 1,000 and 2,000. The wreckage was piled to a height of fifty
+feet, and suddenly flames began leaping up from the summit. A stove had
+set fire to that part of the wreck above the water, and the scene that was
+then witnessed is beyond description. Shrieks and prayers from the unhappy
+beings imprisoned in the wrecked houses pierced the air, but little could
+be done. Men, women and children, held down by timbers, watched with
+indescribable agony the flames creep slowly toward them until the heat
+scorched their faces, and then they were slowly roasted to death.
+
+Those who were held fast in the wreck by an arm or a leg begged piteously
+that the imprisoned limb be cut off. Some succeeded in getting loose with
+mangled limbs, and one man cut off his arm that he might get away. Those
+who were able worked like demons to save the unfortunates from the flames,
+but hundreds were burned to death.
+
+Meanwhile Johnstown had been literally wiped from the face of the earth,
+Cambria City was swept away and Conemaugh borough was a thing of the past.
+The little village of Millville, with a population of one thousand, had
+nothing left of it but the school-house and the stone buildings of the
+Cambria Iron Company. Woodvale was gone and South Fork wrecked. Hundreds
+of people were drowned in their homes, hundreds were swept away in their
+dwellings and met death in the debris that was whirled madly about on the
+surface of the flood; hundreds, as has been said, were burned, and
+hundreds who sought safety on floating driftwood were overwhelmed by the
+flood or washed to death against obstructions. The instances of heroism
+and self-sacrifice were never excelled, perhaps not equalled, on a
+battle-field. Men rather than save themselves alone died nobly with their
+families, and mothers willingly gave up their lives rather than abandon
+their children.
+
+"At 3 o'clock in the afternoon," said Electrician Bender, of the Western
+Union at Pittsburg, "the girl operator at Johnstown was cheerfully ticking
+away; she soon had to abandon the office on the first floor because the
+water was three feet deep there. She said she was wiring from the second
+story and the water was gaining steadily. She was frightened, and said
+that many houses around were flooded. This was evidently before the dam
+broke, for our man here said something encouraging to her, and she was
+talking back as only a cheerful girl operator can when the receiver's
+skilled ears caught a sound of the wire made by no human hand. The wires
+had grounded or the house had been swept away in the flood, no one knows
+which now. At 3 o'clock the girl was there and at 3:07 we might as well
+have asked the grave to answer us."
+
+Edward Deck, a young railroad man of Lockport, saw an old man floating
+down the river on a tree trunk, with agonized face and streaming gray
+hair. Deck plunged into the torrent and brought the old man safely ashore.
+Scarcely had he done so, when the upper story of a house floated by on
+which Mrs. Adams, of Cambria, and her two children were both seen. Deck
+plunged in again, and while breaking through the tin roof of the house cut
+an artery in his left wrist, but though weakened with loss of blood, he
+succeeded in saving both mother and children.
+
+J. W. Esch, a brave railroad employe, saved sixteen lives at Nineveh.
+
+At Bolivar a man, woman and child were seen floating down in a lot of
+drift. The mass of debris commenced to part, and by desperate efforts the
+husband and father succeeded in getting his wife and little one on a
+floating tree. Just then the tree washed under the bridge and a rope was
+thrown out. It fell upon the man's shoulders. He saw at a glance that he
+could not save his dear ones, so he threw the means of safety to one side
+and gripped in his arms those who were with him. A moment later the tree
+struck a floating house. It turned over, and in a second the three persons
+were in the seething waters, being carried to their death.
+
+C. W. Hoppenstall, of Lincoln avenue, East End, Pittsburg, distinguished
+himself by his bravery. He was a messenger on the mail train which had to
+turn back at Sang Hollow. As the train passed a point where the water was
+full of struggling persons, a woman and child floated in near shore. The
+train was stopped and Hoppenstall undressed, jumped into the water, and in
+two trips saved both mother and child.
+
+The special train pulled in at Bolivar at 11.30 o'clock and trainmen were
+notified that further progress was impossible. The greatest excitement
+prevailed at this place, and parties of citizens were all the time
+endeavoring to save the poor unfortunates that were being hurled to
+eternity on the rushing torrent.
+
+The tidal wave struck Bolivar just after dark and in five minutes the
+Conemaugh rose from six to forty feet and the waters spread out over the
+whole country. Soon houses began floating down, and clinging to the debris
+were men, women and children, shrieking for aid. A large number of
+citizens at once gathered on the county bridge and they were reinforced by
+a number from Garfield, a town on the opposite side of the river. They
+brought a number of ropes and these were thrown into the boiling waters as
+persons drifted by in efforts to save some poor beings. For half an hour
+all efforts were fruitless until at last, when the rescuers were about
+giving up all hope, a little boy astride a shingle roof managed to catch
+hold of one of the ropes. He caught it under his left arm and was thrown
+violently against an abutment, but managed to keep hold and was
+successfully pulled on to the bridge, amid the cheers of the onlookers.
+His name was Hessler and his rescuer was a train hand named Carney. The
+lad was taken to the town of Garfield and cared for in the home of J. P.
+Robinson. The boy was about 16 years old.
+
+His story of the frightful calamity is as follows: "With my father, I was
+spending the day at my grandfather's house in Cambria City. In the house
+at the time were Theodore, Edward and John Kintz, and John Kintz, Jr.,
+Miss Mary Kintz, Mrs. Mary Kintz, wife of John Kintz, Jr., Miss Tracy
+Kintz, Miss Rachel Smith, John Hirsch, four children, my father and
+myself. Shortly after 5 o'clock there was a noise of roaring waters and
+screams of people. We looked out the door and saw persons running. My
+father told us not to mind, as the waters would not rise further. But soon
+we saw houses being swept away and then we ran to the floor above. The
+house was three stories, and we were at last forced to the top one. In my
+fright I jumped on the bed. It was an old-fashioned one with heavy posts.
+The water kept rising and my bed was soon afloat. Gradually it was lifted
+up. The air in the room grew close and the house was moving. Still the bed
+kept rising and pressed the ceiling. At last the post pushed the plaster.
+It yielded and a section of the roof gave way. Then suddenly I found
+myself on the roof and was being carried down stream. After a little this
+roof commenced to part and I was afraid I was going to be drowned, but
+just then another house with a single roof floated by and I managed to
+crawl on it and floated down until nearly dead with cold, when I was
+saved. After I was freed from the house I did not see my father. My
+grandfather was on a tree, but he must have been drowned, as the waters
+were rising fast. John Kintz, Jr., was also on a tree. Miss Mary Kintz and
+Mrs. Mary Kintz I saw drowned. Miss Smith was also drowned. John Hirsch
+was in a tree, but the four children were drowned. The scenes were
+terrible. Live bodies and corpses were floating down with me and away from
+me. I would hear persons shriek and then they would disappear. All along
+the line were people who were trying to save us, but they could do nothing
+and only a few were caught."
+
+The boy's story is but one incident and shows what happened to one family.
+God only knows what has happened to the hundreds who were in the path of
+the rushing water. It is impossible to get anything in the way of news,
+save meagre details.
+
+An eye-witness at Bolivar Block Station tells a story of unparalleled
+horror which occurred at the lower bridge which crosses the Conemaugh at
+this point. A young man and two women were seen coming down the river on a
+part of a floor. At the upper bridge a rope was thrown them. This they all
+failed to catch. Between the two bridges the man was noticed to point
+towards the elder woman, who, it is supposed, was his mother. He was then
+seen to instruct the women how to catch the rope which, was being lowered
+from the other bridge. Down came the raft with a rush. The brave man stood
+with his arms around the two women. As they swept under the bridge he
+reached up and seized the rope. He was jerked violently away from the two
+women, who failed to get a hold on the life line. Seeing that they would
+not be rescued he dropped the rope and fell back on the raft, which
+floated on down. The current washed the frail craft in towards the bank.
+The young man was enabled to seize hold of a branch of a tree. The young
+man aided the two women to get up into the tree. He held on with his hands
+and rested his feet on a pile of driftwood. A piece of floating debris
+struck the drift, sweeping it away. The man hung with his body immersed in
+the water. A pile of drift soon collected and he was enabled to get
+another secure footing. Up the river there was a sudden crash and a
+section of the bridge was swept away and floated down the stream, striking
+the tree and washing it away. All three were thrown into the water and
+were drowned before the eyes of the horrified spectators just opposite the
+town of Bolivar.
+
+Early in the evening a woman with her two children were seen to pass under
+the bridge at Bolivar, clinging to the roof of a coalhouse. A rope was
+lowered to her, but she shook her head and refused to desert the children.
+It was rumored that all three were saved at Cokeville, a few miles below
+Bolivar. A later report from Lockport says that the residents succeeded in
+rescuing five people from the flood, two women and three men. One man
+succeeded in getting out of the water unaided. They were kindly taken care
+of by the people of the town.
+
+A little girl passed under the bridge just before dark. She was kneeling
+on a part of a floor and had her hands clasped as if in prayer. Every
+effort was made to save her, but they all proved futile. A railroader who
+was standing by remarked that the piteous appearance of the little waif
+brought tears to his eyes. All night long the crowd stood about the ruins
+of the bridge, which had been swept away at Bolivar. The water rushed past
+with a roar, carrying with it parts of houses, furniture and trees. The
+flood had evidently spent its force up the valley. No more living persons
+were being carried past. Watchers with lanterns remained along the banks
+until day-break, when the first view of the awful devastation of the flood
+was witnessed.
+
+
+CRAZED BY THEIR SUFFERINGS.
+
+When the great waves of death swept through Johnstown, the people who had
+any chance of escape ran hither and thither in every direction. They did
+not have any definite idea where they were going, only that a crest of
+foaming waters as high as the housetops was roaring down upon them through
+the Conemaugh, and that they must get out of the way of that. Some in
+their terror dived into the cellars of their houses, though this was
+certain death. Others got up on the roofs of their houses and clambered
+over the adjoining roofs to places of safety. But the majority made for
+the hills, which girt the town like giants. Of the people who went to the
+hills the water caught some in its whirl. The others clung to trees and
+roots and pieces of debris which had temporarily lodged near the banks,
+and managed to save themselves. These people either stayed out on the
+hills wet and in many instances naked, all night, or they managed to find
+farmhouses which sheltered them. There was a fear of going back to the
+vicinity of the town. Even the people whose houses the water did not reach
+abandoned their homes and began to think of all of Johnstown as a city
+buried beneath the water.
+
+When these people came back to Johnstown on the day after the wreck of the
+town they had to put up in sheds, barns, and in houses which had been but
+partially ruined. They had to sleep without any covering in their wet
+clothes, and it took the liveliest kind of skirmishing to get anything to
+eat. Pretty soon a citizens' committee was established, and nearly all the
+male survivors of the flood were immediately sworn in as deputy sheriffs.
+They adorned themselves with tin stars, which they cut out of pieces of
+sheet metal in the ruins, and sheets of tin with stars cut out of them are
+turning up continually, to the surprise of the Pittsburg workmen who are
+endeavoring to get the town in shape. The women and children were housed,
+as far as possible, in the few houses still standing, and some idea of the
+extent of the wreck of the town may be gathered from the fact that of 300
+prominent buildings only sixteen were uninjured.
+
+For the first day or so people were dazed by what had happened, and for
+that matter they are dazed still. They went about helpless, making vague
+inquiries for their friends and hardly feeling the desire to eat anything.
+Finally the need of creature comforts overpowered them, and they woke up
+to the fact that they were faint and sick. This was to some extent changed
+by the arrival of tents and by the systematic military care for the
+suffering.
+
+
+THE BRIDGE WHERE HUNDREDS LOST THEIR LIVES.
+
+The "fatal bridge," as it is now called, and which wreaked such awful
+destruction, is described by a writer in this way:
+
+"The bridge whose 'resistance of the torrent' was the matter of so much
+talk, was a noble four-track structure, just completed, fifty feet wide on
+top, 32 feet high above the water line, consisting of seven skew spans of
+fifty-eight feet each. It still remains wholly uninjured, except that it
+is badly spalled on the upper side by blows from the wreckage, but that
+it so remains is due solely to the accident of its position, and not to
+its strength, although it was and is still the embodiment of solidity.
+
+"Had the torrent struck it, it would have swept it away as if it had been
+built of card-board, leaving no track behind; but fortunately (or
+unfortunately) its axis was exactly parallel with the path of the flood,
+which hence struck the face of the mountain full, and compressed the whole
+of its spoils gathered in a fourteen-mile course into one inextricable
+mass, with the force of tens of thousands of tons moving at nearly sixty
+miles per hour.
+
+"Its spoils consisted of (1) every tree the flood had touched in its whole
+course, with trifling exceptions, including hundreds of large trees, all
+of which were stripped of their bark and small limbs almost at once; (2)
+all the houses in a thickly settled town three miles long and one-fourth
+to one-half mile wide; (3) half the human beings and all the horses, cows,
+cats, dogs, and rats that were in the houses; (4) many hundreds of miles
+of telegraph wire that was on strong poles in use, and many times more
+than this that was in stock in the mills; (5) perhaps 50 miles of track
+and track material, rails and all; (6) locomotives, pig-iron, brick,
+stone, boilers, steam engines, heavy machinery, and other spoil of a large
+manufacturing town.
+
+"All this was accumulated in one inextricable mass, which almost
+immediately caught fire from some stove which the waters had not touched.
+Hundreds if not thousands of human beings, dead and alive, were caught in
+it, many by the lower part of the body only. Eye-witnesses describe the
+groans and cries which came from that vast holocaust for nearly the whole
+night as something almost unbearable to listen to, yet which could not be
+escaped. Hundreds, undoubtedly, suffered a slow death by fire; yet we
+cannot doubt that the vast majority of the men, women, and children in
+that fearful jam, which covered fully thirty acres, and perhaps more, were
+already dead when the fire began.
+
+"Johnstown proper is in a large basin formed by the junction of the
+Conemaugh and the almost equally large Stony creek, flowing into the
+Conemaugh from the south, just above the bridge. The bridge being
+hermetically sealed, it and the adjacent embankment formed a second dam
+about thirty feet high, Johnstown serving as a bed of a reservoir which we
+should judge to be nearly large enough to hold the entire contents of the
+reservoir above, except that it was already filled knee-deep or more by an
+unusually heavy but annual spring flood.
+
+"One offshoot of the main torrent was deflected southward by the Gautier
+Works, and went tearing through the heart of the more southerly portion of
+the town, and still another similar branch was split off from the main
+torrent further down; but in the main, the direct force of the torrent did
+not strike this southerly portion of the town.
+
+"It struck first against the jam, and thus lost most of its fierce energy,
+flowing thence southward in a heavy stream, which tossed about houses in
+the most fantastic way, so that this part of the town looks much like a
+child's toy-village poured out of a box hap-hazard; the houses are not
+torn to pieces generally.
+
+"About half the loss of life was in this district, for all Johnstown
+became speedily a lake twenty or more feet deep, and stayed so all night;
+and it was here, and not in the direct path of the flood, that all the
+'rescuing' of people from roofs and floating timbers occurred.
+
+"Nothing of the kind was possible in the flood itself. Likewise, after the
+break in the embankment had occurred, and the flood began to recede from
+Johnstown, it was from this district chiefly that people were carried off
+down stream on floating wreckage. All that came within the direct path of
+the flood was fast within the jam.
+
+"The existence of this temporary Johnstown reservoir naturally broke the
+continuity of the flood discharge, and transformed it into something not
+greatly different from an ordinary but very heavy freshet. Cambria City,
+just below the bridge, was badly wrecked, with the loss of hundreds of
+lives; but in the main, from Johnstown down, the flood ceased to be very
+destructive. It took out almost every bridge it came to, for fifty miles,
+and washed away tracks, and did other minor damage, but the Johnstown
+'reservoir' saved hundreds of lives below it by equalizing the flow."
+
+
+THE DAY EXPRESS DISASTER.
+
+John Barr, the conductor in charge of the Pullman parlor car on the first
+section of the day express, which was caught in the flood at Conemaugh,
+told a thrilling story of his experience.
+
+His train, with two others, had been run onto a siding on high ground at
+Conemaugh Station, opposite the big round-house. He saw the water coming
+and describes it as having the appearance of a mountain moving toward him.
+
+He immediately ran to his car and shouted to his passengers to run for
+their lives. John Davis, connected with a large rolling mill near
+Lancaster, was traveling from Colorado with his invalid wife and two
+children, aged 4 and 6. Mr. Davis was engaged in getting his wife off the
+car, and Conductor Barr grabbed up the two children, and, with one under
+each arm, started for the hills, with the water right at his heels. He
+ran a distance of about 200 yards and barely managed to deposit his
+precious burden on safe ground before the flood swept past him.
+
+Mr. Barr said it would never be known how many persons lost their lives
+from the ill-fated train. The one passenger coach which was carried away
+had some people in it; how many nobody knows. At least twenty were
+drowned. A freight train was between the day express and the flood on an
+adjoining track, and this served to in a measure protect his train.
+
+Some idea of the terrible force of the flood may be gained from Mr. Barr's
+statement that the engines in the round-house, thirty-seven in number,
+swept past him standing half way out of the water, their forty tons of
+weight not being sufficient to take them beneath the surface. The baggage
+car was lifted clear out of the water and landed on the other side of the
+river.
+
+A Miss Wayne, who was traveling from Pittsburg to Altoona, had a wonderful
+escape. She was caught in the swirl and almost all of her clothing torn
+from her person, and she was providentially thrown by the angry waters
+clear of the rushing flood.
+
+Miss Wayne said that while she lay more dead than alive on the river bank,
+she saw the Hungarians rifle the bodies of dead passengers and cut off
+their fingers for the purpose of obtaining the rings on the hands of the
+corpses. Miss Wayne was provided with a suit of men's clothing and rode
+into Altoona thus arrayed.
+
+Miss Maloney, of Woodbury, N. J., a passenger on the parlor car, started
+to leave the car, and then, fearing to venture out into the flood,
+returned to the inside of the car. When the water subsided the crew rushed
+to the car, expecting to find Miss Maloney dead, but the water had not
+gone high enough to drown her and she was all right, though greatly
+frightened.
+
+She displayed a rare amount of forethought in the face of danger, having
+tied securely around her waist a piece of her clothing on which her name
+was written in indelible ink. She fully expected that she would be
+drowned, and did this in order that her body, if found, might be
+identified.
+
+When the water was still high Conductor Barr made an attempt to get back
+to his car from the hill, but after wading up to his arm-pits in the water
+he was forced to return to safe ground.
+
+
+THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD'S LAST TRAIN.
+
+The last train to which the Susquehanna River permitted the use of the
+tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad between Harrisburg and Lancaster
+rolled into Broad Street Station, at Philadelphia, at 9:35 p. m. on
+Saturday, June 1. It was a nondescript train. The last car was a vestibule
+Pullman which had never stopped at so many way stations before in its
+aristocratic life, and which had been cut off the stalled Chicago limited
+at Harrisburg to be taken back to New York. The rest of the train had
+started from Harrisburg at 3:40 as the day express and at Lancaster had
+been changed into the York and Columbia "tub."
+
+No train's name ever fitted it better. The tub had swam through seven
+miles of water on its way, water differing in depth from three inches to
+three feet.
+
+The seven miles of water covered the track between Harrisburg and
+Highspire. When the newspaper train touched with the morning dailies and
+to some extent with the men who make them, dashed drippingly into
+Harrisburg at half-past 7 in the morning it had only encountered
+three-fourths of a mile of water.
+
+No reports of a great increase in the Susquehanna's output had reached
+beleaguered Harrisburg during the day, and the express started out with
+two engines, 1095 and 1105, towing it and a fair chance of reaching
+Philadelphia on time. The original three-quarters of a mile of
+overflow--caused by the back water of Paxton creek--was passed without
+incident.
+
+The water was about up to the bottom steps of the car platforms and the
+pilot of the leading engine threw to each side a fine billow of yellow
+water, sending a swell like that of a tramp steamer passing Gloucester, in
+among the floating outhouses and submerged slag heaps of the suburbs of
+Harrisburg and bringing cheers from thousands who watched the train's
+advance from their second-story windows and forgot the condition of their
+first-floor furniture in the excitement of watching the amphibious prowess
+of the day express.
+
+"We've seen the worst of it," said the elderly, kindly conductor to a
+couple of excited women passengers as the last of the three-fourths of a
+mile of billows was thrown from the pilot of 1095. "We've seen the worst
+of it, but the train will have to wait here a little while--the fires are
+almost out."
+
+So 1095 and 1102 stood puffing and panting for a while on the high track
+while the afternoon sunlight dried their dripping flanks and the baffled
+Susquehanna rolled its burden of driftwood sullenly southward on their
+right. Then the day express rolled on again. The dry ground was just about
+long enough to give the train an impetus for another header into the
+Susquehanna's overflow.
+
+It was into the Susquehanna itself that the header seemed to be taken this
+time. It was no longer a question of an overflow creek in a railroad cut.
+The billows from the prow of 1095 swept not in among overturned outhouses
+and submerged slag heaps, but out on the broad coffee-colored bosom of the
+river to be broken into a thousand chop waves among the churning
+driftwood. The people in the second-story windows forgot to cheer. The
+people in the coaches forgot to joke on the men's part and to fret on the
+women's. It was curious and it was ticklish.
+
+The train was running slowly, very slowly. The wheels were out of sight.
+The water was swirling among the trucks and lapping at the platforms. The
+only sign of land locomotion about the day express was an audible one, a
+watery pounding and rumbling of the wheels on the hidden tracks.
+
+The day express looked like a long broad river serpent wriggling on its
+belly down along the green river bank. Gradually there was a simultaneous
+though not concerted movement among the passengers. They began crowding
+toward the platforms and looking toward the land side. Suddenly a brakeman
+broke the queer silence, in a voice which had just the least crescendo of
+excitement in it.
+
+"If you people don't keep quiet we can't do anything!" he shouted.
+
+The demand was a little absurd, the direction of a land coxswain to "trim
+ship." Still, it had its uses. It relieved the tension which everybody
+felt and nobody acknowledged. The passengers retired from the platforms.
+
+Joking began again among the men and fretting among the women. There
+hadn't been much fun in looking toward the land side anyway. What had
+appeared to be a recession of the waters when looked at from above was
+merely a swelling of the stream from the overflow of the canal which
+parallels the road for several miles at that point.
+
+All at once the train, which had been moving more slowly for each of a
+good ten minutes, stopped short. It seemed as if 1095's sharp nose had
+scented danger like a sensitive horse, and, panting, refused to go
+further.
+
+Then the engine crews were seen by the passengers to leap from their cabs
+thigh deep in the water and begin hauling at some sub-aquean obstacle.
+
+"Driftwood," said the same brakeman who had commanded quiet.
+
+So it was. A train stopped by driftwood! It was floating all about and
+threatened to impede the progress of the day express altogether. Fence
+rails from far up country farms, planks from dismantled signal stations,
+platforms along the line, railroad ties innumerable, branches and even
+small trunks of trees floated against the wheels with disjected stacks of
+green wheat and other ruined crops upon the ever-rising flood of the
+river.
+
+There had been high dry land in sight just beyond Highspire Station, but
+as sure as guns were iron and floods were floods the land was
+disappearing. The river's rise was steady. The inhabitants of the drowned
+lands who appeared to take the drowning easily, though no such a drowning
+had been known to them in a quarter of a century, had been in large
+numbers keeping company of the train for the last two miles in skiffs and
+punts. They rowed close to the cars and towed away the larger drift. They
+were not entirely on life-saving service. There was a bit of the wreckage
+in their composition. They towed the trunk and ties into their front yards
+and anchored them to their window-blinds.
+
+Finally the straining backs of the engine crews gave one mighty tug at the
+hidden obstacle. A huge platform plank floated loose from 1095, and 1095
+shrieked triumph. The wheels began to churn the brown water with
+yellowish white and 1095 and 1102 ran up on the dry ground like the eagle
+in the sun, to whom the Irish poet compared the Irish troops at Fontenoy.
+
+As they did so the clatter of a light advancing train was heard from the
+east, and a sound of cheering. A single engine drawing two crowded cars
+shot around the bend, and ran with a light heart into the torrent out of
+which the day express had just emerged.
+
+"They'll never get through," was the unanimous comment of the day express
+passengers, and their verdict seemed to be confirmed officially by the
+brakeman who had been excited.
+
+He stood in the door of the car and shouted: "This train will stop at all
+stations between Lancaster and Bryn Mawr. There will be no more trains
+between Harrisburg and Lancaster to-night."
+
+Afterwards he added: "As this is the last train it will have to take the
+place of the 'tub.'"
+
+
+THE FIRST RUSH OF THE DEATH WAVE.
+
+A man who was above the danger line on the right bluff above the town, and
+who saw the first rush of the death wave, says that it was preceded by a
+peculiar phenomena, which he thinks was the explosion of the gas mains. He
+says that a few minutes before the wall of the water had reached the city
+there was a tremendous explosion somewhere in the upper part of the place.
+He said that he saw the fragments of the buildings rise in the air, and
+the next moment saw two lines of flame down through the city in different
+directions, and frame buildings were apparently being torn to pieces and
+wrecked. The next minute the water came, and he remembers nothing further.
+There really was an explosion of gas that wrecked a church in the upper
+part of the city just at the time of the flood. If there was also an
+explosion of the gas main, the cause of the fire at the bridge is
+explained. Light frame buildings set on fire by the explosion were picked
+up bodily and tossed on top of the water into the wreck at the bridge
+without the fire being extinguished.
+
+Mrs. Fredericks, an aged woman, was rescued alive from the attic in her
+house. The house had floated from what was formerly Vine street to the
+foot of the mountains. Mrs. Fredericks says her experience was terrible.
+She said she saw hundreds of men, women and children floating down the
+torrent to meet their death, some praying, while others had actually
+become raving maniacs.
+
+
+THE REAL HORRORS OF THE DISASTER.
+
+"No one will ever know the real horrors of this accident unless he saw the
+burning people and debris beside the stone bridge," remarked the Rev.
+Father Trautwein. "The horrible nature of the affair cannot be realized by
+any person who did not witness the scene. As soon as possible after the
+first great crash occurred I hastened to the bridge.
+
+"A thousand persons were struggling in the ruins and imploring for God's
+sake to release them. Frantic husbands and fathers stood at the edge of
+the furnace that was slowly heating to a cherry heat and incinerating
+human victims. Every one was anxious to save his own relatives, and raved,
+cursed, and blasphemed until the air appeared to tremble. No system, no
+organized effort to release the pent-up persons was made by those related
+to them.
+
+"Shrieking they would command: 'Go to that place, go get her out, for
+God's sake get her out,' referring to some beloved one they wanted saved.
+
+"Under the circumstances it was necessary to secure organization, and
+thinking I was trying to thwart their efforts when I ordered another point
+to be attacked by the rescuers, they advanced upon me, threatened to shoot
+me or dash me into the raging river.
+
+"One man who was trying to steer a float upon which his wife sat on a
+mattress lost his hold, and in a moment the craft swept into a sea of
+flame and never again appeared. The agony of that man was simply
+heartrending. He raised his arms to heaven and screamed in his mental
+anguish and only ceased that to tear his hair and moan like one
+distracted. Every effort was made to save every person accessible, and we
+have the satisfaction of knowing that fully 200 were saved from cremation.
+One young woman was found under the dead body of a relative.
+
+"A force of men attempted to extricate her and succeeded in releasing
+every limb but one leg. For three hours they labored, and every moment the
+flames crept nearer and nearer. I was on the point several times of
+ordering the men to chop her leg off. It would have been much better to
+save her life even at that loss than have her burn to death. Fortunately
+it was not necessary; but the young lady's escape from mutilation or death
+she will never realize."
+
+The flood and fire claimed among its victims not only the living, but the
+dead. A handsome coffin was found half burned in some charred wreckage
+down near the point. Inside was found the body of a man shrouded for
+burial, but so scorched about the head and face as to be unrecognizable.
+The supposition is that the house in which the dead man had lain had been
+crushed and the debris partly consumed by fire. The body is still at the
+Fourth Ward school house, and unless reclaimed it will be buried in the
+unknown field.
+
+
+THE CLOCK STOPPED AT 5:20.
+
+One of the queerest sights in the center of the town was a three-story
+brick residence standing with one wall, the others having disappeared
+completely, leaving the floors supported by the partitions. In one of the
+upper rooms could be seen a mantel with a lambrequin on it and a clock
+stopped at twenty minutes after five. In front of the clock was a lady's
+fan, though from the marks on the wall paper the water had been over all
+these things.
+
+In the upper part of the town, where the back water from the flood went
+into the valley with diminished force, there were many strange scenes.
+
+There the houses were toppled over one after another in a row, and left
+where they lay. One of them was turned completely over and stood with its
+roof on the foundations of another house and its base in the air. The
+owner came back, and getting into his house through the windows, walked
+about on his ceiling.
+
+Out of this house a woman and her two children escaped safely and were but
+little hurt, although they were stood on their heads in the whirl.
+
+Every house had its own story. From one a woman sent up in her garret
+escaped by chopping a hole in the roof. From another a Hungarian named
+Grevins leaped to the shore as it went whirling past and fell twenty-five
+feet upon a pile of metal and escaped with a broken leg.
+
+Another is said to have come all the way from very near the start of the
+flood and to have circled around with the back water and finally landed on
+the flats at the city site, where it is still pointed out.
+
+
+THE SITUATION NINE DAYS AFTER.
+
+A correspondent described the situation at Johnstown nine days after the
+disaster in this way:
+
+"So vast is the field of destruction that to get an adequate idea from any
+point level with the town is simply impossible. It must be viewed from a
+height. From the top of Kernsville Mountain, just at the east of the town,
+the whole strange panorama can be seen.
+
+"Looking down from the height many things about the flood that appear
+inexplicable from below are perfectly plain. How so many houses happened
+to be so queerly twisted, for instance, as if the water had a twirling
+instead of a straight motion, was made perfectly clear.
+
+"The town was built in an almost equilateral triangle, with one angle
+pointed squarely up the Conemaugh Valley to the east, from which the flood
+came. At the northerly angle was the junction of the Conemaugh and Stony
+creeks. The southern angle pointed up the Stony Creek Valley. Now about
+one-half of the triangle, formerly densely covered with buildings, is
+swept as clear as a platter, except for three or four big brick buildings
+that stand near the angle which points up the Conemaugh.
+
+"The course of the flood, from the exact point where it issued from the
+Conemaugh Valley to where it disappeared below in a turn in the river and
+above by spreading itself over the flat district of five or six miles, is
+clearly defined. The whole body of water issued straight from the valley
+in a solid wave and tore across the village of Woodvale and so on to the
+business part of Johnstown at the lower part of the triangle. Here a
+cluster of solid brick blocks, aided by the conformation of the land
+evidently divided the stream.
+
+"The greater part turned to the north, swept up the brick block and then
+mixed with the ruins of the villages above down to the stone arch bridge.
+The other stream shot across the triangle, was turned southward by the
+bluffs and went up the valley of Stony creek. The stone arch bridge in the
+meantime acted as a dam and turned part of the current back toward the
+south, where it finished the work of the triangle, turning again to the
+northward and back to the stone arch bridge.
+
+"The stream that went up Stony creek was turned back by the rising ground
+and then was reinforced by the back water from the bridge again and
+started south, where it reached a mile and a half and spent its force on a
+little settlement called Grubbtown.
+
+"The frequent turning of this stream, forced against the buildings and
+then the bluffs, gave it a regular whirling motion from right to left, and
+made a tremendous eddy, whose centrifugal force twisted everything it
+touched. This accounts for the comparatively narrow path of the flood
+through the southern part of the town, where its course through the
+thickly clustered frame dwelling houses is as plain as a highway.
+
+"The force of the stream diminished gradually as it went south, for at the
+place where the currents separated every building is ground to pieces and
+carried away, and at the end the houses were only turned a little on their
+foundations. In the middle of the course they are turned over on their
+sides or upside down. Further down they are not single, but great heaps of
+ground lumber that look like nothing so much as enormous pith balls.
+
+"To the north the work of the waters is of a different sort. It picked up
+everything except the big buildings that divided the current and piled the
+fragments down upon the stone bridge or swept them over and so on down the
+river for miles.
+
+"This left the great yellow, sandy and barren plain, so often spoken of in
+the dispatches where stood the best buildings in Johnstown--the opera
+house, the big hotel, many wholesale warehouses, shops and the finest
+residences.
+
+"In this plain there are now only the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad train, a
+school house, the Morrell Company's store and an adjoining warehouse and
+the few buildings of the triangle. One brick residence, badly shattered,
+is also standing.
+
+"These structures do not relieve the shocking picture of ruin spread out
+below the mountains, but by contrast making it more striking. That part of
+the town to the south where the flood tore the narrow path there used to
+be a separate village which was called Kernsville. It is now known as the
+South Side. Some of the queerest sights of the wreck are there, though few
+persons have gone to see them.
+
+"Many of the houses that are left, there scattered helter skelter, thrown
+on their sides and standing on their roofs, were never in that
+neighborhood nor anywhere near it before. They came down on the breast of
+the wave from as far up as Franklin, were carried safely by the factories
+and the bridges, by the big buildings at the dividing line, up and down on
+the flood and finally settled in their new resting places little injured.
+
+"A row of them, packed closely together and every one tipped over at about
+the same angle, is only one of the queer freaks the water played.
+
+"I got into one of these houses in my walk through the town to-day. The
+lower story had been filled with water and everything in it had been torn
+out. The carpet had been split into strips on the floor by the sheer force
+of the rushing tide. Heaps of mud stood in the corners. There was no
+vestige of furniture. The walls dripped with moisture.
+
+"The ceiling was gone, the windows were out and the cold rain blew in and
+the only thing that was left intact was one of those worked worsted
+mottoes that you always expect to find in the homes of working people. It
+still hung to the wall, and though much awry the glass and frame were
+unbroken. The motto looked grimly and sadly sarcastic. It was:--
+
+     'There is no place like home.'
+
+"A melancholy wreck of a home that motto looked down upon.
+
+"I saw a wagon in the middle of a side street sticking tongue and all
+straight up into the air, resting on its tail board, with the hind wheels
+almost completely buried in the mud. I saw a house standing exactly in the
+middle of Napoleon street, the side stove in by crashing against some
+other house and in the hole the coffin of its owner was placed.
+
+"Some scholar's library had been strewn over the street in the last stage
+of the flood, for there was a trail of good books left half sticking in
+the mud and reaching for over a block. One house had been lifted over two
+others in some mysterious way and then had settled down between them and
+there it stuck, high up in the air, so its former occupants might have got
+into it again with ladders.
+
+"Down at the lower end of the course of the stream, where its force was
+greater, there was a house lying on one corner and held there by being
+fastened in the deep mud. Through its side the trunk of a tree had been
+driven like a lance, and there it stayed sticking out straight in the air.
+
+"In the muck was the case and key board of a square piano, and far down
+the river, near the debris about the stone bridge, were its legs. An
+upright piano, with all its inside apparatus cleanly taken out, stood
+straight up a little way off. What was once a set of costly furniture was
+strewn all about it, and the house that had contained it was nowhere.
+
+"The remarkable stories that have been told about people floating a mile
+up the river and then back two or three times are easily credible after
+seeing the evidences of the strange course the flood took in this part of
+the town. People who stood near the ruins of Poplar Bridge saw four women
+on a roof float up on the stream, turn a short distance above and come
+back and go past again and once more return. Then they were seen to go far
+down on the current to the lower part of the town and were rescued as they
+passed the second-story window of a school house. A man who was imprisoned
+in the attic of his house put his wife and two children on a roof that was
+eddying past and stayed behind to die alone. They floated up the stream
+and then came back and got upon the roof of the very house they had left,
+and the whole family were saved.
+
+"At Grubbtown there is a house which came all the way from Woodvale. On it
+was a man who lived near Grubbtown, but was working at Woodvale when the
+flood came. He was carried right past his own home, and coolly told the
+people at the bridge to bid his wife good-bye for him. The house passed
+the bridge three times, the man carrying on a conversation with the people
+on the shore and giving directions for his burial if his body should be
+found.
+
+"The third time the house went up it grounded at Grubbtown, and in an hour
+or two the man was safe at home. Three girls who went by on a roof crawled
+into the branches of a tree, and had to stay there all night before they
+could make anyone understand where they were. At one time scores of
+floating houses were wedged in together near the ruins of Poplar street
+bridge. Four brave men went out from the shore, and stepping from
+house-roof to house-roof brought in twelve women and children.
+
+"Some women crawled from roofs into the attics of houses. In their
+struggles with the flood most of their clothes had been torn from them,
+and rather than appear on the streets they stayed where they were until
+hunger forced them to shout out of the window for help. At this stage of
+the flood more persons were lost by being crushed to death than by
+drowning. As they floated by on roofs or doors the toppling houses fell
+over upon them and killed them.
+
+"The workers began on the wreck on Main street just opposite the First
+National Bank, one of the busiest parts of the city. A large number of
+people were lost here, the houses being crushed on one side of the street
+and being almost untouched on the other, a most remarkable thing
+considering the terrific force of the flood. Twenty-one bodies were taken
+out in the early morning and taken to the morgue. They were not much
+injured, considering the weight of lumber above them.
+
+"In many instances they were wedged in crevices. They were all in a good
+state of preservation, and when they were embalmed they looked almost
+lifelike. In this central part of the city examination is sure to result
+in the unearthing of bodies in every corner. Cottages which are still
+standing are banked up with lumber and driftwood, and it is like mining to
+make any kind of a clear space.
+
+"Thirteen bodies were taken from the burning debris at the Stone Bridge at
+one time yesterday afternoon. None of the bodies were recognizable, and
+they were put in coffins and buried immediately. They were so badly
+decomposed that it was impossible to keep them until they could be
+identified. During a blast at the bridge yesterday afternoon two bodies
+were almost blown to pieces. The blasting has had the effect of opening
+the channel under the central portion of the bridge.
+
+"The order that was issued that all unidentified dead be buried is being
+rapidly carried out. The Rev. Mr. Beall, who has charge of the morgue at
+the Fourth Ward school house, which is the chief place, says that a large
+force of men has been put at work digging graves, and at the close of the
+afternoon the remains will be laid away as rapidly as it can be done.
+
+"William Flynn has taken charge of the army of eleven hundred laborers who
+are doing a wonderful amount of work. In an interview he told of the work
+that has to be done, and the contractors' estimates show more than
+anything the chaotic condition of this city. 'It will take ten thousand
+men thirty days to clear the ground so that the streets are passable and
+the work of rebuilding can be commenced,' said he, 'and I am at a loss to
+know how the work is to be done. This enthusiasm will soon die out and the
+volunteers will want to return home.
+
+"'It would take all summer for my men alone to do what work is necessary.
+Steps must be taken at once to furnish gangs of workmen, and I shall send
+a communication to the Pittsburg Chamber of Commerce asking the different
+manufacturers of the Ohio Valley to take turns for a month or so in
+furnishing reliefs of workmen.
+
+"'I shall ask that each establishment stop work for a week at a time and
+send all hands in the charge of a foreman and timekeeper. We will board
+and care for them here. These gangs should come for a week at a time, as
+no organization can be affected if workmen arrive and leave when they
+please.'
+
+"A meeting was held here in the afternoon which resulted in the
+appointment of James B. Scott, of Pittsburg, generalissimo.
+
+"Mr. Scott in an interview said that he proposed to clear the town of all
+wreckage and debris of all descriptions and turn the town site over to the
+citizens when he has completed his work clean and free from obstructions
+of all kinds.
+
+"I was here when the gang came across one of the upper stories of a house.
+It was merely a pile of boards apparently, but small pieces of a bureau
+and a bed spring from which the clothes had been burned showed the nature
+of the find. A faint odor of burned flesh prevailed exactly at this spot.
+
+"'Dig here,' said the physician to the men. 'There is one body at least
+quite close to the surface.' The men started in with a will. A large pile
+of underclothes and household linen was brought up first. It was of fine
+quality and evidently such as would be stored in the bedroom of a house
+occupied by people quite well to do.
+
+"Presently one of the men exposed a charred lump of flesh and lifted it up
+on the end of a pitchfork. It was all that remained of some poor creature
+who had met an awful death between water and fire.
+
+"The trunk was put on a cloth, the ends were looped up, making a bag of
+it, and the thing was taken to the river bank. It weighed probably thirty
+pounds. A stake was driven in the ground to which a tag was attached
+giving a description of the remains. This is done in many cases to the
+burned bodies, and they lay covered with cloths upon the bank until men
+came with coffins to remove them."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+Not More Than Half the Bodies of Victims Identified--Hundreds of Corpses
+of the Unknown and Nameless Cast Into the Sea--Others Buried in the Sand
+and Cremated--List of Identifications.
+
+
+The actual number of lives lost at Galveston will never be known, but over
+4,500 bodies of victims of the frightful catastrophe were identified; and
+these, together with the hundreds of identified and unidentified corpses
+which were buried at sea, in the sands along the beach, in the yards and
+grounds of private residences; those bodies which must have been carried
+out into the gulf when the waters receded from the island Sunday morning;
+those cremated; the hundreds found on the gulf coast, on the shores of
+Galveston Bay, and those taken from the water; and, finally, those
+discovered in all sorts of places inland (the bodies found outside
+Galveston Island being buried where picked up)--all these served to swell
+the Galveston death list to possibly 7,000, which was the figure named by
+Mayor Jones the fifth day after the flood. He had every opportunity for
+obtaining information on this point.
+
+Until the cremation of bodies began the foremen of the various burial
+gangs made lists of the bodies disposed of by their men, but when it
+became necessary to burn the corpses, the danger of pestilence being so
+great that they had to be put out of the way at the earliest possible
+moment, the compilation of these lists was abandoned and a mere general
+estimate made. The work of clearing the business and residence streets
+proceeded but slowly, the men in the gangs assigned to this being
+enervated by the intense heat of the sun, sickened by the effluvia from
+the decomposing bodies of dead human beings and animals, and depressed by
+the gloomy character of their surroundings. Most of the men thus employed
+were citizens of Galveston, many of whom were in comfortable circumstances
+before the storm swept away their belongings. In the majority of cases
+these workers had lost not only their earthly possessions, but members of
+their immediate families as well, and were heartsore and crushed in
+spirit. In the main, they engaged in this work because they wanted to help
+the city out in its desperate straits, and for the further reason that if
+not busied in mind and body they might possibly go mad.
+
+The first of the lists of the identified dead was made out and made public
+on Tuesday following the disaster, and the lists compiled the succeeding
+days were given out as soon as completed.
+
+The lists printed below comprise the first and only complete roster of the
+dead which has appeared anywhere:
+
+
+FIRST LIST OF IDENTIFIED VICTIMS--TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11.
+
+  Aguilo, Joseph B., chairman of the Democratic county executive
+      committee.
+  Allen, Charlotte M., Seventeenth street and Avenue A.
+  Allen, E., and wife.
+  Amundsen, mother of Deputy Chief of Police Amundsen.
+  Burrows, Mrs. M.
+  Bross, Mrs. Kate, Twenty-second street, near beach.
+  Burnett, Mrs. George, and child, Twenty-fourth street and Avenue P.
+  Barbon, Mrs.
+  Baxter, Mrs., and child, lost in Magia store.
+  Bell, Mrs. Dudley, wife of Galveston News compositor, and child.
+  Beveridge, Mrs., and two children.
+  Betts, Walter, cotton broker, and wife.
+  Bird, the family of police officer Bird.
+  Broecker, John F., wife and two children.
+  Bowe, Mrs. John, and three children. Police officer John Bowe attempted
+      to save his family on a raft, but they were swept away and drowned.
+  Burnett, Gary, and wife and Mrs. Burnett.
+  Caddom, Alex., and four children.
+  Clark, Mrs. C. T., and infant.
+  Compton, A. J., and wife.
+  Correll, Mrs. J. R., and family.
+  Collins, daughter of Mrs. Collins.
+  Cline, Mrs., wife of Dr. L. M. Cline, local forecast official of the
+      United States weather bureau.
+  Coryell, Patti Rosa.
+  Coates, Mrs. William, wife of William A. Coates, of Galveston News.
+  Cramer, Miss Bessie.
+  Daly, W. L., grain exporter and steamship agent for Charles F. Ortwein &
+      Co.
+  Day, Alfred.
+  Davies, John R., and wife.
+  Delaney, Mrs. Jack, wife of United States bridge officer of the port,
+      with two children.
+  Delyea, Paul, ex-sergeant police.
+  Davenport, W., wife and three children.
+  Davis, Lessie.
+  Dorin, Mrs.
+  Dorrian, Mrs., and five children; had taken refuge with nine other
+      persons on the roof of a house which was destroyed and all lost.
+      The Dorian house withstood the elements.
+  Ellison, two children of Captain Ellison, one of them drowning in its
+      mother's arms.
+  Engelke, John, wife and child.
+  Evans, Mrs. Kate, and two daughters.
+  Eichter, Edward, Thirteenth street and Avenue N.
+  Ewing, Miss.
+  Fordtran, Mrs. Claude J., 1919 Tremont street.
+  Fix, C. H.
+  Fisher, W. F., wife and two children.
+  Flash, William, and daughter, Twenty-fifth street and P avenue; Mrs.
+      Flash was saved.
+  Foster, Harry, wife and three children.
+  Frederickson, Violet.
+  Frederickson, Mrs., and baby.
+  Gernand, Mrs. John F., and two children.
+  Guest, Mamie.
+  Gordon, Mrs. Abe, and five children.
+  Gernaud, John H., wife and two children.
+  Hansinger, H. A., daughter and mother-in-law.
+  Harris, Mrs. (colored.)
+  Harris, Mrs. Rebecca.
+  Hobeck, ----, and boy.
+  Howe, ----, police officer, and family.
+  Howth, Mrs. Clarence.
+  Hughes, Joe.
+  Hawkins, Mattie Lea.
+  Hesse, Mrs. Irene, Broadway and Sixth street.
+  Hunn, F., street-car motorman.
+  Hunter, Albert, and wife.
+  Hamburg, Mrs. Peter, and four children.
+  Harris, Mrs. J. H.
+  Jones, Mr., and wife.
+  Johnson, Richard, struck by flying timber and instantly killed.
+  Jones, Mrs. W. R., and child.
+  Kelly, Willie.
+  Keller, Charles A., prominent cotton man.
+  Kelly, Barney.
+  Lackey, wife and two children of Leon J. Lackey, telegraph operator.
+  Longnecker, Mrs. A.
+  Lord, Richard, traffic manager George H. McFaden Brothers, cotton
+      exporters.
+  Lynch, John.
+  Lassocco, Mrs., Twenty-first street and Avenue P. Twenty-five persons
+      are reported to have been lost in the store building of Mrs.
+      Lassocco.
+  Lisbony, W. H.
+  Labbat, Joe.
+  Lafayette, Mrs., and two children.
+  Magia, Mr., two daughters and son, grocery. Eleventh street and Avenue A.
+  Masterson, B. T., and family.
+  Motter, Mrs., and two daughters.
+  Munn, Mrs. J. W., Sr.
+  McKenna, five members of the P. J. and J. P. McKenna families.
+  Monroe, Mrs., colored, and three children.
+  Mordon, Miss.
+  McCauley, Miss Annie.
+  Morton, Mrs., and two babies.
+  Nolly, Mrs. Sam and four children, with ten other women and children, in
+      the Nolly house on Fortieth street and Avenue T. Mr. Nolly and
+      another man were saved after a bitter struggle.
+  O'Keefe, Mrs. Michael, and brother.
+  O'Harrow, William.
+  O'Dell, Miss Nellie, and brother, daughter and son of James O'Dell.
+  Peck, Captain R. H., city engineer, wife and five children.
+  Peek, Captain; house was seen to overturn while he was in it, and he has
+      not been found.
+  Porette; thirteen persons killed in a house at Eighth street and
+      Broadway. Dominick Porette is the only one of the party who
+      lives to tell the tale.
+  Parker; an entire family living at Thirty-ninth and Q streets,
+      consisting of Angeline Parker and grandchild, Tommy Lesker; Si
+      Sullivan Parker and wife and three children.
+  Parker, Mrs. Frank, Avenue Q and Thirty-first street.
+  Porfree, Henry, a tailor.
+  Palmer, J. B., and baby.
+  Plitt, Harmon.
+  Parker, Mrs. Mollie.
+  Ptolmey, Paul.
+  Quester, Mrs. W., little son and daughter.
+  Quester, Bessie.
+  Rice, proof reader on the Galveston News, and child.
+  Richards, ----, police officer.
+  Roll, J. F., wife and four children.
+  Rowan, ----, police officer, and family.
+  Rust, Charles, knocked from a dray while attempting to carry his family
+      to a place of safety; instantly killed.
+  Rose, Mrs., wife of Commissary Sergeant Franklin Rose of the United
+      States Army.
+  Ripley, Henry, son of H. S. Ripley.
+  Rhymes, Thomas, wife and two children.
+  Regan, Mike, wife and mother-in-law, lost at the Porette house.
+  Roudaux, Murray.
+  Sailor, Spanish, of the steamship Telesfora, which drifted against the
+      Whitehall at pier 15.
+  Schofield, Miss Ida, lost in Magia store.
+  Schroeder, Mrs. George M., and four children.
+  Schuler, Mr., wife and five children.
+  Schwartzback, Joseph.
+  Shaw, nephew of M. M. Shaw.
+  Somers, Miss Helen.
+  Spencer, Stanley G., local representative of Demster & Co.'s steamship
+      lines and the North German Lloyd steamship lines.
+  Stickloch, Miss Mabel, Mechanic street.
+  Swain, Richard D.
+  Sweil, George, mother and sister.
+  Schultz, Mr. and wife.
+  Sharp, Miss Annie.
+  Summers, Sarah.
+  Sharp, Mr. and wife.
+  Schaler, Mrs. Charles, and four children.
+  Sylvester, Mrs.
+  Smith, Mrs. Mamie.
+  Sherwood, Charles.
+  Thompson, mother-in-law and sister-in-law of William Thompson of the
+      fire department.
+  Tovrea, ----, police officer.
+  Treadwell, Mrs. J. B., and infant.
+  Taylor, Mrs., colored.
+  Toothacker, wife and daughter of Jesse W. Toothacker, contractor and
+      builder.
+  Trebosius, Mrs. George, wife of George Trebosius of the Galveston News,
+      and two sisters of Mr. Trebosius, at their home, Fortieth street and
+      Avenue R.
+  Unidentified--Two sisters-in-law and a niece.
+  Unidentified--White girls, 12 years old, found in the yard of J. Paul
+      Jones.
+  Unidentified--Four white and seven colored persons found in the first
+      story of W. J. Reitmeyer's residence. Reitmeyer family, in the
+      second story, escaped.
+  Unidentified--A lady and her daughter from St. Louis.
+  Unidentified--Thirteen Inmates and three matrons at the Home for the
+      Homeless.
+  Wakelee, Mrs. Davis.
+  Webster, Edward, and two sisters.
+  Webster, Thomas, Sr., secretary of the grain inspector of the port,
+      with family of four.
+  Wensmor, several members of the family residing in the east end; one of
+      the family, an old man, was saved.
+  Wenman, Mrs. J. W., and two children.
+  Wolfe, Charles, police officer, and family.
+  Wood, Mrs., mother of United States Deputy Marshal Wood.
+  Wilson, Mrs. Mary Ann and baby.
+  Wallace, ----, and four children.
+  Watkins, S. W., Avenue Q and Thirty-first street. Mr. Watkins was
+      drowned and it was reported that about twenty other persons in the
+      same house met a similar fate.
+  Wren, James, wife and six children; drowned at the Porette House.
+  Wootam, ----.
+  Woodward, Miss Hattie.
+  Wollam, C., drowned after saving several women and while trying to save
+      others.
+  Walter, Mrs. Charles, and three children.
+  Twenty-two persons--Francois, a well-known waiter, reported the loss of
+      twenty-two persons who had taken refuge in his house.
+
+At Hitchcock, Tex., thirty lives were lost. Two Italian families of
+thirteen people met death by drowning. The following were killed by
+falling timbers:
+
+  Robinson, William.
+  Dominic, a child.
+  Johnson, Hiram, and wife.
+  Pietze, Mrs., and three children.
+  The family of C. W. Young, wife, two sons and two daughters.
+  Montelona, Mary.
+  Palmero, ----, wife and seven children.
+  O'Connor, T. W.
+  Members of two families of Alvin, who were visiting the Young family.
+  Seven unidentified found on prairie, supposed to be from Galveston.
+
+Five Houston people perished at Seabrook in the hurricane. They were:
+
+  Lucy, Mrs. C. H., and two small children.
+  M'Ilhenny, Haven, and the 5-year-old son of David Rice.
+
+At Alvin the dead were:
+
+  Johnson, J. M.
+  Johnston, Mrs. J. S.
+  Appelle, Miss.
+  Lewis, Mrs. O. S.
+  Glaspy, John S.
+  Richardson, B.
+  Collins, Mrs. J. W., killed by falling timbers.
+  Collins, Mrs.
+  Hawley, W. P.
+  Mebam, W. C., and wife.
+
+At Rosenburg the following death list was reported:
+
+  Watson, Rev. A.
+  Ontrall, Mrs. I. J.
+  Herman, B. S.
+
+At Oyster Creek the reported dead were:
+
+  Carlton, H.
+  Smith, S.
+  Jones, Tom.
+  Arnold, A.
+  Smith, Connie.
+  Marshall, Lucy.
+  Stephens, Tom, colored.
+
+At Arcola:
+
+  Wofford, Mrs. A., aged white woman.
+
+At Alto Loma:
+
+  Twenty-seven--(no list given).
+
+At Richmond eighteen persons were killed.
+
+At Wharton, sixteen negroes were drowned.
+
+At Morgan's Point:
+
+  Vincent, Mrs., and two children.
+
+
+THE DEATH LIST FOR WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12.
+
+  Almers, Mrs. P.
+  Anderson, M., and family.
+  Andrew, Mr., and three children.
+  Annudsen, Louis.
+  Armstrong, Mrs. Dora, and four children.
+  Bell, Mrs. A. C.
+  Bell, Guy.
+  Berger, W. L., wife and child.
+  Bodden, Mrs., and Mrs. J. F.
+  Brockelman, three children of J. T. Brockelman.
+  Bures, ----, wife and sister.
+  Burge, William, wife and child.
+  Burnett, Mrs. Mary.
+  Burnett, Mrs. Gary, and two children.
+  Carigan, Joseph.
+  Childs, K. T.
+  Cleveland, George, and family.
+  Cornett, Charles, and wife.
+  Connett, Mr. and Mrs. William, and two children.
+  Craig, George.
+  Dailey, K.
+  Dilz, M., and two sons.
+  Dorian, George, and wife.
+  Ducos, ----, two children.
+  Delcie, Mrs. Henry R., and child.
+  Darby, Charles.
+  Dowell, Mrs. Sam.
+  Edmunsen, Mrs.
+  Edwards, Miss Eliza.
+  Eggerett, William, and son Charles.
+  Ellis, Mrs., and family.
+  English, John, wife and child.
+  Eideman, H. E.
+  Everhart, J. H., wife and daughter.
+  Fabey, Sumptey.
+  Falke, Joseph, and three children.
+  Farmer, Mrs. I. P.
+  Faucett, Robert.
+  Faucett, Mrs. Belle.
+  Fegue, Lillie, and Esther and Laura May, children of Mrs. Lillie Fegue.
+  Fox, Thomas.
+  Fritz, ----.
+  Floehr, Mrs.
+  Gaulters, J.
+  Grathcar, Mrs. John, and child.
+  Harrah, Martin.
+  Harris, Mrs. John, and three children.
+  Heck, Mrs., and son.
+  Herman, Martin, and two children.
+  Hinke, August, Richard and Johanna.
+  Holbeck, Mrs. L. L.
+  Homburg, Peter.
+  Hock, Mrs., and son.
+  Hayman, Mrs. John A., and five children.
+  Johnson, A. S., wife and three children.
+  Jones, Robert.
+  Junemann, Charles, wife and daughter.
+  Junter, William, and six children.
+  Kampe, Charles.
+  Kauffman, H., wife and children.
+  Kelso, Munson, Jr.
+  Kelso, Roy, baby boy of J. C. Kelso.
+  Kirby, Mrs. J. H., and three children.
+  Klein, Mrs. E. V.
+  Kleincke, H., and wife.
+  Koepler, Mrs. Fred., and family.
+  Kraus, Mr. and Mrs. J. J.
+  Krauss, Fred.
+  Krauss, Joseph J., wife and daughters.
+  Krausse, L., wife and two daughters.
+  Louis, Poland, carrier News.
+  Lorance, Mrs. T. A.
+  Lucas, Mrs. H., and two children and white nurse.
+  Malrs, O. M., wife and child.
+  Maree, ----, employed by James Fascher.
+  Malter, J.
+  Martin, Mrs., wife of Policeman Martin.
+  Masterson, B. T., and family.
+  Miles, Colson.
+  Miller, William, and family (partner of Childs).
+  Mitchell, Mrs. W. H., and child.
+  Mongon, John.
+  Morro, Dotlo, wife and seven children.
+  Muttie, A.
+  M'Manus, Mrs. William.
+  Miner, Lucia.
+  Neill, ----, and family.
+  Nolan, Mrs.
+  Olson, Mrs. Mattie, and two children.
+  Opperman, Miss May, and Marguerite and Gussie of Palestine.
+  Odelle, O.
+  Olsen, Mrs. Matilda, and two children.
+  Parler, Mrs. D., and two children.
+  Pasker, Miss Ethel.
+  Pauls, Nellie and Cecilia.
+  Pix, C. H.
+  Palmer, J. B., and baby.
+  Plitt, Harmon.
+  Peters, Mrs.
+  Park, Mrs. M. L.
+  Park, Miss Alice.
+  Park, Miss Lucy.
+  Roberts, ----, watchman G. H. and N. R. R.
+  Rattizan, Mrs. Leon, and four children.
+  Ratissa, Mrs. W. L., and three children.
+  Raymond, Mr. and Mrs., and two children.
+  Reagan, J. N.
+  Rhaes, T. F., wife and two children.
+  Roan, Mrs., and three children.
+  Rudger, C., wife and child.
+  Runter, A., and mother and father.
+  Schoabel, George, wife and daughter.
+  Severet, J., and wife.
+  Sherwood, Thomas, wife and three children.
+  Shilke, Mrs., son and infant.
+  Siegler, Mrs. Fred.
+  Sommers, F., wife and three daughters and his son Joseph, wife and child.
+  Stetgel, Mr., and family.
+  Stockfelt, Peter, wife and six children.
+  Swanson, Mrs.
+  Stockfletch, Peter, wife and six children.
+  Schwotsel, George, wife and daughter Lulu.
+  Sayers, Dr. John B.
+  Sayers, Tom.
+  Smith, Jacob.
+  Stowinsky, Mr., and wife.
+  Seixas, E., and two daughters, Anna and Lucile.
+  Tarpey, Joseph.
+  Toveca, Sam, policeman, wife and four children.
+  Tow, T. C., wife and five children.
+  Thomsen, Mrs. W. D., and two children.
+  Tovrea, Sam, wife and child.
+  Toothacker, Miss Jennie.
+  Tillebach, Charles, wife, mother-in-law and two children.
+  Villeneve, Mrs., and child of Hitchcock.
+  Vogel, Mrs. Henry, and three children.
+  Vondenbaden, Mrs., and two children.
+  Walden, Mr.
+  Warmarvosky, Adolph, mother and sister reported missing.
+  Warneke, Mrs. A. W., and five children.
+  Warren, James, wife and six children.
+  Webber, Mr., family missing.
+  Wedges, Judge, justice of the peace, and wife.
+  Wilsh, Joseph, wife and two children.
+  Wincott, Mrs.
+  Windman, Mrs.
+  Webster, Edward, Sr.
+  Webster, Mrs. Julia.
+  Webster, Mrs. Sarah.
+  Webster, George.
+  Webster, Joe.
+  Yeats, ----, child.
+  Youngblood, L. J., wife and child.
+  Zipp, Mrs. and daughter.
+
+
+THURSDAY'S (SEPTEMBER 13) AWFUL ROSTER OF IDENTIFIED DEAD.
+
+The official list of those identified on Thursday was as follows:
+
+  Adams, Toby.
+  Adams, Mrs.
+  Agin, George.
+  Allen, Mrs. Alex.
+  Anderson, Mrs. S.
+  Albertson, A.
+  Albertson, Mrs.
+  Alpin, George.
+  Alpin, Mrs.
+  Anderson, Mrs. Jack.
+  Ashe, George, Sr.
+  Ashe, George, Jr.
+  Bell, Alexander.
+  Berger, Mrs. Lucy.
+  Bell, Henry.
+  Bland, Mrs.
+  Bland, Mrs. Florence.
+  Bodecker, Charles.
+  Boss, Charles.
+  Boss, D.
+  Brooks, J. R.
+  Cain, Rev. Thomas W.
+  Cain, Mrs.
+  Calhoun, Mrs. Thomas.
+  Carter, Corinne.
+  Casey, Mrs. Annie.
+  Clark, C. Y.
+  Chaffee, Mrs.
+  Cuney, R. C.
+  Davis, Gabe.
+  Day, Alfred.
+  Day, Willie.
+  Dempsey, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Davis, Henry T.
+  Dorrfe, Mr.
+  Dorrfe, Mrs.
+  Dunton, Mrs. Annie.
+  Dammel, Mrs.
+  Dammell, W. D.
+  Direkes, Henry.
+  Dowell, Mrs. Samuel.
+  Dunning, Mrs. H. C.
+  Dunning, Richard.
+  Evans, Mrs.
+  Falkenhagen, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Freitag, Harry.
+  Frank, Mrs. Aug.
+  Frieman, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Feither, Mrs. F.
+  Ferget, Julius.
+  Gibson, Professor.
+  Goth, A. E.
+  Goth, Mrs.
+  Green, Mrs. Lucy.
+  Gentry, Charlotte.
+  Gottleib, Mrs.
+  Homes, Florence.
+  Harris, Effie.
+  Higgins, Mrs.
+  Hoffman family.
+  Holland, Mrs. James.
+  Hughes, Robert.
+  Jefferbrook, August.
+  Jefferbrook, Mrs.
+  Johnson, Mrs.
+  Johnson, Mrs. W. J.
+  Jones, W. R.
+  Jasters, Perry.
+  King, Mrs.
+  Knowles, Mrs. W. T.
+  Kuhn, Mrs. H. Clem.
+  Kuhnel, Mrs.
+  Lawson, Charles.
+  Lawson, Mrs.
+  Lewis, Agnes.
+  Lewis, Maria.
+  Lewis, Mrs. Maria.
+  Levin, P.
+  Lindquist, Mrs. O.
+  Lockman, Mr. and Mrs. H.
+  Ludwig, Alfred.
+  Lyle, William.
+  Lemmon, Virgie.
+  Lloyd, Buck.
+  Lloyd, Mrs.
+  Ludwig, Albert.
+  Manley, Joe.
+  Moore, Mrs. N.
+  Moore, Mrs. Nathan.
+  Martin, Herman.
+  Menzel, John.
+  Menzel, Mrs.
+  Morse, Arthur P.
+  Morse, Mrs.
+  McGuire, John.
+  McPherson, Robert.
+  McDade, Ed.
+  Nelson, Mrs.
+  Park, Miss Lucy.
+  Piney, Mrs.
+  Patrick, Cora.
+  Patrick, Ida.
+  Pierson, Mrs. Mary.
+  Pierson, Alice.
+  Pierson, Frank.
+  Piner, Mrs. Ella.
+  Powers, Mrs.
+  Randolph, Edith.
+  Ravey family.
+  Roehm, Mrs.
+  Roehm, William.
+  Roehle, John.
+  Roehle, Mrs.
+  Ruehrmond, Professor.
+  Ruehrmond, Mrs.
+  Roukes, Mrs. Charles.
+  Reuter, Otto.
+  Reuter, Henry.
+  Rowe, Ada.
+  Rowe, Hattie.
+  Rowe, George.
+  Shaw, Frank.
+  Seidenstricker, Henry.
+  Schultze, Charles.
+  Schulz, Fred.
+  Schulz, Mrs.
+  Schulz, Charles C.
+  Schwotsel, George.
+  Scott, Annie.
+  Scull, Mrs. Mary.
+  Seixas, Miss Arma.
+  Seixas, Miss Lucille.
+  Sexalis, Sella.
+  Schutte, E. R.
+  Schutte, Mrs.
+  Shilhe, Mrs.
+  Tix, Herman.
+  Torr, T. C.
+  Torr, Mrs. T. C.
+  Thurman, Mrs.
+  Tresvant, Jordan.
+  Trostman, Mrs.
+  Turner, Mrs.
+  Turner, Mr.
+  Turner, Mrs.
+  Uleridge, Adelaide.
+  Van Liew, Mollie.
+  Van Buren, Herman.
+  Waring, Mrs. (Chicago).
+  Warren, Celia.
+  Washington, Mrs.
+  Weiss, Professor.
+  Weidemann, Fritz.
+  Wilke, assistant city electrician.
+  Wilke, Mrs.
+  Williams, Mrs. E. C.
+  Williams, Sam.
+  Williams, Mrs.
+  Woodrow, Matilda.
+  Yeager, William.
+  Zweigel, Mrs.
+
+
+IDENTIFICATIONS MADE ON FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 14.
+
+  Aberhart, T., and wife.
+  Ackermann, Herman, wife and daughter.
+  Adams, M., and Mrs. Tobey (colored).
+  Adameit, Mrs. G. and seven children.
+  Akers, C. B., wife and three children.
+  Albertson, A., wife and two children.
+  Allardico, R. L., wife and three children.
+  Allen, Cornelia.
+  Allen, Daisy.
+  Allen, Elve.
+  Allen, Zerena.
+  Alphonse, John, wife and family.
+  Anderson, Oscar, wife and children.
+  Anderson, Andrew, wife and children.
+  Armitage, Miss Vivian.
+  Armour, Mrs., and five children.
+  Artisan, John, wife and nine children.
+  Andrew, Mrs. A., and family.
+  Bell, Alexander, wife, two sons and daughter.
+  Boedecker, Charles.
+  Bercer, Mrs. Lucy.
+  Brooks, J. T.
+  Bland, Mrs., and seven children (colored).
+  Bell, Henry.
+  Bankers, Mrs. Charles.
+  Beach, Miss Nina of Victoria.
+  Boedenker, H., father, brother and sister-in-law.
+  Barnard, Mrs.
+  Becker, John, wife and daughters, Mae and Vida.
+  Brown, Winnie M.
+  Bellew, Mr. and Mrs. J., and daughter.
+  Bass, John, wife and four children (colored).
+  Baulch, Will, wife and two children.
+  Beal, Mrs. Dudley, and child.
+  Bedford, Cushman (colored).
+  Bohn, Dixie.
+  Boss, Peter, and wife.
+  Bowen, ----.
+  Bradley, Miss Mannie.
+  Bradley, Miss Ethel.
+  Bentley, and family.
+  Briscoll, A. M.
+  Bockelman, C. J.
+  Brown, Joe, and family.
+  Buckley, Selma.
+  Buckley, Blanche.
+  Buckley, mother and father.
+  Buckley, Mrs. and daughter.
+  Burgee, William, wife and child.
+  Burrell, Mrs. (colored).
+  Bittell, Mrs.
+  Christian, John.
+  Campbell, Will.
+  Curry, Mrs. Martha J., and Miss Louisa.
+  Campbell, Miss Edna.
+  Carter, Adeline.
+  Ninety people at Catholic Orphan Home.
+  Cato, William (colored).
+  Childs, William, and wife.
+  Clark, Tom.
+  Corbett, James J., and four children.
+  Caddoe, Alex., and five children.
+  Colsen, ----.
+  Connor, Captain D. E.
+  Connor, Edward J.
+  Cowen, ----.
+  Crouse, J. J., wife and children.
+  Credo, Will.
+  Cromwell, Mrs., and three children.
+  Crook, Ashby.
+  Crowley, Miss Nellie, and brother.
+  Cuneo, Mrs. Joseph, New Orleans.
+  Curry, Mrs. E. H., and child.
+  Carven, Mrs., and daughter.
+  Carnett, ----, and wife, of Orange.
+  Crawford, Rayburn.
+  Carson, Frank C.
+  Clinton, Mrs. Mary, and children--George A., Horace, Lee W., Joseph B.,
+      Willie B. and Freddie.
+  Darrell, ----, and five children.
+  Davis, Mrs. T. F.
+  Deltz, M., and two sons.
+  Dinter, Mrs., and daughter.
+  Donahue, Ellen, Utica, N. Y.
+  Donahue, Mary, Utica, N. Y.
+  Doll, George and wife.
+  Doll, Frank, and family.
+  Doty, John.
+  Doyle, Jim.
+  Dunningham, Richard E.
+  Dunnin, Mrs. Howard C., and three children.
+  Dirke, Henry, and family.
+  Darfee, Mr. and Mrs., and two daughters.
+  Dammill, W. D., and wife (colored).
+  Dunham, George R., and wife.
+  Dunham, George R., Jr., and two children.
+  Donnelly, Nick.
+  Ducos, Madeline and Octavia.
+  Davis, Miss Emma.
+  Drewa, H. A.
+  Demesie, Mrs., and two sons.
+  Dowles, Samuel, wife and one child.
+  Davis, Mrs. Mary, and children--Carrie, Alice, Lizzie and Eddie.
+  Eckett, Fred.
+  Eckett, Charles.
+  Edward, James, and family.
+  Eismann, ----, wife and child.
+  Eismann, Howard.
+  Elias, James, and two children.
+  English, John, wife and child.
+  Emmanuel, Joe.
+  Eppendorf, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Eads, Sumpter.
+  Forget, Julius.
+  Pfeither, Mrs. Fritz.
+  Frau, Mrs. August, and daughter.
+  Faby, C. S., wife and two children.
+  Foster, Mrs. August.
+  Freise, Mr. and Mrs. Charles M.
+  Forbush, John, and Freddie.
+  Fretwell, J. B., Mrs. and boy.
+  Foster, Mrs. S. F.
+  Farrer, Miss Nannie of Sullivan's Island.
+  Frank, Anton, wife and two daughters.
+  Fanchon family.
+  Fedo, Joe.
+  Ferwedert, Peter.
+  Fickett, Mrs., and four children.
+  Fiegel, John.
+  Figge, Mrs., and four children.
+  Franks, Mr., and daughter.
+  Fornkesell, T. C.
+  Foster, Mr. and Mrs. Harry, and three children.
+  Fox, Thomas, wife and four children.
+  Frankovich, Charles and John.
+  Fredericks, Corinne.
+  Furst family.
+  Gait, A. E., and wife.
+  Gibson, Professor, and family.
+  Gentry, Charlotte (colored).
+  Gonzales, Andrew, wife and daughter Pauline.
+  Graham, Mrs. H., and baby.
+  Garnett, Robert F.
+  Gibson, Mary C.
+  Guilett, Colonel, of Victoria.
+  George, H. K., and family.
+  Grey, H. K., and family.
+  Grey, Randolph, four children and sister-in-law.
+  Garbaldi, August.
+  Gabel, Mr. and Mrs. (colored).
+  Gallishaw, and five children.
+  Gaires, Mrs. Lillie, and two daughters.
+  Ganth, ----.
+  Garrigan, Joe.
+  Gecan, Matt.
+  Gordon, Oscar.
+  Clausen, Charles, and family of four.
+  Gregg, ----, and four children.
+  Grief, John, wife and three children.
+  Grosscup, Mrs.
+  Goodwin, two girls.
+  Genning, Tim, and wife.
+  Gruetsmicher, Louis, wife and two daughters.
+  Gaines, Captain Edward, and wife.
+  Hildebrand, Fred.
+  Harris, Miss Rebecca.
+  Hubbell, Misses Maggie and Emma.
+  Haines, sister of Mrs. Captain Haines.
+  Huebener, Mrs. A., and boy.
+  Haughton, Willie O.
+  Hunter, George.
+  Hausinger, George.
+  Hall, Charles (colored).
+  Hannamann, Mrs. August.
+  Harris, L.
+  Harris, Thomas, wife and three children.
+  Harris, Mrs. W. D., and son.
+  Harrison, Tom, and wife.
+  Hassler, Charles, and wife.
+  Hasselmeyer family.
+  Haughton, Mrs. W. W.
+  Heidmann, William, Jr.
+  Helfenstein, Sophie and Willie.
+  Hennessy, Mrs. M. P., and two nieces.
+  Herman, Martin, and two children.
+  Hersey, Mrs. John.
+  Holmes, Mrs. (colored).
+  Hoskins, T. D., wife and three children (colored).
+  Hubbell, Emma and Maggie.
+  Hull, William (colored).
+  Hull, Charles (colored).
+  Humberg, Mrs. Peter, and four children.
+  Jackman, Ada, and two children.
+  Jaeger, William H.
+  Jaeger, John, and wife.
+  Jaecke, Mrs. Curt, and three children.
+  Jennings, James A., and wife.
+  Jennssen, Mrs. and Mr., and five children.
+  Johnson, Asa, wife and son.
+  Johnson, Julian.
+  Johnson, child.
+  Johnston, J. B., wife and two children.
+  Johnston, Mrs. Alice.
+  Johnston, Mrs. E. E., and four children.
+  Junkf, Martha.
+  Junka, Mrs. Paulina.
+  Junker, Mrs. Colina.
+  Johnston, Mrs.
+  Johnston, Mrs. W. J.
+  Johnson, Mrs. C. S.
+  Jones, J. H., and wife.
+  Jaeger, Walter H.
+  Johnson, V. S.
+  Johnson, Odin, wife and child.
+  Johnston, J. A., and wife.
+  Keats, Tom, and wife.
+  Keeton, J. C., wife and three children.
+  Kelmer, Charles L., Sr.
+  Kely, ----, wife and three children.
+  Keiffer, wife and daughter.
+  Kennelly, Mrs. Annie.
+  Kester, Fred, and daughter.
+  Kirby, James, and three men.
+  Kirby, Mrs. George, and two children.
+  Kleinicke, Mrs., and family.
+  Klenmann, Fred and wife.
+  Knowles, Mrs. W. T., and three children.
+  Kuder, Ed., and wife.
+  Kuhn, Oscar, wife and three children.
+  Kleinmann, Henry, and wife.
+  Klindlund, Newton and Carl.
+  Kemp, Tom and wife.
+  Kemp, W. C., and wife.
+  Kotte, William.
+  Kimlo, Mrs. John, and two children.
+  Kelly, Thomas, wife and two children.
+  Kreckrecek, Joe, wife and three children.
+  King, Mrs.
+  Karvel, Mrs. Jack, and four children.
+  Konstantopolos, F.
+  Kreywell, David, and daughter.
+  Keis, L., wife and four children.
+  Lawson, Charles, wife and child.
+  Ludwig, Alfred, mother and sister-in-law.
+  Lackey, Mrs., father and mother.
+  Lyle, William, grandmother and sister.
+  Labatt, H. J.
+  Labatt, Louisa C., and sister, Nellie E.
+  Lackey and children, Leon and Pearl.
+  Lane, Rev. Mr., and family.
+  Lane, F., and family.
+  Lang, five children.
+  Lapeyre, James, wife and four children.
+  Larson, H., and two children.
+  Laukhuffe, Genevieve.
+  Lawson, Mrs. W., and one child.
+  Learman, H. L.
+  Leverman, Professor.
+  Lemier, Joe, and four children.
+  Leon, ----, and two children.
+  Leslie, Mrs. Gracie.
+  Lettermann, W., wife and two children.
+  Levine, Mrs. P. A., daughter and two sons.
+  Levy, W. T.
+  Lewis, Mrs. J., and six children.
+  Londer, John, wife and seven children.
+  Livingston, Mrs.
+  Lloyd, Charles H., wife and one child.
+  Locke, Mrs. Mary.
+  Lockstadt, Albert, wife and three children.
+  Loasberg, Miss Maggie.
+  Lorance, Mrs. E. A.
+  Love, Ed. G.
+  Ludeke, Henry, wife and son.
+  Luddeker, ----.
+  Little, Mrs. J. A.
+  Lepehear, J. H., wife and three children.
+  Lanahan, Laura, Francis, Terrence, and Claud, children of John Lanahan.
+  Luca, Mrs. J.
+  Leibe, Mrs. Mary.
+  Lang, F. A., four sons and daughter and colored nurse.
+  Levy, Miss, of Houston.
+  Legate, Louis, wife and son.
+  Legate, Mrs. Peticles, two sons and two daughters.
+  Legate, Christian.
+  Manley, Joe, mother and two nieces.
+  Manley, Mrs. S. R.
+  Miller, Mrs., and five children (colored).
+  M'Neill, Miss J., and Miss Ruby.
+  Maybrook, wife and five children.
+  Morris, Harry, wife and three children.
+  Muri, Annie and Murine.
+  Marcotte, Miss Pauline.
+  M'Avay, Mrs. E. C.
+  Mulsburger, Tony, and wife.
+  Martin, Miss Annie.
+  Marlo, Alex.
+  Massey, E., wife and child.
+  Mati, Amendio.
+  M'Camish, R., wife and two daughters.
+  M'Cluskey, Mrs. Charles, and two daughters.
+  M'Cormick, Mrs. B., and four children.
+  M'Millan, Mrs. E., and family.
+  M'Peters, wife and children.
+  Mealy, Mrs. Joseph.
+  Mealy, Joseph.
+  Mielhulan, Mrs.
+  Medzel, John, wife and five children.
+  Mesley, Charles (colored).
+  Milan, wife and four children.
+  Miller, Leslie.
+  Mitchell, Louis R. (colored).
+  Mitchell, Mrs. Annie and son.
+  Moffett, ----, wife and two children.
+  Mongan, John.
+  Monoghan, Mike and family.
+  Monoghan, John, and wife.
+  Morrow, Mrs., and four children.
+  Moore, Miss Maggie.
+  Moore, Mrs. Nathan (colored).
+  Moore. E. W.
+  Moore, two children.
+  Moore, ----.
+  Moore, O., wife and seven children.
+  Morley, D., and wife.
+  Morton, Hammond, and four children.
+  Morse, Albert T., wife and three children.
+  Mulcahey, two children.
+  Munn, Mrs. J. W., Sr.
+  Murrie, Mrs. Annie, and daughter.
+  Myer, Hermann, wife and son.
+  Myers, Mrs. C. J., and one child.
+  Neimann, Mrs., and daughter.
+  North, Miss Archie.
+  Oakley, F.
+  O'Connor, Mamie.
+  Olds, Charlotte (colored).
+  Ormond, George, and five children.
+  Ohlsen, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Opperman, Albert L., and wife.
+  O'Connolly, Miss Mamie.
+  Pett, Mrs.
+  Park, Mrs., and two daughters.
+  Powers, Mrs., and child.
+  Palmer, Mrs. Mae, and son Lee, 6 years old.
+  Patterson, Florence.
+  Pruesmith, Mrs. F., and three children.
+  Paisley, William.
+  Park, Mrs. M. L.
+  Pellins, Mrs. M.
+  Penny, Mrs. A., and two sons.
+  Perry, Jasper, Jr., wife and two children.
+  Peterson, Charles, wife and two children.
+  Peterson, Mrs. J., and children.
+  Phelps, Miss Ruth.
+  Quinn, John.
+  Raab, George W., and wife.
+  Raphael, Nick.
+  Reader, ----, and family.
+  Richardson, William (colored).
+  Ricke, Tony, and wife.
+  Riley, Solomon, and wife.
+  Ring, J., proof reader Galveston News, and two children.
+  Riordan, Thomas.
+  Reagan, Mrs. Patrick, and son.
+  Rhea, Mrs. and Miss Mamie of Giles County, Tennessee.
+  Roach, Annie.
+  Roberts, ----, watchman.
+  Robbins, Mrs. H. B., of Smith's Point.
+  Rodefeld, William, Jr.
+  Rohl, John, wife and five children.
+  Roll, Mrs. A., and four children.
+  Ross, daughter of Mrs. Ross of Houston.
+  Roth, Mrs. Kate, and three children.
+  Roe, Ada (colored).
+  Rowe, Hattie (colored).
+  Rotter, A. J., wife and two children.
+  Rudder, Robert, wife and four children.
+  Rudger, C., wife and child.
+  Rughter, Lena.
+  Ruce, Ida (colored).
+  Rice, Fisher (colored).
+  Redello, Angelo, wife and four children.
+  Randolph, Edith.
+  Rosenberg, ----, and baby.
+  Roe, K. (colored).
+  Riser, Henry, wife and three children.
+  Riesel, Mrs. Lula, and children--Ray and Edna.
+  Roberts, Herbert N.
+  Rhodes, Miss Ella, trained nurse.
+  Rose, C. M.
+  Ruhler, Frank, Mrs. K., Leon and Albert.
+  Reagan, John P.
+  Rutter, H., wife and five children.
+  Sandford, S., and family.
+  Sawyer, Dr. John B.
+  Sawyer, Tom.
+  Sawyer, Mrs. Robert, and three children.
+  Schadermantle, Maud and Randle.
+  Scheirholz, W., wife and five children.
+  Schoolfield, D. (colored).
+  Schrader, Mary.
+  Schuler, Mr. and Mrs., and five children.
+  Schook, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, Jr.
+  Skarke, Charles F., and son.
+  Smith, Mary.
+  Smith, Charles L. Smith, Professor F. C., wife and five children.
+  Smith, Jacob.
+  Smith, Wiley, wife and children (colored).
+  Sodiche, L.
+  Solomon, Frank, and family of six.
+  Solomon, Julius, and wife.
+  Stacker, Mrs. Sophie.
+  Stacker, Miss Alfreda.
+  Stacker, George.
+  Stackpole, Dr., and family.
+  Steding, wife and children (seven in family).
+  Stenzel, wife and three children.
+  Stewart, Captain T., and family.
+  Stewart, Miss Lester.
+  Stiglitz, Miss Mamie.
+  Strabo, Nick, and family, except one.
+  Strickhausen, Mrs.
+  Sweigel, George, mother and sister.
+  Symms, two children of H. C.
+  Smith, Mrs. Mary and baby (colored).
+  Scull, Mrs. Mary.
+  Schutte, R., wife and two children.
+  Simpson, W. R., and two children, James and Berry.
+  Sargent, Thomas, Arthur and Allen.
+  Sladeyce, R. L., wife and three children.
+  Stanford, Mrs. Emma.
+  Schwartz, Marie, Maggie and Willie.
+  Seidenstucker, John.
+  Schrader, Mary.
+  Summers, Miss Sarah, of Cading, Ky.
+  Smith, Jacob (unaccounted for.)
+  Spann, J. C., wife and daughter.
+  Turner, Mrs.
+  Trizevant, Jordan.
+  Thurman, Mrs.
+  Taylor, Mrs. J. W.
+  Thomas, Nolan and Nathan.
+  Thomason, Mrs. W. B., and two children.
+  Thomas, ----, wife and six children.
+  Thornton, two children of Leigh.
+  Tickel, Mrs. James, Sr.
+  Trahan, Mrs. H. V., and child.
+  Travers, Mrs. H. C., and son, Sheldon.
+  Turner, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Trostman, Mrs. E., and three children.
+  Tayer, Verma, and M. C.
+  Unger, Mrs. E., and five children.
+  Ulridge, Adelaide (colored).
+  Van Buren, Ethel.
+  Vaught, Edna, child of W. J. Vaught.
+  Vitocitch, John, and family.
+  Van Buren, Herman, wife and three children.
+  Wallace, Scott.
+  Wallace, Earl.
+  Walden, son of Henry.
+  Walsh, J., wife and child.
+  Warner, Mrs. A. S.
+  Warner, Mrs. Flora.
+  Warren, Martha.
+  Weber, Mrs. Charles T.
+  Weber, Mrs. Anna.
+  Webber, Mrs. F., and family.
+  Windberg, Otto, wife and child.
+  Weiss, Oscar, wife and child.
+  Wenderman, Mrs.
+  Westway, Mrs. George.
+  Wharton, ----.
+  White, family of Walter.
+  Whittle, Tom.
+  Wilde, Mrs., and Miss Freida.
+  Williams, Frank, wife and child.
+  Wilson, Annie.
+  Winscoatte, Mrs. W. D.
+  White, ----.
+  Williams, Alex.
+  Windmann, Mrs.
+  Winmoore, James, wife and two children.
+  Winn, Mrs., and child.
+  Withey, H. M.
+  Wood, William (colored).
+  Woods, Miss, from Joliet, Ill.
+  Woods, Mrs. Julia and Miss Nannie, of Joliet.
+  Wright, Lulu and John.
+  Wurzlow, Mrs.
+  Williams, Mrs. E. C. (colored).
+  Woodrow, Matilda.
+  Wisrodt, August, Jr., and wife and two children.
+  Weinberg, Otto, wife and five children.
+  Walker, Louis D.
+  Watkins, Mrs. F., Stanley, Arthur and Berna.
+  Wallis, Lee, wife, mother, four children and a little orphan girl who
+      formerly lived at Palestine.
+  Weight, Jennie T., and Lula.
+  Walker, Joe.
+  Williams, Rosanna (colored).
+  Winberg, Mrs. F. A., and Fritz.
+  Yeager, William.
+  Yuenz, Lillie and Henry George.
+  Younger, Evelia, and two children (colored).
+  Zeigler, Mrs., and two daughters.
+  Zwigel Mrs., and two daughters.
+
+At the Catholic Orphanage:
+
+  Sister Camillus, Superior.
+  Mary Vincent.
+  Mary Elizabeth.
+  Raphael.
+  Catherina.
+  Genevieve.
+  Felicitus.
+  Mary Finbar.
+  Evangeline.
+  Ranignus.
+
+
+ADDITIONS TO THE DEAD ROSTER FOR SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 15.
+
+  Allison, S. B.
+  Antonovitch, P.
+  Augustial, P.
+  Allen, E. B.
+  Bowles, Samuel.
+  Bowles, Mrs. S.
+  Bellew, J.
+  Bellew, Mrs. J.
+  Bourdon, Mrs. L. A.
+  Blum, Mrs. Isaac.
+  Blum, Mrs. Sylvan.
+  Barry, Mrs. M. E.
+  Bereckman, Edw.
+  Bell, Clarence.
+  Buckner, Mr.
+  Benston, T.
+  Bergeron, Mrs.
+  Banneval, Mrs. A.
+  Bearman, T.
+  Brown, Adolph.
+  Clupp, Mrs. C. P.
+  Cook, William.
+  Cook, Mrs. Scott.
+  Copps, Charles.
+  Cowan, Mr.
+  Carlton, Charles.
+  Cratz, Jack.
+  Cleary, Dan.
+  Coddard, Alex.
+  Duett, Miss M.
+  Dawler, Mrs. Samuel.
+  Davis, Mrs. Thomas.
+  Dorrin, Mrs. C.
+  Demsie, John.
+  Demsie, Mrs. John.
+  Edwards, A. R. C.
+  Esteman, Paul.
+  Falk, Mrs.
+  Fuger, Frank.
+  Goldman, Theo.
+  Garbaldi, August.
+  Hoffman, H. H.
+  Hegman, Edward.
+  Herr, Leonard.
+  Hayman, John A.
+  Holland, Mrs. J.
+  Higgins, Mrs.
+  Irvin, Joseph.
+  Johnson, H. P.
+  Jefferbrook, August.
+  Jefferbrook, Mrs. Aug.
+  Jones, J. H.
+  Jones, Mrs. J. H.
+  Kinds, Joseph.
+  Kimpan, Paul.
+  Keefe, T. J.
+  Kalb, August.
+  Kalif, Mrs. John.
+  Kaiser, Louis.
+  Kinsfader, Joe.
+  Kelly, Florence.
+  Kirky, George.
+  King, Mrs.
+  Karvel, Mrs. Jack.
+  Lindner, Mrs. L.
+  Levy, Major W. T.
+  Lossing, Mrs. H.
+  M'Ewan, John H., Jr.
+  Massey, Tom.
+  Martyn, Mrs. R.
+  Mott, Mrs. Frank.
+  Martin, Jim.
+  Marcoburro.
+  Miller, Joe.
+  Meyer, Joe.
+  McGovern, James.
+  McHale, John.
+  Menard, Miss Mary.
+  Mellor, Robert.
+  Morton, Mrs. A.
+  Morton, Henry.
+  Miller, Mrs.
+  Martin, Herman.
+  McGuire, John.
+  McPherson, Robert.
+  Marcotte, Miss P.
+  McVay, Mrs. E. C.
+  Nick, oysterman.
+  Nelson, Mrs.
+  Opiliz, Anita.
+  O'Keefe, Mrs. C. J.
+  Olsen, Steve.
+  Olson, Thomas H.
+  Provost, James.
+  Plotomey.
+  Plitt, Hermann.
+  Potoff, Charles.
+  Phelps, Ruth.
+  Peklinge, Mrs.
+  Pinto, Mrs. Tony.
+  Peco, Leon.
+  Pierson, Miss Mary.
+  Pierson, Alice.
+  Pierson, Frank.
+  Quarrovich, ----.
+  Rummelin, Ed.
+  Reagan, H. J.
+  Raleigh, Miss Nellie.
+  Reamann, Mrs.
+  Redford, Mattie.
+  Ritter, Mrs. W. M.
+  Roehm, W. W. F.
+  Ravey, ----.
+  Randolph, Edith.
+  Rosenberg, ----.
+  Rurehmond, Professor.
+  Rurehmond, Mrs.
+  Riser, Hy.
+  Riser, Mrs. Hy.
+  Riesel, Mrs. Lulu.
+  Schuler, A.
+  Steager, J.
+  Smith, O. P.
+  Senott, Maggie.
+  Schultz, Charles.
+  Schultz, Charles C.
+  Schultz, Fred.
+  Schultz, Mrs. F.
+  Scull, Mrs. Mary.
+  Simpson, W. R.
+  Sargent, Thomas.
+  Sargent, Arthur.
+  Sargent, Allen.
+  Stanford, Mrs. E.
+  Tuckett, Walter.
+  Tayer, Verma.
+  Tayer, M. C.
+  Williams, Mrs. E. C.
+  Woodrow, Matilda.
+  Waring, Mrs.
+  Wisrodt, August, Jr.
+  Wisrodt, Mrs. A., Jr.
+  Walker, L. D.
+  Watkins, Mrs. F.
+  Watkins, Stanley.
+  Watkins, Arthur.
+  Watkins, Berna.
+  Wallis, Lee.
+  Wallis, Mrs. L. C.
+  Weight, Jennie T.
+  Weight, Lula.
+  Williams, R.
+  Woodward, E. C., Jr.
+  Williams, Rosanna.
+  Walters, F. A.
+  Wicke, Mrs.
+  Wegner, Fritz.
+  Zippi, J. M.
+  Zumberg, Gus.
+
+The members of Battery O, First Artillery, U. S. A., lost in the storm
+were:
+
+  Andrews, George F., private.
+  Andrews, William L., private.
+  Cantner, James W., cook.
+  Delaney, William A., private.
+  Downey, Peter, private.
+  George, Hugh R., first sergeant.
+  Glaffey, John, private.
+  Hess, Fred, private.
+  Hunt, Frank W., private.
+  Kelly, John, private.
+  Lewis, Everett A., private.
+  Link, George, mechanic.
+  Marsh, James A., sergeant.
+  Mitchell, Benjamin D., private.
+  McArthur, Malcolm, mechanic.
+  Peterson, George, private.
+  Rander, Leopold, private.
+  Roberts, Samuel, corporal.
+  Sauerber, William S., private.
+  Seffers, Otto, private.
+  Vantilbruch, Benjamin, private.
+  Wheeler, Wadsworth B., private.
+  White, Herbert R., private.
+  Wilhite, Carvan M., private.
+  Wright, Sidney, private.
+
+Hospital corps:
+
+  Forrest, Samuel, private.
+  Gossage, Joseph, private.
+  McIlvene, Elright, private.
+
+Few of the bodies of the dead regulars were ever found. Twelve miles down
+Galveston Island the following were killed:
+
+  John Schneider's whole family.
+  Henry Schneider's whole family.
+  Fritz Opper's whole family.
+  William Schroeder's wife and seven children.
+  Sam Kemp (colored) lost all his family.
+  Fritz Boehle's wife.
+  Ansie Boehl lost wife and three daughters.
+  Ostermayer and wife.
+
+Only about six houses remained between South Galveston and the city
+limits.
+
+
+Following is a revised list of dead outside of Galveston:
+
+AT ARCADIA.
+
+  James, Bodecker and son.
+  James Wofford.
+  Eleven lives were lost here.
+
+AT ALVIN.
+
+  Misses M. and S. M. Johnson.
+  Mrs. Wilhelm, sister of the Misses Johnson.
+  Mrs. Hawley, killed by being blown against a post.
+
+ON CHOCOLATE CREEK.
+
+  Mr. Gilaspey.
+  Mrs. J. W. Collins.
+  Mrs. S. O. Lewis.
+  Mrs. Proctor, of Rosenburg, killed in Santa Fe wreck.
+
+AT MARVIL.
+
+  Mr. Bumpass.
+  H. H. Richardson, Jr.
+  Mrs. Jules A. Tix, of Galveston County.
+
+ON MUSTANG CREEK.
+
+  J. McLain.
+
+Twelve were lost altogether.
+
+AT ANGLETON.
+
+  Feklin Williams.
+  E. J. Duff and son.
+  Three unknown.
+
+AT BROOKSIDE.
+
+  W. B. Smith's daughter, aged 16.
+  Alice Leonard (colored).
+
+AT COLUMBIA.
+
+ Perry Campbell and three unknown negroes.
+
+AT DICKINSON.
+
+  Three ladies, mother and two daughters and seven unknown men.
+
+AT HITCHCOCK.
+
+  William Johnson and wife.
+  William and Robinson Linnie.
+  Mrs. Pietze.
+  Mary Monenla.
+  Mr. Palmero, wife and five children.
+  Unknown woman, aged 45.
+  Unknown boy, aged 14.
+  George Young, wife and four children.
+  T. W. O'Connor and wife of Alvin, Miss.
+  Mrs. J. W. Collins.
+  W. P. Hawley.
+  Son of Joseph Bodecker.
+  Son of James Bodecker.
+  Hiram Johnson and wife.
+  William Robinson.
+  Domenio Child.
+  Mrs. "Joe" Meyer.
+  Several unknown found on the prairie.
+  Three unknown found on a fence.
+
+AT LEAGUE CITY.
+
+  W. A. Williams.
+  Miss Letitia Schultz and Mrs. Sophia Schultz.
+
+AT MORGAN POINT.
+
+  Louis Bracquail.
+  "Billy" Jones.
+
+AT PATTON.
+
+  B. Landrum, wife and five children.
+  ---- Aikins, wife and child.
+  Mrs. Slatom and child.
+  Traney Lenton, wife and five daughters.
+  A. Vinson, wife and child, of Liverpool, Texas.
+  John Gluspey.
+
+AT QUINTANA.
+
+  Fifteen convicts.
+  Six bodies picked up on beach, believed to have floated over from
+      Galveston.
+
+AT ROSENBERG.
+
+  J. L. Cantrell.
+  Rev. Mr. Watson.
+  Coleman Norman, of Needville.
+  Mrs. Robert Dawson's infant.
+  Child of Mrs. Graggiss.
+  Child of Mrs. Kirkpatrick.
+  Child of Mrs. Palmer.
+  Charles Scott.
+  Mary Hughes.
+
+AT RICHMOND.
+
+  Eighteen unknown.
+
+AT SANDY POINT.
+
+  Eight negroes, names unknown.
+
+AT SEABROOKE.
+
+  Mrs. Fred May.
+  Mrs. P. Pflinger.
+  Mrs. Vincent and three children.
+  Mrs. S. K. Milhenny.
+  Haven Milhenny.
+  Child of Rice Davids.
+  Mrs. Dr. Nicholson.
+  Mrs. Jane Woodlock.
+  Two unknown.
+
+AT VIRGINIA POINT.
+
+  Two children of Mrs. Wright.
+  Mrs. Leon Cleary and three children.
+  James Sylvester.
+  Three negro men.
+  Two unknown negro women.
+  Louis Domengeux.
+
+AT MOSSING SECTION.
+
+  Foreman Kirby, with fourteen white men.
+
+AT VELASCO.
+
+  Rev. Father Keene.
+  L. W. Perry.
+  "Sam" Bliss.
+  Mrs. Parker and granddaughter.
+
+AT WALLER.
+
+  Mrs. Mary Proctor, of Rosenberg, killed in Santa Fe wreck.
+
+The number of those known to have met death outside of Galveston
+aggregated 1,000.
+
+
+THOSE IDENTIFIED SATURDAY AND SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 15 AND 16.
+
+  Augustine, Pasquila and wife.
+  Anderson, Nelson.
+  Agin, George and child.
+  Anderson, Henry.
+  Alexander, Annie and Christian.
+  Almeras, children of Thomas.
+  Alpin, Geo., and wife.
+  Amundsen, Emil, wife and child.
+  Anderson, Ned, wife and two children.
+  Anderson, Amanda, colored.
+  Anderson, Mrs. Carl, and four children.
+  Anizen, Mrs. Frank, and two children.
+  Armstrong, Mrs. Dora, and four children.
+  Azteanza, Captain Sylvester.
+  Alaway, Fred, and family.
+  Bradford, F. H., and family.
+  Boygoyne, Mrs. Francis, and son.
+  Burke, J. G., and wife.
+  Burns, Marco, wife and four children.
+  Bernerville, Mrs. Antonio, and two children.
+  Badger, Otto.
+  Balliman, Gus, Irene and John.
+  Balseman, Mrs.
+  Barns, Mrs. Louise.
+  Barry, Mrs., and six children.
+  Balje, Otto.
+  Batteste, Horace.
+  Baubch, William, wife and two children.
+  Bell, George, wife and four children.
+  Bell, Miss Mattie.
+  Bell, Henry (colored).
+  Berger, Theodore, wife and child.
+  Bergman, Mrs. E. J., and daughter.
+  Bierman, Frederick.
+  Blackson, baby of William.
+  Block, son of Charles.
+  Blum, Isaac.
+  Borden, J. M., and wife.
+  Blum, Sarah and Jennie.
+  Bornkessel, T. C. of United States weather bureau, wife and child.
+  Boske, Mrs. Charles and two sons.
+  Bowen, ----.
+  Branch, Allen (colored).
+  Brandies, Fritz, wife and four children.
+  Brandon, Lottie.
+  Britton, James (colored).
+  Brooks, J. T.
+  Brown, Adolph, wife and two children.
+  Bryan, Mrs. L. W. and daughter.
+  Buckley, Selma and Blanche.
+  Burgoyne, Douglas.
+  Bourke, J. K.
+  Burrell, Elivie and two children (colored).
+  Bureel, Mrs. C. (colored).
+  Baxter, Mrs. George and two children.
+  Chambers, Ada.
+  Curtis, Jane, two children and her mother-in-law (colored).
+  Cleary, Mrs. Dan and five children.
+  Chenivere, Mrs.
+  Christian, Paul and wife.
+  Clancy, Pat, wife and three children.
+  Clauson, Katie.
+  Cleary, Mrs. Leon and one child.
+  Cleveland, George and wife.
+  Cleveland, Roy and Seneca.
+  Close, J. M.
+  Coleman, Mandy and child (colored).
+  Connell, William.
+  Cook, W. S., wife and six children.
+  Cornell, Mrs. Porter and two daughters (colored).
+  Cort, infant of E. L. (colored).
+  Cramer, Miss Bessie.
+  Credo, child of Anthony.
+  Cromwell, Mrs. and three daughters.
+  Curtis, Mrs. J. C. and one child (colored).
+  Curtis, Lula (colored).
+  Cushman, John Henry.
+  Daniels, Mrs. E., three girls, one son, two grandchildren.
+  Davis, Annie N.
+  Davis, Henry T. (colored).
+  Daley, Nicholas.
+  Darby, Charles.
+  Davis, Irene.
+  Deegan, Haddy.
+  Delaney, Joe.
+  Delano, Asa P., wife and children.
+  Deltz, M. and two sons.
+  Dempsey, Mr. and Mrs. Robert.
+  Dixon, Mrs. Louisa and children.
+  Dinsdale, wife and two children.
+  Dittman, Mrs. F., and son.
+  Dore, ----, an old Frenchman.
+  Dore, Deo, Jr., wife and two children.
+  Garrene, Mr. and Mrs., and two children.
+  Dorsett, B., and family of five.
+  Dotto, Mike, wife and six children.
+  Doyle, Jim.
+  Drecksmith, D.
+  Dreckschmidt, H.
+  Drew, H. A.
+  Duffard, A.
+  Duffy, Mrs.
+  Dunant, Frank, Sr.
+  Dunton, Mrs. Adelaide.
+  Dunkins, Mrs.
+  Duntonovitch, John and Pinckey.
+  Darkey, John and wife and daughter Belle.
+  Edmonds, Mrs.
+  Eberhard, F., and wife.
+  Eberg, Mrs. Kate.
+  Eckel, William, wife and son.
+  Edmondson, Fred and father.
+  Eichler, W.
+  Eichler, Mrs. A.
+  Eismann, Howard.
+  Ellis, John. and family of four.
+  Ello, Joseph, wife and two children.
+  Englehart, Louis.
+  Englehart, Mrs. Ludwig.
+  Englehart, G. C.
+  Evans, Mrs. Katy and two daughters.
+  Everhart, J. H., wife and Miss Lena and Guy.
+  Ferrell, Mrs., wife of Rev., and three children.
+  Falke, Joseph, and three children.
+  Faucette, Mrs. Robert.
+  Feigle, John, Sr., and wife.
+  Feigle, Mabel.
+  Flanagan, Mrs. Martin, and child.
+  Foreman, Mrs. Mamie, Cassie, Thomas, Amos, Webster.
+  Franklin, George.
+  Franck, Mrs. Augusta.
+  Freidolf, ----, wife and son.
+  Freilag, ----, and son Harry.
+  Frohne, Mrs. Charles and two children.
+  Frye, Mrs. W. H.
+  Fryer, Bessie Bell.
+  Gwynn, Mrs. D.
+  Gordon, Sol and two children.
+  Gabell, Mr. and Mrs. (colored).
+  Gaines, Mrs. Tillie J. and two daughters.
+  Gallishaw, five children.
+  Garrett, Ed.
+  Garrigan, James.
+  Garrigan, Joseph.
+  Garth, Johnnie and Gussie.
+  Genter, Robert.
+  Gensen, four children.
+  George, first sergeant of Battery O.
+  George, Charles and wife.
+  Gillis, Dan.
+  Gordon, Asker and baby.
+  Grant, Fred (colored).
+  Grant, Mamie E. (colored).
+  Gother, Mrs. Fred.
+  Grumberg, Alex, supposed to belong to life-saving station.
+  Haag, three children of Mrs. B.
+  Hagen, George W.
+  Hall, Joe and family (colored).
+  Hansel, Dick, wife and three children.
+  Harris, Tim.
+  Harris, Thomas, wife and three children.
+  Harris, Robert, wife and one child.
+  Harris, George.
+  Harry, Mrs. (colored).
+  Harris, Mrs. W. R. and son.
+  Hayes, child of Mrs. Eva of Taylor, Texas.
+  Helfstein, John, Jr., (child).
+  Helfstein, Sophie and Lily, children of W.
+  Hemann, Mrs. R. M. and child.
+  Hess, Bugler.
+  Hester, Charlie.
+  Hoarer, Martin, wife and son.
+  Hoch, Mrs. and three sons, Mike, Willie and Louis.
+  Holland, James H., wife and son Willie and grandson Otis.
+  Holland, ---- (colored).
+  Holland, Mrs. James.
+  Holmes, child of Laura (colored).
+  Hubner, Edward and Antoinette.
+  Hudson, Mrs.
+  Hughes, Mrs. Mattie.
+  Hughes, Stuart C.
+  Hughes, John.
+  Hull, Charlie (colored).
+  Huzza, Charles, wife and four children.
+  Hyman, Anthony.
+  Hybach, Charles and son.
+  Jaeger, Mr. and Mrs. and two children.
+  Jackson, Mrs. J. W. and two children.
+  Jamoneck, Ed., wife and two children, all of Dallas.
+  Jasper, two children of Perry (colored).
+  Jefferbock, Mr. and Mrs. Augusta.
+  Jerrel, J., wife and four children and mother-in-law.
+  Jones, Frank, son and Fred (colored).
+  Jones, Mrs. Matilda and daughter.
+  Johnson, Peter, wife and five children.
+  Johnson, Mrs. P. and children.
+  Johnson, R. D., wife and two children.
+  Johnson, Mrs. Genevive and daughter.
+  Johnson, W. J., wife and two children.
+  Johnson, Mrs. Ben and three children.
+  Johnson, Mike, wife, child and mother-in-law.
+  Johnson, Harry.
+  Johnson, Mrs. H. B.
+  Johnson, A. S., wife and six children.
+  Junemann, Charles, wife and daughter.
+  Kunker, William, wife and child.
+  Kace, Mrs. John and four children.
+  Kennedy, Benton, wife and three children.
+  Kemp, Pearl C. (colored).
+  Kemp, Mrs. (colored).
+  Kerpan, Mr. and Mrs. Paul.
+  King, Mrs. (colored).
+  King, Rosa J. (colored).
+  Kindlund, Edgar.
+  Knowles, Mrs. W. T. and three children.
+  Kimley, Mrs. John and family.
+  Kinsell, E.
+  Kreza, Joseph, wife and three sons.
+  Kurpan, Paul and wife.
+  Kaiser, Louie, wife and three children.
+  Kehler, Mrs. Fred and two sons.
+  Keiss, Mrs. John.
+  Keiss, Miss Judie.
+  Keiss, Mrs. Louise and four children.
+  Keiffer, wife and daughter.
+  Kelsy, James.
+  Lackey, Miss Pearl.
+  Lackey, Alma.
+  Lackey, Robert.
+  Lackey, Mrs., four children and daughter-in-law.
+  Lafayette, Mrs., and two children.
+  Lapierce, James, wife and five children.
+  Larson, H. and two children.
+  Laukhuff, Genevieve.
+  Lashley, Mrs. Dave.
+  Lausen, August and three children.
+  Lawson, Mrs. W., and Miss Oralie.
+  Lawson, Mr. and Mrs. and child.
+  Legue, three children of Mrs. Lillie.
+  Lee, Captain G. A. and wife.
+  Lenker, Tom.
+  Lennard, Fred.
+  Lemira, Joseph, wife and four children.
+  Leon, ---- and two children.
+  Leslie, Miss Gracie.
+  Lewis, Mrs. C. A. (colored).
+  Lewis, Mrs. Jake and six children.
+  Lewis, Agnes (Colored).
+  Lindgren, John, wife and seven children. (Miss Lillie, eldest, saved).
+  Lloyd, Buck and wife.
+  Locke, Mrs. Mary.
+  Lockhart, Mrs. Charles, and two children.
+  Losica, Mrs. F., daughter, three children and son-in-law.
+  Lucas, Mrs. William and two sons.
+  Lucas, two children of Mrs. David.
+  Lucas, John and two children.
+  Ludke, Henry, wife and son.
+  Ludewig, E. A. and mother.
+  Lumberg, Will and Lena.
+  Lumber, Gus, wife and nine children.
+  Lynch, A.
+  Lynch, James and wife.
+  Lynch, Ed and family.
+  Lyster, W. W.
+  Miller, Joe and children.
+  Munn, Mrs. S. S.
+  McCauley. J. B. and wife.
+  Macklin, W. L., wife and three children.
+  Mandy, Mrs. and daughter (colored).
+  Matson, Grace and three children (colored).
+  Martin, Frank, wife and son.
+  Maquelte, Mrs. Pauline.
+  Maxwell, Mrs.
+  McAmish, S. A., wife and two daughters.
+  McAughlar, Ira (colored).
+  McCulloch, A. R. (colored).
+  McManus, Mrs. W. H.
+  McMillan, Mrs. M. J.
+  McNeill, Mrs. and baby.
+  McNeal, Mrs. James and child.
+  McPeters, wife and two children.
+  McPherson, Robert (colored).
+  Mealey, Mrs. John.
+  Mealy, Joseph.
+  Megna, Mrs. Joe.
+  Megna, child of Mike.
+  Menzella, John, wife and five children.
+  Merle, Eugene and mother.
+  Merle, John, wife and children.
+  Mestry, Charlotte (colored).
+  Meyer, Chris, missing.
+  Miller, wife and six children.
+  Moran, James and wife.
+  Morrow, Mrs. and four children.
+  Moore, Mrs. Nathan.
+  Moore, Estelle (colored).
+  Moore, ----.
+  Morley, D. and wife.
+  Morris, Harry, wife and three children.
+  Morton, Hammond and four children.
+  Mott, B. F.
+  Mulcahey, two children of J., of Houston.
+  Mulholland, Mrs. Louise.
+  Mullock, Henry, wife and child.
+  Mundyne, Mrs. Meria.
+  Murie, Mrs. Annie and daughter.
+  Meyer, Herman, wife and son Willie.
+  Myers, Mrs. C. J. and one child.
+  Napoleon, Henry, wife and sister (colored).
+  Otis, Charlotte (colored).
+  O'Dowd, D. J.
+  O'Keefe, C. J. and wife.
+  Olsen, Ed.
+  Oterson, A. A. and wife.
+  Ostermayer, Henry and wife.
+  O'Shaughnessy, Pauline.
+  Perry, Mrs. H. M. and son Clayton, Houston.
+  Puesnutt, Mrs. Fred and three children.
+  Paetz, Mrs. Lena.
+  Paskall, August and wife.
+  Pashelag, Miss Louisa.
+  Pashelag, Mrs. E. and three children.
+  Paysee, Mrs. Henry and two children.
+  Pauly, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Peetz, Mrs. Captain J. J. and eldest and youngest daughters.
+  Pellenze, Mrs. and mother.
+  Perkins, Albert (colored).
+  Perkins, Arthur (colored).
+  Perkins, wife and grandson (colored).
+  Peterson, Mrs. J. and children.
+  Peterson, K. C., wife and child.
+  Pettit, W. B.
+  Pettingill, W. H. and wife and three sons, Walter W., James and Norman
+      (missing).
+  Pilford, W., Mexican Cable Company, and children, Madele, Jack and
+      Georgianna.
+  Quowvich, John and four others unknown.
+  Quester, Bessie.
+  Quinn, Thomas.
+  Quinn, John, engineer (missing).
+  Rockford, William and wife.
+  Ryan, Joseph, wife and child.
+  Raleigh, Miss Lelia.
+  Rayburn, Crawford.
+  Rattisseau, A. and wife and three children.
+  Rattisseau, Mrs. W. L. and three children.
+  Reagan, Mrs. John J.
+  Reagan, W. J., wife and three children.
+  Rein, wife and daughter.
+  Reinhart, Agnes and Helen, daughters of John.
+  Rhone, Lulu L. (colored).
+  Richardson, S. W. and wife.
+  Richamderes, Mrs. Irene and baby.
+  Riley, Mrs. W. and two children.
+  Rimmelin, Edward H. and wife.
+  Riordan, Thomas.
+  Ritzeler, Mrs.
+  Rhymes, Thomas, wife and two children.
+  Roach, Annie.
+  Roberts, "Shorty."
+  Ritchford, Ben and wife.
+  Roemer, C. C. and wife.
+  Roemer, Elizabeth, wife of A. C.
+  Roehm, Mr. and Mrs. William and two children.
+  Rogers, Blanche Donald, niece of D. B.
+  Ross, 9-year-old child of Mrs. Ross, of Houston.
+  Rosse, Mrs. L. and three children.
+  Rossalee, B., wife and three children.
+  Roth, Mrs. Kate and three children.
+  Rowe, Mrs. and three children.
+  Rudder, Robert, wife and four children.
+  Rudger, C., wife and child.
+  Ruenbuhl, Johnnie.
+  Ruther, A., mother and father.
+  Ruhrmond, Prof., wife and two children.
+  Rust, Henry and three children.
+  Redelli, Angelo, wife and four children.
+  Sanford, Southwick, wife and child.
+  Schmidt, Mrs. F. and son Richard.
+  Schmidt, Richard J.
+  Schneider, J. F., wife and six children.
+  Schoolfield, ---- (colored).
+  Schoolfield, Isaac.
+  Schutte, ----, wife and two children.
+  Schutze, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Scott, Hugh (colored).
+  Seals, Wallace D. (colored).
+  Seats, Sarah N. (colored).
+  Sedgwick, child.
+  Seibel, Mrs. Julius.
+  Seibel, Lizzie.
+  Seibel, Mrs. Jacob and son Julius.
+  Seixas, Mrs. E., Arma, Lucille, Cecilia.
+  Severt, John and wife.
+  Shaper, Henry, wife and two sons.
+  Sherman, Albert.
+  Skelton, Mrs. Emma and two children.
+  Sharke, Charles F.
+  Smith, Jim, prize fighter.
+  Simerville, S. B. and wife (colored).
+  Sourbien, Battery O.
+  Slayton, Mrs. Carey B. (colored).
+  Steeb, J. and wife and two children.
+  Stevens, Frank, Leo, Jerold and Edward, sons of T. J.
+  Stewart, Captain P. and family.
+  Stilkolitch, Mannie.
+  Stimman, Robert, wife and child.
+  Strabe, Nick and family, except one.
+  Strickhausen, Mrs.
+  Strunk, William, wife and six children.
+  Sudden, Clara (colored).
+  Swartsbach, child of A.
+  Swickel, mother and three sisters of John.
+  Sylvester, Miss.
+  Simms, two children of H. G.
+  Thomas, Miss Daisy.
+  Tavinette, Antoinet.
+  Terrell, Mrs. Q. V. and four children (colored).
+  Thomas, Newell and Nathaniel.
+  Thompson, Mr., wife and three children.
+  Thurman, Mrs. (colored).
+  Tiggs, Lavina and daughter (colored).
+  Tilsman, Robert, wife and five children.
+  Tinbush, and family.
+  Trickhausen, Mrs.
+  Trostman, Mrs. and three children.
+  Tucker, Mr. and Mrs. and one child.
+  Turner, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Udell, Oliver, wife and child.
+  Uhl, Mrs. Christopher and six children.
+  Ulridge, Val, Mrs. and six children.
+  Van, Miss Mary.
+  Vining, Mrs. Annie and four children.
+  Viscavitch, Magdelena, daughter of Mrs.
+  Wemberg, O. M., wife and five children.
+  Winn, Mrs. and grandchild.
+  Wallace, Scott and Earl.
+  Wade, Mrs. Hillie (colored).
+  Wade, Hettie and husband (colored).
+  Walden, Samuel, son of W. H. (colored).
+  Waldgren, Mr.
+  Walker, Mrs. H. V.
+  Walter, Mrs. Charles and three children.
+  Walsh, Joseph, wife and three children.
+  Walters, Gus.
+  Waring, Mr. (colored).
+  Warrah, Martin.
+  Waters, three nephews of James.
+  Watkins, child of P.
+  Watson, Judge, wife and two children.
+  Webber, Mrs. and family.
+  Weber, W. J., wife and two children.
+  Wester, George and Joe.
+  Weidmang, Fritz and wife, Paul and mother.
+  Weiss, Prof.
+  Walsh, Mrs.
+  Westaway, Mrs. George.
+  Westerman, Mrs. A.
+  Westman, Mrs.
+  White, James, wife and babe.
+  Wicke, Lena.
+  Wilke, C. O.
+  Wilcox, child.
+  Wilde, Miss Freda.
+  Williams, Mrs. Mary.
+  Wilson, Bertha (colored).
+  Withey, H.
+  Witt, C. H., wife and two children.
+  Wood, Mrs. R. N.
+  Wood, Eddie and Burley (colored).
+  Wood, Mrs. Caroline and two daughters, Mary and Kate.
+  Wuchnach, M., wife and two children.
+  Young, Mrs., two daughters and one son.
+
+The following, previously reported dead, were saved:
+
+  Coddou, Alex, Jr., Ray and Eugene, whose father and three brothers were
+      lost.
+  Cato, William.
+  Hunter, Mrs. J. J.
+  Sommer, Miss Helen T.
+
+
+LIST OF IDENTIFICATIONS FOR MONDAY, SEPT. 17.
+
+  Allen, Mrs. Kate.
+  Allen, Mrs. Alex and five children.
+  Anderson, Mrs. Dora.
+  Anderson, Mrs. Sam (colored).
+  Anderson, Nick and two sons.
+  Andrel, Mrs. and three children.
+  Anlonovich, Eddie.
+  Baker, Florence (colored).
+  Baker, Mrs. and three children (colored).
+  Baldwin, Sallie (colored).
+  Bastor, Mrs. Clara.
+  Bostford, Edwin and wife.
+  Bostford, Kate.
+  Brady, ---- and wife.
+  Brandus, Fritz and wife and four children.
+  Burns, Mrs.
+  Bushon, Hisom.
+  Boyd, Andy and family, on beach.
+  Brophey, M., and mother of Peter.
+  Calvert, George W., wife and daughter.
+  Campbell, Mrs. Emma.
+  Caroline, Mrs. Alice and three children.
+  Cheles, William and wife.
+  Chester, Paul and wife.
+  Christian, John.
+  Crain, Anna M.
+  Crain, Charles.
+  Crain, Maggie McCree.
+  Crain, Mrs. C. D.
+  Carter, A. J.
+  Carter, Mrs. Celeste.
+  Davis, E.
+  Debner, William, wife and three children.
+  Doherty, Mrs.
+  Dagert, Mrs. and children.
+  Floehr, Mrs.
+  Hoesington, H. A.
+  Hurt, Walter, wife, two children and two servants.
+  Iwan, Mrs. A.
+  Jones, John A. and wife.
+  Johnson, Leonard, wife and four children.
+  Joughin, Tony.
+  Jones, E. B.
+  Kaufman, Mrs. Eliza.
+  Keller and family.
+  Kolbe, infant of C. B.
+  Kleiman, Joe, wife and two workmen.
+  Kroener, Will, Sophie and Florie.
+  Kupper, ----.
+  Larson, H. and two children.
+  Luckenbell, B. E. and wife.
+  Lott, Walker C., wife and two children.
+  Martin, Miss Annie.
+  Manly, Joen, Sr., mother and two nieces.
+  McCauley, J. and wife.
+  Neuwiller, William, wife and three children.
+  Newton, Mrs. J. M. and child.
+  Oakley, F.
+  Poland, Ed. and sister.
+  Pryor, Ed., wife and four children, of St. Joseph, Mo.
+  Patrick, Mariah.
+  Powers, Carrie V.
+  Patter, C. H. and baby.
+  Quinn, Mrs. Frank and son Claude.
+  Ripley, Henry.
+  Roberts, John T.
+  Scholea, Richard, wife, son Frank and adopted daughter, Tilla Meyer.
+  Sommer, Joe, wife and child.
+  Spaeter, Mrs. Fred.
+  Spaeter, Otilla.
+  Slayton, Mrs. Carrie (colored).
+  Steeb, ----, wife and child.
+  Steinbunk, Edward, George and Arthur.
+  Sweikel, mother and three sisters of John.
+  Steinforth, Mrs. Emma.
+  Stillman, Lily.
+  Stevens, Frankie and Lee, two boys of T. J.
+  Stewart, Miss Lester.
+  Swenson, Mrs. Mary K.
+  Simons, two children of H. G.
+  Tavenett, Anton.
+  Thompson, Milton.
+  Thompson, wife and four children.
+  Tickle, H. P., wife and two children.
+  Told, Subie.
+  Torr, T. C.
+  Toothacre, Miss Etta.
+  Tozen, Mrs. G. M. and Miss Bella.
+  Washington, John and five children.
+  Wiede, wife and five children.
+  White, Willie.
+  White, family of Walter.
+  Williams, Ed.
+  Zickler, Mrs. Fred and two children.
+  Zinkie, August and two children.
+  Zwansig, Adolph. Sr., Richard, Herman and three daughters of Adolph.
+
+
+ROLL FOR TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18.
+
+  Andrews, Mrs.
+  Allen, William, wife and three children.
+  Allardyce, Mrs. R. L., and three children.
+  Allen, Claude.
+  Allen, Herbert.
+  Allen, Lucy.
+  Bradfoot and wife.
+  Brown, William.
+  Briscal, Alfred, and two children.
+  Burkhead, Mrs., and daughter.
+  Burns, Mrs. P., and daughter Mary.
+  Byman, Mr. and Mrs. George.
+  Clancy, Pat, wife and five children.
+  Colsberg, Frank G., wife and baby.
+  Chester, Frank, Ellen and Mary (colored).
+  Christianson, Miss Annie, of Shreveport (who was visiting George Dorian).
+  Costly, Sanders, and wife and child of Alexander Costly (colored).
+  Cowan, Isabella, and daughter.
+  Calloum, Antona, wife and four children.
+  Cornell, Mrs. Eliza.
+  "Dago Joe" and wife Mary.
+  Dearing, William, wife and six children.
+  Devoti, Joe, and three children.
+  Devoti, Mrs. Julia, and two children.
+  Devoti, Louis.
+  Devoti, "Doc."
+  Durrant, Frank.
+  Dumond, Joseph, and wife.
+  Dazet, Mrs. Leon, and child.
+  Eaton, F. B.
+  Fachan, family gone; he is alive.
+  Falk, Mrs. Julius, and five children.
+  Falk, Gustavo.
+  Felsmann, Richard (blacksmith), wife and five children.
+  Fritz, wife and two children.
+  Graus, wife and two children.
+  Hall, Chase (colored).
+  Harris, John, wife and two children.
+  Haucius, Mrs., and one child.
+  Hermann, W. J.
+  Herman, Mrs., and five children.
+  Hylenberg, Jacob, wife and child.
+  Jerrel, J., wife and four children.
+  Jordan, Charles.
+  James and children.
+  Jackson, wife and daughter, Mabel.
+  Kaper, August, wife and one child.
+  Keogh, John, wife and four children.
+  Keogh, Mrs., and three children.
+  Koch, William, Sr.
+  Kothe, William Q.
+  Leagett, Mrs., and three children.
+  Leaget, Mrs. Celia, and family of six.
+  Letts, Captain, wife and two children and sister.
+  Lynch, Peter.
+  Mackey, Mrs. W. G., and four children.
+  Maclin, J. D., wife and seven children.
+  McCann, Billy, wife and four children.
+  Maupin, Joseph.
+  McDonald, Mrs. Mary, and son.
+  McEwen, John.
+  McGraw, Peter, and wife.
+  McNeil, Hugh, and baby and Miss Jennie McNeil.
+  McPeters, Mrs., and two children.
+  McVeigh, Miss Lorena.
+  Miller, Frank.
+  Miller, wife and four children.
+  Midlegge, August, wife and five children.
+  Mellor (better known as Miller), Robert.
+  Meyer, Henry, and four children.
+  Moore, Cecelia, Loraine, Vera and Mildred, children of Mr. and Mrs.
+      Louis Moore.
+  Morseburger, Antonia, and wife.
+  Moserger, ----.
+  Middleburger, George, wife and three children.
+  Middleberger, John, wife and three children.
+  Miller, E. O.
+  Moore, Mrs. Dock.
+  Neal, a fisherman.
+  O'Neill, James and Frank, sons of James.
+  O'Neill, Lawrence.
+  O'Neill, wife and five children, an oysterman, with four hired men.
+  Platt, Mrs. S.
+  Peterson, George, soldier, wife and four children.
+  Peters, Robert.
+  Peters, Rudolph.
+  Potter, C. H., and little daughter.
+  Praker, William.
+  Preussner, Mrs., and three children.
+  Pischos, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Quinn, Robert, wife and six children.
+  Rattiseau, P. A.
+  Rattiseau, J. B., wife and four children.
+  Rattiseau, C. A., wife and seven children.
+  Rattisseau, Mrs. J. L., and three children.
+  Raw, Mr.
+  Ray, Miss Susie.
+  Roberts, Herbert M.
+  Mrs. Rose's baby.
+  Rosen, Mrs., and four children.
+  Rudireker, and three women.
+  Ryan, Mrs. Mary.
+  Scarborough, Harry, a fisherman.
+  Scott, Hughie (colored).
+  Ricker, John.
+  Speck, Captain.
+  Summers, Mrs. M. S.
+  Tian, Mrs. Clement, and three children.
+  Tripo, an oysterman.
+  Turner, Angeline (colored).
+  Wallace, and wife.
+  Warnke, Mr. and Mrs., and three children.
+  Washington, Johnnie, and family, colored.
+  Weit, Mr., and three children.
+  Walker, L. D., stepson and W. J. Hughes.
+  Weeden, Lou, wife and four children.
+  Wurzlow, Mrs. Annie.
+  One laborer at Dr. Fry's dairy.
+  Anderson, C. L., wife, and children.
+  Burns, Mrs. M. E., and daughter.
+  Boening, William, wife and three children.
+  Burwell, T. M.
+  Buren, Larzen, wife and five children.
+  Bernardoni, John.
+  Chouke, Mrs. Charles and child.
+  Connolly, Mrs. Ellen.
+  Cook, Mrs. Ida (colored).
+  Cook, Henry (colored).
+  Deboer, P. G., and wife.
+  Doyle, James.
+  Dickinson, Mrs. Mary, and children (colored).
+  Ellis, Mrs. Henry (colored).
+  Edwards, Mrs. Jane, and daughter (colored).
+  Falco, J. A. C.
+  Fagan, Frank.
+  Fager, Mrs. Frances.
+  Frank, Miss Anna.
+  Galmer, H. H., and wife.
+  Geist, wife and daughter.
+  Colmer, H. H., wife and five children.
+  Heusse, W. A., and wife.
+  Hoch, Mike.
+  Heare, L., wife and twelve children.
+  Homburg, Joe, wife and four children.
+  Homburg, William, wife and five children.
+  Hurlbert, Mrs. Victoria, Miss Minnie, Walter and Hattie (all colored).
+  Hass, Professor Carl, and family.
+  Johnson, A., and wife.
+  Johnson, Dan (colored).
+  Jay, J. J.
+  Kessner, August, Lena, Emma and James H.
+  Keats, Miss Tillie.
+  Lemere, T., and wife.
+  Lisbony, Mrs. W. H., Jr., and Miss Eunice, daughter of C. P.
+  Lehman, Charles and son.
+  Mitchell, W. P.
+  McConnelly, H., and wife.
+  McGown, Jim.
+  McVeagh, Mrs. J. M.
+  Manning, Mark.
+  Mead, James.
+  Neimeier, Henry, wife and five children.
+  Patterson, H. J.
+  Patterson, Miss S. (colored).
+  Perkins, Lucy and Lotta (colored).
+  Perkins, Mrs. L., and two children (colored).
+  Parobich, Michael, wife and four children.
+  Pruessne, Henry.
+  Panleick, Matthew.
+  Rose, H., and wife.
+  Radeker, Mrs. Herman, and child.
+  Rehm, William, wife and two children.
+  Reymanscott, Louis.
+  Richardson, William.
+  Ruther, Robert, wife and six children.
+  Steerholz, W., and wife.
+  Seible, O. J., Jr.
+  Schroeder, Mrs. Lottie A.
+  Swan, George, wife and four children.
+  Terrell, G., and wife.
+  Varnell, James, wife and six children.
+  Vuletach, Andrew, wife and daughter.
+  Warren, Mrs. Flora.
+  Wilkinson, George, wife and son.
+  Wilson, Mrs. Julia Anna (colored).
+  Zurapanin, Mrs. N., and eight children.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Punctuation has been corrected without note.
+
+On page 302, "186" is presented as in the original text.
+
+The series of paragraphs beginning on page 85 has no closing
+quotation mark.
+
+The following misprints have been corrected:
+  "botton" corrected to "bottom" (page 37)
+  "Quale" corrected to "Quayle" (page 110)
+  "Thusday" corrected to "Thursday" (page 224)
+  "yets" corrected to "yet" (page 290)
+  "beople" corrected to "people" (page 302)
+  "Though" corrected to "Through" (page 332)
+  "diminshed" corrected to "diminished" (page 354)
+  "Kedso" corrected to "Kelso" (page 366)
+
+Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling
+and hyphenation have been retained from the original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Complete Story of the Galveston
+Horror, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE STORY--GALVESTON HORROR ***
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror, edited by John Coulter.
+    </title>
+
+    <style type="text/css">
+
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+    body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;}
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+    .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;}
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+
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+    .poem {margin-left:15%;}
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+    .title {margin-left: 25%; margin-right: 25%;}
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+
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: John Coulter
+
+Release Date: November 12, 2010 [EBook #34304]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE STORY--GALVESTON HORROR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.png" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 323px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_001tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_001.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>The Complete Story</h2>
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+<h1>Galveston Horror.</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><big><b>Written by the Survivors.</b></big></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="title">
+<p class="hang">Incidents of the awful Tornado, Flood and Cyclone Disaster; Personal
+Experiences of Survivors; Horrible Looting of Dead Bodies and
+the Robbing of Empty Homes; Pestilence from so many Decaying
+Bodies Unburied; Barge Captains Compelled by Armed Men to
+Tow Dead Bodies to Sea; Millions of Dollars raised to aid the
+Suffering Survivors; President McKinley Orders Army Rations and
+Army Tents issued to Survivors and orders U. S. Troops to protect
+the People and Property; Tales of the Survivors from Galveston;
+Adrift all Night on Rafts; Acts of Valor; United States
+Soldiers Drowned; Great Heroism; Great Vandalism; Great Horror;
+A Second Johnstown Flood, but worse: Hundreds of Men,
+Women and Children Drowned; No way of Escape, only</p></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h1>Death! Death! Everywhere!</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><small>Edited by</small><br />
+John Coulter,<br />
+<small>Formerly of the N. Y. Herald.</small></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>Fully Illustrated with Photographs.</b></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>UNITED PUBLISHERS OF AMERICA.</b></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Copyright, 1900, by E. E. Sprague.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><a name="preface" id="preface"></a></p>
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>In presenting to the people of this country and the world a chronicle of
+the frightful visitation of hurricane and flood upon the beautiful and
+enterprising City of Galveston, which unparalleled calamity occurred on
+September 8, 1900, the Publishers wish to say that the utmost care has
+been taken to make the record of the catastrophe complete in every
+particular.</p>
+
+<p>No expense has been spared to obtain the facts; the illustrations
+contained in the work are from photographs taken by artists on the spot;
+the experiences of survivors were obtained from the victims themselves,
+their language being faithfully reported, while what they wrote is
+reproduced without a single change being made.</p>
+
+<p>The situation in the stricken City of Galveston is portrayed day by day
+exactly as it existed, and is not the product of imaginings of writers who
+put down what the conditions should have been; the storm has been followed
+from its inception, just south of the island of San Domingo, to Galveston,
+through Texas and then along its course until it disappeared in the broad
+Atlantic off the Eastern coast; the horrors of the gale, the cruel killing
+of thousands by the winds and waters, the wrecking of thousands of
+buildings and the drowning of helpless men, women and children, are all
+given in graphic and picturesque language.</p>
+
+<p>The fearful mutilation of the dead by the ghouls and vandals who afterward
+despoiled the corpses of their valuables and the swift vengeance which
+followed these unutterable crimes when the troops shot the vampires and
+harpies by the score, are told in the most vivid way; the disposal of the
+dead by casting their bodies into the sea, burying them hastily in the
+sands along the beach or cremating them by burning upon vast funeral pyres
+erected in the principal streets of the city are painted in the ghastly
+colors of truth; the wave of insanity which swept over the city and
+claimed hundreds who had escaped the perils of the deluge and the
+hurricane is set forth most graphically.</p>
+
+<p>What caused the mighty elemental disturbance, the possibilities of its
+recurrence and the danger which constantly hangs over other seacoast
+cities are given in detail; the pestilential conditions set up in
+Galveston by the catastrophe, the panic-stricken people flying from the
+scene of death and desolation, the horrible spectacle of hundreds of dead
+bodies floating in Galveston bay and the Gulf of Mexico, the generous
+response of the people of the United States to the appeal for help&mdash;these
+are pictured with minuteness.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is wanting to make this work reliable and correct; it contains a
+full list of the identified dead, which is a feature no other publication
+has been able to do; in short, it is the story, well and accurately told,
+of a disaster which has not its like since the world began.</p>
+
+<p>The Publishers are confident this volume will meet the approval of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p class="right">THE PUBLISHERS.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table width="75%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Preface</td><td align="right"><a href="#preface">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>West Indian Hurricane Descends Upon Galveston, Causing Immense Losses of Life and Property&mdash;Catastrophe Unparalleled
+in the History of the World&mdash;A Night of Horrors and Suffering</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sad Scenes in All Parts of the Ruined City&mdash;Corpses Everywhere&mdash;A Sombre, Solemn Sunday&mdash;People
+Apathetic, Dejected and Heartbroken</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Crowds of Refugees at Houston&mdash;Fed and Housed in Tents&mdash;Regular Soldiers Drowned&mdash;Government Property
+Lost&mdash;Fears for Galveston&#8217;s Future</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thrilling Experiences of People During the Great Storm&mdash;Eighty-five Persons Perish by Being Blown from a
+Train&mdash;Adventures of Survivors at Galveston</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Relief Sent from All Parts of the World as Soon as the True Situation of Affairs Was Made Known&mdash;Millions
+of Dollars Subscribed and Thousands of Carloads of Supplies Forwarded to the Desolated City</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cremating Bodies by the Hundreds in the Streets of Galveston&mdash;Negroes Faint While Handling the Decayed
+Corpses&mdash;How Some of Those Rescued Escaped with Their Lives</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lives Lost and Property Damage Sustained Outside of Galveston&mdash;One Thousand Victims and Millions of Value
+in Crops Swept Away&mdash;Estimates Made</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Business Resumed at Galveston in a Small Way on the Sixth Day After the Catastrophe&mdash;&#8220;Galveston Shall
+Rise Again&#8221;&mdash;How the City Looked on Saturday, One Week After the Flood</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Galveston Nine Days After&mdash;Great Changes Apparent&mdash;Life in a Business Exhibited&mdash;Systematic Efforts
+to Obtain Names of the Dead</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Magnitude of the Relief Necessary&mdash;Twenty Thousand Persons to Be Clothed and Fed&mdash;System of Relief
+Organization&mdash;How the Storm Effected Trade</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Insanity Follows Frightful Sufferings of the Poor Victims&mdash;Five Hundred Demented Ones&mdash;Indifferent
+to the Loss of Relatives</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Serious Danger from Fire&mdash;Scarcity of Boats to Carry People to the Main Land&mdash;Laborers Imported
+into Galveston&mdash;Untold Sufferings on Bolivar Island&mdash;Experience of a Chicago Man</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Two Women Tell How They Were Affected at Galveston&mdash;One Arrived After the Catastrophe, While the Other
+Was in the Storm from Beginning to End</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Twenty Thousand People Fed Every Day at a Cost of $40,000&mdash;Incidents at the Relief Stations&mdash;Applicants
+and Their Peculiarities&mdash;Great Mortality Among the Negroes</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Dead and Missing at Galveston and Vicinity 8,661&mdash;Five Million Dollars in Relief Necessary to
+Carry the Survivors Through the Fall and Winter to Spring</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Galveston&#8217;s Inhabitants Refuse to Heed the Lessons Taught by Their Experiences&mdash;Carelessness in
+Failing to Provide Against the Recurrence of Catastrophes</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Galveston&#8217;s Storm Flies Over the United States and Does Great Damage&mdash;Many Lives Lost&mdash;It Finally
+Disappears in the Atlantic Ocean</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The World Not So Heartless as Supposed&mdash;People Give Generously to Aid the Suffering&mdash;A Social
+Phenomenon&mdash;Value of the United States Weather Bureau</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">CHAPTER XIX.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Galveston Island Directly in the Path of Storms, With No Way of Escape&mdash;What is the City&#8217;s
+Future?&mdash;All Coast Cities in Danger&mdash;New York Will Be Flooded&mdash;Hurricane Foretold&mdash;Galveston&#8217;s
+Settlement&mdash;Storm Will Recur</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">CHAPTER XX.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Comparisons Between the Galveston and Johnstown Disasters&mdash;The Latter Not So Horrible in Its
+Features&mdash;Frightful Plight of the Texas Victims</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI">CHAPTER XXI.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Great Calamities Caused by Flood and Gale During Past Century&mdash;Millions
+of Lives Lost Through the Fury of the Elements</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXII">CHAPTER XXII.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Overwhelming of Johnston, Pa., by the Waters from Conemaugh Lake&mdash;One of the Most Peculiar Happenings
+in History&mdash;Actual Number of Deaths Will Never Be Known&mdash;About Twenty-five
+Hundred Bodies Found</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">CHAPTER XXIII.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Not More Than Half the Bodies of Victims Identified&mdash;Hundreds of Corpses of the Unknown and Nameless Cast Into
+the Sea&mdash;Others Buried in the Sand and Cremated&mdash;List of Identifications</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 308px;"><img src="images/fig_002tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_002.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">THE GALVESTON STORM RAGING</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 306px;"><img src="images/fig_003tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_003.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">SISTERS OF MERCY FOUND TIED TO THE LITTLE CHILDREN WHOM THEY TRIED TO SAVE</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 308px;"><img src="images/fig_004tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_004.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">BLOWN OUT INTO THE GULF</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 307px;"><img src="images/fig_005tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_005.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">WHEN THE WATERS REACHED THE ORPHAN ASYLUM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 306px;"><img src="images/fig_006tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_006.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">A RACE WITH THE WIND AND TIDE AT GALVESTON</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 310px;"><img src="images/fig_007tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_007.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">SOME WERE SAVED IN THE GALVESTON DISASTER BY FLOATING ON BOX CARS</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 308px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_008tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_008.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">VANDALS ROBBING THE DEAD</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 307px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_009tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_009.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">GATHERING THE KILLED AND INJURED AFTER THE STORM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 309px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_010tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_010.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">DROWNING OF GALVESTON SUFFERERS BY THE TIDAL WAVE</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 321px;"><img src="images/fig_011tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_011.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">DEATH ON THE GALVESTON SHORE AFTER THE STORM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 305px;"><img src="images/fig_012tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_012.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">THE STORM DEALING DEATH AND DESTRUCTION IN ITS PATH</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 308px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_013tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_013.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">FURY OF THE STORM AND DESPERATE PREDICAMENT OF RESIDENTS</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 309px;"><img src="images/fig_014tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_014.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">AT DEATH&#8217;S DOOR IN THE GALVESTON STORM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 305px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_015tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_015.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">SURVIVORS, NEARLY STARVED, RANSACKING A GROCERY STORE FOR FOOD</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>THE GALVESTON HORROR.</h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">West Indian Hurricane Descends Upon Galveston, Causing Immense Losses of
+Life and Property&mdash;Catastrophe Unparalleled in the History of the World&mdash;A
+Night of Horrors and Suffering.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />The frightful West Indian hurricane which descended upon the beautiful,
+prosperous and progressive, but ill-fated, city of Galveston, on Saturday,
+September 8, 1900, causing the loss of many thousands of lives and the
+destruction of millions of dollars&#8217; worth of property, and then ravaged
+Central and Western Texas, killing several hundred people and inflicting
+damage which cost millions to repair, has had no parallel in history.</p>
+
+<p>When the gale approached the island upon which Galveston it situated, it
+lashed the waves of the Gulf of Mexico into a tremendous fury, causing
+them to rise to all but mountain height, and then it was that, combining
+their forces, the wind and water pounced upon their prey.</p>
+
+<p>In the short space of four hours the entire site of the city was covered
+by angry waters, while the gale blew at the rate of one hundred miles an
+hour; business houses, public buildings, churches, residences, charitable
+institutions, and all other structures gave way before the pressure of the
+wind and the fierce onslaught of the raging flood, and those which did not
+crumble altogether were so injured, in the majority of cases, that they
+were torn down.</p>
+
+<p>Such a night of horror as the unfortunate inhabitants were compelled to
+pass has fallen to the lot of few since the records of history were first
+opened. In the early evening, when the water first began to invade
+Galveston Island, the people residing along the beach and near it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> fled in
+fear from their homes and sought the highest points in the city as places
+of refuge, taking nothing but the smaller articles in their houses with
+them. On and on crawled the flood, until darkness had set in, and then, as
+though possessed of a fiendish vindictiveness, hastened its speed and
+poured over the surface of the town, completely submerging it&mdash;covering
+the most elevated ground to a depth of five feet and the lower portions
+ten and twelve feet.</p>
+
+<p>The hurricane was equally malignant, if not more fiendish and cruel, and
+tore great buildings and beautiful homes to pieces with evident delight,
+scattering the debris far and wide; telegraph and telephone lines were
+thrown down, railway tracks and bridges&mdash;the latter connecting the island
+and city with the mainland&mdash;torn up, and the mighty, tangled mass of
+wires, bricks, sections of roofs, sidewalks, fences and other things
+hurled into the main thoroughfares and cross streets, rendering it
+impossible for pedestrians to make their way along for many days after the
+waters and gale had subsided.</p>
+
+<p>Forty thousand people&mdash;men, women and children&mdash;cowered in terror for
+eight long hours, the intense blackness of the night, the swishing and
+lapping of the waves, the demoniac howling and shrieking of the wind and
+the indescribable and awful crashing, tearing and rending as the houses,
+hundreds at a time, were wrecked and shattered, ever sounding in their
+ears. Often, too, the friendly shelter where families had taken refuge
+would be swept away, plunging scores and scores of helpless ones into the
+mad current which flowed through every street of the town, and fathers and
+mothers were compelled to undergo the agony of seeing their children
+drown, with no possibility of rescue; husbands lost their wives and wives
+their husbands, and the elements were only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> merciful when they destroyed
+an entire family at once.</p>
+
+<p>All during that fearful night of Saturday until the gray and gloomy dawn
+of Sunday broke upon the sorrow-stricken city, the entire population of
+Galveston stood face to face with grim death in its most horrible shapes;
+they could not hope for anything more than the vengeance of the hurricane,
+and as they realized that with every passing moment souls were being
+hurried into eternity, is it at all wonderful that, after the strain was
+over and all danger gone, reason should finally be unseated and men and
+women break into the unmeaning gayety of the maniac?</p>
+
+<p>Not one inhabitant of Galveston old enough to realize the situation had
+any idea other than that death was to be the fate of all before another
+day appeared, and when this long and weary suspense, to which was added
+the chill of the night and the growing pangs of hunger, was at last broken
+by the first gleams of the light of the Sabbath morn, the latter was not
+entirely welcome, for the face of the sun was hidden by morose and ugly
+clouds, from which dripped, at dreary intervals, cold and gusty showers.</p>
+
+<p>Thousands were swallowed up during the darkness and their bodies either
+mangled and mutilated by the wreckage which had been tossed everywhere,
+left to decompose in the slimy ooze deposited by the flood or forced to
+follow the waves in their sullen retirement to the waters of the gulf.</p>
+
+<p>Dejection and despondency succeeded fright; the majority of the business
+men of the city had suffered such losses that they were overcome by
+apathy; nearly all the homes of the people were in ruins; the streets were
+impassable, and the dead lay thickly on every side; all telegraph and
+telephone wires were down, and as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> miles and miles of railroad track had
+disappeared and the bridges carried away, there was absolutely no means of
+communication with the outer world, except by boat. The strange spectacle
+was then presented of the richest city of its size in the richest country
+in the world lying prostrate, helpless and hopeless, a prey to ghouls,
+vultures, harpies, thieves, thugs and outlaws of every sort; its people
+starving, and the putrid bodies of its dead breeding pestilence.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SKETCH OF THE CITY OF GALVESTON.</p>
+
+<p>The City of Galveston is situated on the extreme east end of the Island of
+Galveston. It is six square miles in area, its present limits being the
+limits of the original corporation and the boundaries of the land
+purchased from the Republic of Texas by Colonel Menard in 1838 for the sum
+of $50,000. Colonel Menard associated with himself several others, who
+formed a town site company with a capital of $1,000,000. The City of
+Galveston was platted on April 20, 1838, and seven days later the lots
+were put on the market. The streets of Galveston are numbered from one to
+fifty-seven across the island from north to south, and the avenues are
+known by the letters of the alphabet, extending east and west lengthwise
+of the island.</p>
+
+<p>The founders of the city donated to the public every tenth block through
+the center of the city from east to west for public parks. They also gave
+three sites for public markets and set aside one entire block for a
+college, three blocks for a girls&#8217; seminary, and gave to every Christian
+denomination a valuable site for a church.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the city in population was slow until after the war of the
+rebellion. It is a remarkable fact that for the population Galveston does
+double the amount<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> of business of any city in America. The population in
+1890 was 30,000, showing an increase of over 400 per cent in thirty years.
+At the time of the disaster the population was estimated at 40,000.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston has over two miles of completed wharfs along the bay front and
+others under construction, all of which are equipped with modern
+appliances. The Galveston Wharf Company, which owns practically all the
+wharfage, has expended millions during the last five years for
+improvements in the way of elevators and facilities for handling grain and
+cotton. During the cotton season, Sept. 1 to March 31 inclusive, large
+ocean-going craft line the wharves, often thirty or more steamers and as
+many large sailing vessels being accommodated at one time, besides the
+numerous smaller vessels and sailing craft doing a coastwise trade.</p>
+
+<p>Manufacturing is one of the chief supports of the city. In this branch of
+industry Galveston leads any city in the State of Texas by 50 per cent in
+number and more than 100 per cent in capital employed and product turned
+out. Of factories the city has 306, employing a capital aggregating
+$10,886,900, with an output of $12,000,000 a year.</p>
+
+<p>The jetty construction forms one of the chief features of its commercial
+advantages. The construction began in 1885, progressing slowly for five
+years, when the desire of the citizens for a first-class harbor led to the
+formation of a permanent committee, which succeeded in getting a bill
+through Congress authorizing an expenditure of $6,200,000 on the harbor.
+The bill provided that there should be two parallel stone jetties
+extending nearly six miles out into the gulf, one from the east point of
+Galveston Island, the other from the west point of Bolivar Peninsula. The
+jetties are fifty feet wide at the <ins class="correction" title="original: botton">bottom</ins> and slope gradually to five feet
+above mean low tide, and are thirty-five<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> feet wide at the top, with a
+railroad track running their entire length, which railroad is the property
+of the Federal Government. The immediate effect of early construction of
+the jetties was to remove the inner bar, which formerly had thirteen feet
+of water over it, and which now has over twenty-one feet of water.</p>
+
+<p>The principal business street of Galveston is the Strand, which is of made
+land 150 feet from the water of the bay, in the extreme northern end of
+the city. Besides being the principal port of Texas, Galveston is the
+financial center of the State, and some of the largest business houses in
+Texas have their offices in the Strand. Among the business houses on this
+street are the following:</p>
+
+<p>Sealy, Hutchins &amp; Co., bankers; most modern banking building in Texas;
+four-story structure, in which is also located the office of the Mallory
+steamship line, and also the offices of Congressman R. B. Hawley, one of
+the Republican leaders in the State.</p>
+
+<p>H. Kempner, cotton broker; four-story brick building.</p>
+
+<p>First National Bank, J. Runge, President. Mr. Runge is also President of
+the Cotton Exchange, President of the Galveston Cotton mills, and
+President of the City Railway Company.</p>
+
+<p>W. L. Moody &amp; Co., bankers and cotton factors; four-story brick. Mr. Moody
+is an intimate friend of W. J. Bryan and periodically entertains him at
+Lake Surprise, a duck hunting ground fifteen miles inland from Galveston;
+a famous hunting ground.</p>
+
+<p>General offices Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway and the Galveston,
+Henderson and Houston Railway, which is the gulf terminus of the
+International and Great Northern Railway.</p>
+
+<p>Adoue &amp; Lobit, bankers; four-story brick.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>Island City Savings Bank and Gulf City Trust Company, M. Lasker,
+President; four-story brick.</p>
+
+<p>Texas Loan and Trust Company and Flint &amp; Rogers, cotton factors;
+four-story brick building.</p>
+
+<p>Mensing Bros., wholesale grocers; four-story brick.</p>
+
+<p>Western Union Telegraph Company and Mexican Cable Company; four-story
+brick building.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston Dry Goods Company; four-story brick.</p>
+
+<p>Hullman, Owen &amp; Co., wholesale grocers; four-story brick building.</p>
+
+<p>Wallace, Landis &amp; Co., wholesale grocers; five-story brick.</p>
+
+<p>L. W. Levy &amp; Co., wholesale liquor dealers; four-story brick.</p>
+
+<p>Schneider Bros., wholesale liquor dealers; four-story brick.</p>
+
+<p>Beers, Kennison &amp; Co., general insurance agents in Texas for several large
+companies; four-story brick.</p>
+
+<p>Concisely put and with no waste of words, the following facts comprise the
+history of the unfortunate city:</p>
+
+<p>1. It is the richest city of its size in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>2. Is the largest and most extensively commercial city of Texas.</p>
+
+<p>3. Is the gateway of an enormous trade, situated as it is between the
+great West granaries and Europe.</p>
+
+<p>4. Lies two miles from the northeast corner of the Island of Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>5. Is a port of entry and the principal seaport of the State.</p>
+
+<p>6. Its harbor is the best, not only on the coast line of Texas, but also
+on the entire gulf coast from the mouth of the Mississippi to the Rio
+Grande.</p>
+
+<p>7. Is the nearest and most accessible first-class seaport for the States
+of Texas, Kansas, New Mexico and Colorado,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> the Indian Territory and the
+Territory of Arizona and parts of the States and Territories adjoining
+those just mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>8. Is to-day the gulf terminus of most of the great railway systems
+entering Texas.</p>
+
+<p>9. Ranks third among the cotton ports of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>10. Its port charges are as low as or lower than any other port in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>11. Is the only seaport on the gulf coast west of the Mississippi into
+which a vessel drawing more than 10 feet of water can enter.</p>
+
+<p>12. Has steamship lines to Liverpool, New York, New Orleans and the ports
+of Texas as far as the Mexican boundary.</p>
+
+<p>13. Has harbor area of 24 feet depth and over 1,300 acres; of 30 feet
+depth and over 463 acres (the next largest harbor on the Texas coast has
+only 100 acres of 24 feet depth of water).</p>
+
+<p>14. Has the lowest maximum temperature of any city in Texas.</p>
+
+<p>15. Has the finest beach in America and is a famous summer and winter
+resort.</p>
+
+<p>16. Has public free school system unexcelled in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>17. Has never been visited by any epidemic disease since the yellow fever
+scourge of 1867.</p>
+
+<p>18. Has forty miles of street railways in operation.</p>
+
+<p>19. Has electric lights throughout the city (plant owned by city).</p>
+
+<p>20. It has millions invested in docks, warehouses, grain elevators,
+flouring mills, marine ways, manufactories and mercantile houses.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">THE MOST PROMISING TOWN IN THE SOUTH.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Galveston was the most promising town in the South, so far as shipping is
+concerned,&#8221; said Thomas B. Bryan, the founder of North Galveston, the day
+after the disaster occurred. &#8220;There has been persistent opposition to it
+on the part of a railroad that wished the transportation of cotton and
+other produce farther east, but finally the geographical position of
+Galveston triumphed. Even Collis P. Huntington, the railroad magnate,
+succumbed, and later he inaugurated improvements in Galveston on the most
+colossal scale, involving an expenditure of many millions of dollars. One
+of the last announcements Mr. Huntington made before his death was that
+Galveston would become the greatest shipping port in America if money
+could accomplish it. At the time I was in Galveston, a few weeks ago,
+there was an army of workmen employed by the Southern Pacific Railroad
+constructing great docks and wharves, which were to eclipse any on the
+globe.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Some conception of Galveston can be formed by supposing the business
+district of Chicago&mdash;say from Lake to Twenty-second street&mdash;were to extend
+out into the lake on a pier for a distance of three miles and at a height
+above the water varying from three to seven, and possibly, in some places,
+nine feet. My own observation of Galveston induced my taking hold of the
+nearest eligible elevated locality for residences, which is North
+Galveston, sixteen miles from the city proper. It has an elevation above
+the water of fifteen to twenty feet more than Galveston, and is free from
+inundation. No news has reached me from North Galveston, and, though
+damage may have been done by wind, I am confident none can be done by
+water or waves.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">HOW THE HURRICANE ORIGINATED.</p>
+
+<p>Storms which move with the velocity of that which swept Galveston and
+which are common to the southern and southeastern coasts of the United
+States invariably originate, according to Weather Forecaster H. J. Cox, of
+the United States Weather Bureau at Chicago, in &#8220;the doldrums,&#8221; or that
+region in the ocean where calms abound. In this particular instance the
+place was south of the West Indies and north of the equator. The region of
+the doldrums varies in breadth from sixty to several hundred miles, and at
+different seasons shifts its extreme limits between 5 degrees south and 15
+degrees north. It is always overhung by a belt of clouds which is gathered
+by opposing currents of the trade winds.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The storm which swept Galveston and the surrounding country, I should
+say, originated at a considerable distance south of the West Indies, in
+this belt of calms,&#8221; said Forecaster Cox the Monday night following the
+catastrophe.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It was caused by two strong currents meeting at an angle, and this caused
+the whirling motion which finally spent its force on the coast of Texas.
+It is seldom that a storm originating in the doldrums moves so far inland
+as did this one, but it is not, however, unprecedented. The reason this
+storm reached so far as Galveston was that the northwesterly wind moved
+about twice as fast as it usually does before reaching land. Usually the
+force of these winds are spent on the coast of Florida and sometimes they
+reach as far north as North Carolina. When they strike the land at these
+points they are given a northeasterly direction.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This storm missed the eastern coast of the United States, and
+consequently was deflected to the west. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>Thunderstorms are prevailing in
+Kansas and all of the district just north of the course of the storm,
+which is the natural result after such commotion of the elements. The
+conditions of the land are such about Galveston that when the storm
+reached that far it had no possible means of escape, and hence the dire
+results. If there had been a chance for the wind to move further west
+along the coast it would in all probability have passed Galveston, giving
+the place no more than a severe shaking up. In this event the worst effect
+would in all probability have been felt on the eastern coast of Mexico.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was an absolute impossibility for anyone to form an idea of the extent
+and magnitude of the disaster within a week of its occurrence. The morning
+of Sunday, when the wind and the waves had subsided, the streets of the
+city were found clogged with debris of all sorts. The people of Galveston
+could not realize for several days what had happened. Four thousand houses
+had been entirely demolished and hardly a building in the city was fit for
+habitation.</p>
+
+<p>The people were apathetic; they wandered around the streets in an aimless
+sort of way, unable to do anything or make preparations to repair the
+great damage done. The Monday following the catastrophe, Galveston was
+practically in the hands of thieves, thugs, ghouls, vampires, and bandits,
+some of them women, who robbed the dead, mutilated the corpses which were
+lying everywhere, ransacked business houses and residences and created a
+reign of terror, which lasted until the officers in command of the force
+of regulars stationed at the beach barracks sent a company of men to
+patrol the streets. The governor of the state ordered out all the
+regiments of the National Guard and various associations of business<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> men
+also supplied men, who assisted the soldiers in doing patrol duty in the
+city and suburbs.</p>
+
+<p>The depredations of the lawless element were of an inconceivably brutal
+character. Unprotected women, whether found upon the streets or in their
+houses, were subjected to outrage or assault and robbed of their clothing
+and jewelry. Pedestrians were held up on the public thoroughfare in broad
+daylight and compelled to give up all valuables in their possession. The
+bodies of the dead were despoiled of everything and in their haste to
+secure valuables the ghouls would mutilate the corpses, cutting off
+fingers to obtain the rings thereon and amputating the ears of the women
+to get the earrings worn therein.</p>
+
+<p>The majority of the thieves and vampires belonged in the city of Galveston
+and were reinforced by desperadoes from outside towns, like Houston,
+Austin, and New Orleans, who took advantage of the rush to the city
+immediately after the disaster, obtaining free transportation on the
+railroad and steamers upon a pretense that they were going to Galveston
+for the purpose of working with relief parties and the gangs assigned for
+burial of the dead. Their outrages became so flagrant and the people of
+the city became so terrified in consequence of their depredations that the
+city authorities unable to cope with them, most of the officers of the
+police department having been victims of the flood, that an appeal was
+made to the governor to send state troops and procure the preservation of
+order. Captain Rafferty, commanding Battery O of the First Regiment of
+Artillery, U. S. A., was also implored to lend his aid in putting down the
+lawless bands, and he accordingly sent all the men in his command who had
+not met death in the gale.</p>
+
+<p>There was some delay in getting the state troops to Galveston because so
+many miles of railroad had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> washed away, the Adjutant General being
+compelled to notify some companies of militia by courier, but Captain
+Rafferty ordered his men on duty at once, with instructions to promptly
+shoot all persons found despoiling the dead. Most of the vampires were
+negroes, some of them, however, being white women, the latter being as
+savage and merciless in their treatment of the dead as the most abandoned
+of their male companions.</p>
+
+<p>The regulars were put on duty on Tuesday night and before morning had shot
+several of the thugs, who were executed on the spot when found in the act
+of robbery. In every instance the pockets of the harpies slain by the
+United States troops were found filled with jewelry and other valuables,
+and in some cases, notably that of one negro, fingers were found in their
+possession which had been cut from the hands of the dead, the vampires
+being in such a hurry that they could not wait to tear the rings off. On
+Wednesday evening the government troops came across a gang of fifty
+desperadoes, who were despoiling the bodies of the dead found enmeshed in
+the debris of a large apartment house. With commendable promptness the
+regulars put the ghouls under arrest and finding the proceeds of their
+robberies in their possession lined them up against a brick wall and
+without ceremony shot every one of them. In cases where the villains were
+not killed at the first fire, the sergeant administered coup de grace.
+Many of the thugs begged piteously for mercy, but no attention was paid to
+their feelings and they suffered the same stern fate as the rest.</p>
+
+<p>When the state troops arrived in the city they took the same severe
+measures and the result was that within forty-eight hours the city was as
+safe as it had ever been. The police arrested every suspicious character
+and the jail and cells at the police station were filled to overflowing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+These people were deported as soon as possible and notified that if they
+returned they would be shot without warning. The temper of the citizens of
+Galveston was such that they would not temporize in any case with those
+who were neither criminals or inclined to work. Every able-bodied man in
+town was impressed for duty in relief and burial parties and whenever an
+individual refused to do the work required he was promptly shot. By
+Thursday morning all the men required had been obtained and relief and
+burial parties were filled to the quota deemed necessary and the work of
+disposing of the bodies of the dead, administering to the wants of the
+wounded and the clearing of the streets of the debris was proceeding
+satisfactorily.</p>
+
+<p>The dead lay in the streets and vacant places in hundreds and the heat of
+the sun began to have its natural effect. Decomposition set in and the
+stench became unbearable. At first an effort was made to identify the
+corpses, but it was soon found that work could not be proceeded with, as
+any delay imperilled the living. Fears entertained in regard to pestilence
+were speedily verified and the people of the city were taken ill by
+scores. It was difficult to obtain men to perform the duty of burying the
+bloated corpses of the victims of the catastrophe and consequently the
+city authorities ordered that the dead be loaded on barges, taken a few
+miles out to sea, weighted and thrown into the water. The ground had
+become so watersoaked that it was impossible to dig graves or trenches for
+the reception of the bodies, although in many instances people buried
+relatives and friends in their yards and the ground surrounding their
+residence. Along the beach hundreds of corpses were buried in the sand,
+but the majority of the burials were at sea. By Wednesday night 2,500
+bodies had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> cast into the water, while about 500 had been interred
+within the city limits. Precautions were taken, however, to mark the
+graves and when the ground had dried sufficiently the bodies were
+disinterred and taken to the various cemeteries where, after burial,
+suitable memorials were erected to mark their last resting place. No
+attempts were made at identification after Wednesday, lists being simply
+made of the number of victims. The graves of those buried in the sand were
+marked by headboards with the inscriptions, &#8220;White man, aged forty;&#8221;
+&#8220;White woman, aged twenty-five,&#8221; and &#8220;male&#8221; or &#8220;female&#8221; child, as the case
+might be.</p>
+
+<p>So accustomed did the burial parties become to the handling of the dead
+that they treated the bodies as though they were merely carcasses of
+animals and not bodies of human beings and they were dumped into the
+trenches prepared for their reception without ceremony of any kind. The
+excavations were then filled up as hurriedly as possible, the sand being
+packed down tightly. This might have seemed inhuman, unfeeling, and
+brutal, but the exigencies of the situation demanded that the corpses be
+put out of the way as speedily as possible. Great difficulty was
+experienced in securing men to transport bodies to the wharves where the
+barges lay, and it was practically an impossibility to get anyone to touch
+the bodies of the negro victims, decomposition having set in earlier than
+in the cases of the whites, and had it not been that the members of the
+fire department volunteered their services the remains of the negroes
+would have remained unburied for a longer time than they were. Finally,
+however, patience ceased to be a virtue and orders were given the guards
+to shoot any man who refused to do his duty under the circumstances.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> The
+result of this was that the beginning of Wednesday there was less delay in
+the matter of disposing of the dead.</p>
+
+<p>However, in spite of the activity of the burial parties, the work of
+clearing the streets of corpses was a most tedious one.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">FORECAST OFFICIAL&#8217;S REPORT ON THE STORM.</p>
+
+<p>The forecast official of the United States Weather Bureau at Galveston
+made the following report, September 14, on the storm:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The local office of the United States weather bureau received the first
+message in regard to this storm at 4 p. m., September 4. It was then
+moving northward over Cuba. Each day thereafter until the West India
+hurricane struck Galveston bulletins were posted by the United States
+weather bureau officials giving the progressive movements of the
+disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;September 6 the tropical storm had moved up over southern Florida, thence
+it changed its course and moved westward in the gulf and was central off
+the Louisiana coast the morning of the 7th, when northwest storm warnings
+were ordered up for Galveston. The morning of the 8th the storm had
+increased in energy and was still moving westward, and at 10:10 a. m. the
+northwest storm warnings were changed to northeast. Then was when the
+entire island was in apparent danger. The telephone at the United States
+weather bureau office was busy until the wires went down; many could not
+get the use of the telephone on account of the line being busy. People
+came to the office in droves inquiring about the weather. About the same
+time the following information was given to all alike:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;The tropical storm is now in the gulf, south or southwest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> of us; the
+winds will shift to the northeast-east and probably to the southeast by
+morning, increasing in energy. If you reside in low parts of the city,
+move to higher grounds.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Prepare for the worst, which is yet to come,&#8221; were the only consoling
+words of the weather bureau officials at Galveston from morning until
+night of the 8th, when no information further could be given out.</p>
+
+<p>The local forecast official and one observer stayed at the office
+throughout the entire storm, although the building was wrecked. The
+forecast official and one observer were out taking tide observations about
+4 a. m., September 9. Another observer left after he had sent the last
+telegram which could be gotten off, it being filed at Houston over the
+telephone wires about 4 p. m. of the 8th. Over half the city was covered
+with tide water by 3 p. m. One of the observers left for home at about 4
+p. m., after he had done all he could, as telephone wires were then going
+down. The entire city was then covered with water from one to five feet
+deep. On his way home he saw hundreds of people and he informed all he
+could that the worst was still to come, and people who could not hear his
+voice on account of the distance he motioned them to go downtown.</p>
+
+<p>The lowest barometer by observation was 28.53 inches at 8:10 p. m.,
+September 8, but the barometer went slightly lower than this, according to
+the barograph. The tide at about 8 p. m. stood from six to fifteen feet
+deep throughout the city, with the wind blowing slightly over a hundred
+miles an hour. The highest wind velocity by the anemometer was ninety-six
+miles from the northeast at 5:15 p. m., and the extreme velocity was a
+hundred miles an hour at about that time. The anemometer blew down at this
+time and the wind was still higher later, when it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> shifted to the east and
+southeast, when the observer estimated that it blew a gale of between 110
+and 120 miles. There was an apparent tidal wave of from four to six feet
+about 8 p. m., when the wind shifted to the east and southeast, that
+carried off many houses which had stood the tide up to that time.</p>
+
+<p>The observer believed from the records he managed to save that the
+hurricane moved inland near Galveston, going up the Brazos Valley.</p>
+
+<p>The warnings of the United States Weather Bureau were the means of
+thousands of lives being saved through the hurricane. It was so severe,
+however, that it was impossible to prepare for such destruction. The
+
+observer of the United States Weather Bureau at Galveston, to relieve
+apprehension, stated on September 14 that the barometer had gone up to
+about the normal, and there were no indications of another storm
+following.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Sad Scenes in All Parts of the Ruined City&mdash;Corpses Everywhere&mdash;A Sombre,
+Solemn Sunday&mdash;People Apathetic, Dejected and Heartbroken.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />The surviving people of Galveston did not awaken from sleep on Sunday
+morning, for they had not slept the night before. For many weary hours
+they had stood face to face with death, and knew that thousands had
+yielded up their lives and that millions of dollars worth of property had
+been destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>There was not a building in Galveston which was not either entirely
+destroyed or damaged, and the people of the city lived in the valley of
+the shadow of death, helpless and hopeless, deprived of all hope and
+ambition&mdash;merely waiting for the appearance of the official death roll.</p>
+
+<p>Confusion and chaos reigned everywhere; death and desolation were on all
+sides; wreck and ruin were the only things visible wherever the eye might
+rest; and with business entirely suspended and no other occupation than
+the search for and burial of the dead it was strange that the
+thoroughfares and residence streets were not filled with insane victims of
+the hurricane&#8217;s frightful visit.</p>
+
+<p>For days the people of Galveston knew there was danger ahead; they were
+warned repeatedly, but they laughed at all fears, business went on as
+usual, and when the blow came it found the city unprepared and without
+safeguards.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the stupefaction following the awful catastrophe, the people were
+in no condition, either physical or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> mental, to provide for themselves,
+and therefore depended upon the outside world for food and clothing.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of Galveston needed immediate relief, but how they were to
+get it was a mystery, for Galveston was not yet in touch with the outside
+world by rail or sea. The city was sorely stricken, and appealed to the
+country at large to send food, clothing and water. The waterworks were in
+ruins and the cisterns all blown away, so that the lack of water was one
+of the most serious of the troubles.</p>
+
+<p>Never did a storm work more cruelly. All the electric light and telegraph
+poles were prostrated and the streets were littered with timbers, slate,
+glass and every conceivable character of debris. There was hardly a
+habitable house in the entire city, and nearly every business house was
+either wrecked entirely or badly damaged.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday there were deaths from hunger and exposure, and the list swelled
+rapidly. People were living as best they could&mdash;in the ruins of their
+homes, in hotels, in schoolhouses, in railway stations, in churches, in
+the streets by the side of their beloved dead.</p>
+
+<p>So great was the desolation one could not imagine a more sorrowful place.
+Street cars were not running; no trains could reach the town; only
+sad-eyed men and women walked about the streets; the dead and wounded
+monopolized the attention of those capable of doing anything whatever, and
+the city was at the mercy of thieves and ruffians.</p>
+
+<p>All the fine churches were in ruins.</p>
+
+<p>From Tremont to P street, thence to the beach, not a vestige of a
+residence was to be seen.</p>
+
+<p>In the business section of the city the water was from three to ten feet
+deep in stores, and stocks of all kinds, including foodstuffs, were total
+losses. It was a common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> spectacle&mdash;that of inhabitants of the fated city
+wandering around in a forsaken and forlorn way, indifferent to everything
+around them and paying no attention to inquiries of friends and relatives.</p>
+
+<p>God forbid that such scenes are enacted again in this country.</p>
+
+<p>It was thought the vengeance of the fates had been visited in its most
+appalling shape upon the place which had unwittingly incurred its wrath.</p>
+
+<p>It was fortunate after all, however, that those compelled to endure such
+trials were temporarily deprived of their understanding; were so stunned
+that they could not appreciate the enormity of the punishment.</p>
+
+<p>The first loss of life reported was at Rietter&#8217;s saloon, in the Strand,
+where three of the most prominent citizens of the town&mdash;Stanley G.
+Spencer, Charles Kellner and Richard Lord&mdash;lost their lives and many
+others were maimed and imprisoned. These three were sitting at a table on
+the first floor Saturday night, making light of the danger, when the roof
+suddenly caved in and came down with a crash, killing them. Those in the
+lower part of the building escaped with their lives in a miraculous
+manner, as the falling roof and flooring caught on the bar, enabling the
+people standing near it to crawl under the debris. It required several
+hours of hard work to get them out. The negro waiter who was sent for a
+doctor was drowned at Strand and Twenty-first streets, his body being
+found a short time afterward.</p>
+
+<p>Fully 700 people were congregated at the city hall, most of them more or
+less injured in various ways. One man from Lucas Terrace reported the loss
+of fifty lives in the building from which he escaped. He himself was
+severely injured about the head.</p>
+
+<p>Passing along Tremont street, out as far as Avenue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> P, climbing over the
+piles of lumber which had once been residences, four bodies were observed
+in one yard and seven in one room in another place, while as many as sixty
+corpses were seen lying singly and in groups in the space of one block. A
+majority of the drowned, however, were under the ruined houses. The body
+of Miss Sarah Summers was found near her home, corner of Tremont street
+and Avenue F, her lips smiling, but her features set in death, her hands
+grasping her diamonds tightly. The remains of her sister, Mrs. Claude
+Fordtran, were never found.</p>
+
+<p>The report from St. Mary&#8217;s Infirmary showed that only eight persons
+escaped from that hospital. The number of patients and nurses was one
+hundred. Rosenberg Schoolhouse, chosen as a place of refuge by the people
+of that locality, collapsed. Few of those who had taken refuge there
+escaped&mdash;how many cannot be told, and will never be known.</p>
+
+<p>Never before had the Sabbath sun risen upon such a sight, and as though
+unable to endure it, the god of the day soon veiled his face behind dull
+and leaden clouds, and refused to shine.</p>
+
+<p>Surely it was enough to draw tears even from inanimate things.</p>
+
+<p>At the Union Depot Baggagemaster Harding picked up the lifeless form of a
+baby girl within a few feet of the station. Its parents were among the
+lost. The station building was selected as a place of refuge by hundreds
+of people, and although all the windows and a portion of the south wall at
+the top were blown in, and the occupants expected every moment to be their
+last, escape was impossible, for about the building the water was fully
+twelve feet deep. A couple of small shanties were floating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> about, but
+there was no means of making a raft or getting a boat.</p>
+
+<p>Every available building in the city was used as a hospital. As for the
+dead, they were being put away anywhere. In one large grocery store on
+Tremont street all the space that could be cleared was occupied by the
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>It was nothing strange to see the dead and crippled everywhere, and the
+living were so fascinated by the dead they could hardly be dragged away
+from the spots where the corpses were piled.</p>
+
+<p>There were dead by the score, by the hundreds and by the thousands.</p>
+
+<p>It was a city of the dead; a vast battlefield, the slain being victims of
+flood and gale.</p>
+
+<p>The dead were at rest, but the living had to suffer, for no aid was at
+hand.</p>
+
+<p>In the business portion of the town the damage could not be even
+approximately estimated. The wholesale houses along the Strand had about
+seven feet of water on their ground floors, and all window panes and glass
+protectors of all kinds were demolished.</p>
+
+<p>On Mechanic street the water was almost as deep as on the Strand. All
+provisions in the wholesale groceries and goods on the lower floors were
+saturated and rendered valueless.</p>
+
+<p>In clearing away the ruins of the Catholic Orphans&#8217; Home heartrending
+evidence of the heroism and love of the Sisters was discovered.</p>
+
+<p>Bodies of the little folks were found which indicated by their position
+that heroic measures were taken to keep them together so that all might be
+saved.</p>
+
+<p>The Sisters had tied them together in bunches of eight and then tied the
+cords around their own waists. In this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> way they probably hoped to quiet
+the children&#8217;s fears and lead them to safety.</p>
+
+<p>The storm struck the Home with such terrific force that the structure
+fell, carrying the inmates with it and burying them under tons of debris.</p>
+
+<p>Two crowds of children, tied and attached to Sisters, have been found. In
+one heap the children were piled on the Sisters, and the arms of one
+little girl were clasped around a Sister&#8217;s neck.</p>
+
+<p>In the wreck of the Home over ninety children and Sisters were killed. It
+was first believed that they had been washed out to sea, but the discovery
+of the little groups in the ruins indicates that all were killed and
+buried under the wreckage.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday and Monday were days of the greatest suffering, although the
+population had hardly sufficiently recovered from the shock of the mighty
+calamity to realize that they were hungry and cold.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday all relief trains sent from other cities toward Galveston were
+forced to turn back, the tracks being washed away.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday Mayor Jones of Galveston sent out the following appeal to the
+country:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;It is my opinion, based on personal information, that 5,000 people
+have lost their lives here. Approximately one-third of the residence
+portion of the city has been swept away. There are several thousand
+people who are homeless and destitute&mdash;how many there is no way of
+finding out. Arrangements are now being made to have the women and
+children sent to Houston and other places, but the means of
+transportation are limited. Thousands are still to be cared for here.
+We appeal to you for immediate aid.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;WALTER J. JONES,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Mayor of Galveston.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>Some relief had been sent in, the railroad to Texas City, six miles away,
+having been repaired, boats taking the supplies from that point into
+Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>Food and women&#8217;s clothing were the things most needed just then. While the
+men could get along with the clothes they had on and what they had secured
+since Sunday, the women suffered considerably, and there was much sickness
+among them in consequence. It was noticeable, however, that the women of
+the city had, by their example, been instrumental in reviving the drooping
+spirits of the men. There was a better feeling prevalent Tuesday among the
+inhabitants, as news had been received that within a few days the acute
+distress would be over, except in the matter of shelter. Every house
+standing was damp and unhealthy, and some of the wounded were not getting
+along as well as hoped. Many of the injured had been sent out of town to
+Texas City, Houston and other places, but hundreds still remained. It
+would have endangered their lives to move them.</p>
+
+<p>Tuesday night ninety negro looters were shot in their tracks by citizen
+guards. One of them was searched and $700 found, together with four
+diamond rings and two water-soaked gold watches. The finger of a white
+woman with a gold band around it was clutched in his hands.</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon, at the suggestion of Colonel Hawley, a mounted squad of
+nineteen men, under Adjutant Brokridge, was detailed by Major Faylings to
+search a house where negro looters were known to have secreted plunder.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Shoot them in their tracks, boys! We want no prisoners,&#8221; said the Major.
+The plunderers changed their location before the arrival of the
+detachment, however, and the raiders came back empty-handed. Twenty cases<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+of looting were reported between 3 and 6 in the evening.</p>
+
+<p>At 6 o&#8217;clock a report reached Major Faylings that twenty negroes were
+robbing a house at Nineteenth and Beach streets.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Plant them,&#8221; commanded the young Major, as a half dozen citizen soldiers,
+led by a corporal, mustered before him for orders.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I want every one of those twenty negroes, dead or alive,&#8221; said the Major.</p>
+
+<p>The squad left on the double quick. Half an hour later they reported ten
+of the plunderers killed.</p>
+
+<p>The following order was posted on the streets at noon of Tuesday:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;To the Public: The city of Galveston being under martial law, and
+all good citizens being now enrolled in some branch of the public
+service, it becomes necessary, to preserve the peace, that all arms
+in this city be placed in the hands of the military. All good
+citizens are forbidden to carry arms, except by written permission
+from the Mayor or Chief of Police or the Major commanding. All good
+citizens are hereby commanded to deliver all arms and ammunition to
+the city and take Major Faylings&#8217; receipt.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;WALTER C. JONES, Mayor.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">WHAT A RELIEF PARTY SAW SUNDAY MORNING.</p>
+
+<p>Starting as soon as the water began to recede Sunday morning, a relief
+party began the work of rescuing the wounded and dying from the ruins of
+their homes. The scenes presented were almost beyond description.
+Screaming women, bruised and bleeding, some of them bearing the lifeless
+forms of children in their arms; men, broken-hearted and sobbing,
+bewailing the loss of their wives and children; streets filled with
+floating rubbish,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> among which there were many bodies of the victims of
+the storm, constituted part of the awful picture. In every direction, as
+far as the eye could reach, the scene of desolation and destruction
+continued.</p>
+
+<p>It was certainly enough to cause the stoutest heart to quail and grow
+sick, and yet the searchers well knew they could not unveil one-hundredth
+part of the misery the destructive elements had brought about.</p>
+
+<p>They knew, also, that the full import and heaviness of the blow could not
+be realized for days to come.</p>
+
+<p>Although those in the relief party were prepared to see the natural
+evidences following upon the heels of the mighty storm, they did not
+anticipate such frightful revelations.</p>
+
+<p>It was a butchery, without precedent; a gathering of victims that was so
+ghastly as to be beyond the power of any man to picture.</p>
+
+<p>As the party went on the members met others who made reports of things
+that had come under their notice. There were fifty killed or drowned in
+one section of town; one hundred in another; five hundred in another. The
+list grew larger with each report.</p>
+
+<p>It was a matter of wonder, and increasing wonder too, that a single soul
+escaped to tell the tale.</p>
+
+<p>No one seemed entirely sane, for there was madness in the very air.</p>
+
+<p>All moved in an atmosphere of gloom; it was difficult to move and breathe
+with so much death on all sides.</p>
+
+<p>Yet no one could keep his eyes off of those horrible, fascinating corpses.
+They riveted the gaze.</p>
+
+<p>Life and death were often so closely intermingled they could not be told
+apart.</p>
+
+<p>It was the apotheosis of the frightful.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>Those who had escaped the hurricane and flood were searching for missing
+dear ones in such a listless way as to irresistibly convey the idea that
+they did not care whether they found them or not.</p>
+
+<p>It was the languor of hopelessness and despair.</p>
+
+<p>Some of those who had lost their all were even merry, but it was the glee
+of insanity.</p>
+
+<p>As Sunday morning dawned the streets were lined with people, half-clad,
+crippled in every conceivable manner, hobbling as best they could to where
+they could receive attention of physicians for themselves and summon aid
+for friends and relatives who could not move.</p>
+
+<p>Police Officer John Bowie, who had recently been awarded a prize as the
+most popular officer in the city, was in a pitiable condition; the toes on
+both of his feet were broken, two ribs caved in, and his head badly
+bruised, but his own condition, he said, was nothing.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My house, with wife and children, is in the gulf. I have not a thing on
+earth for which to live.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The houses of all prominent citizens which escaped destruction were turned
+into hospitals, as were also the leading hotels. There was scarcely one of
+the houses left standing which did not contain one or more of the dead as
+well as many injured.</p>
+
+<p>The rain began to pour down in torrents and the party went back down
+Tremont street toward the city. The misery of the poor people, all mangled
+and hurt, pressing to the city for medical attention, was greatly
+augmented by this rain. Stopping at a small grocery store to avoid the
+rain, the party found it packed with injured. The provisions in the store
+had been ruined and there was nothing for the numerous customers who came
+hungry and tired. The place was a hospital, no longer a store.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>Further down the street a restaurant, which had been submerged by water,
+was serving out soggy crackers and cheese to the hungry crowd. That was
+all that was left. The food was soaked full of water, and the people who
+were fortunate enough to get those sandwiches were hungry and made no
+complaint.</p>
+
+<p>It was hard to determine what section of the city suffered the greatest
+damage and loss of life. Information from both the extreme eastern and
+extreme western portions of the city was difficult to obtain at that time.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, it was nearly impossible, but the reports received indicated that
+those two sections had suffered the same fate as the rest of the city and
+to a greater degree.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the relief party wended its way through streets which, but a few
+hours before, were teeming with life.</p>
+
+<p>Now they were the thoroughfares of death.</p>
+
+<p>It did not seem as if they could ever resound to the throb of quickened
+vitality again.</p>
+
+<p>It seemed as though it would take years to even remove the wreckage.</p>
+
+<p>As to rebuilding, it appeared as the work of ages.</p>
+
+<p>Annihilation was everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">GALVESTON PEOPLE REFUSED TO HEED THE WARNING&mdash;DISASTER WAS PREDICTED.</p>
+
+<p>As marked out on the charts of the United States Weather Bureau at
+Washington the storm which struck Galveston had a peculiar course. It was
+first definitely located south by east of San Domingo, and the last day of
+August the center of the disturbance was approximately at a point fixed at
+14 degrees north latitude and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> 68 degrees west longitude. From there it
+made a course almost due northeast, passing through Kingston, Jamaica, and
+if it had continued on this same line it would have struck Galveston just
+the same, but somewhat earlier than it did. The storm apparently was
+headed for Galveston all the time, but on Tuesday of last week, when
+almost due south of Cienfuegos, Cuba, it changed its course so as to go
+almost due north, across the Island of Cuba, through the toe of the
+Florida peninsula, and up the coast to the vicinity of Tampa. Here the
+storm made another sharp turn to the westward and headed again almost
+straight for Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>It was this sharp turn to the westward which could not be anticipated, so
+the Weather Bureau sent out its hurricane signals both for the Atlantic
+and the gulf coast, well understanding that the prediction as to one of
+these coasts would certainly fail. As soon as the storm turned westward
+from below Tampa the Weather Bureau knew the Atlantic coast was safe, and
+turned its attention toward the gulf.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Galveston had abundant warning of the coming of the
+hurricane, but, of course, could not anticipate the destructive energy it
+would gain on the way across the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>The Weather Bureau was informed that the first sign of the disturbance was
+noticed on Aug. 30 near the Windward Islands. On Aug. 31 it still was in
+the same neighborhood. The storm did not develop any hurricane features
+during its slow passage through the Caribbean Sea and across Cuba, but was
+accompanied by tremendous rains. During the first twelve hours of Sept. 3,
+in Santiago, Cuba, 10.50 inches rain fell and 2.80 inches fell in the next
+twelve. On Sept. 4 the rainfall during twelve hours in Santiago was 4.44
+inches, or a total fall in thirty-six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> hours of 17.20 inches. There were
+some high winds in Cuba the night of Sept. 4.</p>
+
+<p>By the morning of the 6th the storm center was a short distance northwest
+of Key West, Fla., and the high winds had commenced over Southern Florida,
+forty-eight miles an hour from the east being reported from Jupiter and
+forty miles from the northeast from Key West. During the 6th barometric
+conditions over the eastern portion of the United States so far changed as
+to prevent the movement of the storm along the Atlantic coast, and it,
+therefore, continued northwest over the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 7th it apparently was central south of the Louisiana
+coast, about longitude 89, latitude 28. At this time storm signals were
+ordered up on the North Texas coast, and during the day were extended
+along the entire coast. On the morning of the 8th the storm was nearing
+the Texas coast and was apparently central at about latitude 28, longitude
+94.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston&#8217;s disastrous storm was predicted with startling accuracy by the
+weather prophet, Prof. Andrew Jackson DeVoe. In the &#8220;Ladies&#8217; Birthday
+Almanac,&#8221; issued from Chattanooga, Tenn., in January, 1900, Prof. DeVoe
+forecasts the weather for the following month of September as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This will be a hot dry month over the Northern States, but plenty of rain
+over the Atlantic coast States. First and second days hot and sultry.
+Third and fourth heavy storms over the extreme Northwestern States,
+causing thunderstorms over the Missouri Valley and showery, rainy weather
+over the whole country from 5th to 8th.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;On the 9th a great cyclone will form over the Gulf of Mexico and move up
+the Atlantic coast, causing very heavy rains from Florida to Maine from
+10th to 12th.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Crowds of Refugees at Houston&mdash;Fed and Housed in Tents&mdash;Regular Soldiers
+Drowned&mdash;Government Property Lost&mdash;Fears for Galveston&#8217;s Future.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Houston was the great rendezvous for supplies sent to Galveston, and they
+poured in there by the carload, beginning with Tuesday. The response to
+the appeal for aid by the people of Galveston, on the part of the United
+States, and, in fact, every country in the world, was prompt and generous.</p>
+
+<p>That relief was an absolute necessity was made apparent from the
+appearance of the refugees who began to flock into Houston as soon as the
+boats began to run to Galveston after the catastrophe. In addition to
+these, thousands of strangers arrived also, and the Houston authorities
+were at a loss as to what to do with them. Some of these visitors were
+from points far distant, who had relatives in the storm-stricken district,
+and had come to learn the worst regarding them; others there were who had
+come to volunteer their services in the relief work, but the greatest
+number consisted of curious sight-seers, almost frantic in their efforts
+to get to the stricken city and feed their eyes on the sickening,
+repulsive and disease-breeding scenes. In addition there were hundreds of
+the sufferers themselves, who had been brought out of their misery to be
+cared for here.</p>
+
+<p>The question of caring for these crowds came up at a mass meeting of the
+Houston general relief committee held Monday. Every incoming train brought
+scores more of people, and immediate action was necessary. It was decided
+finally to pitch tents in Emancipation Park,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> and there as many of the
+strangers as possible were cared for. The hotels could not accommodate
+one-tenth of them.</p>
+
+<p>First attention, naturally, was given the survivors of the storm. Mayor
+Brashear sent word to Mayor Jones of Galveston that all persons, no matter
+who they were, rich or poor, ill or well, should be sent to Houston as
+soon as possible. They would be well provided for, he said. The urgency of
+his message for the depopulation of Galveston, he explained, was that
+until sanitation could be restored in the wrecked city everybody possible
+should be sent away.</p>
+
+<p>It was estimated that nearly 1,000 of the unfortunate survivors were sent
+to Houston on Tuesday from Galveston in response to Mayor Brashear&#8217;s
+request. Every building in Houston at all habitable was opened to them,
+and all the seriously ill comfortably housed. The others were made as
+comfortable as possible, but it was not only food and clothing that was
+wanted; the only relief some of them sought could not be furnished. They
+were grieving for lost ones left behind&mdash;fathers, mothers, sisters, wives
+and children. Nearly everybody had some relative missing, but few of them
+were certain whether they were dead or alive. All, however, were satisfied
+that they were dead.</p>
+
+<p>Men, bareheaded and barefooted, with sunken cheeks and hollow eyes; women
+and children with tattered clothing and bruised arms and faces, and mere
+infants with bare feet bruised and swollen, were among the crowds seen on
+the streets of Houston. Women of wealth and refinement, with hatless heads
+and gowns of rich material torn into shreds, were among the refugees. At
+times a man and his wife, and sometimes with one or two children, could be
+seen together, but such sights were infrequent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> for nearly all who went
+to Houston had suffered the loss of one or more of their loved ones.</p>
+
+<p>But with all this suffering there was a marvelous amount of heroism shown.
+A week before most of these people had happy homes and their families were
+around them. The Tuesday following the disaster they were homeless,
+penniless and with nothing to look forward to. Yet there was scarcely any
+whimpering or complaining. They walked about the streets as if in a
+trance; they accepted the assistance offered them with heartfelt thanks,
+and apparently were greatly relieved at being away from the scenes of
+sorrow and woe at home. They were all made to feel at home in Houston,
+that they were welcome and that everything in the power of the people of
+Houston would be done for their comfort and welfare, and yet they seemed
+not to understand half that was said to them.</p>
+
+<p>John J. Moody, a member of the committee sent from Houston to take charge
+of the relief station at Texas City, reported to the Mayor of Houston on
+Tuesday as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;To the Mayor&mdash;Sir: On arriving at Lamarque this morning I was informed
+that the largest number of bodies was along the coast of Texas City.
+Fifty-six were buried yesterday and to-day within less than two miles,
+extending opposite this place and toward Virginia City. It is yet six
+miles farther to Virginia City, and the bodies are thicker where we are
+now than where they have been buried. A citizen inspecting in the opposite
+direction reports dead bodies thick for twenty miles.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The residents of this place have lost all&mdash;not a habitable building left,
+and they have been too busy disposing of the dead to look after personal
+affairs. Those who have anything left are giving it to the others, and
+yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> there is real suffering. I have given away nearly all the bread I
+brought for our own use to hungry children.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A number of helpless women and beggared children were landed here from
+Galveston this afternoon and no place to go and not a bite to eat.
+To-morrow others are expected from the same place. Every ten feet along
+the wreck-lined coast tells of acts of vandalism; not a trunk, valise or
+tool chest but what has been rifled. We buried a woman this afternoon
+whose finger bore the mark of a recently removed ring.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The United States government furnished several thousand tents for the
+Houston camp, which was under the supervision of the United States Marine
+Hospital authorities.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">TWENTY-EIGHT REGULARS DROWNED.</p>
+
+<p>General McKibbin, who was sent to Galveston by the War Department to
+investigate the conditions prevailing there, made the following official
+report on Wednesday, September 12:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Houston, Texas, September 12, 1900.&mdash;Adjutant-General,
+Washington.&mdash;Arrived at Galveston at 6 p. m., having been ferried
+across bay in a yawl boat. It is impossible to adequately describe
+the condition existing. The storm began about 9 a. m. Saturday and
+continued with constantly increasing violence until after midnight.
+The island was inundated; the height of the tide was from eleven to
+thirteen feet. The wind was a cyclone. With few exceptions, every
+building in the city is injured. Hundreds are entirely destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;All the fortifications except the rapid-fire battery at San Jacinto
+are practically destroyed. At San Jacinto every building except the
+quarantine station has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> swept away. Battery O, First Artillery,
+United States Army, lost twenty-eight men. The officers and their
+families were all saved. Three members of the hospital corps lost.
+Names will be sent as soon as possible. Loss of life on the island is
+possibly more than 1,000. All bridges are gone, waterworks destroyed
+and all telegraph lines are down.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Colonel Roberts was in the city and made every effort to get
+telegrams through. City under control of committee of citizens and
+perfectly quiet.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Every article of equipment or property pertaining to Battery O was
+lost. Not a record of any kind is left. The men saved had nothing but
+the clothing on their persons. Nearly all are without shoes or
+clothing other than their shirts and trousers. Clothing necessary has
+been purchased and temporary arrangements made for food and shelter.
+There are probably 5,000 citizens homeless and absolutely destitute,
+who must be clothed, sheltered and fed. Have ordered 20,000 rations
+and tents for 1,000 people from Sam Houston. Have wired
+Commissary-General to ship 30,000 rations by express. Lieutenant
+Perry will make his way back to Houston and send this telegram.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;McKIBBIN.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">CONDITION OF THE GOVERNMENT WORKS.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Charles S. Riche, U. S. A., corps of engineers, when seen after he
+had completed a tour of inspection of the government works around
+Galveston, made the following statement:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The jetties are sunk nearly to mean low tide level, but not seriously
+breached. The channel is as good as before, perhaps better, twenty-five
+feet certainly.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Fort Crockett, fifteen-pounder implacements, concrete<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> all right,
+standing on filling; water underneath. Battery for eight mortars about
+like preceding, and mortars and carriages on hand unmounted and in good
+shape. Shore line at Fort Crockett has moved back about 600 feet. At Fort
+San Jacinto the battery for eight twelve-inch mortars is badly wrecked,
+and magazines reported fallen in. The mortars are reported safe. No piling
+was under this battery. Some of the sand parapet is left. The battery for
+two ten-inch guns badly wrecked. Both gun platforms are down and guns
+leaning. The battery for two 4.7-inch rapid-fire guns, concrete standing
+upon piling, both guns apparently all right. The battery for two
+fifteen-pounder guns, concrete apparently all right, standing on piling.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Fort Travis, Bolivar Point&mdash;Battery for three fifteen-pounder guns,
+concrete intact, standing on piling. East gun down. Western gun probably
+all right. The shore line has moved back about 1,000 feet on the line of
+the rear of these batteries.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Under the engineers&#8217; corps are the fortifications, built at a considerable
+expense; also the harbor improvements, upon which more than $8,000,000 had
+been expended.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">FEARED THE CITY WAS BEYOND REPAIR.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I fear Galveston is destroyed beyond its ability to recover,&#8221; is the
+manner in which Quartermaster Baxter concluded his report, made September
+12, to the War Department at Washington. He recommended the continuance of
+his office only long enough to recover the office safes and close up
+accounts, and declared all government works were wrecked so restoration
+was impossible.</p>
+
+<p>This gloomy prophecy for the city&#8217;s future was reflected<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> in an official
+report to Governor Sayers, of Texas, by ex-State Treasurer Wortham, who
+spent a day at Galveston, investigating the situation. His statement
+claimed that 75 per cent of the city was demolished and gives little hope
+for rebuilding.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wortham, who acted as aid to Adjutant-General Scurry, Texas National
+Guard, during the inquiry, said in his report:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The situation at Galveston beggars description. I am convinced that the
+city is practically wrecked for all time to come.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Fully 75 per cent of the business of the town is irreparably wrecked, and
+the same per cent of damage is to be found in the residence district.
+Along the wharf front great ocean steamers have bodily bumped themselves
+on the big piers and lie there, great masses of iron and wood, that even
+fire cannot totally destroy. The great warehouses along the water front
+are smashed in on one side, unroofed and gutted throughout their length,
+their contents either piled in heaps on the wharves or along the streets.
+Small tugs and sailboats have jammed themselves half into the buildings,
+where they were landed by the incoming waves, and left by the receding
+waters. Houses are packed and jammed in great confusing masses in all of
+the streets.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Great piles of human bodies, dead animals, rotting vegetation, household
+furniture, and fragments of the houses themselves are piled in confused
+heaps right in the main streets of the city. Along the gulf front human
+bodies are floating around like cordwood. Intermingled with them are to be
+found the carcasses of horses, chickens, dogs, and rotting vegetable
+matter. Above all arises the foulest stench that ever emanated from any
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>cesspool, absolutely sickening in its intensity and most dangerous to
+health in its effects.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Along the Strand adjacent to the gulf front, where are located all the
+big wholesale warehouses and stores, the situation is even worse. Great
+stores of fresh vegetation have been invaded by the incoming waters, and
+are now turned into garbage piles of most befouling odors. The gulf waters
+while on the land played at will with everything, smashing in doors of
+stores, depositing bodies of humans where they pleased, and then receded,
+leaving the wreckage to tell its own tale of how the work had been done.
+As a result, the great warehouses are tombs, wherein are to be found the
+dead bodies of human beings and carcasses, almost defying the efforts of
+relief parties.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the pile of debris along the street, in the water, and scattered
+throughout the residence portion of the city, are to be found masses of
+wreckage, and in these great piles are to be found more human bodies and
+household furniture of every description.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Handsome pictures are seen lying alongside of the ice-cream freezers and
+resting beside the nude figure of some man or woman. These great masses of
+debris are not confined to any one particular section of the city.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The waters of the gulf and the winds spared no one who was exposed.
+Whirling houses around in its grasp, the wind piled their shattered frames
+high in confusing masses and dumped their contents on top.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Men and women were thrown around like so many logs of wood and left to
+rot in the withering sun.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I believe that with the best exertions of the men it will require weeks
+to secure some semblance of physical order in the city, and it is doubtful
+even then if all the debris will be disposed of.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>&#8220;I never saw such a wreck in my life. From the gulf front to the center of
+the island, from the ocean back, the storm wave left death and destruction in its wake.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There is hardly a family on the island whose household is not short a
+member or more, and in some instances entire families have been washed
+away or killed. Hundreds who escaped from the waves did so only to become
+victims of a worse death by being crushed by falling buildings.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Down in the business portion of the city the foundations of great
+buildings have given way, carrying towering structures to their ruin.
+These ruins, falling across the streets, formed barricades on which
+gathered all the floating debris and many human bodies. Many of these
+bodies were stripped of their clothing by the force of the water and the
+wind, and there was nothing to protect them from the scorching sun, the
+millions of flies, and the rapid invasion of decomposition that set in.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Many of the bodies have decayed so rapidly that they could not be handled
+for burial.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Some of the most conservative men on the island place the loss of human
+beings at not less than 7,500 and possibly 10,000, while others say it
+will not exceed 5,000.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">COAST CITIES NOT PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED.</p>
+
+<p>Chief Willis L. Moore, of the United States Weather Bureau at Washington,
+being asked his opinion of the idea of rebuilding Galveston on some other
+site, replied as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Weather Bureau, U. S., Washington, D. C., September 13, 1900.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I should not advise the abandonment of the city of Galveston. It is
+true that tropical hurricanes sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> move westward across the
+gulf and strike the Texas coast, but such movement is infrequent.
+Within the last thirty years no storm of like severity has touched
+any part of the coast of the United States. There are many points on
+both the Atlantic and gulf coasts, some of them occupied by cities
+the size of Galveston, that are equally exposed to the force of both
+wind and water, should a hurricane move in from the ocean or gulf and
+obtain the proper position relative to them. It would not be
+advisable to abandon these towns and cities merely because there is a
+remote probability that at some future time a hurricane may be the
+cause of great loss of life and property.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We have just passed through a summer that for sustained high
+temperature has no parallel within the last thirty years. Records of
+low temperature, torrential rains, and other meteorological phenomena
+that have stood for twenty and thirty years are not infrequently
+broken. There does not appear to be, so far as we know, any law
+governing the occurrence or recurrence of storms. The vortex of a
+hurricane is comparatively narrow, at most not more than twenty or
+thirty miles in width. It is only within the vortex that such a great
+calamity as has befallen Galveston can occur.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It would seem that, rather than abandon the city, means should be
+adopted at Galveston and other similarly exposed cities on the
+Atlantic and gulf coasts to erect buildings only on heavy stone
+foundations that should have solid interiors of masonry to a height
+of ten feet above mean sea level. Rigid building regulations should
+allow no other structures erected for habitations in the future in
+any city located at sea level and that is exposed to the direct sweep
+of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;But Galveston should take heart, as the chances are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> that not once
+in a thousand years would she be so terribly stricken, and high,
+solid foundations would doubtless make her impregnable to loss of
+life by all future storms.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;WILLIS L. MOORE,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Chief U. S. Weather Bureau.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">COURAGE OF GALVESTON&#8217;S BUSINESS MEN.</p>
+
+<p>The courage of Galveston&#8217;s business men under the distressing conditions
+was shown by the utterances of Mr. Eustace Taylor, one of the best-known
+residents of that city, a cotton buyer known to the trade in all parts of
+the country. Mr. Taylor was asked on Thursday succeeding the flood for an
+opinion as to the future of Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I think,&#8221; he said, &#8220;that what we have done here for the four days which
+have passed since the storm has been wonderful. It will take us two weeks
+before we can ascertain the actual commercial loss. But we are going to
+straighten out everything. We are going to stay here and work it out. We
+will have a temporary wharf within thirty days, and with that we can
+resume business and handle the traffic through Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I think that within thirty or forty days business will be carried on in
+no less volume than before. I am going to stand right up to Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;If it costs me the last cent, I will stand up for Galveston. With our
+temporary wharf we shall put from 1,000 to 2,000 men at work loading
+vessels while we are waiting for the railroads to restore bridges and
+terminals on the island. We shall bring business by barges from Virginia
+Point and load in midstream. In this way we shall not only resume our
+commercial relations, but we shall be able to put the labor of the city at work.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>&#8220;This port holds the advantage over every other port of this country for
+accommodating 10,000,000 producers, and will accommodate millions of tons,
+and in inviting these millions, as we have, to continue their business
+through this port we must in our construction do it on the same lines
+employed by the communities of Boston, New York, Buffalo and Chicago, the
+stability of which was plainly illustrated in some structures recently
+erected in our community.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The port is all right. The ever-alert engineers in charge of the harbor
+here have already taken their soundings. The fullest depth of water
+remains. The jetties, with slight repair, are intact, and because of these
+conditions, which exist nowhere else for the territory and people it
+serves, the restoration will be more rapid than may be thought, and the
+flow of commerce will be as great, and for the courage and fortitude and
+foresight to look beyond the unhappy events of to-day, as prosperous and
+secure as in any part of our prosperous country.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ELEVATORS AND GRAIN NOT BADLY DAMAGED.</p>
+
+<p>J. C. Stewart, a well-known grain elevator builder, arrived at Galveston
+on Thursday, in response to a telegram from General Manager M. E. Bailey,
+of the Galveston Wharf Company. He at once made an inspection of the grain
+elevators and their contents, and then said not 2 per cent of the
+elevators had been damaged. The spouts were intact, and elevator &#8220;A&#8221; would
+be ready to deliver grain to ships the following Sunday.</p>
+
+<p>The wheat in elevator &#8220;A&#8221; was loaded into vessels just as rapidly as they
+arrived at the elevator to take it. As soon as the elevator was emptied of
+its grain the wheat from elevator &#8220;Q&#8221; was transferred to it and loaded
+into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> ships. Very little of the wheat in elevator &#8220;B&#8221; had been injured,
+but the conveyors were swept away, and it was necessary to transfer the
+grain to elevator &#8220;A&#8221; in order to get it to the ships. Mr. Bailey put a
+large force of men to work clearing up each of the wharves, and the
+company was ready for new business all along the line within eight days.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">BURNING BODIES BY THE HUNDREDS.</p>
+
+<p>Pestilence could only be avoided here by cremation. That was the order of
+the day. Human corpses, dead animals and all debris were therefore to be
+submitted to the flames. On Thursday upwards of 400 bodies, mostly women
+and children, were cremated, and the work went rapidly on. They were
+gathered in heaps of twenty and forty bodies, saturated with kerosene and
+the torch applied.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">CONFLICT OF AUTHORITY BREEDS TROUBLE.</p>
+
+<p>A conflict of authority, due to a misunderstanding, precipitated a
+temporary disorganization of the policing of the city of Galveston on
+Thursday. When General Scurry, Adjutant-General of the Texas National
+Guard, arrived at Galveston on Tuesday night, with about 200 militia, from
+Houston, he at once conferred with the Chief of Police as to the plans for
+guarding property, protecting the lives of citizens and preserving law and
+order. An order was then issued by the Chief of Police to the effect that
+the soldiers should arrest all persons found carrying arms, unless they
+showed a written order, signed by the Chief of Police or Mayor of the
+city, giving them permission to go armed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>Sheriff Thomas had, meantime, appointed and sworn in 150 special deputy
+sheriffs. These deputies were supplied with a ribboned badge of authority,
+but were not given any written or printed commission. Acting under the
+order issued by the Chief of Police, Major Hunt McCaleb, of Galveston, who
+was appointed as aide to General Scurry, issued an order to the militia to
+arrest all persons carrying arms without the proper authority. The result
+was that about fifty citizens wearing deputy sheriff badges were taken
+into custody by the soldiers and taken to police headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers had no way of knowing by what authority the men were acting
+with these badges, and would listen to no excuses.</p>
+
+<p>General Scurry and Sheriff Thomas, hearing of the wholesale arrests,
+called at police headquarters and consulted with Acting Chief Amundsen.
+The latter referred General Scurry to Mayor Jones. Then General Scurry and
+Sheriff Thomas held a conference at the City Hall. These two officers soon
+arrived at an understanding, and an agreement was decided upon to the
+effect that all persons deputized as deputy sheriffs and all persons
+appointed as special officers should be permitted to carry arms and pass
+in and out of the guard lines. General Scurry suggested that the deputy
+sheriffs and special police&mdash;and the regular police, for that
+matter&mdash;guard the city during the daytime and that the militia take charge
+of the city at night.</p>
+
+<p>General Scurry was acting for and by authority granted by Mayor Jones, and
+promptly said he was there to work in harmony with the city and county
+authorities, and that there would be no conflict. When General Scurry and
+Sheriff Thomas called upon the Mayor, the Mayor said that he knew that if
+the Adjutant-General,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> the Chief of Police and the Sheriff would get
+together they could take care of the police work.</p>
+
+<p>It was known that people were coming to Galveston by the score; that many
+of them had no business there, and that the city had enough to do to watch
+the lawless element of Galveston, without being burdened with the care of
+outsiders.</p>
+
+<p>All deputy sheriffs wearing the badge issued by the Sheriff carried arms
+thereafter and made arrests, and were not interfered with in any way by
+the military guards.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">INADEQUATE TRANSPORTATION PREVENTS SUPPLIES FROM REACHING THE FAMINE-STRICKEN PEOPLE.</p>
+
+<p>On Thursday, September 13, train load after train load of provisions,
+clothing, disinfectants and medicines were lined up at Texas City, six
+miles from Galveston, all sent to the suffering survivors of the
+storm-swept city. Across the bay were thousands of people, friends of the
+dead and living, waiting for news of the missing ones and an opportunity
+to help, but only a meager amount of relief had at that time reached the
+stricken town. Two telegraph wires had been put up and partial
+communication restored to let the outside world know that conditions there
+were far more horrible than was at first supposed. That was about all. It
+was not that which was needed; it was a more practicable connection with
+the mainland. True, more boats had been pressed into service to carry
+succor to the suffering and the suffering to succor, but they were few and
+small, and although working diligently night and day the service was
+inadequate in the extreme. And the people were still suffering&mdash;the sick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+dying for want of medicine and care; the well growing desperate and in
+many cases gradually losing their reason.</p>
+
+<p>While there were many who could not be provided for because the necessary
+articles for them could not be carried in, there were hundreds who were
+being benefited. Those supplies which had arrived had been of great
+assistance, but they were far from ample to provide for even a small
+percentage of the sufferers, estimated at 30,000. Even the rich were
+hungry. An effort was being made on the part of the authorities to provide
+for those in the greatest need, but this was found to be difficult work,
+so many were there in sad condition. A rigid system of issuing supplies
+was established, and the regular soldiers and a number of citizens were
+sworn in as policemen. These attended to the issuing of rations as soon as
+the boats arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Every effort was put forth to reach the dying first, but all sorts of
+obstacles were encountered, because many of them were so badly maimed and
+wounded that they were unable to apply to the relief committees, and the
+latter were so burdened by the great number of direct applications that
+they were unable to send out messengers.</p>
+
+<p>The situation grew worse every minute; everything was needed for man and
+beast&mdash;disinfectants, prepared foods, hay, grain, and especially water and
+ice. Scores more of people died that day as a result of inattention and
+many more were on the verge of dissolution, for at best it was to be many
+days before a train could be run into the city, and the only hope was the
+arrival of more boats to transport the goods.</p>
+
+<p>The relief committee held a meeting and decided that armed men were needed
+to assist in burying the dead<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> and clear the wreckage, and arrangements
+were made to fill this demand. There were plenty of volunteers for this
+work but an insufficiency of arms. The proposition of trying to pay for
+work was rejected by the committee, and it was decided to go ahead
+impressing men into service, issuing orders for rations only to those who
+worked or were unable to work.</p>
+
+<p>Word was received that refugees would be carried from the city to Houston
+free of charge. An effort was made to induce all who are able to leave to
+go, because the danger of pestilence was frightfully apparent.</p>
+
+<p>There was any number willing to depart, and each outgoing boat, after
+having unloaded its provisions, was filled with people. The safety of the
+living was a paramount consideration, and the action of the railroads in
+offering to carry refugees free of charge greatly relieved the situation.
+The workers had their hands full in any event, and the nurses and
+physicians also, for neglect, although unavoidable, often resulted in the
+death of many.</p>
+
+<p>It was estimated $2,500,000 would be needed for the relief work. The banks
+of Galveston subscribed $10,000, but personal losses of the citizens of
+Galveston had been so large that very few were able to subscribe anything.
+The confiscation of all foodstuffs held by wholesale grocers and others
+was decided upon early in the day by the relief committee. Starvation
+would inevitably ensue unless the supply was dealt out with great care.
+All kerosene oil was gone, and the gas works and electric lights were
+destroyed. The committee asked for a shipload of kerosene oil, a shipload
+of drinking water and tons of disinfectants, such as lime and
+formaldehyde, for immediate use, and money and food next. Not a tallow
+candle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> could be bought for gold, or light of any kind procured.</p>
+
+<p>No baker was making bread, and milk was remembered as a past luxury only.</p>
+
+<p>What was there to do with?</p>
+
+<p>Everything was gone in the way of ovens and utensils.</p>
+
+<p>It was absolutely necessary to let the outside world know the true state of things.</p>
+
+<p>The city was unable to help itself.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, a great part of the mighty, noble state of Texas was prostrate.</p>
+
+<p>Even the country at large was paralyzed at the sense of the magnitude of
+the disaster, and was for the time being powerless to do anything.</p>
+
+<p>The entire world was thrilled with alarm, it being instinctively felt that
+the worst had not yet been made known.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-five thousand people had to be clothed and fed for many weeks, and
+many thousands supplied with household goods as well. Much money was
+required to make their residences even fit to live in.</p>
+
+<p>During the first few days after the disaster it was almost beyond
+possibility to make any estimate of the amount of money necessary to even
+temporarily relieve the sufferings of the unfortunate people.</p>
+
+<p>As a means of enlightenment, Major R. G. Lowe, business manager of the
+Galveston News, was asked to send out a statement to the Associated Press,
+for dissemination throughout the globe, and he accordingly dispatched the
+following to Colonel Charles S. Diehl, General Manager of the Associated
+Press at the headquarters in Chicago:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Galveston, Texas, Sept. 12.&mdash;Charles S. Diehl, General Manager the
+Associated Press, Chicago: A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> summary of the conditions prevailing at
+Galveston is more than human intellect can master. Briefly stated,
+the damage to property is anywhere between $15,000,000 and
+$20,000,000. The loss of life cannot be computed. No lists could be
+kept and all is simply guesswork. Those thrown out to sea and buried
+on the ground wherever found will reach the horrible total of at
+least 3,000 souls.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My estimate of the loss on the island of the City of Galveston and
+the immediate surrounding district is between 4,000 and 5,000 deaths.
+I do not make this statement in fright or excitement. The whole story
+will never be told, because it cannot be told. The necessities of
+those living are total. Not a single individual escaped property
+loss. The property on the island is wrecked; fully one-half totally
+swept out of existence. What our needs are can be computed by the
+world at large by the statement herewith submitted much better than I
+could possibly summarize them. The help must be immediate.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;R. G. LOWE,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Manager Galveston News.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Thursday evening at the Tremont Hotel, in Galveston, occurred a wedding
+that was not attended with music and flowers and a gathering of
+merrymaking friends and relatives. On the contrary, it was peculiarly sad.
+Mrs. Brice Roberts expected some day to marry Earnest Mayo; the storm
+which desolated so many homes deprived her of almost everything on
+earth&mdash;father, mother, sister and brother. She was left destitute. Her
+sweetheart, too, was a sufferer. He lost much of his possessions in
+Dickinson, but he stepped bravely forward and took his sweetheart to his
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston began, September 14, to emerge from the valley of the shadow of
+death into which she had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> plunged for nearly a week, and on that day,
+for the first time, actual progress was made toward clearing up the city.
+The bodies of those killed and drowned in the storm had for the most part
+been disposed of. A large number was found when the debris was removed
+from wrecked buildings, but on that date there were no corpses to be seen
+save those occasionally cast up by the sea. As far as sight, at least, was
+concerned, the city was cleared of its dead.</p>
+
+<p>They had been burned, thrown into the water, buried&mdash;anything to get them
+quickly out of sight. The chief danger of pestilence was due almost
+entirely to the large number of unburied cattle lying upon the island,
+whose decomposing carcasses polluted the air to an almost unbearable
+extent. This, however, was not in the city proper, but was a condition
+prevailing on the outskirts of Galveston. One great trouble heretofore had
+been the inability to organize gangs of laborers for the purpose of
+clearing the streets.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE SAD SITUATION FOUR DAYS AFTER THE CATASTROPHE.</p>
+
+<p>The situation in the stricken city on Wednesday, September 12, was
+horrible indeed. Men, women and children were dying for want of food and
+scores went insane from the terrible strain to which they had been
+subjected.</p>
+
+<p>In his appeal to the country for aid, issued on Tuesday, September 11,
+Mayor Walter J. Jones said fully 5,000 people had lost their lives during
+the hurricane, this estimate being based upon personal information.
+Captain Charles Clarke, a vessel-owner of Galveston, and a reliable man,
+said the death list would be even greater than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> that, and he was backed in
+his opinion by several other conservative men who had no desire to
+exaggerate the losses, but felt that they are justified in letting the
+country know the full extent of the disaster in order that the necessary
+relief might be supplied.</p>
+
+<p>It was the general opinion that to hide any of the facts would be criminal.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Clarke was not a sensationalist, but he well knew that the truth
+was what the people of the United States wanted at that time.</p>
+
+<p>If the people of the country at large felt they were being deceived in
+anything they would be apt to close their pocketbooks and refuse to give
+anything.</p>
+
+<p>If told the truth they would respond to the appeal for aid generously.</p>
+
+<p>When relief finally began to pour in it was remarkable how soon the women
+of the city plucked up courage, and went to work with the men.</p>
+
+<p>They had suffered frightfully, but they refused to give up hope.</p>
+
+<p>Many called upon the mayor and offered their services as nurses.</p>
+
+<p>Others prepared bandages for the wounded and aided the physicians in
+procuring medicines for the sick.</p>
+
+<p>They went among the men who were engaged in burying and otherwise
+disposing of the dead and cheered them with bright faces and soothing
+words.</p>
+
+<p>They were everywhere, and their presence was as rays of sunshine after the
+black clouds of the storm.</p>
+
+<p>A regular fleet of steamers and barges was plying between Galveston and
+Texas City, only six miles distant, and which had railway communication
+with all parts of the United States. As the railroad line to Texas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> City
+had been repaired, trains were sent in there as close together as
+possible, but this did not prevent many hundreds in Galveston from dying
+of starvation and lack of medical attendance.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">A CITY OFFICIAL&#8217;S VERSION OF THE REIGN OF TERROR</p>
+
+<p>A leading city official of Galveston gave the following version of the
+Reign of Terror, as the regime of the thugs and ghouls was called:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Galveston suffered in every conceivable way since the catastrophe of
+Saturday. Hurricane and flood came first; then famine, and then vandalism.
+Scores of reckless criminals flocked to the city by the first boats that
+landed there, and were unchecked in their work of robbery of the helpless
+dead Monday and Tuesday.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Wednesday, however, Captain Rafferty, commanding the regulars at the
+beach barracks, sent seventy men of an artillery company there to do guard
+duty in the streets, and, being ordered to promptly shoot all those found
+looting, carried out their instructions to the letter.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Over 100 ghouls were shot Wednesday afternoon and evening, and no mercy
+was shown vandals. If they were not killed at the first volley the
+troops&mdash;regulars of the United States army and those of the Texas National
+Guard&mdash;saw that the coup de grace was administered.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Most of the robbers were negroes, and when executed were found loaded
+with spoil&mdash;jewelry wrenched from the bodies of women, money and watches
+and silverware and other articles taken from residences and business
+houses.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Not only had these fiends robbed the dead, but they mutilated the bodies
+as well, in many instances fingers and ears of dead women being amputated
+in order to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> secure the jewelry. Some of the business organizations of the
+city also furnished guards to assist in patroling the streets, and fully
+1,000 men are now on duty.</p>
+
+<p>Wednesday evening the regulars shot forty-nine ghouls after they had been
+tried by court-martial, having found them in possession of large
+quantities of plunder. The vandals begged for mercy, but none was shown
+them and they were speedily put out of the way. The bandits, as a rule,
+obtained transportation to the city by representing themselves as having
+been engaged to do relief work and to aid in burying the dead. Shortly
+after the first bunch of thieves was executed another party of twenty was
+shot. The outlaws were afterward put out of the way by twos and threes, it
+being their habit to travel in gangs and never alone. In every instance
+the pockets of these bandits were found filled with plunder.</p>
+
+<p>More than 2,000 bodies had been thrown into the sea up to Wednesday night,
+this having been decided upon by the authorities as the only way of
+preventing a visitation of pestilence, which, they felt, should not be
+added to the horrors the city had already experienced. Tuesday evening,
+shortly before darkness set in, three barges, containing 700 bodies, were
+sent out to sea, the corpses being thrown into the water after being
+heavily weighted to prevent the possibility of their afterwards coming to
+the surface. As there were few volunteers for this ghastly work, troops
+and police officers were sent out to impress men for the service, but
+while these unwilling laborers, after being filled with liquor, agreed to
+handle the bodies of white men, women and children, nothing could induce
+them to touch the negro dead. Finally city firemen came forward and
+attended to the disposal of the corpses of the colored victims. These were
+badly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> decomposed, and it was absolutely necessary to get them out of the
+way to prevent infection.</p>
+
+<p>No attempt had been made so far to gather up the dead at night because the
+gas and electric light plants were so badly damaged that they could
+furnish no illumination whatever. By Thursday night, however, some of the
+arc lights were ready for use. Since Wednesday morning no efforts at
+identification were made by the searchers after the dead, it being
+imperative that the bodies be disposed of as soon as possible. While the
+barges containing the bodies were on their way out to sea lists were made,
+but that was the only care taken in regard to the victims, many of whom
+were among the most prominent people of the city. Of the hundreds buried
+at Virginia Point and other places along the coast not 10 per cent were
+identified, the stakes at the heads of the hastily dug graves simply being
+marked, &#8220;White woman, aged 30,&#8221; &#8220;White man, aged 45,&#8221; or &#8220;Male&#8221; or &#8220;Female
+child.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Ninety-six bodies were buried at Texas City, all but eight of which
+floated to that place from Galveston. Some were identified, but the great
+majority were not. State troops were stationed at Texas City and Virginia
+Point to prevent those who could not give a satisfactory account of
+themselves from boarding boats bound for Galveston. In burying the dead
+along the shore of the gulf no coffins were used, the supply being
+exhausted. There was no time to knock even an ordinary pine box together.
+Cases were known where people have buried their dead in their yards.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as possible the work of cremating the bodies of the dead began.
+Vast funeral pyres were erected and the corpses placed thereon, the
+incineration being under the supervision of the fire department. Matters
+had come to such a pass that even the casting of bodies into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> the sea was
+not only dangerous to those who handled them, but there was the utmost
+danger in carrying the decomposed, putrefying masses of human flesh
+through the streets to the barges on the beach. The cemeteries were not
+fit for burial purposes, and no attempt whatever was made to reach them
+until the ground was thoroughly dried out. Then the bodies of those buried
+in private grounds, yards and in the sands along the beach, not only on
+Galveston Island, but at Virginia Point and Texas City, were removed to
+the public places of interment, where suitable memorials were set up to
+mark their last resting places. It might have been deemed unfeeling and
+even brutal, but the fact was that the bodies of the unidentified victims
+received small consideration, being handled roughly by the workmen, and
+thrown into the temporary graves along the beach as though they were
+animals and not the remains of human beings. No prayers were uttered save
+in isolated instances, and the poor mangled bodies were consigned to the
+trench as hurriedly as possible. The burying parties had no time for
+sentiment, and so accustomed had the workers in the &#8220;dead gangs,&#8221; as they
+were named, become to their grewsome task that they even laughed and joked
+when laying away the corpses.</p>
+
+<p>Special attention was given the wounded. Physicians were on duty all the
+time, some of them not having been to bed since Friday night longer than
+an hour at a time. Victims not badly hurt were put aside for those
+suffering and actually requiring the services of surgeons. There were
+thousands of them. There were few in Galveston who did not bear the marks
+of wounds of some sort.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Thrilling Experiences of People During the Great Storm&mdash;Eighty-five
+Persons Perish by Being Blown from a Train&mdash;Adventures of Survivors at Galveston.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />The experiences and adventures of those who were in the great and
+disastrous storm and escaped only after undergoing frightful anxiety, make
+interesting reading. Those who emerged in safety from the fearful vortex
+were unusually fortunate, when it is considered that possibly 8,000
+persons in Galveston lost their lives and hundreds fell victims to the
+fury of the hurricane in the territory adjacent to the ill-fated city.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. John H. Poe, member of the Louisiana State Board of Education, and
+residing at Lake Charles, La., was present when eighty-five passengers on
+the Gulf &amp; Interstate train which left Beaumont early Saturday morning
+from Bolivar Point lost their lives. Mr. Poe was one of the passengers on
+this train and fortunately, together with a few others, sought safety in
+the lighthouse at Bolivar Point and was saved. The train reached Bolivar
+about noon and all preparations were made to run the train on the
+ferryboat preparatory to crossing the bay. But the wind blew so swiftly
+that the ferry could not make a landing and the conductor of the train,
+after allowing it to stand on the tracks for a few minutes, started to
+back it back toward Beaumont. The wind increased so rapidly, coming in
+from the open sea, that soon the water had reached a level with the bottom
+of the seats within the cars. It was then that some of the passengers
+sought safety in the nearby lighthouse, but in spite of all efforts
+eighty-five passengers were blown away or drowned. The train was entirely
+wrecked.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> Some of the killed were from New Orleans, as the train made
+direct connections with the Southern Pacific train which left New Orleans
+Friday night.</p>
+
+<p>Those who were saved had to spend over fifty hours in the dismal
+lighthouse on almost no rations. The experience was one they will remember
+as one of the most terrible of their whole lives.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">COMMERCIAL TRAVELER&#8217;S EXPERIENCE IN GALVESTON.</p>
+
+<p>A graphic description of one man&#8217;s experience was given by a commercial
+traveler&mdash;William Van Eaton. He reached Galveston Saturday morning. His
+narrative is especially interesting, because it shows with what suddenness
+the storm assumed a dangerous character.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There was high wind and rain,&#8221; said he, &#8220;but so little was thought of it,
+however, that myself and some acquaintances started down to the beach. The
+water came up so rapidly that we turned and hurried toward the Tremont
+Hotel. Before we reached it we had to wade in water waist deep.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Within a few minutes,&#8221; he went on to say, &#8220;women and children began to
+flock to the hotel for refuge. All were panic-stricken. I saw two women,
+one with a child, trying to get to the hotel. They were drowned not 300
+yards from us.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Van Eaton was one of the first to cross from Galveston to the mainland
+after the storm subsided. He paid $15 to a boatman to make the crossing.
+When he reached the point he found an engine and a caboose chained
+together, with the water several feet deep around them. While he waited in
+the caboose for the water to go down the bodies of two men and a boy
+floated against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> it, and the trainmen tied them to one end of the car. Mr.
+Van Eaton counted fourteen bodies that had drifted in from the bay, all
+showing that they had been dashed against wreckage.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ONLY ONE OUT OF FIFTY PEOPLE SAVED.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Joyce, a railroad man, who passed through the storm at Galveston
+in 1872, suffered such hardships in that city Saturday morning that he was
+convinced that the storm at that time was only a &#8220;mild little blow&#8221; in
+comparison. He was one of the refugees picked up at Lamarque.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It began raining in Galveston early Saturday morning,&#8221; he said. &#8220;About 9
+o&#8217;clock work was discontinued by the company, and I left for home. I got
+there about 11 o&#8217;clock and found about three feet of water in the yard. It
+began to get worse and worse, the water getting higher and the wind
+stronger, until it was almost as bad as the gulf itself with its raging
+torrents. Finally the house was taken off its foundation and demolished.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There were nine families in the house, which was a large two-story frame,
+and of the fifty people residing there myself and niece were the only ones
+who could get away. I managed to find a raft of driftwood or wreckage and
+got on it, going with the tide. I had not got far before I was struck with
+some wreckage and my niece knocked out of my arms. I could not save her,
+and had to see her drown.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I was carried on and on with the tide, sometimes on a raft, and again I
+was thrown from it by coming in contact with some pieces of timber, parts
+of houses, logs, cisterns and other things which were floating around in
+the gulf and bay. Many and many a knock I got on my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> head and body, until
+I was black and blue all over. The wind was blowing at a terrific rate of
+speed and the waves were away up.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I drifted and swam all night, not knowing where I was going or in what
+direction. About 3 o&#8217;clock in the morning I began to feel the hard ground,
+and then I knew I was on the mainland. I wandered around until I came to a
+house, and there a person gave me some clothes. I had lost most of mine
+soon after I started, and only wore a coat.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I was in the water about seven hours, and this sensation, together with
+the feeling of all these bruises I have on my head and body, is not a
+pleasant one. I managed to save my own life through the hardest kind of a
+struggle, but I thought more than once I was done for, and I lost all I
+had in this world&mdash;relatives who were dear to me, home and all.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">HEROISM OF A HOTEL-KEEPER IN SAVING LIVES.</p>
+
+<p>James Black, a well-known merchant at Morgan&#8217;s Point, saved nine lives
+during the storm. The story of his heroism was told by W. S. Wall of
+Houston, Tex., who has a summer home at Morgan&#8217;s Point.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My wife was taking supper at the Black Hotel,&#8221; said Mr. Wall, &#8220;when Mr.
+Black rushed into the dining-room and called upon all to fly for their
+lives. The tidal wave was on them in an instant, and almost before they
+could leave the hotel to go to a higher point where the Vincent residence
+stood, some five or six blocks away, the rushing waters were all about
+them more than three feet deep.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Black, struggling against the elements, bore my wife in safety to the
+Vincent home, miraculously escaping<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> being crushed by a heavy log which
+the rushing waters carried along the pathway of escape. Returning
+immediately to the hotel, Mr. Black in like manner brought safely to the
+Vincent home his aged father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. James Black, Sr. His
+next act of heroism was to rescue Mrs. Rushmore, her two daughters, two
+grandchildren and another woman whose name I cannot recall. The Vincent
+home withstood the storm, but the Black Hotel was wrecked.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Louis Braquet, manager of the Black Hotel, was engulfed in the waves and
+gave up his life in the successful rescue of his wife and a colored
+servant girl.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SPENT A MOST THRILLING NIGHT.</p>
+
+<p>F. T. Woodward, who was a passenger on the first train to arrive at
+Dallas, Tex., from Houston, the Monday night succeeding the catastrophe,
+spent a thrilling Saturday night in the Grand Central station in the
+latter city. One hundred and fifty other persons shared his memorable
+experiences.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The depot, standing as it does isolated and alone,&#8221; said Mr. Woodward,
+&#8220;was exposed to the full force of the hurricane, and the first strong gust
+at 8 o&#8217;clock was followed by a sound of shattering glass. Several of the
+windows of the general offices overhead had given away under the almost
+irresistible pressure. This was the beginning of seven hours of mortal
+dread.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The storm continued to rage with unabated fury and the roar of the wind
+was accompanied by the sound of crashing glass, as one after another of
+the many windows was torn from its fastenings and shattered against the
+brick walls of the building or upon the sidewalk below. Women clasped
+their children in their arms, as though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> they expected to be torn asunder
+the next moment. Men began to scan the pillars and partition walls
+supporting the floor above and to take up such positions as seemed to be
+most conducive to safety in the event the huge building was razed by the
+storm.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The crashing of glass was soon followed by a sound of ripping and
+tearing. Section after section of the tin roof was rolled up like sheets
+of parchment and hurled hundreds of feet away. To add to the terror and
+confusion, the electric lights suddenly went out and the building was left
+in darkness, except where the trainmen with their lanterns stood.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Then many moved toward the main entrance of the building, with the
+evident intention of seeking other quarters, but they were checked at the
+door by the blinding sheet of water which was being driven by the wind
+with mighty force, and which lay between them and any place of refuge.
+They appeared to hesitate between a choice of being drenched by water and
+possibly struck by a flying section of roof and of remaining in the depot
+until the end.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The question was soon settled. Even as they looked the roof of the Grand
+Central Hotel was torn off, many of its inmates rushing into the street.
+Almost simultaneously a wail went up from the people in the Lawlor Hotel
+as the big skylight on top was torn loose and fell crashing down the
+shaft, causing pandemonium. This seemed to satisfy those in the depot that
+no haven of safety could be found, and they determined to make the best of
+the situation.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Just then, above the roar of the wind, the crashing of glass and the
+flapping and pounding and tearing of tin, a new sound was heard. It was
+that of falling brick. Every one stood crouched, prepared to leap to
+either side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> as the occasion might require. Every one realized the gravity
+of the situation, but, there was no shrieking, no fainting. Every woman
+stood the ordeal with such fortitude as to lend courage to even the
+faintest-hearted man. Even the babies were mute and clung to their
+mothers&#8217; necks in breathless despair.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Nearer and nearer came that awful rumbling. A shower of brick and mortar
+fell in the rear of the women&#8217;s waiting-room. Nothing remained of the
+tin-covered awning. Few if any doubted that the end had come and that in
+another moment all would be buried beneath the ruins.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Suddenly the sound ceased. The brick had fallen and the lower story of
+the building remained intact. It was soon learned that the entire wall
+stood unbroken and that the fall of brick and mortar was but the collapse
+of several large chimneys surmounting the top of the building.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As soon as this became known the effect upon the awe-stricken mass was
+electrical. Men lighted cigars, women cheered and laughed, and, though
+more chimneys fell, more glass was shivered and the loosened tin on the
+roof continued to pound furiously until nearly 3 o&#8217;clock in the morning,
+there was no more panic, and all felt that the building would withstand
+the fury of the storm. And it did.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">HOW HE GOT INTO AND OUT OF GALVESTON.</p>
+
+<p>A. V. Kellogg, civil engineer in the employ of the Houston and Texas
+Central Railroad, with headquarters at Houston, told an interesting story
+of how he got into and out of Galveston during and after the great storm,
+and of his observations in the stricken city. He went to Galveston
+Saturday morning, over the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Road, arriving
+a few hours after the storm began.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>&#8220;When we crossed the bridge over Galveston Bay, going into Galveston,&#8221;
+said Mr. Kellogg, &#8220;the water had reached an elevation equal to the bottom
+caps of the pile bents, or two feet below the level of the track. After
+crossing the bridge and reaching a point some two miles beyond, we were
+stopped by reason of a washout of the track ahead, and were compelled to
+wait one hour for a relief train to come over the Galveston, Houston and
+Henderson track. During this period of one hour the water rose a foot and
+a half, running over the rails of the track.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The relief train signaled us to return half a mile to higher ground,
+where the passengers were transferred, the train crew leaving with the
+passengers and going on the relief train. The water had reached an
+elevation of eight or ten inches above the Galveston, Houston and
+Henderson track, and was flowing in a westward direction at a terrific
+speed. The train crew was compelled to wade ahead of the engine and
+dislodge driftwood from the track.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At 1:15 we arrived at the Santa Fe Union Depot. At that period of the day
+the wind was increasing and had then reached a velocity of about
+thirty-five miles an hour.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;After arriving at Galveston I immediately went to the Tremont Hotel,
+where I remained the balance of the day and during the night. At 5:30 the
+water had begun to creep into the rotunda of the hotel, and by 8 o&#8217;clock
+it was twenty-six inches above the floor of the hotel, or about six and
+one-half feet above the street level.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The front windows of the hotel were blown out, the roof was torn off and
+the skylights over the rotunda fell crashing on the floor below. The
+refugees began to come into the hotel between 5:30 and 8 o&#8217;clock, until at
+least 800 or 1,000 persons had sought safety there. The floors were strewn
+with people all during the night.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>&#8220;Manager George Korst did everything in his power to help the sufferers
+from the effects of the storm and to give them shelter. When the wind was
+blowing from the northeast it was at a velocity of about forty-five miles
+an hour, but at 8 o&#8217;clock it had reached the climax, the speed then being
+fully 100 miles. The vibration of the hotel was not unlike that of a box
+car in motion. I tried to sleep that night, but there was so much noise
+and confusion from the crashing of buildings that I could not get any
+rest.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I arose early Sunday morning. The sights in the streets were simply
+appalling. The water on Tremont street had lowered some eight feet from
+the high-water mark, leaving the pavement clear for two blocks north and
+seven blocks south of the Tremont Hotel. The streets were full of debris,
+the wires were all down and the buildings were in a very much damaged
+condition. Every building in the business district was damaged to some
+extent, with but one or two exceptions, noticeably the Levy Building and
+Union Depot, both of which remain intact and went through the storm
+without a scratch.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The refugees came pouring into the heart of the city, many of them having
+but little clothing, and scores were almost naked. They were homeless and
+without food or drink, and many had lost their all and were really in
+destitute circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mayor Jones issued a call for a mass meeting, which was held Sunday
+morning at 9 o&#8217;clock, and was attended by a large number of prominent
+citizens. Steps were taken to furnish provisions and relieve the suffering
+of the refugees and bury the dead.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A conservative estimate of the number of people killed or drowned is from 1,500 to 3,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>&#8220;Early in the morning it was learned that the water supply had been cut
+off from some unknown reason. I presume that it was caused by the English
+ship which was blown up against the bridges, cutting the pipes. At all
+events the city was without water, and something had to be done by the
+citizens of Houston to relieve the situation. People who had depended on
+cisterns, of course, had their resources swept away, and there were but
+few large reservoirs to be found in the business district.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The scene on the docks was a terrible one. The small working fleet and
+the larger schooners were washed up over the docks and railroad tracks in
+frightful confusion. The Mallory docks were demolished. The elevators were
+torn in shreds. Three ocean liners were anchored off the docks and seemed
+to be in good condition. The damage to the shipping interests is something
+immense, the Huntington improvements being entirely swept away.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I tried to get out of the town as quick as I could, and succeeded in
+securing passage on the first sloop which sailed, the Annie K., Captain
+Willoughby. We sailed from the Twenty-second slip at 11 o&#8217;clock, with
+seven people aboard. When we got outside of the harbor we found a terrible
+gale blowing and the sea running very high. Under three reefs and the peak
+down, we set our course for North Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As we passed Pelican Flats we could see the English steamer anchored off
+over toward where the railroad bridge should be, and came to the
+conclusion that she had evidently broken the water mains and cut the
+supply off from the city. Another ocean liner could be seen off the shore
+of Texas City, in what would seem to have been about two feet of water in
+a normal tide.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We passed within a few hundred yards of where the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> Half-Moon Lighthouse
+once stood, but could see no evidence of the lighthouse, it being
+completely washed away.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The waters of the bay were strewn with hundreds of carcasses of dead
+animals. We had a very hazardous passage, running against a five-mile
+tide, but managed to reach North Galveston at 1:35 o&#8217;clock.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At North Galveston we found that a tidal wave had crossed the peninsula,
+carrying destruction in its path. The factory building and the opera-house
+were completely blown down and other buildings destroyed. While there were
+no deaths reported at North Galveston, there were many hardships endured
+during the battle with the elements.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">NEWSPAPER MAN&#8217;S GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOOD.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It was one of the most awful tragedies of modern times which has visited
+Galveston. The city is in ruins and the dead will number probably 1,000.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>So says Richard Spillane, a well-known Galveston newspaper man, the first
+of his profession to come from the stricken city after the hurricane, and
+who arrived at Houston, after a perilous trip. He continued:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I am just from the city, having been commissioned by the Mayor and
+Citizens&#8217; Committee to get in touch with the outside world and appeal for
+help. Houston was the nearest point at which working telegraph instruments
+could be found, the wires, as well as nearly all the buildings, between
+here and the Gulf of Mexico being wrecked.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;When I left Galveston, shortly before noon yesterday, the people were
+organizing for the prompt burial of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> dead, the distribution of food
+and all necessary work after a period of disaster.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The wreck of Galveston was brought about by a tempest so terrible that no
+words can adequately describe its intensity, and by a flood which turned
+the city into a raging sea. The Weather Bureau records show that the wind
+attained a velocity of eighty-four miles an hour, when the measuring
+instruments blew away, so it is impossible to tell what was the maximum.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The storm began at 2 o&#8217;clock Saturday morning. Previous to that a great
+storm had been raging in the gulf, and the tide was very high. The wind at
+first came from the north and was in direct opposition to the force from
+the gulf. While the storm in the gulf piled the water upon the beach side
+of the city, the north wind piled the water from the bay onto the bay part
+of the city.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;About noon it became evident that the city was going to be visited with
+disaster. Hundreds of residences along the beach front were hurriedly
+abandoned, the families fleeing to dwellings in higher portions of the
+city. Every home was opened to the refugees, black or white. The winds
+were rising constantly, and it rained in torrents. The wind was so fierce
+that the rain cut like a knife.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;By 5 o&#8217;clock the waters of the gulf and bay met, and by dark the entire
+city was submerged. The flooding of the electric light plant and the gas
+plants left the city in darkness. To go upon the streets was to court
+death. The wind was then at cyclonic velocity. Roofs, cisterns, portions
+of buildings, telegraph poles and walls were falling, and the noise of the
+wind and the crashing of the buildings were terrifying in the extreme.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The wind and waters rose steadily from dark until 1:45 o&#8217;clock Sunday
+morning. During all this time the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> people of Galveston were like rats in
+traps. The highest portion of the city was four to five feet under water,
+while in the great majority of cases the streets were submerged to a depth
+of ten feet. To leave a house was to drown. To remain was to court death
+in the wreckage. Such a night of agony has seldom been equaled.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Without apparent reason, the waters suddenly began to subside at 1:45
+a. m. Within twenty minutes they had gone down two feet, and before
+daylight the streets were practically freed of the flood waters. In the
+meantime the wind had veered to the southeast.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Very few if any buildings escaped injury. There is hardly a habitable dry
+house in the city. When the people who had escaped death went out at
+daylight to view the work of the tempest and the floods they saw the most
+horrible sights imaginable.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the three blocks from Avenue N to Avenue P, in Tremont street, I saw
+eight bodies. Four corpses were in one yard. The whole of the business
+front for three blocks in from the gulf was stripped of every vestige of
+habitation, the dwellings, the great bathing establishments, the Olympia
+and every structure having been either carried out to sea or its ruins
+piled in a pyramid far into the town, according to the vagaries of the
+tempest.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The first hurried glance over the city showed that the largest
+structures, supposed to be the most substantially built, suffered the
+greatest. The Orphans&#8217; Home, Twenty-first street and Avenue M, fell like a
+house of cards. How many dead children and refugees are in the ruins could
+not be ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Of the sick in St. Mary&#8217;s Infirmary, together with the attendants, only
+eight are understood to have been saved.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>&#8220;The Old Woman&#8217;s Home, on Rosenberg avenue, collapsed, and the Rosenberg
+Schoolhouse is a mass of wreckage. The Ball High School is but an empty
+shell, crushed and broken. Every church in the city, with possibly one or
+two exceptions, is in ruins.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At the forts nearly all the soldiers are reported dead, they having been
+in temporary quarters, which gave them no protection against the tempest
+or the flood.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The bay front from end to end is in ruins. Nothing but piling and the
+wreck of great warehouses remains. The elevators lost all their superworks
+and their stocks are damaged by water.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The life-saving station at Fort Point was carried away, the crew being
+swept across the bay fourteen miles to Texas City. I saw Captain Haines
+yesterday and he told me that his wife and one of his crew were drowned.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The shore at Texas City contains enough wreckage to rebuild a city. Eight
+persons who were swept across the bay during the storm were picked up
+there alive. Five corpses were also picked up. In addition to the living
+and the dead which the storm cast up at Texas City, caskets and coffins
+from one of the cemeteries at Galveston were fished out of the water
+there.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The cotton mills, the bagging factory, the gas works, the electric light
+works and nearly all the industrial establishments of the city are either
+wrecked or crippled. The flood left a slime about one inch deep over the
+whole city, and unless fast progress is made in burying corpses and
+carcasses of animals there is danger of pestilence.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Some of the stories of the escapes are miraculous. William Nisbett, a
+cotton man, was buried in the ruins of the Cotton Exchange saloon, and
+when dug out in the morning had no further injury than a few bruised
+fingers.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Dr. S. O. Young, secretary of the Cotton Exchange,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> was knocked senseless
+when his house collapsed, but was revived by the water and carried ten
+blocks by the hurricane.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A woman who had just given birth to a child was carried from her home to
+a house a block distant, the men who were carrying her having to hold her
+high above their heads, as the water was five feet deep when she was
+moved.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Many stories were current of houses falling and inmates escaping.
+Clarence N. Ousley, editor of the Galveston Evening Tribune, had his
+family and the families of two neighbors in his house when the lower half
+crumbled and the upper part slipped down into the water. Not one in the
+house was hurt.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Of the Lavine family, six out of seven are reported dead. Of the Burnett
+family only one is known to have been saved. The family of Stanley G.
+Spencer, who met death in the Cotton Exchange saloon, is reported to be
+dead.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Mistrot House, in the west end, was turned into a hospital. All of
+the regular hospitals of the city were unavailable.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Of the new Southern Pacific works little remains but the piling. Half a
+million feet of lumber was carried away, and Engineer Boschke says, as far
+as the company is concerned, it might as well start over again.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Eight ocean steamers were torn from their moorings and stranded in the
+bay. The Kendall Castle was carried over the flats from the Thirty-third
+street wharf to Texas City and lies in the wreckage of the Inman pier. The
+Norwegian steamer Gyller is stranded between Texas City and Virginia
+Point. An ocean liner was swirled around through the West Bay, crashed
+through the bay bridges and is now lying in a few feet of water near the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+wreckage of the railroad bridges. The steamship Taunton was carried across
+Pelican Point and is stranded about ten miles up toward East Bay. The
+Mallory steamer Alamo was torn from her wharf and dashed upon Pelican
+flats and the bow of the British steamer Red Cross, which had previously
+been hurled there. The stern of the Alamo is stove in and the bow of the
+Red Cross is crushed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Down the channel to the jetties two other ocean steamships lie grounded.
+Some schooners, barges and smaller craft are strewn bottom side up along
+the slips of the piers. The tug Louise of the Houston Direct Navigation
+Company is also a wreck.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It will take a week to tabulate the dead and the missing and to get
+anything near an approximate idea of the monetary loss. It is safe to
+assume that one-half of the property of the city is wiped out and that
+one-half of the residents have to face absolute poverty.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At Texas City three of the residents were drowned. One man stepped into a
+well by a mischance and his corpse was found there. Two other men ventured
+along the bay front during the height of the storm and were killed. There
+are but few buildings at Texas City that do not tell the story of the
+storm. The hotel is a complete ruin.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;For ten miles inland from the shore it is a common sight to see small
+craft, such as steam launches, schooners and oyster sloops. The life boat
+of the life-saving station was carried half a mile inland, while a vessel
+that was anchored in Moses Bayou lies high and dry five miles up from
+Lamarque.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">WENT THROUGH THE STORM OF 1875.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The great storm which has just devastated Galveston reminds me of the
+terrible equinoctial storm that swept<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> over that city in September, 1875,&#8221;
+said Dr. Henry Stanhope Bunting of room 500, 57 Washington street,
+Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At that time I was a resident of Galveston, and my experience was similar
+to that of many others who escaped. The loss of life and property was
+great.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The situation of Galveston exposes the city to the waves whenever there
+is a severe windstorm. The island is thirty miles long and quite narrow.
+It is really only a great sand bar, rising four to five feet above the
+surface of the gulf. At their highest point the sand banks are not more
+than ten feet above the normal surface of the water.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The city is built at the northern end of the island at the entrance to
+Galveston Bay. The opening to the bay between the end of the island and
+the mainland gives the water a free sweep over the jetties when a heavy
+wind is blowing. In this way waves running several feet high pour immense
+volumes of water into the bay, causing its waters to rise many feet and
+flood the lowlands. In the rush of the waters back toward the gulf the
+narrow channel entrance to the bay is not a sufficient outlet and the
+flood sweeps into the city.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is seldom that the equinoctial storms are so severe that the back flow
+of the water inundates the island. In very heavy storms, however, as in
+the latest hurricane, the great waves might sweep across the island from
+the gulf and add to the work of destruction in rushing back to the gulf
+from the bay.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The houses have no cellars. They are built on pillars of brick several
+feet above the ground. When the water is high it washes up to the first
+floor and sometimes drives the occupants of the building to the second
+story.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;When the storm struck in 1875 we were at a house near the water&#8217;s edge
+five miles down the island from Galveston. The waves lifted the house off
+its brick pillars<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> and dropped it in the water and sand tilted at an angle
+of 45 degrees. With other families we took refuge at a house on much
+higher ground, but even there we were driven to the second story.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">AWFUL EXPERIENCES DURING THE FLOOD. FIFTY-TWO FAMILIES MEET DEATH IN ONE
+HUGE BUILDING&mdash;RESCUERS&#8217; LOVED ONES PERISH.</p>
+
+<p>John Davis, having apartments in a huge flat building, whose wife was
+killed, and for whose body he was searching in the debris of the
+structure, said there were fifty-two families there when the house
+collapsed, and he was the only survivor.</p>
+
+<p>Policemen Joseph Bird and John Rowan rescued about 100 people Saturday
+from the fury of the storm. They returned to the police station only when
+the high water floated the patrol wagon and threatened to drown their
+team. They had no idea that the waters of the gulf had invaded the western
+portion of the city where they lived until they returned to the police
+station. They started immediately for their homes, but their families had
+been swept away. Policeman Bird lost his wife and five children and Rowan
+his wife and three children.</p>
+
+<p>Many refugees were picked up at Hitchcock and taken to the Jacquard Hotel,
+where they were given every possible attention. Many of these refugees
+were suffering from injuries and had been in the water for some time.</p>
+
+<p>Most of these persons had floated in on drift and rafts, and one of the
+party came ashore on a piano.</p>
+
+<p>One hundred ammunition boxes from Camp Hawley were found near Hitchcock,
+and a pile-driver from Huntington wharf was driven inland to within a few
+hundred yards of the town. The prairie was covered with drift of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> all
+kinds, dead cattle, water craft of all sizes, buggies, wagons and such
+like. Searching parties found dozens of bodies in Hall&#8217;s Bayou and buried
+them.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SEES FAMILY SWEPT AWAY.</p>
+
+<p>One of the refugees who arrived at Houston on the first relief train from
+Texas City, just out of Galveston, and who had a sad experience in the
+hurricane, was S. W. Clinton, an engineer at the fertilizing plant at the
+Galveston stock yards. Mr. Clinton&#8217;s family consisted of his wife and six
+children. When his house was washed away he managed to get two of his
+little boys safely to a raft, and with them he drifted helplessly about.
+His raft collided with wreckage of every description and was split in two
+and he was forced to witness the drowning of his sons, being unable to
+help them in any way. Mr. Clinton says parts of the city are seething
+masses of water.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ESCAPED, BUT LOST HIS WIFE.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jennings, a slater, who resided at Thirty-eighth street and Avenue M
+&#189;, Galveston, got to the mainland in about the same manner as Clinton.
+After losing his wife, he set out, and by swimming and drifting around
+reached the mainland.</p>
+
+<p>William Smith, a boy about 18 years old, whose home is in West Texas, had
+a narrow escape. Young Smith was blown off the docks and came ashore in
+the driftwood. Despite the difficulty he experienced in keeping afloat he
+held out to the end and reached the shore safe and sound.</p>
+
+<p>A. L. Forbes, a United States postal clerk, whose car was attached to a
+train which passed through the territory not far from Galveston on Sunday,
+said that at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> Oyster Creek the train crew and passengers heard cries
+coming out of a mass of debris. Several persons answered the cries and
+found a negro woman fastened under a roof. They pulled her out and she
+informed her rescuers there were others under the roof. A further search
+resulted in the finding of nine dead bodies, all colored persons.</p>
+
+<p>When the train arrived at Angleton, the jail, all the churches and a
+number of houses had been blown down.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">A GENUINE HELL UPON EARTH.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Johnson, a prominent citizen of Austin, Tex., who was among the
+list of missing, arrived at home Wednesday evening, direct from Galveston,
+and was received with joy by his family. Mr. Johnson went to Galveston on
+Friday, the day before the disaster, and was there during all the terrible
+storm and until Tuesday night, where he aided in the work of rescue and
+saw some sorrowing sights. He said many of the survivors got through the
+flood almost by miracle. He saw young men who were black-haired on
+Saturday come out of the ordeal with hair turned completely white on
+Sunday.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It would take 5,000 men one year,&#8221; he says, &#8220;to clear the streets and
+town of Galveston, so complete is the ruin. The biggest liar in America
+could not do justice to the existing condition of affairs there. I was in
+the Tremont Hotel during the storm. The building was thronged with
+refugees; women were praying throughout the night, and above the roar of
+the wind could be heard crash of buildings and splash of the waves against
+the building. We expected the hotel to go down any minute. At daylight
+Sunday morning I and four others started out to view the ruins. We passed
+eight bodies within a block, and when we reached the beach, where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> the
+waters were still running high, we stayed some time, and while there about
+one body per minute passed us, floating with the tide. Homes that were
+formerly elegant are a mass of wreckage.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;When I left the city the stench from decaying human bodies was simply
+terrible and almost unbearable. It is with difficulty that they can be
+handled at all, and the only ones who can now do the work are negroes. The
+sight is sickening. It is impossible to make any effort at identification,
+except to keep a record of the jewels and valuables taken from them. All
+pretense at holding inquests was abandoned yesterday. The bodies are piled
+on drays and hauled to the wharf, where they are lowered into the water.
+They are piled one on the other like so many animals, it being impossible
+to give them any attention. The bodies of poor and rich alike are treated
+in this manner. Hundreds of men and women who are seeking friends or
+relatives who are among the missing surround the places where the bodies
+are handled, and their cries of distress are almost unbearable.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There was not a living animal on the island so far as I could see.
+Thousands of head of cattle and horses were drowned and killed. No cats or
+dogs survived the storm and not a bird is to be seen. No one can make
+anything like a reliable estimate of the number of deaths. I had to walk
+for twelve miles from the place where I landed on the mainland before I
+got out of the wreckage. The water swept the coast for a distance of
+twenty miles inland, and dead bodies are to be seen all over this
+territory. I passed a large number on my walk to get a train. The stench
+in this storm-swept part of the mainland is awful. It is estimated that
+over 5,000 head of cattle were drowned by the gulf waters in that
+section.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">STRANGE DEATH OF A WEALTHY ENGLISHMAN.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most pathetic stories of suffering in Galveston was brought to
+light Friday morning when the Southern Pacific train arrived at New
+Orleans from Houston. Among the passengers were Mrs. Mary Quayle of
+Liverpool, England, and Mr. Jonathan Hale of Gloversville, N. Y. Mrs.
+Quayle came from New York to Galveston, arriving there on the Thursday
+before the storm, accompanied by her husband, Edward Quayle, a tabulater
+on the Liverpool Cotton Exchange. Mrs. <ins class="correction" title="original: Quale">Quayle</ins> and her husband took
+apartments in the Lucas Terrace, a fashionable place in the eastern end of
+Galveston Island.</p>
+
+<p>All day Saturday, the day of the storm, her husband was not feeling well
+and remained in his room most of the time, lying down on a couch. When the
+storm became very bad after 8 o&#8217;clock he arose and went to the window to
+look out in the darkness, hoping to see, by an occasional flash of
+lightning, whether or not there was danger of destruction, as was greatly
+feared.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly there came an unusually violent fit of wind and the window out of
+which Mr. Quayle was peering was literally sucked out as if by a mighty
+air-pump, and he was taken along with it. Mrs. Quayle, so far as she was
+able to explain, instead of being drawn along in the direction of the
+storm, was thrown in the opposite direction against the door of her room.</p>
+
+<p>When she came to her senses she found she was not severely hurt, and began
+to call for her husband. There was no reply, and in her fright she fairly
+shrieked out his name. Mr. Hale, who occupied the adjoining room, came to
+her assistance and cared for her until dawn of Sunday morning. Then they
+went out together and searched the adjacent portion of the city for her
+missing husband. But not a trace of him was to be found. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> search was
+kept up until Monday night, by which time all the wounded had been cared
+for in the best possible way and all the unburied dead had become putrid.
+Then Mr. Hale brought Mrs. Quayle via Houston to New Orleans and they
+immediately took the through Louisville &amp; Nashville train for New York.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Quayle had on his person some very valuable jewelry and quite a large
+sum of money at the time he disappeared. Luckily, however, Mrs. Quayle had
+enough money on her to pay her way back to England. She was completely
+overcome by fright and although having not yet reached the middle age, had
+all the appearance of being a frail, decrepit old woman, so terrible had
+been her recent and trying ordeal. She was compelled to remain in her
+berth while traveling.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">UNNERVED BY WHAT HE SAW.</p>
+
+<p>Michael B. Hancock, 3452 Dearborn street, Chicago, unnerved by the scenes
+of horror he witnessed among the ruins of Galveston on Tuesday, hastened
+to leave the stricken city, and arrived in Chicago Thursday afternoon.
+Sights of the dead bodies constantly before him, and, according to his
+statements, he had been practically without sleep since he first set foot
+on the island.</p>
+
+<p>Hancock, who is a Pullman car porter, had a run from Chicago to Austin,
+Tex., but when he reached the end of his trip Monday he heard of the
+disaster at Galveston and decided to go with a relief party leaving Austin
+that night. The relief train was able to proceed only as far as Houston,
+and from there the goods were transported to the coast and put aboard a
+small excursion steamer.</p>
+
+<p>Hancock was accompanied by his conductor, Frank Alphons. Although they
+were with the relief party, they were stopped several times by the pickets
+at the steamer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> landings. After much difficulty they gained a view of the
+city and the dead.</p>
+
+<p>While in the midst of their sightseeing they were accosted by United
+States soldiers and commanded to assist in the recovery and burning of the
+dead bodies. Feigning to acquiesce, they managed to draw away from the
+soldiers, and then made a run for the beach. A small boat carried them to
+the mainland, and they made a forced march of twelve miles before they
+were able to obtain a vehicle to take them to Houston. Reaching Houston
+late at night, they started at once for Austin and the north. Alphons
+stopped at St. Louis and Hancock came straight through.</p>
+
+<p>When seen at his residence Thursday night Hancock said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The sights in the wrecked city of Galveston were the most horrible that I
+have ever witnessed. Dead bodies were everywhere. Part of the city had
+been blotted out. For a distance of two miles along the bay houses had
+been washed away and only the foundations left. The water had not yet
+entirely receded, and where business blocks and fine residences had once
+stood were simply holes marking the foundations. These were filled with
+floating debris and bodies of the drowned.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The sight was ghastly in the extreme, as the working parties would arrive
+at one of these holes and start to drag the bodies of the dead from the
+pools of dirty water. Every one was expected to work at recovering the
+dead, and the soldiers corralled Alphons and me and told us that we would
+have to assist in the work. At that time we were standing watching a party
+of five men working under a guard. They were lassoing the bodies and
+pulling them out on the higher places, and then piling them on boards
+preparatory to burning them.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 306px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_016tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_016.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">WRECK OF SHOE STORE, MARKET STREET, GALVESTON.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 302px;"><img src="images/fig_017tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_017.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">SOUTH SIDE POWER HOUSE, COMPLETE WRECK.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 309px;"><img src="images/fig_018tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_018.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">WHERE TWELVE MEN AND WOMEN WERE MIRACULOUSLY SAVED.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 308px;"><img src="images/fig_019tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_019.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">Y. M. C. A. BUILDING. SHOWING COMPLETE WRECK OF SURROUNDING BUILDINGS.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 307px;"><img src="images/fig_020tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_020.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">VIEW OF WRECKAGE ONE-HALF MILE FROM BEACH</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 311px;"><img src="images/fig_021tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_021.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">APPEARANCE OF AVENUE K SCHOOL BUILDING.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 309px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_022tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_022.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">THE WORK OF THE STORM IN GALVESTON.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 375px;"><img src="images/fig_023_toptmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_023_top.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 376px;"><img src="images/fig_023_bottomtmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_023_bottom.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">REMOVAL OF THE BODIES OF STORM VICTIMS.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>&#8220;Just as some of the regulars were guarding us a terrible outcry arose
+from the men engaged in the rescue work. Running quickly to the scene of
+trouble, we saw one of the workers was in the grasp of one of the
+soldiers. Another soldier was covering him with his rifle. The man, a
+Mexican, dressed in shabby clothes and wearing a drooping sombrero, was
+standing sullenly eying the crowd, with one hand in his pocket. His captor
+grasped his arm suddenly and dragged his hand from the pocket, and five
+mutilated fingers which he had hacked from corpses dropped to the ground.
+Each had one or more rings on it.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;With the sight of these evidences of crime before then the workers seemed
+to go mad, and with cries of &#8216;Lynch him!&#8217; &#8216;Burn him!&#8217; made for the
+unfortunate wretch. Before that he had been standing stolid and unmoved,
+but the approaching danger shook his courage, and he sunk to the ground
+pleading for mercy. But there was no mercy for the monster, and the men
+were only prevented from killing him then and there by the interference of
+the soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Leave him to us,&#8217; said the corporal in charge of the party as he ranged
+his men around the prisoner. &#8216;We will attend to his case,&#8217; and with that
+he had the Mexican marched over and placed against a post not more than
+fifteen feet from the bodies he had mutilated. Selecting four soldiers as
+a firing party, he lined them up ten feet from the doomed man, and with
+the word &#8216;Fire!&#8217; four bullets pierced the ghoul&#8217;s body and he fell dead.
+Such was a measure of the speedy justice which is being meted out to
+vandals in Galveston. Besides this case, I heard of several more where the
+guilty men were given the benefit of a short court-martial, then sentenced
+to death and shot.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>&#8220;I told Alphons that I did not want any of that kind of work, and that I
+never could stand the notion of handling the bodies, and suggested that we
+escape. He agreed with me, and we gradually edged away from the soldiers
+and finally made a run and reached the beach. Here we hired a small boy to
+row us to the mainland, and from there we had to walk twelve miles before
+we could get a rig to take us back to Houston.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It will be a long time before I will want to return to Galveston, or
+before I can forget the terrible scenes witnessed there. Since I left
+there I have been seeing the dead bodies all day, lying stark and stiff,
+with looks of terror on their faces, as though they had realized that a
+sure death was before them, and at night I have dreamed of having to help
+handle them. I tell you such things wear on a man, and I will bless the
+time when I can forget that I was ever in Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The ruins show that the tidal wave must have struck the city broadside,
+as the buildings are washed away in almost a straight line back from the
+shore. The wave swept away buildings as far as twelve blocks inland for a
+space of nearly two miles. This ruined part comprised all the best part of
+the city. All the city buildings and the entire business portion of the
+city were swept away, and nothing remains to mark the spots where business
+blocks stood except half-submerged foundations filled with boards and dead
+bodies.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The inhabitants who were rendered homeless and were not able to leave the
+city are now living in tents furnished by the United States government.
+Several distributing stations had been established and forces of men were
+busy issuing food and clothing to the unfortunate people. There appeared
+to be no lack of provisions, but water is scarce and there is no ice.
+While we were there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> the heat was almost unendurable, and the stench from
+the bodies made the task of the relief party anything but pleasant. Water
+has to be hauled for several miles. The electric-light plant was destroyed
+and the city is without light, but the moon has shone brightly, and the
+work of finding the bodies has been carried on day and night.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Conservative estimates of the number drowned made by persons familiar
+with the city place the loss of life at 5,000. No one knows just how many
+were killed, and it will be difficult for an accurate statement to be ever
+made, as the authorities are making no attempt at identifying the dead,
+but are bending all their efforts toward getting the city cleaned up in
+order to prevent a pestilence. At first relatives of those killed were
+allowed to accompany the searching parties, but this was found to be too
+slow a method, and now the pickets are instructed to prevent any one not
+connected with relief parties from entering the city.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;For the first two days the bodies were carried out to sea in steamers and
+dumped overboard, but now the officials are piling up the slain in heaps
+with boards and pieces of timber among them, and, after saturating the
+pile with oil, set fire to them.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It hardly seems probable that they will rebuild Galveston, at least not
+on its present location. The city stood but little above the sea level,
+and the soil is sandy, which accounts for the complete destruction of most
+of the buildings even to the foundations.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Many refugees came north with us, and all seemed to be in a hurry to
+leave the scene of desolation. They acted as though dazed, and many were
+unable to talk intelligently regarding their escape. All along the line we
+were besieged with questions regarding the safety of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> different people,
+but of course were unable to give our questioners any reliable
+information.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Smaller towns through Texas that were struck by the hurricane had
+buildings blown down and a few casualties resulting. However, Galveston
+was the only city to suffer from the tidal wave, and that accounts for the
+large loss of life. Most of the dead in Galveston were drowned, and but
+few were killed by falling timbers. In Houston several buildings were
+blown down and about ten persons killed.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Relief Sent from All Parts of the World as Soon as the True Situation of
+Affairs was Made Known&mdash;Millions of Dollars Subscribed and Thousands of
+Carloads of Supplies Forwarded to the Desolated City.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Mayor Jones, of Galveston, issued his appeal to the United States for help
+on the 11th inst., and the response was prompt and liberal.</p>
+
+<p>The Mayor was not afraid the people of the United States and the world
+would call him sensational, for no one was better qualified to judge of
+the situation than he.</p>
+
+<p>He had spent almost every hour after the flood in working for the good of
+the city and had accomplished wonders.</p>
+
+<p>He organized the citizens, giving of his own money, induced others&mdash;more
+unwilling than he&mdash;to open their hearts and pocketbooks, and, in fact,
+took no rest for days after the calamity.</p>
+
+<p>As he had been around the city several times before the appeal was issued,
+he knew the condition of things thoroughly.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, the general public had confidence in what he said:</p>
+
+<p>The same day the General Relief Committee of Galveston issued the
+following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Galveston, Tex., Sept. 11.&mdash;To the Public of America:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A conservative estimate of the loss of life is that it will reach
+3,000; at least 5,000 families are shelterless and wholly destitute.
+The entire remainder of the population is suffering in greater or less degree.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>&#8220;Not a single church, school or charitable institution, of which
+Galveston had so many, is left intact. Not a building escaped damage
+and half the whole number were entirely obliterated.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There is immediate need for food, clothing and household goods of
+all kinds. If near by cities will open asylums for women and children
+the situation will be greatly relieved.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Coast cities should send us water as well as provisions, including
+kerosene oil, gasoline and candles.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;W. C. JONES,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Mayor.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;M. LASKER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;President Island City Savings Bank.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;J. D. SKINNER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;President Cotton Exchange.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;C. H. McMASTER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;For Chamber of Commerce.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;R. G. LOWE,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Manager Galveston News.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;CLARENCE OWSLEY,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Manager Galveston Tribune.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">&#8220;Members of the Galveston Local Relief Committee.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>The Secretary of the Treasury at Washington received a joint telegram from
+Postmaster Griffen and Special Deputy Collector Rosenthal, at Galveston.
+This described the destruction caused by the storm and said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thousands homeless and destitute. Five hundred sheltered in custom house,
+which is practically roofless. Old custom house roofless and windows blown
+out. Need tents and 30,000 rations. Citizens&#8217; relief committee doing all
+in their power, but stock of undamaged provisions exhausted. With all the
+people housed, need extra force<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> six men to keep building in sanitary
+condition. Relief urgently requested.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary sent the government revenue cutter Onondaga from Norfolk to
+Mobile, Ala., to carry supplies to Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>The day the appeal was made Acting Secretary of War Meiklejohn at
+Washington authorized the chartering of a special train from St. Louis to
+carry Quartermasters&#8217; and commissary supplies to the relief of the
+destitute at Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>Orders were also issued by the War Department for the immediate shipment
+to Galveston of 855 tents and 50,000 rations. These stores and supplies
+were divided between St. Louis and San Antonio.</p>
+
+<p>September 12 Governor Sayers issued the following statement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Austin, Tex., Sept. 12.&mdash;Conditions at Galveston are fully as bad as
+reported. Communication, however, has been re-established between the
+island and the mainland, and hereafter transportation of supplies
+will be less difficult.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The work of clearing the city is progressing fairly well, and
+Adjutant-General Scurry, under direction of the mayor, is patrolling
+the city for the purpose of preventing depredations.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The most conservative estimate as to the number of deaths places
+them at 2,000.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Contributions from citizens of this state, and also from other
+states, are coming in rapidly and liberally, and it is confidently
+expected that within the next ten days the work of restoration by the
+people of Galveston will have begun in good earnest and with energy
+and success.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Of course, the destruction of property has been very great, not less
+than $10,000,000, but it is hoped and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>believed that even this great
+loss will be overcome through the energy and self-reliance of the
+people.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;JOSEPH D. SAYERS, Governor.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>On the same day the Galveston General Relief Committee sent out this
+statement of the condition of affairs:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;We are receiving numerous telegrams of condolence and offers of
+assistance. Near-by cities are supplying and will supply sufficient
+food, clothing, etc., for immediate needs. Cities farther away can
+serve us best by sending money. Checks should be made payable to John
+Sealy, Chairman of the Finance Committee. All supplies should come to
+W. A. McVitie, Chairman Relief Committee.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We have 25,000 people to clothe and feed for many weeks and to
+furnish with household goods. Most of these are homeless, and the
+others will require money to make their wrecked residences habitable.
+From this the world may understand how much money we will need. This
+committee will from time to time report our needs with more
+particularity. We refer to dispatch of this date of Major R. G. Lowe,
+which the committee fully endorses. All communicants will please
+accept this answer in lieu of direct response and be assured of the
+heartfelt gratitude of the entire population.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;W. C. JONES, Mayor.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;M. LASKER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;J. D. SKINNER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;C. H. McMASTER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;R. G. LOWE,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;CLARENCE OWSLEY.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Colonel Amos. S. Kimball, Assistant Quartermaster General, stationed at
+New York, was informed by army<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> contractors on Tuesday, the day the appeal
+was sent out, that Miss Helen Gould had purchased 50,000 army rations for
+the Galveston sufferers. The rations were started from the Pennsylvania
+railroad station in Jersey City at 3 p. m. the same day. Miss Gould went
+directly to the contractors who supply the army with provisions and
+ordered rations identical with those furnished for soldiers, consisting of
+bacon, canned meats, beans, hard bread, and coffee.</p>
+
+<p>Chicago sent $25,000 to the Governor of Texas; Andrew Carnegie gave
+$20,000 in cash; Sir Thomas Lipton cabled from London to his manager at
+New York to send $1,000 at once, which was done; Davenport, Ia., sent
+$1,600 immediately; Philadelphia wired Governor Sayers $5,000 without
+delay; the American Steel Hoop Company, American Tin Plate Company and
+American Sheet Steel Company gave $10,000 each, and the Southern Pacific
+Railway Company, $5,000; Chicago started a trainload of supplies
+southward, as also did the State of California; the railroads hauling the
+cars free of charge; several newspapers in Chicago, New York and Kansas
+City either gave money or started relief trains with doctors, nurses and
+medical supplies, with orders to beat the best record time to Galveston;
+Cincinnati began with $1,000 and subscribed that amount daily for many
+days; Cleveland, O., telegraphed $2,500, and then made it $15,000; 30,000
+rations and 900 United States army tents were sent from St. Louis from the
+office of the United States Quartermaster; the mayor of Colorado Springs,
+Colo., was told by the citizens to send $2,000 at once and he did so;
+nearly all the theatres of the United States gave benefits; the State of
+Kansas, having $500 left in its Indian Famine Relief Fund, sent that;
+people of the State of Texas sent $15,000 to the Governor at Austin;
+Houston, Tex., raised $2,000 in cash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> the Governors of nearly all the
+States issued proclamations calling upon their people to subscribe to the
+relief fund, the mayors of most of the cities doing the same&mdash;the
+consequence being that Governor Sayers had about $250,000 in hand in cash
+that very (Tuesday) night, with several hundreds of thousands more in
+sight and within call.</p>
+
+<p>By Thursday he had $900,000 in hand and on Saturday had $1,500,000, in
+addition to which were several thousand cars loaded with supplies of all
+sorts&mdash;provisions, medicines, disinfectants, fruits, clothing, wines for
+the sick, tents, bandages, stoves, oil&mdash;everything that could possibly be
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>It was estimated that fully $2,500,000 would be necessary to carry the
+sufferers through the fall and winter and into the following spring, for
+thousands of them were ill and unable to provide in any way for
+themselves. There were fully 50,000 men, women and children in Galveston
+and Central and Southern Texas who were dependent upon charity.</p>
+
+<p>On Friday night Governor Sayers decided upon two important plans of
+action. The first was that he would allow all food and clothing shipped
+from the east and west to be concentrated in Galveston for the use of that
+city and that he would also grant that city the use of 30,000 laborers for
+a period of thirty days, the same to be paid $1.50 per man per day for
+that time out of the relief fund. In addition thereto all requests for
+money from the Galveston Relief Committee were to be granted.</p>
+
+<p>His second decision was that he personally would look after the needs of
+the 30,000 destitute along the gulf coast on the mainland, provide them
+with flour and bacon and keep them going until they get on their feet
+again. Chairman Sealy of the Galveston committee was to keep track<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> of the
+Galveston situation while the Governor looked out for the outside points.</p>
+
+<p>That night a local committee from Galveston was sent to Houston and
+Virginia Point to take charge of the receiving and distribution of
+supplies that arrived there for the Galveston people. A serious matter
+confronting the authorities not only at the coast points, but in the
+cities near Galveston, was the rapid gathering of toughs, gamblers and
+rough characters generally, which after the flood were forced to leave
+Galveston island as they would not work. Others drifted into the mainland
+opposite Galveston and on to the neighboring towns by the hundreds in the
+hope of pickpocketing and the like among the crowds.</p>
+
+<p>All this gathering of disorderly characters made the peace officers rather
+uneasy as to the future. The police and troops in Galveston and the
+special officers on the mainland were constantly on the alert to keep down
+trouble and prevent all possible thieving and they did not get the upper
+hand of this element until they had shot a score or more. These fellows
+would steal the provisions and supplies sent by the generous people from
+the outside, and whenever caught were shot without delay.</p>
+
+<p>The following was sent out from Galveston on Saturday, Sept. 15, which
+showed how serious the situation was:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Galveston, Texas, Sept. 14.&mdash;Hon. Joseph D. Sayers, Governor: After
+the fullest possible investigation here we feel justified in saying
+to you and through you to the American people that no such disaster
+has ever overtaken any community or section in the history of our
+country. The loss of life is appalling and can never be accurately
+determined. It is estimated at 5,000 to 8,000 people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>&#8220;There is not a home in Galveston that has not been injured, while
+thousands have been destroyed. The property loss represents
+accumulations of sixty years and more millions than can be safely
+stated. Under these conditions, with ten thousand people homeless and
+destitute, with the entire population under a stress and strain
+difficult to realize, we appeal directly in the hour of our great
+emergency to the sympathy and aid of mankind.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;WALTER JONES,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Mayor.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;R. B. HAWLEY,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">Congressman.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;McKIBBIN,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Commander Department of Texas.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>General McKibbin, when he looked over the city three days before, had
+wired the War Department at Washington that perhaps 1,000 people had
+perished. He was a conservative man, as army officers usually are, and
+when he signed a statement saying probably 8,000 persons had lost their
+lives his signature carried weight with it.</p>
+
+<p>Not only did the people of the United States sympathize deeply with the
+Texas sufferers, but those of other nations as well. President Loubet, of
+France, sent the following kind message to President McKinley at
+Washington:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Rambouillet Presidence, Sept. 12.&mdash;To His Excellency, the President
+of the United States of America:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The news of the disaster which has just devastated the State of
+Texas has deeply moved me. The sentiments of traditional friendship
+which unite the two republics can leave no doubt in your mind
+concerning the very sincere share that the President, the government
+of the republic, and the whole nation take in the calamity that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> has
+proved such a cruel ordeal for so many families in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is natural that France should participate in the sadness, as well
+as in the joy, of the American people. I take it to heart to tender
+to your excellency our most heartfelt condolences, and to send to the
+families of the victims the expression of our afflicted sympathy.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;EMILE LOUBET.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>President McKinley sent this answer the next day:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., Sept. 13.&mdash;His Excellency,
+Emile Loubet, President of the French Republic, Rambouillet, France:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I hasten to express, in the name of the thousands who have suffered
+by the disaster in Texas, as well as in behalf of the whole American
+people, heartfelt thanks for your touching message of sympathy and
+condolence.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;WILLIAM McKINLEY.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SCHOOL CHILDREN GAVE THEIR PENNIES.</p>
+
+<p>Even the school children of the country helped the sufferers with their
+pennies. Miss Ethel Donelson, a pupil at the Grant School, Chicago, wrote
+a letter to a Chicago daily paper suggesting that the school children give
+some of their pennies to the victims of the great hurricane. The idea was
+carried out and several thousand dollars was raised in this way in
+Chicago. The plan was adopted also in several other cities.</p>
+
+<p>When the suggestion was first made United States Postoffice Inspector
+Walter S. Mayor wrote as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>&#8220;I was reared in Galveston; lived there from my infancy until
+appointed to the government service nineteen years ago, and my mother
+and brother still live there.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;When Chicago had its great fire in 1871 the people of Galveston sent
+a generous subscription, and with it was one made up by the boys of
+the school I attended. Our teacher, E. E. Crawford, gave us a holiday
+for the purpose, and the fifty-odd boys organized themselves into a
+number of soliciting committees. I was on the committee with Charles
+Fowler, now one of Galveston&#8217;s leading business men, and we two
+succeeded in collecting $8. In all, for our day&#8217;s work we got
+together $200, which was turned into the general fund raised by the
+Citizens&#8217; Committee.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the twenty-nine years that have followed since then Chicago has
+pulled itself out of the ashes and risen to a high place among the
+world cities. Many forces have been brought to bear to accomplish
+this great end, but possibly the most potent one was the helping hand
+of the neighbor when help was needed. Among those who helped with
+their little mite may the school children of Galveston now be
+remembered.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I most heartily second Miss Donelson&#8217;s suggestion that the school
+children of Chicago be given an opportunity to aid their little
+brothers and sisters in Galveston, many of whom are naked and
+orphaned by the terrible disaster that has come to them.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;WALTER S. MAYER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Postoffice Inspector.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>On Thursday, Sept. 13, American residents and visitors in Paris, France,
+together with Frenchmen whose sympathies were aroused by the storm
+disaster in Texas, contributed 50,000 francs in twenty minutes for the
+relief of the sufferers. The Americans held a meeting in the Chamber of
+Commerce, which was largely attended.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> United States Ambassador Porter was
+a leader among those who proposed to organize for the work of aiding in
+the relief. The Americans perfected an organization and elected General
+Porter President, George Munroe, the banker, Treasurer, and Francis
+Kimball Secretary. The subscription list was then opened and the 50,000
+francs raised. The Mayor of Galveston was informed by cable of the result.</p>
+
+<p>The same day P. P. W. Houston, Member of Parliament for the West Toxteth
+division of Liverpool, England, and head of the Houston Line of steamers,
+cabled &pound;1,000 to Galveston for the relief of the sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>Members of the American colony in Berlin, Germany, held a meeting Sunday,
+September 16, at the United States Embassy and raised $5,000.</p>
+
+<p>Americans in London subscribed $10,000 and many London theatres gave
+benefits.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Salisbury, Premier of England, the Emperor William of
+Germany, the Emperor of Austria, the King of Italy, the Czar of Russia&mdash;in
+fact, nearly all the heads of state in the world cabled condolences, and
+the legislative bodies of foreign nations then in session passed
+resolutions of sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>By Saturday New York had raised $174,000; Chicago, $91,000, together with
+many carloads of supplies which were sent as special trains, and the
+following cities had contributed the amounts named:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>St. Louis</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td><td align="right">$61,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boston</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">32,140</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Philadelphia</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">29,358</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Orleans</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">26,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cincinnati</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">7,314</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>Cleveland</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">9,358</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Colorado Springs</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">7,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Minneapolis</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">13,430</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Denver</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">12,180</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pittsburg</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">26,123</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kansas City</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">15,321</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Portland, Oregon</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Peoria, Ill.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Memphis</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">8,426</td></tr>
+<tr><td>San Francisco</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">16,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Louisville</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">12,585</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baltimore</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">12,138</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Milwaukee</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">13,431</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Springfield, Ill.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2,314</td></tr>
+<tr><td>St. Paul</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">6,904</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Topeka, Kan.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">5,110</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Charleston, S. C.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">6,008</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Los Angeles</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">5,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Detroit</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">4,936</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Indianapolis</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">3,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Helena, Mont.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">3,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Johnstown, Pa.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">3,000</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>As stated before, the total for the four and a half days ensuing from the
+time the appeal was issued&mdash;$1,500,000 was contributed, while an
+additional $1,000,000 was not long in following. Both Chicago and New York
+increased their subscriptions largely.</p>
+
+<p>In no case did the railroads charge for carrying the cars over their lines.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THEIR PENALTIES WERE REMITTED.</p>
+
+<p>Navigation and other laws were set at naught by the United States
+authorities in order to help the Galveston<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> and other flood sufferers. On
+Friday, September 14, the following telegram was referred to General
+Spaulding by President McKinley:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Galveston, Tex., Sept. 12, 1900.&mdash;To President of the United States:
+In consequence of calamity and fear of sickness numerous people wish
+to leave the city. All our rail communication is cut off. The revenue
+cutter of this district is disabled and no American steamer
+immediately available. We therefore respectfully request you to
+instruct the proper authorities to allow British steamers Caledonia
+and Whitehall and any other foreign vessels now here, but compelled
+to proceed to New Orleans for cargo, to carry passengers from
+Galveston to New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;W. C. JONES, Mayor,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;CLARENCE OUSLEY,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;J. D. SKINNER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;C. H. McMASTER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;R. G. LOWE,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;Committee.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>General Spaulding at once sent the following telegram:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;W. C. Jones, Mayor, Galveston, Tex.: Replying to your telegram of
+the 12th inst. addressed to President: If British steamships
+Caledonia, Whitehall, or other foreign vessels now in your port carry
+passengers in distress from Galveston to New Orleans or other
+American ports during present conditions this department will
+consider favorably applications for remission of penalties which may
+be incurred under the law. Advise masters.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;O. L. SPAULDING, Acting Secretary.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>On Friday night Governor Sayers stated that the work of relieving the
+flood sufferers was making excellent progress. He said:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>&#8220;Most generous contributions are coming in from all parts of the country
+sufficiently large to relieve the immediate wants as to food and clothing,
+and in the meantime the people of Galveston are recovering themselves, and
+I have no hesitancy in expressing the firm conviction that a strong
+reaction from an almost mortal blow to the city has already set in, and
+that in a short while the city will be in a condition to resume its normal
+and progressive position in commercial life. After a full conference
+to-day with an authorized committee from Galveston, I am more than
+convinced that the people there will be able, with the assistance already
+given, to handle the situation successfully.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">HOW GALVESTON&#8217;S BUSINESS MEN WERE HELPED ALONG.</p>
+
+<p>As a rule there is no sentiment in business, but the retail merchants of
+Galveston whose business and fortunes were swept away were not forgotten
+in the hour of need by the wholesale houses of Chicago, which announced
+just after the disaster that stocks of goods would be shipped promptly and
+willingly, any time and terms being accorded to the business of the gulf
+city. The regular way of determining credits was ignored, as was the
+credit man also. His cold judgment was not asked for, but instead sympathy
+and compassion for the unfortunate position of the merchants of the
+stricken city determined largely the stand the wholesalers announced they
+would take.</p>
+
+<p>In doing this the houses of Chicago had the precedent established by the
+outside world in its treatment of them in the days following the great
+Chicago fire. Chicago men said they will do as they were done by, and the
+Galveston<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> merchant had but to ask for the help he needed. Many Chicago
+houses wrote their Galveston customers at once advising them that they
+could have credit, time, and terms to suit themselves. This favor was also
+given to all business men who had lost all but names and prestige, whether
+they had been customers or not.</p>
+
+<p>Firms that never had had any business with Galveston or Texas firms stated
+that they stood ready to ship goods on the same terms. No business man in
+the damaged district, they said, whose misfortunes were due to the
+catastrophe could come to Chicago for supplies and go away without them
+even if he had not a dollar&#8217;s worth of assets in the world, as long as he
+could show a former good business standing and repute.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We will take any and all risks,&#8221; said one after another of the
+representatives of Chicago wholesale houses. &#8220;In the present emergency
+credits cannot be measured by the regular business standards. Humanity
+must dictate the terms on which the merchants of Galveston who have bought
+from us, or who may want to buy from us, are to have goods and supplies.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Firm after firm of the wholesale district, whether or not they now have
+trade in the afflicted territory, made the same statement.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We already have written to 200 former customers who are scattered along
+the coast, asking them how they came out of the disaster and offering them
+any terms of settlement their losses may warrant,&#8221; said the credit man of
+one of the largest houses in the West, on the Friday following the flood.
+&#8220;We will view the facts in their cases not from a business but from a
+sympathetic standpoint.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We are making our former customers time, terms and credits of their own
+asking,&#8221; said the Vice-President of a great wholesale dry goods house. &#8220;We
+will make the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> same terms to new customers who have been good business
+men.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We have advised former customers that their orders will be filled
+promptly for complete stocks,&#8221; said the manager of a music and musical
+instrument house. &#8220;We have told them to make their own time and terms. We
+charge no interest.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We are looking at the men of Galveston and not at their present assets,&#8221;
+said the managing partner of a wholesale clothing house having a large
+Texas trade.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We have sent word to fifty of our customers in Galveston to draw on us
+for new stocks without asking them if they have saved a penny from the
+catastrophe,&#8221; said the President of one of the largest cigar and tobacco
+concerns in the city.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The conditions are so distressing as to shame a Chicagoan asking what any
+Galveston business man has to-day,&#8221; said the manager of a grocery house.
+&#8220;We have never reached into Texas after trade, but shall do so
+immediately. Any business man wanting our goods can have them on his own
+terms.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Our customers in Galveston can send in their orders for new stocks and
+have them filled as quickly as if they forwarded double prices,&#8221; said a
+furnishing goods wholesaler. &#8220;We are not asking them what their assets
+are.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Cremating Bodies by the Hundred in the Streets of Galveston&mdash;Negroes Faint
+While Handling the Decomposed Corpses&mdash;How Some of Those Rescued Escaped with Their Lives.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Fully 1,500 bodies were cremated at Galveston after it became apparent
+that the time necessary to bury them or cast them into the sea could not
+be taken, owing to their advanced state of decomposition.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the negroes who handled the bodies fell from fright and nausea.
+White volunteers took their places and the work went on. The volunteers
+bandaged their mouths and noses with cotton cloths saturated with
+disinfectants and were relieved by other volunteers every hour.</p>
+
+<p>Fires could not be started every place where bodies were found. The usual
+plan was to collect all bodies within two blocks in one spot and then
+build the funeral pyre. On the remains of many women were valuable rings
+and jewelry, but the men did not attempt to remove the jewelry. It was
+burned with the owners.</p>
+
+<p>Officers Mass and Woodward reported that their two gangs burned 100
+bodies, the majority women and children. The percentage of deaths among
+children was frightful. Sheriff Thomas and his negroes burned forty bodies
+on the beach near Tremont street.</p>
+
+<p>Catholic priests in charge of gangs reported 120 bodies burned. The
+sanitary experts pushed the work of burning the dead. No other disposition
+was considered. People who had lost relatives and friends made no
+objection and looked on the plan with favor.</p>
+
+<p>Disinfectants were used as never before in the world. The smell of the
+charnel house was driven away and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> whole city was filled with the
+fumes of carbolic acid and lime in solution.</p>
+
+<p>This is general order No. 9, issued by Brigadier General Thomas Scurry,
+commanding the city forces:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Guards, foreman of gangs, and working parties or others acting under the
+authorities of this department will use diligence toward preventing any
+hardships on private individuals or impressing men for service. The
+conditions, however, are so critical, and it is so necessary that sanitary
+precautions be taken to preserve the lives and health of the people of
+this stricken city, that individual interests must give way to the general
+good of all. If it is found feasible to secure volunteers, general
+impressment will be avoided, but, the medical fraternity being a unit in
+the opinion that further delay or procrastination will bring pestilence to
+finish the dire work of the hurricane, the interests of no individual,
+firm, or corporation will for one instant be spared to secure volunteers
+for work, but, failing this, every able-bodied man is to be put to work to
+clear the wreckage, burn the hundreds of bodies under it, and save, if
+possible, the lives of those who yet remain. I trust this position may be
+thoroughly appreciated and understood, so that all people will govern
+themselves accordingly.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">BOY FLOATS MILES ON A TRUNK.</p>
+
+<p>The miracles of Galveston were many. Some of them will not be received
+with full credit by readers. In the infirmary at Houston was a boy whose
+name is Rutter. He was found on Monday morning lying behind a trunk on the
+land near the town of Hitchcock, which is twenty miles to the northward of
+Galveston. The boy was only 12 years old. His story was that his father,
+mother, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> two children remained in the house. There was a crash. The
+house went to pieces. The boy said he caught hold of a trunk when he found
+himself in the water and floated off with it. He was sure the others were
+drowned. He had no idea of where it took him, but when daylight came he
+was across the bay and out upon the still partially submerged mainland.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ESCAPED IN BATHING SUITS.</p>
+
+<p>The wife of Manager Bergman of the Houston Opera House saw more of the
+storm than fell to the lot of most women who live to tell of it. She had
+been spending the heated term at a Rosenberg avenue cottage only a short
+distance from the beach.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday morning the water had risen there three feet. Putting on a
+bathing suit, Mrs. Bergman went to the Olympia to talk over the long
+distance telephone with her husband in Houston. This was about 10 a. m. At
+the Olympia she had to wade waist deep in the water. At 2 o&#8217;clock Mrs.
+Bergman became alarmed, and with her sister she left the summer cottage
+and started toward the more thickly settled part of the city. Neighbors
+laughed at the fear of the women. Out of a family of fifteen in the next
+house only three were saved.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Bergman and her sister waded and swam alternately several blocks
+until they reached the higher streets. Then they hired a negro with a dray
+and told him to take them to the telephone exchange. Within two blocks
+from where the start was made in this way the mule got into deep water and
+was drowned. The women reached the telephone building, but when the
+firemen began to bring in the dead bodies they left and went to Balton&#8217;s
+livery stable. This was only 600 yards away, but Mrs. Bergman says it was
+the hardest part of the trip, with the air full<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> of flying bits of glass,
+slate, and wood. In the stable they remained until morning.</p>
+
+<p>When the sun had risen the water had so far receded that they went out to
+the site of their cottage. A hitching post was all that served to locate
+the place. No houses were left standing for many blocks around. A dead
+baby lay in the yard. The two women returned down-town. Passing a store
+with plate glass windows and doors blown out, they went in and helped
+themselves to the black cloth from which they made the gowns they still
+wore when they reached Houston three days later. During the storm they
+wore their bathing suits.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">STRANGE INCIDENTS OF THE FLOOD.</p>
+
+<p>Many instances of devotion of husband to wife, of wife to husband, of
+child to parent and parent to child could be mentioned. One poor woman
+with her child and her father was cast out into the raging waters. They
+were separated. Both were in drift and both believed they went out in the
+gulf and returned. The mother was finally cast upon the drift and there
+she was pounded by the waves and debris until she was pulled into a house
+against which the drift had lodged, and during all that frightful ride she
+held to her eight months&#8217; old boy and when she was on the drift pile she
+lay upon the infant and covered it with her body that it might escape the
+blows of the planks. She came out of the ordeal cut and maimed, but the
+infant had not a scratch.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">STATUES ON ALTAR NOT HARMED.</p>
+
+<p>St. Joseph&#8217;s Catholic Church presents a strange contrast, with the roof
+and rear wall back of the altar being carried away. The wall collapsed,
+but the altar was not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> damaged and the frail lifesize statues of St.
+Joseph and the Virgin on the altar were not harmed or moved.</p>
+
+<p>When their home went to pieces the members of the Stubbs family&mdash;husband,
+wife, and two children&mdash;climbed upon the roof of a house floating by. They
+felt tolerably secure. Without warning the roof parted in two pieces. Mr.
+and Mrs. Stubbs were separated. Each had a child. The parts of the raft
+went different ways in the darkness. One of the children fell off and
+disappeared. Not until some time Sunday was the family reunited. Even the
+child was saved, having caught a table and clung to it until it reached a
+place of safety.</p>
+
+<p>Another man took his wife from one house to another by swimming until he
+had occupied three. Each fell in its turn and then he took to the waves
+and they were separated and each, as the persons above mentioned, believed
+they were carried to sea. After three hours in the water he heard her call
+and finally rescued her.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THREW $10,000 WORTH OF DIAMONDS INTO THE WATER.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Zeigler, Thomas Farley and Alexander McCarthy arrived at Mobile,
+Ala., Thursday evening from Galveston. They left Galveston that morning on
+the tug Robinson with 130 other refugees and were taken to Houston. Until
+they arrived at New Orleans they were clad in undergarments and were
+coatless.</p>
+
+<p>They escaped at 10:30 on Sunday morning from a house on the exposed beach
+by clinging to a log and floating to high ground. Zeigler was struck by
+floating wreckage, but was assisted by his companions to safety. An old
+negress, who gave the sleeping men warning, was drowned.</p>
+
+<p>Zeigler was naked and the other men were in their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> night garments when
+they reached the crowd gathered near the Tremont house, but their
+appearance was similar to that of hundreds, many women being rescued for
+whom clothing had to be at once obtained. At noon Sunday they had
+sufficient space to move around with comfort, although filled with anxiety
+and penned in on all sides by the rapidly rising water. Four hours later
+the few thoroughfares above water were congested with crowds of hysterical
+women, crying children and frantic men.</p>
+
+<p>The separation of families produced pathetic scenes when mothers mourned
+their offspring and men lamented the loss of all dear to them. There was
+no confusion, only a clinging closer together without discrimination of
+class or sex as the waters advanced foot by foot.</p>
+
+<p>At dark the misery deepened and the women occupied the hotel and
+approaches, the highest point in the city, and the water continuing to
+advance, buildings and stores were thrown wide open to provide refuge in
+the upper stories. The men gave the better positions to the women.</p>
+
+<p>As midnight approached conditions became worse; several women became
+demented and one woman, a member of the demi-monde, threw $10,000 worth of
+diamonds into the flood.</p>
+
+<p>In the hotel the women kissed each other and said good-by. They prayed and
+sang hymns in turn. With each announcement that the waters were rising
+many men and women gave up to the terrible mental strain and fainted.</p>
+
+<p>The survivors paid a high tribute to the bravery in the face of death of
+the women of Galveston, and stated that, although abject melancholy had
+fallen over all, that the spirit of fortitude displayed by the women
+nerved the men. The horrors of that night were equaled on the succeeding
+days as the water receded.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">DARED EVERYTHING FOR WIFE AND SON.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the heroism and dogged tenacity of purpose noted in connection with
+the Galveston storm none was greater than that of W. L. Love of Houston.
+Mr. Love was a compositor on the Houston Post, and his wife and little son
+were visiting Mrs. Love&#8217;s mother in Galveston when the storm struck the
+city.</p>
+
+<p>Early Sunday morning when the first news of the Galveston disaster began
+to drift in, Mr. Love announced to the foreman of the composing-room,
+under whom he was working, that he intended starting immediately for
+Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>He went to one of the depots and fortunately found a train leaving toward
+Galveston. He boarded it, but the train was forced to stop eight miles
+before it reached Galveston Bay. He walked eight miles, arriving at the
+bay in about two hours. There was no boat in sight, not even a skiff or
+canoe.</p>
+
+<p>He found a large cypress railroad-tie near the water&#8217;s edge and, procuring
+a coal hook from a locomotive that had blown from the track, he got
+astride the tie after having placed it in the water, and set out on a
+difficult and perilous journey across the three miles of salt water. Thus
+he labored for six trying hours, the sun beating down on him and with his
+body half submerged in the brine of the bay.</p>
+
+<p>At last the goal was reached and he pulled himself out of the water and
+stepped on the once fair island.</p>
+
+<p>After having passed on his way more than a hundred decaying bodies of the
+storm victims, the heroic young man set about finding his wife and little
+boy. This he did<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> after a lengthy search. His wife had lost her mother,
+father, brothers and sisters, numbering eight in all.</p>
+
+<p>The little boy had been utterly stripped of his clothing by the wind and
+both he and his mother had an experience that rarely comes to a mother and son.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">PITIFUL TALES OF SOME OF THE SURVIVORS.</p>
+
+<p>The story of Thomas Klee was indeed most pitiful. Klee lived near Eleventh
+and N streets. When the storm burst he was alone in his home with his two
+infant children. He seized one under each arm and rushed from the frail
+structure in time to cheat death among the falling timbers of his home.</p>
+
+<p>Once in the open, with his babies under his arms, he was swept into the
+bay among hundreds of others. He held to his precious burden and by
+skillful maneuvering managed to get close to a tree which was sweeping
+along with the tide. He saw a haven in the branches of the tree and raised
+his two-year-old daughter to place her in the branches. As he did so the
+little one was torn from his arm and carried away to her death.</p>
+
+<p>The awful blow stunned but did not render him senseless. Klee retained his
+hold on the other child, aged four years, and was whirled along among the
+dying and dead victims of the storm&#8217;s fury, hoping to effect a landing
+somewhere.</p>
+
+<p>An hour in the water brought the desired end. He was thrown ashore, with
+wreckage and corpses, and, stumbling to a footing, lifted his son to a
+level with his face. The boy was dead.</p>
+
+<p>Klee remembered nothing until Thursday night, when he was put ashore in
+Texas City. He had a slight recollection of helping to bury dead, clear
+away debris and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> obey the command of soldiers. His brain, however, did not
+execute its functions until Friday morning.</p>
+
+<p>George Boyer&#8217;s experience was a sad one. He was thrown into the rushing
+waters, and while being carried with frightful velocity down the bay saw
+the dead face of his wife in the branches of a tree. The woman had been
+wedged firmly between two branches.</p>
+
+<p>Margaret Lees&#8217; life was saved at the expense of her brother&#8217;s. The woman
+was in her Twelfth street home when the hurricane struck. Her brother
+seized her and guided her to St. Mary&#8217;s University, a short distance away.
+He returned to search for his son, and was killed by a falling house.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">HORRIBLE CONDITION OF THE CITY AFTER THE FLOOD.</p>
+
+<p>I. J. Jones, sent to Galveston by Governor Sayers, of Texas, the day after
+the storm to investigate the condition of the Texas State quarantine
+there, reported to the Governor at Austin on September 14, said, among
+other things, in his report:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The sanitary condition of the city is very bad. Large quantities of lime
+have been ordered to the place, but I doubt if any one will be found to
+unload it from the vessels and attend its systematic distribution when it
+arrives. The stench is almost unbearable. It arises from piles of debris
+containing the carcasses of human beings and animals. These carcasses are
+being burned whenever it can be done with safety, but little of the
+wreckage can be destroyed. There is no water protection, and should a fire
+break out the destruction of the city would soon be complete. When
+searching parties come across a human body it is taken into an open space
+and wreckage piled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> over it. This is set on fire and the body slowly
+consumed. The odor of the burning bodies is horrible.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The chairman of the finance relief committee at Galveston wanted me to
+make the announcement that the city wants all the skilled mechanics and
+contractors with their tools that can be brought to Galveston. There is
+some repair work now going on, but it is impossible to find men who will
+work at that kind of business. Those now in Galveston not engaged in the
+relief work have their own private business to look after and mechanics
+are not to be had. All mechanics will be paid regular wages and will be
+given employment by private parties who desire to get their wrecked homes
+in a habitable condition as rapidly as possible. There are many houses
+which have only the roof gone. These residences are finely furnished, and
+it is desired that the necessary repairs be made quickly.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The relief work is fairly well organized. Nothing has been accomplished
+except the distribution of food among the needy. About one-half of the
+city is totally wrecked and many people are living in houses that are
+badly wrecked. The destitute are being removed from the city as rapidly as
+possible. It will take three or four days yet before all who want to go
+have been removed from the island and city. A remarkably large number of
+horses survived the storm, but there is no feed for them and many of them
+will soon die of starvation.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I am thoroughly satisfied after spending two days in Galveston that the
+estimate of 5,000 dead is too conservative. It will exceed that number.
+Nobody can ever estimate or will ever know within 1,000 of how many lives
+were lost. In the city the dead bodies are being got rid of in whatever
+manner possible. They are burying the dead found on mainland. At one place
+250 were found and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> buried on Wednesday. There must be hundreds of dead
+bodies back on the prairies that have not been found. It is impracticable
+to make a search. Bodies have been found as far back as seven miles from
+the mainland shore. It would take an army to search that territory on the
+mainland.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The waters of the gulf and bay are still full of dead bodies and they are
+being constantly cast upon the beach. On my trip to and from the
+quarantine I passed a procession of bodies going seaward. I counted
+fourteen of them on my trip in from the station, and this procession is
+kept up day and night. The captain of a ship who had just reached
+quarantine informed me that he began to meet floating bodies fifty miles
+from port.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As an illustration of how high the water got in the gulf, a vessel which
+was in port tried to get into the open sea when the storm came on. It got
+out some distance and had to put back. It was dark and all the landmarks
+had been obliterated. The course of the vessel could not be determined and
+she was being furiously driven in toward the island by the wind. Before
+her course could be established she had actually run over the top of the
+north jetty. As the vessel draws twenty-five feet of water, some idea can
+be obtained as to the height of the water in the gulf.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THRILLING EXPERIENCE OF A DALLAS GIRL.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most thrilling descriptions of personal experience with the
+fearful flood ever written was that of Miss Maud Hall, of Dallas, Tex.,
+who was spending her school vacation with friends at Galveston. She wrote
+an account of her adventures to her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Emory Hall:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>&#8220;Dear Papa and Mamma: I suppose before this you will have received my
+telegram and know I am safe. This has been a terrible experience. I hope I
+will be spared any more such. I am just a nervous wreck&mdash;fever blisters
+over my mouth, eyes with hollows under them, and shaking all over. When I
+close my eyes I can&#8217;t see anything but piles of naked dead and wild-eyed
+men and women. I suppose I had better begin at the beginning, but I don&#8217;t
+know if I can write with any sense. Saturday at about 11 o&#8217;clock it began
+raining, and the wind rose a little. Sidney Spann and two young lady
+boarders could not get home to dinner. After the dinner the men left and
+we sat around in dressing sacks watching the storm. All at once Birdie
+Duff (Mrs. Spann&#8217;s married daughter) said: &#8216;Look at the water in the
+street; it must be the gulf.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There was water from curb to curb. It rose rapidly as we watched it, and
+Mrs. Spann sent us all to dress. It rose to the sidewalk, and the men
+began to come home. The wind and rain rose to a furious whirlwind and all
+the time the water crept higher and higher. We all crowded into the hall
+of the house&mdash;a big, two-story one&mdash;and it rocked like a cradle. About 6
+o&#8217;clock the roof was gone, all the blinds torn off, and all the windows
+blown in. Glass was flying in all directions and the water had risen to a
+level with the gallery.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Then the men told us we would have to leave and go to a house across the
+street at the end of the block, a big one. Mrs. Spann was wild about her
+daughter Sidney, who had not been home, and the telephone wires were down.
+The men told us we must not wear heavy skirts, and could only take a few
+things in a little bundle. I took my watch and ticket and what money I had
+and pinned them in my corset; took off everything from my waist down but
+an underskirt and my linen skirt; no shoes and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> stockings. I put what
+clothes I could find in my trunk and locked it. Tell mamma the last thing
+I put in was her gray skirt, for I thought it might be injured.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It took two men to each woman to get her across the street and down to
+the end of the block. Trees thicker than any in our yard were whirled down
+the street; pine logs, boxes and driftwood of all sorts swept past, and
+the water looked like a whirlpool. Birdie and I went across on the second
+trip. The wind and rain cut like a knife and the water was icy cold. It
+was like going down into the grave, and I was never so near death, unless
+it was once before, since I have been here. I came near drowning with
+another girl. It was dark by this time, and the men put their arms around
+us and down into the water we went. Birdie was crying about her baby that
+she had to leave behind until the next trip, and I was begging Mr.
+Mitchell and the other man not to turn me loose.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mrs. Spann came last. The water was over her chin. It was up to my
+shoulders when I went over. One man brought a bundle of clothing, such as
+he could find for us to put on, wrapped up in his mackintosh. He had to
+swim over. I spent the night, such a horrible one, wet from shoulder to my
+waist and from my knees down, and barefoot. Nobody had any shoes and
+stockings. Mrs. Spann did not have anything but a thin lawn dress and
+blanket wrapped around her from her waist down. Nellie had a lawn wrapper
+and blanket, and Fannie had a skirt and winter jacket. Mr. Mitchell had a
+pair of trousers and a light shirt and was barefooted. The house was
+packed with people just like us.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The house had a basement and was of stone. The windows were blown out,
+and it rocked from top to bottom, and the water came into the first floor.
+Of course no one slept. About 3 o&#8217;clock in the morning the wind had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+changed and blew the water back to the gulf, and as we stood at the
+windows watching it fall we saw two men and two girls wading the street
+and heard Sidney calling for her mother. She and the young lady with her
+spent the night crowded into an office with nine men in total darkness,
+sitting on boxes, with their feet up off the floor. It was an immense
+brick building four stories high. They were on the second floor. The roof
+and one story was blown away and the water came up to the second floor. It
+was down toward the wharf.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As soon as we could we waded home. Such a home! The water had risen three
+feet in the house and the roof being gone the rain poured in. I had not a
+dry rag but a dirty skirt which was hanging in the wardrobe and an
+underskirt with it. My trunk had floated and everything in it was stained
+except the gray skirt. We had not had anything to eat since noon the day
+before, and we lived on whisky. Every time the men would see us they would
+poke a bottle of whisky at us, and make us drink some. All we had all day
+Sunday was crackers at 50 cents a small box and whisky.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We were all so weak we knew we could not get any more, so Miss Decker and
+I went down about 10 o&#8217;clock. It was awful. Dead animals everywhere, and
+the streets filled with fallen telegraph poles and brick stores blown
+over. Hundreds of women and children and men sitting on steps crying for
+lost ones, and half of them, nearly, injured. Wild-eyed, ghastly-looking
+men hurried by and told of whole families killed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I could not stand any more and made them bring me home, and fell on the
+bed with hysterics. They poured whisky down me, but the only effect it had
+was to make my head ache worse. I had about got straightened out when a
+girl and a woman came to the house&mdash;relatives<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> of Mrs. Spann&mdash;who had lost
+their mother and friends and house, and all they had. They had hysterics,
+and everybody cried, and I had another spell. All day wagon after wagon
+passed filled with dead&mdash;most of them without a thing on them&mdash;and men
+with stretchers with dead bodies with just a sheet thrown over them, some
+of them little children.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We waited, every minute expecting to have the two bodies brought here.
+But they had not been found up to now, and all hope is lost. There is a
+little boy in the house that spent the night in the water clinging to a
+log, and his father and mother and four sisters were drowned. He is all
+alone. Last night Mr. Mitchell took Miss Decker and I to another boarding
+house to find a dry bed. We slept on a folding bed, with nothing under us
+but a rug and sheet, and I had to borrow something dry to sleep in. The
+husband of the lady who lost her mother has just come from Houston. He
+walked and swam all the way. He is nearly wild, and she is just screaming.
+I cannot write any more. Am coming home soon as I can.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SAVED AS BY A MIRACLE.</p>
+
+<p>The Stubbs family, consisting of father, mother and two children, was in
+its home when it collapsed. They found refuge on a floating roof. This
+parted and father and one child were swept in one direction, while the
+mother and the other child drifted in another. One of the children was
+washed off, but Sunday evening all four were reunited.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. P. Watkins became a raving maniac as the result of her experiences.
+With her two children and her mother she was drifting on a roof, when her
+mother and one child were swept away. Mrs. Watkins mistakes <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>attendants in
+the hospital for her lost relatives and clutches wildly for them.</p>
+
+<p>Harry Steele, a cotton man, and his wife sought safety in three successive
+houses which were demolished. They eventually climbed on a floating door
+and were saved.</p>
+
+<p>W. R. Jones, with fifteen other men, finding the building they were in
+about to fall, made their way to the water tower and, clapping hands,
+encircled the standpipe to keep from being washed or blown away.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Chapman Bailey, wife of the southern manager of the Galveston Wharf
+Company, and Miss Blanche Kennedy floated in the waters ten to twenty feet
+deep all night and day by catching wreckage. Finally they got into a
+wooden bath tub and were driven into the gulf overnight. The incoming tide
+drove them back to Galveston and they were rescued the next day. They were
+fearfully bruised. All their relatives were drowned.</p>
+
+<p>A pathetic incident in the search for the dead occurred Friday. A squad of
+men discovered in a wrecked building five bodies. Among these bodies was
+one which a member of the burial party recognized as his own brother. The
+bodies were all in an advanced state of decomposition. They were removed
+and a funeral pyre was built, at which the brother assisted and, with
+Spartan-like firmness, stood by and saw the bodies of the dead reduced to
+ashes.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday a brakeman of the Galveston, Houston and Northern left Virginia
+Point and started to walk toward Texas City. He found a little child,
+which he picked up and carried for miles. On his way he discovered the
+bodies of nine women. These he covered with grass to protect them from the
+vultures until some arrangements could be made for their interment.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Lives Lost and Property Damage Sustained Outside of Galveston&mdash;One
+Thousand Victims and Millions of Value in Crops Swept Away&mdash;Estimates Made.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Galveston&#8217;s property loss by the hurricane was hardly less than
+$20,000,000; outside of that city, in Houston and other points in Central
+and Southern Texas, together with the agricultural and stock-raising
+districts, the property damage was nearly half that amount, or in the
+neighborhood of $10,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>Probably seventy-five villages and towns were swept by the storm, and in
+most of these places there was loss of life.</p>
+
+<p>It was reliably estimated from reports received at Austin, the capital
+city of Texas, from these places that the loss of life, exclusive of the
+death list of Galveston Island and City of Galveston, would aggregate
+1,000 people. In many towns the percentage of killed or drowned exceeded
+that in the City of Galveston. Several towns were swept completely out of
+existence.</p>
+
+<p>The scene of desolation in the devastated district was terrible to
+witness. The storm was over 200 miles wide and extended as far inland as
+Temple, a distance of over 200 miles from the gulf. The cotton crop in the
+lower counties was completely ruined. The same was true of the rice crop.
+The distress was keenly felt by the planters and small farmers throughout
+the storm-swept region.</p>
+
+<p>In Houston the damage was not figured at over $400,000; at Alvin,
+$200,000, the town being virtually destroyed and 6,000 people in that
+section deprived not only of shelter and food for the time being but all
+prospect for crops in the year to come.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>On the 15th of September, R. W. King sent out the following statement and
+appeal from Houston after a thorough investigation of the situation in and
+around Alvin:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I arrived in Alvin from Dallas and was astonished and bewildered by the
+sight of devastation on every side. Ninety-five per cent of the houses in
+this vicinity are in ruins, leaving 6,000 people without adequate shelter
+and destitute of the necessaries of life, and with no means whatever to
+procure them. Everything in the way of crops is destroyed, and unless
+there is speedy relief there will be exceedingly great suffering.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The people need and must have assistance. Need money to rebuild their
+homes and buy stock and implements. They need food&mdash;flour, bacon, corn.
+They must have seeds for their gardens so as to be able to do something
+for themselves very soon. Clothing is badly needed. Hundreds of women and
+children are without a change and are already suffering. Some better idea
+may be had of the distress when it is known that box cars are being
+improvised as houses and hay as bedding. Only fourteen houses in the Town
+of Alvin are standing, and they are badly damaged.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The damage at Hitchcock was not less than $100,000, but the news from
+there was disheartening. A bulletin from a reliable source, dated
+September 15, said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Country districts are strewn with corpses. The prairies around Hitchcock
+are dotted with the bodies of the dead. Scores are unburied, as the bodies
+are too badly decomposed to handle and the water too deep to admit of
+burial.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A pestilence is feared from the decomposing animal matter lying
+everywhere. The stench is something awful. Disinfecting material is badly
+needed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>Other outside losses were:</p>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td><td align="right">Property.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Richmond</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">$&nbsp;&nbsp;75,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fort Bend County</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">300,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wharton</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">30,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wharton County</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Colorado County</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Angleton</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">75,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Velasco</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Other points, Brazoria County</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">80,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sabine</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paton</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">10,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rollover</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">10,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Winnie</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">10,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belleville</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hempstead</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">25,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brookshire</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">35,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Waller County</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Arcola</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sartartia</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dickinson</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">30,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Texas City</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Columbia</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">10,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sandy Point</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">10,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Near Brazoria (convicts killed)</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">35,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Other points</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Damage to railroads outside of Galveston, $500,000.</p>
+
+<p>Damage to telegraph and telephone wires outside of Galveston, $50,000.</p>
+
+<p>Damage to cotton crop, estimated on average crop of counties affected,
+50,000 bales, at $60 a bale, $3,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>Damage to stock was great, thousands of horses and cattle having perished
+during the storm.</p>
+
+<p>In Brazoria and other counties of that section there was hardly a
+plantation building left standing. All fences were also gone and the
+devastation was complete. Many large and expensive sugar refineries were
+wrecked. The negro cabins were blown down and many negroes killed. On one
+plantation, a short distance from the ill-fated Town of Angleton, three
+families of negroes were killed.</p>
+
+<p>The villages of Needville and Basley in Fort Bend county were completely
+destroyed. Over twenty people were killed, most of the bodies having been
+recovered.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> Every house in that part of the country was destroyed and
+there was great suffering among the homeless people.</p>
+
+<p>There was much destitution among the people of Richmond in the same
+county. Richmond was one of the most prosperous towns in south Texas. It
+was wholly destroyed and the homeless ones were without shelter. Their
+food supplies were provided by their more fortunate neighbors until other
+assistance could be had.</p>
+
+<p>The State authorities heard from the Sartaria plantation, where several
+hundred State convicts were employed. Every building on the plantation was
+blown down and the loss to property aggregated $35,000. Fifteen convicts
+were caught under the timbers of a falling building and all killed. Over a
+score of others were injured. In addition to the loss on buildings the
+entire cane crop was destroyed on this as well as other plantations in
+that section.</p>
+
+<p>Seven people were killed in the Town of Angleton, which was almost
+completely destroyed. In the neighborhood of Angleton five more persons
+were killed and their bodies have been recovered. The loss of life in that
+immediate section far exceeded the estimates given in the earlier reports.</p>
+
+<p>The search for victims of the flood at Seabrook resulted in fifty bodies
+being recovered. Seabrook was a favorite summer resort with many Texas
+people, and its hotels were filled with guests. Many were out on pleasure
+jaunts when the storm came upon them. There were many guests in the
+private houses which were swept away.</p>
+
+<p>The casualties at Texas City were five.</p>
+
+<p>Velasco, situated near the mouth of the Brazos river, asked for help. Over
+one-half of the town was destroyed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> and eleven people lost their lives.
+Reports from the adjacent country showed that many negroes were killed.</p>
+
+<p>Eleven negro convicts employed on a plantation in Matagorda county were
+killed by the collapse of a building in which they had sought refuge from
+the storm.</p>
+
+<p>The Town of Matagorda, situated on the coast, was in the brunt of the
+storm. Several people were killed in the Towns of Caney and Elliott, in
+the same county. The new buildings on the Clemmons convict farm, owned and
+operated by the State, were destroyed and several convicts injured. The
+crops were also ruined.</p>
+
+<p>Over fifty negroes were killed in Wharton county, ten being killed on one
+plantation near the Town of Wharton.</p>
+
+<p>Bay City suffered a loss of nearly all of its buildings and three were
+killed there. There were many homeless people in Missouri City, every
+house in the town but two being destroyed. The destitute people were
+living out of doors and camping on the wet ground.</p>
+
+<p>Outside of the cities of Galveston and Houston, the greatest suffering was
+between Houston and East Lake, inland, and on the coast to the Brazos
+river. There was no damage at Corpus Christi, Rockport, or in that
+immediate section of the coast.</p>
+
+<p>People in immediate need of relief were those of the Colorado and Brazos
+river bottoms. The planters in that section had everything swept away last
+year, and the flood this year devastated their crops, leaving the tenants
+in a state bordering on starvation. An enormous acreage was planted in
+rice and the crop was ready for harvesting when the furious winds laid
+everything low.</p>
+
+<p>At Wharton, Sugarland, Quintana, Waller, Prairie View and many other
+smaller places barely a house was left standing. Many of the farm hands
+had been brought into that section to assist at cotton picking and other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+farming. The people were huddled in small cabins when the first signs of a
+storm began brewing. But few escaped. Their clothing and everything was
+gone. They were absolutely devoid of even the necessities with which to
+sustain life.</p>
+
+<p>To begin over again the owners of plantations had to rebuild houses,
+purchase new machinery and new draft animals. The loss of horses and mules
+in the stricken district was a severe blow. Live stock interests were also
+greatly harmed.</p>
+
+<p>In the opinion of railway men several years must elapse before the farming
+districts can be restored to their former conditions. The advanced prices
+of building material was a hard blow for the smaller farmers, who in most
+instances were owners of farms.</p>
+
+<p>Appeals for relief were received from everywhere in the storm center. The
+season had given promise of producing the best harvest in the previous
+fifteen years.</p>
+
+<p>Five Houston people were drowned at Morgan&#8217;s Point&mdash;Mrs. C. H. Lucy and
+her two children, Haven McIlhenny and the five-year-old son of David Rice.
+Mr. Michael McIlhenny was rescued alive, exhausted and in a state of
+terrible nervousness.</p>
+
+<p>McIlhenny said the water came up so rapidly that he and his family sought
+safety upon the roof. He had Haven in his arms and the other children were
+strapped together. A heavy piece of timber struck Haven, killing him.
+McIlhenny then took up young Rice, and while he had him in his arms he was
+twice washed off the roof and in this way young Rice was drowned.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Lucy&#8217;s oldest child was next killed by a piece of timber and the
+younger one was drowned, and next Mrs. Lucy was washed off and drowned,
+thus leaving Mr. and Mrs. McIlhenny the only occupants on the roof.
+Finally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> the roof blew off the house and as it fell into the water it was
+broken in twain, Mrs. McIlhenny remaining on one half and McIlhenny on the
+other. The portion of the roof to which Mrs. McIlhenny clung turned over
+and this was the last seen of her. McIlhenny held to his side of the roof
+so distracted in mind as to care little where or how it drifted. He
+finally landed about 2 p. m. Sunday.</p>
+
+<p>At Surfside, a summer resort opposite Quintana, there were seventy-five
+persons in the hotel. The water was about it, and the danger was from the
+heavy logs floating from above. Only a few men worked in the village, so a
+number of women went into the water to their waists and assisted in
+keeping the logs away from the hotel, and no one was lost.</p>
+
+<p>At Belleville every house in the place was damaged, and several were
+demolished, including two churches. One girl was killed near there. Not a
+house was left at Patterson in a habitable condition.</p>
+
+<p>Two boarding cars were blown out on the main line and whirled along by the
+wind sixteen miles to Sandy Point, where they collided with a number of
+other boarding cars, killing two and injuring thirteen occupants.</p>
+
+<p>A dead child, the destruction of all houses except one and the destitution
+of some fifty families is the record of the work of the hurricane at
+Arcadia. From fifty other towns came reports that buildings were wrecked
+or demolished. Most of them reported several dead and injured.</p>
+
+<p>J. D. Dillon, commercial agent of the Santa Fe Railway Company, made a
+trip over the line of his road from Hitchcock to Virginia Point on foot,
+September 13, and gave a graphic account of his journey, which was made
+under many difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Twelve miles of track and bridges are gone south of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> Hitchcock,&#8221; said he.
+&#8220;I walked, waded and swam from Hitchcock to Virginia Point, and nothing
+could be seen in all of that country but death and desolation. The
+prairies are covered with water, and I do not think I exaggerate when I
+say that not less than 5,000 horses and cattle are to be seen along the
+line of the tracks south of Hitchcock.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The little towns along the railway are all swept away, and the sight is
+the most terrible that I have ever witnessed. When I reached a point about
+two miles north of Virginia Point I saw some bodies floating on the
+prairie, and from that point until Virginia Point was reached dead bodies
+could be seen from the railroad track, floating about the prairie.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At Virginia Point nothing is left. About 100 cars of loaded merchandise
+that reached Virginia Point on the International and Great Northern and
+the Missouri, Kansas and Texas on the night of the storm are scattered
+over the prairie, and their contents will no doubt prove a total loss.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On Friday, September 14, from early morning until far into the afternoon
+Governor Sayers was in conference with relief committees from various
+points along the storm-swept coast. Among the first committees to arrive
+was one from Galveston. These men consulted at length with the Governor,
+and as a result of this conference it was decided that the State Adjutant
+General, General Scurry, should be left in command of the city, which was
+to be considered under military rule, and that he was to have the
+exclusive control not only of the patrolling of the city, but of the
+sanitary forces engaged in cleaning the city.</p>
+
+<p>It was decided also that instead of looking to the laboring people of
+Galveston for work in the emergency an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> importation of outside laborers to
+the number of 2,000 should be made to conduct the sanitary work while the
+people of Galveston were given an opportunity of looking after their own
+losses and rebuilding their own property without giving any time to the
+city at large.</p>
+
+<p>It was believed that with the work of these 2,000 outside laborers it
+would require about four weeks to clean the city of debris, and in the
+meantime the citizens could be working on their own property and repairing
+damage there.</p>
+
+<p>Another relief committee from Velasco reported that 2,000 persons were in
+destitute circumstances, without food, clothing, or homes. Crops had been
+totally destroyed, all farming implements were washed away, and the people
+had nothing at hand with which to work the fields.</p>
+
+<p>A relief committee from the Columbia precinct reported 2,500 destitute.
+Other sections sent in committees during the day, and as a result of all
+Governor Sayers ordered posthaste shipments of supplies.</p>
+
+<p>The text of the message of sympathy received by President McKinley from
+the Emperor of Germany was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Stettin, Sept. 13, 1900.&mdash;President of the United States of America,
+Washington:&mdash;I wish to convey to your excellency the expression of my
+deep-felt sympathy with the misfortune that has befallen the town and
+harbor of Galveston and many other ports of the coast, and I mourn
+with you and the people of the United States over the terrible loss
+of life and property caused by the hurricane, but the magnitude of
+the disaster is equaled by the indomitable spirit of the citizens of
+the new world, who, in their long and continued struggle with the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>adverse forces of nature, have proved themselves to be victorious.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I sincerely hope that Galveston will rise again to new prosperity.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;WILLIAM, I. R.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>The President replied:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Executive Mansion, September 14, 1900.&mdash;His Imperial and Royal
+Majesty Wilhelm II., Stettin, Germany:&mdash;Your majesty&#8217;s message of
+condolence and sympathy is very grateful to the American government
+and people, and in their name, as well as on behalf of the many
+thousands who have suffered bereavement and irreparable loss in the
+Galveston disaster, I thank you most earnestly.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;WILLIAM McKINLEY.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Business Resumed at Galveston in a Small Way on the Sixth Day after the
+Catastrophe&mdash;&#8220;Galveston Shall Rise Again&#8221;&mdash;How the City Looked On Saturday, One Week after the Flood.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />By the time Friday&mdash;practically the sixth day after the flood, although
+the waters did not subside nor the wind go down until about 2 o&#8217;clock on
+Sunday morning&mdash;had arrived many of the business men of the stricken city
+had recovered their courage and two or three banks and a few business
+houses were opened, although most of the streets were still choked with
+debris and practically impassable. On every corner was this sign:</p>
+
+<div class="border"><p class="center">CLEAN UP.</p></div>
+
+<p>Some women even ventured out shopping, picking their way over great masses
+of wreckage. Tremont street was by that time opened from the bay to the
+beach, and Mechanic street, the Strand and Winnie and Church streets were
+being rapidly cleared. However, the stench from the putrefying bodies of
+the victims of the calamity still in the ruins of scores and hundreds of
+buildings was all but unbearable.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">&#8220;GALVESTON SHALL RISE AGAIN.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Galveston must rise again,&#8221; said the Galveston News in an editorial on
+Thursday.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At the first meeting of Galveston citizens Sunday afternoon after the
+great hurricane, for the purpose of bringing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> order out of chaos, the only
+sentiment expressed,&#8221; the editorial says, &#8220;was that Galveston had received
+an awful blow. The loss of life and property is appalling&mdash;so great that
+it required several days to form anything like a correct estimate. With
+sad and aching hearts, but with resolute faces, the sentiment of the
+meeting was that out of the awful chaos of wrecked homes and wrecked
+business, Galveston must rise again.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The sentiment was not that of bury the dead and give up the ship; but,
+rather, bury the dead, succor the needy, appeal for aid from a charitable
+world, and then start resolutely to work to mend the broken chains. In
+many cases the work of upbuilding must begin over. In other cases the
+destruction is only partial.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The sentiment was, Galveston will, Galveston must, survive, and fulfill
+her glorious destiny. Galveston shall rise again. * * *</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;If we have lost all else, we still have life and the future, and it is
+toward the future that we must devote the energies of our lives. We can
+never forget what we have suffered; we cannot forget the thousands of our
+friends and loved ones who found in the angry billows that destroyed them
+a final resting place. But tears and grief must not make us forget our
+present duties. The blight and ruin which have destroyed Galveston are not
+beyond repair; we must not for a moment think Galveston is to be abandoned
+because of one disaster, however horrible that disaster has been.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is a time for courage of the highest order. It is a time when men and
+women show the stuff that is in them, and we can make no loftier
+acknowledgment of the material sympathy which the world is extending to us
+than to answer back that after we shall have buried our dead, relieved the
+sufferings of the sick and destitute, we will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> bravely undertake the vast
+work of restoration and recuperation which lies before us in a manner
+which shall convince the world that we have spirit to overcome misfortune
+and rebuild our homes. In this way we shall prove ourselves worthy of the
+boundless tenderness which is being showered upon us in the hour of
+desolation and sorrow.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This sentiment voiced the feeling of the people of the prostrate city
+pretty accurately, for they had begun to look around them and make plans
+for rebuilding, although it was many days after that before the streets
+were cleaned and the ground was dry enough to begin work.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE SITUATION A WEEK AFTERWARDS.</p>
+
+<p>A newspaper correspondent who had unusual facilities for getting at the
+true state of affairs summed up the situation on Saturday, September 15,
+just a week after the awful visitation, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The first week of Galveston&#8217;s suffering has passed away, and the extent
+of the disaster which wind and flood brought to the city seems greater
+than it did even when the blow had just been struck.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;That 5,000 or more of the 40,000 men, women and children who made up the
+population of the city seven days ago are dead is almost certain. And the
+money value of the damage to the property of the citizens is so great that
+no one can attempt to estimate it within $5,000,000 of the real amount.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In one thing the effects of the flood are irreparable. Water now covers
+5,300,000 square feet of ground that was formerly a part of the city, but
+which now can never be reclaimed from the gulf.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>&#8220;A strip of land three miles long and from 350 to 400 feet wide along the
+south side of the city, where the finest residences stood, is now covered
+by the waves even at low tide. The Beach Hotel now has its foundations in
+the gulf, although before the hurricane it had a fine beach 400 feet wide
+in front of it. This land is gone forever.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Like men stunned and dazed, the survivors of the flood have worked and
+struggled to bury their dead and to make the city habitable for the
+living, but it may be doubted whether they even yet realize to the full
+extent what they have lost, or guess the suffering that is in store for
+them when their moments of leisure come and they begin to miss their
+friends and loved ones who are dead.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is certain now that, however much Galveston has suffered, the city
+will be rebuilt and be the scene of as great a business as before. But few
+of the men of the city can pay any attention yet to the work that is
+necessary for this restoration. To-day they are busy with the roughest
+work of cleaning the city, of clearing away the debris, of burying the
+bodies which still are being discovered under ruins each day and of
+providing for their simplest necessities.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The woman who a few days ago was the mistress of a splendid mansion, with
+every want provided for, may now be seen half-clad making her way through
+the streets in search of a little food, and esteeming herself fortunate if
+her family is still intact to gather in the wreckage of the former home.
+The man who a few days ago was the owner of a great business and the
+master of many servants may to-day be seen working in the trying tasks of
+removing wreckage and hauling away to burial the decayed and
+unrecognizable bodies of the dead, under the direction of armed soldiers
+and deputy sheriffs, who are there to see that the work is not slighted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>&#8220;And around every one is ruin. The broken and shattered houses, the
+scattered articles of furniture, above all the burning funeral pyres on
+which the bodies of many of the dead are being consumed, make the city a
+place of horror even to those whose personal wants are best provided for.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The peril from the wind and waves was followed for those who survived by
+a peril of hunger and a peril of disease. There came also a peril to life
+and property from the great horde of robbers and inhuman outlaws who were
+attracted by the helpless condition of the city to seek their prey.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The splendid response of the country to Galveston&#8217;s appeal for help has
+removed all danger of further suffering from hunger, and the prompt action
+of Governor Sayers, through Adjutant General Scurry, and of Mayor Jones
+and the citizens&#8217; relief committee have re-established order and made the
+horrible scenes of the stripping of corpses and the assaults on persons no
+longer possible. The city is still under martial law, and it will remain
+so, nominally at least, until normal conditions otherwise have been
+restored.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The danger of pestilence is still great, however, and indeed the fear
+that other thousands may fall victims to a scourge of disease is gaining
+in strength and leading to an exodus of all the women and children and of
+many of the men of the city, who are crowding the boats to get away to the
+mainland.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Added to the danger from the thousands of decomposing bodies both of men
+and of beasts, which still lie under ruined houses and along the gulf
+shore, is the danger from the unflushed sewers and closets in the city.
+Until yesterday it was practically impossible to flush the sewers in any
+part of the city on account of the lack of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> water, and although the
+condition is now much better there is much of evil still.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Fevers and other diseases which may be bred under these conditions will
+not show themselves for ten days or longer, at the earliest. Some of the
+physicians in the city have issued statements to-day calculated to calm
+the apprehensions of the citizens in this matter. Among them is Dr. W. H.
+Blount, state health officer, who says that there is no great danger. He
+refers to the cyclone of 1867, which covered the city with slimy mud, and
+instead of breeding disease served practically to put an end to the yellow
+fever then prevalent.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The work of clearing away the debris in the streets has been carried on
+with a fair degree of vigor, and it is expected that it will be pushed
+much faster from now on. The 2,000 laborers whom it has been decided to
+bring in from outside the city for the work will be able to take up the
+task without having to worry about the safety of the remnants of their own
+property which they may have left unprotected.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The most important need is, however, for money to pay the men. Adjutant
+General Scurry said to-day: &#8216;I have not a dollar to pay the men who are
+working in the streets all day long. I am not able to say to a single one
+of these men, &#8220;You shall be paid for your work.&#8221; I have not the money to
+make good the promise and I hope and believe that the country will relieve
+the situation.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;We must have this city cleaned up at any cost, and with the greatest
+speed possible. If it is not done with all haste, and at the same time
+done well, there may be a pestilence, and if it once breaks out here it
+will not be Galveston alone that will suffer. Such things spread, and it
+is not only for the sake of this city, but for others<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> outside of this
+place that I urge that above all things we want money.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;The nation has been most kind in its response to the appeal of
+Galveston, and from what I hear, food and disinfectants sufficient for
+temporary purposes at least, are here or on the way. The country does not
+understand, it cannot understand, unless it visit Galveston, the awful
+destitution prevailing here. Of all the poor people here, not one has
+anything. A majority of them could not furnish a single room in which to
+commence housekeeping even though they had the money to rebuild the room.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;These people have absolutely nothing except what is given them by the
+relief committee. They are in a condition of absolute want, they lack
+everything, and save for the splendid generosity of the nation they would
+be utterly without hope.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The gangs of men in the streets are still finding every now and then badly
+decomposed bodies. Few of these relics of human life can be recognized,
+and many of them are naked and without anything about them which would
+lead to identification. They are disposed of as rapidly as possible, but
+the work is very offensive and the men engaged in it cannot endure it
+steadily for any great length of time.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Pull them out of the water as soon as seen and throw them into the
+flames as soon as taken from the water,&#8217; is the order, and it is
+effectually carried out.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The best work in this direction was done along the shore line of the gulf
+on the south side of the city. During the day bodies were found at
+frequent intervals, and just at sunset seven were found in the ruins of
+one house. It is expected that more will be found to-morrow, as the work
+gang that to-day found seven bodies will clear up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> the debris where it is
+known that fifteen people were killed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The soldiers from Dallas and Houston who have been here providing for
+order and helping in the work of cleaning up the city have become
+exhausted and it has been necessary to relieve them. The Craddock Light
+Infantry of Terrell arrived to-day to take up the work.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The exodus to Houston and other neighboring cities is still going on. The
+sailboats across the bay are crowded to their fullest capacity, and they
+make as many round trips each day as they can.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">NOTHING LIKE IT IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;No calamity in the history of the United States approaches the horror of
+Galveston.&#8221; Such was the declaration of Col. Walter Hudnall of the United
+States treasury department, Saturday, after filing a secret report to the
+government in which he outlined the damage sustained by the government and
+made confidential suggestions concerning the advisability of continuing
+the expenditures that have been made there annually.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Galveston needs no more physicians or nurses,&#8221; he continued. &#8220;Those who
+would rush to the aid of the stricken island should send quicklime,
+chloride of lime, carbolic acid and other disinfectants and stay away
+themselves. To-day Galveston is a gigantic funeral pyre. From the wreckage
+ascend numerous pillars of smoke and the air is filled with the sickening
+odor of burning human flesh. But above all, making one forget even the
+presence of the uncounted dead, is the stench of decaying coffee, rice and
+other vegetable products that lie swelling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> with the heat and putrefying.
+Powerful chemicals and disinfectants are required to prevent what this is
+sure to produce&mdash;disease.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the face of these conditions Galveston is burying her dead, burning
+her wreckage, attempting to restore order and bring about a resumption of
+business.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;No words of complaint are heard. The woe which has come upon the island
+city is too great for tears and the afflictions of individuals in the loss
+of dear ones is entirely forgotten in the heroic fight that is being made
+for self-preservation for the community. Women of wealth steal through the
+streets without clothing, save for a bit of torn and grimy cloth wrapped
+about them. Men of means are in the same sorry plight and go about their
+grewsome task of cleaning up in so stolid a manner that it is obvious that
+Galveston has not awakened to the full horror of the situation. There has
+not been time to think.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is not uncommon to hear worn and haggard men refer to the loss of
+their families and their all with so little evidence of concern that it
+would attract wonder were not the senses of the visitor numbed by the
+terror of the situation. It is the reaction that is feared most by those
+who are leading the effort to make the city habitable. When this work is
+completed and there is time to think a heartrending wail of woe will go up
+from the twenty-odd thousand mourning survivors and gloomy desperation is
+expected to succeed the energy that is now manifested.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The spirit of the people is aptly illustrated by Capt. John Delaney,
+chief customs inspector of the port. Delaney, 60 years of age, lost his
+entire family, wife, son and daughters. The bodies of the son and
+daughters were recovered, but no trace of Mrs. Delaney has been found.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+Whether her body was cast into the sea from one of the dread funeral
+barges or buried may never be known. Terrible as was the blow, Delaney was
+at his post the day following the disaster, attired in a pair of overalls,
+all that he managed to save. Yesterday a butcher, fortunate in saving a
+portion of two suits, loaned Delaney a pair of trousers. Clad in them he
+boarded a big German tramp steamer that arrived in port, inspected her and
+sent her back to New Orleans, as she was unable to discharge her cargo at
+Galveston.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In his report to Washington Col. Hudnall placed the loss of life at from
+6,500 to 8,000 and ridiculed the idea that any person could estimate the
+property loss at that time. He predicted that it would be impossible to
+estimate within $10,000,000 of the correct figures. His estimate was based
+upon what was said to be better information than that of any other visitor
+in Galveston, as he had made a thorough canvass of the city on horseback,
+visiting every locality where it was possible to travel, instructions from
+the treasury department being to thoroughly investigate in every detail.
+No one else had made such a canvass.</p>
+
+<p>Vice-President and General Manager Trice of the International and Great
+Northern railroad, after looking over the situation in Galveston, said the
+railroad losses would aggregate $5,000,000 or $6,000,000 in that city
+alone.</p>
+
+<p>At Galveston their wharves, warehouses, depots and tracks were ruined. The
+costly bridges which connected the island with the mainland were in ruins
+and must be entirely rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>The International and Great Northern and Santa Fe had considerable track
+washed out, while the Galveston, Houston and Northern suffered heavily.</p>
+
+<p>All track between Seabrooke and Virginia Point, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> all of the bridges,
+was washed away, and Section Foreman Scanlan and all his crew at Nadeau
+had been lost.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">HOW THE INSURANCE COMPANIES FARED.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally the question of insurance carried on the lives and property of
+people of Galveston was one much discussed after the first feeling of
+horror occasioned by the catastrophe had worn away, and the fact was
+developed that while the life insurance companies were somewhat badly
+hit&mdash;although in not so great a degree as would naturally be supposed when
+the heavy death list was taken into consideration&mdash;very little property
+insurance was carried by the business men and property owners of the
+desolated city.</p>
+
+<p>Although the loss of life was over 5,000, a large proportion of the
+victims was composed of women and children, a class which rarely if ever
+carries insurance; again, the majority of the men drowned and crushed were
+residents of the poorer districts of the town, the wealthier men having
+abandoned their homes at the first alarm and fled to the elevated places.
+These victims were caught in their houses, together with their families,
+and husbands, wives and children died together.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, the men who work for a living at trades and in the
+various branches of employment where skilled labor is not demanded, do not
+carry life insurance as a general thing, except in benevolent or fraternal
+societies of which they may be members, and this is the main reason why
+the &#8220;straight&#8221; life insurance companies, as they are called, did not
+suffer more than they did.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most prominent insurance managers in the United States said
+three days after the catastrophe:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Life insurance companies will feel the blow of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>Galveston storm. How
+much insurance was carried by the victims of the storm is not known, but
+it must have been great in the aggregate. The large proportion of women
+and children among the dead will lighten the burden, as they do not often
+carry insurance.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The rule requiring the body of the insured to be identified will have to
+be waived, because of the number of bodies buried at sea and otherwise
+without identification. Unless the rigor of this rule is relaxed by the
+insurers litigation will be boundless.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Practically no property insurance was carried at Galveston.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Galveston and Houston representatives of the largest eastern insurance
+companies when seen concurred in the opinion that the insurance policies
+against storm losses carried by Galvestonians would not aggregate $10,000.
+They said there was absolutely no demand for such insurance at Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>The head of one of the leading insurance firms in Galveston which
+represented many large eastern companies said: &#8220;We did not carry a dollar
+of storm insurance at Galveston, and while my information on that point is
+limited, I feel sure the storm insurance was very small. We never had a
+request for storm insurance policies. If there had been any demand at
+Galveston for insurance of this kind we would have heard of it.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We held $50,000 storm insurance on two big oil mills at Houston and our
+loss will probably be $40,000 to $50,000 on these two structures. We held
+$25,000 storm insurance at Port Arthur and about $1,200 at Alvin. The
+insurance situation at Galveston is very quiet. There was no loss by fire,
+and I think the insurance against storms was trivial.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>More than 4,000 houses were destroyed; millions of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>dollars&#8217; worth of
+property in dry goods, grocery and other business houses&mdash;wholesale and
+retail&mdash;was ruined; there was hardly a house in the city which did not
+suffer damage, the total property losses aggregating about $20,000,000;
+and yet, living in a section where storms were liable to occur at any
+time, little or no insurance was carried.</p>
+
+<p>The first message by wire was sent out of Galveston Thursday at 4:16 p. m.
+over the wire of the Western Union Company. The company laid a cable
+across the channel, and through it they transmitted the message. The cable
+was brought from Chicago on a passenger train. The Postal Telegraph
+Company had several wires in good working order by Saturday night, as also
+had the Western Union Company.</p>
+
+<p>The Mexican Cable Company secured both ends of its cable and established
+communication from Galveston with the outside world via the City of Mexico
+Friday evening.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Galveston Nine Days After&mdash;Great Changes Apparent&mdash;Life in a Business
+Exhibited&mdash;Systematic Efforts to Obtain Names of the Dead.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Monday, September 17, Galveston presented a far different appearance than
+the Monday previous. Street cars were in operation in the business part of
+the city and the electric line and water service had been partly resumed.
+The progress made under the circumstances was little short of remarkable.</p>
+
+<p>It must not be understood by any means that the remaining portion of the
+city had been put in anything like its normal condition, but so very great
+a change had been wrought, so much order and system prevailed where
+formerly chaos reigned, that Galveston and the people who had been giving
+her such noble assistance had good reason to be satisfied with what had
+been accomplished in the face of such fearful odds. According to
+statements made by General Scurry, Mayor Jones, Alderman Perry and others,
+there was equally good reason to believe that the progress of the work
+from that time on would be even more satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>On that morning the board of health began a systematic effort to obtain
+the names of the dead, so that the information could be used for legal
+purposes and for life insurance settlements. An agent was stationed at the
+headquarters of the Central Relief Committee to receive and file sworn
+statements in lieu of coroner&#8217;s certificates. Persons who had left the
+city but were in possession of information concerning the dead were
+notified to send sworn statements to Mr. Doherty.</p>
+
+<p>The steady stream of refugees from Galveston was kept<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> up. There was not a
+departing train from across the bay which was not packed to its platforms.
+Refugees continued to leave for many days thereafter.</p>
+
+<p>No sadder sight could be imagined than the picture presented by a boat
+load of refugees, when the ropes were cast off and the craft swung out
+into the bay and away from the desolate city. There was not a face that
+was not turned toward the ruin. There was not an eye that was not
+moistened by tears. So great had been the rush to leave behind the scene
+of the storm that the Lawrence, the boat which connected with trains at
+Texas City, had not left her wharf a single day without denying passage to
+a portion of those who wanted to get away.</p>
+
+<p>The partings at the waterside were pitiful. Husbands came to the gangplank
+and kissed their weeping wives good-by, turning back to the hard work of
+reconstruction which confronted them, with breaking hearts. Scores of
+women, overcome at the last moment, were cared for by strange hands, while
+those who loved them, bound to Galveston by necessity, could do no more
+than watch from afar and pray.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of waiting until Galveston was reached to begin work, steps were
+taken to care for refugees at the bay terminal of the Galveston, Houston
+and Henderson Road, and during Saturday night and Sunday hundreds of
+hungry refugees were fed, while numbers of sick and wounded were cared
+for.</p>
+
+<p>There was plenty of work on hand for ten times the force of laborers
+employed. The area which had not yet been touched embraced four and a half
+miles of frontage on the beach and bay.</p>
+
+<p>There were enough provisions on hand ahead to feed everybody in Galveston
+for a week. There was a great deal of trouble in properly distributing
+supplies, the rush<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> at the depots being as great as at any time since they
+were opened.</p>
+
+<p>It was indeed a mercy that the weather since the storm had been clear and
+dry. Had it rained a single day the suffering would have been terrible,
+for there was not a whole roof in Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>There were about 200 soldiers in Galveston doing guard and police duty.
+The camp on the wharf, between the Galveston Red Snapper Company and the
+foot of Tremont street had been put into shape and the soldiers
+comfortably housed. There were five militia commands&mdash;the Dallas rough
+riders, Captain Ormonde Paget, with forty-five men; the Houston Light
+Guards, Captain George McCormick, with forty-five men; the Galveston
+Sharpshooters, Captain A. Bunschell, with thirty-five men; Battery D of
+Houston, Captain G. A. Adams, with fifteen men, and Troop A. Houston
+Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant Breedlove, with twenty men.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that no money was available to pay the men who were engaged in
+cleaning the streets was a great detriment to preparing the way not only
+for rebuilding the city but in the efforts to prevent the spread of plague
+and pestilence.</p>
+
+<p>General Scurry, general in charge of the operations at Galveston, made the
+following statement on Sunday, September 16:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;I have not a dollar to pay the men who are working in the streets
+all day long. I am not able to say to a single one of them &#8216;You&#8217;ll be
+paid for your work.&#8217; I have not the money to make good the promise. I
+hope and believe that the country will understand the situation. We
+must have this city cleaned up at any cost and with the greatest
+speed possible. If it is not done with all haste, and at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> the same
+time done well, there may be a pestilence, and if it breaks out here
+it will not be Galveston alone that will suffer.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Such things spread, and it is not only for the sake of this city,
+but for others outside that I urge that above all things we want
+money. The nation has been most kind in its response to appeals from
+Galveston. From what I hear food and disinfectants sufficient for
+temporary purposes at least are here or on the way. The country does
+not understand. It cannot understand unless it could visit Galveston,
+the situation prevailing here.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;SCURRY,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Adjutant-General State of Texas.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>As to the probability of a pestilence, General Chambers McKibbin, U. S. A.,
+commanding the Military Department of Texas, said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;I am personally in favor of burning as much rubbish as possible, and
+of burning it as quickly as permissible. I do not predict a
+pestilence, but I think the things are coming to that point where a
+pestilence may be possible unless prompt measures are taken, and
+there is nothing so effective as fire. Burn everything and burn it at
+once.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>All the churches in Galveston either being wrecked or ruined, with but one
+or two exceptions, divine services on Sunday, September 16, were in most
+cases suspended. Mass was celebrated at St. Mary&#8217;s cathedral in the
+morning and was largely attended.</p>
+
+<p>Father Kirwin preached an eloquent and feeling sermon, in which he spoke
+of the awful calamity that had befallen the people. After expressing
+sympathy with the afflicted and distressed he advised all to go to work
+in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> burying the dead. The next day a census of the Catholic population was
+begun to ascertain the number of widows and orphans caused by the storm
+and the exact number of Catholics who perished.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Gallagher, who had been active in his efforts to mitigate suffering
+at Galveston, received a telegram from Archbishop Corrigan of New York,
+stating the diocese of that city would see that all Catholic orphan
+children sent to his care were kindly provided for.</p>
+
+<p>Houston was the center of relief distribution, and also the key to
+Galveston. It was practically the only way in or out for weeks. Hundreds
+of refugees passed through every day. Houston was well filled with them,
+but the larger number went right through to points farther north. Free
+transportation was furnished to any point in Texas, provided they had
+relatives who would take care of them. Many of the refugees arrived at
+Houston scantily clothed and in a pitiful condition.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Vast as the work is, all are being provided for,&#8221; said Edward Watkins,
+Chairman of the transportation division of the Relief Committee. &#8220;We have
+not let anybody go through uncared for.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mere curiosity was at a discount here. People who had urgent business in
+Galveston found it hard to get permits to go there, and those who were
+simply curious could not get there at all. Camera fiends were absolutely
+barred. One man was shot for taking a picture of a nude woman on the
+beach, and three newspaper men who were taking views of the ruins were
+rounded up, their cameras smashed and themselves forced to go to work
+gathering up decomposed corpses.</p>
+
+<p>Even Houston was in a similar state of martial law. Guards surrounded the
+depot of the International &amp; Great Northern, the only road running south,
+and would not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> even allow curious crowds to gather to see the refugees
+come in. This was in enforcement of a proclamation issued by Mayor
+Brashear, copies of which, printed on large red cards, were posted
+conspicuously all over the city.</p>
+
+<p>The catastrophe all but paralyzed shipping business in the storm-visited
+section. At Fort Worth all purchasing stopped. Cotton was just beginning
+to move, but it had to go by way of New Orleans, the additional freights
+eating up the apparent profit of the 1 cent a pound advance in price. Had
+the storm struck a few weeks later the loss would have been greatly
+increased, as the cotton would then have been upon the wharves.</p>
+
+<p>Heavy financial losers were the fraternal societies. One known as the
+United Moderns, with headquarters at Denver, lost 100 out of a lodge of
+500. Policies ranged from $1,000 to $2,000.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">INSURANCE MATTERS CREATE A BIG BOTHER.</p>
+
+<p>One hundred and fifty odd million dollars represented the value of the
+life insurance policies carried by the old-line companies in the state of
+Texas at the time of the flood. It was estimated that $4,000,000
+represented the life risks carried in Galveston by the regular companies,
+and that over $2,000,000 was carried by assessment and fraternal
+organizations.</p>
+
+<p>Insurance men said it was probable that of the persons killed in the
+recent disaster 900 were men, and that, according to statistics, half of
+them had life policies of an average value of $2,000. On this basis
+$900,000 approximated the losses to be met in Galveston by the life
+insurance companies. Eighteen old-line companies and a great many
+assessment and fraternal companies divided the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> losses, and no reputable
+organization was crippled thereby.</p>
+
+<p>Accurate figures of the losses were not made, but the above figures
+represented the calculations hastily made by George T. Dexter,
+superintendent of the domestic agencies of the Mutual Life Insurance
+Company of New York. In regard to this Mr. Dexter said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The most striking feature of the insurance situation at Galveston is the
+difficulty that will arise when the adjustment of claims is taken up.
+Hundreds of bodies have been buried without identification, hundreds more
+have been taken out into the gulf and many have been cremated. Whole
+families have been destroyed in many instances, and insurance papers have
+suffered in the general destruction of property. This state of affairs
+will make it difficult for the beneficiaries to establish their claims and
+will enable the organizations so disposed to escape payment. I have no
+doubt the level premium companies will adjust claims, in a large measure,
+on circumstantial evidence.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Our agency property at San Antonio was destroyed, and we have no accurate
+reports of our Texas losses, so it is impossible to give other than
+general estimates of what they may be. The class of people insuring in the
+regular companies are in general surrounded by conditions that render them
+better risks in the event of such a calamity as this, but if my
+information is correct the better portion of the residence district
+suffered most, and we may hear of heavy losses. I think we carried between
+$300,000 and $400,000 insurance in Galveston. The insurance business in
+that part of the south has been exceptionally good of late because of the
+cotton values.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>H. H. Knowles, southern manager of the Equitable Life of New York, said:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>&#8220;We have two $100,000 risks in Galveston, and we are hoping that they are
+not among the lost. Our reports from Texas are not in, but I should think
+that our company will be fortunate if it gets off with less than a loss of
+$100,000. I believe that the assessment and fraternal insurance concerns
+will have the most losses because of the fact that in such a disaster the
+loss of life is greater among the poorer classes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The accident insurance companies had heavy losses to meet.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Magnitude of the Relief Necessary&mdash;Twenty Thousand Persons to be Clothed
+and Fed&mdash;System of Relief Organization&mdash;How the Storm Affected Trade.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />The situation at Galveston on Saturday night, just a week after the
+calamity, was thus described by a competent authority who arrived in the
+city the day after the flood:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It must be possible by this time to give some idea of the magnitude which
+relief must assume. There were 38,000 persons in the city when the census
+was taken a few weeks ago. After the storm 32,000 remained. This latter
+statement is made after careful inquiry from the best sources of
+information. About 3,000 have left the island, most of them women and
+children, to go to friends temporarily.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Of the 29,000 remaining how many must be helped and how long?</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The question is a hard one. The men who knew most of the situation, who
+have labored day and night since Sunday, hesitate to answer.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. McVittie, the executive head of the relief work, said it was possible
+there were 3,500 persons in the city who did not require any assistance
+whatever. Mr. Lowe of the Galveston News, a most careful and conservative
+man, said he believed fully two-thirds of the surviving and remaining
+population were dependent to-day. Others familiar with the situation were
+asked for their opinions, and they estimated variously the number that
+must be helped temporarily at from two-thirds to three-fourths.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>&#8220;The conclusion is forced that there are to-day in Galveston 20,000
+persons who must be fed and clothed. The proportion of those who were in
+fair circumstances and lost all is astonishing. Relief cannot be limited
+to those who formed the poor class before the storm.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;An intelligent man left Galveston to-day, taking his wife and children to
+relatives. He said: &#8216;A week ago I had a good home and a business which
+paid me between $400 and $500 a month. To-day I have nothing. My house was
+swept away and my business is gone. I see no way of re-establishing it in
+the near future.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This man had a real estate and house-renting agency.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At the military headquarters, one of the principal officials doing
+temporary service for the city, said: &#8216;Before the storm I had a good home
+and good income. I felt rich. My house is gone and my business. The fact
+is I don&#8217;t even own the clothes I stand before you in. I borrowed them.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Now these are not exceptional cases. They are fairly typical. Men who
+worked for salaries, who rented or owned good houses and considered
+themselves fairly well provided for, as the world goes, are to-day, by
+thousands, not only penniless, but without food, without clothes, and
+without employment.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There must be fed and clothed these 20,000 until they can work out their
+temporal salvation. And then something ought to be done to help the worthy
+get on their feet and make a fresh start. Some people will leave
+Galveston. It is plain, however, that nothing like the number expected
+will go. Galveston is still home to the great majority. It was a city of
+fine local pride. It was one of the most beautiful of American cities, and
+with its surrounding of gulf and bay was a pleasant place to live in,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+even in summer. Those who can stay and live here will do so.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;If the country responds to the needs in anything like the measure given
+to Johnstown, Chicago, Charleston and other stricken cities and sections,
+Galveston as a community will not only be restored but will enter upon a
+greater future than was expected before the storm.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This seems rather an extraordinary thing to say. It has been the
+experience, wherefore it is expected here. Since Tuesday there has been no
+doubt of Galveston&#8217;s restoration. If in the future this city celebrates a
+flood anniversary the day upon which the community&#8217;s courage was reborn
+ought to be remembered.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;From a central organization the relief work has been divided by wards. A
+depot and a subcommittee were established in each ward of the city. &#8216;They
+who will not work should not eat&#8217; was the principle adopted when the
+organization was perfected. Few idle mouths are now being fed in
+Galveston. There are fatherless, and there are widows, and there are sick
+who must have charity.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;But the able-bodied are working in parties under the direction of bosses.
+They are paid in food and clothing. In this way the relief committee is,
+within the first week, meeting the needs of the survivors and at the same
+time gradually clearing the streets and burning the ruins and refuse.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A single report made by a ward committeeman to Mr. McVittie will serve to
+show on what scale this plan is being carried out. &#8216;In my ward,&#8217; said the
+committeeman, &#8216;I have 600 men employed and I am feeding 3,700 persons.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The system of the Galveston relief organization is admirable. Perhaps
+never before was economy practiced so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> rigidly in the distribution of the
+nation&#8217;s largess. &#8216;Our aim,&#8217; Mr. McVittie said, &#8216;is to distribute no money
+at this time, but to employ with relief funds all of the labor in the
+clearing of the city and the cremation of the dead until we have removed
+to that extent the ravages of the storm.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;We employ all who can work and we give food and clothing as
+remuneration. We scrutinize most carefully applications for charity and
+grant none if the applicant is able to render service. We adopted this
+plan in the beginning and we are going to continue it. Most of our people
+responded to the rule and went to work. To those who were unwilling to
+work we applied the authority of martial law.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;All Galveston is now at work and the contributions which we are
+receiving from the sympathizing nation are going to pay for the most
+urgent work the storm imposed on us.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Six days have wrought surprising changes in conditions at Galveston. Each
+day has been a chapter in itself. Sunday was paralysis. On Monday came the
+beginning of realization. Tuesday might be called the crisis period. And
+the crisis was passed safely. What has been accomplished since the turning
+point on Tuesday is amazing. It is almost as incredible as some of the
+effects of this visitation are without precedent.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;On Sunday the people did little but go about dazed and bewildered,
+gathering a few hundred of the bodies which were in their way. On Monday
+the born leaders who are usually not discovered in a community until some
+great emergency arises began to forge in front. They were not men from one
+rank in point of wealth or intelligence. They came from all classes. For
+example there was Hughes, the &#8217;longshoreman.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>&#8220;Bodies which lay exposed in the streets and which were necessary to
+remove somewhere lest they be stepped on were carried into a temporary
+morgue until 500 lay in rows on the floor. Then a problem in mortality,
+such as no other American community ever faced, was presented. Pestilence,
+which stalked forth by Monday, seemed about to take possession of what the
+storm had left. Immediate disposition of those bodies was absolutely
+necessary to save the living. Then it was that Lowe and McVittie and Sealy
+and the others, who by common impulse had come together to deal with the
+problem, found Hughes.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The &#8217;longshoreman took up the most grewsome task ever seen away from a
+battlefield. He had to have helpers. Some volunteered, others were pressed
+into the service at the point of the bayonet. Whisky by the bucketful was
+carried to these men and they were drenched with it. The stimulant was
+kept at hand and applied continuously. Only in this way was it possible
+for the stoutest-hearted to work in such surroundings. Under the direction
+of Hughes these hundreds of bodies already collected and others brought
+from the central part of the city&mdash;those which were quickest found&mdash;were
+loaded on to an ocean barge and taken far off into the gulf to be cast
+into the sea.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">HOW THE STORM AFFECTED TRADE.</p>
+
+<p>The following trade statement, issued from New York on Saturday, September
+15, showed the effect of the great storm in commercial circles:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The tropical storm that devastated the gulf coast, almost wiping out the
+city of Galveston and doing damage in other parts of the country, caused
+reduction in the volume of business at the South, and railroads in the
+gulf<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> region have probably not shown their maximum losses of earnings as
+yet, but even after such a catastrophe a recuperative power is shown.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;From many quarters of the West and Southeast a better distribution of
+merchandise is reported in jobbing and retail circles. The weather has
+continued favorable for the maturing corn crop, with cutting progressing
+and the crop generally beyond danger, but damage to cotton by the storm is
+still an unknown quantity. Prices of staple commodities are higher for the
+week, hoisted by the sharp rise in cotton, but in manufactured products
+there is little change, though steady increases of business at the current
+level is satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Cotton closed last week at the highest price in ten years, and a large
+short interest was awaiting reaction. Instead, there came news of the
+disaster in Texas and sensational reports that 1,000,000 bales had been
+destroyed. At the New York Exchange trading was far in excess of all
+previous records, and prices rose by bounds. Subsequently there were less
+exaggerated reports from the South, but the market failed to respond and
+middling uplands advanced 11 cents.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The rise in the raw material caused sharp advances in cotton goods. In
+one week standard brown sheetings rose from 5.67 to 6 cents, wide bleached
+sheetings from 20 to 21 cents, standard brown drills from 5.67 to 5.87,
+and staple ginghams from 5 to 5.50 cents. Buyers who have been delaying
+for weeks are anxious to secure liberal supplies, both instant and
+distant.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">TWO APPEALS WHICH BROUGHT MUCH MONEY.</p>
+
+<p>Two appeals for aid which brought in much money were the following, the
+first one being by the G. A. R. and Women&#8217;s Relief Corps, Department of Texas:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>&#8220;The appalling calamity that has befallen Galveston and the coast
+country has smitten hundreds of our comrades in the city, villages
+and on farms. In many instances, portions of whole families are lost;
+in a hundred others, houses are wrecked, live stock killed and crops
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;George B. McClellan Post of this city is doing what it can, but its
+efforts are all inadequate. Systematic organized assistance alone can
+avert distress, and we therefore appeal to the members of this
+department in behalf of these comrades. They had made their last
+stand and effort to secure for themselves and families homes on the
+coast country of Texas. Their all is involved. Far along in the
+evening of their life they cannot recuperate.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;If there was time to make another crop they have nothing with which
+to make it. Unless we help them they must abandon their homes, their
+all. If the principles of our order&mdash;fraternity, charity and
+loyalty&mdash;are of any avail, it is time to show it. Fraternity means
+organization&mdash;charity means everything and is the &#8216;greatest of all.&#8217;
+Loyalty means standing by our comrades as well as the flag. They were
+our brothers in arms, they are our kindred in adversity.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We confidently expect every post, every member of every corps to
+contribute something. Remittances and supplies from the G. A. R.
+should be made to Colonel E. G. Rust, assistant quartermaster
+general, and from the Women&#8217;s Relief Corps to Mrs. Mina Metcalf, both
+of Houston, Texas.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;CHARLES B. PECK,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Department Commander.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;ANNETTE VAN HORN,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Department Commander.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>The other was by President Michaux of the Travelers&#8217; Protective
+Association, addressed to the members of the organization throughout the
+United States:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Whereas, A great calamity has befallen the city of Galveston,
+thousands of dead, dying and wounded to be cared for by our united
+and benevolent people; and</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Whereas, Numbers of traveling men are reported seriously wounded;
+therefore, to care for immediate wants, I deem it necessary to call
+on the traveling men to contribute as much as in their power to help,
+aid and assist our stricken companions.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Our association is able and will take care of all its unfortunate
+members, and I appeal to you in the name of charity and love to
+assist us in caring for them not so fortunate. Remit what you can
+afford by postoffice, express money order to James E. Ludlow, San
+Antonio, Texas. Secretaries of all local T. P. A. posts will receive
+and remit your subscriptions. I trust that this appeal to the
+traveling men will be met by a quick response. Sincerely and
+fraternally,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;D. W. MICHAUX, President.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Texas T. P. A. of America, Houston, Texas.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Insanity Follows Frightful Sufferings of the Poor Victims&mdash;Five Hundred
+Demented Ones&mdash;Indifferent to the Loss of Relatives.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Hundreds of people became insane during the week succeeding the flood.
+They had bravely borne the loss of relatives, the hunger and fatigue, had
+apparently been unmindful of the horrors of the catastrophe, and had, as a
+rule, given no indications of mental aberration while the disaster was on,
+but when the danger was passed and relief from the great strain came, the
+overburdened mind gave way.</p>
+
+<p>J. A. Fernandez, a prominent citizen of Galveston, who was connected with
+the relief work, told of many cases which came under his observation.</p>
+
+<p>The second Sunday following the storm, September 16, he said, in
+recounting his experiences:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There are at least 500 persons there whose minds have become unbalanced,
+and some have lost every vestige of their mental faculties, there being
+some raving maniacs among them; one of whom came under my personal
+observation. His name is Charles Thompson, a gardener. He occupied a room
+above me at the hotel, and during the night he kept raving and pacing the
+floor and kept calling on God to witness his action, continually invoking
+the mercy of the Deity. He has lost his family and home, and by a miracle
+saved himself.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As soon as he was out of personal danger on that awful night he commenced
+rescuing women and children and saved seventy people, according to a
+gentleman who knew the circumstances. He then lost his mind. He created so
+much excitement at the hotel that two policemen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> were detailed to capture
+him. He heard them approaching and leaped out of a three-story window to
+an adjoining building. His fall was somewhat broken, but his body struck a
+bay window in my room. He was badly injured, but continued his mad flight.
+He baffled his pursuers and escaped. This occurred at 5 o&#8217;clock this
+morning. This is only one illustration of the conditions that prevail
+there.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A man whose wife was drowned in the flood had been searching in vain for
+her remains for several days, and yesterday located the body in the water
+near Thirty-third street and Avenue G. Soldiers had also seen the body,
+and they took it in charge. He protested and rushed to take possession of
+the body. The soldiers were stern and had to discharge their duty, and the
+husband, practically demented, was bound while the body was thrown in the
+flames and soon burned to a crisp. The man made frantic efforts to get
+away from the soldiers, but to no avail.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the course of my rounds I saw a family of six half-naked, and they
+appeared crazy, and would look into the face of every stranger with a
+vacant stare that was pitiable in the extreme. They were hurrying in the
+direction of the places where provisions were being distributed. They had
+lost their homes, and had only the clothing on their backs. There were
+thousands in a similar condition.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I. Thompson, a young man who was very active in saving life during the
+night of the storm, became insane because of the awful scenes he
+witnessed. Thompson&#8217;s friends first noticed his condition when he told
+them that one of the persons he rescued had deposited $10,000 in one of
+the Galveston banks to his credit and that he was going to live in luxury
+the rest of his life.</p>
+
+<p>Thompson retired to his room on the third floor of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> Washington hotel
+Saturday night seemingly sane. Soon afterward he became violent. The
+person engaged to watch him was compelled to leave the room for a short
+time, and when he returned found Thompson had wrenched the shutters off
+his window and leaped out upon an awning and thence to the street. He was
+seen running toward the bay, and in all probability threw himself in and
+was drowned.</p>
+
+<p>Another case was that of a young woman who was caught in the storm, and
+with two other women and about fifty men and boys found refuge in an
+office. As the storm gradually subsided the young woman started for her
+home quite reassured. She found a wild waste of waters sweeping over the
+site of her home. Among the first victims carried into the temporary
+morgue were the young woman&#8217;s mother, brother and two children. These were
+quickly followed by her brother&#8217;s wife and her two sisters. The shock
+overthrew the girl&#8217;s reason, and she became a nervous wreck, without a
+relative in the world.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">STORM REFUGEES PRECIPITATE A PANIC IN A CONVENT.</p>
+
+<p>The Ursuline convent and academy, in charge of the Sisters of St. Angelo,
+proved a haven of refuge for nearly 1,000 homeless and storm-driven
+unfortunates. No one was refused admittance to the sheltering institution.
+Negroes and whites were taken in without question and the asylum was
+thrown open to all who sought its protecting wings.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of the storm the hundreds or more negroes grew wild and
+shouted and sang in true camp-meeting style until the nerves of the other
+refugees were shattered and a panic seemed imminent. It was then that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>
+Mother Superioress Joseph rang the chancel bell and caused a hush of the
+pandemonium. When quiet had been restored the mother addressed the negroes
+and told them that it was no time nor place for such scenes; that if they
+wanted to pray they should do so from their hearts, and the Creator of all
+things would hear their offerings above the roar of the hurricane, which
+raged with increased fury as she spoke to the awe-stricken assemblage.</p>
+
+<p>The negroes listened attentively and when the mother told them that all
+those who wished to be baptized and resign themselves to God could do so
+nearly every one asked that the sacrament be administered. The panic had
+been precipitated by the falling of the north wall of that section of the
+building in which the negroes had sought refuge. Order and silent prayer
+were brought about by the nun&#8217;s determination and presence of mind.</p>
+
+<p>Families that had been separated by the conflict of elements were united
+by the waters of the gulf tossing them into this haven of refuge.
+Heart-moving scenes were presented by these unions as the half-dead,
+mangled and bruised unfortunates were rescued and dragged from the waters
+by the more fortunate members of their families.</p>
+
+<p>The academy was to have opened for the fall session on Tuesday and
+forty-two boarding scholars from all parts of the State had arrived at the
+convent, preparatory to resuming their studies on that date. The community
+of nuns comprised forty sisters, and they, too, were there administering
+cheer and mercy to the sufferers, many of whom were more dead than alive
+when brought into the shelter. Within this religious home and in the cells
+of the nuns four babies came into this world during that dark night.</p>
+
+<p>Mother Joseph, in speaking of the incidents of the night within the
+convent walls, said that she believed it was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> first time in the
+history of the world that a baby had been born in the nuns&#8217; cell of a
+convent. They were christened, for no one expected to live to see the
+light of day, and it was voted that these babes should not leave the world
+they had just entered without baptism, and, regardless of the religious
+belief of the parents, the little ones were baptized.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">WASHED UP IN A TRUNK.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. William Henry Haldeman was one of the mothers and whose new-born babe
+was christened William Henry. The experiences of this mother were
+horrible. Only a chapter was learned by a reporter, as told by Mother
+Joseph. Mrs. Haldeman was thrown on the mercies of the storm when her home
+went down and was swept away. The family had separated when they started
+to abandon their home to the greed of the storm. When Mrs. Haldeman was
+carried away on the roof of the wrecked cottage she lost all trace of the
+other members of the family, but never lost faith and courage. The roof
+struck some obstruction and the next instant Mrs. Haldeman was hurled from
+her improvised raft and landed in a trunk which was rocked on the waves.</p>
+
+<p>Cramped up in the trunk, the poor woman, suffering agonies, was protected
+to a limited extent and was afforded some warmth. On went the trunk,
+tossed high on the sea, bumping against driftwood until the crude bark was
+hurled against the Ursuline convent walls and was pulled into the
+building. The little babe was born a few hours later, and while the good
+sisters and some of the women in the building were attending to the mother
+and child another chapter in this family&#8217;s history was being enacted just
+without the convent walls. In a tree in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> convent yard a young man, a
+brother of Mrs. Haldeman, battled with the wind and waters while clinging
+fast to the limb of the tree which swayed and bowed to the wind.</p>
+
+<p>He knew not where he was. He could but merely discern the outlines of the
+academy building. While not knowing his chance of life or death he heard
+the plaintive cry of a child near by. Reaching out with one hand he caught
+the dress of a little tot, who, child-like, cried out, &#8220;Me swimming.&#8221; The
+child had run the mill race buoyed by the force of the storm and had not
+had time to realize her peril. The young man in the tree was Mrs.
+Haldeman&#8217;s brother, and the child which had come to him on the waves was
+Mrs. Haldeman&#8217;s little girl. A few minutes afterward a rescuing party was
+sent out from the convent in response to cries for help and found the
+young man and his niece and brought him to the sheltering institution. The
+reunion of at least a part of the family followed a few minutes later.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Truhart, chairman of the organization of physicians for the relief of
+the wounded and sick, states that there is absolutely no further necessity
+for trained nurses and physicians.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SAVED AS BY A MIRACLE.</p>
+
+<p>Destitute save for a few personal effects carried in a small valise, and
+with nerves shattered by a week of horror, Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Prutsman,
+with their two daughters, 12 and 6 years old, reached Chicago Sunday
+morning, September 16, from the flood-swept district of Texas.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Yes, we were fortunate,&#8221; said Mrs. Prutsman, as she leaned wearily back
+in a rocking chair and tenderly contemplated the two children at her side.
+&#8220;It seems to me just like an awful dream, and when I think of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>hundreds and hundreds of children who were killed right before our very
+eyes, I feel as though I always ought to be satisfied no matter what
+comes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Prutsman said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The reports from Galveston are not half as appalling as the situation
+really is. We left the fated city Wednesday afternoon, going by boat to
+Texas City, and by rail to Houston. The condition of Galveston at that
+time, while showing an improvement, was awful, and never shall I forget
+the terrible scenes that met our eyes as the boat on which we left steamed
+out of the harbor. There were bodies on all sides of us. In some places
+they were piled six and seven deep, and the stench was horrible.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I resided with my family at 718 Nineteenth street. This is fourteen
+blocks away from the beach, yet my house was swept away at 5 p. m.
+Saturday, and with it went everything we had in the world. Fifteen minutes
+before I took my wife and children to the courthouse and we were saved,
+along with about 1,000 others who sought refuge there. When we went
+through the streets the water was up to our arms and we carried the
+children on our heads.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I assisted for several days in the work of rescue. In one pile of debris
+we found a woman who seemed to have escaped the flood, but who was injured
+and pinned down so she could not escape. A guard came along, and, after
+failing to rescue her, deliberately shot her to end her misery.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The streets present a grewsome appearance. Every available wagon and
+vehicle in the city is being used to transport the dead, and it is no
+uncommon thing to see a load of bodies ten deep. The stench in the city is
+nauseating. Since the flood the only water that could be used for drinking
+purposes was in cisterns, and it has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> become tainted with the slime and
+filth that covers the city until it is little better than no water at all.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Since the city was placed under martial law conditions have been much
+better and there is little lawlessness. The soldiers have shown no quarter
+and have orders to shoot on sight. This has had a wonderful effect on the
+disreputable characters who have flocked into the city.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Everybody who remains in Galveston is made to work, and the punishment
+for a refusal is about the same as that meted out to ghouls. I saw four
+colored men shot in one day. There were confined in the hold of a steamer
+in the harbor six colored men who were found by the soldiers with a flour
+sack almost filled with fingers and ears on which were jewels. These men
+probably have been publicly executed before this time.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the work of rescue we found whole families tied together with ropes,
+and in several instances mothers had their babes clasped in their arms.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Scores of unfortunates straggle into Houston every day and their
+condition is pitiable. Several have lost their reason. The citizens of
+Houston are doing all in their power to meet the demands of the sufferers,
+and every available building in the city has been converted into a
+hospital. When we arrived in Houston we scarcely had clothes enough to
+cover us and the citizens fitted us out and started us north. The fear of
+fever or some awful plague drove us from Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Already speculators are flocking into the city, and there is some
+activity among them over tax-title real estate. In several instances whole
+families were wiped out of existence, and the opportunities in this line
+seem to be great.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Serious Danger from Fire&mdash;Scarcity of Boats to Carry People to the
+Mainland&mdash;Laborers Imported into Galveston&mdash;Untold Sufferings on Bolivar Island&mdash;Experience of a Chicago Man.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />One of the serious dangers which Galveston faced for many days was fire.
+Not a drop of rain had fallen during the two weeks succeeding the
+hurricane, and the hot winds and blistering suns made the wrecked houses
+and buildings so much tinder, piled mountain high in every direction. In
+nearly all parts of the city the fire hydrants were buried fifty feet, in
+some places a hundred feet deep under the wreckage, and as yet the water
+supply at best was only of the most meager kind.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston&#8217;s fire department was small and badly crippled and would have
+been utterly powerless to stay the flames should they once start. There
+was no relief nearer than Houston, and that was hours away.</p>
+
+<p>In view of all the then existing conditions it was no wonder that the cry
+was: &#8220;Get the women and children to the mainland; anywhere off the
+island,&#8221; nor was it a wonder that with one small boat carrying only 300
+passengers and making only two trips a day people fairly fought to be
+taken aboard.</p>
+
+<p>All during Sunday, September 16, fears were entertained by the authorities
+that even this service would be cut off and Galveston left without any
+means of getting to the mainland owing to the trouble with the owner of
+the boat.</p>
+
+<p>The sanitary conditions did not improve to any great extent. Dr.
+Trueheart, chairman of the committee in charge of caring for the sick and
+injured, was proceeding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> with dispatch. More physicians were needed, and
+he requested that about thirty outside physicians come to Galveston and
+work for at least a month, and, if needed, longer.</p>
+
+<p>The city&#8217;s electric light service was completely destroyed and the city
+electrician said it would be sixty days before the business portion of the
+city could be lighted.</p>
+
+<p>A glorious and modern Galveston to be rebuilt in place of the old one, was
+the cry raised by the citizens, but it seemed a task beyond human power to
+ever remove the wreckage of the old city.</p>
+
+<p>The total number of people fed in the ten wards Saturday was 16,144.
+Sunday the number increased slightly. No accurate statement of the amount
+of supplies could be obtained as they were put in the general stock as
+soon as received.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">GALVESTON SCARED BY A FIRE.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston received another scare Sunday night, the 16th, when it became
+rumored that Houston, where all the relief trains were side-tracked, was
+burning with its precious supplies of food and clothing.</p>
+
+<p>The scare grew out of a $400,000 fire in Houston, which destroyed the
+Merchants and Planters&#8217; oil mill, the largest in the world. The fire broke
+out at noon, but was not observable until nightfall, when the glow in the
+sky could be seen for a great distance.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston was reassured by telegraph that a second southern Texas calamity
+was out of the question and that the relief supplies were safe.</p>
+
+<p>One feature of the efforts to relieve the people of Galveston was the
+delay in getting supplies to the island<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> city. Trainload after trainload
+was in Houston, which would have assisted materially in the work of
+relief, but on account of the limited transportation facilities they could
+not be hurried there. There was but one track and it was of light rails
+and was used only for terminal business. Even if the supplies were at
+Texas City they could not be moved fast, as there were not enough boats of
+light draft at Galveston. Buffalo bayou could be used from Houston, but it
+was impossible to get the boats for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">LABORERS IMPORTED INTO GALVESTON.</p>
+
+<p>The general committee of public safety at Galveston decided, on September
+17, to import laborers. This action was taken with the consent of the
+local unions. Skilled mechanics had been busy burying the dead without
+pay, but were relieved of this work and replaced by imported unskilled
+labor.</p>
+
+<p>According to Dr. William W. Meloy of Chicago, who has investigated the
+health situation, there was no fever in Galveston September 17.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The water supply has been adequate,&#8221; he said, &#8220;and is not liable to
+contamination. Nervous prostration, hysteria and mild dementia occur among
+the wealthy class, due to shock, exhaustion and grief. Among the poorer
+classes the use of spoiled food during the earlier part of the week has
+led to intestinal troubles. Several cases of heat prostration have
+occurred among the workmen. The danger from the unburied dead is mostly to
+the people who handle them.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Major Frank M. Spencer arrived at Galveston on September 16 with $50,000
+cash from Governor Sayers, to be expended in hastening the disposal of the
+debris and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> burial of bodies. Major Spencer arrived too late to bank
+the money and for twenty-four hours it rested in the safe of the Tremont
+House, guarded by soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston passed the first Sunday following the disaster burying the dead
+and clearing away debris. General Scurry&#8217;s order that all men able to work
+should labor to the limit of their strength was carried out to the letter.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We&#8217;re thankful,&#8221; said Mayor Jones on Monday, when told of the arrival of
+the Chicago relief train at Houston. &#8220;You can&#8217;t make that statement too
+strong to the people of Chicago. We are thankful and thankful again.
+Chicago people are among the staunchest friends in the world in times like
+these. Yes, we&#8217;ll build Galveston up again, and, like Chicago, we&#8217;ll make
+it a better city than it was. We shall never forget the kindness of the
+people of Chicago in coming so generously to our relief, and we all thank
+them from the bottom of our hearts.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">A HELP IN GETTING RELIEF SUPPLIES TO THE NEEDY.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements were completed by the Santa Fe road September 17 whereby it
+established a barge line to Galveston from Virginia Point. This helped
+somewhat in getting relief supplies from the mainland.</p>
+
+<p>Clara Barton, head of the Red Cross league, arrived at Galveston that day.</p>
+
+<p>Captain W. A. Hutchins, superintendent of the Galveston life-saving
+station, returned from a trip along the island and reported that he saw a
+great many bodies. He said the life-saving crew at San Luis had taken from
+the beach 181 bodies and buried them at different points along the island.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">UNTOLD SUFFERINGS OF A FAMILY ON BOLIVAR ISLAND.</p>
+
+<p>After suffering untold privations for over a week on Bolivar peninsula, an
+isolated neck of land extending into Galveston bay a few miles from the
+east end of Galveston island, the Rev. L. P. Davis, wife and five young
+children reached Houston September 17 famished, penniless and nearly
+naked, but overcome with amazement and joy at their miraculous delivery
+from what seemed to them certain death. Wind and water wrecked their home,
+annihilated their neighbors and destroyed every particle of food for miles
+around, yet they passed through the terrible days and nights raising their
+voices above the shriek of the wind in singing hymns and in prayer. And
+through it all not one member of the family was injured to the extent of
+even a scratch.</p>
+
+<p>When the hurricane struck the Rev. Mr. Davis&#8217; home at Patton beach the
+water rose so fast that it was pouring into the windows before the members
+of the family realized their danger. Rushing out Mr. Davis hitched his
+team and placing his wife and children into a wagon started for a place of
+safety. Before they had left his yard another family of refugees drove up
+to ask assistance, only to be upset by the waves before his very eyes.
+With difficulty the party was saved from drowning, and when safe in the
+Davis wagon were half floated, half drawn by the team to a grove.</p>
+
+<p>With clotheslines Mr. Davis lashed his 12 and 14 year old boys in a tree.
+One younger child he secured with the chain of his wagon, and lifting his
+wife into another tree he climbed beside her.</p>
+
+<p>While the hurricane raged above and a sea of water<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> dashed wildly below,
+Mrs. Davis clung to her 6-month-old babe with one arm, while with the
+other she held fast to her precarious haven of refuge. The minister held a
+baby of 18 months in the same manner, and while the little one cried for
+food he prayed. In other trees the family he had rescued from drowning
+found a precarious footing.</p>
+
+<p>When the night had passed and the water receded, wreckage, dead animals
+and the corpses of parishioners surrounded the devoted party. There was
+nothing to eat, and, nearly dead with exhaustion, the preacher and his
+little flock set out on foot to seek assistance. They were too weak to
+continue far and sank down on the plain, while Mr. Davis pushed on alone.
+Five miles away a farmhouse was found, partially intact, and securing a
+team Davis returned for his half-dead party.</p>
+
+<p>For two days they remained at the home of the hospitable farmer and then
+set out afoot to find a hamlet or make their way over the desert-like
+peninsula to Bolivar Point. In the heat of the burning sun they plodded on
+along the water front, subsisting upon a steer which they killed and
+devoured raw, until finally they came upon an abandoned and overturned
+sailboat high on the beach.</p>
+
+<p>With a united effort they succeeded in launching the boat and with
+improvised distress signals displayed managed to sail to Galveston. There,
+because of red tape, they were unable to secure clothing, although they
+were given a little food and transportation to Houston. Clad in an old
+pair of trousers, a tattered shirt and torn shoes, with his family in even
+worse plight, the circuit rider of the Patton Beach, Johnston&#8217;s Bethel,
+Bolivar Point and High Island Methodist churches rode into Houston, dirty,
+weak and half-starved. Here the family were sent to a hospital and cared
+for.</p>
+
+<p>They were sent to Dickinson, Tex., where they had <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>relatives, who aided
+them until the Methodist church came to their relief.</p>
+
+<p>Bolivar reported that up to September 16, 220 bodies had been found and
+
+buried and many were still lying on the sands. Assistance was needed. It
+was a fact generally commented upon and merely emphasized by the
+clergyman&#8217;s experience, that while succor was being rushed to Galveston
+other sufferers were neglected. The relief trains en route from Houston to
+Galveston traversed a storm-swept section where famishing and nearly naked
+survivors sat on the wrecks of their homes and hungrily watched tons of
+provisions whirling past them while there was little prospect of aid
+reaching them.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">MAN HAD HIS BROKEN NECK SET.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most difficult operations known to medical history, and a
+rarity, was performed by Drs. Johnson, Lucas and Ryon Monday morning,
+September 17, at a hospital in Houston.</p>
+
+<p>F. H. Wigzell, of Alvin, a suburban town not far from Galveston, was blown
+half a mile in his house and suffered dislocation of the cervical
+vertebr&aelig;. His head fell forward on his chest and he had no power to raise
+it. It was a plain case of broken neck and the physicians operated
+successfully. They placed the neck in a plaster cast and the man will live
+for years to come.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">MOST TERRIBLE WEEK OF HIS LIFE.</p>
+
+<p>L. F. Menage of Chicago, who returned from Galveston the Friday night
+succeeding the disaster, reached the Tremont Hotel, Galveston, the Friday
+evening before the terrible storm began. He said it had been the most
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>terrible week in his experience; the most awful two days a man could
+imagine were the Sunday and Monday succeeding the hurricane.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;One man would ask another how his family had come out,&#8221; said Mr. Menage,
+&#8220;and the answer would be indifferent and hard&mdash;almost offish: &#8216;Oh, all
+gone.&#8217; &#8216;All gone&#8217; was the phrase on all sides.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The night before the disaster, when I reached the hotel, it was blowing
+rather hard, and the clerk said we were in for a storm, and I asked him if
+his roof was firmly fixed, and he said, &#8216;Well, it won&#8217;t be quite as bad as
+that,&#8217; but by the next night at the same time there was three feet of
+water in the rotunda and the skylight had fallen in and the servants&#8217;
+annex had been blown to pieces, and the place was crowded with refugees
+who arrived from all points of the city in boats. Saturday night there was
+little sleep, yet no one realized the extent of the disaster.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;On Sunday morning one could walk on the higher streets, so quickly had
+the water gone down. I took a walk along the beach, and the place was one
+great litter of overturned houses, debris of all kinds and corpses. I met
+one woman who burst into tears at sight of a small rocker, her property
+mixed in among the wreckage. She had lost all her family in the flood.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;People were for the most part bereft of their senses from the horror, and
+a single funeral would have seemed more terrible&mdash;more solemn&mdash;than a pile
+of cremated bodies.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The tales of looting are only too true, and as I passed northward in a
+sailboat on Tuesday I heard the shots ring out which told some ghoul was
+paying the penalty. Galveston will rise again on the old site, and without
+as much difficulty as is at present anticipated. Most of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> people will,
+however, try and live on the mainland. At least 5,000 persons perished.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE FLOOD HORRORS DROVE THEM CRAZY.</p>
+
+<p>Three-fourths of the people who applied for relief were mentally dull. The
+physicians said with proper care most of them might be cured.</p>
+
+<p>A young girl was brought into the general relief station in Galveston on
+Friday night. The relief corps found her huddled up in an empty freight
+car, laughing and singing to amuse herself. The doctors said food and care
+were all she needed to restore her to reason.</p>
+
+<p>It was over a week after the flood before those from the outside really
+began to find out what the awful calamity was to the people in the
+desolated city.</p>
+
+<p>The first shock was wearing off, the long lists of dead and missing were
+getting to be an old story, and the sick and suffering were crawling into
+places of refuge. Some of them had been sleeping on the open prairies ever
+since the storm, most of them, in fact, men with broken arms and legs,
+sick women and ailing children.</p>
+
+<p>They would crawl out of the wreck of their homes and lie down on the bare
+ground to die.</p>
+
+<p>Relief parties found such as these every day and brought them into the
+hospitals as fast as possible. One relief party found 5,000 people in the
+vicinity of Galveston homeless, helpless, hopeless and tearless.</p>
+
+<p>It was a sight to cause a stone statue to weep.</p>
+
+<p>Monday, September 17, a man rode up to a hospital at Houston, and told the
+doctors he had just come from the Brazos bottoms.</p>
+
+<p>Said he: &#8220;The folks there are starving. There is not a pound of flour left
+and the children are crying for milk.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> There are so many sick people there
+that we don&#8217;t know what to do. Can you send some one down?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The physician in charge said he would go at once.</p>
+
+<p>The man on horseback leaned over his saddle and tried to speak. Something
+in his face frightened me. I called to two doctors. They ran out and
+caught him. He was in a dead faint. When we had brought him to he laughed
+sheepishly.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I don&#8217;t know what&#8217;s the matter with me,&#8221; he said. &#8220;Ain&#8217;t never been taken
+this way before.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The doctors looked at each other and smiled, but the nurses&#8217; eyes were
+full of tears. The man had not tasted food for thirty-six hours, and he
+had ridden fifty miles in the broiling Texas sun.</p>
+
+<p>More troops were called for on September 17 by Governor Sayers of Texas to
+relieve those on duty at Galveston who were worn out by their hard work.
+The response was prompt and hearty.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Two Women Tell How They Were Affected at Galveston&mdash;One Arrived After the
+Catastrophe, While the Other Was in the Storm from Beginning to End.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />A woman&mdash;a newspaper correspondent, and the first of the fair sex from the
+outside to gain admittance to the Sealed City of Galveston&mdash;wrote a
+description of what she saw and heard there. She arrived in Galveston on
+Friday, and although she was on a relief train carrying doctors, nurses
+and medical supplies, she had hard work to get past the file of soldiers
+at the wharf, but she at last succeeded.</p>
+
+<p>Said she:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The engineer who brought our train down from Houston spent the night
+before groping around in the wrecks on the beach looking for his wife and
+three children. He found them, dug a rude grave in the sand and set up a
+little board marked with his name.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The man in front of me on the car had floated all Monday night with his
+wife and mother on a part of the roof of his little home. He told me that
+he kissed his wife good-by at midnight and told her that he could not hold
+on any longer; but he did hold on, dazed and half-conscious, until the day
+broke and showed him that he was alone on his piece of driftwood. He did
+not even know when the woman that he loved had died.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Every man on the train&mdash;there were no women there&mdash;had lost some one that
+he loved in the terrible disaster, and was going across the bay to try and
+find some trace of his family.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>As the train neared Texas City, near Galveston, a great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> flame leaped up,
+and she said to one of four men near her, &#8220;What a terrible fire! Some of
+the large buildings must be burning.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>She then went on to say:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A man who was passing on the deck behind my chair heard me. He stopped,
+put his hand on the bulwark and turned down and looked into my face, his
+face like the face of a dead man; but he laughed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Buildings!&#8217; he said. &#8216;Don&#8217;t you know what is burning over there? It is
+my wife and children&mdash;such little children! Why, the tallest was not as
+high as this&#8217;&mdash;he laid his hand on the bulwark&mdash;&#8216;and the little one was
+just learning to talk.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;She called my name the other day, and now they are burning over
+there&mdash;they and the mother who bore them. She was such a little, tender,
+delicate thing, always so easily frightened, and now she&#8217;s out there all
+alone with the two babies, and they&#8217;re burning.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The man laughed again and began again to walk up and down the deck.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;That&#8217;s right,&#8217; said the Marshal of the State of Texas, taking off his
+broad hat and letting the starlight shine on his strong face. &#8216;That&#8217;s
+right. We had to do it. We&#8217;ve burned over 1,000 people to-day, and
+to-morrow we shall burn as many more.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Yesterday we stopped burying the bodies at sea; we had to give the men
+on the barges whisky to give them courage to do the work. They carried out
+hundreds of the dead at one time, men and women, negroes and white people,
+all piled up as high as the barge could stand it, and the men did not go
+out far enough to sea, and the bodies have begun drifting back again.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Look!&#8217; said the man who was walking the deck, touching my shoulder with
+his shaking hand. &#8216;Look there!&#8217;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>&#8220;Before I had time to think I had to look, and saw floating in the water
+the body of an old woman, whose hair was shining in the starlight, A
+little farther on we saw a group of strange driftwood.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We looked closer and found it to be a mass of wooden slabs, with names
+and dates cut upon them, and floating on top of them were marble stones,
+two of them.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The graveyard, which has held the sleeping citizens of Galveston for
+many, many years, was giving up its dead. We pulled up at a little wharf
+in the hush of the starlight; there were no lights anywhere in the city
+except a few scattered lamps shining from a few desolate, half-destroyed
+houses. We picked our way up the street. The ground was slimy with the
+debris of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We climbed over wreckage and picked our way through heaps of rubbish. The
+terrible, sickening odor almost overcame us, and it was all that I could
+do to shut my teeth and get through the streets somehow. The soldiers were
+camping on the wharf front, lying stretched out on the wet sand, the
+hideous, hideous sand, stained and streaked in the starlight with dark and
+cruel blotches. They challenged us, but the marshal took us through under
+his protection. At every street corner there was a guard, and every guard
+wore a six-shooter strapped around his waist.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I went toward the heart of the city. I do not know what the names of the
+streets were or where I was going. I simply picked my way through masses
+of slime and rubbish which scar the beautiful wide streets of the once
+beautiful city.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They won&#8217;t bear looking at, those piles of rubbish. There are things
+there that gripe the heart to see&mdash;a baby&#8217;s shoe, for instance, a little
+red shoe, with a jaunty tasseled lace&mdash;a bit of a woman&#8217;s dress and letters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>&#8220;The stench from these piles of rubbish is almost overpowering. Down in
+the very heart of the city most of the dead bodies have been removed, but
+it will not do to walk far out. To-day I came upon a group of people in a
+by-street, a man and two women, colored. The man was big and muscular, one
+of the women was old and one was young.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They were dipping in a heap of rubbish and when they heard my footsteps
+the man turned an evil, glowering face upon me and the young woman hid
+something in the folds of her dress. Human ghouls, these, prowling in
+search of prey.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A moment later there was noise and excitement in the little narrow
+street, and I looked back and saw the negro running, with a crowd at his
+heels. The crowd caught him and would have killed him, but a policeman
+came up.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They tied his hands and took him through the streets with a whooping
+rabble at his heels. It goes hard with a man in Galveston caught looting
+the dead in these days.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A young man well known in the city shot and killed a negro who was
+cutting the ears from a living woman&#8217;s head to get her ear rings out. The
+negro lay in the streets like a dead dog, and not even the members of his
+own race would give him the tribute of a kindly look.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The abomination of desolation reigns on every side. The big houses are
+dismantled, their roofs gone, windows broken, and the high water mark
+showing inconceivably high on the paint. The little houses are
+gone&mdash;either completely gone as if they were made of cards and a giant
+hand which was tired of playing with them had swept them all off the board
+and put them away, or they are lying in heaps of kindling wood covering no
+one knows what horrors beneath.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>&#8220;The main streets of the city are pitiful. Here and there a shop of some
+sort is left standing. South Fifth street looks like an old man&#8217;s jaw,
+with one or two straggling teeth protruding. The merchants are taking
+their little stores of goods that have been left them and are spreading
+them out in the bright sunshine, trying to make some little husbanding of
+their small capital. The water rushed through the stores as it did through
+the houses, in an irresistible avalanche that carried all before it. The
+wonder is not that so little of Galveston is left standing, but that there
+is any of it at all.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Every street corner has its story, in its history of misery and human
+agony bravely endured. The eye-witnesses of a hundred deaths have talked
+to me and told me their heart-rendering stories, and not one of them has
+told of a cowardly death.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The women met their fate as did the men, bravely and for the most part
+with astonishing calmness. A woman told me that she and her husband went
+into the kitchen and climbed upon the kitchen table to get away from the
+waves, and that she knelt there and prayed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As she prayed, the storm came in and carried the whole house away, and
+her husband with it, and yesterday she went out to the place where her
+husband had been, and there was nothing there but a little hole in the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Her husband&#8217;s body was found twisted in the branches of a tree, half a
+mile from the place where she last saw him. She recognized him by a locket
+he had around his neck&mdash;the locket she gave him before they were married.
+It had her picture and a lock of the baby&#8217;s hair in it. The woman told me
+all this without a tear or a trace of emotion. No one cries here.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They will stand and tell the most hideous stories, stories<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> that would
+turn the blood in the veins of a human machine cold with horror, without
+the quiver of an eyelid. A man sat in the telegraph office and told me how
+he had lost two Jersey cows and some chickens.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He went into minute particulars, told how his house was built and what it
+cost, and how it was strengthened and made firm against the weather. He
+told me how the storm had come and swept it all away, and how he had
+climbed over a mass of wabbling roofs and found a friend lying in the
+curve of a big roof, in the stoutest part of the tide, and how they two
+had grasped each other and what they said.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He told me just how much his cows cost and why he was so fond of them,
+and how hard he had tried to save them, but I said: &#8216;You have saved
+yourself and your family; you ought not to complain.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The man stared at me with blank, unseeing eyes.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Why, I did not save my family,&#8217; he said. &#8216;They were all drowned. I
+thought you knew that; I don&#8217;t talk very much about it.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The hideous horror of the whole thing has benumbed every one who saw it.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ILLINOIS GIRL HAS A TRYING TIME IN THE RUINED CITY.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Alice Pixley, of Elgin, Ill., arrived at her home on Sunday,
+September 16, from Galveston, where she had a most trying time during the
+storm. She told her story in a wonderfully graphic way.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I had been in Galveston for about six weeks, visiting Miss Lulu George,
+who lives on Thirty-fifth street between N and N &#189; streets. It was not
+until after the noon hour of Monday that we were frightened. Buildings
+had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> gone down as mere egg shells before that death-dealing wind.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;About 1:30 o&#8217;clock I told Miss George that we must make our way to
+another building about half a block away. The water had risen over five
+feet in two hours, and as I hurried to the front door the wind tore down
+my hair and I was blinded for a time.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I turned my eyes to the west and for three long miles there was not a
+building standing, everything had been swept away. How we ever reached the
+two-story building a hundred yards away I do not know. We waded through
+the water and every few minutes we were carried off our feet and dashed
+against the floating debris.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The building we were trying to reach was a store and the foundation kept
+out the water. We hurried to the cellar and stayed there for several
+hours. At last the wind-swept waves found an opening and broke through the
+foundation and we had a mad run to escape the rushing, swirling waters.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We reached the first floor and I shrank into a corner, expecting every
+second to be carried out to my death. How it happened I can never tell,
+but this and one other building were the only ones left for blocks around.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As it was several people were killed in the building we occupied and the
+other house that was left standing.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;After a time I felt faint from hunger and, while too weak from fright to
+seek food, I told Miss George that I would go into another room. I
+staggered along the floor until I reached a window, and fell, half
+fainting, through it. As I leaned there I witnessed sights that I pray God
+will never make another see.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Whirling by me, bodies, more than I could dare count, were crushed and
+mangled between a jumble of timbers and debris. Men, women and children
+went by, sinking,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> floating, dashing on I know not where. I wanted to
+close my eyes, but I could not. I cried aloud and made an attempt to go to
+my friends, but I was exhausted and all I could do was to watch the
+terrible scenes.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Babies, oh, such pretty little ones, too, were carried on and on, gowned
+in dainty clothing, their eyes open, staring in mute terror above. Thank
+Providence they were dead.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I was partly blinded by tears, but I could still see through the mist.
+Little arms seemed to stretch toward me asking assistance and there I lay,
+half prostrated, too weak to lend assistance.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;How it all ended I know not. I must have fainted for I awakened with &#8216;We
+are saved, Alice,&#8217; ringing in my ears.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;When I found we could get out of the city I declared I would go at all
+costs. I thought of home and my parents and I wanted to telegraph, just
+like thousands of others, that I was safe.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It was days before we could get away, however, and then it was in a most
+terrible confusion. Eighty-eight persons crowded on a small boat and
+started for Houston.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The day we left the militia was out in all its force. I could hear the
+sharp report of a rifle and the wail of some soul as he paid the penalty
+for his thieving operations.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Later I saw the soldiers with their glistening rifles leveled at scores
+of men and saw them topple forward dead. Oh, they had to shoot those
+terrible beasts, for they were robbing the dead. They groveled in blood,
+it seemed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I saw with my own eyes the fingers of women cut off by regular demons in
+the search for jewels. The soldiers came and killed them and it was well.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">HUMAN BODIES IN FIRE HEAP.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As we made our way toward the boat that was to take us from the City of
+Death I saw great clouds of smoke rising in the air. Upon the top of
+flaming boards thousands of bodies were being reduced to ashes.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It was best, for the odor that arose from the dead bodies was awful.
+Still it made one&#8217;s heart ache with a sorrow never to be equaled as one
+witnessed little children tossed into the midst of the hissing flames. Do
+you wonder I cry?</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Before me, no matter which way I turned, I could see dead bodies, their
+cold eyes gazing at me with staring intentness. I closed my eyes and
+stumbled forward, hoping I might escape for a moment the sight of dead
+bodies, but no; the moment I would open them again, right at my feet I
+would find the form of some poor creature.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">FULLY 10,000 ARE DEAD.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Coming to Chicago on the train I read the papers. They are mistaken, away
+wrong. They only say 5,000 dead. It will be more than 10,000.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I know I am right; every one in Galveston talks of 12,000, 15,000 and
+18,000 dead, but it will be 10,000 at the very least.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I believe the worst sight I witnessed was the 2,800 bodies being carried
+out to sea and buried in the gulf. Huge barges were tied at the wharves
+and loaded with the unknown dead. As fast as one barge was filled it made
+its way out from the shore, and weighting the bodies, men cast them into
+the water.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Oh, those eyes,&#8221; she cried, &#8220;that I might put them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> from my mind. I can
+see those little children, mere babies go floating by my place of refuge,
+dead, dead! God alone knows the suffering I went through. Thousands, yes
+thousands of poor souls were carried over the brink of death in the
+twinkling of an eye, and I saw it all.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Twenty Thousand People Fed Every Day at a Cost of $40,000&mdash;Incidents at
+the Relief Stations&mdash;Applicants and Their Peculiarities&mdash;Great Mortality Among the Negroes.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Twenty thousand people were fed and cared for daily in Galveston for many
+days with the supplies which poured in from all parts of the country. This
+number was cut at least one-half about October 1.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the aid extended after the first week of suffering
+was $40,000 a day. The great bulk of the aid went to the 4,000 men at work
+cleaning up the wreckage, digging for bodies and cleaning the streets.
+Through them it went to their families. No able-bodied laboring man was
+allowed to escape the work, whether he needed aid or not, though most of
+them did. The business men in position to resume were allowed to attend to
+their stores, and their clerical forces were not interfered with.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, September 18, the debris-hunting and street-cleaning work was
+put upon a cash basis, the wages being $1.50. Time had been kept from the
+beginning, though the records were not complete. All were paid for the
+full time they worked. This applied to those who had to be made to work at
+the point of a bayonet as well as those who volunteered their services.</p>
+
+<p>This aid was given in the form of orders for tools for mechanics, lumber
+for those who had homes they wished to repair, etc. Heretofore practically
+every able-bodied man had been made to work, and unless he worked he got
+no supplies. The first few days&#8217; wages consisted entirely of rations,
+which were given according to the number and needs of the laborer&#8217;s
+family, regardless of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> amount of work he accomplished. Since other
+supplies began coming in they had been added.</p>
+
+<p>The work of distribution was conducted systematically and with an apparent
+minimum of imposition and fraud. There was a central committee, of which
+W. A. McVitie, a prominent business man, was chairman. Then there was a
+committee for each one of the twelve wards. As fast as goods or provisions
+arrived from the mainland they were placed in the central warehouse, from
+which the different ward chairmen requisitioned them, and they were taken
+to supply depots in the different wards. All day long there was a motley
+crowd around every one of these depots, negroes predominating at least two
+to one. Every applicant passed in review before the ward chairman.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Ah want a dress foh ma sistah,&#8221; said a big negress.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You&#8217;re &#8217;Manda Jones, and you haven&#8217;t any sister living here,&#8221; replied the
+chairman.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Foh de Lord, ah has; ah ain&#8217;t &#8217;Mandy Jones at all; we done live on Avenue
+N before de storm, and we los&#8217; everything.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Go out with this woman and find out if she has a sister who needs a
+dress,&#8221; ordered the chairman to a committeeman. In this way check was kept
+on all the applicants for aid.</p>
+
+<p>At the Fifth ward distributing station clothing was given away the evening
+of the 17th. A negro woman, who had been refused a supply, went outside
+and by way of revenge pointed out different ones of her friends and
+neighbors whom she alleged were similarly unentitled.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Dat woman done los&#8217; nuthin&#8217; at all,&#8221; she shrieked. &#8220;Ah did not los&#8217;
+nuthin&#8217; mahself and doan wan&#8217; nuthin&#8217;.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;What&#8217;s the trouble?&#8221; asked a bystander.</p>
+
+<p>An old negress who was lined up waiting her turn <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>replied. &#8220;Oh, she&#8217;s mad
+&#8217;cause de white folks won&#8217;t give her nuthin&#8217;.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>So far no woman had been required to work, but a strong feeling developed
+to compel negro women to work cleaning up the houses. There were plenty of
+people who were willing to hire them, but as long as free food and
+clothing could be secured it was hard to get colored women to go in and
+clean up the partially ruined homes.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Our supply of foodstuffs is adequate,&#8221; said Chairman McVitie, &#8220;but just
+now we are a little short of clothing. We have no idea of the contents of
+the cars on the road to us. Frequently we don&#8217;t know anything is coming
+until the cars reach Texas City. With the money which has been coming in
+we have been augmenting our supplies by purchasing of local merchants in
+lines where there was a shortage. What do we need most? Money. If we have
+money we can order just what we need and probably get better value than
+the people who are buying it. Many people have made the mistake of sending
+money to Houston and Dallas and asking committees there to buy for us.
+They do not know just what we need, and if we had the money we could do
+better for ourselves. Money should be sent to us.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>One of the most remarkable things attending the Galveston disaster was the
+fortitude of the people. Their loss in relatives, friends and property had
+been so overwhelming that it seemed too much to be expressed with outward
+grief.</p>
+
+<p>Two men who had not seen each other since the disaster met in the street.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;How many did you lose?&#8221; they asked by common impulse.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I lost all my property, but my wife and I came through all right.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>&#8220;I was not so fortunate. My wife and my little boy were both drowned.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There was an expression of sympathy from the other, but nothing
+approaching a tear from either.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They are making good progress cleaning up,&#8221; remarked the one whose losses
+were heaviest, with a pleasant smile. The other one made a light answer
+and they passed on.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Galveston had seen so much death that they were temporarily
+hardened to it. The announcement of the loss of another friend meant
+little to a man who had seen the dead bodies of his neighbors and
+towns-people hauled to the wharf by the drayload.</p>
+
+<p>No services were attempted for the dead until nearly a month had passed.
+Neither were there memorial services.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. J. M. K. Kerwin, priest in charge of St. Mary&#8217;s Catholic
+cathedral, said: &#8220;It was impossible. Priest and layman had to join in the
+work of cleaning the city of dead bodies. I don&#8217;t expect there will be
+memorial services for a month.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Father Kerwin&#8217;s church was among the few which was comparatively little
+damaged. He set the value of Catholic property destroyed in the city at
+$300,000. Included in this loss was the Ursula convent and academy, which
+was badly damaged. It covered four blocks between Twenty-fifth and
+Twenty-seventh streets and Avenues N and O. It was the finest in the
+South.</p>
+
+<p>The city rapidly improved in its sanitary conditions. The smell from the
+ooze and mud with which most of the streets were filled was stronger ten
+days after the tragedy than that which came from the debris heaps
+containing undiscovered bodies. When these heaps were being burned and the
+wind carried the smoke over the city<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> the odor was very similar to that
+which afflicts Chicago at night when refuse is being burned at the stock
+yards, and no worse. Soon even the odor of the slime was gone. Every
+dumpcart in the city was at work.</p>
+
+<p>Every Galveston business man talked confidently of the future of the city,
+though many of the clerks announced their intention of going away as soon
+as they can accumulate money enough.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I am not afraid of another storm,&#8221; said a clerk in one of the principal
+stores. &#8220;But I&#8217;m sick and tired of the whole business.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Southwestern Telephone and Telegraph Company, which is a branch of the
+Erie system, early began to rebuild its telephone system there.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This will take us three months, and in the meantime we will give no
+service save long-distance,&#8221; said D. McReynolds, superintendent of
+construction. &#8220;We will install a central emergency system the same as that
+in Chicago and put all wires under ground. We will employ 500 men if
+necessary to do the work in ninety days. The company&#8217;s losses in Texas are
+$300,000&mdash;$200,000 here, $60,000 at Houston and the rest at other points.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Residents were greatly pleased at this announcement, as it showed the
+confidence of a foreign company in the future of Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">FIFTEEN HUNDRED NEGROES PERISHED AT GALVESTON.</p>
+
+<p>William Guest, a Pullman car porter, returned to Chicago from the
+storm-stricken district Monday, September 17. He said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I left Harrisburg night before last, and things then in the neighborhood
+were in a dreadful state. Galveston is about twenty miles distant, and the
+refugees were pouring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> in the direction of Houston in great numbers. Many
+well-to-do colored people have lost all they had. The Rev. W. H. Cain, a
+colored Episcopal minister, and his entire family were killed, and it was
+reported to me that Mrs. Cuney, the widow of Wright Cuney, was also lost,
+as well as a number of colored teachers employed in the public schools. At
+Houston relief committees have been organized.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Mr. Cain was well known in Chicago, having preached several times
+from the pulpit of the St. Thomas Episcopal church on Dearborn near
+Thirtieth street.</p>
+
+<p>Cyrus Field Adams, publisher of the Appeal, Chicago, received a letter
+from Galveston from W. H. Noble, Jr., saying that about 1,500
+Afro-Americans lost their lives in the storm, and that fully 10,000 were
+homeless.</p>
+
+<p>Cooped up in a house that collapsed after being carried along by a deluge
+of water, John Elford, brother of A. B. Elford, No. 269 South Lincoln
+street, Chicago, his wife and little grandson, met death in the flood
+during the Galveston storm. Milton, son of John Elford, was in the
+building with the family at the time, and was the only one of the many
+occupants including fifteen women known to have escaped.</p>
+
+<p>A. B. Elford, bookkeeper for A. M. Foster &amp; Co., No. 120 Lake street, was
+dumfounded when he received the first information of the disaster, for he
+had no idea of his brother being in Texas. John Elford was a retired
+farmer and merchant of Langdon, N. D. He had taken his family on a trip to
+old and New Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>On September 17 Mr. Elford received the following letter from Langdon, N. D.:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;We have just received a letter from Milton. Father, mother, Dwight
+and Milton went to Galveston from Mineral Springs, Tex., where they
+had previously been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>stopping. They were so delighted with Galveston
+on reaching there that they sold their return tickets and decided to
+remain about two months. They were at first in a house near the
+beach, but moved farther away and to a larger and stronger house when
+the water began to rise.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;All at once the water came down the street bringing houses and
+debris. They started to build a raft, but before it could be got
+together the house started to float. It had gone but a short distance
+when it went to pieces. Milton was struck with something and knocked
+out into the water. He came up, caught a timber and climbed to a
+roof, and thus managed to make his escape. He saw no one escape from
+the building as it collapsed. We do not believe the bodies have yet
+been recovered.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We have wired for more definite news regarding the bodies, but have
+heard nothing more.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;EDGAR ELFORD.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Dwight Elford, one of the drowned, was only five years old. He was the son
+of George Elford of Langdon.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE TAIL-END OF THE WEST INDIAN HURRICANE.</p>
+
+<p>On September 18 a tropical cyclone was central near these islands. The
+storm set in Monday morning, September 17, and was raging with increased
+severity the next day. Heavy cyclone rollers were sweeping in upon the
+coast and a strong northeast gale was blowing.</p>
+
+<p>All of the telegraph wires were blown down.</p>
+
+<p>Southeast rollers began to wash the shores Sunday, but the barometer
+continued high. During the night, however, it commenced falling, showing
+29.91 inches. At 7 o&#8217;clock in the morning the wind was rising. By noon it
+had reached gale force from the northeast and rain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> was falling. The
+barometer then recorded 29.71 inches. The storm continued to increase
+during the afternoon, and at 4 o&#8217;clock the wind was blowing more than
+sixty miles an hour, carrying away the telegraph wires. Heavy seas were
+rushing in upon the coast. The barometer continued to fall, recording only
+29.32 inches, but the wind veered to the north, although it was still
+blowing with some violence.</p>
+
+<p>A correspondent at St. John&#8217;s, N. F., telegraphed as follows the same day:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;From all quarters of Newfoundland come reports of devastation wrought by
+the gale of last Wednesday and Thursday, the outcome of the Texas
+hurricane sweeping north. So far sixty-five schooners are reported ashore
+or foundered, over 100 more being damaged.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thirty-one lives have been reported lost so far. This small list of
+fatalities is due to the fact that most of the vessels have been in harbor
+latterly, as the fishing was poor. Several vessels are still missing,
+however, and it is feared the death roll may be enlarged. Labrador has
+suffered severely, fishing craft having been driven on the rocks by the
+shore, which fact, added to the bad fishing season, makes the condition of
+the coast folk pitiable in the extreme.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In Belle Isle strait the whole of the fishing premises has been
+destroyed. On the French shore over fifty vessels have been battered, ten
+being a total loss. The steamer Francis has been wrecked at St. George&#8217;s.
+The bark Mary Hendry anthracite laden from New York is dismasted and
+derelict off St. Mary&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;On the Grand Banks the gale raged with the greatest fury.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Twenty-four men from Provincetown fishing schooner Willie McKay were
+landed at Bay Bulls Monday morning,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> their ship having foundered from
+buffeting in the storm Wednesday, <ins class="correction" title="original: Thusday">Thursday</ins> and Friday. The men drifted
+about on the sinking hulk, without food, water or shelter, and only by
+incessant pumping kept her afloat.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The seas were constantly sweeping the decks and the entire crew were
+lashed about the rigging or bulwarks. They were ultimately rescued by the
+schooner Talisman of Gloucester, which landed them. One man perished from
+the exposure. The crew say the storm must have done awful damage on the
+banks. It seems certain many vessels could not escape the disaster when
+theirs, the finest of the fleet, succumbed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">CLARA BARTON&#8217;S VIEW OF THE SITUATION.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Clara Barton, head of the Red Cross Society, wrote of the situation
+at Galveston on September 18:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It would be difficult to exaggerate the awful scene that meets the
+visitors everywhere. The situation could not be exaggerated. Probably the
+loss of life will exceed any estimate that has been made.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In those parts of the city where destruction was the greatest there still
+must be hundreds of bodies under the debris. At the end of the island
+first struck by the storm, and which was swept clean of every vestige of
+the splendid residences that covered it, the ruin is inclosed by a
+towering wall of debris, under which many bodies are buried. The removal
+of this has scarcely even begun.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The story that will be told when this mountain of ruins is removed may
+multiply the horrors of the fearful situation. As usual in great
+calamities, the people are dazed and speak of their losses with an
+unnatural calmness that would astonish those who do not understand it.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 304px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_024tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_024.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">DESTRUCTION OF HOMES BY THE GALVESTON STORM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 305px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_025tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_025.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">GALVESTON SUFFERERS AFLOAT ALL NIGHT</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 308px;"><img src="images/fig_026tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_026.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">BODIES OF THE DEAD ALONG THE SHORE AFTER THE GALVESTON STORM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 304px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_027tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_027.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">A DESPERATE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE IN THE GALVESTON STORM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 311px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_028tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_028.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">A HERO SAVING HIS WIFE AND MOTHER IN THE STORM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 308px;"><img src="images/fig_029tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_029.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">THE WATER FROM THE GULF DESTROYING GALVESTON</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 308px;"><img src="images/fig_030tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_030.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">GALVESTON NEW COURT HOUSE, BUILT 1899</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 306px;"><img src="images/fig_031tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_031.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">LOCOMOTIVE AND TRAIN DASHED INTO FRAGMENTS BY TEXAS STORM, GALVESTON</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td valign="middle"><img src="images/fig_032_left.jpg" alt="" /></td><td valign="middle"><img src="images/fig_032_right.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr></table>
+<p class="center">CHILDREN THAT WERE NOT HURT BY THE STORM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 305px;"><img src="images/fig_033tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_033.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">BURNING THE BODIES OF GALVESTON VICTIMS</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 305px;"><img src="images/fig_034tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_034.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">JESUIT COLLEGE AND CHURCH, GALVESTON</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 344px;"><img src="images/fig_035tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_035.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">SHOOTING VANDALS AT WORK ON THE DEAD BODIES IN GALVESTON AFTER THE DISASTER</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 341px;"><img src="images/fig_036tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_036.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">EXODUS FROM GALVESTON</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 345px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_037tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_037.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">A SURVIVOR&#8217;S DREAM OF THE AWFUL GALVESTON NIGHT</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 308px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_038tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_038.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">HEROIC MEN TRYING TO SAVE WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE GALVESTON STORM</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 307px;"><img src="images/fig_039tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_039.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">SURVIVORS INSANE OVER THE LOSS OF HOMES AND DEAR ONES</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>&#8220;I do believe there is danger of an epidemic. But the nervous strain upon
+the people, as they come to realize their condition, may be nearly as
+fatal. They talk of friends that are gone with tearless eyes, making no
+allusion to the loss of property.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A professional gentleman who called upon me this afternoon, a gentleman
+of splendid human sympathies and refinement, wore a soiled black flannel
+shirt, without a coat, and in apologizing for his appearance said in the
+most casual, light-hearted way: &#8216;Excuse my appearance; I have just come in
+from burying the dead.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;But these people will break down under this strain, and the Red Cross is
+glad of the force of strong, competent workers which it has brought to
+their relief.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Portions of the business part of the city escaped the greatest severity
+of the storm and are left partially intact. Thus it is possible to
+purchase here nearly all the supplies that may be wanting. Still, the
+Galveston merchants should be given the benefit of home demands.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mayor Jones has offered to the Red Cross as headquarters the best
+building at his disposal.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Relief is coming as rapidly as the crippled transportation facilities
+will admit. No one need fear, after seeing the brave and manly way in
+which these people are helping themselves, that too much outside aid will
+be given.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In reply to the question, &#8216;What is most needed?&#8217; I would say: The most
+immediate needs are surgical dressings, the ordinary medical remedies, and
+delicacies for the sick.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THEY READ THEIR OWN OBITUARIES.</p>
+
+<p>Reported dead several times, their obituaries printed in Galveston and
+Houston papers, Peter Boss, wife and son, formerly of Chicago, were found
+on the afternoon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> of September 18, after having passed through a most
+thrilling experience.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. and Mrs. Boss were the persons in search of whom Mrs. M. C. McDonald,
+No. 4501 Drexel boulevard, Chicago, went to Houston.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Boss&#8217; story of her experience in the disaster was a thrilling one.
+With her husband and son she was seated at supper in her home on Twelfth
+street when the storm broke. She seized a handkerchief containing $2,000
+from a bureau, and, placing it in her bosom, went with her husband and son
+to the second story.</p>
+
+<p>There they remained until the water reached them and they leaped into the
+darkness and the storm. They alighted on a wooden cistern upon which they
+rode the entire night, clinging with one hand to the top of the cistern.
+Several times Mrs. Boss lost her hold, and fell backward into the water
+only to be drawn up again by her son. Timbers crashed against their queer
+boat, people on all sides of them were crushed to death or drawn into the
+whirling waters, but with grim perseverance the Boss family held on and
+rode the night out.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Boss was pushed off the cistern several times by her excited husband,
+but young Boss&#8217; presence of mind always saved her. With her feet crushed
+and bleeding, her clothing torn from her body and nearly exhausted, the
+woman was finally taken from her perilous position several hours after the
+hurricane started.</p>
+
+<p>Her companions were without clothing and were delirious. They were the
+only persons saved in the entire block in which they lived. They were
+taken to emergency hospitals, where they all tossed in delirium until
+Sunday. Mrs. Boss lost her money, and the family, wealthy a week before,
+was penniless. They had to appeal to the city authorities for aid, and got
+but little.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">TERRIBLE SCENES WITNESSED AT HOUSTON.</p>
+
+<p>The terrible scenes and happenings in Houston, Tex., the great amount of
+damage done and the intense suffering of the people there as a result of
+the recent storm were vividly portrayed in a letter from Walter Scott of
+that city to his sister in Chicago, received September 15.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Much has been written about the damage done to Galveston,&#8221; Mr. Scott
+wrote, &#8220;and I suppose things there are so terrible that little thought is
+given to other places. But right here in this city the damage is so great
+that one would not believe even time could repair it. Furthermore, the
+suffering here is indeed the greatest I ever heard of. Thousands of
+refugees are here from Galveston and other places and the city is being
+taxed to the limit to find places for all of them.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Wednesday morning the first contingent arrived. There were about eight
+hundred, and a more forlorn, dejected and suffering lot of people never
+were brought together. The sick were cared for in hospitals and private
+homes, and the greater number of the others were assigned to places. But
+they apparently could not quiet themselves unless so fatigued and weak
+from loss of sleep and want of food that they practically fell down
+exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They roamed the streets with scarcely any clothing on them, men, women
+and children; all were hollow-eyed and sunken-cheeked and on the verge of
+despair. It is terrible to realize how many families have been broken up.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I have listened to harrowing tales until I am actually sick. The
+newspaper reports have not been exaggerated one iota. There is really
+nothing one can say which will express the situation. When I arrived at
+home from New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> Orleans at 10:30 o&#8217;clock Sunday night there wasn&#8217;t a light
+in the city. Everything was in total darkness. It had been reported on the
+train that 7,000 lives had been lost at Galveston, but this we believed to
+be a gross exaggeration.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;But I have changed my mind. I think now it is a conservative figure. I
+groped my way through the darkness, stumbling over piles of debris, to my
+boarding place, and after no little difficulty succeeded in reaching my
+room. Upon lighting a match I found the place denuded of everything; the
+paper was stripped from the ceiling and was hanging in shreds from the
+walls. It was damp and cold. My landlady, hearing me, soon came in, and
+standing there in the darkness she gave me a harrowing account of what
+they passed through, the details of which the newspapers already have
+described. All the other people in the house had gone elsewhere, and she,
+her husband and myself were alone in the house.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;That night I slept in a fairly dry bed in a tolerably dry room, but all
+the windows in the house had been blown out, and the building was so damp
+and cold that we were almost afraid to sleep there. Some of the rooms in
+the lower part of the building were still flooded. There wasn&#8217;t a room in
+the entire house that had not been damaged, and the servants&#8217; house in the
+yard was almost completely wrecked. The ruins were toppled over and
+leaning against our next-door neighbor&#8217;s house.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There is scarcely a structure in Houston which escaped the fury of the
+storm. With the exception of the First Presbyterian, every church lost its
+steeple, and all were damaged to some extent. The streets for two or three
+days and even longer afterward were filled with debris&mdash;telephone and
+telegraph poles and wires, huge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> piles of bricks and timber, tin roofs and
+all kinds of miscellaneous things, such as furniture, trees, etc.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At Seabrook, a little seaside resort near here, only two homes were left standing.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Walter S. Keenan, general passenger agent of the Gulf, Colorado and Santa
+Fe Railroad, arrived in Chicago September 17 from Galveston. He was in the
+general office, which is connected with the Union station at Galveston,
+during the great storm and escaped without injury. He said the accounts of
+the Galveston disaster were in no way exaggerated. The debris, in some of
+the streets, he declared, was thirty feet high. He went to his office in
+the station Saturday morning and was compelled to remain there until
+Sunday afternoon without a bite to eat.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Total Dead and Missing at Galveston and Vicinity, 8,661&mdash;Five Million
+Dollars in Relief Necessary to Carry the Survivors Through the Fall and Winter to Spring.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />It was given out from Galveston on Tuesday, September 20, that so far as
+could be ascertained on that date, the loss of life in the great
+catastrophe was as follows:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Identified</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td><td align="right">4,754</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Unidentified (recovered)</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Missing</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="bb" align="right">2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">7,054</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dead in Central and Southern Texas</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1,044</td></tr>
+<tr><td>High Island</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="bb" align="right">563</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1,607</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This makes the grand total of dead 8,661.</p>
+
+<p>The horrifying news reached Dallas late on the afternoon of September 18
+that High Island, a seaside resort thirty miles northeast of Galveston,
+near the gulf shore and in the southwestern corner of Jefferson county,
+Tex., was entirely destroyed by the hurricane of the 8th inst.</p>
+
+<p>The place had about 1,000 residents, many of them visitors.</p>
+
+<p>Not a house was left standing and more than 400 dead bodies were found by
+relief and exploring parties.</p>
+
+<p>General Manager Spangler, of the Gulf and Interstate Railway, also
+received information on that date that more than thirty miles of that road
+had been entirely destroyed between Bolivar Point and High Island.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>After looking over the situation carefully, the decision was arrived at,
+ten days succeeding the tragedy, that to put Galveston on her feet would
+require $5,000,000. Such was the opinion of Congressman Hawley, one of the
+city&#8217;s representative business men. This did not mean that the sum
+mentioned would come anywhere near restoring the city to the condition
+before the storm. Far from it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hawley did not so intend to be understood. He was asked:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;What measure of relief will burn your dead, clean and purify your streets
+and public places, feed and clothe the living, and place your people where
+they can be self-sustaining and on the way to regain what has been lost?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>His reply was: &#8220;It will take $5,000,000 to relieve Galveston from the
+distress of the storm. At least that sum will be needed to dispose of the
+dead, to remove the ruins, and to do what is right for the living. I think
+that we should not only feed and clothe, but that we ought to have some
+means to help people who have lost everything to make a start toward the
+restoration of their homes. To do this will require every dollar of
+$5,000,000.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There were then on the scene more nurses and physicians than required. The
+injured were recovering rapidly from their hurts, which were largely
+superficial. Many men and women were suffering from severe nervous shock
+and found it impossible to sleep. Food was coming in by boatload and
+carload faster than it could be handled, in such generous quantities that
+no further doubts were entertained about supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Estimates of the number dependent upon the relief committees varied. Mayor
+Jones made it about 8,000, while other authorities put the number as high
+as 15,000. In the business center the streets had been cleaned and opened.
+All buildings still showed marks of wind and water, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> goods were
+displayed and business was being transacted.</p>
+
+<p>The city was gradually assuming the bustling ante-flood appearance. The
+principal streets were electrically lighted. Stenches no longer assailed
+the nostrils, except in the outside circle of destruction, where much
+debris still remained untouched. Cremation of the dead was being pushed,
+but it was many days before the working parties got out the last of the
+bodies.</p>
+
+<p>The whole twenty-two miles&#8217; length of the island was submerged.</p>
+
+<p>The horrors of the western portion beyond the city limits were just being
+learned at San Luis. One hundred and eighty-one bodies were buried on
+September 17. Between twenty and thirty bodies were counted among the
+piles of the railroad bridge between the island and Virginia Point. In
+Kinkead&#8217;s addition about 100 were lost, eighteen in one house.</p>
+
+<p>The farther the men worked in the Denver reservoir section the more
+numerous were the dead. Fires were burning every 300 feet on the beach and
+along many of the streets.</p>
+
+<p>Mayor Walter C. Jones made a statement on that day of conditions and needs
+of Galveston people, basing his conclusions on the most reliable
+information which has come to him.</p>
+
+<p>Mayor Jones&#8217; statement was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is almost impossible to speak definitely as yet of the needs of our
+people. We are broke, the majority of us. Galveston must have suffered, in
+my estimation, based upon all of the reports I have, $20,000,000. We now
+need money more than anything.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;From the advices I have received I believe the shipments of disinfectants
+and food supplies now on the way will be sufficient to meet the immediate
+wants. By the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> time these are used we shall have regained our
+transportation facilities and stocks of everything, so that we can use
+money more advantageously.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is impossible to state just how much money has reached us. We have
+received from the Governor, at Austin, $100,000 in cash. That is from the
+general fund. Special contributions have come through the Chamber of
+Commerce, the Cotton Exchange and several other channels. We have between
+1,500 and 3,000 men at work searching for bodies, clearing the streets and
+burning debris. Of this work, which ought to be done as fast as possible
+in the interest of the living, there is enough to keep 3,000 employed for
+forty days, although I believe we shall have the principal streets clear
+in ten days or two weeks.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I hesitate to say how much it will take to put Galveston where her people
+can care for themselves. Certainly $5,000,000 will be a moderate estimate.
+There is not a building but is damaged, not a house of those left standing
+but will have to be re-roofed, and few that will not need to be
+straightened on their foundations. If Galveston could get $10,000,000 it
+would be used judiciously to enable the people to become self-sustaining.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is true Galveston is represented as being one of the wealthiest cities
+of the country. But our rich people had everything here and are crippled.
+The people of moderate means, who had homes and worked on salaries are,
+with scarcely an exception, ruined. The class dependent upon labor must be
+furnished something to do for wages or must suffer.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Dr. Lord and others, who have been among the people more than I have, say
+there are 8,000 helpless who must be fed and clothed and carried along for
+some time to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> come, even after what might be called immediate needs have
+been met.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There is no contagious disease and we do not anticipate any. But many are
+suffering from shock and exposure and from injuries received among the
+ruins. The City of Galveston, I am convinced, lost fully 5,000 persons.
+Down the island, outside of the city limits, were scattered between 2,000
+and 3,000 persons. From the reports slowly coming in it appears that most
+of these people lost their lives. The island in the sparsely settled parts
+seems to have been swept clean of habitations.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The most motley crowd of United States regulars ever seen at attention
+lined up before Captain Rafferty the second Monday after the calamity.
+Battery O, First United States Artillery, the organization, was battered
+Battery O. No two men were dressed alike. Parts of uniforms and clothes
+which bore no semblance to any uniform were barely sufficient to cover
+nakedness, and in some cases there were bad rents, which showed the bare
+anatomy on dress parade.</p>
+
+<p>Battery O came out of the storm with a loss of 28 out of 190 men, a loss
+seldom sustained in battle. One of these regulars floated fifty-two miles
+on a door, another was carried on an outhouse across the island and then
+across Galveston Bay. The survivors had been barracked in a shattered
+church since the Sunday after the storm. They were sent to San Antonio to
+be outfitted and armed.</p>
+
+<p>The officers and men lost everything and had to get clothes to cover them.</p>
+
+<p>James Stewart, of St. Louis, had undertaken to see that Captain Benton
+Kennedy&#8217;s boys did not suffer. It was believed the grain men of St. Louis
+would take a personal interest in this case. Captain Kennedy came to
+Galveston from St. Louis, Mo., where he was well known. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> was
+superintendent of Elevator A. His family consisted of his wife, three boys
+and two girls. In August Captain Kennedy bought a nice home and moved into
+it. When the storm made the house no longer safe he placed Henry and
+Edwin, little fellows of 15 and 9, on a raft at the door and went back for
+the others. The raft was carried half a mile and the boys were rescued.
+Captain Kennedy and Mrs. Kennedy and the sisters and one brother were
+lost.</p>
+
+<p>Adjutant-General Thomas Scurry said Monday evening, September 17:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In my opinion the situation is rapidly growing better; the people found
+themselves dazed and shattered as a result of the storm. While there was
+an abundance of energy remaining, as might have been naturally expected, a
+vast amount of it was not concentrated. It has been the policy of this
+office to concentrate energies. These efforts have been most gratifying.
+We have a large number of men, possibly 2,000, at work.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;What is most needed for Galveston now is money. Thousands of persons who
+owned their little homes have had them destroyed. They are now dependent
+upon the generosity of the outside world and upon the Relief Committee to
+prepare for the rigors of winter and to refurnish their homes with
+necessities. No man who has not been an eye-witness to the desolation
+which has swept over this city can have the faintest conception of what it
+means.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Galveston lies on an island about a mile wide from north to south, the
+city covering about six miles of this east and west. Along the southern
+side for a distance of two to five blocks every house has been absolutely
+demolished. Such of these unfortunates as were not drowned are now
+penniless.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">AN EYE-WITNESS TELLS OF THE STORM.</p>
+
+<p>A graphic description of the storm was that given by R. L. Johnson, a
+prominent citizen of Galveston. He said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I reached home after wading in water to my neck and made immediate
+preparations to take my wife and three children where I felt their safety
+would be assured. The water began to rise so rapidly that in fifteen
+minutes we were driven to the second floor, and it was then impossible to
+leave the house. At this time Neighbor Kell&#8217;s house, adjoining mine, went
+down with husband, wife and children. Then down Avenue S came two small
+cottages, which struck a telegraph pole and stopped directly in front of
+my house. I heard children crying and women screaming. The words, &#8216;O God,
+save me,&#8217; I can still hear ringing in my ears.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Another cottage came sweeping by and carried away the gallery of my
+house. The Artigan, Henman and Pennings houses, carrying eighteen persons,
+floated by and I could see the struggling forms in the water.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I was expecting it was our turn next. I kissed my wife and children
+good-by, and as I did so my eldest boy, a lad of 15, said: &#8216;Father, it is
+not our time to die.&#8217; Then came the piercing scream of a woman, followed
+by a crash, and another house turned over on its side and was driven past
+by the wind and flood.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The current was running like a mill race. The water was already on our
+second floor, and the waves kept knocking us about until we were
+completely exhausted. Then the wind went, and the water began to fall. I
+looked about and could not see a house for two blocks; there was nothing
+but a flood of water in every direction. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> the morning we found our
+house had been moved about ten feet and deposited upon the sand.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">GALVESTON AGAIN MADE A PORT.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Issue bills of lading to Galveston and through Galveston to other points.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On September 17, up and down the International and Great Northern, the
+Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Santa Fe and their connections the wires
+were carrying the official information that Galveston would be a terminal,
+a sure enough port, as soon as the traffic could reach there. The
+Vice-Presidents and General Managers and General Agents had mastered the
+railroad wreck, they had set the time for the running of the first train
+into Galveston, and that time was Friday, September 21. By that date,
+according to the engineers, the temporary bridge would be ready for use.
+It was ready to the minute.</p>
+
+<p>The news that the roads had declared readiness to accept freight for
+Galveston and through Galveston was received by business men as tidings of
+great joy. It added greatly to the improvement of spirit. For several days
+after the storm the prediction was that no trains would enter Galveston
+under thirty days and that the time might be sixty days.</p>
+
+<p>Equally exhilarating with the action of the railroad men was the action
+taken by Secretary Bailey, of the Wharf Company, that exportation of wheat
+would be resumed to-morrow morning. The machinery of Elevator A was
+started up and was successful. Monday afternoon the wharf was cleared. A
+steamship was brought under the spout and loaded. James Stewart, Mr.
+Orthwein and other St. Louis grain men said almost the entire stock of
+wheat would be saved.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>The number of persons who left Galveston up to September 17, it was stated
+at relief headquarters, was over 8,000, of whom about 5,000 were then in
+Houston being cared for. Others had gone on into the interior of the State
+or to other States. The number coming up on the trains showed no falling
+off.</p>
+
+<p>New arrangements made at Galveston enabled people to get out without so
+much red tape and they took advantage of the opportunity to do so.
+Governor Sayers had now taken charge of the relief work here at all
+points, and money was being given out where needed, more than provisions
+and clothing.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SWELLING THE RELIEF FUND.</p>
+
+<p>On September 18 Chicago had raised over $100,000 for the Galveston
+sufferers; New York nearly $300,000; St. Louis nearly $70,000, and other
+cities the following amounts:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Boston</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td><td align="right">$32,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Philadelphia</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">28,320</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pittsburg</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">27,108</td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Orleans</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">26,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>San Francisco</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">18,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kansas City</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">17,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Louisville</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">14,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Milwaukee</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">14,046</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baltimore</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">15,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Denver</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">13,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Minneapolis</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">12,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Newark, N. J.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">12,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cleveland</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">9,345</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Memphis</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">9,123</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cincinnati</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">9,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>Colorado Springs</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">7,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>St. Paul</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">7,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Topeka, Kan.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">5,438</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Charleston, S. C.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">6,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Omaha, Neb.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">6,212</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Los Angeles</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">5,184</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Detroit, Mich.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">5,190</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Indianapolis</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">4,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Helena, Mont.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">4,108</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Johnstown, Pa.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Columbus, Ohio</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">3,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>South Bend, Ind.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1,985</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Springfield, Ill.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Portland, Ore.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lexington, Ky.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2,098</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The United States embassy at Berlin, Germany, cabled $500 to Governor
+Sayers on September 17.</p>
+
+<p>General J. B. Vinet, president of the Red Cross Society, State of
+Louisiana, New Orleans, received on Tuesday morning, September 18, a
+telegram from Miss Clara Barton, who was at Galveston, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Find greatest immediate needs here are surgical dressings, usual
+medicines and delicacies for the sick. No epidemic, but many people
+are worn out with suffering and exertion who need tender care and
+proper food.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;CLARA BARTON.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Building material was needed at Galveston but its delivery was necessarily
+slow, owing to the lack of rail communication with the mainland.</p>
+
+<p>There were still many pitiable cases of destitution. Many half-demented
+persons positively refused to leave their wrecked homes and as
+persistently refused to accept offers of relief extended them. In several
+instances parents who had lost children still occupied ruins of their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>
+former home and the surroundings had brought them to a state of mental and
+physical collapse.</p>
+
+<p>The number who had gone insane as a result of their experiences will
+probably never be known. In every lot of refugees sent out of the stricken
+city there were many insane men and women. The victims first made light of
+their losses, and laughed immoderately when telling of the death of
+relatives in the flood. It was a very short step from this to
+uncontrollable madness.</p>
+
+<p>The state militia companies did splendid work in patrolling the city after
+the storm, and many of the men were of the belief that they should be
+allowed to return to their homes and troops sent from other parts of the
+state to fill their places.</p>
+
+<p>The fears of an epidemic were allayed by the presence and the distribution
+of medicines and disinfectants and therefore a feature which would
+undoubtedly have had the effect of causing many to seek succor elsewhere,
+was eliminated from the situation.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">GOVERNOR SAYERS SENDS HIS THANKS.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Sayers, of Texas, sent out the following expression of thanks on
+behalf of the sufferers in Galveston and as the representative of the
+people of his state:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In behalf of the people of Texas I desire to express my acknowledgment to
+the people of the United States for the ready and generous response they
+have made in coming to the aid of our afflicted people. The number of
+deaths, the amount of destitution, and the loss of property is far greater
+than had been anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Secretary of the Navy has placed the revenue cutter Galveston at my
+disposal, and I have in turn placed it at the disposal of the mayor of
+Galveston. The addition of this cutter to the boats already loaned by the
+Federal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> government will give us five boats at Galveston to handle
+supplies and passengers to and from the mainland, and I anticipate that
+their presence there will relieve the situation materially.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The city authorities at Galveston are in full control, and every effort
+is being made to bury the dead, to remove the debris, and to sanitate the
+city. Contributions of the most liberal character are reaching me, and I
+shall see that the money is used to the best advantage for the sufferers
+and that there shall be no waste of the magnificent contributions coming
+from the free hands and generous hearts of a sympathetic people.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>No idea could possibly be formed as to the frightful crush of railroad
+trains bearing relief supplies in and around Houston and Texas City, the
+latter being but six miles from Galveston, but separated from it by a
+stretch of water. Owing to the small number of vessels plying between
+Texas City and Galveston the shipment of supplies to the latter was
+necessarily aggravatingly slow.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">GREWSOME SCENES AND HARROWING INCIDENTS.</p>
+
+<p>Grewsome scenes and soul-harrowing incidents of the time immediately
+following the great gale in Galveston were graphically portrayed in a
+letter from a young woman caught on the island in the awful storm. It was
+written by Miss Nellie Cary to her parents, who live at 5408 Lake avenue,
+Chicago. Miss Cary had been home on a vacation for several weeks and left
+Chicago for Galveston the Tuesday evening before the hurricane, reaching
+the doomed city just in time to participate in the terrible experience.
+Her letter follows:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Galveston, Wednesday, September 12.&mdash;Dearest <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>Parents: Have not had a
+minute to write and cannot collect my thoughts to tell you of the horrible
+disaster down here. Thousands of dead in the streets&mdash;the gulf and bay
+strewn with dead bodies. The whole island demolished. Not a drop of
+water&mdash;food scarce. If help does not reach us soon there will be great
+starvation for everybody.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The dead are not being identified at all&mdash;they throw them on drays and
+take them to barges, where they are loaded like cordwood, and taken out to
+sea to be cast into the waves, now peaceful, which were so hungry for them
+in their anger.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I was at the wharf this morning for a short time and saw three barges
+loaded with their grewsome freight. The bodies are frightful, every one
+nearly nude. God alone knows who they are.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The bay is full of dead cattle and horses, together with human corpses,
+blistering in the hot sun. It will be impossible to remove the dead from
+the debris for weeks&mdash;the whole island is frightful. I saw thirty-eight
+bodies taken from one house. Every one is striving to get the bodies
+buried for fear of the plague.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I never expected to get out alive, but thank God, not one of us was
+killed. We were driven back to the stairs, and up, stair by stair, by the
+great waves. The wind was blowing over a hundred miles an hour, and the
+rain fell in torrents. Never shall I forget the sight as darkness settled
+upon us. I thought of you, papa and mamma, and prayed that you might be
+comforted. Our roof is now gone, the walls have fallen around us, but we
+still have a floor and&mdash;I can&#8217;t tell you, it is too horrible.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I was nearly drowned getting home from the office at 4 o&#8217;clock Saturday
+afternoon. Mrs. Whitman is almost crazy and is in a dangerous condition. I
+have lost <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>everything; am now wearing clothes borrowed from those who were
+more fortunate. The stench is terrible.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thousands of horses and cattle without owners are in the most pitiable
+condition imaginable; not a drop of water for them to drink since Saturday
+morning. And the people&mdash;I wonder that everybody is not mad at the
+horrors. No account can exaggerate it. It is absolutely necessary that
+everybody in the United States do what they can.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Nearly all our help at Clark &amp; Courts are drowned&mdash;Mr. Hansinger, his
+whole family, our other bookkeeper and a number of the girls. The town is
+under martial law to protect it from the mob. Last night a negro was
+arrested with ten fingers in his pockets, with valuable rings on them. Mr.
+Fayling, at our house, is in command of the protective force. They have
+had to shoot many to keep the horrible ghouls in control. Eddie Rogers is
+next in command, and is doing noble work. I have done what I could to help
+the dying and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">COMPLETE RUIN FOR MILES.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We were on the highest point of ground in Galveston. That is all that
+saved us. For blocks and blocks, reaching into miles, not a house remains;
+not a building but is completely demolished&mdash;houses just torn board from
+board and piled up. I have climbed over wreckage forty feet high in the
+streets to get to places. I think we were more fortunate than any one else
+in town. I think not one was killed, though our escape was narrow. With
+the exception of Mrs. Whitman all were calm, though I reckon everybody
+quaked inside&mdash;I know I did.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thursday.&mdash;Am well. Had something to eat this morning, and a little
+rainwater. Coffee is plenty, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> water scarce. To-day the flesh slips off
+the bodies as they take hold to drag them from the ruins. They are piling
+them in great heaps now and burning them. The horrors multiply. I have
+seen men shot down in the streets by the soldiers. The stench is untold.
+Last night the awful smell kept us awake although we were utterly
+exhausted. It fills your throat and mouth, and makes your head ache so.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">COMPARATIVELY FEW CHILDREN LEFT.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The horrible experiences it will take years to tell and more than a
+lifetime to forget. If you could be here you would feel that your anxiety
+was nothing. It is so pitiable to see husbands, with a look of despair in
+their eyes, searching for their wives and children; wives for their loved
+ones; and, most pitiable of all, the comparatively few children&mdash;although
+they are enough, God knows, to be left orphans and homeless&mdash;looking into
+every one&#8217;s face with frightened, appealing eyes. It is heartrending.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Now I am much better off. I am safe, so please don&#8217;t worry. I hope to
+hear from you soon.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Best love and kisses to both from</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">&#8220;NELLIE.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Galveston&#8217;s Inhabitants Refuse to Heed the Lessons Taught by their
+Experiences&mdash;Carelessness in Failing to Provide Against the Recurrence of Catastrophes.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Although Galveston had been struck three times with floods and hurricanes
+even this experience was not enough to convince the residents that it
+might happen again. Only a few of the more cautious had any idea after the
+last disaster of taking steps to prevent its repetition. Asked if anything
+would be done to make future floods impossible they might probably quote
+the old saw: &#8220;Lightning never strikes in the same place twice,&#8221; and seem
+to think that settled it. In the next sentence they would compare the
+damage done in the floods of 1875 and 1886 with this latest disaster.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;No,&#8221; said E. M. Hartrick, assistant United States engineer, &#8220;the people
+of Galveston will go on living in fancied security just as they did
+before. The plan to put a dike around the city is perfectly feasible and
+so is a series of jetties. I think the good old Holland plan is the best.
+The city doesn&#8217;t need to be raised. I was six years city engineer of
+Galveston, and following the storm of 1886 drew plans for a dike ten feet
+high and extending all around the island except on the north side. There
+the wharves were to be raised and form the dike.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Galveston gave this plan consideration, and there is a map of the city in
+existence which shows it with a dike surrounding it. The legislature gave
+authority to bond the city, but it was some months after the flood when
+this had been secured, and the people said, &#8216;Oh, we&#8217;ll never get another
+one,&#8217; and they didn&#8217;t build.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The construction by the government of two jetties, one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> eight miles long
+extending out southeast for the purpose of making a narrower and deeper
+channel for boats coming into Galveston harbor, made the necessity of
+remedial work more apparent, but nothing was done. In the last storm, the
+southwesterly one of the jetties pocketed the water and carried it up over
+the southeastern end of the island.</p>
+
+<p>This was the place where whole blocks of buildings were literally washed
+away, leaving hardly enough of the foundations to indicate that buildings
+ever stood there. In that part of the city the water rose to a depth of
+fifteen feet in the streets. Had the houses demolished by waves and swept
+away by wind not formed into a great jam similar to a log jam, but
+extending along the south shore of the island for seven miles, this
+enormous body of water would have swept over the entire island and the
+number of dead would have been quadrupled.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It formed a dike,&#8221; said Engineer Hartrick, in calling attention to this
+feature of the flood, &#8220;and had it not been for that dike we might not any
+of us be here now.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Hartrick, Galveston had the wrong style of architecture
+for a gulf town. Its newer buildings were built on the northern plan with
+balloon frames, and poorly adapted to stand a blow.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This storm was a hurricane,&#8221; he said, &#8220;just such as they have in the West
+Indies every summer, but which we have here perhaps once in a hundred
+years. Still we never know when one may come again, and we should build
+our houses accordingly.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Davidson, a member of the relief committee, had given some time in
+the past to consideration of projects to prevent inundations. He favored
+the jetty system, but, like Engineer Hartrick, said nothing would ever be done.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>&#8220;You never heard of a man wanting an umbrella when it wasn&#8217;t raining, did
+you?&#8221; he asked. &#8220;What we want is not to keep all the water out. We want
+the waves to break their force before they rise on to the island. It was
+the force of the great waves which wrecked the houses.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The work of extracting bodies from the mass of wreckage continued.
+Tuesday, September 18, over 400 bodies were taken out of the debris which
+lined the beach front. With all that had been done to recover bodies
+buried beneath or pinned to the immense drift, the work had scarcely
+started. There was no time to dig graves and the putrefying flesh, beaten
+and bruised beyond identification, was consigned to the flames. Volunteers
+for this grewsome work came in fast. Men who had avoided the dead under
+ordinary conditions were working with a vigorous will and energy in
+putting them away.</p>
+
+<p>Under one pile of wreckage Tuesday afternoon twenty bodies were taken out
+and cremated. In another pile a man pulled out the remains of two children
+and for a moment gazed upon them, then mechanically cast them into the
+fire. They were his own flesh and blood. As they slowly burned he watched
+them until they were consumed, then resumed his work assisting others in
+removing other bodies.</p>
+
+<p>A large force of men was still engaged in removing the dead from Hurd&#8217;s
+lane, located about four miles west of the city. At this point the water
+ran to a height of fourteen feet, and hung up in trees and fences were the
+bodies of men, women and children, which were being collected and cremated
+as fast as possible.</p>
+
+<p>On the mainland the searching for and cremating of bodies that either
+perished or found lodgment there was being prosecuted vigorously.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>The situation throughout the country extending from Bolivar to High island
+was possibly worse than in any other section of the mainland.</p>
+
+<p>Clara Barton, president of the Red Cross Society, issued an appeal on
+September 18 to the American people for money and supplies for the sick
+and wounded. Her idea was to spend some of the money with local merchants
+wherever practicable.</p>
+
+<p>Chairman Davidson of the relief committee stated that the greatest
+sufferers from the storm were the people of limited means who owned homes
+near the beach. There were hundreds of these people who owned mortgaged
+lots and had homes constructed by the loan companies and though their
+property was swept away the loan companies were protected by liens.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Davidson advised that a fund be raised for people who had suffered in
+this way, that they might be able to restore what took them years to
+accumulate and was taken from them in a single night.</p>
+
+<p>The resources of the numerous sub-relief stations scattered throughout the
+city were taxed to their utmost capacity, and long lines of people awaited
+their turns for provisions and clothing.</p>
+
+<p>At Texas City a force of deputy United States marshals under Marshal Grant
+was guarding the entrance to Galveston and keeping back all people who
+could show no good reason for desiring to go there. People were daily
+leaving the city, a majority being women and children. The city was still
+under martial law, and remained so for weeks. Idlers and sight-seers who
+eluded the guards on the mainland upon their arrival were pressed into the
+street service. There was no place for a man who would not work. It was
+work or go to jail, and they generally went to jail.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">GOVERNOR SAYERS IN A HOPEFUL MOOD.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I look for the rebuilding of Galveston to be well under way by the latter
+part of this week,&#8221; said Governor Sayers, of Texas, on September 18, at
+Austin, the state capital. &#8220;The work of cleaning the city of unhealthful
+refuse and burying the dead will have been completed by that time, and all
+the available labor in the city can be applied to its rebuilding.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;If the laboring people of Galveston will only get to work in earnest
+prosperity will soon again smile on the city. Arrangements have been made
+to pay all the laborers working under the direction of the military
+authorities $1.50 and rations for every day they have worked or will work.
+An account has been kept of all work done and no laborer will lose one
+day&#8217;s pay.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The money and food contributions coming from a generous people have been
+a great help to the people of Galveston, as it has relieved them of the
+necessity of spending their money to support the needy, and it can now be
+applied to the improvement of their own property and putting again on foot
+their business enterprises.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Five dollars a day is being offered to the mechanics who will come to
+Galveston, and, with the assurance from reputable physicians that there is
+no extraordinary danger of sickness, outside laborers will flock to
+Galveston and before many days a new city will rise on the storm-swept
+island.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The telegraph and telephone companies and railroads have been exceedingly
+generous since the great calamity. They have not only given money, but
+everything has been transported to that city free of charge, while those
+desiring to get away from the harrowing scenes of Galveston have been
+transported free. The people of Texas will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> long remember with grateful
+hearts the kindness of these companies.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is now an assured fact that trains will be running into Galveston this
+week, and with uninterrupted communication with the outside world
+Galveston should soon assume her normal condition.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SAD SIGHTS AT VIRGINIA POINT.</p>
+
+<p>When the relief train reached Virginia Point, which is on the mainland,
+opposite Galveston, it was found that of those who survived the flood and
+hurricane the majority was severely injured. Most of them were bruised and
+maimed, presenting a pitiful sight, their limbs lacerated and bleeding.
+All bemoaned the fate of those dear to them.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the dead&mdash;and the beach was strewn with corpses&mdash;had their faces
+and heads mutilated so that it was almost impossible to learn the names of
+those who found their last resting-place in the crude graves hurriedly
+dug. A headboard was placed on the grave in every instance, giving as
+nearly as possible age and accurate description.</p>
+
+<p>It was found necessary in many instances to bury three and four in one
+grave.</p>
+
+<p>Those who survived the wreck were homeless and had had nothing to eat
+since Saturday. As most of them were injured it was not possible for them
+to organize a movement on their part. Life sustenance was furnished these
+survivors in order that they might not swell the list of dead.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the bodies found in and around the vicinity of Virginia Point were
+supposed to have been washed inland from Galveston.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Galveston&#8217;s Storm Flies Over the United States and Does Great Damage&mdash;Many
+Lives Lost&mdash;It Finally Disappears in the Atlantic Ocean.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />When the hurricane was through with Galveston and central and southern
+Texas it sped north through Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska&mdash;its path being
+300 miles in width&mdash;and then turning toward the east, or slightly
+northeast, crossed northern Iowa, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
+southern Michigan, northern Illinois, northern Indiana, northern Ohio,
+northern New York and southern Canada, finally disappearing in the
+Atlantic ocean, creating wreck and havoc wherever it went. It caused great
+losses of life and property in Newfoundland and destroyed many vessels off
+the eastern coast of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The following dispatches show how widespread was its fury:</p>
+
+<p>Buffalo, September 12.&mdash;Immense damage was done here and at other lake
+ports by the Texas storm which traveled with great violence down Lake Erie
+last night. Reports from Crystal Beach, a summer resort on the Canadian
+side of Lake Erie, say that every dock has been destroyed, and all the
+boats of the Buffalo Canoe Club, together with several large seagoing
+yachts anchored there, were completely wrecked.</p>
+
+<p>In this city the wind attained a velocity of seventy-two miles an hour,
+and seemed to regain some of the power which it exhibited in wrecking
+Southern cities. Reports of property loss and fatalities have come in.</p>
+
+<p>St. Joseph, Mich., September 12.&mdash;The steamer <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>Lawrence arrived here at 1
+o&#8217;clock this afternoon from Milwaukee. She left that place at 8 o&#8217;clock
+yesterday morning, and the captain reports a fearful voyage. The captain&#8217;s
+wife was here from Milwaukee and was on the dock waiting to meet her
+husband when the boat touched the dock. The meeting between the two was
+affecting. All this morning anxious watchers waited on the bluffs at the
+mouth of the river for a glimpse of the missing boat. Many people had
+friends among the passengers and crew, and as the morning hours wore on
+their anxiety became intense.</p>
+
+<p>Cleveland, September 12.&mdash;As a result of the furious gale which swept over
+the lake region last night telegraph and telephone lines were prostrated
+in all directions from this city to-day. During the height of the storm
+the wind reached a velocity of sixty miles an hour. To-day the storm is
+subsiding, the wind having dropped to twenty-six miles an hour.</p>
+
+<p>Up to noon to-day the big passenger steamers City of Erie and the
+Northwest, which left Buffalo last evening for this port, have not been
+heard from. They were due here at 6 o&#8217;clock this morning. The passenger
+steamer State of Ohio, due here about the same hour from Toledo, had not
+arrived at noon.</p>
+
+<p>The wind blew sixty miles an hour across Lake Erie, but the warnings had
+been so thorough that few vessels were caught unprepared. The steamer
+Cornell of the Pittsburg Steamship Company&#8217;s fleet lost her smokestack off
+Fairport. Her barge anchored, but both came into port later. The Buffalo
+passenger boat has not yet arrived, having been in shelter at Long Point
+during the worst of the blow.</p>
+
+<p>Detour, Mich., September 12.&mdash;In the storm yesterday the schooner
+Narragansett, stranded near Cockburn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> island, was washed off the rocks,
+and shipping suffered greatly.</p>
+
+<p>Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., September 12.&mdash;The wind reached a velocity of
+thirty miles an hour from the northwest at midnight, the storm being
+accompanied by considerable rain. Many vessels were lost.</p>
+
+<p>Amhertsburg, Ont., September 12.&mdash;The tail end of the Galveston storm
+struck this section with great force about 11 o&#8217;clock last night and
+continued until early this morning. The loss to shipping is heavy.</p>
+
+<p>Kingston, Ont., September 12.&mdash;The Canadian steamer Albacore was driven
+ashore at 7 o&#8217;clock this morning, east of the life-saving station. The
+crew was saved. The wind is blowing a gale from the west, and shipping on
+Lake Ontario suffered seriously, many sailors being drowned.</p>
+
+<p>South Haven, Mich., September 12.&mdash;The storm did much damage to the docks
+here last night. Several vessels are reported lost.</p>
+
+<p>Port Huron, Mich., September 12.&mdash;The wind blew a gale until 11:30 last
+night. Three small schooners which left here bound for Sand Beach were
+wrecked.</p>
+
+<p>The gale passed over Chicago September 11 and attained a velocity early in
+the afternoon of seventy-two miles an hour, destroyed many lives in the
+city and neighborhood, did great damage to property on the land and
+wrecked several vessels on the lakes.</p>
+
+<p>The wind was fitful and blew in gusts. Its advance was met with frequent
+lulls and interruptions. An embankment of dark, ominous clouds rose
+steadily in the west. At first it was broken by an occasional rift which
+revealed the blue sky. But as the cloud bank rose it darkened and rolled
+over the plains toward Chicago with increasing speed. At 3 o&#8217;clock all the
+blue patches of sky had disappeared,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> the heavens had assumed a
+forbidding look and the lake rolled. The increased violence of the storm
+carried everything before it. No one disputed its rights to the streets,
+and it blew down wires innumerable, badly crippling the telegraph and
+telephone service.</p>
+
+<p>The Western Union&#8217;s fifty-two New York lines were all down.</p>
+
+<p>From Chicago the storm continued its progress across Lake Huron, but was
+steadily diminishing in intensity.</p>
+
+<p>The storm&#8217;s velocity diminished after leaving Texas, but increased with
+wonderful rapidity after reaching the lake region. The wind reached the
+greatest velocity at Chicago it had attained since leaving Galveston.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">The World Not So Heartless as Supposed&mdash;People Give Generously to Aid the
+Suffering&mdash;A Social Phenomenon&mdash;Value of United States Weather Bureau.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Perhaps the world is not so bad as it has been painted, or so heartless
+and indifferent as some pessimists would have us believe. Ordinarily men
+and women have enough to do in attending to their own affairs, expecting
+others, of course, to do the same, and consequently they pay small
+attention to what is going on around them; but when their hearts are
+really touched they drop everything and rush to the rescue of the
+afflicted.</p>
+
+<p>So it was in the case of Galveston.</p>
+
+<p>The catastrophe at Galveston served to bring conspicuously into notice the
+best and worst sides of human nature, which is always the common result of
+all appalling disasters.</p>
+
+<p>The people of that afflicted city were suddenly overwhelmed by the almost
+unprecedented fury of the elements. Thousands were killed and injured.
+Thousands more lost their homes and places of business. They were
+suffering with hunger and menaced with pestilence. All were brought to a
+common level by dangers of every description, death in its most awful
+forms, and an outlook of terrible uncertainty.</p>
+
+<p>And yet in the midst of all this ruin and suffering they were harassed by
+thugs and thieves and ghouls in human shape, who looted property,
+assaulted citizens who resisted them, and despoiled and disfigured the
+dead in a shockingly savage manner to secure rings and other jewels.
+Devoid of any feeling of sympathy or pity, they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> seized upon this awful
+disaster as an opportunity to enrich themselves. As soon, however, as the
+authorities could recover from the first shock of the disaster the city
+was placed under martial law, and the troops patrolling the island did not
+hesitate to kill every one of the vandals caught in the commission of his
+infamous work. Public opinion sustained this prompt style of punishment.
+It was a species of Southern lynching to which no objection was ever
+raised.</p>
+
+<p>The disaster also brought into prominence the greed and mercenary passion
+of human nature. A clique of ravenous wretches, taking advantage of the
+fact that the city of Galveston was cut off from bridge communication with
+the mainland, conspired to secure control of the transportation facilities
+by water, and charged extortionate prices even to those who were seeking
+to carry relief to the suffering people.</p>
+
+<p>Never was a more inhuman trust organized.</p>
+
+<p>Again, all the fresh provisions in the city were ruined, leaving only a
+few canned and dried articles which were available for food. The owners of
+these, bent upon making personal profit out of the necessities of their
+fellow-citizens, pushed up the prices, raising bread to 60 cents a loaf
+and bacon to 50 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p>The mayor of Galveston, however, proved himself equal to the emergency,
+confiscated the food supply, reduced the prices to a reasonable rate, and
+compelled the owners of schooners and small craft to put down their prices
+also.</p>
+
+<p>This was the dark side of human nature, but the picture had its bright
+side also. The news of the awful disaster had hardly appeared in the
+public prints before tens of thousands of helping hands were busy
+collecting relief. The Chief Executive of the nation, the Governors of
+States, and the mayors of cities issued their appeals to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> the people,
+whose sympathies were already aroused and whose hearts and hands were
+enlisted generously and enthusiastically in the work of relief.</p>
+
+<p>Far-off countries sent their offerings; every city and town in the world
+where Americans live contributed; and crowned heads hastened to cable
+sympathy, together with more substantial evidences of their kindly
+feeling.</p>
+
+<p>Without delay of any kind, instantly and spontaneously, the machinery of
+charity began its work. The people of the North might differ radically
+from the people of the South in many ways, but in the presence of such a
+dreadful visitation of nature, involving suffering and death, the
+brotherhood of man asserted itself and all things else were forgotten.
+Only the higher and nobler attributes of human nature assert themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Private individuals, business houses, great corporations, municipal, state
+and national government vied with each other, as they did when fire swept
+over Chicago and the flood overwhelmed Johnstown, in expediting relief to
+the storm-ruined people of Texas.</p>
+
+<p>Day by day trains sped to Galveston from every part of the country, loaded
+with supplies, and the telegraph wires carried orders for money,
+testifying to the unanimity of the great work of relief, and to the higher
+and nobler instincts of human nature when it is appealed to by the claims
+of humanity.</p>
+
+<p>The ghouls of Galveston were comparatively few in number. Its generous
+sympathizers were to be counted by scores of millions.</p>
+
+<p>The convicts in the Texas state penitentiary at Rusk were moved by the
+sufferings of the Galveston victims to contribute $40 to the relief fund.</p>
+
+<p>Are men who go to prison totally bad?</p>
+
+<p>The scope and rapidity of the Galveston relief work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> all over the country
+afforded a spectacle at once gratifying and noteworthy. Trains laden with
+food and comforts for the sufferers were rushed towards the stricken city
+from every quarter of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>From Boston to San Francisco nearly every city, regardless of size,
+contributed its quota to the generous cause. Even from across the Atlantic
+the Liverpool and Paris funds came, being on the list for $10,000 each.
+Within a week after the disaster Galveston was in possession of a
+magnificent relief fund that went far toward alleviating the physical
+sufferings of its homeless thousands.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a social phenomenon that may well give pause to all critics who
+are wont to inveigh against our commercial and industrial age. These
+exhibitions of liberality are not rare in the United States. A long series
+of them might be compiled within the period between the Chicago fire and
+the Porto Rican hurricane.</p>
+
+<p>Singly and in the aggregate they are a striking negative to the charge of
+sordid commercialism in our individual and national life. The modern
+American is making more money than ever before, but he has a heart as well
+as a business head, and he is giving larger sums to noble causes than were
+ever given before.</p>
+
+<p>Probably the increased willingness of the people to help stricken
+communities like Galveston is due more to the railroads and telegraph
+lines than to anything else. Modern charity is the child of modern
+conditions. These indispensable adjuncts to commercial enterprise alone
+make widespread relief work possible.</p>
+
+<p>If the telegraph and the newspaper had not placed the sad picture of
+Galveston&#8217;s misfortunes at once before the eyes of Americans from ocean to
+ocean there could have been no such national impulse of generosity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>About ninety years ago an earthquake in Southern Missouri brought calamity
+to many settlers, but it was a month before the news reached the East, and
+another month would have had to elapse before relief could have been
+carried to the sufferers. The impulse to give cannot thrive under such
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>There have been tender hearts in all ages, but only in our time have the
+means of quick communication made human sympathy effective across
+continents. The railroad, the telegraph and the newspaper have lengthened
+the arm of charity quite as much as that of business.</p>
+
+<p>The Galveston incident is also a fine example of the way in which these
+agencies bind all sections of the nation together in increasing
+solidarity.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">GREAT VALUE OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU.</p>
+
+<p>The great value of the United States Weather Bureau and the remarkable
+correctness of its observations, all things considered, was demonstrated
+by the events preceding and succeeding the West Indian hurricane. It gave
+warning of the hurricane days before it manifested itself on the Texas
+coast. It anticipated its course from the vicinity of San Domingo until it
+reached Cuban waters, where it made a deflection no human skill could have
+foreseen.</p>
+
+<p>The bureau was not caught napping, however. It sent out its hurricane
+signals both for the Atlantic coast and the gulf coast, and when the storm
+turned from the north of Cuba westward the bureau turned its attention to
+Texas, and on the morning of September 7, nearly thirty-six hours before
+the disaster, warned the people of Galveston of its coming, and during
+that day extended its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> signals all along the Texas coast, thus preventing
+vessels from leaving.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the observers could not know what terrible energy it would gain
+crossing the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps still greater accuracy in forecasting was displayed by the bureau
+in the warnings given out to mariners on the Great Lakes on Tuesday
+morning, September 11. Though nearly all lines of communication in Texas
+were cut off, the bureau kept track of the storm as it swept through
+Oklahoma into Kansas, and gave timely warning that it would turn
+northeast, moving across northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, and
+thence across Lake Michigan and the northern end of the southern peninsula
+of Michigan to Canada.</p>
+
+<p>It further predicted the furious winds which prevailed the next day, their
+maximum velocity, the change caused by the northwest current from Lake
+Superior, and the fall of temperature yesterday to the nicety of a degree.
+Every vessel captain on the lakes had ample warning given him.</p>
+
+<p>In times gone by it was the habit to jeer at Old Probabilities, and
+whenever a prediction failed of verification to condemn the Weather Bureau
+as unreliable and not worth the expense of its maintenance.</p>
+
+<p>During the last few years, however, its operators have gained in skill and
+its record now is of a character of which its officials have every reason
+to be proud and which amply justifies whatever expense it may entail by
+its great saving of life and property.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">WHY SHOULD NOT GALVESTON BE REBUILT?</p>
+
+<p>The appalling nature of the wreck to which Galveston was reduced naturally
+led to some talk of abandoning the old site altogether and rebuilding the
+city somewhere<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> on the mainland. An army officer concluded his report to
+Washington headquarters by expressing the opinion that Galveston was
+destroyed beyond the ability to recover, and the Southern Pacific railway
+was said to be in favor of leaving the flat island to the sport of the
+treacherous waves and heading a movement to rebuild the city at the mouth
+of the Brazos river.</p>
+
+<p>It is natural that non-residents of Galveston should consider the
+advisability of abandoning such a perilous site, especially as there can
+never be any complete security against a disaster like that of Saturday,
+September 8. But it is safe to say that Galveston will be rebuilt on its
+sand island. Mankind is not wont to desert any spot of the earth&#8217;s surface
+because of a sudden and rare convulsion of nature.</p>
+
+<p>Lisbon was not abandoned because of the disastrous earthquake that killed
+50,000 people in 1755.</p>
+
+<p>Similar earthquake disasters in Central and South America have not induced
+the survivors to abandon a single city.</p>
+
+<p>When 100,000 Chinamen were swallowed up at Peking in the last century it
+did not change the site of the city, nor have the still more disastrous
+floods along the Yellow river ever caused the survivors to change their
+habitat.</p>
+
+<p>History shows Europeans and Americans to be quite as tenacious in this
+regard as any other races.</p>
+
+<p>Italian peasants continue to cultivate the slopes of Vesuvius in spite of
+all past disasters, and the inhabitants of the Sea Islands along the
+Carolina coast were not disheartened when the elements committed fearful
+ravages.</p>
+
+<p>The leading business men of Galveston emphasized a point when they began
+to talk of rebuilding which had escaped general attention until that time.
+They were exceedingly anxious that commercial bodies, steamship<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> owners,
+brokers and those interested in the commerce of Galveston should be as
+considerate as possible in their treatment of the city, that is to say,
+there should be liberality in the commercial relations. These men urged
+that the extent of the calamity should be taken into account when
+adjustment of contracts took place and in all business arrangements until
+the city could regain its footing. Charters provide by special mention for
+&#8220;Visitations of Providence,&#8221; for the &#8220;Acts of God.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Galveston business men hoped that their business connections would
+apply a like spirit to all commerce affected by the storm.</p>
+
+<p>They were not disappointed, as the result showed.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston was just entering upon the busy season. There were from 200 to
+300 ships under sailing contracts with that port for the months of
+September, November and December. Some of these ships were, when the storm
+came, on the high seas. Even a temporary paralysis of thirty days meant
+much loss and the derangement of many contracts.</p>
+
+<p>It was a time which called for the generous policy, not for strict
+enforcements of the letter of agreements. Galveston only asked what her
+business men thought was just, that thereby the shock to commerce might be
+mitigated. When the time came Galveston found that she had not asked too
+much, as she received all the consideration she could wish.</p>
+
+<p>Representatives of the railroad systems which connected Galveston with the
+outside world before the occurrence of the disaster agreed in saying, in a
+meeting held at New York, that her residents would rebuild on the same
+sand island in spite of the terrible experiences. They believed that
+Galveston, injured financially though her <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>citizens had been, would be
+rebuilt by her citizens without the aid of outside capital.</p>
+
+<p>A. F. Walker, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Atchison, Topeka
+and Santa Fe, said he felt certain that Galveston would be rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>The new energy and courage displayed by the people of Galveston is what
+was to be expected in a city so full of American pluck. Though stunned and
+prostrate under the most fatal disaster that had ever overtaken an
+American community, Galveston took only a few days to regain its breath.
+It has simply reasserted the same indomitable courage and will power by
+which Americans in times past built up a great nation where there was a
+wilderness a century ago.</p>
+
+<p>The terse motto stuck up on every street corner of the wrecked city is
+&#8220;Clean Up.&#8221; Behind its grim humor there lies a stern determination that is
+one of the proudest attributes of our race.</p>
+
+<p>There is no reason why a greater Galveston, should not speedily rise on
+the site of the present ruins.</p>
+
+<p>The report of an army officer that the city was ruined beyond recovery and
+the suggestions of other persons that Galveston should be rebuilt on
+another site find no sympathy among the citizens. Galveston will be
+rebuilt upon its former site.</p>
+
+<p>Carpenters, masons and artisans are being called for by thousands, and,
+with the generous aid contributed by people all over the country, there
+will be a rapid transformation. The city has thrust its sorrow behind it
+and has its face set toward the future.</p>
+
+<p>Since the danger of flood cannot be removed so long as the city stands at
+its present level, it is to be hoped its builders will begin a new era of
+security by raising the grade of the streets.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>A few feet will materially decrease the danger from tidal waves. It will
+also be wise to construct the foundations of all permanent large buildings
+of stone to a height above the level reached by the recent inundation. In
+resolving to defy an untoward fate Galveston should begin by adopting all
+practical means for defying wind and waves.</p>
+
+<p>Even though the expense and delay will be greater, it will pay to give the
+new buildings all possible safeguards of solidity.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston will be rebuilt, as it was after the disaster of fourteen years
+previously. Its inhabitants will reason that the city had existed for
+two-thirds of a century in comparative safety, and that such a tidal wave
+is not likely to be repeated in a hundred years. The same commercial
+advantages that first tempted settlers to the island, and that made
+Galveston one of the most thriving cities on the gulf coast, are still
+present.</p>
+
+<p>Men who own real estate on the island will not abandon it, even though the
+improvements thereon have been reduced to a wreck. They know that even if
+they did abandon it there would be plenty of others to take it&mdash;risks and
+all&mdash;and rebuild the city.</p>
+
+<p>The federal government may hesitate about rebuilding its structures on so
+precarious a site, but private interests are not likely to abandon a city
+even for so terrible a disaster as that at Galveston.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Galveston Island Directly in the Path of Storms, with No Way of
+Escape&mdash;What Is the City&#8217;s Future&mdash;All Coast Cities in Danger&mdash;New York
+Will Be Flooded&mdash;Hurricane Foretold&mdash;Galveston&#8217;s Settlement&mdash;Storm Will Recur.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Galveston Island, with a stretch of thirty-five miles, rises only five
+feet above the level of high tide. To the south is an unbroken sweep of
+sea for 800 miles. Twelve hundred miles away is the nesting place of
+storms&mdash;storms that rise out of the dead calm of the doldrums and sweep
+northward, sometimes with a fury that nothing can withstand. Most of these
+storms describe a parabola, with the westward arch touching the Atlantic
+coast, after which the track is northeastward, finally disappearing with
+the storm itself in the north Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p>But every little while one of these West Indian hurricanes starts
+northwestward from its island nest, moving steadily on its course and
+entering the gulf itself.</p>
+
+<p>September and October are the months of these storms, and of the two
+months September is worse. In the ten years between 1878 and 1887,
+inclusive, fifty-seven hurricanes arose in the warm, moist conditions of
+the West Indian doldrums. Most of these passed out to sea and to the St.
+Lawrence River country, where they disappeared. But the hurricane of
+October 11, 1887, came ashore at New Orleans on October 17, and wrought
+havoc as it passed up the Eastern States to New Brunswick. The storm of
+October 8, 1886, reached Louisiana on the 12th, curving again toward
+Galveston on the Texas coast. It was in this storm that Galveston was
+flooded with loss of life and property while Indianola was destroyed
+beyond recovery.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>With these non-recurring storms two conditions favor their passage into
+the gulf. A high barometric area lies over the Atlantic coast States,
+while a trough of low pressure leads into the gulf and northward into the
+region of the Dakotas. The hurricane takes the path of least resistance
+always, and it must pass far northward before it can work its natural way
+around the tardy high area that hangs over the central coast States. It
+was this condition exactly which diverted the recent storm to Galveston
+and the Texas coast.</p>
+
+<p>The origin of a hurricane is not fully settled. Its accompanying
+phenomena, however, are significant to even the casual observer. A long
+swell on the ocean usually precedes it. This swell may be forced to great
+distances in advance of the storm and be observed two or three days before
+the storm strikes. A faint rise in the barometer may be noticed before the
+sharp fall follows. Wisps of thin, cirrus cloud float for 200 miles around
+the storm center. The air is calm and sultry until a gentle breeze springs
+from the southeast. This breeze becomes a wind, a gale, and, finally, a
+tempest, with matted clouds overhead, precipitating rain and a churning
+sea below throwing clouds of spume into the air.</p>
+
+<p>Here are all the terrible phenomena of the West Indian hurricane&mdash;the
+tremendous wind, the thrashing sea, the lightning, the bellowing thunder,
+and the drowning rain that seems to be dashed from mighty tanks with the
+force of Titans.</p>
+
+<p>But almost in an instant all these may cease. The wind dies, the lightning
+goes out, the rain ceases, and the thunder bellows only in the distance.
+The core of the storm is overhead. Only the waves of the sea are churning.
+There may be twenty miles of this central core, a diameter of only
+one-thirtieth that of the storm. It passes quickly,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> and with as little
+warning as preceded its stoppage the storm closes in again, but with the
+wind from the opposite direction, and the whole phenomena suggesting a
+reversal of all that has gone before.</p>
+
+<p>No storm possible in the elements presents the terrors that accompany the
+hurricane. The twisting tornado is confined to a narrow track and it has
+no long-drawn-out horrors. Its climax is reached in a moment. The
+hurricane, however, grows and grows, and when it has reached to 100 or 120
+miles an hour nothing can withstand it.</p>
+
+<p>It is this terrible besom of the Southern seas that so nearly has taken
+Galveston off the map. The great storm of 1875 frightened the city. The
+fate of Indianola in 1886 and the loss of ten lives and $200,000 worth of
+property on Galveston Island has kept Galveston uneasy ever since. To-day,
+for it to suggest rebuilding, will meet with the disapprobation of many of
+the sympathizing Americans who are giving freely to the stricken people.</p>
+
+<p>But the abandonment of Galveston could not be without a struggle. For
+fourteen years its old citizens had been admitting that twice in their
+memory the sea had come in on the island, causing death and destruction,
+but as sturdily as their conservatism prompted they had insisted that it
+never could do so again. They gave no consistent reason for their belief.
+The island was no higher; the force of the sea was as boundless as before;
+the doldrums of the West Indies still hung over the archipelago in
+storm-brooding calm. But their belief spread and the island city grew and
+developed as the old settler never had hoped to see it grow when he
+squatted there in the sand more than sixty years ago.</p>
+
+<p>This settler stock of Galveston Island was of queer characteristics. The
+island settlement was of a sort of Captain Streeter origin. The only
+variation was that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> Colonel Menard who founded it bought the island
+and established a town-site company to attract immigration. The mainland,
+as flat and desolate almost as the island, was three miles away. But deep
+water was there and to the north was an agricultural country that one day
+would have cotton to export. So the settlers waited. They held to their
+sand lots and traded with the &#8220;mosquito fleet&#8221; which sailed up and down
+the coast from Corpus Christi to New Orleans. This mosquito fleet was the
+only means for bringing outside traders to the town. As it grew it
+developed that the city&#8217;s export trade was all it had. It did a wholesale
+business that was to its retail business in the proportion of 100 to 1!</p>
+
+<p>In this way Galveston developed in-growing propensities. It scoffed at the
+mainland for years after the gulf shore began to be peopled. It was
+satisfied with its railroad &#8220;bridges,&#8221; which were mere trestlework mounted
+on piling driven into the shallow water of the bay. If the mainland wished
+to reach the city let it row out or sail out; the city would not go to the
+expense of a wagon bridge.</p>
+
+<p>As a result, Galveston was the most somnolent city in Texas, save on the
+wharves where tramp and coastwise ships and steamers loaded. When the
+market house closed by law at 10 o&#8217;clock in the morning, and when
+Galveston&#8217;s own local population had laid in its supplies for a midday
+dinner and for supper and breakfast, Strand street took a nap.</p>
+
+<p>In the &#8217;80s, however, a new element had been attracted, which was
+dissatisfied with the mossback order of things. It was not satisfied to
+make change with a stranger and give or take bits of yellow pasteboard,
+representing street car rides, in lieu of nickels.</p>
+
+<p>But these young immigrants were frowned upon by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> Galveston conservatism.
+They were a disturbing element. They kept the staid, mossback citizen
+awake in the afternoons and he did not like it. They were clamoring for
+sewers and artesian water in mains, whereas the conservative was content
+to build his rain water cistern above ground out of doors and strain the
+baby mosquitoes out of the water through a cloth.</p>
+
+<p>When a new waterworks and standpipe had been completed in 1889, and when
+some new mills had been established under difficulties, affairs had come
+to a pass when the new Galvestonian and the old found a great gap between.
+The visiting stranger was the confidant of both sides.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This town isn&#8217;t what it used to be,&#8221; sighed the conservative.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As a matter of fact,&#8221; the young business man would say, &#8220;Galveston needs
+to bury about 150 of its &#8216;old citizens&#8217; before it can get awake.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This was the situation when the government began to expend money upon the
+harbor.</p>
+
+<p>This was the situation, slightly altered by time, when the wagon bridge
+was built to the main land, when the government appropriated $6,200,000
+for the deepening of the harbor, and when export trade from Galveston
+approached the mark of $100,000,000 annually. And this, virtually, was the
+Galveston now in ruins.</p>
+
+<p>In rebuilding Galveston, it has been suggested that the bay be dredged of
+sand and the island raised to a uniform level of fifteen feet above the
+tide. The plan is feasible in every sense, and it is contended that the
+value of the city as a port would more than justify the cost.</p>
+
+<p>However the island city may decide, it will have departed from several
+notable instances of water-swept cities in rebuilding. In addition to the
+abandonment of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> Indianola, on the mainland of Texas, are the stories of
+Last Island in the Gulf of Mexico and of Cobb&#8217;s Island, a great fishing
+resort in Chesapeake Bay.</p>
+
+<p>Last Island was overwhelmed in 1856. Three hundred lives were lost in the
+hurricane. Lafcadio Hearn has put the legend of &#8220;L&#8217;Isle Derniere&#8221; into
+print and his description of the hurricane that swept in upon it is a
+description of the storm that has laid Galveston waste:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;One great noon, when the blue abyss of day seemed to yawn over the world
+more deeply than ever before, a sudden change touched the quicksilver
+smoothness of the waters&mdash;the swaying shadow of a vast motion. First the
+whole sea circle appeared to rise up bodily at the sky; the horizon curve
+lifted to a straight line; the line darkened and approached&mdash;a monstrous
+wrinkle, an immeasurable fold of green water moving swift as a cloud
+shadow pursued by sunlight. But it had looked formidable only by startling
+contrast with the previous placidity of the open; it was scarcely two feet
+high; it curled slowly as it neared the beach and combed itself out in
+sheets of woolly foam with a low, rich roll of thunder. Swift in pursuit
+another followed&mdash;a third, a feebler fourth; then the sea only swayed a
+little and stilled again.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Irregularly the phenomenon continued to repeat itself, each time with
+heavier billowings and briefer intervals of quiet, until at last the whole
+sea grew restless and shifted color and flickered green&mdash;the swells became
+shorter and changed form. * * *</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The pleasure-seekers of Last Island knew there must have been a &#8216;great
+blow&#8217; somewhere that day. Still the sea swelled, and a splendid surf made
+the evening bath delightful. Then just at sundown a beautiful cloud bridge
+grew up and arched the sky with a single span of cottony, pink vapor that
+changed and deepened color<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> with the dying of the iridescent day. And the
+cloud bridge approached, strained and swung round at last to make way for
+the coming of the gale&mdash;even as the light bridges that traverse the dreamy
+Teche swing open when the luggermen sound through their conch shells the
+long, bellowing signal of approach.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Then the wind began to blow from the northeast, clear, cool. * * * Clouds
+came, flew as in a panic against the face of the sun, and passed. All that
+day, through the night, and into the morning again the breeze continued
+from the northeast, blowing like an equinoctial gale. * * *</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Cottages began to rock. Some slid away from the solid props upon which
+they rested. A chimney tumbled. Shutters were wrenched off; verandas
+demolished. Light roofs lifted, dropped again, and flapped into ruin.
+Trees bent their heads to earth. And still the storm grew louder and
+blacker with every passing hour. * * *</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">WORK OF THE STORM.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;So the hurricane passed, tearing off the heads of prodigious waves to
+hurl them a hundred feet in air&mdash;heaping up the ocean against the
+land&mdash;upturning the woods. Bays and passes were swollen to abysses; rivers
+regorged; the sea marshes changed to roaring wastes of water. Before New
+Orleans the flood of the mile-broad Mississippi rose six feet above
+highest water mark. One hundred and ten miles away Donaldsonville trembled
+at the towering tide of the Lafourche. Lakes strove to burst their
+boundaries. Far-off river steamers tugged wildly at their
+cables&mdash;shivering like tethered creatures that hear by night the
+approaching howl of destroyers. * * *</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And swift in the wake of gull and frigate bird the wreckers come, the
+spoilers of the dead&mdash;savage skimmers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> of the sea&mdash;hurricane-riders wont
+to spread their canvas pinions in the face of storms. * * * There is
+plunder for all&mdash;birds and men. * * * Her betrothal ring will not come
+off, Guiseppe; but the delicate bone snaps easily; your oyster-knife can
+sever the tendon. * * * Over her heart you will find it, Valentio&mdash;the
+locket held by that fine, Swiss chain of woven hair * * * Juan, the
+fastenings of those diamond eardrops are much too complicated for your
+peon fingers; tear them out. * * *</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Suddenly a long, mighty silver trilling fills the ears of all; there is a
+wild hurrying and scurrying; swiftly, one after another, the overburdened
+luggers spread wings and flutter away. Thrice the great cry rings through
+the gray air and over the green sea, and over the far-flooded shell reefs
+where the huge white flashes are&mdash;sheet lightning of breakers&mdash;and over
+the weird wash of corpses coming in.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is the steam-call of the relief boat, hastening to rescue the living,
+to gather in the dead.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The tremendous tragedy is over.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">GALVESTON BUILT UPON THE SAND.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston is built upon the sand. According to Professor Willis L. Moore,
+Chief of the United States Weather Bureau at Washington, not only
+Galveston was insecurely built upon the flat sands of the island, but
+other cities on the gulf and Atlantic coasts, lying at tide, are subject
+to the same dangers. The West Indian hurricane may strike almost anywhere
+from the southern line of North Carolina, on down the coast, around the
+peninsula of Florida, and anywhere within the great arc described by the
+western shores of the Gulf of Mexico. These storms, perhaps 600 miles
+wide, have a vortex of twenty to thirty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> miles in diameter. It is in this
+vortex that the land is laid waste.</p>
+
+<p>It is this fact that will lead more strongly than any other to the
+rebuilding of Galveston. With an export business of $100,000,000 annually,
+the great West will bring pressure to bear upon the maintenance of the
+port. There is an island type of man in its population that will not be
+driven from that little ridge of sand three miles out in the gulf. There
+are 1,500 miles of gulf coast on which the vortex of such a storm may
+waste itself without touching Galveston, and both conservatism and
+commercialism will take the risk that a score of other cities at the tide
+level are taking.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time there are those who see for Galveston only a commercial
+existence. It never can grow as it has grown; it never can be the home of
+people whose fortunes are not tied up in the island.</p>
+
+<p>For fourteen years the city has had to contend with the fears of the
+incomer. The growth between 1890 and 1900 shows that these fears had been
+allayed in great measure, following the destruction in 1886. But years
+will not wipe out the black record of the last week. Hundreds will leave
+the island as a place of residence; thousands have been killed there and
+cremated in the sands or buried in the treacherous sea. A death rate of
+200 in a population of 1,000 drove Indianola from the map of Texas. Five
+thousand or more deaths of the 35,000 population of Galveston must have
+its influence upon the living.</p>
+
+<p>For with the assurances of the United States Weather Bureau, it is
+recognized that in natural phenomena there are cycle periods in which
+extremes are repeated from nature&#8217;s great laboratory. Observation has put
+this period of repetition at twenty years. According to this, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> case
+of hurricanes, the range of maximum and minimum will be within such a
+period. Without question Galveston is in the track of a certain abnormal
+but not infrequent West Indian hurricane which fails to be deflected from
+the Georgia and Florida coasts. It keeps to its northwestward course and
+strikes the Louisiana, Texas or Mexico coasts, according to its impulse.
+In the Galveston storm a new maximum seems to have been established, <ins class="correction" title="original: yets">yet</ins>
+its repetition may be looked for within the next twenty-year period. As a
+matter of fact, indeed, the average period between the recurrence of these
+maximum storms has been less than fifteen years.</p>
+
+<p>Lyman E. Cooley, one of the original engineers in marking the route of the
+drainage canal, is an observer of periodic natural phenomena, and his
+theory holds in great measure with the observations of the United States
+weather service.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is a general proposition,&#8221; said Mr. Cooley. &#8220;It means just this much:
+Suppose that Chicago has a snow storm on June 15. Within a twenty-year
+period we may expect another phenomenon of the kind in the same calendar
+month. It may not snow in Chicago itself; the storm may be ten, twenty or
+thirty miles away, on any side of it. But in the same general territory,
+about the same time of the phenomenon, it will be repeated.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Suppose a terrible rain or wind storm develops, its repetition may be
+looked for in the same period. So with extremes of temperature, influences
+on lake levels, and all the other phenomena of nature&#8217;s forces. They have
+their cycles, and the twenty-year period covers most of them.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>But in the case of Galveston, one of its great hurricanes was experienced
+in 1875, another in 1886, and the last only fourteen years later. These
+historic facts tend to confirm Mr. Cooley&#8217;s observations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>Galveston&#8217;s destruction and that of other towns similarly situated had
+been predicted. Writing in the Arena in 1890, Professor Joseph Rodes Buchanan said:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Every seaboard city south of New England that is not more than fifty feet
+above the sea level of the Atlantic coast is destined to a destructive
+convulsion. Galveston, New Orleans, Mobile, St. Augustine, Savannah and
+Charleston are doomed. Richmond, Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia,
+Newark, Jersey City and New York will suffer in various degrees in
+proportion as they approximate the sea level. Brooklyn will suffer less,
+but the destruction at New York and Jersey City will be the grandest
+horror.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The convulsion will probably begin on the Pacific coast, and perhaps
+extend in the Pacific toward the Sandwich Islands. The shock will be
+terrible, with great loss of life, extending from British Columbia down
+along the coast of Mexico, but the conformation of the Pacific coast will
+make its grand tidal wave far less destructive than on the Atlantic shore.
+Nevertheless, it will be calamitous. Lower California will suffer severely
+along the coast. San Diego and Coronado will suffer severely, especially
+the latter.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It may seem rash to anticipate the limits of the destructive force of a
+foreseen earthquake, but there is no harm in testing the prophetic power
+of science in the complex relations of nature and man.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The destruction of cities which I anticipate will be twenty-four years
+ahead&mdash;it may be twenty-three. It will be sudden and brief&mdash;all within an
+hour and not far from noon. Starting from the Pacific coast, as already
+described, it will strike southward&mdash;a mighty tidal wave and earthquake
+shock that will develop in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. It will
+strike the western<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> coast of Cuba and severely injure Havana. Our sister
+republic, Venezuela, bound to us in destiny, by the law of periodicity
+will be assailed by the encroaching waves and terribly shaken by the
+earthquake. The destruction of her chief city, Caraccas, will be greater
+than in 1812, when 12,000 were said to be destroyed. The coming shock will
+be near total destruction.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;From South America back to the United States, all Central America and
+Mexico are severely shaken; Vera Cruz suffers with great severity, but the
+City of Mexico realizes only a severe shock. Tampico and Matamoras suffer
+severely; Galveston is overwhelmed; New Orleans is in a dangerous
+condition&mdash;the question arises between total and partial destruction. I
+will only say it will be an awful calamity. If the tidal wave runs
+southward New Orleans may have only its rebound. The shock and flood pass
+up the Mississippi from 100 to 150 miles and strike Baton Rouge with
+destructive force.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As it travels along the gulf shore Mobile will probably suffer most
+severely and be more than half destroyed; Pensacola somewhat less.
+Southern Florida is probably entirely submerged and lost; St. Augustine
+severely injured; Charleston will probably be half submerged, and Newbern
+suffer more severely; Port Royal will probably be wiped out; Norfolk will
+suffer about as much as Pensacola; Petersburg and Richmond will suffer,
+but not disastrously; Washington will suffer in its low grounds, Baltimore
+and Annapolis much more severely on its water front, its spires will
+topple, and its large buildings be injured, but I do not think its grand
+city hall will be destroyed. Probably the injury will not affect more than
+one-fourth. But along the New Jersey coast the damage will be great.
+Atlantic City and Cape May may be destroyed, but Long Branch will be
+protected by its bluff<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> from any severe calamity. The rising waters will
+affect Newark, and Jersey City will be the most unfortunate of large
+cities, everything below its heights being overwhelmed. New York below the
+postoffice and Trinity Church will be flooded and all its water margins
+will suffer.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Comparisons Between the Galveston and Johnstown Disasters&mdash;The Latter Not
+So Horrible in Its Features&mdash;Frightful Plight of the Texas Victims.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Until the elements wreaked their vengeance upon the fair City of Galveston
+and vented their wrath upon its unoffending population, the awful disaster
+at Johnstown, Pa., which occurred on the 31st of May, 1889, was the most
+frightful calamity known in the history of the United States. Johnstown
+was almost literally wiped from the face of the earth, the suddenness of
+the flood which created the havoc precluding the escape of anyone
+unfortunate enough to be in its path.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike the Galveston catastrophe, the flood at Johnstown poured its waters
+upon the devoted inhabitants without warning and the slaughter was over
+within the space of a comparatively few minutes. The victims, that is to
+say, the majority of them, were drowned or dashed to pieces before they
+had time to realize the horror of it all.</p>
+
+<p>At Galveston the people knew for hours before the angry waters submerged
+the island and the resistless gale tore the business buildings and
+residences to pieces what their fate was to be. They looked death squarely
+in the face hour after hour, suffering all the terrors dire certainty
+could inflict, their knowledge that they were absolutely powerless and
+beyond the reach of aid adding to their agonies.</p>
+
+<p>Death was merciful to the people of Johnstown; he was cruel to his prey at
+Galveston, and delighted in the tortures he was enabled to impose before
+he placed his icy hand upon them and bade them come.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>Perhaps the only parallel in history to the Galveston visitation was the
+destruction, in 79 A. D., of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The frightened
+pleasure-seekers of those doomed cities could see the red lava stream
+bearing down upon them as it was vomited up from the bowels of Vesuvius
+and thrown out from the mighty maw of the crater, but even then they were
+mercifully stifled by the tremendous, never-ending shower of ashes which
+soon enveloped them and completely covered their homes.</p>
+
+<p>They did not stand for hours, with the blackness of the night around them,
+listening to the roar of the volcano&#8217;s eruption and hear their death knell
+sounded long before they were compelled to undergo the actual pain of an
+awful death; they were caught as they sought safety in flight and stricken
+down while endeavoring to get beyond the reach of the sickle of the grim
+reaper; they could move and act in accordance with their impulses which
+prompted them to make a flight for life, and they succumbed only after a
+desperate struggle.</p>
+
+<p>It was different at Galveston. The men, women and children were not
+permitted even the small but precious boon of falling while battling with
+the grim destroyer; they were caught and imprisoned, even as those who
+were done to death during the time when the Inquisition reigned, and, on
+the way to execution, were, it might be said, compelled to bear the very
+cross upon which they were to be impaled.</p>
+
+<p>There is no record since time began of such a long-drawn-out agony as that
+which the devoted people of Galveston endured during the period
+intervening between the advent of the hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico and
+the final imposition of the death penalty.</p>
+
+<p>Fathers saw their wives and babes crushed by the wreckage flung aloft and
+around by the fury of the gale,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> or drowned in the swift running current;
+wives saw their husbands and children torn from them and swept from their
+sight forever; children saw their parents disappear in the murky, turbid
+waters of the flood.</p>
+
+<p>Men saw the dead faces of their loved ones they would have deemed it a joy
+to save as they were borne along upon the bosom of the waters. Men invited
+destruction in their efforts at rescue, only to realize how weak and
+utterly futile was their strength in comparison to the irresistible power
+of the enraged elements. Men died desponding because they could not save
+those they had cherished and heretofore protected, and went down in
+despair and gloom.</p>
+
+<p>At Johnstown the released waters tore their way through the beautiful
+valley of the Conemagh with the rush and speed of a giant avalanche and
+enfolded their victims in their merciless embrace; the inhabitants were,
+in the twinkling of an eye, borne from the sunshine of life to the gloom
+of the valley of the shadow; they may have felt a momentary terror before
+they succumbed, but it was all over in an instant.</p>
+
+<p>At Galveston, the condemned simply waited for the inevitable; they clung
+to the brief remaining supports and died a thousand deaths before death
+claimed them; they stood upon the brink of eternity and cried in vain for
+the succor they well knew would not come; they prayed for mercy, but there
+was none.</p>
+
+<p>When the waters of the gulf leaped upon the island where the beautiful
+city sat in all her glory the people fled to the high places and saw the
+flood creep higher and higher until it overcame them. Although it was not
+until the darkness of the night had long since settled upon them they had
+known in the afternoon that Galveston was doomed. The hurricane would not
+permit them to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> escape, but sundered all communication with the mainland
+and then laughed at their puny efforts at preservation.</p>
+
+<p>The death roster in and around Galveston was fully 8,000; at Johnstown the
+known number of victims was a score less than 2,300. Many died at
+Johnstown of whom nothing was ever heard, and there were possibly 2,500
+persons engulfed in the stream which all but destroyed the town, but at
+the same time the probabilities are that 10,000 people died at Galveston
+and in the immediate vicinity. Bodies were washed up and thrown upon the
+shore by hundreds for days after the disaster; how many were burned upon
+the many funeral pyres no accurate record was kept.</p>
+
+<p>In one respect the two calamities were alike&mdash;the destruction of millions
+of dollars&#8217; worth of property, but the losses were not so great at
+Johnstown during those fearful two minutes as those occasioned by the
+beating of the winds and waves which for hours had Galveston at their
+mercy.</p>
+
+<p>Johnstown was a city of 30,000, teeming with the industry of a
+manufacturing town. With not even a warning shout to apprise the
+inhabitants the dam of a lake high above the town broke and the flood
+sweeping down the Conemagh Valley engulfed the city and its inhabitants
+before they even knew of the danger. The whole place was a mass of debris
+and dead when the deluge subsided.</p>
+
+<p>Galveston was a city of nearly 40,000 people, and had within its gates
+hundreds of strangers, and the fact that telegrams of inquiry from all
+parts of the United States poured into the mayor&#8217;s office in a perfect
+stream for days after the flood indicated that scores were killed of whom
+the searchers knew nothing.</p>
+
+<p>But Johnstown was not alone in its misery. In the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> southwest a tragedy was
+enacted a few years later which claimed hundreds of victims.</p>
+
+<p>A tornado, immeasurable in its force and fury, blotted out a section of
+St. Louis late in the afternoon of May 22, 1896. Nearly a thousand lives
+and tens of millions in property were sacrificed.</p>
+
+<p>Until the disaster at Galveston the St. Louis catastrophe was the second
+greatest disaster of its kind in the history of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>The tornado destroyed dozens of the finest buildings in the city. It
+leveled massive structures to the ground. It tossed railroad locomotives
+about and crushed the eastern span of the Eads bridge, one of the
+strongest structures in the world.</p>
+
+<p>It made St. Louis a city of mourning for weeks and impoverished numberless
+families.</p>
+
+<p>Yet Galveston surpassed these cities in the frightful nature of its
+calamity. Hundreds of insane people are being cared for, their reason
+having been overthrown by their great sufferings. This was one of the
+saddest features of the shocking visitation. These poor creatures, first
+bereft of home, family and property, are now living legacies of the most
+stupendous catastrophe this country has ever known.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Great Calamities Caused by Flood and Gale During Past Centuries&mdash;Millions
+of Lives Lost Through the Fury of the Elements.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Since the great flood which covered the earth, and of which Noah and his
+family were the only survivors, the world has seen many calamities of this
+nature, and millions of lives have been lost through gales and rushing
+waters.</p>
+
+<p>At Dort, in Holland, seventy-two villages and over 100,000 people were
+destroyed on April 17, 1421.</p>
+
+<p>At a general inundation of nearly the whole of Holland in 1530, upward of
+400,000 people lost their lives.</p>
+
+<p>In Catalonia, in 1617, 50,000 persons perished by flood.</p>
+
+<p>Six thousand perished by the floods in Silesia in 1813, and 4,000 in
+Poland in the same year.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of life during the recent floods in Austria-Hungary and in China
+have never been fully reckoned, and though 100,000 persons are said to
+have perished in the Chinese inundations, the figures are not regarded as
+trustworthy. These are the only floods on record where the loss of human
+life has been estimated at over 5,000. The list of smaller similar
+disasters is almost an endless one.</p>
+
+<p>Holland, the little lowland country &#8220;redeemed from the seas,&#8221; has suffered
+worst, from the nature of its situation. Protected, as it is, by dikes,
+which separate the land from the water by artificial means, a constant
+vigilance has been required of its people to prevent the ocean from
+claiming its own. In both the deluges of 1421 and 1530 the immediate cause
+was a breaking down of the dikes. The records of both are meager, although
+the mere<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> lists of the drowned suffice to show how awful the havoc must
+have been. The inundation at Dort began at Dordrecht, where a heavy storm
+caused the dikes at that point to give way. In that territory alone 10,000
+people were overwhelmed and perished, while over 100,000 were drowned in
+and around Dullart in Friesland and Zealand. The subsequent inundation of
+1530 was the most frightful on record. It nearly annihilated the
+Netherlands, and only to the indomitable pluck and industry which have
+ever characterized the inhabitants of that country was its subsequent
+recovery due.</p>
+
+<p>In 1108 Flanders was inundated by the sea. The submerged districts
+comprised an enormous area, and the harbor and town of Ostend were
+completely covered by water. The present city was built above a league
+from the channel, where the old one still lies beneath the waves.</p>
+
+<p>An awful inundation occurred at Dantzig on April 9, 1829, occasioned by
+the Vistula breaking through some of its dikes. Numerous lives were lost,
+and, the records state, 4,000 houses and 10,000 head of cattle were
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>A large part of Zealand was overflowed in 1717, and 1,300 of the
+inhabitants were lost in the floods. Hamburg, while her citizens with but
+few exceptions were saved, sustained an almost incalculable loss to
+property. The same city was again half flooded on January 1, 1855, and
+enormous damage suffered.</p>
+
+<p>In the Silesian flood spoken of above the ruin of the French army under
+MacDonald, which was in that country at the time, was materially
+accelerated by the forces of nature.</p>
+
+<p>One of the worst floods Germany ever had occurred in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> March, 1816; 119
+villages were laid under water and a great loss of life and property
+followed the inundation.</p>
+
+<p>The floods in China and that portion of the Eastern Hemisphere, from time
+immemorial peculiarly subject to such calamities, have always entailed
+losses about which little has been known. No definite statistics of loss
+of life and damages have ever been obtainable. In recent years there have
+been floods there which are known to have been very disastrous, but that
+is practically all that can be said. In October, 1833, occurred one of the
+worst floods in the empire. Ten thousand houses were swept away and 1,000
+persons perished in Canton alone, while equal or perhaps greater calamity
+was produced in other sections of the country.</p>
+
+<p>At Vienna the dwellings of 50,000 inhabitants were laid under water in
+February, 1830.</p>
+
+<p>Two thousand persons perished in Navarre in September, 1787, from torrents
+from the mountains produced by excessive rains.</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful Danube of poetry and song has, on numerous occasions, risen
+in its might, and brought disaster and distress to the inhabitants of the
+countries through which it winds. Pesth, near Presburg, suffered to an
+enormous extent from its overflow in April, 1811. Twenty-four villages
+were swept away, and a large number of their inhabitants perished.</p>
+
+<p>On the occasion of another overflow of this river, on September 14, 1813,
+a Turkish corps of 2,000 men, who were encamped on a small island near
+Widdin, were surprised and met instant death to a man.</p>
+
+<p>A catastrophe, which in some respects brings to mind that at Johnstown,
+occurred in Spain in 1802. Lorca, a city in Murcia, was overwhelmed by the
+bursting of a reservoir, and upwards of 1,000 people were destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>France has on numerous occasions suffered severely from floods. Its rivers
+have overflowed their banks at intervals for centuries back, causing great
+loss of life and damage to property. The Loire flooded the center and
+southwest of France by an unprecedented rise in October, 1846, and, while
+the <ins class="correction" title="original: beople">people</ins> succeeded in escaping to a great extent, damages aggregating
+over $20,000,000 were sustained. Ten years later the south of France was
+again subjected to an inundation and an immense loss sustained.</p>
+
+<p>A large part of Toulouse was destroyed by a rising of the Garonne in June,
+1875. So sudden and disastrous was the flood that the inhabitants were
+taken unawares and over 1,000 lost their lives.</p>
+
+<p>Awful inundations occurred in France from October 31 to November 4, 1840.
+The Saone poured its waters into the Rhone, broke through its banks and
+covered 60,000 acres. Lyons was almost entirely submerged; in Avignon 100
+houses were swept away, 218 houses were carried away at La Guillotiere and
+upward of 300 at Voise, Marseilles and Nismes. It was the greatest height
+the Saone had attained for 238 years.</p>
+
+<p>At Besseges, in the south of France, a waterspout in 1861 destroyed the
+machinery of the mines and sent a torrent over the edge of the pit like a
+cataract. The gas exploded and hundreds of men and boys were buried below.
+Very few of the bodies of the dead were recovered.</p>
+
+<p>A thousand lives were lost in Murcia, Spain, by inundations in 1879.</p>
+
+<p>India has been the scene of numerous floods. In <ins class="correction" title="Presented as in the original.">186</ins> a deluge overwhelmed
+the fertile districts of Bengal, killing hundreds and plunging the
+survivors into the direst poverty. Famine and pestilence followed,
+carrying thousands away like cattle.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>Italy has not been exempt from the devastation of the waters. On December
+28 and 29, 1870, Rome suffered great loss, and in October, 1872, the
+northern portions of the kingdom were visited by great floods. There have
+been innumerable smaller inundations.</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain has a long list of inundations. It is recorded that in the
+year 245 the sea swept over Lincolnshire and submerged thousands of acres.
+In the year 353 over 3,000 persons were drowned in Cheshire from the same
+cause. Four hundred families were destroyed in Glasgow in the year 738 by
+a great flood. The coast of Kent was similarly afflicted in 1100, and the
+immense bank still known as the Goodwin Sands was formed by the action of
+the sea.</p>
+
+<p>While the record as given above is by no means complete, it will serve for
+all purposes of comparison. It embraces the most important disasters of
+the rushing waters on record, and shows what a destructive force the same
+element has proven which babbles in noisy brooks and sings merrily as it
+courses down the mountain sides.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">DEATH-DEALING STORMS IN OTHER COUNTRIES IN FORTY YEARS.</p>
+
+<p>1864&mdash;Calcutta, India; 45,000 lives and 100 ships lost.</p>
+
+<p>1881&mdash;Haifong, China; 300,000 lives lost.</p>
+
+<p>1881&mdash;England; great destruction of life and property and many lives lost.</p>
+
+<p>1882&mdash;Manila, Philippine Islands; 60,000 families rendered homeless and 100 lives lost.</p>
+
+<p>1886&mdash;Madrid, Spain; 32 killed, 620 injured.</p>
+
+<p>1887&mdash;Australian coast; 550 pearl fishers perished.</p>
+
+<p>1888&mdash;Cuba; 1,000 lives lost.</p>
+
+<p>1889&mdash;Apia, Samoan Islands; German and American warships wrecked and many lives lost.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>1890&mdash;Muscat, Arabia; 700 lives lost.</p>
+
+<p>1891&mdash;Martinique; 340 lives lost and $10,000,000 worth of property destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>1892&mdash;Ravigo, Northern Italy; several hundred lives lost.</p>
+
+<p>1892&mdash;Tonnatay, Madagascar; several hundred lives lost.</p>
+
+<p>1893&mdash;Great storm on the northwest coast of Europe; 237 lives lost off
+English coast and 165 fishermen off Jutland.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">HISTORIC DEVASTATING STORMS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES.</p>
+
+<p>1840&mdash;Adams County, Mississippi; 317 killed, 100 injured; loss $1,260,000.</p>
+
+<p>1842&mdash;Adams County, Mississippi; 500 killed; great property loss.</p>
+
+<p>1880&mdash;Barry, Stone, Webster and Christian Counties, Missouri; 100 killed,
+600 injured; 200 buildings destroyed; loss $1,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>1880&mdash;Noxubee County, Mississippi; 22 killed, 72 injured; 55 buildings
+destroyed; loss $100,000.</p>
+
+<p>1880&mdash;Fannin County, Texas; 40 killed, 83 injured; 49 buildings destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>1882&mdash;Henry and Saline Counties, Missouri; 8 killed, 53 injured; 247
+buildings destroyed; loss $300,000.</p>
+
+<p>1883&mdash;Kemper, Copiah, Simpson, Newton and Lauderdale Counties,
+Mississippi; 51 killed, 200 injured; 100 buildings destroyed; loss
+$300,000.</p>
+
+<p>1883&mdash;Izard, Sharp and Clay Counties, Arkansas; 5 killed, 162 injured; 60
+buildings destroyed; loss $300,000.</p>
+
+<p>1884&mdash;North and South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia,
+Kentucky and Illinois; 800 killed, 2,500 injured; 10,000 buildings destroyed.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 300px;"><img src="images/fig_040tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_040.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">HOMES RUINED AND FAMILIES KILLED</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 316px;"><img src="images/fig_041tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_041.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">RUIN CAUSED BY THE FLOOD</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 316px;"><img src="images/fig_042tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_042.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">A STREET AFTER THE FLOOD</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 330px;"><img src="images/fig_043tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_043.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">AFTER THE DISASTER</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 307px;"><img src="images/fig_044tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_044.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">RUINED HOMES</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 303px;"><img src="images/fig_045tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_045.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">A STREET OF STORES IN RUINS</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 321px;"><img src="images/fig_046tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_046.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">A TYPICAL SCENE AFTER THE DISASTER</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 316px;"><img src="images/fig_047tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_047.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">HOUSES DESTROYED BY THE FLOOD</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 289px;"><img src="images/fig_048tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_048.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">SOLDIERS ENCAMPED IN THE STRICKEN CITY</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 318px;"><img src="images/fig_049tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_049.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">DESTRUCTION ALONG THE WHARFS</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 296px;"><img src="images/fig_050tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_050.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">THE DESTRUCTION BY THE WATER</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 300px;"><img src="images/fig_051tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_051.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">A STREET AFTER THE DISASTER</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 346px;"><img src="images/fig_052tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_052.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">EXODUS FROM GALVESTON THE NEXT DAY</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 305px;"><img src="images/fig_053tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_053.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">CREMATION OF BODIES HAULED TO THE WHARF FRONT</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 304px;"><img src="images/fig_054tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/fig_054.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">BODIES OF VICTIMS OF THE HURRICANE BEING CARTED TO SCOWS FOR BURIAL IN THE GULF</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Overwhelming of Johnstown, Pa., by the Waters from Conemaugh Lake&mdash;One of
+the Most Peculiar Happenings in History&mdash;Actual Number of Deaths Will
+Never Be Known&mdash;About Twenty-Five Hundred Bodies Found.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />On Friday, May 31, 1889, at 12:45 p. m., the stones in the center of the
+dam which confined the waters of Conemaugh Lake began to sink because of
+leaks in the masonry; at 1 o&#8217;clock the dam broke and the flood rushed
+fiercely down the beautiful Conemaugh Valley to Johnstown, two and a half
+miles directly to the southwest&mdash;but thirteen miles by way of the winding
+valley&mdash;and within a few minutes nearly 2,300 men, women and children
+(this many, it is known, perished, although it is probable the loss of
+life was much greater) were lying dead in the wreckage of the city;
+millions of dollars&#8217; worth of property were destroyed and thousands of
+people beggared&mdash;and all because the members of the fishing club which
+controlled the lake were too penurious to have the leaks in the dam
+repaired. The coroner&#8217;s verdict was to the effect that the club was to
+blame for the disaster.</p>
+
+<p>Hundreds of business buildings and residences were destroyed, and less
+than a score of the structures composing the town were uninjured; complete
+paralysis followed, and many said, as in the case of Galveston, the city
+would not be rebuilt; hundreds were crazed by their sufferings and never
+regained their reason; thieves swarmed to the place and looted the bodies
+of the dead until the arrival of several thousand State troops put an end
+to the carnival of crime; the impoverished survivors were cared for until
+they could get upon their feet again, relief pouring in from everywhere in
+the shape of hundreds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> of thousands of dollars in cash and thousands of
+carloads of supplies of all sorts; the business men plucked up courage and
+went to work with a will when the apathy succeeding the calamity had worn
+off, and to-day Johnstown is greater than ever, and has added to both her
+wealth and population.</p>
+
+<p>Conemaugh Lake is three and one-half miles in length, one and one-quarter
+miles in width, and in some places one hundred feet in depth, located on a
+mountain three hundred feet above the level of Johnstown, its waters being
+held within bounds by a huge earth dam nearly one thousand feet long,
+ninety feet thick and one hundred and twenty feet in height, the top
+having a breadth of over twenty feet. It was once a reservoir and a feeder
+for the Pennsylvania Canal. It had been widened and deepened and was the
+property of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, an organization of
+rich and influential citizens of Pittsburg. It was a constant menace to
+the residents of the Conemaugh Valley, but engineers of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad regularly inspected it once a month and pronounced it safe.</p>
+
+<p>The club leased the lake in 1881 from the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
+It paid no attention to the fears of the people of Johnstown, but merely
+quoted the opinions of experts to the effect that nothing short of an
+extraordinary convulsion of nature could affect the protecting dam.</p>
+
+<p>Johnstown&#8217;s geographical situation is one that renders it peculiarly
+liable to terrible loss of life in the event of such a casualty as that
+reported. It is a town built in a basin of the mountains and girt about by
+streams, all of which finally find their way into the Allegheny River, and
+thence into the Ohio. On one side of the town flows the Conemaugh River, a
+stream which during the dry periods of the summer drought can be readily
+crossed in many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> places by stepping from stone to stone, but which
+speedily becomes a raging mountain torrent, when swollen by the spring
+freshets or heavy summer rains.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side of the town is the Stony Creek, which gathers up its own
+share of the mountain rains and whirls them along toward Pittsburg. The
+awful flood caused by the sudden outpouring of the contents of the
+reservoir, together with the torrents of rain that had already swollen
+these streams to triple their usual violence, is supposed to be the cause
+of the sudden submersion of Johnstown and the drowning of so many of its
+citizens. The water, unable to find its way rapidly enough through its
+usual channels, piled up in overwhelming masses, carrying before it
+everything that obstructed its onward rush upon the town.</p>
+
+<p>Johnstown, the center of the great disaster, is on the main line of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad, 276 miles from Philadelphia. It is the headquarters
+of the great Cambria Iron Company, and its acres of ironworks fill the
+narrow basin in which the city is situated. The rolling mill and Bessemer
+steel works employ 6,000 men. The mountains rise quite abruptly almost on
+all sides, and the railroad track, which follows the turbulent course of
+the Conemaugh River, is above the level of the iron works. The summit of
+the Allegheny Mountains is reached at Gallatizin, about twenty-four miles
+east of Johnstown.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Johnstown had been warned of the impending flood as early as
+1 o&#8217;clock in the afternoon, but not a person living near the reservoir
+knew that the dam had given way until the flood swept the houses off their
+foundations and tore the timbers apart. Escape from the torrent was
+impossible. The Pennsylvania Railroad hastily made up trains to get as
+many people away as possible, and thus saved many lives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>Four miles below the dam lay the town of South Fork, where the South Fork
+itself empties into the Conemaugh River. The town contained about 2,000
+inhabitants. It has not been heard from, but it is said that four-fifths
+of it has been swept away.</p>
+
+<p>Four miles further down, on the Conemaugh River, which runs parallel with
+the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was the town of Mineral Point.
+It had 800 inhabitants, 90 per cent of the houses being on a flat and
+close to the river. Few of them escaped.</p>
+
+<p>Six miles further down was the town of Conemaugh, and here alone was there
+a topographical possibility of the spreading of the flood and the breaking
+of its force. It contained 2,500 inhabitants and was wholly devastated.</p>
+
+<p>Woodvale, with 2,000 people, lay a mile below Conemaugh, in the flat, and
+one mile further down were Johnstown and its cluster of sister towns,
+Cambria City, Conemaugh borough, with a total population of 30,000.</p>
+
+<p>On made ground, and stretching along right at the river verge, were the
+immense iron works of the Cambria Iron and Steel Company, which had
+$5,000,000 invested in the plant.</p>
+
+<p>The great damage to Johnstown was largely due to the rebound of the flood
+after it swept across. The wave spread against the stream of Stony Creek
+and passed over Kernsville to a depth of thirty feet in some places. It
+was related that the lumber boom had broken on Stony Creek, and the rush
+of tide down stream, coming in contact with the spreading wave, increased
+the extent of the disaster in this section. In Kernsville, as well as in
+Hornerstown, across the river, the opinion was expressed that so many
+lives would not have been lost had the people not believed from their
+experience with former floods<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> that there was positively no danger beyond
+the filling of cellars or the overflow of the shores of the river. After
+rushing down the mountains from the South Fork dam, the pressure of water
+was so great that it forced its way against the natural channel not only
+over Kernsville and Hornerstown, but all the way up to Grubbtown, on Stony
+Creek.</p>
+
+<p>By the terrible flood communication by rail and wire was nearly all cut off.</p>
+
+<p>The exact number of the victims of this dreadful disaster probably will
+never be known. Bodies were found beyond Pittsburg, which in all
+probability were carried to that place from Johnstown and its suburbs. The
+terrible holocaust at the barricade of wrecks at the bridge of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad below Johnstown, where hundreds of men, women and
+children who were saved from the waves were burned to death, caused a
+terrible loss of life. The loss of property was about $10,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">KNEW THE DAM WAS WEAK.</p>
+
+<p>On the Monday after the catastrophe there came to Johnstown a man who had
+scarcely more than a dozen rags to cover his nakedness. His name was
+Herbert Webber, and he was employed by the South Fork Club as a sort of
+guard. He supported himself mostly by hunting and fishing on the club&#8217;s
+preserves. By almost super-human efforts he succeeded in working his way
+through the forest and across flood, in order to ascertain for himself the
+terrible results of the deluge which he saw start from the Sportsman&#8217;s
+Club&#8217;s lake. Webber said that he had been employed in various capacities
+about the preserve for a considerable time.</p>
+
+<p>He had repeatedly, he declared, called the attention of the members of the
+club to the various leakages at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> dam, but he received the stereotyped
+reply that the masonry was all right; that it had been &#8220;built to stand for
+centuries,&#8221; and that such a thing as its giving way was among the
+impossibilities. But Webber did not hesitate to continue his warnings.
+Finally, according to his own statement, he was instructed to &#8220;shut up or
+he would be bounced.&#8221; He was given to understand that the officers of the
+club were tired of his croakings and that the less he said about the dam
+from thence on the better it would be for him.</p>
+
+<p>Webber then laid his complaint before the Mayor of Johnstown, not more
+than a month before the catastrophe. He told him that the spring freshets
+were due, and that, if they should be very heavy, the dam would certainly
+give way. Webber says the Mayor promised to send an expert to examine the
+dam then, and if necessary to appeal to the State. Somehow the expert was
+not chosen, the appeal was not made at Harrisburg, and the calamity
+ensued.</p>
+
+<p>For three days previous to the final outburst, Webber said, the water of
+the lake forced itself through the interstices of the masonry, so that the
+front of the dam resembled a large watering pot. The force of the water
+was so great that one of these jets squirted full thirty feet horizontally
+from the stone wall. All this time, too, the feeders of the lake,
+particularly three of them, more nearly resembled torrents than mountain
+streams and were supplying the dammed up body of water with quite
+3,000,000 gallons of water hourly.</p>
+
+<p>At 11 o&#8217;clock Friday morning, May 31, Webber said he was attending to a
+camp about a mile back from the dam, when he noticed that the surface of
+the lake seemed to be lowering. He doubted his eyes, and made a mark on
+the shore, and then found that his suspicions were <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>undoubtedly well
+founded. He ran across the country to the dam, and there he saw the water
+of the lake welling out from beneath the foundation stones of the dam.
+Absolutely helpless, he was compelled to stand there and watch the gradual
+development of what was to be the most disastrous flood of this continent.</p>
+
+<p>According to his reckoning it was 12:45 when the stones in the centre of
+the dam began to sink because of the undermining, and within eight minutes
+a gap of twenty feet was made in the lower half of the wall face, through
+which the water poured as though forced by machinery of stupendous power.
+By 1 o&#8217;clock the toppling masonry, which before had partaken somewhat of
+the form of an arch, fell in, and then the remainder of the wall opened
+outward like twin-gates, and the great storage lake was foaming and
+thundering down the valley of the Conemaugh.</p>
+
+<p>Webber became so awestruck at the catastrophe that he was unable to leave
+the spot until the lake had fallen so low that it showed bottom fifty feet
+below him. How long a time elapsed he did not know before he recovered
+sufficient power of observation to notice this, but he did not think more
+than five minutes passed. Webber said that had the dam been repaired after
+the spring freshet of 1888 the disaster would not have occurred. Had it
+been given ordinary attention in the spring of 1887 the probabilities are
+thousands of lives would not have been lost. To have put the dam in
+excellent condition would not have cost $5,000.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">EXPERT SAID THE DAM WAS NOT STRONG.</p>
+
+<p>A. M. Wellington, one of the most noted engineering experts in the United
+States, said of the dam after the flood:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>&#8220;No engineer of known and good standing could possibly have been engaged
+in the reconstruction of the old dam after it had been neglected in disuse
+for twenty odd years, and the old dam was a very inferior piece of work,
+and of a kind wholly unwarranted by good engineering practices of its day,
+thirty years ago.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Both the original dam and the reconstructed one were built of earth only,
+with no heart wall and rip-rapped only, on the slopes. True, the earth is
+of a sticky, clayey quality; the best of earth for adhesiveness, and the
+old dam was made in watered layers, well rammed down, as is still shown in
+the wrecked dam. But the new end was probably not rammed down at all; the
+earth was simply dumped in like an ordinary railway filling. Much of the
+old dam still stands, while the new work contiguous to it was carried
+away.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It has been an acknowledged principle of dam building for forty years,
+and the invariable practice to build a central wall either of puddle or
+solid masonry, but there was neither in the old nor in the new dam. It is
+doubtful if there is another dam of the height of fifty feet in the United
+States which lacks this central wall.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Ignorance or carelessness is shown in the reconstruction, for the middle
+of the new dam was nearly two feet lower in the middle than at the ends.
+It should have been crowned in the middle by all the rules and practice of
+engineering.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Had the break begun at the ends, the cut of the water would have been
+gradual and little or no harm would have resulted. And had the dam been
+cut at once at the ends when the water began running over the center, the
+suddenness of the break might have been checked, the wall crumbling away
+at least more slowly and gradually and possibly prolonged so that little
+harm would have been done.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>&#8220;There was an overflow through the rocks in the old dam, which provided
+that the water must rise seven feet above the ordinary level before it
+would pass over the crest of the dam. But, owing to the raising of the
+ends of the dam in 1881, without raising the crest, only five and a half
+feet of water was necessary to run water over the middle of the dam. And
+this spillway, narrow at best, had been further contracted by a close
+grating to prevent the fish from escaping from the lake, while the
+original discharge pipe at the foot of the dam was permanently closed when
+the dam was constructed. Indeed, the maximum discharge was reduced in all
+directions. The safety valve to that dangerous dam was almost screwed down
+tight.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There seems to have been no leakage through the dam, its destruction
+resulting from its running over at the top. The estimates for the original
+dam call for half earth and rock, but there is no indication of it in the
+broken dam. The riprap was merely a skin on each face, with loose spawls
+mixed with the earth. The dam was 72 feet high, 2 inches slope to a foot
+inside, 1&#189; inches to a foot outside slope and 20 feet thick at the top.
+The fact that the dam was a reconstructed one, after twenty years disuse,
+made it especially hard on the old dam to withstand the pressure of the
+water.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">EVERYTHING OVER IN A FEW MINUTES.</p>
+
+<p>All was over in a few moments&#8217; time. The flood rushed down the valley when
+released from its prison, swept earth, trees, houses and human beings
+before it, depositing the vast debris in front of the railroad bridge,
+which formed an impassable barrier to the passage of everything except the
+vast agent of destruction&mdash;the flood&mdash;which overflowed it and passed on to
+wreak fresh vengeance below.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>One of the most terrible sights was the gorge at the railroad bridge. This
+gorge consisted of debris of all kinds welded into an almost solid mass.
+Here were the charred timbers of houses and the charred and mutilated
+remains of human beings. The fire at this point, which lasted until June 3
+and had still some of its vitality left on the 5th, was one of the
+incidents of the Johnstown disaster that will become historic. The story
+has not been and cannot be fully told. One could not look at it without a
+shock to his sensibilities. So tangled and unyielding was the mass that
+even dynamite had little effect upon it. One deplorable effect, however,
+was to dismember the few parts of human bodies wedged in the mass that the
+ruthless flood left whole.</p>
+
+<p>From the western end of the railroad bridge the view was but a prelude to
+the views that were to follow. Looking across the gorge the first object
+the eye caught in the ruined town is the Melville school, standing as a
+guardian over the dead&mdash;a solitary sentinel left on the field after the
+battle. Still further on and near the center of the town were the offices
+and stores of the Cambria Iron Company. Beyond and around both buildings
+were sand flats, mud flats until the 29th of May, the almost navigable
+water of the flood itself until the 2d of June, the most populous and busy
+part of the city until the 31st of May. Part of the ground was covered by
+a part of the shops of the Cambria Company. Not a vestige of these
+remained.</p>
+
+<p>When the great storm of Friday came, the dam was again a source of
+uneasiness, and early in the morning the people of Johnstown were warned
+that the dam was weakening. They had heard the same warning too often,
+however, to be impressed, and many jeered at their informants. Some of
+those that jeered were before nightfall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> scattered along the banks of the
+Conemaugh, cold in death, or met their fate in the blazing pile of wrecked
+houses wedged together at the big stone bridge. Only a few heeded the
+warning, and these made their way to the hillside, where they were safe.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the day the flood caused by the heavy rains swept through the
+streets of Johnstown. Every little mountain stream was swollen by the
+rains; rivulets became creeks and creeks were turned into rivers. The
+Conemaugh, with a bed too narrow to hold its greatly increased body of
+water, overflowed its banks, and the damage caused by this overflow alone
+would have been large. But there was more to come, and the results were so
+appalling that there lived not a human being who was likely to anticipate
+them.</p>
+
+<p>At 1 o&#8217;clock in the afternoon the resistless flood tore away the huge
+lumber boom on Stony creek. This was the real beginning of the end. The
+enormous mass of logs was hurled down upon the doomed town. The lines of
+the two water courses were by this time obliterated, and Stony creek and
+the Conemaugh river were raging seas. The great logs levelled everything
+before them, crushing frame houses like eggshells and going on unchecked
+until the big seven-arch stone bridge over the Conemaugh river just below
+Johnstown was reached.</p>
+
+<p>Had the logs passed this bridge Johnstown might have been spared much of
+its horror. There were already dead and dying, and homes had already been
+swept away, but the dead could only be counted by dozens and not yet by
+thousands. Wedged fast at the bridge, the logs formed an impenetrable
+barrier. People had moved to the second floor of their houses and hoped
+that the flood might subside. There was no longer a chance to get away,
+and had they known what was in store for them the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>contemplation of their
+fate would have been enough to make them stark mad. Only a few hours had
+elapsed from the time of the breaking of the lumber boom when the waters
+of Conemaugh lake rushed down upon them. The scoffers realized their
+folly. The dam had given way, and the immense body of water which had
+rested in a basin five miles long, two miles wide and seventy feet deep
+was let loose to begin its work of destruction.</p>
+
+<p>The towering wall of water swooped down upon Johnstown with a force that
+carried everything before it. Had it been able to pass through the big
+stone bridge a portion of Johnstown might have been saved. The rampart of
+logs, however, checked the torrent and half the houses of the town were
+lifted from their foundations and hurled against it. This backed the water
+up into the town, and as there had to be an outlet somewhere, the river
+made a new channel through the heart of the lower part of the city. Again
+and again did the flood hurl itself against the bridge, and each wave
+carried with it houses, furniture and human beings. The bridge stood firm,
+but the railway embankment gave way, and some fifty people were carried
+down to their deaths in the new break. <ins class="correction" title="original: Though">Through</ins> this new outlet the waters
+were diverted in the direction of the Cambria Iron Works, a mile below,
+and in a moment the great buildings of a plant valued at $5,000,000 were
+engulfed and laid low. Here had gathered a number of iron workers, who
+felt that they were out of the reach of the flood, and almost before they
+realized their peril they were swept away into the seething torrent.</p>
+
+<p>It was now night, and darkness added to the terror of the situation. Then
+came flames to make the calamity all the more appalling. Hundreds of
+buildings had been piled up against the stone bridge. The inmates of but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>
+few of them had had time to escape. Just how many people were imprisoned
+in that mass of wreckage may never be known, but the number was estimated
+at between 1,000 and 2,000. The wreckage was piled to a height of fifty
+feet, and suddenly flames began leaping up from the summit. A stove had
+set fire to that part of the wreck above the water, and the scene that was
+then witnessed is beyond description. Shrieks and prayers from the unhappy
+beings imprisoned in the wrecked houses pierced the air, but little could
+be done. Men, women and children, held down by timbers, watched with
+indescribable agony the flames creep slowly toward them until the heat
+scorched their faces, and then they were slowly roasted to death.</p>
+
+<p>Those who were held fast in the wreck by an arm or a leg begged piteously
+that the imprisoned limb be cut off. Some succeeded in getting loose with
+mangled limbs, and one man cut off his arm that he might get away. Those
+who were able worked like demons to save the unfortunates from the flames,
+but hundreds were burned to death.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Johnstown had been literally wiped from the face of the earth,
+Cambria City was swept away and Conemaugh borough was a thing of the past.
+The little village of Millville, with a population of one thousand, had
+nothing left of it but the school-house and the stone buildings of the
+Cambria Iron Company. Woodvale was gone and South Fork wrecked. Hundreds
+of people were drowned in their homes, hundreds were swept away in their
+dwellings and met death in the debris that was whirled madly about on the
+surface of the flood; hundreds, as has been said, were burned, and
+hundreds who sought safety on floating driftwood were overwhelmed by the
+flood or washed to death against obstructions. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> instances of heroism
+and self-sacrifice were never excelled, perhaps not equalled, on a
+battle-field. Men rather than save themselves alone died nobly with their
+families, and mothers willingly gave up their lives rather than abandon
+their children.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At 3 o&#8217;clock in the afternoon,&#8221; said Electrician Bender, of the Western
+Union at Pittsburg, &#8220;the girl operator at Johnstown was cheerfully ticking
+away; she soon had to abandon the office on the first floor because the
+water was three feet deep there. She said she was wiring from the second
+story and the water was gaining steadily. She was frightened, and said
+that many houses around were flooded. This was evidently before the dam
+broke, for our man here said something encouraging to her, and she was
+talking back as only a cheerful girl operator can when the receiver&#8217;s
+skilled ears caught a sound of the wire made by no human hand. The wires
+had grounded or the house had been swept away in the flood, no one knows
+which now. At 3 o&#8217;clock the girl was there and at 3:07 we might as well
+have asked the grave to answer us.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Edward Deck, a young railroad man of Lockport, saw an old man floating
+down the river on a tree trunk, with agonized face and streaming gray
+hair. Deck plunged into the torrent and brought the old man safely ashore.
+Scarcely had he done so, when the upper story of a house floated by on
+which Mrs. Adams, of Cambria, and her two children were both seen. Deck
+plunged in again, and while breaking through the tin roof of the house cut
+an artery in his left wrist, but though weakened with loss of blood, he
+succeeded in saving both mother and children.</p>
+
+<p>J. W. Esch, a brave railroad employe, saved sixteen lives at Nineveh.</p>
+
+<p>At Bolivar a man, woman and child were seen floating down in a lot of
+drift. The mass of debris commenced to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> part, and by desperate efforts the
+husband and father succeeded in getting his wife and little one on a
+floating tree. Just then the tree washed under the bridge and a rope was
+thrown out. It fell upon the man&#8217;s shoulders. He saw at a glance that he
+could not save his dear ones, so he threw the means of safety to one side
+and gripped in his arms those who were with him. A moment later the tree
+struck a floating house. It turned over, and in a second the three persons
+were in the seething waters, being carried to their death.</p>
+
+<p>C. W. Hoppenstall, of Lincoln avenue, East End, Pittsburg, distinguished
+himself by his bravery. He was a messenger on the mail train which had to
+turn back at Sang Hollow. As the train passed a point where the water was
+full of struggling persons, a woman and child floated in near shore. The
+train was stopped and Hoppenstall undressed, jumped into the water, and in
+two trips saved both mother and child.</p>
+
+<p>The special train pulled in at Bolivar at 11.30 o&#8217;clock and trainmen were
+notified that further progress was impossible. The greatest excitement
+prevailed at this place, and parties of citizens were all the time
+endeavoring to save the poor unfortunates that were being hurled to
+eternity on the rushing torrent.</p>
+
+<p>The tidal wave struck Bolivar just after dark and in five minutes the
+Conemaugh rose from six to forty feet and the waters spread out over the
+whole country. Soon houses began floating down, and clinging to the debris
+were men, women and children, shrieking for aid. A large number of
+citizens at once gathered on the county bridge and they were reinforced by
+a number from Garfield, a town on the opposite side of the river. They
+brought a number of ropes and these were thrown into the boiling waters as
+persons drifted by in efforts to save<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> some poor beings. For half an hour
+all efforts were fruitless until at last, when the rescuers were about
+giving up all hope, a little boy astride a shingle roof managed to catch
+hold of one of the ropes. He caught it under his left arm and was thrown
+violently against an abutment, but managed to keep hold and was
+successfully pulled on to the bridge, amid the cheers of the onlookers.
+His name was Hessler and his rescuer was a train hand named Carney. The
+lad was taken to the town of Garfield and cared for in the home of J. P.
+Robinson. The boy was about 16 years old.</p>
+
+<p>His story of the frightful calamity is as follows: &#8220;With my father, I was
+spending the day at my grandfather&#8217;s house in Cambria City. In the house
+at the time were Theodore, Edward and John Kintz, and John Kintz, Jr.,
+Miss Mary Kintz, Mrs. Mary Kintz, wife of John Kintz, Jr., Miss Tracy
+Kintz, Miss Rachel Smith, John Hirsch, four children, my father and
+myself. Shortly after 5 o&#8217;clock there was a noise of roaring waters and
+screams of people. We looked out the door and saw persons running. My
+father told us not to mind, as the waters would not rise further. But soon
+we saw houses being swept away and then we ran to the floor above. The
+house was three stories, and we were at last forced to the top one. In my
+fright I jumped on the bed. It was an old-fashioned one with heavy posts.
+The water kept rising and my bed was soon afloat. Gradually it was lifted
+up. The air in the room grew close and the house was moving. Still the bed
+kept rising and pressed the ceiling. At last the post pushed the plaster.
+It yielded and a section of the roof gave way. Then suddenly I found
+myself on the roof and was being carried down stream. After a little this
+roof commenced to part and I was afraid I was going to be drowned, but
+just then another house with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> single roof floated by and I managed to
+crawl on it and floated down until nearly dead with cold, when I was
+saved. After I was freed from the house I did not see my father. My
+grandfather was on a tree, but he must have been drowned, as the waters
+were rising fast. John Kintz, Jr., was also on a tree. Miss Mary Kintz and
+Mrs. Mary Kintz I saw drowned. Miss Smith was also drowned. John Hirsch
+was in a tree, but the four children were drowned. The scenes were
+terrible. Live bodies and corpses were floating down with me and away from
+me. I would hear persons shriek and then they would disappear. All along
+the line were people who were trying to save us, but they could do nothing
+and only a few were caught.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The boy&#8217;s story is but one incident and shows what happened to one family.
+God only knows what has happened to the hundreds who were in the path of
+the rushing water. It is impossible to get anything in the way of news,
+save meagre details.</p>
+
+<p>An eye-witness at Bolivar Block Station tells a story of unparalleled
+horror which occurred at the lower bridge which crosses the Conemaugh at
+this point. A young man and two women were seen coming down the river on a
+part of a floor. At the upper bridge a rope was thrown them. This they all
+failed to catch. Between the two bridges the man was noticed to point
+towards the elder woman, who, it is supposed, was his mother. He was then
+seen to instruct the women how to catch the rope which, was being lowered
+from the other bridge. Down came the raft with a rush. The brave man stood
+with his arms around the two women. As they swept under the bridge he
+reached up and seized the rope. He was jerked violently away from the two
+women, who failed to get a hold on the life line. Seeing that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> would
+not be rescued he dropped the rope and fell back on the raft, which
+floated on down. The current washed the frail craft in towards the bank.
+The young man was enabled to seize hold of a branch of a tree. The young
+man aided the two women to get up into the tree. He held on with his hands
+and rested his feet on a pile of driftwood. A piece of floating debris
+struck the drift, sweeping it away. The man hung with his body immersed in
+the water. A pile of drift soon collected and he was enabled to get
+another secure footing. Up the river there was a sudden crash and a
+section of the bridge was swept away and floated down the stream, striking
+the tree and washing it away. All three were thrown into the water and
+were drowned before the eyes of the horrified spectators just opposite the
+town of Bolivar.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the evening a woman with her two children were seen to pass under
+the bridge at Bolivar, clinging to the roof of a coalhouse. A rope was
+lowered to her, but she shook her head and refused to desert the children.
+It was rumored that all three were saved at Cokeville, a few miles below
+Bolivar. A later report from Lockport says that the residents succeeded in
+rescuing five people from the flood, two women and three men. One man
+succeeded in getting out of the water unaided. They were kindly taken care
+of by the people of the town.</p>
+
+<p>A little girl passed under the bridge just before dark. She was kneeling
+on a part of a floor and had her hands clasped as if in prayer. Every
+effort was made to save her, but they all proved futile. A railroader who
+was standing by remarked that the piteous appearance of the little waif
+brought tears to his eyes. All night long the crowd stood about the ruins
+of the bridge, which had been swept away at Bolivar. The water rushed past
+with a roar, carrying with it parts of houses, furniture and trees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> The
+flood had evidently spent its force up the valley. No more living persons
+were being carried past. Watchers with lanterns remained along the banks
+until day-break, when the first view of the awful devastation of the flood
+was witnessed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">CRAZED BY THEIR SUFFERINGS.</p>
+
+<p>When the great waves of death swept through Johnstown, the people who had
+any chance of escape ran hither and thither in every direction. They did
+not have any definite idea where they were going, only that a crest of
+foaming waters as high as the housetops was roaring down upon them through
+the Conemaugh, and that they must get out of the way of that. Some in
+their terror dived into the cellars of their houses, though this was
+certain death. Others got up on the roofs of their houses and clambered
+over the adjoining roofs to places of safety. But the majority made for
+the hills, which girt the town like giants. Of the people who went to the
+hills the water caught some in its whirl. The others clung to trees and
+roots and pieces of debris which had temporarily lodged near the banks,
+and managed to save themselves. These people either stayed out on the
+hills wet and in many instances naked, all night, or they managed to find
+farmhouses which sheltered them. There was a fear of going back to the
+vicinity of the town. Even the people whose houses the water did not reach
+abandoned their homes and began to think of all of Johnstown as a city
+buried beneath the water.</p>
+
+<p>When these people came back to Johnstown on the day after the wreck of the
+town they had to put up in sheds, barns, and in houses which had been but
+partially ruined. They had to sleep without any covering in their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> wet
+clothes, and it took the liveliest kind of skirmishing to get anything to
+eat. Pretty soon a citizens&#8217; committee was established, and nearly all the
+male survivors of the flood were immediately sworn in as deputy sheriffs.
+They adorned themselves with tin stars, which they cut out of pieces of
+sheet metal in the ruins, and sheets of tin with stars cut out of them are
+turning up continually, to the surprise of the Pittsburg workmen who are
+endeavoring to get the town in shape. The women and children were housed,
+as far as possible, in the few houses still standing, and some idea of the
+extent of the wreck of the town may be gathered from the fact that of 300
+prominent buildings only sixteen were uninjured.</p>
+
+<p>For the first day or so people were dazed by what had happened, and for
+that matter they are dazed still. They went about helpless, making vague
+inquiries for their friends and hardly feeling the desire to eat anything.
+Finally the need of creature comforts overpowered them, and they woke up
+to the fact that they were faint and sick. This was to some extent changed
+by the arrival of tents and by the systematic military care for the
+suffering.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE BRIDGE WHERE HUNDREDS LOST THEIR LIVES.</p>
+
+<p>The &#8220;fatal bridge,&#8221; as it is now called, and which wreaked such awful
+destruction, is described by a writer in this way:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The bridge whose &#8216;resistance of the torrent&#8217; was the matter of so much
+talk, was a noble four-track structure, just completed, fifty feet wide on
+top, 32 feet high above the water line, consisting of seven skew spans of
+fifty-eight feet each. It still remains wholly uninjured, except that it
+is badly spalled on the upper side by blows from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> the wreckage, but that
+it so remains is due solely to the accident of its position, and not to
+its strength, although it was and is still the embodiment of solidity.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Had the torrent struck it, it would have swept it away as if it had been
+built of card-board, leaving no track behind; but fortunately (or
+unfortunately) its axis was exactly parallel with the path of the flood,
+which hence struck the face of the mountain full, and compressed the whole
+of its spoils gathered in a fourteen-mile course into one inextricable
+mass, with the force of tens of thousands of tons moving at nearly sixty
+miles per hour.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Its spoils consisted of (1) every tree the flood had touched in its whole
+course, with trifling exceptions, including hundreds of large trees, all
+of which were stripped of their bark and small limbs almost at once; (2)
+all the houses in a thickly settled town three miles long and one-fourth
+to one-half mile wide; (3) half the human beings and all the horses, cows,
+cats, dogs, and rats that were in the houses; (4) many hundreds of miles
+of telegraph wire that was on strong poles in use, and many times more
+than this that was in stock in the mills; (5) perhaps 50 miles of track
+and track material, rails and all; (6) locomotives, pig-iron, brick,
+stone, boilers, steam engines, heavy machinery, and other spoil of a large
+manufacturing town.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;All this was accumulated in one inextricable mass, which almost
+immediately caught fire from some stove which the waters had not touched.
+Hundreds if not thousands of human beings, dead and alive, were caught in
+it, many by the lower part of the body only. Eye-witnesses describe the
+groans and cries which came from that vast holocaust for nearly the whole
+night as something almost unbearable to listen to, yet which could not be
+escaped. Hundreds, undoubtedly, suffered a slow death by fire; yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> we
+cannot doubt that the vast majority of the men, women, and children in
+that fearful jam, which covered fully thirty acres, and perhaps more, were
+already dead when the fire began.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Johnstown proper is in a large basin formed by the junction of the
+Conemaugh and the almost equally large Stony creek, flowing into the
+Conemaugh from the south, just above the bridge. The bridge being
+hermetically sealed, it and the adjacent embankment formed a second dam
+about thirty feet high, Johnstown serving as a bed of a reservoir which we
+should judge to be nearly large enough to hold the entire contents of the
+reservoir above, except that it was already filled knee-deep or more by an
+unusually heavy but annual spring flood.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;One offshoot of the main torrent was deflected southward by the Gautier
+Works, and went tearing through the heart of the more southerly portion of
+the town, and still another similar branch was split off from the main
+torrent further down; but in the main, the direct force of the torrent did
+not strike this southerly portion of the town.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It struck first against the jam, and thus lost most of its fierce energy,
+flowing thence southward in a heavy stream, which tossed about houses in
+the most fantastic way, so that this part of the town looks much like a
+child&#8217;s toy-village poured out of a box hap-hazard; the houses are not
+torn to pieces generally.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;About half the loss of life was in this district, for all Johnstown
+became speedily a lake twenty or more feet deep, and stayed so all night;
+and it was here, and not in the direct path of the flood, that all the
+&#8216;rescuing&#8217; of people from roofs and floating timbers occurred.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Nothing of the kind was possible in the flood itself. Likewise, after the
+break in the embankment had <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>occurred, and the flood began to recede from
+Johnstown, it was from this district chiefly that people were carried off
+down stream on floating wreckage. All that came within the direct path of
+the flood was fast within the jam.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The existence of this temporary Johnstown reservoir naturally broke the
+continuity of the flood discharge, and transformed it into something not
+greatly different from an ordinary but very heavy freshet. Cambria City,
+just below the bridge, was badly wrecked, with the loss of hundreds of
+lives; but in the main, from Johnstown down, the flood ceased to be very
+destructive. It took out almost every bridge it came to, for fifty miles,
+and washed away tracks, and did other minor damage, but the Johnstown
+&#8216;reservoir&#8217; saved hundreds of lives below it by equalizing the flow.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE DAY EXPRESS DISASTER.</p>
+
+<p>John Barr, the conductor in charge of the Pullman parlor car on the first
+section of the day express, which was caught in the flood at Conemaugh,
+told a thrilling story of his experience.</p>
+
+<p>His train, with two others, had been run onto a siding on high ground at
+Conemaugh Station, opposite the big round-house. He saw the water coming
+and describes it as having the appearance of a mountain moving toward him.</p>
+
+<p>He immediately ran to his car and shouted to his passengers to run for
+their lives. John Davis, connected with a large rolling mill near
+Lancaster, was traveling from Colorado with his invalid wife and two
+children, aged 4 and 6. Mr. Davis was engaged in getting his wife off the
+car, and Conductor Barr grabbed up the two children, and, with one under
+each arm, started for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> hills, with the water right at his heels. He
+ran a distance of about 200 yards and barely managed to deposit his
+precious burden on safe ground before the flood swept past him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Barr said it would never be known how many persons lost their lives
+from the ill-fated train. The one passenger coach which was carried away
+had some people in it; how many nobody knows. At least twenty were
+drowned. A freight train was between the day express and the flood on an
+adjoining track, and this served to in a measure protect his train.</p>
+
+<p>Some idea of the terrible force of the flood may be gained from Mr. Barr&#8217;s
+statement that the engines in the round-house, thirty-seven in number,
+swept past him standing half way out of the water, their forty tons of
+weight not being sufficient to take them beneath the surface. The baggage
+car was lifted clear out of the water and landed on the other side of the
+river.</p>
+
+<p>A Miss Wayne, who was traveling from Pittsburg to Altoona, had a wonderful
+escape. She was caught in the swirl and almost all of her clothing torn
+from her person, and she was providentially thrown by the angry waters
+clear of the rushing flood.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Wayne said that while she lay more dead than alive on the river bank,
+she saw the Hungarians rifle the bodies of dead passengers and cut off
+their fingers for the purpose of obtaining the rings on the hands of the
+corpses. Miss Wayne was provided with a suit of men&#8217;s clothing and rode
+into Altoona thus arrayed.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Maloney, of Woodbury, N. J., a passenger on the parlor car, started
+to leave the car, and then, fearing to venture out into the flood,
+returned to the inside of the car. When the water subsided the crew rushed
+to the car, expecting to find Miss Maloney dead, but the water<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> had not
+gone high enough to drown her and she was all right, though greatly
+frightened.</p>
+
+<p>She displayed a rare amount of forethought in the face of danger, having
+tied securely around her waist a piece of her clothing on which her name
+was written in indelible ink. She fully expected that she would be
+drowned, and did this in order that her body, if found, might be
+identified.</p>
+
+<p>When the water was still high Conductor Barr made an attempt to get back
+to his car from the hill, but after wading up to his arm-pits in the water
+he was forced to return to safe ground.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD&#8217;S LAST TRAIN.</p>
+
+<p>The last train to which the Susquehanna River permitted the use of the
+tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad between Harrisburg and Lancaster
+rolled into Broad Street Station, at Philadelphia, at 9:35 p. m. on
+Saturday, June 1. It was a nondescript train. The last car was a vestibule
+Pullman which had never stopped at so many way stations before in its
+aristocratic life, and which had been cut off the stalled Chicago limited
+at Harrisburg to be taken back to New York. The rest of the train had
+started from Harrisburg at 3:40 as the day express and at Lancaster had
+been changed into the York and Columbia &#8220;tub.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>No train&#8217;s name ever fitted it better. The tub had swam through seven
+miles of water on its way, water differing in depth from three inches to
+three feet.</p>
+
+<p>The seven miles of water covered the track between Harrisburg and
+Highspire. When the newspaper train touched with the morning dailies and
+to some extent with the men who make them, dashed drippingly into
+Harrisburg<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> at half-past 7 in the morning it had only encountered
+three-fourths of a mile of water.</p>
+
+<p>No reports of a great increase in the Susquehanna&#8217;s output had reached
+beleaguered Harrisburg during the day, and the express started out with
+two engines, 1095 and 1105, towing it and a fair chance of reaching
+Philadelphia on time. The original three-quarters of a mile of
+overflow&mdash;caused by the back water of Paxton creek&mdash;was passed without
+incident.</p>
+
+<p>The water was about up to the bottom steps of the car platforms and the
+pilot of the leading engine threw to each side a fine billow of yellow
+water, sending a swell like that of a tramp steamer passing Gloucester, in
+among the floating outhouses and submerged slag heaps of the suburbs of
+Harrisburg and bringing cheers from thousands who watched the train&#8217;s
+advance from their second-story windows and forgot the condition of their
+first-floor furniture in the excitement of watching the amphibious prowess
+of the day express.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We&#8217;ve seen the worst of it,&#8221; said the elderly, kindly conductor to a
+couple of excited women passengers as the last of the three-fourths of a
+mile of billows was thrown from the pilot of 1095. &#8220;We&#8217;ve seen the worst
+of it, but the train will have to wait here a little while&mdash;the fires are
+almost out.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>So 1095 and 1102 stood puffing and panting for a while on the high track
+while the afternoon sunlight dried their dripping flanks and the baffled
+Susquehanna rolled its burden of driftwood sullenly southward on their
+right. Then the day express rolled on again. The dry ground was just about
+long enough to give the train an impetus for another header into the
+Susquehanna&#8217;s overflow.</p>
+
+<p>It was into the Susquehanna itself that the header seemed to be taken this
+time. It was no longer a question<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> of an overflow creek in a railroad cut.
+The billows from the prow of 1095 swept not in among overturned outhouses
+and submerged slag heaps, but out on the broad coffee-colored bosom of the
+river to be broken into a thousand chop waves among the churning
+driftwood. The people in the second-story windows forgot to cheer. The
+people in the coaches forgot to joke on the men&#8217;s part and to fret on the
+women&#8217;s. It was curious and it was ticklish.</p>
+
+<p>The train was running slowly, very slowly. The wheels were out of sight.
+The water was swirling among the trucks and lapping at the platforms. The
+only sign of land locomotion about the day express was an audible one, a
+watery pounding and rumbling of the wheels on the hidden tracks.</p>
+
+<p>The day express looked like a long broad river serpent wriggling on its
+belly down along the green river bank. Gradually there was a simultaneous
+though not concerted movement among the passengers. They began crowding
+toward the platforms and looking toward the land side. Suddenly a brakeman
+broke the queer silence, in a voice which had just the least crescendo of
+excitement in it.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;If you people don&#8217;t keep quiet we can&#8217;t do anything!&#8221; he shouted.</p>
+
+<p>The demand was a little absurd, the direction of a land coxswain to &#8220;trim
+ship.&#8221; Still, it had its uses. It relieved the tension which everybody
+felt and nobody acknowledged. The passengers retired from the platforms.</p>
+
+<p>Joking began again among the men and fretting among the women. There
+hadn&#8217;t been much fun in looking toward the land side anyway. What had
+appeared to be a recession of the waters when looked at from above was
+merely a swelling of the stream from the overflow of the canal which
+parallels the road for several miles at that point.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>All at once the train, which had been moving more slowly for each of a
+good ten minutes, stopped short. It seemed as if 1095&#8217;s sharp nose had
+scented danger like a sensitive horse, and, panting, refused to go
+further.</p>
+
+<p>Then the engine crews were seen by the passengers to leap from their cabs
+thigh deep in the water and begin hauling at some sub-aquean obstacle.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Driftwood,&#8221; said the same brakeman who had commanded quiet.</p>
+
+<p>So it was. A train stopped by driftwood! It was floating all about and
+threatened to impede the progress of the day express altogether. Fence
+rails from far up country farms, planks from dismantled signal stations,
+platforms along the line, railroad ties innumerable, branches and even
+small trunks of trees floated against the wheels with disjected stacks of
+green wheat and other ruined crops upon the ever-rising flood of the
+river.</p>
+
+<p>There had been high dry land in sight just beyond Highspire Station, but
+as sure as guns were iron and floods were floods the land was
+disappearing. The river&#8217;s rise was steady. The inhabitants of the drowned
+lands who appeared to take the drowning easily, though no such a drowning
+had been known to them in a quarter of a century, had been in large
+numbers keeping company of the train for the last two miles in skiffs and
+punts. They rowed close to the cars and towed away the larger drift. They
+were not entirely on life-saving service. There was a bit of the wreckage
+in their composition. They towed the trunk and ties into their front yards
+and anchored them to their window-blinds.</p>
+
+<p>Finally the straining backs of the engine crews gave one mighty tug at the
+hidden obstacle. A huge platform plank floated loose from 1095, and 1095
+shrieked triumph. The wheels began to churn the brown water with
+yellowish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> white and 1095 and 1102 ran up on the dry ground like the eagle
+in the sun, to whom the Irish poet compared the Irish troops at Fontenoy.</p>
+
+<p>As they did so the clatter of a light advancing train was heard from the
+east, and a sound of cheering. A single engine drawing two crowded cars
+shot around the bend, and ran with a light heart into the torrent out of
+which the day express had just emerged.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They&#8217;ll never get through,&#8221; was the unanimous comment of the day express
+passengers, and their verdict seemed to be confirmed officially by the
+brakeman who had been excited.</p>
+
+<p>He stood in the door of the car and shouted: &#8220;This train will stop at all
+stations between Lancaster and Bryn Mawr. There will be no more trains
+between Harrisburg and Lancaster to-night.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards he added: &#8220;As this is the last train it will have to take the
+place of the &#8216;tub.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE FIRST RUSH OF THE DEATH WAVE.</p>
+
+<p>A man who was above the danger line on the right bluff above the town, and
+who saw the first rush of the death wave, says that it was preceded by a
+peculiar phenomena, which he thinks was the explosion of the gas mains. He
+says that a few minutes before the wall of the water had reached the city
+there was a tremendous explosion somewhere in the upper part of the place.
+He said that he saw the fragments of the buildings rise in the air, and
+the next moment saw two lines of flame down through the city in different
+directions, and frame buildings were apparently being torn to pieces and
+wrecked. The next minute the water came, and he remembers nothing further.
+There really was an explosion of gas that wrecked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> a church in the upper
+part of the city just at the time of the flood. If there was also an
+explosion of the gas main, the cause of the fire at the bridge is
+explained. Light frame buildings set on fire by the explosion were picked
+up bodily and tossed on top of the water into the wreck at the bridge
+without the fire being extinguished.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Fredericks, an aged woman, was rescued alive from the attic in her
+house. The house had floated from what was formerly Vine street to the
+foot of the mountains. Mrs. Fredericks says her experience was terrible.
+She said she saw hundreds of men, women and children floating down the
+torrent to meet their death, some praying, while others had actually
+become raving maniacs.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE REAL HORRORS OF THE DISASTER.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;No one will ever know the real horrors of this accident unless he saw the
+burning people and debris beside the stone bridge,&#8221; remarked the Rev.
+Father Trautwein. &#8220;The horrible nature of the affair cannot be realized by
+any person who did not witness the scene. As soon as possible after the
+first great crash occurred I hastened to the bridge.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A thousand persons were struggling in the ruins and imploring for God&#8217;s
+sake to release them. Frantic husbands and fathers stood at the edge of
+the furnace that was slowly heating to a cherry heat and incinerating
+human victims. Every one was anxious to save his own relatives, and raved,
+cursed, and blasphemed until the air appeared to tremble. No system, no
+organized effort to release the pent-up persons was made by those related
+to them.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Shrieking they would command: &#8216;Go to that place,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> go get her out, for
+God&#8217;s sake get her out,&#8217; referring to some beloved one they wanted saved.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Under the circumstances it was necessary to secure organization, and
+thinking I was trying to thwart their efforts when I ordered another point
+to be attacked by the rescuers, they advanced upon me, threatened to shoot
+me or dash me into the raging river.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;One man who was trying to steer a float upon which his wife sat on a
+mattress lost his hold, and in a moment the craft swept into a sea of
+flame and never again appeared. The agony of that man was simply
+heartrending. He raised his arms to heaven and screamed in his mental
+anguish and only ceased that to tear his hair and moan like one
+distracted. Every effort was made to save every person accessible, and we
+have the satisfaction of knowing that fully 200 were saved from cremation.
+One young woman was found under the dead body of a relative.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A force of men attempted to extricate her and succeeded in releasing
+every limb but one leg. For three hours they labored, and every moment the
+flames crept nearer and nearer. I was on the point several times of
+ordering the men to chop her leg off. It would have been much better to
+save her life even at that loss than have her burn to death. Fortunately
+it was not necessary; but the young lady&#8217;s escape from mutilation or death
+she will never realize.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The flood and fire claimed among its victims not only the living, but the
+dead. A handsome coffin was found half burned in some charred wreckage
+down near the point. Inside was found the body of a man shrouded for
+burial, but so scorched about the head and face as to be unrecognizable.
+The supposition is that the house in which the dead man had lain had been
+crushed and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> debris partly consumed by fire. The body is still at the
+Fourth Ward school house, and unless reclaimed it will be buried in the
+unknown field.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE CLOCK STOPPED AT 5:20.</p>
+
+<p>One of the queerest sights in the center of the town was a three-story
+brick residence standing with one wall, the others having disappeared
+completely, leaving the floors supported by the partitions. In one of the
+upper rooms could be seen a mantel with a lambrequin on it and a clock
+stopped at twenty minutes after five. In front of the clock was a lady&#8217;s
+fan, though from the marks on the wall paper the water had been over all
+these things.</p>
+
+<p>In the upper part of the town, where the back water from the flood went
+into the valley with diminished force, there were many strange scenes.</p>
+
+<p>There the houses were toppled over one after another in a row, and left
+where they lay. One of them was turned completely over and stood with its
+roof on the foundations of another house and its base in the air. The
+owner came back, and getting into his house through the windows, walked
+about on his ceiling.</p>
+
+<p>Out of this house a woman and her two children escaped safely and were but
+little hurt, although they were stood on their heads in the whirl.</p>
+
+<p>Every house had its own story. From one a woman sent up in her garret
+escaped by chopping a hole in the roof. From another a Hungarian named
+Grevins leaped to the shore as it went whirling past and fell twenty-five
+feet upon a pile of metal and escaped with a broken leg.</p>
+
+<p>Another is said to have come all the way from very near the start of the
+flood and to have circled around with the back water and finally landed on
+the flats at the city site, where it is still pointed out.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">THE SITUATION NINE DAYS AFTER.</p>
+
+<p>A correspondent described the situation at Johnstown nine days after the
+disaster in this way:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;So vast is the field of destruction that to get an adequate idea from any
+point level with the town is simply impossible. It must be viewed from a
+height. From the top of Kernsville Mountain, just at the east of the town,
+the whole strange panorama can be seen.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Looking down from the height many things about the flood that appear
+inexplicable from below are perfectly plain. How so many houses happened
+to be so queerly twisted, for instance, as if the water had a twirling
+instead of a straight motion, was made perfectly clear.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The town was built in an almost equilateral triangle, with one angle
+pointed squarely up the Conemaugh Valley to the east, from which the flood
+came. At the northerly angle was the junction of the Conemaugh and Stony
+creeks. The southern angle pointed up the Stony Creek Valley. Now about
+one-half of the triangle, formerly densely covered with buildings, is
+swept as clear as a platter, except for three or four big brick buildings
+that stand near the angle which points up the Conemaugh.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The course of the flood, from the exact point where it issued from the
+Conemaugh Valley to where it disappeared below in a turn in the river and
+above by spreading itself over the flat district of five or six miles, is
+clearly defined. The whole body of water issued straight from the valley
+in a solid wave and tore across the village of Woodvale and so on to the
+business part of Johnstown at the lower part of the triangle. Here a
+cluster of solid brick blocks, aided by the conformation of the land
+evidently divided the stream.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The greater part turned to the north, swept up the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> brick block and then
+mixed with the ruins of the villages above down to the stone arch bridge.
+The other stream shot across the triangle, was turned southward by the
+bluffs and went up the valley of Stony creek. The stone arch bridge in the
+meantime acted as a dam and turned part of the current back toward the
+south, where it finished the work of the triangle, turning again to the
+northward and back to the stone arch bridge.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The stream that went up Stony creek was turned back by the rising ground
+and then was reinforced by the back water from the bridge again and
+started south, where it reached a mile and a half and spent its force on a
+little settlement called Grubbtown.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The frequent turning of this stream, forced against the buildings and
+then the bluffs, gave it a regular whirling motion from right to left, and
+made a tremendous eddy, whose centrifugal force twisted everything it
+touched. This accounts for the comparatively narrow path of the flood
+through the southern part of the town, where its course through the
+thickly clustered frame dwelling houses is as plain as a highway.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The force of the stream <ins class="correction" title="original: diminshed">diminished</ins> gradually as it went south, for at the
+place where the currents separated every building is ground to pieces and
+carried away, and at the end the houses were only turned a little on their
+foundations. In the middle of the course they are turned over on their
+sides or upside down. Further down they are not single, but great heaps of
+ground lumber that look like nothing so much as enormous pith balls.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;To the north the work of the waters is of a different sort. It picked up
+everything except the big buildings that divided the current and piled the
+fragments down upon the stone bridge or swept them over and so on down the
+river for miles.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>&#8220;This left the great yellow, sandy and barren plain, so often spoken of in
+the dispatches where stood the best buildings in Johnstown&mdash;the opera
+house, the big hotel, many wholesale warehouses, shops and the finest
+residences.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In this plain there are now only the Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad train, a
+school house, the Morrell Company&#8217;s store and an adjoining warehouse and
+the few buildings of the triangle. One brick residence, badly shattered,
+is also standing.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;These structures do not relieve the shocking picture of ruin spread out
+below the mountains, but by contrast making it more striking. That part of
+the town to the south where the flood tore the narrow path there used to
+be a separate village which was called Kernsville. It is now known as the
+South Side. Some of the queerest sights of the wreck are there, though few
+persons have gone to see them.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Many of the houses that are left, there scattered helter skelter, thrown
+on their sides and standing on their roofs, were never in that
+neighborhood nor anywhere near it before. They came down on the breast of
+the wave from as far up as Franklin, were carried safely by the factories
+and the bridges, by the big buildings at the dividing line, up and down on
+the flood and finally settled in their new resting places little injured.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A row of them, packed closely together and every one tipped over at about
+the same angle, is only one of the queer freaks the water played.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I got into one of these houses in my walk through the town to-day. The
+lower story had been filled with water and everything in it had been torn
+out. The carpet had been split into strips on the floor by the sheer force
+of the rushing tide. Heaps of mud stood in the corners. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> was no
+vestige of furniture. The walls dripped with moisture.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The ceiling was gone, the windows were out and the cold rain blew in and
+the only thing that was left intact was one of those worked worsted
+mottoes that you always expect to find in the homes of working people. It
+still hung to the wall, and though much awry the glass and frame were
+unbroken. The motto looked grimly and sadly sarcastic. It was:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8216;There is no place like home.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A melancholy wreck of a home that motto looked down upon.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I saw a wagon in the middle of a side street sticking tongue and all
+straight up into the air, resting on its tail board, with the hind wheels
+almost completely buried in the mud. I saw a house standing exactly in the
+middle of Napoleon street, the side stove in by crashing against some
+other house and in the hole the coffin of its owner was placed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Some scholar&#8217;s library had been strewn over the street in the last stage
+of the flood, for there was a trail of good books left half sticking in
+the mud and reaching for over a block. One house had been lifted over two
+others in some mysterious way and then had settled down between them and
+there it stuck, high up in the air, so its former occupants might have got
+into it again with ladders.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Down at the lower end of the course of the stream, where its force was
+greater, there was a house lying on one corner and held there by being
+fastened in the deep mud. Through its side the trunk of a tree had been
+driven like a lance, and there it stayed sticking out straight in the air.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the muck was the case and key board of a square<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> piano, and far down
+the river, near the debris about the stone bridge, were its legs. An
+upright piano, with all its inside apparatus cleanly taken out, stood
+straight up a little way off. What was once a set of costly furniture was
+strewn all about it, and the house that had contained it was nowhere.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The remarkable stories that have been told about people floating a mile
+up the river and then back two or three times are easily credible after
+seeing the evidences of the strange course the flood took in this part of
+the town. People who stood near the ruins of Poplar Bridge saw four women
+on a roof float up on the stream, turn a short distance above and come
+back and go past again and once more return. Then they were seen to go far
+down on the current to the lower part of the town and were rescued as they
+passed the second-story window of a school house. A man who was imprisoned
+in the attic of his house put his wife and two children on a roof that was
+eddying past and stayed behind to die alone. They floated up the stream
+and then came back and got upon the roof of the very house they had left,
+and the whole family were saved.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At Grubbtown there is a house which came all the way from Woodvale. On it
+was a man who lived near Grubbtown, but was working at Woodvale when the
+flood came. He was carried right past his own home, and coolly told the
+people at the bridge to bid his wife good-bye for him. The house passed
+the bridge three times, the man carrying on a conversation with the people
+on the shore and giving directions for his burial if his body should be
+found.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The third time the house went up it grounded at Grubbtown, and in an hour
+or two the man was safe at home. Three girls who went by on a roof crawled
+into the branches of a tree, and had to stay there all night<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> before they
+could make anyone understand where they were. At one time scores of
+floating houses were wedged in together near the ruins of Poplar street
+bridge. Four brave men went out from the shore, and stepping from
+house-roof to house-roof brought in twelve women and children.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Some women crawled from roofs into the attics of houses. In their
+struggles with the flood most of their clothes had been torn from them,
+and rather than appear on the streets they stayed where they were until
+hunger forced them to shout out of the window for help. At this stage of
+the flood more persons were lost by being crushed to death than by
+drowning. As they floated by on roofs or doors the toppling houses fell
+over upon them and killed them.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The workers began on the wreck on Main street just opposite the First
+National Bank, one of the busiest parts of the city. A large number of
+people were lost here, the houses being crushed on one side of the street
+and being almost untouched on the other, a most remarkable thing
+considering the terrific force of the flood. Twenty-one bodies were taken
+out in the early morning and taken to the morgue. They were not much
+injured, considering the weight of lumber above them.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In many instances they were wedged in crevices. They were all in a good
+state of preservation, and when they were embalmed they looked almost
+lifelike. In this central part of the city examination is sure to result
+in the unearthing of bodies in every corner. Cottages which are still
+standing are banked up with lumber and driftwood, and it is like mining to
+make any kind of a clear space.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thirteen bodies were taken from the burning debris at the Stone Bridge at
+one time yesterday afternoon. None of the bodies were recognizable, and
+they were put in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> coffins and buried immediately. They were so badly
+decomposed that it was impossible to keep them until they could be
+identified. During a blast at the bridge yesterday afternoon two bodies
+were almost blown to pieces. The blasting has had the effect of opening
+the channel under the central portion of the bridge.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The order that was issued that all unidentified dead be buried is being
+rapidly carried out. The Rev. Mr. Beall, who has charge of the morgue at
+the Fourth Ward school house, which is the chief place, says that a large
+force of men has been put at work digging graves, and at the close of the
+afternoon the remains will be laid away as rapidly as it can be done.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;William Flynn has taken charge of the army of eleven hundred laborers who
+are doing a wonderful amount of work. In an interview he told of the work
+that has to be done, and the contractors&#8217; estimates show more than
+anything the chaotic condition of this city. &#8216;It will take ten thousand
+men thirty days to clear the ground so that the streets are passable and
+the work of rebuilding can be commenced,&#8217; said he, &#8216;and I am at a loss to
+know how the work is to be done. This enthusiasm will soon die out and the
+volunteers will want to return home.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;It would take all summer for my men alone to do what work is necessary.
+Steps must be taken at once to furnish gangs of workmen, and I shall send
+a communication to the Pittsburg Chamber of Commerce asking the different
+manufacturers of the Ohio Valley to take turns for a month or so in
+furnishing reliefs of workmen.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;I shall ask that each establishment stop work for a week at a time and
+send all hands in the charge of a foreman and timekeeper. We will board
+and care for them here. These gangs should come for a week at a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> time, as
+no organization can be affected if workmen arrive and leave when they
+please.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A meeting was held here in the afternoon which resulted in the
+appointment of James B. Scott, of Pittsburg, generalissimo.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Scott in an interview said that he proposed to clear the town of all
+wreckage and debris of all descriptions and turn the town site over to the
+citizens when he has completed his work clean and free from obstructions
+of all kinds.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I was here when the gang came across one of the upper stories of a house.
+It was merely a pile of boards apparently, but small pieces of a bureau
+and a bed spring from which the clothes had been burned showed the nature
+of the find. A faint odor of burned flesh prevailed exactly at this spot.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Dig here,&#8217; said the physician to the men. &#8216;There is one body at least
+quite close to the surface.&#8217; The men started in with a will. A large pile
+of underclothes and household linen was brought up first. It was of fine
+quality and evidently such as would be stored in the bedroom of a house
+occupied by people quite well to do.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Presently one of the men exposed a charred lump of flesh and lifted it up
+on the end of a pitchfork. It was all that remained of some poor creature
+who had met an awful death between water and fire.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The trunk was put on a cloth, the ends were looped up, making a bag of
+it, and the thing was taken to the river bank. It weighed probably thirty
+pounds. A stake was driven in the ground to which a tag was attached
+giving a description of the remains. This is done in many cases to the
+burned bodies, and they lay covered with cloths upon the bank until men
+came with coffins to remove them.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2>
+
+<div class="note"><p class="hang">Not More Than Half the Bodies of Victims Identified&mdash;Hundreds of Corpses
+of the Unknown and Nameless Cast Into the Sea&mdash;Others Buried in the Sand
+and Cremated&mdash;List of Identifications.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />The actual number of lives lost at Galveston will never be known, but over
+4,500 bodies of victims of the frightful catastrophe were identified; and
+these, together with the hundreds of identified and unidentified corpses
+which were buried at sea, in the sands along the beach, in the yards and
+grounds of private residences; those bodies which must have been carried
+out into the gulf when the waters receded from the island Sunday morning;
+those cremated; the hundreds found on the gulf coast, on the shores of
+Galveston Bay, and those taken from the water; and, finally, those
+discovered in all sorts of places inland (the bodies found outside
+Galveston Island being buried where picked up)&mdash;all these served to swell
+the Galveston death list to possibly 7,000, which was the figure named by
+Mayor Jones the fifth day after the flood. He had every opportunity for
+obtaining information on this point.</p>
+
+<p>Until the cremation of bodies began the foremen of the various burial
+gangs made lists of the bodies disposed of by their men, but when it
+became necessary to burn the corpses, the danger of pestilence being so
+great that they had to be put out of the way at the earliest possible
+moment, the compilation of these lists was abandoned and a mere general
+estimate made. The work of clearing the business and residence streets
+proceeded but slowly, the men in the gangs assigned to this being
+enervated by the intense heat of the sun, sickened by the effluvia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> from
+the decomposing bodies of dead human beings and animals, and depressed by
+the gloomy character of their surroundings. Most of the men thus employed
+were citizens of Galveston, many of whom were in comfortable circumstances
+before the storm swept away their belongings. In the majority of cases
+these workers had lost not only their earthly possessions, but members of
+their immediate families as well, and were heartsore and crushed in
+spirit. In the main, they engaged in this work because they wanted to help
+the city out in its desperate straits, and for the further reason that if
+not busied in mind and body they might possibly go mad.</p>
+
+<p>The first of the lists of the identified dead was made out and made public
+on Tuesday following the disaster, and the lists compiled the succeeding
+days were given out as soon as completed.</p>
+
+<p>The lists printed below comprise the first and only complete roster of the
+dead which has appeared anywhere:</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">FIRST LIST OF IDENTIFIED VICTIMS&mdash;TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+<p>Aguilo, Joseph B., chairman of the Democratic county executive committee.</p>
+<p>Allen, Charlotte M., Seventeenth street and Avenue A.</p>
+<p>Allen, E., and wife.</p>
+<p>Amundsen, mother of Deputy Chief of Police Amundsen.</p>
+<p>Burrows, Mrs. M.</p>
+<p>Bross, Mrs. Kate, Twenty-second street, near beach.</p>
+<p>Burnett, Mrs. George, and child, Twenty-fourth street and Avenue P.</p>
+<p>Barbon, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Baxter, Mrs., and child, lost in Magia store.</p>
+<p>Bell, Mrs. Dudley, wife of Galveston News compositor, and child.</p>
+<p>Beveridge, Mrs., and two children.</p>
+<p>Betts, Walter, cotton broker, and wife.</p>
+<p>Bird, the family of police officer Bird.</p>
+<p>Broecker, John F., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Bowe, Mrs. John, and three children. Police officer John Bowe attempted to save his family on a raft, but they were swept away and drowned.</p>
+<p>Burnett, Gary, and wife and Mrs. Burnett.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>Caddom, Alex., and four children.</p>
+<p>Clark, Mrs. C. T., and infant.</p>
+<p>Compton, A. J., and wife.</p>
+<p>Correll, Mrs. J. R., and family.</p>
+<p>Collins, daughter of Mrs. Collins.</p>
+<p>Cline, Mrs., wife of Dr. L. M. Cline, local forecast official of the United States weather bureau.</p>
+<p>Coryell, Patti Rosa.</p>
+<p>Coates, Mrs. William, wife of William A. Coates, of Galveston News.</p>
+<p>Cramer, Miss Bessie.</p>
+<p>Daly, W. L., grain exporter and steamship agent for Charles F. Ortwein &amp; Co.</p>
+<p>Day, Alfred.</p>
+<p>Davies, John R., and wife.</p>
+<p>Delaney, Mrs. Jack, wife of United States bridge officer of the port, with two children.</p>
+<p>Delyea, Paul, ex-sergeant police.</p>
+<p>Davenport, W., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Davis, Lessie.</p>
+<p>Dorin, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Dorrian, Mrs., and five children; had taken refuge with nine other persons on the roof of a house which was destroyed and all lost. The Dorian house withstood the elements.</p>
+<p>Ellison, two children of Captain Ellison, one of them drowning in its mother&#8217;s arms.</p>
+<p>Engelke, John, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Evans, Mrs. Kate, and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Eichter, Edward, Thirteenth street and Avenue N.</p>
+<p>Ewing, Miss.</p>
+<p>Fordtran, Mrs. Claude J., 1919 Tremont street.</p>
+<p>Fix, C. H.</p>
+<p>Fisher, W. F., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Flash, William, and daughter, Twenty-fifth street and P avenue; Mrs. Flash was saved.</p>
+<p>Foster, Harry, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Frederickson, Violet.</p>
+<p>Frederickson, Mrs., and baby.</p>
+<p>Gernand, Mrs. John F., and two children.</p>
+<p>Guest, Mamie.</p>
+<p>Gordon, Mrs. Abe, and five children.</p>
+<p>Gernaud, John H., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Hansinger, H. A., daughter and mother-in-law.</p>
+<p>Harris, Mrs. (colored.)</p>
+<p>Harris, Mrs. Rebecca.</p>
+<p>Hobeck, &mdash;&mdash;, and boy.</p>
+<p>Howe, &mdash;&mdash;, police officer, and family.</p>
+<p>Howth, Mrs. Clarence.</p>
+<p>Hughes, Joe.</p>
+<p>Hawkins, Mattie Lea.</p>
+<p>Hesse, Mrs. Irene, Broadway and Sixth street.</p>
+<p>Hunn, F., street-car motorman.</p>
+<p>Hunter, Albert, and wife.</p>
+<p>Hamburg, Mrs. Peter, and four children.</p>
+<p>Harris, Mrs. J. H.</p>
+<p>Jones, Mr., and wife.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Richard, struck by flying timber and instantly killed.</p>
+<p>Jones, Mrs. W. R., and child.</p>
+<p>Kelly, Willie.</p>
+<p>Keller, Charles A., prominent cotton man.</p>
+<p>Kelly, Barney.</p>
+<p>Lackey, wife and two children of Leon J. Lackey, telegraph operator.</p>
+<p>Longnecker, Mrs. A.</p>
+<p>Lord, Richard, traffic manager George H. McFaden Brothers, cotton exporters.</p>
+<p>Lynch, John.</p>
+<p>Lassocco, Mrs., Twenty-first street and Avenue P. Twenty-five persons are reported to have been lost in the store building of Mrs. Lassocco.<br /></p>
+<p>Lisbony, W. H.</p>
+<p>Labbat, Joe.</p>
+<p>Lafayette, Mrs., and two children.</p>
+<p>Magia, Mr., two daughters and son, grocery. Eleventh street and Avenue A.</p>
+<p>Masterson, B. T., and family.</p>
+<p>Motter, Mrs., and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Munn, Mrs. J. W., Sr.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span>McKenna, five members of the P. J. and J. P. McKenna families.</p>
+<p>Monroe, Mrs., colored, and three children.</p>
+<p>Mordon, Miss.</p>
+<p>McCauley, Miss Annie.</p>
+<p>Morton, Mrs., and two babies.</p>
+<p>Nolly, Mrs. Sam and four children, with ten other women and children, in the Nolly house on Fortieth street and Avenue T. Mr. Nolly and another man were saved after a bitter struggle.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Keefe, Mrs. Michael, and brother.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Harrow, William.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Dell, Miss Nellie, and brother, daughter and son of James O&#8217;Dell.</p>
+<p>Peck, Captain R. H., city engineer, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Peek, Captain; house was seen to overturn while he was in it, and he has not been found.</p>
+<p>Porette; thirteen persons killed in a house at Eighth street and Broadway. Dominick Porette is the only one of the party who lives to tell the tale.</p>
+<p>Parker; an entire family living at Thirty-ninth and Q streets, consisting of Angeline Parker and grandchild, Tommy Lesker; Si Sullivan Parker and wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Parker, Mrs. Frank, Avenue Q and Thirty-first street.</p>
+<p>Porfree, Henry, a tailor.</p>
+<p>Palmer, J. B., and baby.</p>
+<p>Plitt, Harmon.</p>
+<p>Parker, Mrs. Mollie.</p>
+<p>Ptolmey, Paul.</p>
+<p>Quester, Mrs. W., little son and daughter.</p>
+<p>Quester, Bessie.</p>
+<p>Rice, proof reader on the Galveston News, and child.</p>
+<p>Richards, &mdash;&mdash;, police officer.</p>
+<p>Roll, J. F., wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Rowan, &mdash;&mdash;, police officer, and family.</p>
+<p>Rust, Charles, knocked from a dray while attempting to carry his family to a place of safety; instantly killed.</p>
+<p>Rose, Mrs., wife of Commissary Sergeant Franklin Rose of the United States Army.</p>
+<p>Ripley, Henry, son of H. S. Ripley.</p>
+<p>Rhymes, Thomas, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Regan, Mike, wife and mother-in-law, lost at the Porette house.</p>
+<p>Roudaux, Murray.</p>
+<p>Sailor, Spanish, of the steamship Telesfora, which drifted against the Whitehall at pier 15.</p>
+<p>Schofield, Miss Ida, lost in Magia store.</p>
+<p>Schroeder, Mrs. George M., and four children.</p>
+<p>Schuler, Mr., wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Schwartzback, Joseph.</p>
+<p>Shaw, nephew of M. M. Shaw.</p>
+<p>Somers, Miss Helen.</p>
+<p>Spencer, Stanley G., local representative of Demster &amp; Co.&#8217;s steamship lines and the North German Lloyd steamship lines.</p>
+<p>Stickloch, Miss Mabel, Mechanic street.</p>
+<p>Swain, Richard D.</p>
+<p>Sweil, George, mother and sister.</p>
+<p>Schultz, Mr. and wife.</p>
+<p>Sharp, Miss Annie.</p>
+<p>Summers, Sarah.</p>
+<p>Sharp, Mr. and wife.</p>
+<p>Schaler, Mrs. Charles, and four children.</p>
+<p>Sylvester, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Smith, Mrs. Mamie.</p>
+<p>Sherwood, Charles.</p>
+<p>Thompson, mother-in-law and sister-in-law of William Thompson of the fire department.</p>
+<p>Tovrea, &mdash;&mdash;, police officer.</p>
+<p>Treadwell, Mrs. J. B., and infant.</p>
+<p>Taylor, Mrs., colored.</p>
+<p>Toothacker, wife and daughter of Jesse W. Toothacker, contractor and builder.</p>
+<p>Trebosius, Mrs. George, wife of George Trebosius of the Galveston News, and two sisters of Mr. Trebosius, at their home, Fortieth street and Avenue R.</p>
+<p>Unidentified&mdash;Two sisters-in-law and a niece.</p>
+<p>Unidentified&mdash;White girls, 12 years old, found in the yard of J. Paul Jones.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span>Unidentified&mdash;Four white and seven colored persons found in the first story of W. J. Reitmeyer&#8217;s residence. Reitmeyer family, in the second story, escaped.</p>
+<p>Unidentified&mdash;A lady and her daughter from St. Louis.</p>
+<p>Unidentified&mdash;Thirteen Inmates and three matrons at the Home for the Homeless.</p>
+<p>Wakelee, Mrs. Davis.</p>
+<p>Webster, Edward, and two sisters.</p>
+<p>Webster, Thomas, Sr., secretary of the grain inspector of the port, with family of four.</p>
+<p>Wensmor, several members of the family residing in the east end; one of the family, an old man, was saved.</p>
+<p>Wenman, Mrs. J. W., and two children.</p>
+<p>Wolfe, Charles, police officer, and family.</p>
+<p>Wood, Mrs., mother of United States Deputy Marshal Wood.</p>
+<p>Wilson, Mrs. Mary Ann and baby.</p>
+<p>Wallace, &mdash;&mdash;, and four children.</p>
+<p>Watkins, S. W., Avenue Q and Thirty-first street. Mr. Watkins was drowned and it was reported that about twenty other persons in the same house met a similar fate.</p>
+<p>Wren, James, wife and six children; drowned at the Porette House.</p>
+<p>Wootam, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Woodward, Miss Hattie.</p>
+<p>Wollam, C., drowned after saving several women and while trying to save others.</p>
+<p>Walter, Mrs. Charles, and three children.</p>
+<p>Twenty-two persons&mdash;Francois, a well-known waiter, reported the loss of twenty-two persons who had taken refuge in his house.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />At Hitchcock, Tex., thirty lives were lost. Two Italian families of
+thirteen people met death by drowning. The following were killed by falling timbers:</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+<p>Robinson, William.</p>
+<p>Dominic, a child.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Hiram, and wife.</p>
+<p>Pietze, Mrs., and three children.</p>
+<p>The family of C. W. Young, wife, two sons and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Montelona, Mary.</p>
+<p>Palmero, &mdash;&mdash;, wife and seven children.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Connor, T. W.</p>
+<p>Members of two families of Alvin, who were visiting the Young family.</p>
+<p>Seven unidentified found on prairie, supposed to be from Galveston.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />Five Houston people perished at Seabrook in the hurricane. They were:</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Lucy, Mrs. C. H., and two small children.</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Ilhenny, Haven, and the 5-year-old son of David Rice.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />At Alvin the dead were:</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Johnson, J. M.</p>
+<p>Johnston, Mrs. J. S.</p>
+<p>Appelle, Miss.</p>
+<p>Lewis, Mrs. O. S.</p>
+<p>Glaspy, John S.</p>
+<p>Richardson, B.</p>
+<p>Collins, Mrs. J. W., killed by falling timbers.</p>
+<p>Collins, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Hawley, W. P.</p>
+<p>Mebam, W. C., and wife.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />At Rosenburg the following death list was reported:</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Watson, Rev. A.</p>
+<p>Ontrall, Mrs. I. J.</p>
+<p>Herman, B. S.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />At Oyster Creek the reported dead were:</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Carlton, H.</p>
+<p>Smith, S.</p>
+<p>Jones, Tom.</p>
+<p>Arnold, A.</p>
+<p>Smith, Connie.</p>
+<p>Marshall, Lucy.</p>
+<p>Stephens, Tom, colored.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />At Arcola:</p>
+<p class="note">Wofford, Mrs. A., aged white woman.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />At Alto Loma:</p>
+<p class="note">Twenty-seven&mdash;(no list given).</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />At Richmond eighteen persons were killed.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />At Wharton, sixteen negroes were drowned.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span><br />At Morgan&#8217;s Point:</p>
+<p class="note">Vincent, Mrs., and two children.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THE DEATH LIST FOR WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+<p>Almers, Mrs. P.</p>
+<p>Anderson, M., and family.</p>
+<p>Andrew, Mr., and three children.</p>
+<p>Annudsen, Louis.</p>
+<p>Armstrong, Mrs. Dora, and four children.</p>
+<p>Bell, Mrs. A. C.</p>
+<p>Bell, Guy.</p>
+<p>Berger, W. L., wife and child.</p>
+<p>Bodden, Mrs., and Mrs. J. F.</p>
+<p>Brockelman, three children of J. T. Brockelman.</p>
+<p>Bures, &mdash;&mdash;, wife and sister.</p>
+<p>Burge, William, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Burnett, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Burnett, Mrs. Gary, and two children.</p>
+<p>Carigan, Joseph.</p>
+<p>Childs, K. T.</p>
+<p>Cleveland, George, and family.</p>
+<p>Cornett, Charles, and wife.</p>
+<p>Connett, Mr. and Mrs. William, and two children.</p>
+<p>Craig, George.</p>
+<p>Dailey, K.</p>
+<p>Dilz, M., and two sons.</p>
+<p>Dorian, George, and wife.</p>
+<p>Ducos, &mdash;&mdash;, two children.</p>
+<p>Delcie, Mrs. Henry R., and child.</p>
+<p>Darby, Charles.</p>
+<p>Dowell, Mrs. Sam.</p>
+<p>Edmunsen, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Edwards, Miss Eliza.</p>
+<p>Eggerett, William, and son Charles.</p>
+<p>Ellis, Mrs., and family.</p>
+<p>English, John, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Eideman, H. E.</p>
+<p>Everhart, J. H., wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Fabey, Sumptey.</p>
+<p>Falke, Joseph, and three children.</p>
+<p>Farmer, Mrs. I. P.</p>
+<p>Faucett, Robert.</p>
+<p>Faucett, Mrs. Belle.</p>
+<p>Fegue, Lillie, and Esther and Laura May, children of Mrs. Lillie Fegue.</p>
+<p>Fox, Thomas.</p>
+<p>Fritz, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Floehr, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Gaulters, J.</p>
+<p>Grathcar, Mrs. John, and child.</p>
+<p>Harrah, Martin.</p>
+<p>Harris, Mrs. John, and three children.</p>
+<p>Heck, Mrs., and son.</p>
+<p>Herman, Martin, and two children.</p>
+<p>Hinke, August, Richard and Johanna.</p>
+<p>Holbeck, Mrs. L. L.</p>
+<p>Homburg, Peter.</p>
+<p>Hock, Mrs., and son.</p>
+<p>Hayman, Mrs. John A., and five children.</p>
+<p>Johnson, A. S., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Jones, Robert.</p>
+<p>Junemann, Charles, wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Junter, William, and six children.</p>
+<p>Kampe, Charles.</p>
+<p>Kauffman, H., wife and children.</p>
+<p>Kelso, Munson, Jr.</p>
+<p><ins class="correction" title="original: Kedso">Kelso</ins>, Roy, baby boy of J. C. Kelso.</p>
+<p>Kirby, Mrs. J. H., and three children.</p>
+<p>Klein, Mrs. E. V.</p>
+<p>Kleincke, H., and wife.</p>
+<p>Koepler, Mrs. Fred., and family.</p>
+<p>Kraus, Mr. and Mrs. J. J.</p>
+<p>Krauss, Fred.</p>
+<p>Krauss, Joseph J., wife and daughters.</p>
+<p>Krausse, L., wife and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Louis, Poland, carrier News.</p>
+<p>Lorance, Mrs. T. A.</p>
+<p>Lucas, Mrs. H., and two children and white nurse.</p>
+<p>Malrs, O. M., wife and child.</p>
+<p>Maree, &mdash;&mdash;, employed by James Fascher.</p>
+<p>Malter, J.</p>
+<p>Martin, Mrs., wife of Policeman Martin.</p>
+<p>Masterson, B. T., and family.</p>
+<p>Miles, Colson.</p>
+<p>Miller, William, and family (partner of Childs).</p>
+<p>Mitchell, Mrs. W. H., and child.</p>
+<p>Mongon, John.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>Morro, Dotlo, wife and seven children.</p>
+<p>Muttie, A.</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Manus, Mrs. William.</p>
+<p>Miner, Lucia.</p>
+<p>Neill, &mdash;&mdash;, and family.</p>
+<p>Nolan, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Olson, Mrs. Mattie, and two children.</p>
+<p>Opperman, Miss May, and Marguerite and Gussie of Palestine.</p>
+<p>Odelle, O.</p>
+<p>Olsen, Mrs. Matilda, and two children.</p>
+<p>Parler, Mrs. D., and two children.</p>
+<p>Pasker, Miss Ethel.</p>
+<p>Pauls, Nellie and Cecilia.</p>
+<p>Pix, C. H.</p>
+<p>Palmer, J. B., and baby.</p>
+<p>Plitt, Harmon.</p>
+<p>Peters, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Park, Mrs. M. L.</p>
+<p>Park, Miss Alice.</p>
+<p>Park, Miss Lucy.</p>
+<p>Roberts, &mdash;&mdash;, watchman G. H. and N. R. R.</p>
+<p>Rattizan, Mrs. Leon, and four children.</p>
+<p>Ratissa, Mrs. W. L., and three children.</p>
+<p>Raymond, Mr. and Mrs., and two children.</p>
+<p>Reagan, J. N.</p>
+<p>Rhaes, T. F., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Roan, Mrs., and three children.</p>
+<p>Rudger, C., wife and child.</p>
+<p>Runter, A., and mother and father.</p>
+<p>Schoabel, George, wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Severet, J., and wife.</p>
+<p>Sherwood, Thomas, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Shilke, Mrs., son and infant.</p>
+<p>Siegler, Mrs. Fred.</p>
+<p>Sommers, F., wife and three daughters and his son Joseph, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Stetgel, Mr., and family.</p>
+<p>Stockfelt, Peter, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Swanson, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Stockfletch, Peter, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Schwotsel, George, wife and daughter Lulu.</p>
+<p>Sayers, Dr. John B.</p>
+<p>Sayers, Tom.</p>
+<p>Smith, Jacob.</p>
+<p>Stowinsky, Mr., and wife.</p>
+<p>Seixas, E., and two daughters, Anna and Lucile.</p>
+<p>Tarpey, Joseph.</p>
+<p>Toveca, Sam, policeman, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Tow, T. C., wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Thomsen, Mrs. W. D., and two children.</p>
+<p>Tovrea, Sam, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Toothacker, Miss Jennie.</p>
+<p>Tillebach, Charles, wife, mother-in-law and two children.</p>
+<p>Villeneve, Mrs., and child of Hitchcock.</p>
+<p>Vogel, Mrs. Henry, and three children.</p>
+<p>Vondenbaden, Mrs., and two children.</p>
+<p>Walden, Mr.</p>
+<p>Warmarvosky, Adolph, mother and sister reported missing.</p>
+<p>Warneke, Mrs. A. W., and five children.</p>
+<p>Warren, James, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Webber, Mr., family missing.</p>
+<p>Wedges, Judge, justice of the peace, and wife.</p>
+<p>Wilsh, Joseph, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Wincott, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Windman, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Webster, Edward, Sr.</p>
+<p>Webster, Mrs. Julia.</p>
+<p>Webster, Mrs. Sarah.</p>
+<p>Webster, George.</p>
+<p>Webster, Joe.</p>
+<p>Yeats, &mdash;&mdash;, child.</p>
+<p>Youngblood, L. J., wife and child.</p>
+<p>Zipp, Mrs. and daughter.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THURSDAY&#8217;S (SEPTEMBER 13) AWFUL ROSTER OF IDENTIFIED DEAD.</p>
+
+<p class="center">The official list of those identified on Thursday was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+<p>Adams, Toby.</p>
+<p>Adams, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Agin, George.</p>
+<p>Allen, Mrs. Alex.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>Anderson, Mrs. S.</p>
+<p>Albertson, A.</p>
+<p>Albertson, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Alpin, George.</p>
+<p>Alpin, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Mrs. Jack.</p>
+<p>Ashe, George, Sr.</p>
+<p>Ashe, George, Jr.</p>
+<p>Bell, Alexander.</p>
+<p>Berger, Mrs. Lucy.</p>
+<p>Bell, Henry.</p>
+<p>Bland, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Bland, Mrs. Florence.</p>
+<p>Bodecker, Charles.</p>
+<p>Boss, Charles.</p>
+<p>Boss, D.</p>
+<p>Brooks, J. R.</p>
+<p>Cain, Rev. Thomas W.</p>
+<p>Cain, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Calhoun, Mrs. Thomas.</p>
+<p>Carter, Corinne.</p>
+<p>Casey, Mrs. Annie.</p>
+<p>Clark, C. Y.</p>
+<p>Chaffee, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Cuney, R. C.</p>
+<p>Davis, Gabe.</p>
+<p>Day, Alfred.</p>
+<p>Day, Willie.</p>
+<p>Dempsey, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Davis, Henry T.</p>
+<p>Dorrfe, Mr.</p>
+<p>Dorrfe, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Dunton, Mrs. Annie.</p>
+<p>Dammel, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Dammell, W. D.</p>
+<p>Direkes, Henry.</p>
+<p>Dowell, Mrs. Samuel.</p>
+<p>Dunning, Mrs. H. C.</p>
+<p>Dunning, Richard.</p>
+<p>Evans, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Falkenhagen, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Freitag, Harry.</p>
+<p>Frank, Mrs. Aug.</p>
+<p>Frieman, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Feither, Mrs. F.</p>
+<p>Ferget, Julius.</p>
+<p>Gibson, Professor.</p>
+<p>Goth, A. E.</p>
+<p>Goth, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Green, Mrs. Lucy.</p>
+<p>Gentry, Charlotte.</p>
+<p>Gottleib, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Homes, Florence.</p>
+<p>Harris, Effie.</p>
+<p>Higgins, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Hoffman family.</p>
+<p>Holland, Mrs. James.</p>
+<p>Hughes, Robert.</p>
+<p>Jefferbrook, August.</p>
+<p>Jefferbrook, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Mrs. W. J.</p>
+<p>Jones, W. R.</p>
+<p>Jasters, Perry.</p>
+<p>King, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Knowles, Mrs. W. T.</p>
+<p>Kuhn, Mrs. H. Clem.</p>
+<p>Kuhnel, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Lawson, Charles.</p>
+<p>Lawson, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Lewis, Agnes.</p>
+<p>Lewis, Maria.</p>
+<p>Lewis, Mrs. Maria.</p>
+<p>Levin, P.</p>
+<p>Lindquist, Mrs. O.</p>
+<p>Lockman, Mr. and Mrs. H.</p>
+<p>Ludwig, Alfred.</p>
+<p>Lyle, William.</p>
+<p>Lemmon, Virgie.</p>
+<p>Lloyd, Buck.</p>
+<p>Lloyd, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Ludwig, Albert.</p>
+<p>Manley, Joe.</p>
+<p>Moore, Mrs. N.</p>
+<p>Moore, Mrs. Nathan.</p>
+<p>Martin, Herman.</p>
+<p>Menzel, John.</p>
+<p>Menzel, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Morse, Arthur P.</p>
+<p>Morse, Mrs.</p>
+<p>McGuire, John.</p>
+<p>McPherson, Robert.</p>
+<p>McDade, Ed.</p>
+<p>Nelson, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Park, Miss Lucy.</p>
+<p>Piney, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Patrick, Cora.</p>
+<p>Patrick, Ida.</p>
+<p>Pierson, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Pierson, Alice.</p>
+<p>Pierson, Frank.</p>
+<p>Piner, Mrs. Ella.</p>
+<p>Powers, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Randolph, Edith.</p>
+<p>Ravey family.</p>
+<p>Roehm, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Roehm, William.</p>
+<p>Roehle, John.</p>
+<p>Roehle, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Ruehrmond, Professor.</p>
+<p>Ruehrmond, Mrs.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>Roukes, Mrs. Charles.</p>
+<p>Reuter, Otto.</p>
+<p>Reuter, Henry.</p>
+<p>Rowe, Ada.</p>
+<p>Rowe, Hattie.</p>
+<p>Rowe, George.</p>
+<p>Shaw, Frank.</p>
+<p>Seidenstricker, Henry.</p>
+<p>Schultze, Charles.</p>
+<p>Schulz, Fred.</p>
+<p>Schulz, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Schulz, Charles C.</p>
+<p>Schwotsel, George.</p>
+<p>Scott, Annie.</p>
+<p>Scull, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Seixas, Miss Arma.</p>
+<p>Seixas, Miss Lucille.</p>
+<p>Sexalis, Sella.</p>
+<p>Schutte, E. R.</p>
+<p>Schutte, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Shilhe, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Tix, Herman.</p>
+<p>Torr, T. C.</p>
+<p>Torr, Mrs. T. C.</p>
+<p>Thurman, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Tresvant, Jordan.</p>
+<p>Trostman, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Turner, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Turner, Mr.</p>
+<p>Turner, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Uleridge, Adelaide.</p>
+<p>Van Liew, Mollie.</p>
+<p>Van Buren, Herman.</p>
+<p>Waring, Mrs. (Chicago).</p>
+<p>Warren, Celia.</p>
+<p>Washington, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Weiss, Professor.</p>
+<p>Weidemann, Fritz.</p>
+<p>Wilke, assistant city electrician.</p>
+<p>Wilke, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Williams, Mrs. E. C.</p>
+<p>Williams, Sam.</p>
+<p>Williams, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Woodrow, Matilda.</p>
+<p>Yeager, William.</p>
+<p>Zweigel, Mrs.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">IDENTIFICATIONS MADE ON FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 14.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+<p>Aberhart, T., and wife.</p>
+<p>Ackermann, Herman, wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Adams, M., and Mrs. Tobey (colored).</p>
+<p>Adameit, Mrs. G. and seven children.</p>
+<p>Akers, C. B., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Albertson, A., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Allardico, R. L., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Allen, Cornelia.</p>
+<p>Allen, Daisy.</p>
+<p>Allen, Elve.</p>
+<p>Allen, Zerena.</p>
+<p>Alphonse, John, wife and family.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Oscar, wife and children.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Andrew, wife and children.</p>
+<p>Armitage, Miss Vivian.</p>
+<p>Armour, Mrs., and five children.</p>
+<p>Artisan, John, wife and nine children.</p>
+<p>Andrew, Mrs. A., and family.</p>
+<p>Bell, Alexander, wife, two sons and daughter.</p>
+<p>Boedecker, Charles.</p>
+<p>Bercer, Mrs. Lucy.</p>
+<p>Brooks, J. T.</p>
+<p>Bland, Mrs., and seven children (colored).</p>
+<p>Bell, Henry.</p>
+<p>Bankers, Mrs. Charles.</p>
+<p>Beach, Miss Nina of Victoria.</p>
+<p>Boedenker, H., father, brother and sister-in-law.</p>
+<p>Barnard, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Becker, John, wife and daughters, Mae and Vida.</p>
+<p>Brown, Winnie M.</p>
+<p>Bellew, Mr. and Mrs. J., and daughter.</p>
+<p>Bass, John, wife and four children (colored).</p>
+<p>Baulch, Will, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Beal, Mrs. Dudley, and child.</p>
+<p>Bedford, Cushman (colored).</p>
+<p>Bohn, Dixie.</p>
+<p>Boss, Peter, and wife.</p>
+<p>Bowen, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Bradley, Miss Mannie.</p>
+<p>Bradley, Miss Ethel.</p>
+<p>Bentley, and family.</p>
+<p>Briscoll, A. M.</p>
+<p>Bockelman, C. J.</p>
+<p>Brown, Joe, and family.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>Buckley, Selma.</p>
+<p>Buckley, Blanche.</p>
+<p>Buckley, mother and father.</p>
+<p>Buckley, Mrs. and daughter.</p>
+<p>Burgee, William, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Burrell, Mrs. (colored).</p>
+<p>Bittell, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Christian, John.</p>
+<p>Campbell, Will.</p>
+<p>Curry, Mrs. Martha J., and Miss Louisa.</p>
+<p>Campbell, Miss Edna.</p>
+<p>Carter, Adeline.</p>
+<p>Ninety people at Catholic Orphan Home.</p>
+<p>Cato, William (colored).</p>
+<p>Childs, William, and wife.</p>
+<p>Clark, Tom.</p>
+<p>Corbett, James J., and four children.</p>
+<p>Caddoe, Alex., and five children.</p>
+<p>Colsen, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Connor, Captain D. E.</p>
+<p>Connor, Edward J.</p>
+<p>Cowen, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Crouse, J. J., wife and children.</p>
+<p>Credo, Will.</p>
+<p>Cromwell, Mrs., and three children.</p>
+<p>Crook, Ashby.</p>
+<p>Crowley, Miss Nellie, and brother.</p>
+<p>Cuneo, Mrs. Joseph, New Orleans.</p>
+<p>Curry, Mrs. E. H., and child.</p>
+<p>Carven, Mrs., and daughter.</p>
+<p>Carnett, &mdash;&mdash;, and wife, of Orange.</p>
+<p>Crawford, Rayburn.</p>
+<p>Carson, Frank C.</p>
+<p>Clinton, Mrs. Mary, and children&mdash;George A., Horace, Lee W., Joseph B., Willie B. and Freddie.</p>
+<p>Darrell, &mdash;&mdash;, and five children.</p>
+<p>Davis, Mrs. T. F.</p>
+<p>Deltz, M., and two sons.</p>
+<p>Dinter, Mrs., and daughter.</p>
+<p>Donahue, Ellen, Utica, N. Y.</p>
+<p>Donahue, Mary, Utica, N. Y.</p>
+<p>Doll, George and wife.</p>
+<p>Doll, Frank, and family.</p>
+<p>Doty, John.</p>
+<p>Doyle, Jim.</p>
+<p>Dunningham, Richard E.</p>
+<p>Dunnin, Mrs. Howard C., and three children.</p>
+<p>Dirke, Henry, and family.</p>
+<p>Darfee, Mr. and Mrs., and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Dammill, W. D., and wife (colored).</p>
+<p>Dunham, George R., and wife.</p>
+<p>Dunham, George R., Jr., and two children.</p>
+<p>Donnelly, Nick.</p>
+<p>Ducos, Madeline and Octavia.</p>
+<p>Davis, Miss Emma.</p>
+<p>Drewa, H. A.</p>
+<p>Demesie, Mrs., and two sons.</p>
+<p>Dowles, Samuel, wife and one child.</p>
+<p>Davis, Mrs. Mary, and children&mdash;Carrie, Alice, Lizzie and Eddie.</p>
+<p>Eckett, Fred.</p>
+<p>Eckett, Charles.</p>
+<p>Edward, James, and family.</p>
+<p>Eismann, &mdash;&mdash;, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Eismann, Howard.</p>
+<p>Elias, James, and two children.</p>
+<p>English, John, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Emmanuel, Joe.</p>
+<p>Eppendorf, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Eads, Sumpter.</p>
+<p>Forget, Julius.</p>
+<p>Pfeither, Mrs. Fritz.</p>
+<p>Frau, Mrs. August, and daughter.</p>
+<p>Faby, C. S., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Foster, Mrs. August.</p>
+<p>Freise, Mr. and Mrs. Charles M.</p>
+<p>Forbush, John, and Freddie.</p>
+<p>Fretwell, J. B., Mrs. and boy.</p>
+<p>Foster, Mrs. S. F.</p>
+<p>Farrer, Miss Nannie of Sullivan&#8217;s Island.</p>
+<p>Frank, Anton, wife and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Fanchon family.</p>
+<p>Fedo, Joe.</p>
+<p>Ferwedert, Peter.</p>
+<p>Fickett, Mrs., and four children.</p>
+<p>Fiegel, John.</p>
+<p>Figge, Mrs., and four children.</p>
+<p>Franks, Mr., and daughter.</p>
+<p>Fornkesell, T. C.</p>
+<p>Foster, Mr. and Mrs. Harry, and three children.</p>
+<p>Fox, Thomas, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Frankovich, Charles and John.</p>
+<p>Fredericks, Corinne.</p>
+<p>Furst family.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>Gait, A. E., and wife.</p>
+<p>Gibson, Professor, and family.</p>
+<p>Gentry, Charlotte (colored).</p>
+<p>Gonzales, Andrew, wife and daughter Pauline.</p>
+<p>Graham, Mrs. H., and baby.</p>
+<p>Garnett, Robert F.</p>
+<p>Gibson, Mary C.</p>
+<p>Guilett, Colonel, of Victoria.</p>
+<p>George, H. K., and family.</p>
+<p>Grey, H. K., and family.</p>
+<p>Grey, Randolph, four children and sister-in-law.</p>
+<p>Garbaldi, August.</p>
+<p>Gabel, Mr. and Mrs. (colored).</p>
+<p>Gallishaw, and five children.</p>
+<p>Gaires, Mrs. Lillie, and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Ganth, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Garrigan, Joe.</p>
+<p>Gecan, Matt.</p>
+<p>Gordon, Oscar.</p>
+<p>Clausen, Charles, and family of four.</p>
+<p>Gregg, &mdash;&mdash;, and four children.</p>
+<p>Grief, John, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Grosscup, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Goodwin, two girls.</p>
+<p>Genning, Tim, and wife.</p>
+<p>Gruetsmicher, Louis, wife and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Gaines, Captain Edward, and wife.</p>
+<p>Hildebrand, Fred.</p>
+<p>Harris, Miss Rebecca.</p>
+<p>Hubbell, Misses Maggie and Emma.</p>
+<p>Haines, sister of Mrs. Captain Haines.</p>
+<p>Huebener, Mrs. A., and boy.</p>
+<p>Haughton, Willie O.</p>
+<p>Hunter, George.</p>
+<p>Hausinger, George.</p>
+<p>Hall, Charles (colored).</p>
+<p>Hannamann, Mrs. August.</p>
+<p>Harris, L.</p>
+<p>Harris, Thomas, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Harris, Mrs. W. D., and son.</p>
+<p>Harrison, Tom, and wife.</p>
+<p>Hassler, Charles, and wife.</p>
+<p>Hasselmeyer family.</p>
+<p>Haughton, Mrs. W. W.</p>
+<p>Heidmann, William, Jr.</p>
+<p>Helfenstein, Sophie and Willie.</p>
+<p>Hennessy, Mrs. M. P., and two nieces.</p>
+<p>Herman, Martin, and two children.</p>
+<p>Hersey, Mrs. John.</p>
+<p>Holmes, Mrs. (colored).</p>
+<p>Hoskins, T. D., wife and three children (colored).</p>
+<p>Hubbell, Emma and Maggie.</p>
+<p>Hull, William (colored).</p>
+<p>Hull, Charles (colored).</p>
+<p>Humberg, Mrs. Peter, and four children.</p>
+<p>Jackman, Ada, and two children.</p>
+<p>Jaeger, William H.</p>
+<p>Jaeger, John, and wife.</p>
+<p>Jaecke, Mrs. Curt, and three children.</p>
+<p>Jennings, James A., and wife.</p>
+<p>Jennssen, Mrs. and Mr., and five children.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Asa, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Julian.</p>
+<p>Johnson, child.</p>
+<p>Johnston, J. B., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Johnston, Mrs. Alice.</p>
+<p>Johnston, Mrs. E. E., and four children.</p>
+<p>Junkf, Martha.</p>
+<p>Junka, Mrs. Paulina.</p>
+<p>Junker, Mrs. Colina.</p>
+<p>Johnston, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Johnston, Mrs. W. J.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Mrs. C. S.</p>
+<p>Jones, J. H., and wife.</p>
+<p>Jaeger, Walter H.</p>
+<p>Johnson, V. S.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Odin, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Johnston, J. A., and wife.</p>
+<p>Keats, Tom, and wife.</p>
+<p>Keeton, J. C., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Kelmer, Charles L., Sr.</p>
+<p>Kely, &mdash;&mdash;, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Keiffer, wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Kennelly, Mrs. Annie.</p>
+<p>Kester, Fred, and daughter.</p>
+<p>Kirby, James, and three men.</p>
+<p>Kirby, Mrs. George, and two children.</p>
+<p>Kleinicke, Mrs., and family.</p>
+<p>Klenmann, Fred and wife.</p>
+<p>Knowles, Mrs. W. T., and three children.</p>
+<p>Kuder, Ed., and wife.</p>
+<p>Kuhn, Oscar, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Kleinmann, Henry, and wife.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>Klindlund, Newton and Carl.</p>
+<p>Kemp, Tom and wife.</p>
+<p>Kemp, W. C., and wife.</p>
+<p>Kotte, William.</p>
+<p>Kimlo, Mrs. John, and two children.</p>
+<p>Kelly, Thomas, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Kreckrecek, Joe, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>King, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Karvel, Mrs. Jack, and four children.</p>
+<p>Konstantopolos, F.</p>
+<p>Kreywell, David, and daughter.</p>
+<p>Keis, L., wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Lawson, Charles, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Ludwig, Alfred, mother and sister-in-law.</p>
+<p>Lackey, Mrs., father and mother.</p>
+<p>Lyle, William, grandmother and sister.</p>
+<p>Labatt, H. J.</p>
+<p>Labatt, Louisa C., and sister, Nellie E.</p>
+<p>Lackey and children, Leon and Pearl.</p>
+<p>Lane, Rev. Mr., and family.</p>
+<p>Lane, F., and family.</p>
+<p>Lang, five children.</p>
+<p>Lapeyre, James, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Larson, H., and two children.</p>
+<p>Laukhuffe, Genevieve.</p>
+<p>Lawson, Mrs. W., and one child.</p>
+<p>Learman, H. L.</p>
+<p>Leverman, Professor.</p>
+<p>Lemier, Joe, and four children.</p>
+<p>Leon, &mdash;&mdash;, and two children.</p>
+<p>Leslie, Mrs. Gracie.</p>
+<p>Lettermann, W., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Levine, Mrs. P. A., daughter and two sons.</p>
+<p>Levy, W. T.</p>
+<p>Lewis, Mrs. J., and six children.</p>
+<p>Londer, John, wife and seven children.</p>
+<p>Livingston, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Lloyd, Charles H., wife and one child.</p>
+<p>Locke, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Lockstadt, Albert, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Loasberg, Miss Maggie.</p>
+<p>Lorance, Mrs. E. A.</p>
+<p>Love, Ed. G.</p>
+<p>Ludeke, Henry, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Luddeker, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Little, Mrs. J. A.</p>
+<p>Lepehear, J. H., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Lanahan, Laura, Francis, Terrence, and Claud, children of John Lanahan.</p>
+<p>Luca, Mrs. J.</p>
+<p>Leibe, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Lang, F. A., four sons and daughter and colored nurse.</p>
+<p>Levy, Miss, of Houston.</p>
+<p>Legate, Louis, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Legate, Mrs. Peticles, two sons and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Legate, Christian.</p>
+<p>Manley, Joe, mother and two nieces.</p>
+<p>Manley, Mrs. S. R.</p>
+<p>Miller, Mrs., and five children (colored).</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Neill, Miss J., and Miss Ruby.</p>
+<p>Maybrook, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Morris, Harry, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Muri, Annie and Murine.</p>
+<p>Marcotte, Miss Pauline.</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Avay, Mrs. E. C.</p>
+<p>Mulsburger, Tony, and wife.</p>
+<p>Martin, Miss Annie.</p>
+<p>Marlo, Alex.</p>
+<p>Massey, E., wife and child.</p>
+<p>Mati, Amendio.</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Camish, R., wife and two daughters.</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Cluskey, Mrs. Charles, and two daughters.</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Cormick, Mrs. B., and four children.</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Millan, Mrs. E., and family.</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Peters, wife and children.</p>
+<p>Mealy, Mrs. Joseph.</p>
+<p>Mealy, Joseph.</p>
+<p>Mielhulan, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Medzel, John, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Mesley, Charles (colored).</p>
+<p>Milan, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Miller, Leslie.</p>
+<p>Mitchell, Louis R. (colored).</p>
+<p>Mitchell, Mrs. Annie and son.</p>
+<p>Moffett, &mdash;&mdash;, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Mongan, John.</p>
+<p>Monoghan, Mike and family.</p>
+<p>Monoghan, John, and wife.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>Morrow, Mrs., and four children.</p>
+<p>Moore, Miss Maggie.</p>
+<p>Moore, Mrs. Nathan (colored).</p>
+<p>Moore. E. W.</p>
+<p>Moore, two children.</p>
+<p>Moore, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Moore, O., wife and seven children.</p>
+<p>Morley, D., and wife.</p>
+<p>Morton, Hammond, and four children.</p>
+<p>Morse, Albert T., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Mulcahey, two children.</p>
+<p>Munn, Mrs. J. W., Sr.</p>
+<p>Murrie, Mrs. Annie, and daughter.</p>
+<p>Myer, Hermann, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Myers, Mrs. C. J., and one child.</p>
+<p>Neimann, Mrs., and daughter.</p>
+<p>North, Miss Archie.</p>
+<p>Oakley, F.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Connor, Mamie.</p>
+<p>Olds, Charlotte (colored).</p>
+<p>Ormond, George, and five children.</p>
+<p>Ohlsen, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Opperman, Albert L., and wife.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Connolly, Miss Mamie.</p>
+<p>Pett, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Park, Mrs., and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Powers, Mrs., and child.</p>
+<p>Palmer, Mrs. Mae, and son Lee, 6 years old.</p>
+<p>Patterson, Florence.</p>
+<p>Pruesmith, Mrs. F., and three children.</p>
+<p>Paisley, William.</p>
+<p>Park, Mrs. M. L.</p>
+<p>Pellins, Mrs. M.</p>
+<p>Penny, Mrs. A., and two sons.</p>
+<p>Perry, Jasper, Jr., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Peterson, Charles, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Peterson, Mrs. J., and children.</p>
+<p>Phelps, Miss Ruth.</p>
+<p>Quinn, John.</p>
+<p>Raab, George W., and wife.</p>
+<p>Raphael, Nick.</p>
+<p>Reader, &mdash;&mdash;, and family.</p>
+<p>Richardson, William (colored).</p>
+<p>Ricke, Tony, and wife.</p>
+<p>Riley, Solomon, and wife.</p>
+<p>Ring, J., proof reader Galveston News, and two children.</p>
+<p>Riordan, Thomas.</p>
+<p>Reagan, Mrs. Patrick, and son.</p>
+<p>Rhea, Mrs. and Miss Mamie of Giles County, Tennessee.</p>
+<p>Roach, Annie.</p>
+<p>Roberts, &mdash;&mdash;, watchman.</p>
+<p>Robbins, Mrs. H. B., of Smith&#8217;s Point.</p>
+<p>Rodefeld, William, Jr.</p>
+<p>Rohl, John, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Roll, Mrs. A., and four children.</p>
+<p>Ross, daughter of Mrs. Ross of Houston.</p>
+<p>Roth, Mrs. Kate, and three children.</p>
+<p>Roe, Ada (colored).</p>
+<p>Rowe, Hattie (colored).</p>
+<p>Rotter, A. J., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Rudder, Robert, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Rudger, C., wife and child.</p>
+<p>Rughter, Lena.</p>
+<p>Ruce, Ida (colored).</p>
+<p>Rice, Fisher (colored).</p>
+<p>Redello, Angelo, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Randolph, Edith.</p>
+<p>Rosenberg, &mdash;&mdash;, and baby.</p>
+<p>Roe, K. (colored).</p>
+<p>Riser, Henry, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Riesel, Mrs. Lula, and children&mdash;Ray and Edna.</p>
+<p>Roberts, Herbert N.</p>
+<p>Rhodes, Miss Ella, trained nurse.</p>
+<p>Rose, C. M.</p>
+<p>Ruhler, Frank, Mrs. K., Leon and Albert.</p>
+<p>Reagan, John P.</p>
+<p>Rutter, H., wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Sandford, S., and family.</p>
+<p>Sawyer, Dr. John B.</p>
+<p>Sawyer, Tom.</p>
+<p>Sawyer, Mrs. Robert, and three children.</p>
+<p>Schadermantle, Maud and Randle.</p>
+<p>Scheirholz, W., wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Schoolfield, D. (colored).</p>
+<p>Schrader, Mary.</p>
+<p>Schuler, Mr. and Mrs., and five children.</p>
+<p>Schook, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, Jr.</p>
+<p>Skarke, Charles F., and son.</p>
+<p>Smith, Mary.</p>
+<p>Smith, Charles L. Smith, Professor F. C., wife and five children:</p>
+<p>Smith, Jacob.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>Smith, Wiley, wife and children (colored).</p>
+<p>Sodiche, L.</p>
+<p>Solomon, Frank, and family of six.</p>
+<p>Solomon, Julius, and wife.</p>
+<p>Stacker, Mrs. Sophie.</p>
+<p>Stacker, Miss Alfreda.</p>
+<p>Stacker, George.</p>
+<p>Stackpole, Dr., and family.</p>
+<p>Steding, wife and children (seven in family).</p>
+<p>Stenzel, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Stewart, Captain T., and family.</p>
+<p>Stewart, Miss Lester.</p>
+<p>Stiglitz, Miss Mamie.</p>
+<p>Strabo, Nick, and family, except one.</p>
+<p>Strickhausen, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Sweigel, George, mother and sister.</p>
+<p>Symms, two children of H. C.</p>
+<p>Smith, Mrs. Mary and baby (colored).</p>
+<p>Scull, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Schutte, R., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Simpson, W. R., and two children, James and Berry.</p>
+<p>Sargent, Thomas, Arthur and Allen.</p>
+<p>Sladeyce, R. L., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Stanford, Mrs. Emma.</p>
+<p>Schwartz, Marie, Maggie and Willie.</p>
+<p>Seidenstucker, John.</p>
+<p>Schrader, Mary.</p>
+<p>Summers, Miss Sarah, of Cading, Ky.</p>
+<p>Smith, Jacob (unaccounted for.)</p>
+<p>Spann, J. C., wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Turner, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Trizevant, Jordan.</p>
+<p>Thurman, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Taylor, Mrs. J. W.</p>
+<p>Thomas, Nolan and Nathan.</p>
+<p>Thomason, Mrs. W. B., and two children.</p>
+<p>Thomas, &mdash;&mdash;, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Thornton, two children of Leigh.</p>
+<p>Tickel, Mrs. James, Sr.</p>
+<p>Trahan, Mrs. H. V., and child.</p>
+<p>Travers, Mrs. H. C., and son, Sheldon.</p>
+<p>Turner, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Trostman, Mrs. E., and three children.</p>
+<p>Tayer, Verma, and M. C.</p>
+<p>Unger, Mrs. E., and five children.</p>
+<p>Ulridge, Adelaide (colored).</p>
+<p>Van Buren, Ethel.</p>
+<p>Vaught, Edna, child of W. J. Vaught.</p>
+<p>Vitocitch, John, and family.</p>
+<p>Van Buren, Herman, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Wallace, Scott.</p>
+<p>Wallace, Earl.</p>
+<p>Walden, son of Henry.</p>
+<p>Walsh, J., wife and child.</p>
+<p>Warner, Mrs. A. S.</p>
+<p>Warner, Mrs. Flora.</p>
+<p>Warren, Martha.</p>
+<p>Weber, Mrs. Charles T.</p>
+<p>Weber, Mrs. Anna.</p>
+<p>Webber, Mrs. F., and family.</p>
+<p>Windberg, Otto, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Weiss, Oscar, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Wenderman, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Westway, Mrs. George.</p>
+<p>Wharton, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>White, family of Walter.</p>
+<p>Whittle, Tom.</p>
+<p>Wilde, Mrs., and Miss Freida.</p>
+<p>Williams, Frank, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Wilson, Annie.</p>
+<p>Winscoatte, Mrs. W. D.</p>
+<p>White, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Williams, Alex.</p>
+<p>Windmann, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Winmoore, James, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Winn, Mrs., and child.</p>
+<p>Withey, H. M.</p>
+<p>Wood, William (colored).</p>
+<p>Woods, Miss, from Joliet, Ill.</p>
+<p>Woods, Mrs. Julia and Miss Nannie, of Joliet.</p>
+<p>Wright, Lulu and John.</p>
+<p>Wurzlow, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Williams, Mrs. E. C. (colored).</p>
+<p>Woodrow, Matilda.</p>
+<p>Wisrodt, August, Jr., and wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Weinberg, Otto, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Walker, Louis D.</p>
+<p>Watkins, Mrs. F., Stanley, Arthur and Berna.</p>
+<p>Wallis, Lee, wife, mother, four children and a little orphan girl who formerly lived at Palestine.</p>
+<p>Weight, Jennie T., and Lula.</p>
+<p>Walker, Joe.</p>
+<p>Williams, Rosanna (colored).</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>Winberg, Mrs. F. A., and Fritz.</p>
+<p>Yeager, William.</p>
+<p>Yuenz, Lillie and Henry George.</p>
+<p>Younger, Evelia, and two children (colored).</p>
+<p>Zeigler, Mrs., and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Zwigel Mrs., and two daughters.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />At the Catholic Orphanage:</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Sister Camillus, Superior.</p>
+<p>Mary Vincent.</p>
+<p>Mary Elizabeth.</p>
+<p>Raphael.</p>
+<p>Catherina.</p>
+<p>Genevieve.</p>
+<p>Felicitus.</p>
+<p>Mary Finbar.</p>
+<p>Evangeline.</p>
+<p>Ranignus.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />ADDITIONS TO THE DEAD ROSTER FOR SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 15.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Allison, S. B.</p>
+<p>Antonovitch, P.</p>
+<p>Augustial, P.</p>
+<p>Allen, E. B.</p>
+<p>Bowles, Samuel.</p>
+<p>Bowles, Mrs. S.</p>
+<p>Bellew, J.</p>
+<p>Bellew, Mrs. J.</p>
+<p>Bourdon, Mrs. L. A.</p>
+<p>Blum, Mrs. Isaac.</p>
+<p>Blum, Mrs. Sylvan.</p>
+<p>Barry, Mrs. M. E.</p>
+<p>Bereckman, Edw.</p>
+<p>Bell, Clarence.</p>
+<p>Buckner, Mr.</p>
+<p>Benston, T.</p>
+<p>Bergeron, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Banneval, Mrs. A.</p>
+<p>Bearman, T.</p>
+<p>Brown, Adolph.</p>
+<p>Clupp, Mrs. C. P.</p>
+<p>Cook, William.</p>
+<p>Cook, Mrs. Scott.</p>
+<p>Copps, Charles.</p>
+<p>Cowan, Mr.</p>
+<p>Carlton, Charles.</p>
+<p>Cratz, Jack.</p>
+<p>Cleary, Dan.</p>
+<p>Coddard, Alex.</p>
+<p>Duett, Miss M.</p>
+<p>Dawler, Mrs. Samuel.</p>
+<p>Davis, Mrs. Thomas.</p>
+<p>Dorrin, Mrs. C.</p>
+<p>Demsie, John.</p>
+<p>Demsie, Mrs. John.</p>
+<p>Edwards, A. R. C.</p>
+<p>Esteman, Paul.</p>
+<p>Falk, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Fuger, Frank.</p>
+<p>Goldman, Theo.</p>
+<p>Garbaldi, August.</p>
+<p>Hoffman, H. H.</p>
+<p>Hegman, Edward.</p>
+<p>Herr, Leonard.</p>
+<p>Hayman, John A.</p>
+<p>Holland, Mrs. J.</p>
+<p>Higgins, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Irvin, Joseph.</p>
+<p>Johnson, H. P.</p>
+<p>Jefferbrook, August.</p>
+<p>Jefferbrook, Mrs. Aug.</p>
+<p>Jones, J. H.</p>
+<p>Jones, Mrs. J. H.</p>
+<p>Kinds, Joseph.</p>
+<p>Kimpan, Paul.</p>
+<p>Keefe, T. J.</p>
+<p>Kalb, August.</p>
+<p>Kalif, Mrs. John.</p>
+<p>Kaiser, Louis.</p>
+<p>Kinsfader, Joe.</p>
+<p>Kelly, Florence.</p>
+<p>Kirky, George.</p>
+<p>King, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Karvel, Mrs. Jack.</p>
+<p>Lindner, Mrs. L.</p>
+<p>Levy, Major W. T.</p>
+<p>Lossing, Mrs. H.</p>
+<p>M&#8217;Ewan, John H., Jr.</p>
+<p>Massey, Tom.</p>
+<p>Martyn, Mrs. R.</p>
+<p>Mott, Mrs. Frank.</p>
+<p>Martin, Jim.</p>
+<p>Marcoburro.</p>
+<p>Miller, Joe.</p>
+<p>Meyer, Joe.</p>
+<p>McGovern, James.</p>
+<p>McHale, John.</p>
+<p>Menard, Miss Mary.</p>
+<p>Mellor, Robert.</p>
+<p>Morton, Mrs. A.</p>
+<p>Morton, Henry.</p>
+<p>Miller, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Martin, Herman.</p>
+<p>McGuire, John.</p>
+<p>McPherson, Robert.</p>
+<p>Marcotte, Miss P.</p>
+<p>McVay, Mrs. E. C.</p>
+<p>Nick, oysterman.</p>
+<p>Nelson, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Opiliz, Anita.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Keefe, Mrs. C. J.</p>
+<p>Olsen, Steve.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>Olson, Thomas H.</p>
+<p>Provost, James.</p>
+<p>Plotomey.</p>
+<p>Plitt, Hermann.</p>
+<p>Potoff, Charles.</p>
+<p>Phelps, Ruth.</p>
+<p>Peklinge, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Pinto, Mrs. Tony.</p>
+<p>Peco, Leon.</p>
+<p>Pierson, Miss Mary.</p>
+<p>Pierson, Alice.</p>
+<p>Pierson, Frank.</p>
+<p>Quarrovich, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Rummelin, Ed.</p>
+<p>Reagan, H. J.</p>
+<p>Raleigh, Miss Nellie.</p>
+<p>Reamann, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Redford, Mattie.</p>
+<p>Ritter, Mrs. W. M.</p>
+<p>Roehm, W. W. F.</p>
+<p>Ravey, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Randolph, Edith.</p>
+<p>Rosenberg, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Rurehmond, Professor.</p>
+<p>Rurehmond, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Riser, Hy.</p>
+<p>Riser, Mrs. Hy.</p>
+<p>Riesel, Mrs. Lulu.</p>
+<p>Schuler, A.</p>
+<p>Steager, J.</p>
+<p>Smith, O. P.</p>
+<p>Senott, Maggie.</p>
+<p>Schultz, Charles.</p>
+<p>Schultz, Charles C.</p>
+<p>Schultz, Fred.</p>
+<p>Schultz, Mrs. F.</p>
+<p>Scull, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Simpson, W. R.</p>
+<p>Sargent, Thomas.</p>
+<p>Sargent, Arthur.</p>
+<p>Sargent, Allen.</p>
+<p>Stanford, Mrs. E.</p>
+<p>Tuckett, Walter.</p>
+<p>Tayer, Verma.</p>
+<p>Tayer, M. C.</p>
+<p>Williams, Mrs. E. C.</p>
+<p>Woodrow, Matilda.</p>
+<p>Waring, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Wisrodt, August, Jr.</p>
+<p>Wisrodt, Mrs. A., Jr.</p>
+<p>Walker, L. D.</p>
+<p>Watkins, Mrs. F.</p>
+<p>Watkins, Stanley.</p>
+<p>Watkins, Arthur.</p>
+<p>Watkins, Berna.</p>
+<p>Wallis, Lee.</p>
+<p>Wallis, Mrs. L. C.</p>
+<p>Weight, Jennie T.</p>
+<p>Weight, Lula.</p>
+<p>Williams, R.</p>
+<p>Woodward, E. C., Jr.</p>
+<p>Williams, Rosanna.</p>
+<p>Walters, F. A.</p>
+<p>Wicke, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Wegner, Fritz.</p>
+<p>Zippi, J. M.</p>
+<p>Zumberg, Gus.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />The members of Battery O, First Artillery, U. S. A., lost in the storm were:</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Andrews, George F., private.</p>
+<p>Andrews, William L., private.</p>
+<p>Cantner, James W., cook.</p>
+<p>Delaney, William A., private.</p>
+<p>Downey, Peter, private.</p>
+<p>George, Hugh R., first sergeant.</p>
+<p>Glaffey, John, private.</p>
+<p>Hess, Fred, private.</p>
+<p>Hunt, Frank W., private.</p>
+<p>Kelly, John, private.</p>
+<p>Lewis, Everett A., private.</p>
+<p>Link, George, mechanic.</p>
+<p>Marsh, James A., sergeant.</p>
+<p>Mitchell, Benjamin D., private.</p>
+<p>McArthur, Malcolm, mechanic.</p>
+<p>Peterson, George, private.</p>
+<p>Rander, Leopold, private.</p>
+<p>Roberts, Samuel, corporal.</p>
+<p>Sauerber, William S., private.</p>
+<p>Seffers, Otto, private.</p>
+<p>Vantilbruch, Benjamin, private.</p>
+<p>Wheeler, Wadsworth B., private.</p>
+<p>White, Herbert R., private.</p>
+<p>Wilhite, Carvan M., private.</p>
+<p>Wright, Sidney, private.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />Hospital corps:</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Forrest, Samuel, private.</p>
+<p>Gossage, Joseph, private.</p>
+<p>McIlvene, Elright, private.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />Few of the bodies of the dead regulars were ever found. Twelve miles down Galveston Island the following were killed:</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>John Schneider&#8217;s whole family.</p>
+<p>Henry Schneider&#8217;s whole family.</p>
+<p>Fritz Opper&#8217;s whole family.</p>
+<p>William Schroeder&#8217;s wife and seven children.</p>
+<p>Sam Kemp (colored) lost all his family.</p>
+<p>Fritz Boehle&#8217;s wife.</p>
+<p>Ansie Boehl lost wife and three daughters.</p>
+<p>Ostermayer and wife.</p></div>
+
+<p><br />Only about six houses remained <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>between South Galveston and the city
+limits.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />Following is a revised list of dead outside of Galveston:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT ARCADIA.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>James, Bodecker and son.</p>
+<p>James Wofford.</p>
+<p>Eleven lives were lost here.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT ALVIN.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Misses M. and S. M. Johnson.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Wilhelm, sister of the Misses Johnson.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Hawley, killed by being blown against a post.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />ON CHOCOLATE CREEK.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Mr. Gilaspey.</p>
+<p>Mrs. J. W. Collins.</p>
+<p>Mrs. S. O. Lewis.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Proctor, of Rosenburg, killed in Santa Fe wreck.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT MARVIL.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Mr. Bumpass.</p>
+<p>H. H. Richardson, Jr.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Jules A. Tix, of Galveston County.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />ON MUSTANG CREEK.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>J. McLain.</p>
+<p>Twelve were lost altogether.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT ANGLETON.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Feklin Williams.</p>
+<p>E. J. Duff and son.</p>
+<p>Three unknown.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT BROOKSIDE.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>W. B. Smith&#8217;s daughter, aged 16.</p>
+<p>Alice Leonard (colored).</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT COLUMBIA.</p>
+<p class="note">Perry Campbell and three unknown negroes.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT DICKINSON.</p>
+<p class="note">Three ladies, mother and two daughters and seven unknown men.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT HITCHCOCK.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>William Johnson and wife.</p>
+<p>William and Robinson Linnie.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Pietze.</p>
+<p>Mary Monenla.</p>
+<p>Mr. Palmero, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Unknown woman, aged 45.</p>
+<p>Unknown boy, aged 14.</p>
+<p>George Young, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>T. W. O&#8217;Connor and wife of Alvin, Miss.</p>
+<p>Mrs. J. W. Collins.</p>
+<p>W. P. Hawley.</p>
+<p>Son of Joseph Bodecker.</p>
+<p>Son of James Bodecker.</p>
+<p>Hiram Johnson and wife.</p>
+<p>William Robinson.</p>
+<p>Domenio Child.</p>
+<p>Mrs. &#8220;Joe&#8221; Meyer.</p>
+<p>Several unknown found on the prairie.</p>
+<p>Three unknown found on a fence.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT LEAGUE CITY.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>W. A. Williams.</p>
+<p>Miss Letitia Schultz and Mrs. Sophia Schultz.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT MORGAN POINT.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Louis Bracquail.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Billy&#8221; Jones.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT PATTON.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>B. Landrum, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Aikins, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Slatom and child.</p>
+<p>Traney Lenton, wife and five daughters.</p>
+<p>A. Vinson, wife and child, of Liverpool, Texas.</p>
+<p>John Gluspey.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT QUINTANA.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Fifteen convicts.</p>
+<p>Six bodies picked up on beach, believed to have floated over from Galveston.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT ROSENBERG.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>J. L. Cantrell.</p>
+<p>Rev. Mr. Watson.</p>
+<p>Coleman Norman, of Needville.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Robert Dawson&#8217;s infant.</p>
+<p>Child of Mrs. Graggiss.</p>
+<p>Child of Mrs. Kirkpatrick.</p>
+<p>Child of Mrs. Palmer.</p>
+<p>Charles Scott.</p>
+<p>Mary Hughes.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT RICHMOND.</p>
+<p class="note">Eighteen unknown.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT SANDY POINT.</p>
+<p class="note">Eight negroes, names unknown.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT SEABROOKE.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Mrs. Fred May.</p>
+<p>Mrs. P. Pflinger.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Vincent and three children.</p>
+<p>Mrs. S. K. Milhenny.</p>
+<p>Haven Milhenny.</p>
+<p>Child of Rice Davids.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>Mrs. Dr. Nicholson.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Jane Woodlock.</p>
+<p>Two unknown.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT VIRGINIA POINT.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Two children of Mrs. Wright.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Leon Cleary and three children.</p>
+<p>James Sylvester.</p>
+<p>Three negro men.</p>
+<p>Two unknown negro women.</p>
+<p>Louis Domengeux.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT MOSSING SECTION.</p>
+<p class="note">Foreman Kirby, with fourteen white men.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT VELASCO.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Rev. Father Keene.</p>
+<p>L. W. Perry.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Sam&#8221; Bliss.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Parker and granddaughter.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />AT WALLER.</p>
+<p class="note">Mrs. Mary Proctor, of Rosenberg, killed in Santa Fe wreck.</p>
+
+<p>The number of those known to have met death outside of Galveston
+aggregated 1,000.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">THOSE IDENTIFIED SATURDAY AND SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 15 AND 16.</p>
+
+<div class="note">
+<p>Augustine, Pasquila and wife.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Nelson.</p>
+<p>Agin, George and child.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Henry.</p>
+<p>Alexander, Annie and Christian.</p>
+<p>Almeras, children of Thomas.</p>
+<p>Alpin, Geo., and wife.</p>
+<p>Amundsen, Emil, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Ned, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Amanda, colored.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Mrs. Carl, and four children.</p>
+<p>Anizen, Mrs. Frank, and two children.</p>
+<p>Armstrong, Mrs. Dora, and four children.</p>
+<p>Azteanza, Captain Sylvester.</p>
+<p>Alaway, Fred, and family.</p>
+<p>Bradford, F. H., and family.</p>
+<p>Boygoyne, Mrs. Francis, and son.</p>
+<p>Burke, J. G., and wife.</p>
+<p>Burns, Marco, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Bernerville, Mrs. Antonio, and two children.</p>
+<p>Badger, Otto.</p>
+<p>Balliman, Gus, Irene and John.</p>
+<p>Balseman, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Barns, Mrs. Louise.</p>
+<p>Barry, Mrs., and six children.</p>
+<p>Balje, Otto.</p>
+<p>Batteste, Horace.</p>
+<p>Baubch, William, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Bell, George, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Bell, Miss Mattie.</p>
+<p>Bell, Henry (colored).</p>
+<p>Berger, Theodore, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Bergman, Mrs. E. J., and daughter.</p>
+<p>Bierman, Frederick.</p>
+<p>Blackson, baby of William.</p>
+<p>Block, son of Charles.</p>
+<p>Blum, Isaac.</p>
+<p>Borden, J. M., and wife.</p>
+<p>Blum, Sarah and Jennie.</p>
+<p>Bornkessel, T. C. of United States weather bureau, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Boske, Mrs. Charles and two sons.</p>
+<p>Bowen, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Branch, Allen (colored).</p>
+<p>Brandies, Fritz, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Brandon, Lottie.</p>
+<p>Britton, James (colored).</p>
+<p>Brooks, J. T.</p>
+<p>Brown, Adolph, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Bryan, Mrs. L. W. and daughter.</p>
+<p>Buckley, Selma and Blanche.</p>
+<p>Burgoyne, Douglas.</p>
+<p>Bourke, J. K.</p>
+<p>Burrell, Elivie and two children (colored).</p>
+<p>Bureel, Mrs. C. (colored).</p>
+<p>Baxter, Mrs. George and two children.</p>
+<p>Chambers, Ada.</p>
+<p>Curtis, Jane, two children and her mother-in-law (colored).</p>
+<p>Cleary, Mrs. Dan and five children.</p>
+<p>Chenivere, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Christian, Paul and wife.</p>
+<p>Clancy, Pat, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Clauson, Katie.</p>
+<p>Cleary, Mrs. Leon and one child.</p>
+<p>Cleveland, George and wife.</p>
+<p>Cleveland, Roy and Seneca.</p>
+<p>Close, J. M.</p>
+<p>Coleman, Mandy and child (colored).</p>
+<p>Connell, William.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>Cook, W. S., wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Cornell, Mrs. Porter and two daughters (colored).</p>
+<p>Cort, infant of E. L. (colored).</p>
+<p>Cramer, Miss Bessie.</p>
+<p>Credo, child of Anthony.</p>
+<p>Cromwell, Mrs. and three daughters.</p>
+<p>Curtis, Mrs. J. C. and one child (colored).</p>
+<p>Curtis, Lula (colored).</p>
+<p>Cushman, John Henry.</p>
+<p>Daniels, Mrs. E., three girls, one son, two grandchildren.</p>
+<p>Davis, Annie N.</p>
+<p>Davis, Henry T. (colored).</p>
+<p>Daley, Nicholas.</p>
+<p>Darby, Charles.</p>
+<p>Davis, Irene.</p>
+<p>Deegan, Haddy.</p>
+<p>Delaney, Joe.</p>
+<p>Delano, Asa P., wife and children.</p>
+<p>Deltz, M. and two sons.</p>
+<p>Dempsey, Mr. and Mrs. Robert.</p>
+<p>Dixon, Mrs. Louisa and children.</p>
+<p>Dinsdale, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Dittman, Mrs. F., and son.</p>
+<p>Dore, &mdash;&mdash;, an old Frenchman.</p>
+<p>Dore, Deo, Jr., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Garrene, Mr. and Mrs., and two children.</p>
+<p>Dorsett, B., and family of five.</p>
+<p>Dotto, Mike, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Doyle, Jim.</p>
+<p>Drecksmith, D.</p>
+<p>Dreckschmidt, H.</p>
+<p>Drew, H. A.</p>
+<p>Duffard, A.</p>
+<p>Duffy, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Dunant, Frank, Sr.</p>
+<p>Dunton, Mrs. Adelaide.</p>
+<p>Dunkins, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Duntonovitch, John and Pinckey.</p>
+<p>Darkey, John and wife and daughter Belle.</p>
+<p>Edmonds, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Eberhard, F., and wife.</p>
+<p>Eberg, Mrs. Kate.</p>
+<p>Eckel, William, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Edmondson, Fred and father.</p>
+<p>Eichler, W.</p>
+<p>Eichler, Mrs. A.</p>
+<p>Eismann, Howard.</p>
+<p>Ellis, John. and family of four.</p>
+<p>Ello, Joseph, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Englehart, Louis.</p>
+<p>Englehart, Mrs. Ludwig.</p>
+<p>Englehart, G. C.</p>
+<p>Evans, Mrs. Katy and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Everhart, J. H., wife and Miss Lena and Guy.</p>
+<p>Ferrell, Mrs., wife of Rev., and three children.</p>
+<p>Falke, Joseph, and three children.</p>
+<p>Faucette, Mrs. Robert.</p>
+<p>Feigle, John, Sr., and wife.</p>
+<p>Feigle, Mabel.</p>
+<p>Flanagan, Mrs. Martin, and child.</p>
+<p>Foreman, Mrs. Mamie, Cassie, Thomas, Amos, Webster.</p>
+<p>Franklin, George.</p>
+<p>Franck, Mrs. Augusta.</p>
+<p>Freidolf, &mdash;&mdash;, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Freilag, &mdash;&mdash;, and son Harry.</p>
+<p>Frohne, Mrs. Charles and two children.</p>
+<p>Frye, Mrs. W. H.</p>
+<p>Fryer, Bessie Bell.</p>
+<p>Gwynn, Mrs. D.</p>
+<p>Gordon, Sol and two children.</p>
+<p>Gabell, Mr. and Mrs. (colored).</p>
+<p>Gaines, Mrs. Tillie J. and two daughters.</p>
+<p>Gallishaw, five children.</p>
+<p>Garrett, Ed.</p>
+<p>Garrigan, James.</p>
+<p>Garrigan, Joseph.</p>
+<p>Garth, Johnnie and Gussie.</p>
+<p>Genter, Robert.</p>
+<p>Gensen, four children.</p>
+<p>George, first sergeant of Battery O.</p>
+<p>George, Charles and wife.</p>
+<p>Gillis, Dan.</p>
+<p>Gordon, Asker and baby.</p>
+<p>Grant, Fred (colored).</p>
+<p>Grant, Mamie E. (colored).</p>
+<p>Gother, Mrs. Fred.</p>
+<p>Grumberg, Alex, supposed to belong to life-saving station.</p>
+<p>Haag, three children of Mrs. B.</p>
+<p>Hagen, George W.</p>
+<p>Hall, Joe and family (colored).</p>
+<p>Hansel, Dick, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Harris, Tim.</p>
+<p>Harris, Thomas, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Harris, Robert, wife and one child.</p>
+<p>Harris, George.</p>
+<p>Harry, Mrs. (colored).</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>Harris, Mrs. W. R. and son.</p>
+<p>Hayes, child of Mrs. Eva of Taylor, Texas.</p>
+<p>Helfstein, John, Jr., (child).</p>
+<p>Helfstein, Sophie and Lily, children of W.</p>
+<p>Hemann, Mrs. R. M. and child.</p>
+<p>Hess, Bugler.</p>
+<p>Hester, Charlie.</p>
+<p>Hoarer, Martin, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Hoch, Mrs. and three sons, Mike, Willie and Louis.</p>
+<p>Holland, James H., wife and son Willie and grandson Otis.</p>
+<p>Holland, &mdash;&mdash; (colored).</p>
+<p>Holland, Mrs. James.</p>
+<p>Holmes, child of Laura (colored).</p>
+<p>Hubner, Edward and Antoinette.</p>
+<p>Hudson, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Hughes, Mrs. Mattie.</p>
+<p>Hughes, Stuart C.</p>
+<p>Hughes, John.</p>
+<p>Hull, Charlie (colored).</p>
+<p>Huzza, Charles, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Hyman, Anthony.</p>
+<p>Hybach, Charles and son.</p>
+<p>Jaeger, Mr. and Mrs. and two children.</p>
+<p>Jackson, Mrs. J. W. and two children.</p>
+<p>Jamoneck, Ed., wife and two children, all of Dallas.</p>
+<p>Jasper, two children of Perry (colored).</p>
+<p>Jefferbock, Mr. and Mrs. Augusta.</p>
+<p>Jerrel, J., wife and four children and mother-in-law.</p>
+<p>Jones, Frank, son and Fred (colored).</p>
+<p>Jones, Mrs. Matilda and daughter.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Peter, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Mrs. P. and children.</p>
+<p>Johnson, R. D., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Mrs. Genevive and daughter.</p>
+<p>Johnson, W. J., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Mrs. Ben and three children.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Mike, wife, child and mother-in-law.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Harry.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Mrs. H. B.</p>
+<p>Johnson, A. S., wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Junemann, Charles, wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Kunker, William, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Kace, Mrs. John and four children.</p>
+<p>Kennedy, Benton, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Kemp, Pearl C. (colored).</p>
+<p>Kemp, Mrs. (colored).</p>
+<p>Kerpan, Mr. and Mrs. Paul.</p>
+<p>King, Mrs. (colored).</p>
+<p>King, Rosa J. (colored).</p>
+<p>Kindlund, Edgar.</p>
+<p>Knowles, Mrs. W. T. and three children.</p>
+<p>Kimley, Mrs. John and family.</p>
+<p>Kinsell, E.</p>
+<p>Kreza, Joseph, wife and three sons.</p>
+<p>Kurpan, Paul and wife.</p>
+<p>Kaiser, Louie, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Kehler, Mrs. Fred and two sons.</p>
+<p>Keiss, Mrs. John.</p>
+<p>Keiss, Miss Judie.</p>
+<p>Keiss, Mrs. Louise and four children.</p>
+<p>Keiffer, wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Kelsy, James.</p>
+<p>Lackey, Miss Pearl.</p>
+<p>Lackey, Alma.</p>
+<p>Lackey, Robert.</p>
+<p>Lackey, Mrs., four children and daughter-in-law.</p>
+<p>Lafayette, Mrs., and two children.</p>
+<p>Lapierce, James, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Larson, H. and two children.</p>
+<p>Laukhuff, Genevieve.</p>
+<p>Lashley, Mrs. Dave.</p>
+<p>Lausen, August and three children.</p>
+<p>Lawson, Mrs. W., and Miss Oralie.</p>
+<p>Lawson, Mr. and Mrs. and child.</p>
+<p>Legue, three children of Mrs. Lillie.</p>
+<p>Lee, Captain G. A. and wife.</p>
+<p>Lenker, Tom.</p>
+<p>Lennard, Fred.</p>
+<p>Lemira, Joseph, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Leon, &mdash;&mdash; and two children.</p>
+<p>Leslie, Miss Gracie.</p>
+<p>Lewis, Mrs. C. A. (colored).</p>
+<p>Lewis, Mrs. Jake and six children.</p>
+<p>Lewis, Agnes (colored).</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>Lindgren, John, wife and seven children. (Miss Lillie, eldest, saved).</p>
+<p>Lloyd, Buck and wife.</p>
+<p>Locke, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Lockhart, Mrs. Charles, and two children.</p>
+<p>Losica, Mrs. F., daughter, three children and son-in-law.</p>
+<p>Lucas, Mrs. William and two sons.</p>
+<p>Lucas, two children of Mrs. David.</p>
+<p>Lucas, John and two children.</p>
+<p>Ludke, Henry, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Ludewig, E. A. and mother.</p>
+<p>Lumberg, Will and Lena.</p>
+<p>Lumber, Gus, wife and nine children.</p>
+<p>Lynch, A.</p>
+<p>Lynch, James and wife.</p>
+<p>Lynch, Ed and family.</p>
+<p>Lyster, W. W.</p>
+<p>Miller, Joe and children.</p>
+<p>Munn, Mrs. S. S.</p>
+<p>McCauley. J. B. and wife.</p>
+<p>Macklin, W. L., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Mandy, Mrs. and daughter (colored).</p>
+<p>Matson, Grace and three children (colored).</p>
+<p>Martin, Frank, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Maquelte, Mrs. Pauline.</p>
+<p>Maxwell, Mrs.</p>
+<p>McAmish, S. A., wife and two daughters.</p>
+<p>McAughlar, Ira (colored).</p>
+<p>McCulloch, A. R. (colored).</p>
+<p>McManus, Mrs. W. H.</p>
+<p>McMillan, Mrs. M. J.</p>
+<p>McNeill, Mrs. and baby.</p>
+<p>McNeal, Mrs. James and child.</p>
+<p>McPeters, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>McPherson, Robert (colored).</p>
+<p>Mealey, Mrs. John.</p>
+<p>Mealy, Joseph.</p>
+<p>Megna, Mrs. Joe.</p>
+<p>Megna, child of Mike.</p>
+<p>Menzella, John, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Merle, Eugene and mother.</p>
+<p>Merle, John, wife and children.</p>
+<p>Mestry, Charlotte (colored).</p>
+<p>Meyer, Chris, missing.</p>
+<p>Miller, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Moran, James and wife.</p>
+<p>Morrow, Mrs. and four children.</p>
+<p>Moore, Mrs. Nathan.</p>
+<p>Moore, Estelle (colored).</p>
+<p>Moore, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Morley, D. and wife.</p>
+<p>Morris, Harry, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Morton, Hammond and four children.</p>
+<p>Mott, B. F.</p>
+<p>Mulcahey, two children of J., of Houston.</p>
+<p>Mulholland, Mrs. Louise.</p>
+<p>Mullock, Henry, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Mundyne, Mrs. Meria.</p>
+<p>Murie, Mrs. Annie and daughter.</p>
+<p>Meyer, Herman, wife and son Willie.</p>
+<p>Myers, Mrs. C. J. and one child.</p>
+<p>Napoleon, Henry, wife and sister (colored).</p>
+<p>Otis, Charlotte (colored).</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Dowd, D. J.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Keefe, C. J. and wife.</p>
+<p>Olsen, Ed.</p>
+<p>Oterson, A. A. and wife.</p>
+<p>Ostermayer, Henry and wife.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Shaughnessy, Pauline.</p>
+<p>Perry, Mrs. H. M. and son Clayton, Houston.</p>
+<p>Puesnutt, Mrs. Fred and three children.</p>
+<p>Paetz, Mrs. Lena.</p>
+<p>Paskall, August and wife.</p>
+<p>Pashelag, Miss Louisa.</p>
+<p>Pashelag, Mrs. E. and three children.</p>
+<p>Paysee, Mrs. Henry and two children.</p>
+<p>Pauly, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Peetz, Mrs. Captain J. J. and eldest and youngest daughters.</p>
+<p>Pellenze, Mrs. and mother.</p>
+<p>Perkins, Albert (colored).</p>
+<p>Perkins, Arthur (colored).</p>
+<p>Perkins, wife and grandson (colored).</p>
+<p>Peterson, Mrs. J. and children.</p>
+<p>Peterson, K. C., wife and child.</p>
+<p>Pettit, W. B.</p>
+<p>Pettingill, W. H. and wife and three sons, Walter W., James and Norman (missing).</p>
+<p>Pilford, W., Mexican Cable Company, and children, Madele, Jack and Georgianna.</p>
+<p>Quowvich, John and four others unknown.</p>
+<p>Quester, Bessie.</p>
+<p>Quinn, Thomas.</p>
+<p>Quinn, John, engineer (missing).</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span>Rockford, William and wife.</p>
+<p>Ryan, Joseph, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Raleigh, Miss Lelia.</p>
+<p>Rayburn, Crawford.</p>
+<p>Rattisseau, A. and wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Rattisseau, Mrs. W. L. and three children.</p>
+<p>Reagan, Mrs. John J.</p>
+<p>Reagan, W. J., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Rein, wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Reinhart, Agnes and Helen, daughters of John.</p>
+<p>Rhone, Lulu L. (colored).</p>
+<p>Richardson, S. W. and wife.</p>
+<p>Richamderes, Mrs. Irene and baby.</p>
+<p>Riley, Mrs. W. and two children.</p>
+<p>Rimmelin, Edward H. and wife.</p>
+<p>Riordan, Thomas.</p>
+<p>Ritzeler, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Rhymes, Thomas, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Roach, Annie.</p>
+<p>Roberts, &#8220;Shorty.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Ritchford, Ben and wife.</p>
+<p>Roemer, C. C. and wife.</p>
+<p>Roemer, Elizabeth, wife of A. C.</p>
+<p>Roehm, Mr. and Mrs. William and two children.</p>
+<p>Rogers, Blanche Donald, niece of D. B.</p>
+<p>Ross, 9-year-old child of Mrs. Ross, of Houston.</p>
+<p>Rosse, Mrs. L. and three children.</p>
+<p>Rossalee, B., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Roth, Mrs. Kate and three children.</p>
+<p>Rowe, Mrs. and three children.</p>
+<p>Rudder, Robert, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Rudger, C., wife and child.</p>
+<p>Ruenbuhl, Johnnie.</p>
+<p>Ruther, A., mother and father.</p>
+<p>Ruhrmond, Prof., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Rust, Henry and three children.</p>
+<p>Redelli, Angelo, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Sanford, Southwick, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Schmidt, Mrs. F. and son Richard.</p>
+<p>Schmidt, Richard J.</p>
+<p>Schneider, J. F., wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Schoolfield, &mdash;&mdash; (colored).</p>
+<p>Schoolfield, Isaac.</p>
+<p>Schutte, &mdash;&mdash;, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Schutze, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Scott, Hugh (colored).</p>
+<p>Seals, Wallace D. (colored).</p>
+<p>Seats, Sarah N. (colored).</p>
+<p>Sedgwick, child.</p>
+<p>Seibel, Mrs. Julius.</p>
+<p>Seibel, Lizzie.</p>
+<p>Seibel, Mrs. Jacob and son Julius.</p>
+<p>Seixas, Mrs. E., Arma, Lucille, Cecilia.</p>
+<p>Severt, John and wife.</p>
+<p>Shaper, Henry, wife and two sons.</p>
+<p>Sherman, Albert.</p>
+<p>Skelton, Mrs. Emma and two children.</p>
+<p>Sharke, Charles F.</p>
+<p>Smith, Jim, prize fighter.</p>
+<p>Simerville, S. B. and wife (colored).</p>
+<p>Sourbien, Battery O.</p>
+<p>Slayton, Mrs. Carey B. (colored).</p>
+<p>Steeb, J. and wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Stevens, Frank, Leo, Jerold and Edward, sons of T. J.</p>
+<p>Stewart, Captain P. and family.</p>
+<p>Stilkolitch, Mannie.</p>
+<p>Stimman, Robert, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Strabe, Nick and family, except one.</p>
+<p>Strickhausen, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Strunk, William, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Sudden, Clara (colored).</p>
+<p>Swartsbach, child of A.</p>
+<p>Swickel, mother and three sisters of John.</p>
+<p>Sylvester, Miss.</p>
+<p>Simms, two children of H. G.</p>
+<p>Thomas, Miss Daisy.</p>
+<p>Tavinette, Antoinet.</p>
+<p>Terrell, Mrs. Q. V. and four children (colored).</p>
+<p>Thomas, Newell and Nathaniel.</p>
+<p>Thompson, Mr., wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Thurman, Mrs. (colored).</p>
+<p>Tiggs, Lavina and daughter (colored).</p>
+<p>Tilsman, Robert, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Tinbush, and family.</p>
+<p>Trickhausen, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Trostman, Mrs. and three children.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>Tucker, Mr. and Mrs. and one child.</p>
+<p>Turner, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Udell, Oliver, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Uhl, Mrs. Christopher and six children.</p>
+<p>Ulridge, Val, Mrs. and six children.</p>
+<p>Van, Miss Mary.</p>
+<p>Vining, Mrs. Annie and four children.</p>
+<p>Viscavitch, Magdelena, daughter of Mrs.</p>
+<p>Wemberg, O. M., wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Winn, Mrs. and grandchild.</p>
+<p>Wallace, Scott and Earl.</p>
+<p>Wade, Mrs. Hillie (colored).</p>
+<p>Wade, Hettie and husband (colored).</p>
+<p>Walden, Samuel, son of W. H. (colored).</p>
+<p>Waldgren, Mr.</p>
+<p>Walker, Mrs. H. V.</p>
+<p>Walter, Mrs. Charles and three children.</p>
+<p>Walsh, Joseph, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Walters, Gus.</p>
+<p>Waring, Mr. (colored).</p>
+<p>Warrah, Martin.</p>
+<p>Waters, three nephews of James.</p>
+<p>Watkins, child of P.</p>
+<p>Watson, Judge, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Webber, Mrs. and family.</p>
+<p>Weber, W. J., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Wester, George and Joe.</p>
+<p>Weidmang, Fritz and wife, Paul and mother.</p>
+<p>Weiss, Prof.</p>
+<p>Walsh, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Westaway, Mrs. George.</p>
+<p>Westerman, Mrs. A.</p>
+<p>Westman, Mrs.</p>
+<p>White, James, wife and babe.</p>
+<p>Wicke, Lena.</p>
+<p>Wilke, C. O.</p>
+<p>Wilcox, child.</p>
+<p>Wilde, Miss Freda.</p>
+<p>Williams, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Wilson, Bertha (colored).</p>
+<p>Withey, H.</p>
+<p>Witt, C. H., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Wood, Mrs. R. N.</p>
+<p>Wood, Eddie and Burley (colored).</p>
+<p>Wood, Mrs. Caroline and two daughters, Mary and Kate.</p>
+<p>Wuchnach, M., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Young, Mrs., two daughters and one son.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center"><br />The following, previously reported dead, were saved:</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Coddou, Alex, Jr., Ray and Eugene, whose father and three brothers were lost.</p>
+<p>Cato, William.</p>
+<p>Hunter, Mrs. J. J.</p>
+<p>Sommer, Miss Helen T.</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">LIST OF IDENTIFICATIONS FOR MONDAY, SEPT. 17.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Allen, Mrs. Kate.</p>
+<p>Allen, Mrs. Alex and five children.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Mrs. Dora.</p>
+<p>Anderson, Mrs. Sam (colored).</p>
+<p>Anderson, Nick and two sons.</p>
+<p>Andrel, Mrs. and three children.</p>
+<p>Anlonovich, Eddie.</p>
+<p>Baker, Florence (colored).</p>
+<p>Baker, Mrs. and three children (colored).</p>
+<p>Baldwin, Sallie (colored).</p>
+<p>Bastor, Mrs. Clara.</p>
+<p>Bostford, Edwin and wife.</p>
+<p>Bostford, Kate.</p>
+<p>Brady, &mdash;&mdash; and wife.</p>
+<p>Brandus, Fritz and wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Burns, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Bushon, Hisom.</p>
+<p>Boyd, Andy and family, on beach.</p>
+<p>Brophey, M., and mother of Peter.</p>
+<p>Calvert, George W., wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Campbell, Mrs. Emma.</p>
+<p>Caroline, Mrs. Alice and three children.</p>
+<p>Cheles, William and wife.</p>
+<p>Chester, Paul and wife.</p>
+<p>Christian, John.</p>
+<p>Crain, Anna M.</p>
+<p>Crain, Charles.</p>
+<p>Crain, Maggie McCree.</p>
+<p>Crain, Mrs. C. D.</p>
+<p>Carter, A. J.</p>
+<p>Carter, Mrs. Celeste.</p>
+<p>Davis, E.</p>
+<p>Debner, William, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Doherty, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Dagert, Mrs. and children.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span>Floehr, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Hoesington, H. A.</p>
+<p>Hurt, Walter, wife, two children and two servants.</p>
+<p>Iwan, Mrs. A.</p>
+<p>Jones, John A. and wife.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Leonard, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Joughin, Tony.</p>
+<p>Jones, E. B.</p>
+<p>Kaufman, Mrs. Eliza.</p>
+<p>Keller and family.</p>
+<p>Kolbe, infant of C. B.</p>
+<p>Kleiman, Joe, wife and two workmen.</p>
+<p>Kroener, Will, Sophie and Florie.</p>
+<p>Kupper, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Larson, H. and two children.</p>
+<p>Luckenbell, B. E. and wife.</p>
+<p>Lott, Walker C., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Martin, Miss Annie.</p>
+<p>Manly, Joen, Sr., mother and two nieces.</p>
+<p>McCauley, J. and wife.</p>
+<p>Neuwiller, William, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Newton, Mrs. J. M. and child.</p>
+<p>Oakley, F.</p>
+<p>Poland, Ed. and sister.</p>
+<p>Pryor, Ed., wife and four children, of St. Joseph, Mo.</p>
+<p>Patrick, Mariah.</p>
+<p>Powers, Carrie V.</p>
+<p>Patter, C. H. and baby.</p>
+<p>Quinn, Mrs. Frank and son Claude.</p>
+<p>Ripley, Henry.</p>
+<p>Roberts, John T.</p>
+<p>Scholea, Richard, wife, son Frank and adopted daughter, Tilla Meyer.</p>
+<p>Sommer, Joe, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Spaeter, Mrs. Fred.</p>
+<p>Spaeter, Otilla.</p>
+<p>Slayton, Mrs. Carrie (colored).</p>
+<p>Steeb, &mdash;&mdash;, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Steinbunk, Edward, George and Arthur.</p>
+<p>Sweikel, mother and three sisters of John.</p>
+<p>Steinforth, Mrs. Emma.</p>
+<p>Stillman, Lily.</p>
+<p>Stevens, Frankie and Lee, two boys of T. J.</p>
+<p>Stewart, Miss Lester.</p>
+<p>Swenson, Mrs. Mary K.</p>
+<p>Simons, two children of H. G.</p>
+<p>Tavenett, Anton.</p>
+<p>Thompson, Milton.</p>
+<p>Thompson, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Tickle, H. P., wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Told, Subie.</p>
+<p>Torr, T. C.</p>
+<p>Toothacre, Miss Etta.</p>
+<p>Tozen, Mrs. G. M. and Miss Bella.</p>
+<p>Washington, John and five children.</p>
+<p>Wiede, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>White, Willie.</p>
+<p>White, family of Walter.</p>
+<p>Williams, Ed.</p>
+<p>Zickler, Mrs. Fred and two children.</p>
+<p>Zinkie, August and two children.</p>
+<p>Zwansig, Adolph. Sr., Richard, Herman and three daughters of Adolph.</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">ROLL FOR TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18.</p>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Andrews, Mrs.</p>
+<p>Allen, William, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Allardyce, Mrs. R. L., and three children.</p>
+<p>Allen, Claude.</p>
+<p>Allen, Herbert.</p>
+<p>Allen, Lucy.</p>
+<p>Bradfoot and wife.</p>
+<p>Brown, William.</p>
+<p>Briscal, Alfred, and two children.</p>
+<p>Burkhead, Mrs., and daughter.</p>
+<p>Burns, Mrs. P., and daughter Mary.</p>
+<p>Byman, Mr. and Mrs. George.</p>
+<p>Clancy, Pat, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Colsberg, Frank G., wife and baby.</p>
+<p>Chester, Frank, Ellen and Mary (colored).</p>
+<p>Christianson, Miss Annie, of Shreveport (who was visiting George Dorian).</p>
+<p>Costly, Sanders, and wife and child of Alexander Costly (colored).</p>
+<p>Cowan, Isabella, and daughter.</p>
+<p>Calloum, Antona, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Cornell, Mrs. Eliza.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Dago Joe&#8221; and wife Mary.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>Dearing, William, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Devoti, Joe, and three children.</p>
+<p>Devoti, Mrs. Julia, and two children.</p>
+<p>Devoti, Louis.</p>
+<p>Devoti, &#8220;Doc.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Durrant, Frank.</p>
+<p>Dumond, Joseph, and wife.</p>
+<p>Dazet, Mrs. Leon, and child.</p>
+<p>Eaton, F. B.</p>
+<p>Fachan, family gone; he is alive.</p>
+<p>Falk, Mrs. Julius, and five children.</p>
+<p>Falk, Gustavo.</p>
+<p>Felsmann, Richard (blacksmith), wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Fritz, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Graus, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Hall, Chase (colored).</p>
+<p>Harris, John, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Haucius, Mrs., and one child.</p>
+<p>Hermann, W. J.</p>
+<p>Herman, Mrs., and five children.</p>
+<p>Hylenberg, Jacob, wife and child.</p>
+<p>Jerrel, J., wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Jordan, Charles.</p>
+<p>James and children.</p>
+<p>Jackson, wife and daughter, Mabel.</p>
+<p>Kaper, August, wife and one child.</p>
+<p>Keogh, John, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Keogh, Mrs., and three children.</p>
+<p>Koch, William, Sr.</p>
+<p>Kothe, William Q.</p>
+<p>Leagett, Mrs., and three children.</p>
+<p>Leaget, Mrs. Celia, and family of six.</p>
+<p>Letts, Captain, wife and two children and sister.</p>
+<p>Lynch, Peter.</p>
+<p>Mackey, Mrs. W. G., and four children.</p>
+<p>Maclin, J. D., wife and seven children.</p>
+<p>McCann, Billy, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Maupin, Joseph.</p>
+<p>McDonald, Mrs. Mary, and son.</p>
+<p>McEwen, John.</p>
+<p>McGraw, Peter, and wife.</p>
+<p>McNeil, Hugh, and baby and Miss Jennie McNeil.</p>
+<p>McPeters, Mrs., and two children.</p>
+<p>McVeigh, Miss Lorena.</p>
+<p>Miller, Frank.</p>
+<p>Miller, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Midlegge, August, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Mellor (better known as Miller), Robert.</p>
+<p>Meyer, Henry, and four children.</p>
+<p>Moore, Cecelia, Loraine, Vera and Mildred, children of Mr. and Mrs. Louis Moore.</p>
+<p>Morseburger, Antonia, and wife.</p>
+<p>Moserger, &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+<p>Middleburger, George, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Middleberger, John, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Miller, E. O.</p>
+<p>Moore, Mrs. Dock.</p>
+<p>Neal, a fisherman.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Neill, James and Frank, sons of James.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Neill, Lawrence.</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Neill, wife and five children, an oysterman, with four hired men.</p>
+<p>Platt, Mrs. S.</p>
+<p>Peterson, George, soldier, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Peters, Robert.</p>
+<p>Peters, Rudolph.</p>
+<p>Potter, C. H., and little daughter.</p>
+<p>Praker, William.</p>
+<p>Preussner, Mrs., and three children.</p>
+<p>Pischos, Mr. and Mrs.</p>
+<p>Quinn, Robert, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Rattiseau, P. A.</p>
+<p>Rattiseau, J. B., wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Rattiseau, C. A., wife and seven children.</p>
+<p>Rattisseau, Mrs. J. L., and three children.</p>
+<p>Raw, Mr.</p>
+<p>Ray, Miss Susie.</p>
+<p>Roberts, Herbert M.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Rose&#8217;s baby.</p>
+<p>Rosen, Mrs., and four children.</p>
+<p>Rudireker, and three women.</p>
+<p>Ryan, Mrs. Mary.</p>
+<p>Scarborough, Harry, a fisherman.</p>
+<p>Scott, Hughie (colored).</p>
+<p>Ricker, John.</p>
+<p>Speck, Captain.</p>
+<p>Summers, Mrs. M. S.</p>
+<p>Tian, Mrs. Clement, and three children.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span>Tripo, an oysterman.</p>
+<p>Turner, Angeline (colored).</p>
+<p>Wallace, and wife.</p>
+<p>Warnke, Mr. and Mrs., and three children.</p>
+<p>Washington, Johnnie, and family, colored.</p>
+<p>Weit, Mr., and three children.</p>
+<p>Walker, L. D., stepson and W. J. Hughes.</p>
+<p>Weeden, Lou, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Wurzlow, Mrs. Annie.</p>
+<p>One laborer at Dr. Fry&#8217;s dairy.</p>
+<p>Anderson, C. L., wife, and children.</p>
+<p>Burns, Mrs. M. E., and daughter.</p>
+<p>Boening, William, wife and three children.</p>
+<p>Burwell, T. M.</p>
+<p>Buren, Larzen, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Bernardoni, John.</p>
+<p>Chouke, Mrs. Charles and child.</p>
+<p>Connolly, Mrs. Ellen.</p>
+<p>Cook, Mrs. Ida (colored).</p>
+<p>Cook, Henry (colored).</p>
+<p>Deboer, P. G., and wife.</p>
+<p>Doyle, James.</p>
+<p>Dickinson, Mrs. Mary, and children (colored).</p>
+<p>Ellis, Mrs. Henry (colored).</p>
+<p>Edwards, Mrs. Jane, and daughter (colored).</p>
+<p>Falco, J. A. C.</p>
+<p>Fagan, Frank.</p>
+<p>Fager, Mrs. Frances.</p>
+<p>Frank, Miss Anna.</p>
+<p>Galmer, H. H., and wife.</p>
+<p>Geist, wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Colmer, H. H., wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Heusse, W. A., and wife.</p>
+<p>Hoch, Mike.</p>
+<p>Heare, L., wife and twelve children.</p>
+<p>Homburg, Joe, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Homburg, William, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Hurlbert, Mrs. Victoria, Miss Minnie, Walter and Hattie (all colored).</p>
+<p>Hass, Professor Carl, and family.</p>
+<p>Johnson, A., and wife.</p>
+<p>Johnson, Dan (colored).</p>
+<p>Jay, J. J.</p>
+<p>Kessner, August, Lena, Emma and James H.</p>
+<p>Keats, Miss Tillie.</p>
+<p>Lemere, T., and wife.</p>
+<p>Lisbony, Mrs. W. H., Jr., and Miss Eunice, daughter of C. P.</p>
+<p>Lehman, Charles and son.</p>
+<p>Mitchell, W. P.</p>
+<p>McConnelly, H., and wife.</p>
+<p>McGown, Jim.</p>
+<p>McVeagh, Mrs. J. M.</p>
+<p>Manning, Mark.</p>
+<p>Mead, James.</p>
+<p>Neimeier, Henry, wife and five children.</p>
+<p>Patterson, H. J.</p>
+<p>Patterson, Miss S. (colored).</p>
+<p>Perkins, Lucy and Lotta (colored).</p>
+<p>Perkins, Mrs. L., and two children (colored).</p>
+<p>Parobich, Michael, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Pruessne, Henry.</p>
+<p>Panleick, Matthew.</p>
+<p>Rose, H., and wife.</p>
+<p>Radeker, Mrs. Herman, and child.</p>
+<p>Rehm, William, wife and two children.</p>
+<p>Reymanscott, Louis.</p>
+<p>Richardson, William.</p>
+<p>Ruther, Robert, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Steerholz, W., and wife.</p>
+<p>Seible, O. J., Jr.</p>
+<p>Schroeder, Mrs. Lottie A.</p>
+<p>Swan, George, wife and four children.</p>
+<p>Terrell, G., and wife.</p>
+<p>Varnell, James, wife and six children.</p>
+<p>Vuletach, Andrew, wife and daughter.</p>
+<p>Warren, Mrs. Flora.</p>
+<p>Wilkinson, George, wife and son.</p>
+<p>Wilson, Mrs. Julia Anna (colored).</p>
+<p>Zurapanin, Mrs. N., and eight children.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><b>Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:</b></p>
+
+<p>Punctuation has been corrected without note.</p>
+
+<p>The series of paragraphs beginning on page 85 has no closing quotation mark in the original text.</p>
+
+<p>Other than the corrections noted by hover information, inconsistencies in
+spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Complete Story of the Galveston
+Horror, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE STORY--GALVESTON HORROR ***
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: John Coulter
+
+Release Date: November 12, 2010 [EBook #34304]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE STORY--GALVESTON HORROR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                   IN MEMORY OF THE DEAD AT GALVESTON
+
+                             SEPT. 8TH 1900.
+
+
+
+
+               The Complete Story of the Galveston Horror.
+
+                      Written by the Survivors.
+
+  Incidents of the awful Tornado, Flood and Cyclone Disaster; Personal
+      Experiences of Survivors; Horrible Looting of Dead Bodies and the
+      Robbing of Empty Homes; Pestilence from so many Decaying Bodies
+      Unburied; Barge Captains Compelled by Armed Men to Tow Dead Bodies
+      to Sea; Millions of Dollars raised to aid the Suffering Survivors;
+      President McKinley Orders Army Rations and Army Tents issued to
+      Survivors and orders U. S. Troops to protect the People and
+      Property; Tales of the Survivors from Galveston; Adrift all Night
+      on Rafts; Acts of Valor; United States Soldiers Drowned; Great
+      Heroism; Great Vandalism; Great Horror; A Second Johnstown Flood,
+      but worse: Hundreds of Men, Women and Children Drowned; No way of
+      Escape, only
+
+                         Death! Death! Everywhere!
+
+                                Edited by
+                              John Coulter,
+                       Formerly of the N. Y. Herald.
+
+                     Fully Illustrated with Photographs.
+
+                       UNITED PUBLISHERS OF AMERICA.
+
+
+
+                     Copyright, 1900, by E. E. Sprague.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In presenting to the people of this country and the world a chronicle of
+the frightful visitation of hurricane and flood upon the beautiful and
+enterprising City of Galveston, which unparalleled calamity occurred on
+September 8, 1900, the Publishers wish to say that the utmost care has
+been taken to make the record of the catastrophe complete in every
+particular.
+
+No expense has been spared to obtain the facts; the illustrations
+contained in the work are from photographs taken by artists on the spot;
+the experiences of survivors were obtained from the victims themselves,
+their language being faithfully reported, while what they wrote is
+reproduced without a single change being made.
+
+The situation in the stricken City of Galveston is portrayed day by day
+exactly as it existed, and is not the product of imaginings of writers who
+put down what the conditions should have been; the storm has been followed
+from its inception, just south of the island of San Domingo, to Galveston,
+through Texas and then along its course until it disappeared in the broad
+Atlantic off the Eastern coast; the horrors of the gale, the cruel killing
+of thousands by the winds and waters, the wrecking of thousands of
+buildings and the drowning of helpless men, women and children, are all
+given in graphic and picturesque language.
+
+The fearful mutilation of the dead by the ghouls and vandals who afterward
+despoiled the corpses of their valuables and the swift vengeance which
+followed these unutterable crimes when the troops shot the vampires and
+harpies by the score, are told in the most vivid way; the disposal of the
+dead by casting their bodies into the sea, burying them hastily in the
+sands along the beach or cremating them by burning upon vast funeral pyres
+erected in the principal streets of the city are painted in the ghastly
+colors of truth; the wave of insanity which swept over the city and
+claimed hundreds who had escaped the perils of the deluge and the
+hurricane is set forth most graphically.
+
+What caused the mighty elemental disturbance, the possibilities of its
+recurrence and the danger which constantly hangs over other seacoast
+cities are given in detail; the pestilential conditions set up in
+Galveston by the catastrophe, the panic-stricken people flying from the
+scene of death and desolation, the horrible spectacle of hundreds of dead
+bodies floating in Galveston bay and the Gulf of Mexico, the generous
+response of the people of the United States to the appeal for help--these
+are pictured with minuteness.
+
+Nothing is wanting to make this work reliable and correct; it contains a
+full list of the identified dead, which is a feature no other publication
+has been able to do; in short, it is the story, well and accurately told,
+of a disaster which has not its like since the world began.
+
+The Publishers are confident this volume will meet the approval of the
+country.
+
+THE PUBLISHERS.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+  Preface                                                               4
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+    West Indian Hurricane Descends Upon Galveston, Causing Immense
+    Losses of Life and Property--Catastrophe Unparalleled in the
+    History of the World--A Night of Horrors and Suffering              33
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+    Sad Scenes in All Parts of the Ruined City--Corpses Everywhere--
+    A Sombre, Solemn Sunday--People Apathetic, Dejected and
+    Heartbroken                                                         51
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+    Crowds of Refugees at Houston--Fed and Housed in Tents--Regular
+    Soldiers Drowned--Government Property Lost--Fears for
+    Galveston's Future                                                  64
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+    Thrilling Experiences of People During the Great Storm--
+    Eighty-five Persons Perish by Being Blown from a Train--
+    Adventures of Survivors at Galveston                                89
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+    Relief Sent from All Parts of the World as Soon as the True
+    Situation of Affairs Was Made Known--Millions of Dollars
+    Subscribed and Thousands of Carloads of Supplies Forwarded to
+    the Desolated City                                                 117
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+    Cremating Bodies by the Hundreds in the Streets of Galveston--
+    Negroes Faint While Handling the Decayed Corpses--How Some of
+    Those Rescued Escaped with Their Lives                             133
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+    Lives Lost and Property Damage Sustained Outside of Galveston--
+    One Thousand Victims and Millions of Value in Crops Swept
+    Away--Estimates Made                                               149
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+    Business Resumed at Galveston in a Small Way on the Sixth Day
+    After the Catastrophe--"Galveston Shall Rise Again"--How the
+    City Looked on Saturday, One Week After the Flood                  159
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+    Galveston Nine Days After--Great Changes Apparent--Life in a
+    Business Exhibited--Systematic Efforts to Obtain Names of the
+    Dead                                                               172
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+    Magnitude of the Relief Necessary--Twenty Thousand Persons
+    to Be Clothed and Fed--System of Relief Organization--How the
+    Storm Effected Trade                                               180
+
+  CHAPTER XI.
+    Insanity Follows Frightful Sufferings of the Poor Victims--
+    Five Hundred Demented Ones--Indifferent to the Loss of
+    Relatives                                                          188
+
+  CHAPTER XII.
+    Serious Danger from Fire--Scarcity of Boats to Carry People
+    to the Main Land--Laborers Imported into Galveston--Untold
+    Sufferings on Bolivar Island--Experience of a Chicago Man          196
+
+  CHAPTER XIII.
+    Two Women Tell How They Were Affected at Galveston--One
+    Arrived After the Catastrophe, While the Other Was in the
+    Storm from Beginning to End                                        206
+
+  CHAPTER XIV.
+    Twenty Thousand People Fed Every Day at a Cost of $40,000--
+    Incidents at the Relief Stations--Applicants and Their
+    Peculiarities--Great Mortality Among the Negroes                   216
+
+  CHAPTER XV.
+    Total Dead and Missing at Galveston and Vicinity 8,661--Five
+    Million Dollars in Relief Necessary to Carry the Survivors
+    Through the Fall and Winter to Spring                              246
+
+  CHAPTER XVI.
+    Galveston's Inhabitants Refuse to Heed the Lessons Taught by
+    Their Experiences--Carelessness in Failing to Provide Against
+    the Recurrence of Catastrophes                                     261
+
+  CHAPTER XVII.
+    Galveston's Storm Flies Over the United States and Does Great
+    Damage--Many Lives Lost--It Finally Disappears in the Atlantic
+    Ocean                                                              267
+
+  CHAPTER XVIII.
+    The World Not So Heartless as Supposed--People Give Generously
+    to Aid the Suffering--A Social Phenomenon--Value of the United
+    States Weather Bureau                                              271
+
+  CHAPTER XIX.
+    Galveston Island Directly in the Path of Storms, With No Way of
+    Escape--What is the City's Future?--All Coast Cities in
+    Danger--New York Will Be Flooded--Hurricane Foretold--
+    Galveston's Settlement--Storm Will Recur                           281
+
+  CHAPTER XX.
+    Comparisons Between the Galveston and Johnstown Disasters--The
+    Latter Not So Horrible in Its Features--Frightful Plight of the
+    Texas Victims                                                      294
+
+  CHAPTER XXI.
+    Great Calamities Caused by Flood and Gale During Past Century--
+    Millions of Lives Lost Through the Fury of the Elements            299
+
+  CHAPTER XXII.
+    Overwhelming of Johnston, Pa., by the Waters from Conemaugh
+    Lake--One of the Most Peculiar Happenings in History--Actual
+    Number of Deaths Will Never Be Known--About Twenty-five
+    Hundred Bodies Found                                               321
+
+  CHAPTER XXIII.
+    Not More Than Half the Bodies of Victims Identified--Hundreds
+    of Corpses of the Unknown and Nameless Cast Into the Sea--
+    Others Buried in the Sand and Cremated--List of Identifications    361
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GALVESTON STORM RAGING]
+
+[Illustration: SISTERS OF MERCY FOUND TIED TO THE LITTLE CHILDREN WHOM
+THEY TRIED TO SAVE]
+
+[Illustration: BLOWN OUT INTO THE GULF]
+
+[Illustration: WHEN THE WATERS REACHED THE ORPHAN ASYLUM]
+
+[Illustration: A RACE WITH THE WIND AND TIDE AT GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: SOME WERE SAVED IN THE GALVESTON DISASTER BY FLOATING ON
+BOX CARS]
+
+[Illustration: VANDALS ROBBING THE DEAD]
+
+[Illustration: GATHERING THE KILLED AND INJURED AFTER THE STORM]
+
+[Illustration: DROWNING OF GALVESTON SUFFERERS BY THE TIDAL WAVE]
+
+[Illustration: DEATH ON THE GALVESTON SHORE AFTER THE STORM]
+
+[Illustration: THE STORM DEALING DEATH AND DESTRUCTION IN ITS PATH]
+
+[Illustration: FURY OF THE STORM AND DESPERATE PREDICAMENT OF RESIDENTS]
+
+[Illustration: AT DEATH'S DOOR IN THE GALVESTON STORM]
+
+[Illustration: SURVIVORS, NEARLY STARVED, RANSACKING A GROCERY STORE FOR
+FOOD]
+
+
+
+
+THE GALVESTON HORROR.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+West Indian Hurricane Descends Upon Galveston, Causing Immense Losses of
+Life and Property--Catastrophe Unparalleled in the History of the World--A
+Night of Horrors and Suffering.
+
+
+The frightful West Indian hurricane which descended upon the beautiful,
+prosperous and progressive, but ill-fated, city of Galveston, on Saturday,
+September 8, 1900, causing the loss of many thousands of lives and the
+destruction of millions of dollars' worth of property, and then ravaged
+Central and Western Texas, killing several hundred people and inflicting
+damage which cost millions to repair, has had no parallel in history.
+
+When the gale approached the island upon which Galveston it situated, it
+lashed the waves of the Gulf of Mexico into a tremendous fury, causing
+them to rise to all but mountain height, and then it was that, combining
+their forces, the wind and water pounced upon their prey.
+
+In the short space of four hours the entire site of the city was covered
+by angry waters, while the gale blew at the rate of one hundred miles an
+hour; business houses, public buildings, churches, residences, charitable
+institutions, and all other structures gave way before the pressure of the
+wind and the fierce onslaught of the raging flood, and those which did not
+crumble altogether were so injured, in the majority of cases, that they
+were torn down.
+
+Such a night of horror as the unfortunate inhabitants were compelled to
+pass has fallen to the lot of few since the records of history were first
+opened. In the early evening, when the water first began to invade
+Galveston Island, the people residing along the beach and near it fled in
+fear from their homes and sought the highest points in the city as places
+of refuge, taking nothing but the smaller articles in their houses with
+them. On and on crawled the flood, until darkness had set in, and then, as
+though possessed of a fiendish vindictiveness, hastened its speed and
+poured over the surface of the town, completely submerging it--covering
+the most elevated ground to a depth of five feet and the lower portions
+ten and twelve feet.
+
+The hurricane was equally malignant, if not more fiendish and cruel, and
+tore great buildings and beautiful homes to pieces with evident delight,
+scattering the debris far and wide; telegraph and telephone lines were
+thrown down, railway tracks and bridges--the latter connecting the island
+and city with the mainland--torn up, and the mighty, tangled mass of
+wires, bricks, sections of roofs, sidewalks, fences and other things
+hurled into the main thoroughfares and cross streets, rendering it
+impossible for pedestrians to make their way along for many days after the
+waters and gale had subsided.
+
+Forty thousand people--men, women and children--cowered in terror for
+eight long hours, the intense blackness of the night, the swishing and
+lapping of the waves, the demoniac howling and shrieking of the wind and
+the indescribable and awful crashing, tearing and rending as the houses,
+hundreds at a time, were wrecked and shattered, ever sounding in their
+ears. Often, too, the friendly shelter where families had taken refuge
+would be swept away, plunging scores and scores of helpless ones into the
+mad current which flowed through every street of the town, and fathers and
+mothers were compelled to undergo the agony of seeing their children
+drown, with no possibility of rescue; husbands lost their wives and wives
+their husbands, and the elements were only merciful when they destroyed
+an entire family at once.
+
+All during that fearful night of Saturday until the gray and gloomy dawn
+of Sunday broke upon the sorrow-stricken city, the entire population of
+Galveston stood face to face with grim death in its most horrible shapes;
+they could not hope for anything more than the vengeance of the hurricane,
+and as they realized that with every passing moment souls were being
+hurried into eternity, is it at all wonderful that, after the strain was
+over and all danger gone, reason should finally be unseated and men and
+women break into the unmeaning gayety of the maniac?
+
+Not one inhabitant of Galveston old enough to realize the situation had
+any idea other than that death was to be the fate of all before another
+day appeared, and when this long and weary suspense, to which was added
+the chill of the night and the growing pangs of hunger, was at last broken
+by the first gleams of the light of the Sabbath morn, the latter was not
+entirely welcome, for the face of the sun was hidden by morose and ugly
+clouds, from which dripped, at dreary intervals, cold and gusty showers.
+
+Thousands were swallowed up during the darkness and their bodies either
+mangled and mutilated by the wreckage which had been tossed everywhere,
+left to decompose in the slimy ooze deposited by the flood or forced to
+follow the waves in their sullen retirement to the waters of the gulf.
+
+Dejection and despondency succeeded fright; the majority of the business
+men of the city had suffered such losses that they were overcome by
+apathy; nearly all the homes of the people were in ruins; the streets were
+impassable, and the dead lay thickly on every side; all telegraph and
+telephone wires were down, and as miles and miles of railroad track had
+disappeared and the bridges carried away, there was absolutely no means of
+communication with the outer world, except by boat. The strange spectacle
+was then presented of the richest city of its size in the richest country
+in the world lying prostrate, helpless and hopeless, a prey to ghouls,
+vultures, harpies, thieves, thugs and outlaws of every sort; its people
+starving, and the putrid bodies of its dead breeding pestilence.
+
+
+SKETCH OF THE CITY OF GALVESTON.
+
+The City of Galveston is situated on the extreme east end of the Island of
+Galveston. It is six square miles in area, its present limits being the
+limits of the original corporation and the boundaries of the land
+purchased from the Republic of Texas by Colonel Menard in 1838 for the sum
+of $50,000. Colonel Menard associated with himself several others, who
+formed a town site company with a capital of $1,000,000. The City of
+Galveston was platted on April 20, 1838, and seven days later the lots
+were put on the market. The streets of Galveston are numbered from one to
+fifty-seven across the island from north to south, and the avenues are
+known by the letters of the alphabet, extending east and west lengthwise
+of the island.
+
+The founders of the city donated to the public every tenth block through
+the center of the city from east to west for public parks. They also gave
+three sites for public markets and set aside one entire block for a
+college, three blocks for a girls' seminary, and gave to every Christian
+denomination a valuable site for a church.
+
+The growth of the city in population was slow until after the war of the
+rebellion. It is a remarkable fact that for the population Galveston does
+double the amount of business of any city in America. The population in
+1890 was 30,000, showing an increase of over 400 per cent in thirty years.
+At the time of the disaster the population was estimated at 40,000.
+
+Galveston has over two miles of completed wharfs along the bay front and
+others under construction, all of which are equipped with modern
+appliances. The Galveston Wharf Company, which owns practically all the
+wharfage, has expended millions during the last five years for
+improvements in the way of elevators and facilities for handling grain and
+cotton. During the cotton season, Sept. 1 to March 31 inclusive, large
+ocean-going craft line the wharves, often thirty or more steamers and as
+many large sailing vessels being accommodated at one time, besides the
+numerous smaller vessels and sailing craft doing a coastwise trade.
+
+Manufacturing is one of the chief supports of the city. In this branch of
+industry Galveston leads any city in the State of Texas by 50 per cent in
+number and more than 100 per cent in capital employed and product turned
+out. Of factories the city has 306, employing a capital aggregating
+$10,886,900, with an output of $12,000,000 a year.
+
+The jetty construction forms one of the chief features of its commercial
+advantages. The construction began in 1885, progressing slowly for five
+years, when the desire of the citizens for a first-class harbor led to the
+formation of a permanent committee, which succeeded in getting a bill
+through Congress authorizing an expenditure of $6,200,000 on the harbor.
+The bill provided that there should be two parallel stone jetties
+extending nearly six miles out into the gulf, one from the east point of
+Galveston Island, the other from the west point of Bolivar Peninsula. The
+jetties are fifty feet wide at the bottom and slope gradually to five feet
+above mean low tide, and are thirty-five feet wide at the top, with a
+railroad track running their entire length, which railroad is the property
+of the Federal Government. The immediate effect of early construction of
+the jetties was to remove the inner bar, which formerly had thirteen feet
+of water over it, and which now has over twenty-one feet of water.
+
+The principal business street of Galveston is the Strand, which is of made
+land 150 feet from the water of the bay, in the extreme northern end of
+the city. Besides being the principal port of Texas, Galveston is the
+financial center of the State, and some of the largest business houses in
+Texas have their offices in the Strand. Among the business houses on this
+street are the following:
+
+Sealy, Hutchins & Co., bankers; most modern banking building in Texas;
+four-story structure, in which is also located the office of the Mallory
+steamship line, and also the offices of Congressman R. B. Hawley, one of
+the Republican leaders in the State.
+
+H. Kempner, cotton broker; four-story brick building.
+
+First National Bank, J. Runge, President. Mr. Runge is also President of
+the Cotton Exchange, President of the Galveston Cotton mills, and
+President of the City Railway Company.
+
+W. L. Moody & Co., bankers and cotton factors; four-story brick. Mr. Moody
+is an intimate friend of W. J. Bryan and periodically entertains him at
+Lake Surprise, a duck hunting ground fifteen miles inland from Galveston;
+a famous hunting ground.
+
+General offices Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway and the Galveston,
+Henderson and Houston Railway, which is the gulf terminus of the
+International and Great Northern Railway.
+
+Adoue & Lobit, bankers; four-story brick.
+
+Island City Savings Bank and Gulf City Trust Company, M. Lasker,
+President; four-story brick.
+
+Texas Loan and Trust Company and Flint & Rogers, cotton factors;
+four-story brick building.
+
+Mensing Bros., wholesale grocers; four-story brick.
+
+Western Union Telegraph Company and Mexican Cable Company; four-story
+brick building.
+
+Galveston Dry Goods Company; four-story brick.
+
+Hullman, Owen & Co., wholesale grocers; four-story brick building.
+
+Wallace, Landis & Co., wholesale grocers; five-story brick.
+
+L. W. Levy & Co., wholesale liquor dealers; four-story brick.
+
+Schneider Bros., wholesale liquor dealers; four-story brick.
+
+Beers, Kennison & Co., general insurance agents in Texas for several large
+companies; four-story brick.
+
+Concisely put and with no waste of words, the following facts comprise the
+history of the unfortunate city:
+
+1. It is the richest city of its size in the United States.
+
+2. Is the largest and most extensively commercial city of Texas.
+
+3. Is the gateway of an enormous trade, situated as it is between the
+great West granaries and Europe.
+
+4. Lies two miles from the northeast corner of the Island of Galveston.
+
+5. Is a port of entry and the principal seaport of the State.
+
+6. Its harbor is the best, not only on the coast line of Texas, but also
+on the entire gulf coast from the mouth of the Mississippi to the Rio
+Grande.
+
+7. Is the nearest and most accessible first-class seaport for the States
+of Texas, Kansas, New Mexico and Colorado, the Indian Territory and the
+Territory of Arizona and parts of the States and Territories adjoining
+those just mentioned.
+
+8. Is to-day the gulf terminus of most of the great railway systems
+entering Texas.
+
+9. Ranks third among the cotton ports of the United States.
+
+10. Its port charges are as low as or lower than any other port in the
+United States.
+
+11. Is the only seaport on the gulf coast west of the Mississippi into
+which a vessel drawing more than 10 feet of water can enter.
+
+12. Has steamship lines to Liverpool, New York, New Orleans and the ports
+of Texas as far as the Mexican boundary.
+
+13. Has harbor area of 24 feet depth and over 1,300 acres; of 30 feet
+depth and over 463 acres (the next largest harbor on the Texas coast has
+only 100 acres of 24 feet depth of water).
+
+14. Has the lowest maximum temperature of any city in Texas.
+
+15. Has the finest beach in America and is a famous summer and winter
+resort.
+
+16. Has public free school system unexcelled in the United States.
+
+17. Has never been visited by any epidemic disease since the yellow fever
+scourge of 1867.
+
+18. Has forty miles of street railways in operation.
+
+19. Has electric lights throughout the city (plant owned by city).
+
+20. It has millions invested in docks, warehouses, grain elevators,
+flouring mills, marine ways, manufactories and mercantile houses.
+
+
+THE MOST PROMISING TOWN IN THE SOUTH.
+
+"Galveston was the most promising town in the South, so far as shipping is
+concerned," said Thomas B. Bryan, the founder of North Galveston, the day
+after the disaster occurred. "There has been persistent opposition to it
+on the part of a railroad that wished the transportation of cotton and
+other produce farther east, but finally the geographical position of
+Galveston triumphed. Even Collis P. Huntington, the railroad magnate,
+succumbed, and later he inaugurated improvements in Galveston on the most
+colossal scale, involving an expenditure of many millions of dollars. One
+of the last announcements Mr. Huntington made before his death was that
+Galveston would become the greatest shipping port in America if money
+could accomplish it. At the time I was in Galveston, a few weeks ago,
+there was an army of workmen employed by the Southern Pacific Railroad
+constructing great docks and wharves, which were to eclipse any on the
+globe.
+
+"Some conception of Galveston can be formed by supposing the business
+district of Chicago--say from Lake to Twenty-second street--were to extend
+out into the lake on a pier for a distance of three miles and at a height
+above the water varying from three to seven, and possibly, in some places,
+nine feet. My own observation of Galveston induced my taking hold of the
+nearest eligible elevated locality for residences, which is North
+Galveston, sixteen miles from the city proper. It has an elevation above
+the water of fifteen to twenty feet more than Galveston, and is free from
+inundation. No news has reached me from North Galveston, and, though
+damage may have been done by wind, I am confident none can be done by
+water or waves."
+
+
+HOW THE HURRICANE ORIGINATED.
+
+Storms which move with the velocity of that which swept Galveston and
+which are common to the southern and southeastern coasts of the United
+States invariably originate, according to Weather Forecaster H. J. Cox, of
+the United States Weather Bureau at Chicago, in "the doldrums," or that
+region in the ocean where calms abound. In this particular instance the
+place was south of the West Indies and north of the equator. The region of
+the doldrums varies in breadth from sixty to several hundred miles, and at
+different seasons shifts its extreme limits between 5 degrees south and 15
+degrees north. It is always overhung by a belt of clouds which is gathered
+by opposing currents of the trade winds.
+
+"The storm which swept Galveston and the surrounding country, I should
+say, originated at a considerable distance south of the West Indies, in
+this belt of calms," said Forecaster Cox the Monday night following the
+catastrophe.
+
+"It was caused by two strong currents meeting at an angle, and this caused
+the whirling motion which finally spent its force on the coast of Texas.
+It is seldom that a storm originating in the doldrums moves so far inland
+as did this one, but it is not, however, unprecedented. The reason this
+storm reached so far as Galveston was that the northwesterly wind moved
+about twice as fast as it usually does before reaching land. Usually the
+force of these winds are spent on the coast of Florida and sometimes they
+reach as far north as North Carolina. When they strike the land at these
+points they are given a northeasterly direction.
+
+"This storm missed the eastern coast of the United States, and
+consequently was deflected to the west. Thunderstorms are prevailing in
+Kansas and all of the district just north of the course of the storm,
+which is the natural result after such commotion of the elements. The
+conditions of the land are such about Galveston that when the storm
+reached that far it had no possible means of escape, and hence the dire
+results. If there had been a chance for the wind to move further west
+along the coast it would in all probability have passed Galveston, giving
+the place no more than a severe shaking up. In this event the worst effect
+would in all probability have been felt on the eastern coast of Mexico."
+
+It was an absolute impossibility for anyone to form an idea of the extent
+and magnitude of the disaster within a week of its occurrence. The morning
+of Sunday, when the wind and the waves had subsided, the streets of the
+city were found clogged with debris of all sorts. The people of Galveston
+could not realize for several days what had happened. Four thousand houses
+had been entirely demolished and hardly a building in the city was fit for
+habitation.
+
+The people were apathetic; they wandered around the streets in an aimless
+sort of way, unable to do anything or make preparations to repair the
+great damage done. The Monday following the catastrophe, Galveston was
+practically in the hands of thieves, thugs, ghouls, vampires, and bandits,
+some of them women, who robbed the dead, mutilated the corpses which were
+lying everywhere, ransacked business houses and residences and created a
+reign of terror, which lasted until the officers in command of the force
+of regulars stationed at the beach barracks sent a company of men to
+patrol the streets. The governor of the state ordered out all the
+regiments of the National Guard and various associations of business men
+also supplied men, who assisted the soldiers in doing patrol duty in the
+city and suburbs.
+
+The depredations of the lawless element were of an inconceivably brutal
+character. Unprotected women, whether found upon the streets or in their
+houses, were subjected to outrage or assault and robbed of their clothing
+and jewelry. Pedestrians were held up on the public thoroughfare in broad
+daylight and compelled to give up all valuables in their possession. The
+bodies of the dead were despoiled of everything and in their haste to
+secure valuables the ghouls would mutilate the corpses, cutting off
+fingers to obtain the rings thereon and amputating the ears of the women
+to get the earrings worn therein.
+
+The majority of the thieves and vampires belonged in the city of Galveston
+and were reinforced by desperadoes from outside towns, like Houston,
+Austin, and New Orleans, who took advantage of the rush to the city
+immediately after the disaster, obtaining free transportation on the
+railroad and steamers upon a pretense that they were going to Galveston
+for the purpose of working with relief parties and the gangs assigned for
+burial of the dead. Their outrages became so flagrant and the people of
+the city became so terrified in consequence of their depredations that the
+city authorities unable to cope with them, most of the officers of the
+police department having been victims of the flood, that an appeal was
+made to the governor to send state troops and procure the preservation of
+order. Captain Rafferty, commanding Battery O of the First Regiment of
+Artillery, U. S. A., was also implored to lend his aid in putting down the
+lawless bands, and he accordingly sent all the men in his command who had
+not met death in the gale.
+
+There was some delay in getting the state troops to Galveston because so
+many miles of railroad had been washed away, the Adjutant General being
+compelled to notify some companies of militia by courier, but Captain
+Rafferty ordered his men on duty at once, with instructions to promptly
+shoot all persons found despoiling the dead. Most of the vampires were
+negroes, some of them, however, being white women, the latter being as
+savage and merciless in their treatment of the dead as the most abandoned
+of their male companions.
+
+The regulars were put on duty on Tuesday night and before morning had shot
+several of the thugs, who were executed on the spot when found in the act
+of robbery. In every instance the pockets of the harpies slain by the
+United States troops were found filled with jewelry and other valuables,
+and in some cases, notably that of one negro, fingers were found in their
+possession which had been cut from the hands of the dead, the vampires
+being in such a hurry that they could not wait to tear the rings off. On
+Wednesday evening the government troops came across a gang of fifty
+desperadoes, who were despoiling the bodies of the dead found enmeshed in
+the debris of a large apartment house. With commendable promptness the
+regulars put the ghouls under arrest and finding the proceeds of their
+robberies in their possession lined them up against a brick wall and
+without ceremony shot every one of them. In cases where the villains were
+not killed at the first fire, the sergeant administered coup de grace.
+Many of the thugs begged piteously for mercy, but no attention was paid to
+their feelings and they suffered the same stern fate as the rest.
+
+When the state troops arrived in the city they took the same severe
+measures and the result was that within forty-eight hours the city was as
+safe as it had ever been. The police arrested every suspicious character
+and the jail and cells at the police station were filled to overflowing.
+These people were deported as soon as possible and notified that if they
+returned they would be shot without warning. The temper of the citizens of
+Galveston was such that they would not temporize in any case with those
+who were neither criminals or inclined to work. Every able-bodied man in
+town was impressed for duty in relief and burial parties and whenever an
+individual refused to do the work required he was promptly shot. By
+Thursday morning all the men required had been obtained and relief and
+burial parties were filled to the quota deemed necessary and the work of
+disposing of the bodies of the dead, administering to the wants of the
+wounded and the clearing of the streets of the debris was proceeding
+satisfactorily.
+
+The dead lay in the streets and vacant places in hundreds and the heat of
+the sun began to have its natural effect. Decomposition set in and the
+stench became unbearable. At first an effort was made to identify the
+corpses, but it was soon found that work could not be proceeded with, as
+any delay imperilled the living. Fears entertained in regard to pestilence
+were speedily verified and the people of the city were taken ill by
+scores. It was difficult to obtain men to perform the duty of burying the
+bloated corpses of the victims of the catastrophe and consequently the
+city authorities ordered that the dead be loaded on barges, taken a few
+miles out to sea, weighted and thrown into the water. The ground had
+become so watersoaked that it was impossible to dig graves or trenches for
+the reception of the bodies, although in many instances people buried
+relatives and friends in their yards and the ground surrounding their
+residence. Along the beach hundreds of corpses were buried in the sand,
+but the majority of the burials were at sea. By Wednesday night 2,500
+bodies had been cast into the water, while about 500 had been interred
+within the city limits. Precautions were taken, however, to mark the
+graves and when the ground had dried sufficiently the bodies were
+disinterred and taken to the various cemeteries where, after burial,
+suitable memorials were erected to mark their last resting place. No
+attempts were made at identification after Wednesday, lists being simply
+made of the number of victims. The graves of those buried in the sand were
+marked by headboards with the inscriptions, "White man, aged forty;"
+"White woman, aged twenty-five," and "male" or "female" child, as the case
+might be.
+
+So accustomed did the burial parties become to the handling of the dead
+that they treated the bodies as though they were merely carcasses of
+animals and not bodies of human beings and they were dumped into the
+trenches prepared for their reception without ceremony of any kind. The
+excavations were then filled up as hurriedly as possible, the sand being
+packed down tightly. This might have seemed inhuman, unfeeling, and
+brutal, but the exigencies of the situation demanded that the corpses be
+put out of the way as speedily as possible. Great difficulty was
+experienced in securing men to transport bodies to the wharves where the
+barges lay, and it was practically an impossibility to get anyone to touch
+the bodies of the negro victims, decomposition having set in earlier than
+in the cases of the whites, and had it not been that the members of the
+fire department volunteered their services the remains of the negroes
+would have remained unburied for a longer time than they were. Finally,
+however, patience ceased to be a virtue and orders were given the guards
+to shoot any man who refused to do his duty under the circumstances. The
+result of this was that the beginning of Wednesday there was less delay in
+the matter of disposing of the dead.
+
+However, in spite of the activity of the burial parties, the work of
+clearing the streets of corpses was a most tedious one.
+
+
+FORECAST OFFICIAL'S REPORT ON THE STORM.
+
+The forecast official of the United States Weather Bureau at Galveston
+made the following report, September 14, on the storm:
+
+"The local office of the United States weather bureau received the first
+message in regard to this storm at 4 p. m., September 4. It was then
+moving northward over Cuba. Each day thereafter until the West India
+hurricane struck Galveston bulletins were posted by the United States
+weather bureau officials giving the progressive movements of the
+disturbance.
+
+"September 6 the tropical storm had moved up over southern Florida, thence
+it changed its course and moved westward in the gulf and was central off
+the Louisiana coast the morning of the 7th, when northwest storm warnings
+were ordered up for Galveston. The morning of the 8th the storm had
+increased in energy and was still moving westward, and at 10:10 a. m. the
+northwest storm warnings were changed to northeast. Then was when the
+entire island was in apparent danger. The telephone at the United States
+weather bureau office was busy until the wires went down; many could not
+get the use of the telephone on account of the line being busy. People
+came to the office in droves inquiring about the weather. About the same
+time the following information was given to all alike:
+
+"'The tropical storm is now in the gulf, south or southwest of us; the
+winds will shift to the northeast-east and probably to the southeast by
+morning, increasing in energy. If you reside in low parts of the city,
+move to higher grounds.'"
+
+"Prepare for the worst, which is yet to come," were the only consoling
+words of the weather bureau officials at Galveston from morning until
+night of the 8th, when no information further could be given out.
+
+The local forecast official and one observer stayed at the office
+throughout the entire storm, although the building was wrecked. The
+forecast official and one observer were out taking tide observations about
+4 a. m., September 9. Another observer left after he had sent the last
+telegram which could be gotten off, it being filed at Houston over the
+telephone wires about 4 p. m. of the 8th. Over half the city was covered
+with tide water by 3 p. m. One of the observers left for home at about 4
+p. m., after he had done all he could, as telephone wires were then going
+down. The entire city was then covered with water from one to five feet
+deep. On his way home he saw hundreds of people and he informed all he
+could that the worst was still to come, and people who could not hear his
+voice on account of the distance he motioned them to go downtown.
+
+The lowest barometer by observation was 28.53 inches at 8:10 p. m.,
+September 8, but the barometer went slightly lower than this, according to
+the barograph. The tide at about 8 p. m. stood from six to fifteen feet
+deep throughout the city, with the wind blowing slightly over a hundred
+miles an hour. The highest wind velocity by the anemometer was ninety-six
+miles from the northeast at 5:15 p. m., and the extreme velocity was a
+hundred miles an hour at about that time. The anemometer blew down at this
+time and the wind was still higher later, when it shifted to the east and
+southeast, when the observer estimated that it blew a gale of between 110
+and 120 miles. There was an apparent tidal wave of from four to six feet
+about 8 p. m., when the wind shifted to the east and southeast, that
+carried off many houses which had stood the tide up to that time.
+
+The observer believed from the records he managed to save that the
+hurricane moved inland near Galveston, going up the Brazos Valley.
+
+The warnings of the United States Weather Bureau were the means of
+thousands of lives being saved through the hurricane. It was so severe,
+however, that it was impossible to prepare for such destruction. The
+observer of the United States Weather Bureau at Galveston, to relieve
+apprehension, stated on September 14 that the barometer had gone up to
+about the normal, and there were no indications of another storm
+following.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Sad Scenes in All Parts of the Ruined City--Corpses Everywhere--A Sombre,
+Solemn Sunday--People Apathetic, Dejected and Heartbroken.
+
+
+The surviving people of Galveston did not awaken from sleep on Sunday
+morning, for they had not slept the night before. For many weary hours
+they had stood face to face with death, and knew that thousands had
+yielded up their lives and that millions of dollars worth of property had
+been destroyed.
+
+There was not a building in Galveston which was not either entirely
+destroyed or damaged, and the people of the city lived in the valley of
+the shadow of death, helpless and hopeless, deprived of all hope and
+ambition--merely waiting for the appearance of the official death roll.
+
+Confusion and chaos reigned everywhere; death and desolation were on all
+sides; wreck and ruin were the only things visible wherever the eye might
+rest; and with business entirely suspended and no other occupation than
+the search for and burial of the dead it was strange that the
+thoroughfares and residence streets were not filled with insane victims of
+the hurricane's frightful visit.
+
+For days the people of Galveston knew there was danger ahead; they were
+warned repeatedly, but they laughed at all fears, business went on as
+usual, and when the blow came it found the city unprepared and without
+safeguards.
+
+Owing to the stupefaction following the awful catastrophe, the people were
+in no condition, either physical or mental, to provide for themselves,
+and therefore depended upon the outside world for food and clothing.
+
+The inhabitants of Galveston needed immediate relief, but how they were to
+get it was a mystery, for Galveston was not yet in touch with the outside
+world by rail or sea. The city was sorely stricken, and appealed to the
+country at large to send food, clothing and water. The waterworks were in
+ruins and the cisterns all blown away, so that the lack of water was one
+of the most serious of the troubles.
+
+Never did a storm work more cruelly. All the electric light and telegraph
+poles were prostrated and the streets were littered with timbers, slate,
+glass and every conceivable character of debris. There was hardly a
+habitable house in the entire city, and nearly every business house was
+either wrecked entirely or badly damaged.
+
+On Monday there were deaths from hunger and exposure, and the list swelled
+rapidly. People were living as best they could--in the ruins of their
+homes, in hotels, in schoolhouses, in railway stations, in churches, in
+the streets by the side of their beloved dead.
+
+So great was the desolation one could not imagine a more sorrowful place.
+Street cars were not running; no trains could reach the town; only
+sad-eyed men and women walked about the streets; the dead and wounded
+monopolized the attention of those capable of doing anything whatever, and
+the city was at the mercy of thieves and ruffians.
+
+All the fine churches were in ruins.
+
+From Tremont to P street, thence to the beach, not a vestige of a
+residence was to be seen.
+
+In the business section of the city the water was from three to ten feet
+deep in stores, and stocks of all kinds, including foodstuffs, were total
+losses. It was a common spectacle--that of inhabitants of the fated city
+wandering around in a forsaken and forlorn way, indifferent to everything
+around them and paying no attention to inquiries of friends and relatives.
+
+God forbid that such scenes are enacted again in this country.
+
+It was thought the vengeance of the fates had been visited in its most
+appalling shape upon the place which had unwittingly incurred its wrath.
+
+It was fortunate after all, however, that those compelled to endure such
+trials were temporarily deprived of their understanding; were so stunned
+that they could not appreciate the enormity of the punishment.
+
+The first loss of life reported was at Rietter's saloon, in the Strand,
+where three of the most prominent citizens of the town--Stanley G.
+Spencer, Charles Kellner and Richard Lord--lost their lives and many
+others were maimed and imprisoned. These three were sitting at a table on
+the first floor Saturday night, making light of the danger, when the roof
+suddenly caved in and came down with a crash, killing them. Those in the
+lower part of the building escaped with their lives in a miraculous
+manner, as the falling roof and flooring caught on the bar, enabling the
+people standing near it to crawl under the debris. It required several
+hours of hard work to get them out. The negro waiter who was sent for a
+doctor was drowned at Strand and Twenty-first streets, his body being
+found a short time afterward.
+
+Fully 700 people were congregated at the city hall, most of them more or
+less injured in various ways. One man from Lucas Terrace reported the loss
+of fifty lives in the building from which he escaped. He himself was
+severely injured about the head.
+
+Passing along Tremont street, out as far as Avenue P, climbing over the
+piles of lumber which had once been residences, four bodies were observed
+in one yard and seven in one room in another place, while as many as sixty
+corpses were seen lying singly and in groups in the space of one block. A
+majority of the drowned, however, were under the ruined houses. The body
+of Miss Sarah Summers was found near her home, corner of Tremont street
+and Avenue F, her lips smiling, but her features set in death, her hands
+grasping her diamonds tightly. The remains of her sister, Mrs. Claude
+Fordtran, were never found.
+
+The report from St. Mary's Infirmary showed that only eight persons
+escaped from that hospital. The number of patients and nurses was one
+hundred. Rosenberg Schoolhouse, chosen as a place of refuge by the people
+of that locality, collapsed. Few of those who had taken refuge there
+escaped--how many cannot be told, and will never be known.
+
+Never before had the Sabbath sun risen upon such a sight, and as though
+unable to endure it, the god of the day soon veiled his face behind dull
+and leaden clouds, and refused to shine.
+
+Surely it was enough to draw tears even from inanimate things.
+
+At the Union Depot Baggagemaster Harding picked up the lifeless form of a
+baby girl within a few feet of the station. Its parents were among the
+lost. The station building was selected as a place of refuge by hundreds
+of people, and although all the windows and a portion of the south wall at
+the top were blown in, and the occupants expected every moment to be their
+last, escape was impossible, for about the building the water was fully
+twelve feet deep. A couple of small shanties were floating about, but
+there was no means of making a raft or getting a boat.
+
+Every available building in the city was used as a hospital. As for the
+dead, they were being put away anywhere. In one large grocery store on
+Tremont street all the space that could be cleared was occupied by the
+wounded.
+
+It was nothing strange to see the dead and crippled everywhere, and the
+living were so fascinated by the dead they could hardly be dragged away
+from the spots where the corpses were piled.
+
+There were dead by the score, by the hundreds and by the thousands.
+
+It was a city of the dead; a vast battlefield, the slain being victims of
+flood and gale.
+
+The dead were at rest, but the living had to suffer, for no aid was at
+hand.
+
+In the business portion of the town the damage could not be even
+approximately estimated. The wholesale houses along the Strand had about
+seven feet of water on their ground floors, and all window panes and glass
+protectors of all kinds were demolished.
+
+On Mechanic street the water was almost as deep as on the Strand. All
+provisions in the wholesale groceries and goods on the lower floors were
+saturated and rendered valueless.
+
+In clearing away the ruins of the Catholic Orphans' Home heartrending
+evidence of the heroism and love of the Sisters was discovered.
+
+Bodies of the little folks were found which indicated by their position
+that heroic measures were taken to keep them together so that all might be
+saved.
+
+The Sisters had tied them together in bunches of eight and then tied the
+cords around their own waists. In this way they probably hoped to quiet
+the children's fears and lead them to safety.
+
+The storm struck the Home with such terrific force that the structure
+fell, carrying the inmates with it and burying them under tons of debris.
+
+Two crowds of children, tied and attached to Sisters, have been found. In
+one heap the children were piled on the Sisters, and the arms of one
+little girl were clasped around a Sister's neck.
+
+In the wreck of the Home over ninety children and Sisters were killed. It
+was first believed that they had been washed out to sea, but the discovery
+of the little groups in the ruins indicates that all were killed and
+buried under the wreckage.
+
+Sunday and Monday were days of the greatest suffering, although the
+population had hardly sufficiently recovered from the shock of the mighty
+calamity to realize that they were hungry and cold.
+
+On Monday all relief trains sent from other cities toward Galveston were
+forced to turn back, the tracks being washed away.
+
+On Tuesday Mayor Jones of Galveston sent out the following appeal to the
+country:
+
+     "It is my opinion, based on personal information, that 5,000 people
+     have lost their lives here. Approximately one-third of the residence
+     portion of the city has been swept away. There are several thousand
+     people who are homeless and destitute--how many there is no way of
+     finding out. Arrangements are now being made to have the women and
+     children sent to Houston and other places, but the means of
+     transportation are limited. Thousands are still to be cared for here.
+     We appeal to you for immediate aid.
+
+        "WALTER J. JONES,
+            "Mayor of Galveston."
+
+Some relief had been sent in, the railroad to Texas City, six miles away,
+having been repaired, boats taking the supplies from that point into
+Galveston.
+
+Food and women's clothing were the things most needed just then. While the
+men could get along with the clothes they had on and what they had secured
+since Sunday, the women suffered considerably, and there was much sickness
+among them in consequence. It was noticeable, however, that the women of
+the city had, by their example, been instrumental in reviving the drooping
+spirits of the men. There was a better feeling prevalent Tuesday among the
+inhabitants, as news had been received that within a few days the acute
+distress would be over, except in the matter of shelter. Every house
+standing was damp and unhealthy, and some of the wounded were not getting
+along as well as hoped. Many of the injured had been sent out of town to
+Texas City, Houston and other places, but hundreds still remained. It
+would have endangered their lives to move them.
+
+Tuesday night ninety negro looters were shot in their tracks by citizen
+guards. One of them was searched and $700 found, together with four
+diamond rings and two water-soaked gold watches. The finger of a white
+woman with a gold band around it was clutched in his hands.
+
+In the afternoon, at the suggestion of Colonel Hawley, a mounted squad of
+nineteen men, under Adjutant Brokridge, was detailed by Major Faylings to
+search a house where negro looters were known to have secreted plunder.
+
+"Shoot them in their tracks, boys! We want no prisoners," said the Major.
+The plunderers changed their location before the arrival of the
+detachment, however, and the raiders came back empty-handed. Twenty cases
+of looting were reported between 3 and 6 in the evening.
+
+At 6 o'clock a report reached Major Faylings that twenty negroes were
+robbing a house at Nineteenth and Beach streets.
+
+"Plant them," commanded the young Major, as a half dozen citizen soldiers,
+led by a corporal, mustered before him for orders.
+
+"I want every one of those twenty negroes, dead or alive," said the Major.
+
+The squad left on the double quick. Half an hour later they reported ten
+of the plunderers killed.
+
+The following order was posted on the streets at noon of Tuesday:
+
+     "To the Public: The city of Galveston being under martial law, and
+     all good citizens being now enrolled in some branch of the public
+     service, it becomes necessary, to preserve the peace, that all arms
+     in this city be placed in the hands of the military. All good
+     citizens are forbidden to carry arms, except by written permission
+     from the Mayor or Chief of Police or the Major commanding. All good
+     citizens are hereby commanded to deliver all arms and ammunition to
+     the city and take Major Faylings' receipt.
+
+        "WALTER C. JONES, Mayor."
+
+
+WHAT A RELIEF PARTY SAW SUNDAY MORNING.
+
+Starting as soon as the water began to recede Sunday morning, a relief
+party began the work of rescuing the wounded and dying from the ruins of
+their homes. The scenes presented were almost beyond description.
+Screaming women, bruised and bleeding, some of them bearing the lifeless
+forms of children in their arms; men, broken-hearted and sobbing,
+bewailing the loss of their wives and children; streets filled with
+floating rubbish, among which there were many bodies of the victims of
+the storm, constituted part of the awful picture. In every direction, as
+far as the eye could reach, the scene of desolation and destruction
+continued.
+
+It was certainly enough to cause the stoutest heart to quail and grow
+sick, and yet the searchers well knew they could not unveil one-hundredth
+part of the misery the destructive elements had brought about.
+
+They knew, also, that the full import and heaviness of the blow could not
+be realized for days to come.
+
+Although those in the relief party were prepared to see the natural
+evidences following upon the heels of the mighty storm, they did not
+anticipate such frightful revelations.
+
+It was a butchery, without precedent; a gathering of victims that was so
+ghastly as to be beyond the power of any man to picture.
+
+As the party went on the members met others who made reports of things
+that had come under their notice. There were fifty killed or drowned in
+one section of town; one hundred in another; five hundred in another. The
+list grew larger with each report.
+
+It was a matter of wonder, and increasing wonder too, that a single soul
+escaped to tell the tale.
+
+No one seemed entirely sane, for there was madness in the very air.
+
+All moved in an atmosphere of gloom; it was difficult to move and breathe
+with so much death on all sides.
+
+Yet no one could keep his eyes off of those horrible, fascinating corpses.
+They riveted the gaze.
+
+Life and death were often so closely intermingled they could not be told
+apart.
+
+It was the apotheosis of the frightful.
+
+Those who had escaped the hurricane and flood were searching for missing
+dear ones in such a listless way as to irresistibly convey the idea that
+they did not care whether they found them or not.
+
+It was the languor of hopelessness and despair.
+
+Some of those who had lost their all were even merry, but it was the glee
+of insanity.
+
+As Sunday morning dawned the streets were lined with people, half-clad,
+crippled in every conceivable manner, hobbling as best they could to where
+they could receive attention of physicians for themselves and summon aid
+for friends and relatives who could not move.
+
+Police Officer John Bowie, who had recently been awarded a prize as the
+most popular officer in the city, was in a pitiable condition; the toes on
+both of his feet were broken, two ribs caved in, and his head badly
+bruised, but his own condition, he said, was nothing.
+
+"My house, with wife and children, is in the gulf. I have not a thing on
+earth for which to live."
+
+The houses of all prominent citizens which escaped destruction were turned
+into hospitals, as were also the leading hotels. There was scarcely one of
+the houses left standing which did not contain one or more of the dead as
+well as many injured.
+
+The rain began to pour down in torrents and the party went back down
+Tremont street toward the city. The misery of the poor people, all mangled
+and hurt, pressing to the city for medical attention, was greatly
+augmented by this rain. Stopping at a small grocery store to avoid the
+rain, the party found it packed with injured. The provisions in the store
+had been ruined and there was nothing for the numerous customers who came
+hungry and tired. The place was a hospital, no longer a store.
+
+Further down the street a restaurant, which had been submerged by water,
+was serving out soggy crackers and cheese to the hungry crowd. That was
+all that was left. The food was soaked full of water, and the people who
+were fortunate enough to get those sandwiches were hungry and made no
+complaint.
+
+It was hard to determine what section of the city suffered the greatest
+damage and loss of life. Information from both the extreme eastern and
+extreme western portions of the city was difficult to obtain at that time.
+
+In fact, it was nearly impossible, but the reports received indicated that
+those two sections had suffered the same fate as the rest of the city and
+to a greater degree.
+
+Thus the relief party wended its way through streets which, but a few
+hours before, were teeming with life.
+
+Now they were the thoroughfares of death.
+
+It did not seem as if they could ever resound to the throb of quickened
+vitality again.
+
+It seemed as though it would take years to even remove the wreckage.
+
+As to rebuilding, it appeared as the work of ages.
+
+Annihilation was everywhere.
+
+
+GALVESTON PEOPLE REFUSED TO HEED THE WARNING--DISASTER WAS PREDICTED.
+
+As marked out on the charts of the United States Weather Bureau at
+Washington the storm which struck Galveston had a peculiar course. It was
+first definitely located south by east of San Domingo, and the last day of
+August the center of the disturbance was approximately at a point fixed at
+14 degrees north latitude and 68 degrees west longitude. From there it
+made a course almost due northeast, passing through Kingston, Jamaica, and
+if it had continued on this same line it would have struck Galveston just
+the same, but somewhat earlier than it did. The storm apparently was
+headed for Galveston all the time, but on Tuesday of last week, when
+almost due south of Cienfuegos, Cuba, it changed its course so as to go
+almost due north, across the Island of Cuba, through the toe of the
+Florida peninsula, and up the coast to the vicinity of Tampa. Here the
+storm made another sharp turn to the westward and headed again almost
+straight for Galveston.
+
+It was this sharp turn to the westward which could not be anticipated, so
+the Weather Bureau sent out its hurricane signals both for the Atlantic
+and the gulf coast, well understanding that the prediction as to one of
+these coasts would certainly fail. As soon as the storm turned westward
+from below Tampa the Weather Bureau knew the Atlantic coast was safe, and
+turned its attention toward the gulf.
+
+The people of Galveston had abundant warning of the coming of the
+hurricane, but, of course, could not anticipate the destructive energy it
+would gain on the way across the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+The Weather Bureau was informed that the first sign of the disturbance was
+noticed on Aug. 30 near the Windward Islands. On Aug. 31 it still was in
+the same neighborhood. The storm did not develop any hurricane features
+during its slow passage through the Caribbean Sea and across Cuba, but was
+accompanied by tremendous rains. During the first twelve hours of Sept. 3,
+in Santiago, Cuba, 10.50 inches rain fell and 2.80 inches fell in the next
+twelve. On Sept. 4 the rainfall during twelve hours in Santiago was 4.44
+inches, or a total fall in thirty-six hours of 17.20 inches. There were
+some high winds in Cuba the night of Sept. 4.
+
+By the morning of the 6th the storm center was a short distance northwest
+of Key West, Fla., and the high winds had commenced over Southern Florida,
+forty-eight miles an hour from the east being reported from Jupiter and
+forty miles from the northeast from Key West. During the 6th barometric
+conditions over the eastern portion of the United States so far changed as
+to prevent the movement of the storm along the Atlantic coast, and it,
+therefore, continued northwest over the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+On the morning of the 7th it apparently was central south of the Louisiana
+coast, about longitude 89, latitude 28. At this time storm signals were
+ordered up on the North Texas coast, and during the day were extended
+along the entire coast. On the morning of the 8th the storm was nearing
+the Texas coast and was apparently central at about latitude 28, longitude
+94.
+
+Galveston's disastrous storm was predicted with startling accuracy by the
+weather prophet, Prof. Andrew Jackson DeVoe. In the "Ladies' Birthday
+Almanac," issued from Chattanooga, Tenn., in January, 1900, Prof. DeVoe
+forecasts the weather for the following month of September as follows:
+
+"This will be a hot dry month over the Northern States, but plenty of rain
+over the Atlantic coast States. First and second days hot and sultry.
+Third and fourth heavy storms over the extreme Northwestern States,
+causing thunderstorms over the Missouri Valley and showery, rainy weather
+over the whole country from 5th to 8th.
+
+"On the 9th a great cyclone will form over the Gulf of Mexico and move up
+the Atlantic coast, causing very heavy rains from Florida to Maine from
+10th to 12th."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Crowds of Refugees at Houston--Fed and Housed in Tents--Regular Soldiers
+Drowned--Government Property Lost--Fears for Galveston's Future.
+
+
+Houston was the great rendezvous for supplies sent to Galveston, and they
+poured in there by the carload, beginning with Tuesday. The response to
+the appeal for aid by the people of Galveston, on the part of the United
+States, and, in fact, every country in the world, was prompt and generous.
+
+That relief was an absolute necessity was made apparent from the
+appearance of the refugees who began to flock into Houston as soon as the
+boats began to run to Galveston after the catastrophe. In addition to
+these, thousands of strangers arrived also, and the Houston authorities
+were at a loss as to what to do with them. Some of these visitors were
+from points far distant, who had relatives in the storm-stricken district,
+and had come to learn the worst regarding them; others there were who had
+come to volunteer their services in the relief work, but the greatest
+number consisted of curious sight-seers, almost frantic in their efforts
+to get to the stricken city and feed their eyes on the sickening,
+repulsive and disease-breeding scenes. In addition there were hundreds of
+the sufferers themselves, who had been brought out of their misery to be
+cared for here.
+
+The question of caring for these crowds came up at a mass meeting of the
+Houston general relief committee held Monday. Every incoming train brought
+scores more of people, and immediate action was necessary. It was decided
+finally to pitch tents in Emancipation Park, and there as many of the
+strangers as possible were cared for. The hotels could not accommodate
+one-tenth of them.
+
+First attention, naturally, was given the survivors of the storm. Mayor
+Brashear sent word to Mayor Jones of Galveston that all persons, no matter
+who they were, rich or poor, ill or well, should be sent to Houston as
+soon as possible. They would be well provided for, he said. The urgency of
+his message for the depopulation of Galveston, he explained, was that
+until sanitation could be restored in the wrecked city everybody possible
+should be sent away.
+
+It was estimated that nearly 1,000 of the unfortunate survivors were sent
+to Houston on Tuesday from Galveston in response to Mayor Brashear's
+request. Every building in Houston at all habitable was opened to them,
+and all the seriously ill comfortably housed. The others were made as
+comfortable as possible, but it was not only food and clothing that was
+wanted; the only relief some of them sought could not be furnished. They
+were grieving for lost ones left behind--fathers, mothers, sisters, wives
+and children. Nearly everybody had some relative missing, but few of them
+were certain whether they were dead or alive. All, however, were satisfied
+that they were dead.
+
+Men, bareheaded and barefooted, with sunken cheeks and hollow eyes; women
+and children with tattered clothing and bruised arms and faces, and mere
+infants with bare feet bruised and swollen, were among the crowds seen on
+the streets of Houston. Women of wealth and refinement, with hatless heads
+and gowns of rich material torn into shreds, were among the refugees. At
+times a man and his wife, and sometimes with one or two children, could be
+seen together, but such sights were infrequent, for nearly all who went
+to Houston had suffered the loss of one or more of their loved ones.
+
+But with all this suffering there was a marvelous amount of heroism shown.
+A week before most of these people had happy homes and their families were
+around them. The Tuesday following the disaster they were homeless,
+penniless and with nothing to look forward to. Yet there was scarcely any
+whimpering or complaining. They walked about the streets as if in a
+trance; they accepted the assistance offered them with heartfelt thanks,
+and apparently were greatly relieved at being away from the scenes of
+sorrow and woe at home. They were all made to feel at home in Houston,
+that they were welcome and that everything in the power of the people of
+Houston would be done for their comfort and welfare, and yet they seemed
+not to understand half that was said to them.
+
+John J. Moody, a member of the committee sent from Houston to take charge
+of the relief station at Texas City, reported to the Mayor of Houston on
+Tuesday as follows:
+
+"To the Mayor--Sir: On arriving at Lamarque this morning I was informed
+that the largest number of bodies was along the coast of Texas City.
+Fifty-six were buried yesterday and to-day within less than two miles,
+extending opposite this place and toward Virginia City. It is yet six
+miles farther to Virginia City, and the bodies are thicker where we are
+now than where they have been buried. A citizen inspecting in the opposite
+direction reports dead bodies thick for twenty miles.
+
+"The residents of this place have lost all--not a habitable building left,
+and they have been too busy disposing of the dead to look after personal
+affairs. Those who have anything left are giving it to the others, and
+yet there is real suffering. I have given away nearly all the bread I
+brought for our own use to hungry children.
+
+"A number of helpless women and beggared children were landed here from
+Galveston this afternoon and no place to go and not a bite to eat.
+To-morrow others are expected from the same place. Every ten feet along
+the wreck-lined coast tells of acts of vandalism; not a trunk, valise or
+tool chest but what has been rifled. We buried a woman this afternoon
+whose finger bore the mark of a recently removed ring."
+
+The United States government furnished several thousand tents for the
+Houston camp, which was under the supervision of the United States Marine
+Hospital authorities.
+
+
+TWENTY-EIGHT REGULARS DROWNED.
+
+General McKibbin, who was sent to Galveston by the War Department to
+investigate the conditions prevailing there, made the following official
+report on Wednesday, September 12:
+
+     "Houston, Texas, September 12, 1900.--Adjutant-General,
+     Washington.--Arrived at Galveston at 6 p. m., having been ferried
+     across bay in a yawl boat. It is impossible to adequately describe
+     the condition existing. The storm began about 9 a. m. Saturday and
+     continued with constantly increasing violence until after midnight.
+     The island was inundated; the height of the tide was from eleven to
+     thirteen feet. The wind was a cyclone. With few exceptions, every
+     building in the city is injured. Hundreds are entirely destroyed.
+
+     "All the fortifications except the rapid-fire battery at San Jacinto
+     are practically destroyed. At San Jacinto every building except the
+     quarantine station has been swept away. Battery O, First Artillery,
+     United States Army, lost twenty-eight men. The officers and their
+     families were all saved. Three members of the hospital corps lost.
+     Names will be sent as soon as possible. Loss of life on the island is
+     possibly more than 1,000. All bridges are gone, waterworks destroyed
+     and all telegraph lines are down.
+
+     "Colonel Roberts was in the city and made every effort to get
+     telegrams through. City under control of committee of citizens and
+     perfectly quiet.
+
+     "Every article of equipment or property pertaining to Battery O was
+     lost. Not a record of any kind is left. The men saved had nothing but
+     the clothing on their persons. Nearly all are without shoes or
+     clothing other than their shirts and trousers. Clothing necessary has
+     been purchased and temporary arrangements made for food and shelter.
+     There are probably 5,000 citizens homeless and absolutely destitute,
+     who must be clothed, sheltered and fed. Have ordered 20,000 rations
+     and tents for 1,000 people from Sam Houston. Have wired
+     Commissary-General to ship 30,000 rations by express. Lieutenant
+     Perry will make his way back to Houston and send this telegram.
+
+        "McKIBBIN."
+
+
+CONDITION OF THE GOVERNMENT WORKS.
+
+Captain Charles S. Riche, U. S. A., corps of engineers, when seen after he
+had completed a tour of inspection of the government works around
+Galveston, made the following statement:
+
+"The jetties are sunk nearly to mean low tide level, but not seriously
+breached. The channel is as good as before, perhaps better, twenty-five
+feet certainly.
+
+"Fort Crockett, fifteen-pounder implacements, concrete all right,
+standing on filling; water underneath. Battery for eight mortars about
+like preceding, and mortars and carriages on hand unmounted and in good
+shape. Shore line at Fort Crockett has moved back about 600 feet. At Fort
+San Jacinto the battery for eight twelve-inch mortars is badly wrecked,
+and magazines reported fallen in. The mortars are reported safe. No piling
+was under this battery. Some of the sand parapet is left. The battery for
+two ten-inch guns badly wrecked. Both gun platforms are down and guns
+leaning. The battery for two 4.7-inch rapid-fire guns, concrete standing
+upon piling, both guns apparently all right. The battery for two
+fifteen-pounder guns, concrete apparently all right, standing on piling.
+
+"Fort Travis, Bolivar Point--Battery for three fifteen-pounder guns,
+concrete intact, standing on piling. East gun down. Western gun probably
+all right. The shore line has moved back about 1,000 feet on the line of
+the rear of these batteries."
+
+Under the engineers' corps are the fortifications, built at a considerable
+expense; also the harbor improvements, upon which more than $8,000,000 had
+been expended.
+
+
+FEARED THE CITY WAS BEYOND REPAIR.
+
+"I fear Galveston is destroyed beyond its ability to recover," is the
+manner in which Quartermaster Baxter concluded his report, made September
+12, to the War Department at Washington. He recommended the continuance of
+his office only long enough to recover the office safes and close up
+accounts, and declared all government works were wrecked so restoration
+was impossible.
+
+This gloomy prophecy for the city's future was reflected in an official
+report to Governor Sayers, of Texas, by ex-State Treasurer Wortham, who
+spent a day at Galveston, investigating the situation. His statement
+claimed that 75 per cent of the city was demolished and gives little hope
+for rebuilding.
+
+Mr. Wortham, who acted as aid to Adjutant-General Scurry, Texas National
+Guard, during the inquiry, said in his report:
+
+"The situation at Galveston beggars description. I am convinced that the
+city is practically wrecked for all time to come.
+
+"Fully 75 per cent of the business of the town is irreparably wrecked, and
+the same per cent of damage is to be found in the residence district.
+Along the wharf front great ocean steamers have bodily bumped themselves
+on the big piers and lie there, great masses of iron and wood, that even
+fire cannot totally destroy. The great warehouses along the water front
+are smashed in on one side, unroofed and gutted throughout their length,
+their contents either piled in heaps on the wharves or along the streets.
+Small tugs and sailboats have jammed themselves half into the buildings,
+where they were landed by the incoming waves, and left by the receding
+waters. Houses are packed and jammed in great confusing masses in all of
+the streets.
+
+"Great piles of human bodies, dead animals, rotting vegetation, household
+furniture, and fragments of the houses themselves are piled in confused
+heaps right in the main streets of the city. Along the gulf front human
+bodies are floating around like cordwood. Intermingled with them are to be
+found the carcasses of horses, chickens, dogs, and rotting vegetable
+matter. Above all arises the foulest stench that ever emanated from any
+cesspool, absolutely sickening in its intensity and most dangerous to
+health in its effects.
+
+"Along the Strand adjacent to the gulf front, where are located all the
+big wholesale warehouses and stores, the situation is even worse. Great
+stores of fresh vegetation have been invaded by the incoming waters, and
+are now turned into garbage piles of most befouling odors. The gulf waters
+while on the land played at will with everything, smashing in doors of
+stores, depositing bodies of humans where they pleased, and then receded,
+leaving the wreckage to tell its own tale of how the work had been done.
+As a result, the great warehouses are tombs, wherein are to be found the
+dead bodies of human beings and carcasses, almost defying the efforts of
+relief parties.
+
+"In the pile of debris along the street, in the water, and scattered
+throughout the residence portion of the city, are to be found masses of
+wreckage, and in these great piles are to be found more human bodies and
+household furniture of every description.
+
+"Handsome pictures are seen lying alongside of the ice-cream freezers and
+resting beside the nude figure of some man or woman. These great masses of
+debris are not confined to any one particular section of the city.
+
+"The waters of the gulf and the winds spared no one who was exposed.
+Whirling houses around in its grasp, the wind piled their shattered frames
+high in confusing masses and dumped their contents on top.
+
+"Men and women were thrown around like so many logs of wood and left to
+rot in the withering sun.
+
+"I believe that with the best exertions of the men it will require weeks
+to secure some semblance of physical order in the city, and it is doubtful
+even then if all the debris will be disposed of.
+
+"I never saw such a wreck in my life. From the gulf front to the center of
+the island, from the ocean back, the storm wave left death and destruction
+in its wake.
+
+"There is hardly a family on the island whose household is not short a
+member or more, and in some instances entire families have been washed
+away or killed. Hundreds who escaped from the waves did so only to become
+victims of a worse death by being crushed by falling buildings.
+
+"Down in the business portion of the city the foundations of great
+buildings have given way, carrying towering structures to their ruin.
+These ruins, falling across the streets, formed barricades on which
+gathered all the floating debris and many human bodies. Many of these
+bodies were stripped of their clothing by the force of the water and the
+wind, and there was nothing to protect them from the scorching sun, the
+millions of flies, and the rapid invasion of decomposition that set in.
+
+"Many of the bodies have decayed so rapidly that they could not be handled
+for burial.
+
+"Some of the most conservative men on the island place the loss of human
+beings at not less than 7,500 and possibly 10,000, while others say it
+will not exceed 5,000."
+
+
+COAST CITIES NOT PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED.
+
+Chief Willis L. Moore, of the United States Weather Bureau at Washington,
+being asked his opinion of the idea of rebuilding Galveston on some other
+site, replied as follows:
+
+     "Weather Bureau, U. S., Washington, D. C., September 13, 1900.
+
+     "I should not advise the abandonment of the city of Galveston. It is
+     true that tropical hurricanes sometimes move westward across the
+     gulf and strike the Texas coast, but such movement is infrequent.
+     Within the last thirty years no storm of like severity has touched
+     any part of the coast of the United States. There are many points on
+     both the Atlantic and gulf coasts, some of them occupied by cities
+     the size of Galveston, that are equally exposed to the force of both
+     wind and water, should a hurricane move in from the ocean or gulf and
+     obtain the proper position relative to them. It would not be
+     advisable to abandon these towns and cities merely because there is a
+     remote probability that at some future time a hurricane may be the
+     cause of great loss of life and property.
+
+     "We have just passed through a summer that for sustained high
+     temperature has no parallel within the last thirty years. Records of
+     low temperature, torrential rains, and other meteorological phenomena
+     that have stood for twenty and thirty years are not infrequently
+     broken. There does not appear to be, so far as we know, any law
+     governing the occurrence or recurrence of storms. The vortex of a
+     hurricane is comparatively narrow, at most not more than twenty or
+     thirty miles in width. It is only within the vortex that such a great
+     calamity as has befallen Galveston can occur.
+
+     "It would seem that, rather than abandon the city, means should be
+     adopted at Galveston and other similarly exposed cities on the
+     Atlantic and gulf coasts to erect buildings only on heavy stone
+     foundations that should have solid interiors of masonry to a height
+     of ten feet above mean sea level. Rigid building regulations should
+     allow no other structures erected for habitations in the future in
+     any city located at sea level and that is exposed to the direct sweep
+     of the sea.
+
+     "But Galveston should take heart, as the chances are that not once
+     in a thousand years would she be so terribly stricken, and high,
+     solid foundations would doubtless make her impregnable to loss of
+     life by all future storms.
+
+        "WILLIS L. MOORE,
+            "Chief U. S. Weather Bureau."
+
+
+COURAGE OF GALVESTON'S BUSINESS MEN.
+
+The courage of Galveston's business men under the distressing conditions
+was shown by the utterances of Mr. Eustace Taylor, one of the best-known
+residents of that city, a cotton buyer known to the trade in all parts of
+the country. Mr. Taylor was asked on Thursday succeeding the flood for an
+opinion as to the future of Galveston.
+
+"I think," he said, "that what we have done here for the four days which
+have passed since the storm has been wonderful. It will take us two weeks
+before we can ascertain the actual commercial loss. But we are going to
+straighten out everything. We are going to stay here and work it out. We
+will have a temporary wharf within thirty days, and with that we can
+resume business and handle the traffic through Galveston.
+
+"I think that within thirty or forty days business will be carried on in
+no less volume than before. I am going to stand right up to Galveston.
+
+"If it costs me the last cent, I will stand up for Galveston. With our
+temporary wharf we shall put from 1,000 to 2,000 men at work loading
+vessels while we are waiting for the railroads to restore bridges and
+terminals on the island. We shall bring business by barges from Virginia
+Point and load in midstream. In this way we shall not only resume our
+commercial relations, but we shall be able to put the labor of the city at
+work.
+
+"This port holds the advantage over every other port of this country for
+accommodating 10,000,000 producers, and will accommodate millions of tons,
+and in inviting these millions, as we have, to continue their business
+through this port we must in our construction do it on the same lines
+employed by the communities of Boston, New York, Buffalo and Chicago, the
+stability of which was plainly illustrated in some structures recently
+erected in our community.
+
+"The port is all right. The ever-alert engineers in charge of the harbor
+here have already taken their soundings. The fullest depth of water
+remains. The jetties, with slight repair, are intact, and because of these
+conditions, which exist nowhere else for the territory and people it
+serves, the restoration will be more rapid than may be thought, and the
+flow of commerce will be as great, and for the courage and fortitude and
+foresight to look beyond the unhappy events of to-day, as prosperous and
+secure as in any part of our prosperous country."
+
+
+ELEVATORS AND GRAIN NOT BADLY DAMAGED.
+
+J. C. Stewart, a well-known grain elevator builder, arrived at Galveston
+on Thursday, in response to a telegram from General Manager M. E. Bailey,
+of the Galveston Wharf Company. He at once made an inspection of the grain
+elevators and their contents, and then said not 2 per cent of the
+elevators had been damaged. The spouts were intact, and elevator "A" would
+be ready to deliver grain to ships the following Sunday.
+
+The wheat in elevator "A" was loaded into vessels just as rapidly as they
+arrived at the elevator to take it. As soon as the elevator was emptied of
+its grain the wheat from elevator "Q" was transferred to it and loaded
+into ships. Very little of the wheat in elevator "B" had been injured,
+but the conveyors were swept away, and it was necessary to transfer the
+grain to elevator "A" in order to get it to the ships. Mr. Bailey put a
+large force of men to work clearing up each of the wharves, and the
+company was ready for new business all along the line within eight days.
+
+
+BURNING BODIES BY THE HUNDREDS.
+
+Pestilence could only be avoided here by cremation. That was the order of
+the day. Human corpses, dead animals and all debris were therefore to be
+submitted to the flames. On Thursday upwards of 400 bodies, mostly women
+and children, were cremated, and the work went rapidly on. They were
+gathered in heaps of twenty and forty bodies, saturated with kerosene and
+the torch applied.
+
+
+CONFLICT OF AUTHORITY BREEDS TROUBLE.
+
+A conflict of authority, due to a misunderstanding, precipitated a
+temporary disorganization of the policing of the city of Galveston on
+Thursday. When General Scurry, Adjutant-General of the Texas National
+Guard, arrived at Galveston on Tuesday night, with about 200 militia, from
+Houston, he at once conferred with the Chief of Police as to the plans for
+guarding property, protecting the lives of citizens and preserving law and
+order. An order was then issued by the Chief of Police to the effect that
+the soldiers should arrest all persons found carrying arms, unless they
+showed a written order, signed by the Chief of Police or Mayor of the
+city, giving them permission to go armed.
+
+Sheriff Thomas had, meantime, appointed and sworn in 150 special deputy
+sheriffs. These deputies were supplied with a ribboned badge of authority,
+but were not given any written or printed commission. Acting under the
+order issued by the Chief of Police, Major Hunt McCaleb, of Galveston, who
+was appointed as aide to General Scurry, issued an order to the militia to
+arrest all persons carrying arms without the proper authority. The result
+was that about fifty citizens wearing deputy sheriff badges were taken
+into custody by the soldiers and taken to police headquarters.
+
+The soldiers had no way of knowing by what authority the men were acting
+with these badges, and would listen to no excuses.
+
+General Scurry and Sheriff Thomas, hearing of the wholesale arrests,
+called at police headquarters and consulted with Acting Chief Amundsen.
+The latter referred General Scurry to Mayor Jones. Then General Scurry and
+Sheriff Thomas held a conference at the City Hall. These two officers soon
+arrived at an understanding, and an agreement was decided upon to the
+effect that all persons deputized as deputy sheriffs and all persons
+appointed as special officers should be permitted to carry arms and pass
+in and out of the guard lines. General Scurry suggested that the deputy
+sheriffs and special police--and the regular police, for that
+matter--guard the city during the daytime and that the militia take charge
+of the city at night.
+
+General Scurry was acting for and by authority granted by Mayor Jones, and
+promptly said he was there to work in harmony with the city and county
+authorities, and that there would be no conflict. When General Scurry and
+Sheriff Thomas called upon the Mayor, the Mayor said that he knew that if
+the Adjutant-General, the Chief of Police and the Sheriff would get
+together they could take care of the police work.
+
+It was known that people were coming to Galveston by the score; that many
+of them had no business there, and that the city had enough to do to watch
+the lawless element of Galveston, without being burdened with the care of
+outsiders.
+
+All deputy sheriffs wearing the badge issued by the Sheriff carried arms
+thereafter and made arrests, and were not interfered with in any way by
+the military guards.
+
+
+INADEQUATE TRANSPORTATION PREVENTS SUPPLIES FROM REACHING THE
+FAMINE-STRICKEN PEOPLE.
+
+On Thursday, September 13, train load after train load of provisions,
+clothing, disinfectants and medicines were lined up at Texas City, six
+miles from Galveston, all sent to the suffering survivors of the
+storm-swept city. Across the bay were thousands of people, friends of the
+dead and living, waiting for news of the missing ones and an opportunity
+to help, but only a meager amount of relief had at that time reached the
+stricken town. Two telegraph wires had been put up and partial
+communication restored to let the outside world know that conditions there
+were far more horrible than was at first supposed. That was about all. It
+was not that which was needed; it was a more practicable connection with
+the mainland. True, more boats had been pressed into service to carry
+succor to the suffering and the suffering to succor, but they were few and
+small, and although working diligently night and day the service was
+inadequate in the extreme. And the people were still suffering--the sick
+dying for want of medicine and care; the well growing desperate and in
+many cases gradually losing their reason.
+
+While there were many who could not be provided for because the necessary
+articles for them could not be carried in, there were hundreds who were
+being benefited. Those supplies which had arrived had been of great
+assistance, but they were far from ample to provide for even a small
+percentage of the sufferers, estimated at 30,000. Even the rich were
+hungry. An effort was being made on the part of the authorities to provide
+for those in the greatest need, but this was found to be difficult work,
+so many were there in sad condition. A rigid system of issuing supplies
+was established, and the regular soldiers and a number of citizens were
+sworn in as policemen. These attended to the issuing of rations as soon as
+the boats arrived.
+
+Every effort was put forth to reach the dying first, but all sorts of
+obstacles were encountered, because many of them were so badly maimed and
+wounded that they were unable to apply to the relief committees, and the
+latter were so burdened by the great number of direct applications that
+they were unable to send out messengers.
+
+The situation grew worse every minute; everything was needed for man and
+beast--disinfectants, prepared foods, hay, grain, and especially water and
+ice. Scores more of people died that day as a result of inattention and
+many more were on the verge of dissolution, for at best it was to be many
+days before a train could be run into the city, and the only hope was the
+arrival of more boats to transport the goods.
+
+The relief committee held a meeting and decided that armed men were needed
+to assist in burying the dead and clear the wreckage, and arrangements
+were made to fill this demand. There were plenty of volunteers for this
+work but an insufficiency of arms. The proposition of trying to pay for
+work was rejected by the committee, and it was decided to go ahead
+impressing men into service, issuing orders for rations only to those who
+worked or were unable to work.
+
+Word was received that refugees would be carried from the city to Houston
+free of charge. An effort was made to induce all who are able to leave to
+go, because the danger of pestilence was frightfully apparent.
+
+There was any number willing to depart, and each outgoing boat, after
+having unloaded its provisions, was filled with people. The safety of the
+living was a paramount consideration, and the action of the railroads in
+offering to carry refugees free of charge greatly relieved the situation.
+The workers had their hands full in any event, and the nurses and
+physicians also, for neglect, although unavoidable, often resulted in the
+death of many.
+
+It was estimated $2,500,000 would be needed for the relief work. The banks
+of Galveston subscribed $10,000, but personal losses of the citizens of
+Galveston had been so large that very few were able to subscribe anything.
+The confiscation of all foodstuffs held by wholesale grocers and others
+was decided upon early in the day by the relief committee. Starvation
+would inevitably ensue unless the supply was dealt out with great care.
+All kerosene oil was gone, and the gas works and electric lights were
+destroyed. The committee asked for a shipload of kerosene oil, a shipload
+of drinking water and tons of disinfectants, such as lime and
+formaldehyde, for immediate use, and money and food next. Not a tallow
+candle could be bought for gold, or light of any kind procured.
+
+No baker was making bread, and milk was remembered as a past luxury only.
+
+What was there to do with?
+
+Everything was gone in the way of ovens and utensils.
+
+It was absolutely necessary to let the outside world know the true state
+of things.
+
+The city was unable to help itself.
+
+In fact, a great part of the mighty, noble state of Texas was prostrate.
+
+Even the country at large was paralyzed at the sense of the magnitude of
+the disaster, and was for the time being powerless to do anything.
+
+The entire world was thrilled with alarm, it being instinctively felt that
+the worst had not yet been made known.
+
+Twenty-five thousand people had to be clothed and fed for many weeks, and
+many thousands supplied with household goods as well. Much money was
+required to make their residences even fit to live in.
+
+During the first few days after the disaster it was almost beyond
+possibility to make any estimate of the amount of money necessary to even
+temporarily relieve the sufferings of the unfortunate people.
+
+As a means of enlightenment, Major R. G. Lowe, business manager of the
+Galveston News, was asked to send out a statement to the Associated Press,
+for dissemination throughout the globe, and he accordingly dispatched the
+following to Colonel Charles S. Diehl, General Manager of the Associated
+Press at the headquarters in Chicago:
+
+     "Galveston, Texas, Sept. 12.--Charles S. Diehl, General Manager the
+     Associated Press, Chicago: A summary of the conditions prevailing at
+     Galveston is more than human intellect can master. Briefly stated,
+     the damage to property is anywhere between $15,000,000 and
+     $20,000,000. The loss of life cannot be computed. No lists could be
+     kept and all is simply guesswork. Those thrown out to sea and buried
+     on the ground wherever found will reach the horrible total of at
+     least 3,000 souls.
+
+     "My estimate of the loss on the island of the City of Galveston and
+     the immediate surrounding district is between 4,000 and 5,000 deaths.
+     I do not make this statement in fright or excitement. The whole story
+     will never be told, because it cannot be told. The necessities of
+     those living are total. Not a single individual escaped property
+     loss. The property on the island is wrecked; fully one-half totally
+     swept out of existence. What our needs are can be computed by the
+     world at large by the statement herewith submitted much better than I
+     could possibly summarize them. The help must be immediate.
+
+        "R. G. LOWE,
+            "Manager Galveston News."
+
+Thursday evening at the Tremont Hotel, in Galveston, occurred a wedding
+that was not attended with music and flowers and a gathering of
+merrymaking friends and relatives. On the contrary, it was peculiarly sad.
+Mrs. Brice Roberts expected some day to marry Earnest Mayo; the storm
+which desolated so many homes deprived her of almost everything on
+earth--father, mother, sister and brother. She was left destitute. Her
+sweetheart, too, was a sufferer. He lost much of his possessions in
+Dickinson, but he stepped bravely forward and took his sweetheart to his
+home.
+
+Galveston began, September 14, to emerge from the valley of the shadow of
+death into which she had been plunged for nearly a week, and on that day,
+for the first time, actual progress was made toward clearing up the city.
+The bodies of those killed and drowned in the storm had for the most part
+been disposed of. A large number was found when the debris was removed
+from wrecked buildings, but on that date there were no corpses to be seen
+save those occasionally cast up by the sea. As far as sight, at least, was
+concerned, the city was cleared of its dead.
+
+They had been burned, thrown into the water, buried--anything to get them
+quickly out of sight. The chief danger of pestilence was due almost
+entirely to the large number of unburied cattle lying upon the island,
+whose decomposing carcasses polluted the air to an almost unbearable
+extent. This, however, was not in the city proper, but was a condition
+prevailing on the outskirts of Galveston. One great trouble heretofore had
+been the inability to organize gangs of laborers for the purpose of
+clearing the streets.
+
+
+THE SAD SITUATION FOUR DAYS AFTER THE CATASTROPHE.
+
+The situation in the stricken city on Wednesday, September 12, was
+horrible indeed. Men, women and children were dying for want of food and
+scores went insane from the terrible strain to which they had been
+subjected.
+
+In his appeal to the country for aid, issued on Tuesday, September 11,
+Mayor Walter J. Jones said fully 5,000 people had lost their lives during
+the hurricane, this estimate being based upon personal information.
+Captain Charles Clarke, a vessel-owner of Galveston, and a reliable man,
+said the death list would be even greater than that, and he was backed in
+his opinion by several other conservative men who had no desire to
+exaggerate the losses, but felt that they are justified in letting the
+country know the full extent of the disaster in order that the necessary
+relief might be supplied.
+
+It was the general opinion that to hide any of the facts would be
+criminal.
+
+Captain Clarke was not a sensationalist, but he well knew that the truth
+was what the people of the United States wanted at that time.
+
+If the people of the country at large felt they were being deceived in
+anything they would be apt to close their pocketbooks and refuse to give
+anything.
+
+If told the truth they would respond to the appeal for aid generously.
+
+When relief finally began to pour in it was remarkable how soon the women
+of the city plucked up courage, and went to work with the men.
+
+They had suffered frightfully, but they refused to give up hope.
+
+Many called upon the mayor and offered their services as nurses.
+
+Others prepared bandages for the wounded and aided the physicians in
+procuring medicines for the sick.
+
+They went among the men who were engaged in burying and otherwise
+disposing of the dead and cheered them with bright faces and soothing
+words.
+
+They were everywhere, and their presence was as rays of sunshine after the
+black clouds of the storm.
+
+A regular fleet of steamers and barges was plying between Galveston and
+Texas City, only six miles distant, and which had railway communication
+with all parts of the United States. As the railroad line to Texas City
+had been repaired, trains were sent in there as close together as
+possible, but this did not prevent many hundreds in Galveston from dying
+of starvation and lack of medical attendance.
+
+
+A CITY OFFICIAL'S VERSION OF THE REIGN OF TERROR
+
+A leading city official of Galveston gave the following version of the
+Reign of Terror, as the regime of the thugs and ghouls was called:
+
+"Galveston suffered in every conceivable way since the catastrophe of
+Saturday. Hurricane and flood came first; then famine, and then vandalism.
+Scores of reckless criminals flocked to the city by the first boats that
+landed there, and were unchecked in their work of robbery of the helpless
+dead Monday and Tuesday.
+
+"Wednesday, however, Captain Rafferty, commanding the regulars at the
+beach barracks, sent seventy men of an artillery company there to do guard
+duty in the streets, and, being ordered to promptly shoot all those found
+looting, carried out their instructions to the letter.
+
+"Over 100 ghouls were shot Wednesday afternoon and evening, and no mercy
+was shown vandals. If they were not killed at the first volley the
+troops--regulars of the United States army and those of the Texas National
+Guard--saw that the coup de grace was administered.
+
+"Most of the robbers were negroes, and when executed were found loaded
+with spoil--jewelry wrenched from the bodies of women, money and watches
+and silverware and other articles taken from residences and business
+houses.
+
+"Not only had these fiends robbed the dead, but they mutilated the bodies
+as well, in many instances fingers and ears of dead women being amputated
+in order to secure the jewelry. Some of the business organizations of the
+city also furnished guards to assist in patroling the streets, and fully
+1,000 men are now on duty.
+
+Wednesday evening the regulars shot forty-nine ghouls after they had been
+tried by court-martial, having found them in possession of large
+quantities of plunder. The vandals begged for mercy, but none was shown
+them and they were speedily put out of the way. The bandits, as a rule,
+obtained transportation to the city by representing themselves as having
+been engaged to do relief work and to aid in burying the dead. Shortly
+after the first bunch of thieves was executed another party of twenty was
+shot. The outlaws were afterward put out of the way by twos and threes, it
+being their habit to travel in gangs and never alone. In every instance
+the pockets of these bandits were found filled with plunder.
+
+More than 2,000 bodies had been thrown into the sea up to Wednesday night,
+this having been decided upon by the authorities as the only way of
+preventing a visitation of pestilence, which, they felt, should not be
+added to the horrors the city had already experienced. Tuesday evening,
+shortly before darkness set in, three barges, containing 700 bodies, were
+sent out to sea, the corpses being thrown into the water after being
+heavily weighted to prevent the possibility of their afterwards coming to
+the surface. As there were few volunteers for this ghastly work, troops
+and police officers were sent out to impress men for the service, but
+while these unwilling laborers, after being filled with liquor, agreed to
+handle the bodies of white men, women and children, nothing could induce
+them to touch the negro dead. Finally city firemen came forward and
+attended to the disposal of the corpses of the colored victims. These were
+badly decomposed, and it was absolutely necessary to get them out of the
+way to prevent infection.
+
+No attempt had been made so far to gather up the dead at night because the
+gas and electric light plants were so badly damaged that they could
+furnish no illumination whatever. By Thursday night, however, some of the
+arc lights were ready for use. Since Wednesday morning no efforts at
+identification were made by the searchers after the dead, it being
+imperative that the bodies be disposed of as soon as possible. While the
+barges containing the bodies were on their way out to sea lists were made,
+but that was the only care taken in regard to the victims, many of whom
+were among the most prominent people of the city. Of the hundreds buried
+at Virginia Point and other places along the coast not 10 per cent were
+identified, the stakes at the heads of the hastily dug graves simply being
+marked, "White woman, aged 30," "White man, aged 45," or "Male" or "Female
+child."
+
+Ninety-six bodies were buried at Texas City, all but eight of which
+floated to that place from Galveston. Some were identified, but the great
+majority were not. State troops were stationed at Texas City and Virginia
+Point to prevent those who could not give a satisfactory account of
+themselves from boarding boats bound for Galveston. In burying the dead
+along the shore of the gulf no coffins were used, the supply being
+exhausted. There was no time to knock even an ordinary pine box together.
+Cases were known where people have buried their dead in their yards.
+
+As soon as possible the work of cremating the bodies of the dead began.
+Vast funeral pyres were erected and the corpses placed thereon, the
+incineration being under the supervision of the fire department. Matters
+had come to such a pass that even the casting of bodies into the sea was
+not only dangerous to those who handled them, but there was the utmost
+danger in carrying the decomposed, putrefying masses of human flesh
+through the streets to the barges on the beach. The cemeteries were not
+fit for burial purposes, and no attempt whatever was made to reach them
+until the ground was thoroughly dried out. Then the bodies of those buried
+in private grounds, yards and in the sands along the beach, not only on
+Galveston Island, but at Virginia Point and Texas City, were removed to
+the public places of interment, where suitable memorials were set up to
+mark their last resting places. It might have been deemed unfeeling and
+even brutal, but the fact was that the bodies of the unidentified victims
+received small consideration, being handled roughly by the workmen, and
+thrown into the temporary graves along the beach as though they were
+animals and not the remains of human beings. No prayers were uttered save
+in isolated instances, and the poor mangled bodies were consigned to the
+trench as hurriedly as possible. The burying parties had no time for
+sentiment, and so accustomed had the workers in the "dead gangs," as they
+were named, become to their grewsome task that they even laughed and joked
+when laying away the corpses.
+
+Special attention was given the wounded. Physicians were on duty all the
+time, some of them not having been to bed since Friday night longer than
+an hour at a time. Victims not badly hurt were put aside for those
+suffering and actually requiring the services of surgeons. There were
+thousands of them. There were few in Galveston who did not bear the marks
+of wounds of some sort.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Thrilling Experiences of People During the Great Storm--Eighty-five
+Persons Perish by Being Blown from a Train--Adventures of Survivors at
+Galveston.
+
+
+The experiences and adventures of those who were in the great and
+disastrous storm and escaped only after undergoing frightful anxiety, make
+interesting reading. Those who emerged in safety from the fearful vortex
+were unusually fortunate, when it is considered that possibly 8,000
+persons in Galveston lost their lives and hundreds fell victims to the
+fury of the hurricane in the territory adjacent to the ill-fated city.
+
+Hon. John H. Poe, member of the Louisiana State Board of Education, and
+residing at Lake Charles, La., was present when eighty-five passengers on
+the Gulf & Interstate train which left Beaumont early Saturday morning
+from Bolivar Point lost their lives. Mr. Poe was one of the passengers on
+this train and fortunately, together with a few others, sought safety in
+the lighthouse at Bolivar Point and was saved. The train reached Bolivar
+about noon and all preparations were made to run the train on the
+ferryboat preparatory to crossing the bay. But the wind blew so swiftly
+that the ferry could not make a landing and the conductor of the train,
+after allowing it to stand on the tracks for a few minutes, started to
+back it back toward Beaumont. The wind increased so rapidly, coming in
+from the open sea, that soon the water had reached a level with the bottom
+of the seats within the cars. It was then that some of the passengers
+sought safety in the nearby lighthouse, but in spite of all efforts
+eighty-five passengers were blown away or drowned. The train was entirely
+wrecked. Some of the killed were from New Orleans, as the train made
+direct connections with the Southern Pacific train which left New Orleans
+Friday night.
+
+Those who were saved had to spend over fifty hours in the dismal
+lighthouse on almost no rations. The experience was one they will remember
+as one of the most terrible of their whole lives.
+
+
+COMMERCIAL TRAVELER'S EXPERIENCE IN GALVESTON.
+
+A graphic description of one man's experience was given by a commercial
+traveler--William Van Eaton. He reached Galveston Saturday morning. His
+narrative is especially interesting, because it shows with what suddenness
+the storm assumed a dangerous character.
+
+"There was high wind and rain," said he, "but so little was thought of it,
+however, that myself and some acquaintances started down to the beach. The
+water came up so rapidly that we turned and hurried toward the Tremont
+Hotel. Before we reached it we had to wade in water waist deep.
+
+"Within a few minutes," he went on to say, "women and children began to
+flock to the hotel for refuge. All were panic-stricken. I saw two women,
+one with a child, trying to get to the hotel. They were drowned not 300
+yards from us."
+
+Mr. Van Eaton was one of the first to cross from Galveston to the mainland
+after the storm subsided. He paid $15 to a boatman to make the crossing.
+When he reached the point he found an engine and a caboose chained
+together, with the water several feet deep around them. While he waited in
+the caboose for the water to go down the bodies of two men and a boy
+floated against it, and the trainmen tied them to one end of the car. Mr.
+Van Eaton counted fourteen bodies that had drifted in from the bay, all
+showing that they had been dashed against wreckage.
+
+
+ONLY ONE OUT OF FIFTY PEOPLE SAVED.
+
+Patrick Joyce, a railroad man, who passed through the storm at Galveston
+in 1872, suffered such hardships in that city Saturday morning that he was
+convinced that the storm at that time was only a "mild little blow" in
+comparison. He was one of the refugees picked up at Lamarque.
+
+"It began raining in Galveston early Saturday morning," he said. "About 9
+o'clock work was discontinued by the company, and I left for home. I got
+there about 11 o'clock and found about three feet of water in the yard. It
+began to get worse and worse, the water getting higher and the wind
+stronger, until it was almost as bad as the gulf itself with its raging
+torrents. Finally the house was taken off its foundation and demolished.
+
+"There were nine families in the house, which was a large two-story frame,
+and of the fifty people residing there myself and niece were the only ones
+who could get away. I managed to find a raft of driftwood or wreckage and
+got on it, going with the tide. I had not got far before I was struck with
+some wreckage and my niece knocked out of my arms. I could not save her,
+and had to see her drown.
+
+"I was carried on and on with the tide, sometimes on a raft, and again I
+was thrown from it by coming in contact with some pieces of timber, parts
+of houses, logs, cisterns and other things which were floating around in
+the gulf and bay. Many and many a knock I got on my head and body, until
+I was black and blue all over. The wind was blowing at a terrific rate of
+speed and the waves were away up.
+
+"I drifted and swam all night, not knowing where I was going or in what
+direction. About 3 o'clock in the morning I began to feel the hard ground,
+and then I knew I was on the mainland. I wandered around until I came to a
+house, and there a person gave me some clothes. I had lost most of mine
+soon after I started, and only wore a coat.
+
+"I was in the water about seven hours, and this sensation, together with
+the feeling of all these bruises I have on my head and body, is not a
+pleasant one. I managed to save my own life through the hardest kind of a
+struggle, but I thought more than once I was done for, and I lost all I
+had in this world--relatives who were dear to me, home and all."
+
+
+HEROISM OF A HOTEL-KEEPER IN SAVING LIVES.
+
+James Black, a well-known merchant at Morgan's Point, saved nine lives
+during the storm. The story of his heroism was told by W. S. Wall of
+Houston, Tex., who has a summer home at Morgan's Point.
+
+"My wife was taking supper at the Black Hotel," said Mr. Wall, "when Mr.
+Black rushed into the dining-room and called upon all to fly for their
+lives. The tidal wave was on them in an instant, and almost before they
+could leave the hotel to go to a higher point where the Vincent residence
+stood, some five or six blocks away, the rushing waters were all about
+them more than three feet deep.
+
+"Mr. Black, struggling against the elements, bore my wife in safety to the
+Vincent home, miraculously escaping being crushed by a heavy log which
+the rushing waters carried along the pathway of escape. Returning
+immediately to the hotel, Mr. Black in like manner brought safely to the
+Vincent home his aged father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. James Black, Sr. His
+next act of heroism was to rescue Mrs. Rushmore, her two daughters, two
+grandchildren and another woman whose name I cannot recall. The Vincent
+home withstood the storm, but the Black Hotel was wrecked.
+
+"Louis Braquet, manager of the Black Hotel, was engulfed in the waves and
+gave up his life in the successful rescue of his wife and a colored
+servant girl."
+
+
+SPENT A MOST THRILLING NIGHT.
+
+F. T. Woodward, who was a passenger on the first train to arrive at
+Dallas, Tex., from Houston, the Monday night succeeding the catastrophe,
+spent a thrilling Saturday night in the Grand Central station in the
+latter city. One hundred and fifty other persons shared his memorable
+experiences.
+
+"The depot, standing as it does isolated and alone," said Mr. Woodward,
+"was exposed to the full force of the hurricane, and the first strong gust
+at 8 o'clock was followed by a sound of shattering glass. Several of the
+windows of the general offices overhead had given away under the almost
+irresistible pressure. This was the beginning of seven hours of mortal
+dread.
+
+"The storm continued to rage with unabated fury and the roar of the wind
+was accompanied by the sound of crashing glass, as one after another of
+the many windows was torn from its fastenings and shattered against the
+brick walls of the building or upon the sidewalk below. Women clasped
+their children in their arms, as though they expected to be torn asunder
+the next moment. Men began to scan the pillars and partition walls
+supporting the floor above and to take up such positions as seemed to be
+most conducive to safety in the event the huge building was razed by the
+storm.
+
+"The crashing of glass was soon followed by a sound of ripping and
+tearing. Section after section of the tin roof was rolled up like sheets
+of parchment and hurled hundreds of feet away. To add to the terror and
+confusion, the electric lights suddenly went out and the building was left
+in darkness, except where the trainmen with their lanterns stood.
+
+"Then many moved toward the main entrance of the building, with the
+evident intention of seeking other quarters, but they were checked at the
+door by the blinding sheet of water which was being driven by the wind
+with mighty force, and which lay between them and any place of refuge.
+They appeared to hesitate between a choice of being drenched by water and
+possibly struck by a flying section of roof and of remaining in the depot
+until the end.
+
+"The question was soon settled. Even as they looked the roof of the Grand
+Central Hotel was torn off, many of its inmates rushing into the street.
+Almost simultaneously a wail went up from the people in the Lawlor Hotel
+as the big skylight on top was torn loose and fell crashing down the
+shaft, causing pandemonium. This seemed to satisfy those in the depot that
+no haven of safety could be found, and they determined to make the best of
+the situation.
+
+"Just then, above the roar of the wind, the crashing of glass and the
+flapping and pounding and tearing of tin, a new sound was heard. It was
+that of falling brick. Every one stood crouched, prepared to leap to
+either side as the occasion might require. Every one realized the gravity
+of the situation, but, there was no shrieking, no fainting. Every woman
+stood the ordeal with such fortitude as to lend courage to even the
+faintest-hearted man. Even the babies were mute and clung to their
+mothers' necks in breathless despair.
+
+"Nearer and nearer came that awful rumbling. A shower of brick and mortar
+fell in the rear of the women's waiting-room. Nothing remained of the
+tin-covered awning. Few if any doubted that the end had come and that in
+another moment all would be buried beneath the ruins.
+
+"Suddenly the sound ceased. The brick had fallen and the lower story of
+the building remained intact. It was soon learned that the entire wall
+stood unbroken and that the fall of brick and mortar was but the collapse
+of several large chimneys surmounting the top of the building.
+
+"As soon as this became known the effect upon the awe-stricken mass was
+electrical. Men lighted cigars, women cheered and laughed, and, though
+more chimneys fell, more glass was shivered and the loosened tin on the
+roof continued to pound furiously until nearly 3 o'clock in the morning,
+there was no more panic, and all felt that the building would withstand
+the fury of the storm. And it did."
+
+
+HOW HE GOT INTO AND OUT OF GALVESTON.
+
+A. V. Kellogg, civil engineer in the employ of the Houston and Texas
+Central Railroad, with headquarters at Houston, told an interesting story
+of how he got into and out of Galveston during and after the great storm,
+and of his observations in the stricken city. He went to Galveston
+Saturday morning, over the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Road, arriving
+a few hours after the storm began.
+
+"When we crossed the bridge over Galveston Bay, going into Galveston,"
+said Mr. Kellogg, "the water had reached an elevation equal to the bottom
+caps of the pile bents, or two feet below the level of the track. After
+crossing the bridge and reaching a point some two miles beyond, we were
+stopped by reason of a washout of the track ahead, and were compelled to
+wait one hour for a relief train to come over the Galveston, Houston and
+Henderson track. During this period of one hour the water rose a foot and
+a half, running over the rails of the track.
+
+"The relief train signaled us to return half a mile to higher ground,
+where the passengers were transferred, the train crew leaving with the
+passengers and going on the relief train. The water had reached an
+elevation of eight or ten inches above the Galveston, Houston and
+Henderson track, and was flowing in a westward direction at a terrific
+speed. The train crew was compelled to wade ahead of the engine and
+dislodge driftwood from the track.
+
+"At 1:15 we arrived at the Santa Fe Union Depot. At that period of the day
+the wind was increasing and had then reached a velocity of about
+thirty-five miles an hour.
+
+"After arriving at Galveston I immediately went to the Tremont Hotel,
+where I remained the balance of the day and during the night. At 5:30 the
+water had begun to creep into the rotunda of the hotel, and by 8 o'clock
+it was twenty-six inches above the floor of the hotel, or about six and
+one-half feet above the street level.
+
+"The front windows of the hotel were blown out, the roof was torn off and
+the skylights over the rotunda fell crashing on the floor below. The
+refugees began to come into the hotel between 5:30 and 8 o'clock, until at
+least 800 or 1,000 persons had sought safety there. The floors were strewn
+with people all during the night.
+
+"Manager George Korst did everything in his power to help the sufferers
+from the effects of the storm and to give them shelter. When the wind was
+blowing from the northeast it was at a velocity of about forty-five miles
+an hour, but at 8 o'clock it had reached the climax, the speed then being
+fully 100 miles. The vibration of the hotel was not unlike that of a box
+car in motion. I tried to sleep that night, but there was so much noise
+and confusion from the crashing of buildings that I could not get any
+rest.
+
+"I arose early Sunday morning. The sights in the streets were simply
+appalling. The water on Tremont street had lowered some eight feet from
+the high-water mark, leaving the pavement clear for two blocks north and
+seven blocks south of the Tremont Hotel. The streets were full of debris,
+the wires were all down and the buildings were in a very much damaged
+condition. Every building in the business district was damaged to some
+extent, with but one or two exceptions, noticeably the Levy Building and
+Union Depot, both of which remain intact and went through the storm
+without a scratch.
+
+"The refugees came pouring into the heart of the city, many of them having
+but little clothing, and scores were almost naked. They were homeless and
+without food or drink, and many had lost their all and were really in
+destitute circumstances.
+
+"Mayor Jones issued a call for a mass meeting, which was held Sunday
+morning at 9 o'clock, and was attended by a large number of prominent
+citizens. Steps were taken to furnish provisions and relieve the suffering
+of the refugees and bury the dead.
+
+"A conservative estimate of the number of people killed or drowned is from
+1,500 to 3,000.
+
+"Early in the morning it was learned that the water supply had been cut
+off from some unknown reason. I presume that it was caused by the English
+ship which was blown up against the bridges, cutting the pipes. At all
+events the city was without water, and something had to be done by the
+citizens of Houston to relieve the situation. People who had depended on
+cisterns, of course, had their resources swept away, and there were but
+few large reservoirs to be found in the business district.
+
+"The scene on the docks was a terrible one. The small working fleet and
+the larger schooners were washed up over the docks and railroad tracks in
+frightful confusion. The Mallory docks were demolished. The elevators were
+torn in shreds. Three ocean liners were anchored off the docks and seemed
+to be in good condition. The damage to the shipping interests is something
+immense, the Huntington improvements being entirely swept away.
+
+"I tried to get out of the town as quick as I could, and succeeded in
+securing passage on the first sloop which sailed, the Annie K., Captain
+Willoughby. We sailed from the Twenty-second slip at 11 o'clock, with
+seven people aboard. When we got outside of the harbor we found a terrible
+gale blowing and the sea running very high. Under three reefs and the peak
+down, we set our course for North Galveston.
+
+"As we passed Pelican Flats we could see the English steamer anchored off
+over toward where the railroad bridge should be, and came to the
+conclusion that she had evidently broken the water mains and cut the
+supply off from the city. Another ocean liner could be seen off the shore
+of Texas City, in what would seem to have been about two feet of water in
+a normal tide.
+
+"We passed within a few hundred yards of where the Half-Moon Lighthouse
+once stood, but could see no evidence of the lighthouse, it being
+completely washed away.
+
+"The waters of the bay were strewn with hundreds of carcasses of dead
+animals. We had a very hazardous passage, running against a five-mile
+tide, but managed to reach North Galveston at 1:35 o'clock.
+
+"At North Galveston we found that a tidal wave had crossed the peninsula,
+carrying destruction in its path. The factory building and the opera-house
+were completely blown down and other buildings destroyed. While there were
+no deaths reported at North Galveston, there were many hardships endured
+during the battle with the elements."
+
+
+NEWSPAPER MAN'S GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOOD.
+
+"It was one of the most awful tragedies of modern times which has visited
+Galveston. The city is in ruins and the dead will number probably 1,000."
+
+So says Richard Spillane, a well-known Galveston newspaper man, the first
+of his profession to come from the stricken city after the hurricane, and
+who arrived at Houston, after a perilous trip. He continued:
+
+"I am just from the city, having been commissioned by the Mayor and
+Citizens' Committee to get in touch with the outside world and appeal for
+help. Houston was the nearest point at which working telegraph instruments
+could be found, the wires, as well as nearly all the buildings, between
+here and the Gulf of Mexico being wrecked.
+
+"When I left Galveston, shortly before noon yesterday, the people were
+organizing for the prompt burial of the dead, the distribution of food
+and all necessary work after a period of disaster.
+
+"The wreck of Galveston was brought about by a tempest so terrible that no
+words can adequately describe its intensity, and by a flood which turned
+the city into a raging sea. The Weather Bureau records show that the wind
+attained a velocity of eighty-four miles an hour, when the measuring
+instruments blew away, so it is impossible to tell what was the maximum.
+
+"The storm began at 2 o'clock Saturday morning. Previous to that a great
+storm had been raging in the gulf, and the tide was very high. The wind at
+first came from the north and was in direct opposition to the force from
+the gulf. While the storm in the gulf piled the water upon the beach side
+of the city, the north wind piled the water from the bay onto the bay part
+of the city.
+
+"About noon it became evident that the city was going to be visited with
+disaster. Hundreds of residences along the beach front were hurriedly
+abandoned, the families fleeing to dwellings in higher portions of the
+city. Every home was opened to the refugees, black or white. The winds
+were rising constantly, and it rained in torrents. The wind was so fierce
+that the rain cut like a knife.
+
+"By 5 o'clock the waters of the gulf and bay met, and by dark the entire
+city was submerged. The flooding of the electric light plant and the gas
+plants left the city in darkness. To go upon the streets was to court
+death. The wind was then at cyclonic velocity. Roofs, cisterns, portions
+of buildings, telegraph poles and walls were falling, and the noise of the
+wind and the crashing of the buildings were terrifying in the extreme.
+
+"The wind and waters rose steadily from dark until 1:45 o'clock Sunday
+morning. During all this time the people of Galveston were like rats in
+traps. The highest portion of the city was four to five feet under water,
+while in the great majority of cases the streets were submerged to a depth
+of ten feet. To leave a house was to drown. To remain was to court death
+in the wreckage. Such a night of agony has seldom been equaled.
+
+"Without apparent reason, the waters suddenly began to subside at 1:45
+a. m. Within twenty minutes they had gone down two feet, and before
+daylight the streets were practically freed of the flood waters. In the
+meantime the wind had veered to the southeast.
+
+"Very few if any buildings escaped injury. There is hardly a habitable dry
+house in the city. When the people who had escaped death went out at
+daylight to view the work of the tempest and the floods they saw the most
+horrible sights imaginable.
+
+"In the three blocks from Avenue N to Avenue P, in Tremont street, I saw
+eight bodies. Four corpses were in one yard. The whole of the business
+front for three blocks in from the gulf was stripped of every vestige of
+habitation, the dwellings, the great bathing establishments, the Olympia
+and every structure having been either carried out to sea or its ruins
+piled in a pyramid far into the town, according to the vagaries of the
+tempest.
+
+"The first hurried glance over the city showed that the largest
+structures, supposed to be the most substantially built, suffered the
+greatest. The Orphans' Home, Twenty-first street and Avenue M, fell like a
+house of cards. How many dead children and refugees are in the ruins could
+not be ascertained.
+
+"Of the sick in St. Mary's Infirmary, together with the attendants, only
+eight are understood to have been saved.
+
+"The Old Woman's Home, on Rosenberg avenue, collapsed, and the Rosenberg
+Schoolhouse is a mass of wreckage. The Ball High School is but an empty
+shell, crushed and broken. Every church in the city, with possibly one or
+two exceptions, is in ruins.
+
+"At the forts nearly all the soldiers are reported dead, they having been
+in temporary quarters, which gave them no protection against the tempest
+or the flood.
+
+"The bay front from end to end is in ruins. Nothing but piling and the
+wreck of great warehouses remains. The elevators lost all their superworks
+and their stocks are damaged by water.
+
+"The life-saving station at Fort Point was carried away, the crew being
+swept across the bay fourteen miles to Texas City. I saw Captain Haines
+yesterday and he told me that his wife and one of his crew were drowned.
+
+"The shore at Texas City contains enough wreckage to rebuild a city. Eight
+persons who were swept across the bay during the storm were picked up
+there alive. Five corpses were also picked up. In addition to the living
+and the dead which the storm cast up at Texas City, caskets and coffins
+from one of the cemeteries at Galveston were fished out of the water
+there.
+
+"The cotton mills, the bagging factory, the gas works, the electric light
+works and nearly all the industrial establishments of the city are either
+wrecked or crippled. The flood left a slime about one inch deep over the
+whole city, and unless fast progress is made in burying corpses and
+carcasses of animals there is danger of pestilence.
+
+"Some of the stories of the escapes are miraculous. William Nisbett, a
+cotton man, was buried in the ruins of the Cotton Exchange saloon, and
+when dug out in the morning had no further injury than a few bruised
+fingers.
+
+"Dr. S. O. Young, secretary of the Cotton Exchange, was knocked senseless
+when his house collapsed, but was revived by the water and carried ten
+blocks by the hurricane.
+
+"A woman who had just given birth to a child was carried from her home to
+a house a block distant, the men who were carrying her having to hold her
+high above their heads, as the water was five feet deep when she was
+moved.
+
+"Many stories were current of houses falling and inmates escaping.
+Clarence N. Ousley, editor of the Galveston Evening Tribune, had his
+family and the families of two neighbors in his house when the lower half
+crumbled and the upper part slipped down into the water. Not one in the
+house was hurt.
+
+"Of the Lavine family, six out of seven are reported dead. Of the Burnett
+family only one is known to have been saved. The family of Stanley G.
+Spencer, who met death in the Cotton Exchange saloon, is reported to be
+dead.
+
+"The Mistrot House, in the west end, was turned into a hospital. All of
+the regular hospitals of the city were unavailable.
+
+"Of the new Southern Pacific works little remains but the piling. Half a
+million feet of lumber was carried away, and Engineer Boschke says, as far
+as the company is concerned, it might as well start over again.
+
+"Eight ocean steamers were torn from their moorings and stranded in the
+bay. The Kendall Castle was carried over the flats from the Thirty-third
+street wharf to Texas City and lies in the wreckage of the Inman pier. The
+Norwegian steamer Gyller is stranded between Texas City and Virginia
+Point. An ocean liner was swirled around through the West Bay, crashed
+through the bay bridges and is now lying in a few feet of water near the
+wreckage of the railroad bridges. The steamship Taunton was carried across
+Pelican Point and is stranded about ten miles up toward East Bay. The
+Mallory steamer Alamo was torn from her wharf and dashed upon Pelican
+flats and the bow of the British steamer Red Cross, which had previously
+been hurled there. The stern of the Alamo is stove in and the bow of the
+Red Cross is crushed.
+
+"Down the channel to the jetties two other ocean steamships lie grounded.
+Some schooners, barges and smaller craft are strewn bottom side up along
+the slips of the piers. The tug Louise of the Houston Direct Navigation
+Company is also a wreck.
+
+"It will take a week to tabulate the dead and the missing and to get
+anything near an approximate idea of the monetary loss. It is safe to
+assume that one-half of the property of the city is wiped out and that
+one-half of the residents have to face absolute poverty.
+
+"At Texas City three of the residents were drowned. One man stepped into a
+well by a mischance and his corpse was found there. Two other men ventured
+along the bay front during the height of the storm and were killed. There
+are but few buildings at Texas City that do not tell the story of the
+storm. The hotel is a complete ruin.
+
+"For ten miles inland from the shore it is a common sight to see small
+craft, such as steam launches, schooners and oyster sloops. The life boat
+of the life-saving station was carried half a mile inland, while a vessel
+that was anchored in Moses Bayou lies high and dry five miles up from
+Lamarque."
+
+
+WENT THROUGH THE STORM OF 1875.
+
+"The great storm which has just devastated Galveston reminds me of the
+terrible equinoctial storm that swept over that city in September, 1875,"
+said Dr. Henry Stanhope Bunting of room 500, 57 Washington street,
+Chicago.
+
+"At that time I was a resident of Galveston, and my experience was similar
+to that of many others who escaped. The loss of life and property was
+great.
+
+"The situation of Galveston exposes the city to the waves whenever there
+is a severe windstorm. The island is thirty miles long and quite narrow.
+It is really only a great sand bar, rising four to five feet above the
+surface of the gulf. At their highest point the sand banks are not more
+than ten feet above the normal surface of the water.
+
+"The city is built at the northern end of the island at the entrance to
+Galveston Bay. The opening to the bay between the end of the island and
+the mainland gives the water a free sweep over the jetties when a heavy
+wind is blowing. In this way waves running several feet high pour immense
+volumes of water into the bay, causing its waters to rise many feet and
+flood the lowlands. In the rush of the waters back toward the gulf the
+narrow channel entrance to the bay is not a sufficient outlet and the
+flood sweeps into the city.
+
+"It is seldom that the equinoctial storms are so severe that the back flow
+of the water inundates the island. In very heavy storms, however, as in
+the latest hurricane, the great waves might sweep across the island from
+the gulf and add to the work of destruction in rushing back to the gulf
+from the bay.
+
+"The houses have no cellars. They are built on pillars of brick several
+feet above the ground. When the water is high it washes up to the first
+floor and sometimes drives the occupants of the building to the second
+story.
+
+"When the storm struck in 1875 we were at a house near the water's edge
+five miles down the island from Galveston. The waves lifted the house off
+its brick pillars and dropped it in the water and sand tilted at an angle
+of 45 degrees. With other families we took refuge at a house on much
+higher ground, but even there we were driven to the second story."
+
+
+AWFUL EXPERIENCES DURING THE FLOOD. FIFTY-TWO FAMILIES MEET DEATH IN ONE
+HUGE BUILDING--RESCUERS' LOVED ONES PERISH.
+
+John Davis, having apartments in a huge flat building, whose wife was
+killed, and for whose body he was searching in the debris of the
+structure, said there were fifty-two families there when the house
+collapsed, and he was the only survivor.
+
+Policemen Joseph Bird and John Rowan rescued about 100 people Saturday
+from the fury of the storm. They returned to the police station only when
+the high water floated the patrol wagon and threatened to drown their
+team. They had no idea that the waters of the gulf had invaded the western
+portion of the city where they lived until they returned to the police
+station. They started immediately for their homes, but their families had
+been swept away. Policeman Bird lost his wife and five children and Rowan
+his wife and three children.
+
+Many refugees were picked up at Hitchcock and taken to the Jacquard Hotel,
+where they were given every possible attention. Many of these refugees
+were suffering from injuries and had been in the water for some time.
+
+Most of these persons had floated in on drift and rafts, and one of the
+party came ashore on a piano.
+
+One hundred ammunition boxes from Camp Hawley were found near Hitchcock,
+and a pile-driver from Huntington wharf was driven inland to within a few
+hundred yards of the town. The prairie was covered with drift of all
+kinds, dead cattle, water craft of all sizes, buggies, wagons and such
+like. Searching parties found dozens of bodies in Hall's Bayou and buried
+them.
+
+
+SEES FAMILY SWEPT AWAY.
+
+One of the refugees who arrived at Houston on the first relief train from
+Texas City, just out of Galveston, and who had a sad experience in the
+hurricane, was S. W. Clinton, an engineer at the fertilizing plant at the
+Galveston stock yards. Mr. Clinton's family consisted of his wife and six
+children. When his house was washed away he managed to get two of his
+little boys safely to a raft, and with them he drifted helplessly about.
+His raft collided with wreckage of every description and was split in two
+and he was forced to witness the drowning of his sons, being unable to
+help them in any way. Mr. Clinton says parts of the city are seething
+masses of water.
+
+
+ESCAPED, BUT LOST HIS WIFE.
+
+Mr. Jennings, a slater, who resided at Thirty-eighth street and Avenue M
+1/2, Galveston, got to the mainland in about the same manner as Clinton.
+After losing his wife, he set out, and by swimming and drifting around
+reached the mainland.
+
+William Smith, a boy about 18 years old, whose home is in West Texas, had
+a narrow escape. Young Smith was blown off the docks and came ashore in
+the driftwood. Despite the difficulty he experienced in keeping afloat he
+held out to the end and reached the shore safe and sound.
+
+A. L. Forbes, a United States postal clerk, whose car was attached to a
+train which passed through the territory not far from Galveston on Sunday,
+said that at Oyster Creek the train crew and passengers heard cries
+coming out of a mass of debris. Several persons answered the cries and
+found a negro woman fastened under a roof. They pulled her out and she
+informed her rescuers there were others under the roof. A further search
+resulted in the finding of nine dead bodies, all colored persons.
+
+When the train arrived at Angleton, the jail, all the churches and a
+number of houses had been blown down.
+
+
+A GENUINE HELL UPON EARTH.
+
+Joseph Johnson, a prominent citizen of Austin, Tex., who was among the
+list of missing, arrived at home Wednesday evening, direct from Galveston,
+and was received with joy by his family. Mr. Johnson went to Galveston on
+Friday, the day before the disaster, and was there during all the terrible
+storm and until Tuesday night, where he aided in the work of rescue and
+saw some sorrowing sights. He said many of the survivors got through the
+flood almost by miracle. He saw young men who were black-haired on
+Saturday come out of the ordeal with hair turned completely white on
+Sunday.
+
+"It would take 5,000 men one year," he says, "to clear the streets and
+town of Galveston, so complete is the ruin. The biggest liar in America
+could not do justice to the existing condition of affairs there. I was in
+the Tremont Hotel during the storm. The building was thronged with
+refugees; women were praying throughout the night, and above the roar of
+the wind could be heard crash of buildings and splash of the waves against
+the building. We expected the hotel to go down any minute. At daylight
+Sunday morning I and four others started out to view the ruins. We passed
+eight bodies within a block, and when we reached the beach, where the
+waters were still running high, we stayed some time, and while there about
+one body per minute passed us, floating with the tide. Homes that were
+formerly elegant are a mass of wreckage.
+
+"When I left the city the stench from decaying human bodies was simply
+terrible and almost unbearable. It is with difficulty that they can be
+handled at all, and the only ones who can now do the work are negroes. The
+sight is sickening. It is impossible to make any effort at identification,
+except to keep a record of the jewels and valuables taken from them. All
+pretense at holding inquests was abandoned yesterday. The bodies are piled
+on drays and hauled to the wharf, where they are lowered into the water.
+They are piled one on the other like so many animals, it being impossible
+to give them any attention. The bodies of poor and rich alike are treated
+in this manner. Hundreds of men and women who are seeking friends or
+relatives who are among the missing surround the places where the bodies
+are handled, and their cries of distress are almost unbearable.
+
+"There was not a living animal on the island so far as I could see.
+Thousands of head of cattle and horses were drowned and killed. No cats or
+dogs survived the storm and not a bird is to be seen. No one can make
+anything like a reliable estimate of the number of deaths. I had to walk
+for twelve miles from the place where I landed on the mainland before I
+got out of the wreckage. The water swept the coast for a distance of
+twenty miles inland, and dead bodies are to be seen all over this
+territory. I passed a large number on my walk to get a train. The stench
+in this storm-swept part of the mainland is awful. It is estimated that
+over 5,000 head of cattle were drowned by the gulf waters in that
+section."
+
+
+STRANGE DEATH OF A WEALTHY ENGLISHMAN.
+
+One of the most pathetic stories of suffering in Galveston was brought to
+light Friday morning when the Southern Pacific train arrived at New
+Orleans from Houston. Among the passengers were Mrs. Mary Quayle of
+Liverpool, England, and Mr. Jonathan Hale of Gloversville, N. Y. Mrs.
+Quayle came from New York to Galveston, arriving there on the Thursday
+before the storm, accompanied by her husband, Edward Quayle, a tabulater
+on the Liverpool Cotton Exchange. Mrs. Quayle and her husband took
+apartments in the Lucas Terrace, a fashionable place in the eastern end of
+Galveston Island.
+
+All day Saturday, the day of the storm, her husband was not feeling well
+and remained in his room most of the time, lying down on a couch. When the
+storm became very bad after 8 o'clock he arose and went to the window to
+look out in the darkness, hoping to see, by an occasional flash of
+lightning, whether or not there was danger of destruction, as was greatly
+feared.
+
+Suddenly there came an unusually violent fit of wind and the window out of
+which Mr. Quayle was peering was literally sucked out as if by a mighty
+air-pump, and he was taken along with it. Mrs. Quayle, so far as she was
+able to explain, instead of being drawn along in the direction of the
+storm, was thrown in the opposite direction against the door of her room.
+
+When she came to her senses she found she was not severely hurt, and began
+to call for her husband. There was no reply, and in her fright she fairly
+shrieked out his name. Mr. Hale, who occupied the adjoining room, came to
+her assistance and cared for her until dawn of Sunday morning. Then they
+went out together and searched the adjacent portion of the city for her
+missing husband. But not a trace of him was to be found. The search was
+kept up until Monday night, by which time all the wounded had been cared
+for in the best possible way and all the unburied dead had become putrid.
+Then Mr. Hale brought Mrs. Quayle via Houston to New Orleans and they
+immediately took the through Louisville & Nashville train for New York.
+
+Mr. Quayle had on his person some very valuable jewelry and quite a large
+sum of money at the time he disappeared. Luckily, however, Mrs. Quayle had
+enough money on her to pay her way back to England. She was completely
+overcome by fright and although having not yet reached the middle age, had
+all the appearance of being a frail, decrepit old woman, so terrible had
+been her recent and trying ordeal. She was compelled to remain in her
+berth while traveling.
+
+
+UNNERVED BY WHAT HE SAW.
+
+Michael B. Hancock, 3452 Dearborn street, Chicago, unnerved by the scenes
+of horror he witnessed among the ruins of Galveston on Tuesday, hastened
+to leave the stricken city, and arrived in Chicago Thursday afternoon.
+Sights of the dead bodies constantly before him, and, according to his
+statements, he had been practically without sleep since he first set foot
+on the island.
+
+Hancock, who is a Pullman car porter, had a run from Chicago to Austin,
+Tex., but when he reached the end of his trip Monday he heard of the
+disaster at Galveston and decided to go with a relief party leaving Austin
+that night. The relief train was able to proceed only as far as Houston,
+and from there the goods were transported to the coast and put aboard a
+small excursion steamer.
+
+Hancock was accompanied by his conductor, Frank Alphons. Although they
+were with the relief party, they were stopped several times by the pickets
+at the steamer landings. After much difficulty they gained a view of the
+city and the dead.
+
+While in the midst of their sightseeing they were accosted by United
+States soldiers and commanded to assist in the recovery and burning of the
+dead bodies. Feigning to acquiesce, they managed to draw away from the
+soldiers, and then made a run for the beach. A small boat carried them to
+the mainland, and they made a forced march of twelve miles before they
+were able to obtain a vehicle to take them to Houston. Reaching Houston
+late at night, they started at once for Austin and the north. Alphons
+stopped at St. Louis and Hancock came straight through.
+
+When seen at his residence Thursday night Hancock said:
+
+"The sights in the wrecked city of Galveston were the most horrible that I
+have ever witnessed. Dead bodies were everywhere. Part of the city had
+been blotted out. For a distance of two miles along the bay houses had
+been washed away and only the foundations left. The water had not yet
+entirely receded, and where business blocks and fine residences had once
+stood were simply holes marking the foundations. These were filled with
+floating debris and bodies of the drowned.
+
+"The sight was ghastly in the extreme, as the working parties would arrive
+at one of these holes and start to drag the bodies of the dead from the
+pools of dirty water. Every one was expected to work at recovering the
+dead, and the soldiers corralled Alphons and me and told us that we would
+have to assist in the work. At that time we were standing watching a party
+of five men working under a guard. They were lassoing the bodies and
+pulling them out on the higher places, and then piling them on boards
+preparatory to burning them.
+
+
+[Illustration: WRECK OF SHOE STORE, MARKET STREET, GALVESTON.]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH SIDE POWER HOUSE, COMPLETE WRECK.]
+
+[Illustration: WHERE TWELVE MEN AND WOMEN WERE MIRACULOUSLY SAVED.]
+
+[Illustration: Y. M. C. A. BUILDING. SHOWING COMPLETE WRECK OF SURROUNDING
+BUILDINGS.]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF WRECKAGE ONE-HALF MILE FROM BEACH]
+
+[Illustration: APPEARANCE OF AVENUE K SCHOOL BUILDING.]
+
+[Illustration: THE WORK OF THE STORM IN GALVESTON.]
+
+[Illustration: REMOVAL OF THE BODIES OF STORM VICTIMS.]
+
+
+"Just as some of the regulars were guarding us a terrible outcry arose
+from the men engaged in the rescue work. Running quickly to the scene of
+trouble, we saw one of the workers was in the grasp of one of the
+soldiers. Another soldier was covering him with his rifle. The man, a
+Mexican, dressed in shabby clothes and wearing a drooping sombrero, was
+standing sullenly eying the crowd, with one hand in his pocket. His captor
+grasped his arm suddenly and dragged his hand from the pocket, and five
+mutilated fingers which he had hacked from corpses dropped to the ground.
+Each had one or more rings on it.
+
+"With the sight of these evidences of crime before then the workers seemed
+to go mad, and with cries of 'Lynch him!' 'Burn him!' made for the
+unfortunate wretch. Before that he had been standing stolid and unmoved,
+but the approaching danger shook his courage, and he sunk to the ground
+pleading for mercy. But there was no mercy for the monster, and the men
+were only prevented from killing him then and there by the interference of
+the soldiers.
+
+"'Leave him to us,' said the corporal in charge of the party as he ranged
+his men around the prisoner. 'We will attend to his case,' and with that
+he had the Mexican marched over and placed against a post not more than
+fifteen feet from the bodies he had mutilated. Selecting four soldiers as
+a firing party, he lined them up ten feet from the doomed man, and with
+the word 'Fire!' four bullets pierced the ghoul's body and he fell dead.
+Such was a measure of the speedy justice which is being meted out to
+vandals in Galveston. Besides this case, I heard of several more where the
+guilty men were given the benefit of a short court-martial, then sentenced
+to death and shot.
+
+"I told Alphons that I did not want any of that kind of work, and that I
+never could stand the notion of handling the bodies, and suggested that we
+escape. He agreed with me, and we gradually edged away from the soldiers
+and finally made a run and reached the beach. Here we hired a small boy to
+row us to the mainland, and from there we had to walk twelve miles before
+we could get a rig to take us back to Houston.
+
+"It will be a long time before I will want to return to Galveston, or
+before I can forget the terrible scenes witnessed there. Since I left
+there I have been seeing the dead bodies all day, lying stark and stiff,
+with looks of terror on their faces, as though they had realized that a
+sure death was before them, and at night I have dreamed of having to help
+handle them. I tell you such things wear on a man, and I will bless the
+time when I can forget that I was ever in Galveston.
+
+"The ruins show that the tidal wave must have struck the city broadside,
+as the buildings are washed away in almost a straight line back from the
+shore. The wave swept away buildings as far as twelve blocks inland for a
+space of nearly two miles. This ruined part comprised all the best part of
+the city. All the city buildings and the entire business portion of the
+city were swept away, and nothing remains to mark the spots where business
+blocks stood except half-submerged foundations filled with boards and dead
+bodies.
+
+"The inhabitants who were rendered homeless and were not able to leave the
+city are now living in tents furnished by the United States government.
+Several distributing stations had been established and forces of men were
+busy issuing food and clothing to the unfortunate people. There appeared
+to be no lack of provisions, but water is scarce and there is no ice.
+While we were there the heat was almost unendurable, and the stench from
+the bodies made the task of the relief party anything but pleasant. Water
+has to be hauled for several miles. The electric-light plant was destroyed
+and the city is without light, but the moon has shone brightly, and the
+work of finding the bodies has been carried on day and night.
+
+"Conservative estimates of the number drowned made by persons familiar
+with the city place the loss of life at 5,000. No one knows just how many
+were killed, and it will be difficult for an accurate statement to be ever
+made, as the authorities are making no attempt at identifying the dead,
+but are bending all their efforts toward getting the city cleaned up in
+order to prevent a pestilence. At first relatives of those killed were
+allowed to accompany the searching parties, but this was found to be too
+slow a method, and now the pickets are instructed to prevent any one not
+connected with relief parties from entering the city.
+
+"For the first two days the bodies were carried out to sea in steamers and
+dumped overboard, but now the officials are piling up the slain in heaps
+with boards and pieces of timber among them, and, after saturating the
+pile with oil, set fire to them.
+
+"It hardly seems probable that they will rebuild Galveston, at least not
+on its present location. The city stood but little above the sea level,
+and the soil is sandy, which accounts for the complete destruction of most
+of the buildings even to the foundations.
+
+"Many refugees came north with us, and all seemed to be in a hurry to
+leave the scene of desolation. They acted as though dazed, and many were
+unable to talk intelligently regarding their escape. All along the line we
+were besieged with questions regarding the safety of different people,
+but of course were unable to give our questioners any reliable
+information.
+
+"Smaller towns through Texas that were struck by the hurricane had
+buildings blown down and a few casualties resulting. However, Galveston
+was the only city to suffer from the tidal wave, and that accounts for the
+large loss of life. Most of the dead in Galveston were drowned, and but
+few were killed by falling timbers. In Houston several buildings were
+blown down and about ten persons killed."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Relief Sent from All Parts of the World as Soon as the True Situation of
+Affairs was Made Known--Millions of Dollars Subscribed and Thousands of
+Carloads of Supplies Forwarded to the Desolated City.
+
+
+Mayor Jones, of Galveston, issued his appeal to the United States for help
+on the 11th inst., and the response was prompt and liberal.
+
+The Mayor was not afraid the people of the United States and the world
+would call him sensational, for no one was better qualified to judge of
+the situation than he.
+
+He had spent almost every hour after the flood in working for the good of
+the city and had accomplished wonders.
+
+He organized the citizens, giving of his own money, induced others--more
+unwilling than he--to open their hearts and pocketbooks, and, in fact,
+took no rest for days after the calamity.
+
+As he had been around the city several times before the appeal was issued,
+he knew the condition of things thoroughly.
+
+Therefore, the general public had confidence in what he said:
+
+The same day the General Relief Committee of Galveston issued the
+following:
+
+     "Galveston, Tex., Sept. 11.--To the Public of America:
+
+     "A conservative estimate of the loss of life is that it will reach
+     3,000; at least 5,000 families are shelterless and wholly destitute.
+     The entire remainder of the population is suffering in greater or
+     less degree.
+
+     "Not a single church, school or charitable institution, of which
+     Galveston had so many, is left intact. Not a building escaped damage
+     and half the whole number were entirely obliterated.
+
+     "There is immediate need for food, clothing and household goods of
+     all kinds. If near by cities will open asylums for women and children
+     the situation will be greatly relieved.
+
+     "Coast cities should send us water as well as provisions, including
+     kerosene oil, gasoline and candles.
+
+        "W. C. JONES,
+            "Mayor.
+
+        "M. LASKER,
+            "President Island City Savings Bank.
+
+        "J. D. SKINNER,
+            "President Cotton Exchange.
+
+        "C. H. McMASTER,
+            "For Chamber of Commerce.
+
+        "R. G. LOWE,
+            "Manager Galveston News.
+
+        "CLARENCE OWSLEY,
+            "Manager Galveston Tribune.
+
+        "Members of the Galveston Local Relief Committee."
+
+The Secretary of the Treasury at Washington received a joint telegram from
+Postmaster Griffen and Special Deputy Collector Rosenthal, at Galveston.
+This described the destruction caused by the storm and said:
+
+"Thousands homeless and destitute. Five hundred sheltered in custom house,
+which is practically roofless. Old custom house roofless and windows blown
+out. Need tents and 30,000 rations. Citizens' relief committee doing all
+in their power, but stock of undamaged provisions exhausted. With all the
+people housed, need extra force six men to keep building in sanitary
+condition. Relief urgently requested."
+
+The Secretary sent the government revenue cutter Onondaga from Norfolk to
+Mobile, Ala., to carry supplies to Galveston.
+
+The day the appeal was made Acting Secretary of War Meiklejohn at
+Washington authorized the chartering of a special train from St. Louis to
+carry Quartermasters' and commissary supplies to the relief of the
+destitute at Galveston.
+
+Orders were also issued by the War Department for the immediate shipment
+to Galveston of 855 tents and 50,000 rations. These stores and supplies
+were divided between St. Louis and San Antonio.
+
+September 12 Governor Sayers issued the following statement:
+
+     "Austin, Tex., Sept. 12.--Conditions at Galveston are fully as bad as
+     reported. Communication, however, has been re-established between the
+     island and the mainland, and hereafter transportation of supplies
+     will be less difficult.
+
+     "The work of clearing the city is progressing fairly well, and
+     Adjutant-General Scurry, under direction of the mayor, is patrolling
+     the city for the purpose of preventing depredations.
+
+     "The most conservative estimate as to the number of deaths places
+     them at 2,000.
+
+     "Contributions from citizens of this state, and also from other
+     states, are coming in rapidly and liberally, and it is confidently
+     expected that within the next ten days the work of restoration by the
+     people of Galveston will have begun in good earnest and with energy
+     and success.
+
+     "Of course, the destruction of property has been very great, not less
+     than $10,000,000, but it is hoped and believed that even this great
+     loss will be overcome through the energy and self-reliance of the
+     people.
+
+        "JOSEPH D. SAYERS, Governor."
+
+On the same day the Galveston General Relief Committee sent out this
+statement of the condition of affairs:
+
+     "We are receiving numerous telegrams of condolence and offers of
+     assistance. Near-by cities are supplying and will supply sufficient
+     food, clothing, etc., for immediate needs. Cities farther away can
+     serve us best by sending money. Checks should be made payable to John
+     Sealy, Chairman of the Finance Committee. All supplies should come to
+     W. A. McVitie, Chairman Relief Committee.
+
+     "We have 25,000 people to clothe and feed for many weeks and to
+     furnish with household goods. Most of these are homeless, and the
+     others will require money to make their wrecked residences habitable.
+     From this the world may understand how much money we will need. This
+     committee will from time to time report our needs with more
+     particularity. We refer to dispatch of this date of Major R. G. Lowe,
+     which the committee fully endorses. All communicants will please
+     accept this answer in lieu of direct response and be assured of the
+     heartfelt gratitude of the entire population.
+
+        "W. C. JONES, Mayor.
+        "M. LASKER,
+        "J. D. SKINNER,
+        "C. H. McMASTER,
+        "R. G. LOWE,
+        "CLARENCE OWSLEY."
+
+Colonel Amos. S. Kimball, Assistant Quartermaster General, stationed at
+New York, was informed by army contractors on Tuesday, the day the appeal
+was sent out, that Miss Helen Gould had purchased 50,000 army rations for
+the Galveston sufferers. The rations were started from the Pennsylvania
+railroad station in Jersey City at 3 p. m. the same day. Miss Gould went
+directly to the contractors who supply the army with provisions and
+ordered rations identical with those furnished for soldiers, consisting of
+bacon, canned meats, beans, hard bread, and coffee.
+
+Chicago sent $25,000 to the Governor of Texas; Andrew Carnegie gave
+$20,000 in cash; Sir Thomas Lipton cabled from London to his manager at
+New York to send $1,000 at once, which was done; Davenport, Ia., sent
+$1,600 immediately; Philadelphia wired Governor Sayers $5,000 without
+delay; the American Steel Hoop Company, American Tin Plate Company and
+American Sheet Steel Company gave $10,000 each, and the Southern Pacific
+Railway Company, $5,000; Chicago started a trainload of supplies
+southward, as also did the State of California; the railroads hauling the
+cars free of charge; several newspapers in Chicago, New York and Kansas
+City either gave money or started relief trains with doctors, nurses and
+medical supplies, with orders to beat the best record time to Galveston;
+Cincinnati began with $1,000 and subscribed that amount daily for many
+days; Cleveland, O., telegraphed $2,500, and then made it $15,000; 30,000
+rations and 900 United States army tents were sent from St. Louis from the
+office of the United States Quartermaster; the mayor of Colorado Springs,
+Colo., was told by the citizens to send $2,000 at once and he did so;
+nearly all the theatres of the United States gave benefits; the State of
+Kansas, having $500 left in its Indian Famine Relief Fund, sent that;
+people of the State of Texas sent $15,000 to the Governor at Austin;
+Houston, Tex., raised $2,000 in cash; the Governors of nearly all the
+States issued proclamations calling upon their people to subscribe to the
+relief fund, the mayors of most of the cities doing the same--the
+consequence being that Governor Sayers had about $250,000 in hand in cash
+that very (Tuesday) night, with several hundreds of thousands more in
+sight and within call.
+
+By Thursday he had $900,000 in hand and on Saturday had $1,500,000, in
+addition to which were several thousand cars loaded with supplies of all
+sorts--provisions, medicines, disinfectants, fruits, clothing, wines for
+the sick, tents, bandages, stoves, oil--everything that could possibly be
+needed.
+
+It was estimated that fully $2,500,000 would be necessary to carry the
+sufferers through the fall and winter and into the following spring, for
+thousands of them were ill and unable to provide in any way for
+themselves. There were fully 50,000 men, women and children in Galveston
+and Central and Southern Texas who were dependent upon charity.
+
+On Friday night Governor Sayers decided upon two important plans of
+action. The first was that he would allow all food and clothing shipped
+from the east and west to be concentrated in Galveston for the use of that
+city and that he would also grant that city the use of 30,000 laborers for
+a period of thirty days, the same to be paid $1.50 per man per day for
+that time out of the relief fund. In addition thereto all requests for
+money from the Galveston Relief Committee were to be granted.
+
+His second decision was that he personally would look after the needs of
+the 30,000 destitute along the gulf coast on the mainland, provide them
+with flour and bacon and keep them going until they get on their feet
+again. Chairman Sealy of the Galveston committee was to keep track of the
+Galveston situation while the Governor looked out for the outside points.
+
+That night a local committee from Galveston was sent to Houston and
+Virginia Point to take charge of the receiving and distribution of
+supplies that arrived there for the Galveston people. A serious matter
+confronting the authorities not only at the coast points, but in the
+cities near Galveston, was the rapid gathering of toughs, gamblers and
+rough characters generally, which after the flood were forced to leave
+Galveston island as they would not work. Others drifted into the mainland
+opposite Galveston and on to the neighboring towns by the hundreds in the
+hope of pickpocketing and the like among the crowds.
+
+All this gathering of disorderly characters made the peace officers rather
+uneasy as to the future. The police and troops in Galveston and the
+special officers on the mainland were constantly on the alert to keep down
+trouble and prevent all possible thieving and they did not get the upper
+hand of this element until they had shot a score or more. These fellows
+would steal the provisions and supplies sent by the generous people from
+the outside, and whenever caught were shot without delay.
+
+The following was sent out from Galveston on Saturday, Sept. 15, which
+showed how serious the situation was:
+
+     "Galveston, Texas, Sept. 14.--Hon. Joseph D. Sayers, Governor: After
+     the fullest possible investigation here we feel justified in saying
+     to you and through you to the American people that no such disaster
+     has ever overtaken any community or section in the history of our
+     country. The loss of life is appalling and can never be accurately
+     determined. It is estimated at 5,000 to 8,000 people.
+
+     "There is not a home in Galveston that has not been injured, while
+     thousands have been destroyed. The property loss represents
+     accumulations of sixty years and more millions than can be safely
+     stated. Under these conditions, with ten thousand people homeless and
+     destitute, with the entire population under a stress and strain
+     difficult to realize, we appeal directly in the hour of our great
+     emergency to the sympathy and aid of mankind.
+
+        "WALTER JONES,
+            "Mayor.
+
+        "R. B. HAWLEY,
+            Congressman.
+
+        "McKIBBIN,
+            "Commander Department of Texas."
+
+General McKibbin, when he looked over the city three days before, had
+wired the War Department at Washington that perhaps 1,000 people had
+perished. He was a conservative man, as army officers usually are, and
+when he signed a statement saying probably 8,000 persons had lost their
+lives his signature carried weight with it.
+
+Not only did the people of the United States sympathize deeply with the
+Texas sufferers, but those of other nations as well. President Loubet, of
+France, sent the following kind message to President McKinley at
+Washington:
+
+     "Rambouillet Presidence, Sept. 12.--To His Excellency, the President
+     of the United States of America:
+
+     "The news of the disaster which has just devastated the State of
+     Texas has deeply moved me. The sentiments of traditional friendship
+     which unite the two republics can leave no doubt in your mind
+     concerning the very sincere share that the President, the government
+     of the republic, and the whole nation take in the calamity that has
+     proved such a cruel ordeal for so many families in the United States.
+
+     "It is natural that France should participate in the sadness, as well
+     as in the joy, of the American people. I take it to heart to tender
+     to your excellency our most heartfelt condolences, and to send to the
+     families of the victims the expression of our afflicted sympathy.
+
+        "EMILE LOUBET."
+
+President McKinley sent this answer the next day:
+
+     "Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., Sept. 13.--His Excellency,
+     Emile Loubet, President of the French Republic, Rambouillet, France:
+
+     "I hasten to express, in the name of the thousands who have suffered
+     by the disaster in Texas, as well as in behalf of the whole American
+     people, heartfelt thanks for your touching message of sympathy and
+     condolence.
+
+        "WILLIAM McKINLEY."
+
+
+SCHOOL CHILDREN GAVE THEIR PENNIES.
+
+Even the school children of the country helped the sufferers with their
+pennies. Miss Ethel Donelson, a pupil at the Grant School, Chicago, wrote
+a letter to a Chicago daily paper suggesting that the school children give
+some of their pennies to the victims of the great hurricane. The idea was
+carried out and several thousand dollars was raised in this way in
+Chicago. The plan was adopted also in several other cities.
+
+When the suggestion was first made United States Postoffice Inspector
+Walter S. Mayor wrote as follows:
+
+     "I was reared in Galveston; lived there from my infancy until
+     appointed to the government service nineteen years ago, and my mother
+     and brother still live there.
+
+     "When Chicago had its great fire in 1871 the people of Galveston sent
+     a generous subscription, and with it was one made up by the boys of
+     the school I attended. Our teacher, E. E. Crawford, gave us a holiday
+     for the purpose, and the fifty-odd boys organized themselves into a
+     number of soliciting committees. I was on the committee with Charles
+     Fowler, now one of Galveston's leading business men, and we two
+     succeeded in collecting $8. In all, for our day's work we got
+     together $200, which was turned into the general fund raised by the
+     Citizens' Committee.
+
+     "In the twenty-nine years that have followed since then Chicago has
+     pulled itself out of the ashes and risen to a high place among the
+     world cities. Many forces have been brought to bear to accomplish
+     this great end, but possibly the most potent one was the helping hand
+     of the neighbor when help was needed. Among those who helped with
+     their little mite may the school children of Galveston now be
+     remembered.
+
+     "I most heartily second Miss Donelson's suggestion that the school
+     children of Chicago be given an opportunity to aid their little
+     brothers and sisters in Galveston, many of whom are naked and
+     orphaned by the terrible disaster that has come to them.
+
+        "WALTER S. MAYER,
+            "Postoffice Inspector."
+
+On Thursday, Sept. 13, American residents and visitors in Paris, France,
+together with Frenchmen whose sympathies were aroused by the storm
+disaster in Texas, contributed 50,000 francs in twenty minutes for the
+relief of the sufferers. The Americans held a meeting in the Chamber of
+Commerce, which was largely attended. United States Ambassador Porter was
+a leader among those who proposed to organize for the work of aiding in
+the relief. The Americans perfected an organization and elected General
+Porter President, George Munroe, the banker, Treasurer, and Francis
+Kimball Secretary. The subscription list was then opened and the 50,000
+francs raised. The Mayor of Galveston was informed by cable of the result.
+
+The same day P. P. W. Houston, Member of Parliament for the West Toxteth
+division of Liverpool, England, and head of the Houston Line of steamers,
+cabled L1,000 to Galveston for the relief of the sufferers.
+
+Members of the American colony in Berlin, Germany, held a meeting Sunday,
+September 16, at the United States Embassy and raised $5,000.
+
+Americans in London subscribed $10,000 and many London theatres gave
+benefits.
+
+The Marquis of Salisbury, Premier of England, the Emperor William of
+Germany, the Emperor of Austria, the King of Italy, the Czar of Russia--in
+fact, nearly all the heads of state in the world cabled condolences, and
+the legislative bodies of foreign nations then in session passed
+resolutions of sympathy.
+
+By Saturday New York had raised $174,000; Chicago, $91,000, together with
+many carloads of supplies which were sent as special trains, and the
+following cities had contributed the amounts named:
+
+  St. Louis           $61,300
+  Boston               32,140
+  Philadelphia         29,358
+  New Orleans          26,000
+  Cincinnati            7,314
+  Cleveland             9,358
+  Colorado Springs      7,100
+  Minneapolis          13,430
+  Denver               12,180
+  Pittsburg            26,123
+  Kansas City          15,321
+  Portland, Oregon      1,000
+  Peoria, Ill.          1,800
+  Memphis               8,426
+  San Francisco        16,000
+  Louisville           12,585
+  Baltimore            12,138
+  Milwaukee            13,431
+  Springfield, Ill.     2,314
+  St. Paul              6,904
+  Topeka, Kan.          5,110
+  Charleston, S. C.     6,008
+  Los Angeles           5,400
+  Detroit               4,936
+  Indianapolis          3,800
+  Helena, Mont.         3,400
+  Johnstown, Pa.        3,000
+
+As stated before, the total for the four and a half days ensuing from the
+time the appeal was issued--$1,500,000 was contributed, while an
+additional $1,000,000 was not long in following. Both Chicago and New York
+increased their subscriptions largely.
+
+In no case did the railroads charge for carrying the cars over their
+lines.
+
+
+THEIR PENALTIES WERE REMITTED.
+
+Navigation and other laws were set at naught by the United States
+authorities in order to help the Galveston and other flood sufferers. On
+Friday, September 14, the following telegram was referred to General
+Spaulding by President McKinley:
+
+     "Galveston, Tex., Sept. 12, 1900.--To President of the United States:
+     In consequence of calamity and fear of sickness numerous people wish
+     to leave the city. All our rail communication is cut off. The revenue
+     cutter of this district is disabled and no American steamer
+     immediately available. We therefore respectfully request you to
+     instruct the proper authorities to allow British steamers Caledonia
+     and Whitehall and any other foreign vessels now here, but compelled
+     to proceed to New Orleans for cargo, to carry passengers from
+     Galveston to New Orleans.
+
+        "W. C. JONES, Mayor,
+        "CLARENCE OUSLEY,
+        "J. D. SKINNER,
+        "C. H. McMASTER,
+        "R. G. LOWE,
+        "Committee."
+
+General Spaulding at once sent the following telegram:
+
+     "W. C. Jones, Mayor, Galveston, Tex.: Replying to your telegram of
+     the 12th inst. addressed to President: If British steamships
+     Caledonia, Whitehall, or other foreign vessels now in your port carry
+     passengers in distress from Galveston to New Orleans or other
+     American ports during present conditions this department will
+     consider favorably applications for remission of penalties which may
+     be incurred under the law. Advise masters.
+
+        "O. L. SPAULDING, Acting Secretary."
+
+On Friday night Governor Sayers stated that the work of relieving the
+flood sufferers was making excellent progress. He said:
+
+"Most generous contributions are coming in from all parts of the country
+sufficiently large to relieve the immediate wants as to food and clothing,
+and in the meantime the people of Galveston are recovering themselves, and
+I have no hesitancy in expressing the firm conviction that a strong
+reaction from an almost mortal blow to the city has already set in, and
+that in a short while the city will be in a condition to resume its normal
+and progressive position in commercial life. After a full conference
+to-day with an authorized committee from Galveston, I am more than
+convinced that the people there will be able, with the assistance already
+given, to handle the situation successfully."
+
+
+HOW GALVESTON'S BUSINESS MEN WERE HELPED ALONG.
+
+As a rule there is no sentiment in business, but the retail merchants of
+Galveston whose business and fortunes were swept away were not forgotten
+in the hour of need by the wholesale houses of Chicago, which announced
+just after the disaster that stocks of goods would be shipped promptly and
+willingly, any time and terms being accorded to the business of the gulf
+city. The regular way of determining credits was ignored, as was the
+credit man also. His cold judgment was not asked for, but instead sympathy
+and compassion for the unfortunate position of the merchants of the
+stricken city determined largely the stand the wholesalers announced they
+would take.
+
+In doing this the houses of Chicago had the precedent established by the
+outside world in its treatment of them in the days following the great
+Chicago fire. Chicago men said they will do as they were done by, and the
+Galveston merchant had but to ask for the help he needed. Many Chicago
+houses wrote their Galveston customers at once advising them that they
+could have credit, time, and terms to suit themselves. This favor was also
+given to all business men who had lost all but names and prestige, whether
+they had been customers or not.
+
+Firms that never had had any business with Galveston or Texas firms stated
+that they stood ready to ship goods on the same terms. No business man in
+the damaged district, they said, whose misfortunes were due to the
+catastrophe could come to Chicago for supplies and go away without them
+even if he had not a dollar's worth of assets in the world, as long as he
+could show a former good business standing and repute.
+
+"We will take any and all risks," said one after another of the
+representatives of Chicago wholesale houses. "In the present emergency
+credits cannot be measured by the regular business standards. Humanity
+must dictate the terms on which the merchants of Galveston who have bought
+from us, or who may want to buy from us, are to have goods and supplies."
+
+Firm after firm of the wholesale district, whether or not they now have
+trade in the afflicted territory, made the same statement.
+
+"We already have written to 200 former customers who are scattered along
+the coast, asking them how they came out of the disaster and offering them
+any terms of settlement their losses may warrant," said the credit man of
+one of the largest houses in the West, on the Friday following the flood.
+"We will view the facts in their cases not from a business but from a
+sympathetic standpoint."
+
+"We are making our former customers time, terms and credits of their own
+asking," said the Vice-President of a great wholesale dry goods house. "We
+will make the same terms to new customers who have been good business
+men."
+
+"We have advised former customers that their orders will be filled
+promptly for complete stocks," said the manager of a music and musical
+instrument house. "We have told them to make their own time and terms. We
+charge no interest."
+
+"We are looking at the men of Galveston and not at their present assets,"
+said the managing partner of a wholesale clothing house having a large
+Texas trade.
+
+"We have sent word to fifty of our customers in Galveston to draw on us
+for new stocks without asking them if they have saved a penny from the
+catastrophe," said the President of one of the largest cigar and tobacco
+concerns in the city.
+
+"The conditions are so distressing as to shame a Chicagoan asking what any
+Galveston business man has to-day," said the manager of a grocery house.
+"We have never reached into Texas after trade, but shall do so
+immediately. Any business man wanting our goods can have them on his own
+terms."
+
+"Our customers in Galveston can send in their orders for new stocks and
+have them filled as quickly as if they forwarded double prices," said a
+furnishing goods wholesaler. "We are not asking them what their assets
+are."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Cremating Bodies by the Hundred in the Streets of Galveston--Negroes Faint
+While Handling the Decomposed Corpses--How Some of Those Rescued Escaped
+with Their Lives.
+
+
+Fully 1,500 bodies were cremated at Galveston after it became apparent
+that the time necessary to bury them or cast them into the sea could not
+be taken, owing to their advanced state of decomposition.
+
+Many of the negroes who handled the bodies fell from fright and nausea.
+White volunteers took their places and the work went on. The volunteers
+bandaged their mouths and noses with cotton cloths saturated with
+disinfectants and were relieved by other volunteers every hour.
+
+Fires could not be started every place where bodies were found. The usual
+plan was to collect all bodies within two blocks in one spot and then
+build the funeral pyre. On the remains of many women were valuable rings
+and jewelry, but the men did not attempt to remove the jewelry. It was
+burned with the owners.
+
+Officers Mass and Woodward reported that their two gangs burned 100
+bodies, the majority women and children. The percentage of deaths among
+children was frightful. Sheriff Thomas and his negroes burned forty bodies
+on the beach near Tremont street.
+
+Catholic priests in charge of gangs reported 120 bodies burned. The
+sanitary experts pushed the work of burning the dead. No other disposition
+was considered. People who had lost relatives and friends made no
+objection and looked on the plan with favor.
+
+Disinfectants were used as never before in the world. The smell of the
+charnel house was driven away and the whole city was filled with the
+fumes of carbolic acid and lime in solution.
+
+This is general order No. 9, issued by Brigadier General Thomas Scurry,
+commanding the city forces:
+
+"Guards, foreman of gangs, and working parties or others acting under the
+authorities of this department will use diligence toward preventing any
+hardships on private individuals or impressing men for service. The
+conditions, however, are so critical, and it is so necessary that sanitary
+precautions be taken to preserve the lives and health of the people of
+this stricken city, that individual interests must give way to the general
+good of all. If it is found feasible to secure volunteers, general
+impressment will be avoided, but, the medical fraternity being a unit in
+the opinion that further delay or procrastination will bring pestilence to
+finish the dire work of the hurricane, the interests of no individual,
+firm, or corporation will for one instant be spared to secure volunteers
+for work, but, failing this, every able-bodied man is to be put to work to
+clear the wreckage, burn the hundreds of bodies under it, and save, if
+possible, the lives of those who yet remain. I trust this position may be
+thoroughly appreciated and understood, so that all people will govern
+themselves accordingly."
+
+
+BOY FLOATS MILES ON A TRUNK.
+
+The miracles of Galveston were many. Some of them will not be received
+with full credit by readers. In the infirmary at Houston was a boy whose
+name is Rutter. He was found on Monday morning lying behind a trunk on the
+land near the town of Hitchcock, which is twenty miles to the northward of
+Galveston. The boy was only 12 years old. His story was that his father,
+mother, and two children remained in the house. There was a crash. The
+house went to pieces. The boy said he caught hold of a trunk when he found
+himself in the water and floated off with it. He was sure the others were
+drowned. He had no idea of where it took him, but when daylight came he
+was across the bay and out upon the still partially submerged mainland.
+
+
+ESCAPED IN BATHING SUITS.
+
+The wife of Manager Bergman of the Houston Opera House saw more of the
+storm than fell to the lot of most women who live to tell of it. She had
+been spending the heated term at a Rosenberg avenue cottage only a short
+distance from the beach.
+
+On Saturday morning the water had risen there three feet. Putting on a
+bathing suit, Mrs. Bergman went to the Olympia to talk over the long
+distance telephone with her husband in Houston. This was about 10 a. m. At
+the Olympia she had to wade waist deep in the water. At 2 o'clock Mrs.
+Bergman became alarmed, and with her sister she left the summer cottage
+and started toward the more thickly settled part of the city. Neighbors
+laughed at the fear of the women. Out of a family of fifteen in the next
+house only three were saved.
+
+Mrs. Bergman and her sister waded and swam alternately several blocks
+until they reached the higher streets. Then they hired a negro with a dray
+and told him to take them to the telephone exchange. Within two blocks
+from where the start was made in this way the mule got into deep water and
+was drowned. The women reached the telephone building, but when the
+firemen began to bring in the dead bodies they left and went to Balton's
+livery stable. This was only 600 yards away, but Mrs. Bergman says it was
+the hardest part of the trip, with the air full of flying bits of glass,
+slate, and wood. In the stable they remained until morning.
+
+When the sun had risen the water had so far receded that they went out to
+the site of their cottage. A hitching post was all that served to locate
+the place. No houses were left standing for many blocks around. A dead
+baby lay in the yard. The two women returned down-town. Passing a store
+with plate glass windows and doors blown out, they went in and helped
+themselves to the black cloth from which they made the gowns they still
+wore when they reached Houston three days later. During the storm they
+wore their bathing suits.
+
+
+STRANGE INCIDENTS OF THE FLOOD.
+
+Many instances of devotion of husband to wife, of wife to husband, of
+child to parent and parent to child could be mentioned. One poor woman
+with her child and her father was cast out into the raging waters. They
+were separated. Both were in drift and both believed they went out in the
+gulf and returned. The mother was finally cast upon the drift and there
+she was pounded by the waves and debris until she was pulled into a house
+against which the drift had lodged, and during all that frightful ride she
+held to her eight months' old boy and when she was on the drift pile she
+lay upon the infant and covered it with her body that it might escape the
+blows of the planks. She came out of the ordeal cut and maimed, but the
+infant had not a scratch.
+
+
+STATUES ON ALTAR NOT HARMED.
+
+St. Joseph's Catholic Church presents a strange contrast, with the roof
+and rear wall back of the altar being carried away. The wall collapsed,
+but the altar was not damaged and the frail lifesize statues of St.
+Joseph and the Virgin on the altar were not harmed or moved.
+
+When their home went to pieces the members of the Stubbs family--husband,
+wife, and two children--climbed upon the roof of a house floating by. They
+felt tolerably secure. Without warning the roof parted in two pieces. Mr.
+and Mrs. Stubbs were separated. Each had a child. The parts of the raft
+went different ways in the darkness. One of the children fell off and
+disappeared. Not until some time Sunday was the family reunited. Even the
+child was saved, having caught a table and clung to it until it reached a
+place of safety.
+
+Another man took his wife from one house to another by swimming until he
+had occupied three. Each fell in its turn and then he took to the waves
+and they were separated and each, as the persons above mentioned, believed
+they were carried to sea. After three hours in the water he heard her call
+and finally rescued her.
+
+
+THREW $10,000 WORTH OF DIAMONDS INTO THE WATER.
+
+Edward Zeigler, Thomas Farley and Alexander McCarthy arrived at Mobile,
+Ala., Thursday evening from Galveston. They left Galveston that morning on
+the tug Robinson with 130 other refugees and were taken to Houston. Until
+they arrived at New Orleans they were clad in undergarments and were
+coatless.
+
+They escaped at 10:30 on Sunday morning from a house on the exposed beach
+by clinging to a log and floating to high ground. Zeigler was struck by
+floating wreckage, but was assisted by his companions to safety. An old
+negress, who gave the sleeping men warning, was drowned.
+
+Zeigler was naked and the other men were in their night garments when
+they reached the crowd gathered near the Tremont house, but their
+appearance was similar to that of hundreds, many women being rescued for
+whom clothing had to be at once obtained. At noon Sunday they had
+sufficient space to move around with comfort, although filled with anxiety
+and penned in on all sides by the rapidly rising water. Four hours later
+the few thoroughfares above water were congested with crowds of hysterical
+women, crying children and frantic men.
+
+The separation of families produced pathetic scenes when mothers mourned
+their offspring and men lamented the loss of all dear to them. There was
+no confusion, only a clinging closer together without discrimination of
+class or sex as the waters advanced foot by foot.
+
+At dark the misery deepened and the women occupied the hotel and
+approaches, the highest point in the city, and the water continuing to
+advance, buildings and stores were thrown wide open to provide refuge in
+the upper stories. The men gave the better positions to the women.
+
+As midnight approached conditions became worse; several women became
+demented and one woman, a member of the demi-monde, threw $10,000 worth of
+diamonds into the flood.
+
+In the hotel the women kissed each other and said good-by. They prayed and
+sang hymns in turn. With each announcement that the waters were rising
+many men and women gave up to the terrible mental strain and fainted.
+
+The survivors paid a high tribute to the bravery in the face of death of
+the women of Galveston, and stated that, although abject melancholy had
+fallen over all, that the spirit of fortitude displayed by the women
+nerved the men. The horrors of that night were equaled on the succeeding
+days as the water receded.
+
+
+DARED EVERYTHING FOR WIFE AND SON.
+
+Of all the heroism and dogged tenacity of purpose noted in connection with
+the Galveston storm none was greater than that of W. L. Love of Houston.
+Mr. Love was a compositor on the Houston Post, and his wife and little son
+were visiting Mrs. Love's mother in Galveston when the storm struck the
+city.
+
+Early Sunday morning when the first news of the Galveston disaster began
+to drift in, Mr. Love announced to the foreman of the composing-room,
+under whom he was working, that he intended starting immediately for
+Galveston.
+
+He went to one of the depots and fortunately found a train leaving toward
+Galveston. He boarded it, but the train was forced to stop eight miles
+before it reached Galveston Bay. He walked eight miles, arriving at the
+bay in about two hours. There was no boat in sight, not even a skiff or
+canoe.
+
+He found a large cypress railroad-tie near the water's edge and, procuring
+a coal hook from a locomotive that had blown from the track, he got
+astride the tie after having placed it in the water, and set out on a
+difficult and perilous journey across the three miles of salt water. Thus
+he labored for six trying hours, the sun beating down on him and with his
+body half submerged in the brine of the bay.
+
+At last the goal was reached and he pulled himself out of the water and
+stepped on the once fair island.
+
+After having passed on his way more than a hundred decaying bodies of the
+storm victims, the heroic young man set about finding his wife and little
+boy. This he did after a lengthy search. His wife had lost her mother,
+father, brothers and sisters, numbering eight in all.
+
+The little boy had been utterly stripped of his clothing by the wind and
+both he and his mother had an experience that rarely comes to a mother and
+son.
+
+
+PITIFUL TALES OF SOME OF THE SURVIVORS.
+
+The story of Thomas Klee was indeed most pitiful. Klee lived near Eleventh
+and N streets. When the storm burst he was alone in his home with his two
+infant children. He seized one under each arm and rushed from the frail
+structure in time to cheat death among the falling timbers of his home.
+
+Once in the open, with his babies under his arms, he was swept into the
+bay among hundreds of others. He held to his precious burden and by
+skillful maneuvering managed to get close to a tree which was sweeping
+along with the tide. He saw a haven in the branches of the tree and raised
+his two-year-old daughter to place her in the branches. As he did so the
+little one was torn from his arm and carried away to her death.
+
+The awful blow stunned but did not render him senseless. Klee retained his
+hold on the other child, aged four years, and was whirled along among the
+dying and dead victims of the storm's fury, hoping to effect a landing
+somewhere.
+
+An hour in the water brought the desired end. He was thrown ashore, with
+wreckage and corpses, and, stumbling to a footing, lifted his son to a
+level with his face. The boy was dead.
+
+Klee remembered nothing until Thursday night, when he was put ashore in
+Texas City. He had a slight recollection of helping to bury dead, clear
+away debris and obey the command of soldiers. His brain, however, did not
+execute its functions until Friday morning.
+
+George Boyer's experience was a sad one. He was thrown into the rushing
+waters, and while being carried with frightful velocity down the bay saw
+the dead face of his wife in the branches of a tree. The woman had been
+wedged firmly between two branches.
+
+Margaret Lees' life was saved at the expense of her brother's. The woman
+was in her Twelfth street home when the hurricane struck. Her brother
+seized her and guided her to St. Mary's University, a short distance away.
+He returned to search for his son, and was killed by a falling house.
+
+
+HORRIBLE CONDITION OF THE CITY AFTER THE FLOOD.
+
+I. J. Jones, sent to Galveston by Governor Sayers, of Texas, the day after
+the storm to investigate the condition of the Texas State quarantine
+there, reported to the Governor at Austin on September 14, said, among
+other things, in his report:
+
+"The sanitary condition of the city is very bad. Large quantities of lime
+have been ordered to the place, but I doubt if any one will be found to
+unload it from the vessels and attend its systematic distribution when it
+arrives. The stench is almost unbearable. It arises from piles of debris
+containing the carcasses of human beings and animals. These carcasses are
+being burned whenever it can be done with safety, but little of the
+wreckage can be destroyed. There is no water protection, and should a fire
+break out the destruction of the city would soon be complete. When
+searching parties come across a human body it is taken into an open space
+and wreckage piled over it. This is set on fire and the body slowly
+consumed. The odor of the burning bodies is horrible.
+
+"The chairman of the finance relief committee at Galveston wanted me to
+make the announcement that the city wants all the skilled mechanics and
+contractors with their tools that can be brought to Galveston. There is
+some repair work now going on, but it is impossible to find men who will
+work at that kind of business. Those now in Galveston not engaged in the
+relief work have their own private business to look after and mechanics
+are not to be had. All mechanics will be paid regular wages and will be
+given employment by private parties who desire to get their wrecked homes
+in a habitable condition as rapidly as possible. There are many houses
+which have only the roof gone. These residences are finely furnished, and
+it is desired that the necessary repairs be made quickly.
+
+"The relief work is fairly well organized. Nothing has been accomplished
+except the distribution of food among the needy. About one-half of the
+city is totally wrecked and many people are living in houses that are
+badly wrecked. The destitute are being removed from the city as rapidly as
+possible. It will take three or four days yet before all who want to go
+have been removed from the island and city. A remarkably large number of
+horses survived the storm, but there is no feed for them and many of them
+will soon die of starvation.
+
+"I am thoroughly satisfied after spending two days in Galveston that the
+estimate of 5,000 dead is too conservative. It will exceed that number.
+Nobody can ever estimate or will ever know within 1,000 of how many lives
+were lost. In the city the dead bodies are being got rid of in whatever
+manner possible. They are burying the dead found on mainland. At one place
+250 were found and buried on Wednesday. There must be hundreds of dead
+bodies back on the prairies that have not been found. It is impracticable
+to make a search. Bodies have been found as far back as seven miles from
+the mainland shore. It would take an army to search that territory on the
+mainland.
+
+"The waters of the gulf and bay are still full of dead bodies and they are
+being constantly cast upon the beach. On my trip to and from the
+quarantine I passed a procession of bodies going seaward. I counted
+fourteen of them on my trip in from the station, and this procession is
+kept up day and night. The captain of a ship who had just reached
+quarantine informed me that he began to meet floating bodies fifty miles
+from port.
+
+"As an illustration of how high the water got in the gulf, a vessel which
+was in port tried to get into the open sea when the storm came on. It got
+out some distance and had to put back. It was dark and all the landmarks
+had been obliterated. The course of the vessel could not be determined and
+she was being furiously driven in toward the island by the wind. Before
+her course could be established she had actually run over the top of the
+north jetty. As the vessel draws twenty-five feet of water, some idea can
+be obtained as to the height of the water in the gulf."
+
+
+THRILLING EXPERIENCE OF A DALLAS GIRL.
+
+One of the most thrilling descriptions of personal experience with the
+fearful flood ever written was that of Miss Maud Hall, of Dallas, Tex.,
+who was spending her school vacation with friends at Galveston. She wrote
+an account of her adventures to her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Emory Hall:
+
+"Dear Papa and Mamma: I suppose before this you will have received my
+telegram and know I am safe. This has been a terrible experience. I hope I
+will be spared any more such. I am just a nervous wreck--fever blisters
+over my mouth, eyes with hollows under them, and shaking all over. When I
+close my eyes I can't see anything but piles of naked dead and wild-eyed
+men and women. I suppose I had better begin at the beginning, but I don't
+know if I can write with any sense. Saturday at about 11 o'clock it began
+raining, and the wind rose a little. Sidney Spann and two young lady
+boarders could not get home to dinner. After the dinner the men left and
+we sat around in dressing sacks watching the storm. All at once Birdie
+Duff (Mrs. Spann's married daughter) said: 'Look at the water in the
+street; it must be the gulf.'
+
+"There was water from curb to curb. It rose rapidly as we watched it, and
+Mrs. Spann sent us all to dress. It rose to the sidewalk, and the men
+began to come home. The wind and rain rose to a furious whirlwind and all
+the time the water crept higher and higher. We all crowded into the hall
+of the house--a big, two-story one--and it rocked like a cradle. About 6
+o'clock the roof was gone, all the blinds torn off, and all the windows
+blown in. Glass was flying in all directions and the water had risen to a
+level with the gallery.
+
+"Then the men told us we would have to leave and go to a house across the
+street at the end of the block, a big one. Mrs. Spann was wild about her
+daughter Sidney, who had not been home, and the telephone wires were down.
+The men told us we must not wear heavy skirts, and could only take a few
+things in a little bundle. I took my watch and ticket and what money I had
+and pinned them in my corset; took off everything from my waist down but
+an underskirt and my linen skirt; no shoes and stockings. I put what
+clothes I could find in my trunk and locked it. Tell mamma the last thing
+I put in was her gray skirt, for I thought it might be injured.
+
+"It took two men to each woman to get her across the street and down to
+the end of the block. Trees thicker than any in our yard were whirled down
+the street; pine logs, boxes and driftwood of all sorts swept past, and
+the water looked like a whirlpool. Birdie and I went across on the second
+trip. The wind and rain cut like a knife and the water was icy cold. It
+was like going down into the grave, and I was never so near death, unless
+it was once before, since I have been here. I came near drowning with
+another girl. It was dark by this time, and the men put their arms around
+us and down into the water we went. Birdie was crying about her baby that
+she had to leave behind until the next trip, and I was begging Mr.
+Mitchell and the other man not to turn me loose.
+
+"Mrs. Spann came last. The water was over her chin. It was up to my
+shoulders when I went over. One man brought a bundle of clothing, such as
+he could find for us to put on, wrapped up in his mackintosh. He had to
+swim over. I spent the night, such a horrible one, wet from shoulder to my
+waist and from my knees down, and barefoot. Nobody had any shoes and
+stockings. Mrs. Spann did not have anything but a thin lawn dress and
+blanket wrapped around her from her waist down. Nellie had a lawn wrapper
+and blanket, and Fannie had a skirt and winter jacket. Mr. Mitchell had a
+pair of trousers and a light shirt and was barefooted. The house was
+packed with people just like us.
+
+"The house had a basement and was of stone. The windows were blown out,
+and it rocked from top to bottom, and the water came into the first floor.
+Of course no one slept. About 3 o'clock in the morning the wind had
+changed and blew the water back to the gulf, and as we stood at the
+windows watching it fall we saw two men and two girls wading the street
+and heard Sidney calling for her mother. She and the young lady with her
+spent the night crowded into an office with nine men in total darkness,
+sitting on boxes, with their feet up off the floor. It was an immense
+brick building four stories high. They were on the second floor. The roof
+and one story was blown away and the water came up to the second floor. It
+was down toward the wharf.
+
+"As soon as we could we waded home. Such a home! The water had risen three
+feet in the house and the roof being gone the rain poured in. I had not a
+dry rag but a dirty skirt which was hanging in the wardrobe and an
+underskirt with it. My trunk had floated and everything in it was stained
+except the gray skirt. We had not had anything to eat since noon the day
+before, and we lived on whisky. Every time the men would see us they would
+poke a bottle of whisky at us, and make us drink some. All we had all day
+Sunday was crackers at 50 cents a small box and whisky.
+
+"We were all so weak we knew we could not get any more, so Miss Decker and
+I went down about 10 o'clock. It was awful. Dead animals everywhere, and
+the streets filled with fallen telegraph poles and brick stores blown
+over. Hundreds of women and children and men sitting on steps crying for
+lost ones, and half of them, nearly, injured. Wild-eyed, ghastly-looking
+men hurried by and told of whole families killed.
+
+"I could not stand any more and made them bring me home, and fell on the
+bed with hysterics. They poured whisky down me, but the only effect it had
+was to make my head ache worse. I had about got straightened out when a
+girl and a woman came to the house--relatives of Mrs. Spann--who had lost
+their mother and friends and house, and all they had. They had hysterics,
+and everybody cried, and I had another spell. All day wagon after wagon
+passed filled with dead--most of them without a thing on them--and men
+with stretchers with dead bodies with just a sheet thrown over them, some
+of them little children.
+
+"We waited, every minute expecting to have the two bodies brought here.
+But they had not been found up to now, and all hope is lost. There is a
+little boy in the house that spent the night in the water clinging to a
+log, and his father and mother and four sisters were drowned. He is all
+alone. Last night Mr. Mitchell took Miss Decker and I to another boarding
+house to find a dry bed. We slept on a folding bed, with nothing under us
+but a rug and sheet, and I had to borrow something dry to sleep in. The
+husband of the lady who lost her mother has just come from Houston. He
+walked and swam all the way. He is nearly wild, and she is just screaming.
+I cannot write any more. Am coming home soon as I can."
+
+
+SAVED AS BY A MIRACLE.
+
+The Stubbs family, consisting of father, mother and two children, was in
+its home when it collapsed. They found refuge on a floating roof. This
+parted and father and one child were swept in one direction, while the
+mother and the other child drifted in another. One of the children was
+washed off, but Sunday evening all four were reunited.
+
+Mrs. P. Watkins became a raving maniac as the result of her experiences.
+With her two children and her mother she was drifting on a roof, when her
+mother and one child were swept away. Mrs. Watkins mistakes attendants in
+the hospital for her lost relatives and clutches wildly for them.
+
+Harry Steele, a cotton man, and his wife sought safety in three successive
+houses which were demolished. They eventually climbed on a floating door
+and were saved.
+
+W. R. Jones, with fifteen other men, finding the building they were in
+about to fall, made their way to the water tower and, clapping hands,
+encircled the standpipe to keep from being washed or blown away.
+
+Mrs. Chapman Bailey, wife of the southern manager of the Galveston Wharf
+Company, and Miss Blanche Kennedy floated in the waters ten to twenty feet
+deep all night and day by catching wreckage. Finally they got into a
+wooden bath tub and were driven into the gulf overnight. The incoming tide
+drove them back to Galveston and they were rescued the next day. They were
+fearfully bruised. All their relatives were drowned.
+
+A pathetic incident in the search for the dead occurred Friday. A squad of
+men discovered in a wrecked building five bodies. Among these bodies was
+one which a member of the burial party recognized as his own brother. The
+bodies were all in an advanced state of decomposition. They were removed
+and a funeral pyre was built, at which the brother assisted and, with
+Spartan-like firmness, stood by and saw the bodies of the dead reduced to
+ashes.
+
+On Monday a brakeman of the Galveston, Houston and Northern left Virginia
+Point and started to walk toward Texas City. He found a little child,
+which he picked up and carried for miles. On his way he discovered the
+bodies of nine women. These he covered with grass to protect them from the
+vultures until some arrangements could be made for their interment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Lives Lost and Property Damage Sustained Outside of Galveston--One
+Thousand Victims and Millions of Value in Crops Swept Away--Estimates
+Made.
+
+
+Galveston's property loss by the hurricane was hardly less than
+$20,000,000; outside of that city, in Houston and other points in Central
+and Southern Texas, together with the agricultural and stock-raising
+districts, the property damage was nearly half that amount, or in the
+neighborhood of $10,000,000.
+
+Probably seventy-five villages and towns were swept by the storm, and in
+most of these places there was loss of life.
+
+It was reliably estimated from reports received at Austin, the capital
+city of Texas, from these places that the loss of life, exclusive of the
+death list of Galveston Island and City of Galveston, would aggregate
+1,000 people. In many towns the percentage of killed or drowned exceeded
+that in the City of Galveston. Several towns were swept completely out of
+existence.
+
+The scene of desolation in the devastated district was terrible to
+witness. The storm was over 200 miles wide and extended as far inland as
+Temple, a distance of over 200 miles from the gulf. The cotton crop in the
+lower counties was completely ruined. The same was true of the rice crop.
+The distress was keenly felt by the planters and small farmers throughout
+the storm-swept region.
+
+In Houston the damage was not figured at over $400,000; at Alvin,
+$200,000, the town being virtually destroyed and 6,000 people in that
+section deprived not only of shelter and food for the time being but all
+prospect for crops in the year to come.
+
+On the 15th of September, R. W. King sent out the following statement and
+appeal from Houston after a thorough investigation of the situation in and
+around Alvin:
+
+"I arrived in Alvin from Dallas and was astonished and bewildered by the
+sight of devastation on every side. Ninety-five per cent of the houses in
+this vicinity are in ruins, leaving 6,000 people without adequate shelter
+and destitute of the necessaries of life, and with no means whatever to
+procure them. Everything in the way of crops is destroyed, and unless
+there is speedy relief there will be exceedingly great suffering.
+
+"The people need and must have assistance. Need money to rebuild their
+homes and buy stock and implements. They need food--flour, bacon, corn.
+They must have seeds for their gardens so as to be able to do something
+for themselves very soon. Clothing is badly needed. Hundreds of women and
+children are without a change and are already suffering. Some better idea
+may be had of the distress when it is known that box cars are being
+improvised as houses and hay as bedding. Only fourteen houses in the Town
+of Alvin are standing, and they are badly damaged."
+
+The damage at Hitchcock was not less than $100,000, but the news from
+there was disheartening. A bulletin from a reliable source, dated
+September 15, said:
+
+"Country districts are strewn with corpses. The prairies around Hitchcock
+are dotted with the bodies of the dead. Scores are unburied, as the bodies
+are too badly decomposed to handle and the water too deep to admit of
+burial.
+
+"A pestilence is feared from the decomposing animal matter lying
+everywhere. The stench is something awful. Disinfecting material is badly
+needed."
+
+Other outside losses were:
+
+                                    Property.
+
+  Richmond                          $  75,000
+  Fort Bend County                    300,000
+  Wharton                              30,000
+  Wharton County                      100,000
+  Colorado County                     250,000
+  Angleton                             75,000
+  Velasco                              50,000
+  Other points, Brazoria County        80,000
+  Sabine                               50,000
+  Paton                                10,000
+  Rollover                             10,000
+  Winnie                               10,000
+  Belleville                            5,000
+  Hempstead                            25,000
+  Brookshire                           35,000
+  Waller County                       100,000
+  Arcola                                5,000
+  Sartartia                            50,000
+  Dickinson                            30,000
+  Texas City                          150,000
+  Columbia                             10,000
+  Sandy Point                          10,000
+  Near Brazoria (convicts killed)      35,000
+  Other points                        100,000
+
+Damage to railroads outside of Galveston, $500,000.
+
+Damage to telegraph and telephone wires outside of Galveston, $50,000.
+
+Damage to cotton crop, estimated on average crop of counties affected,
+50,000 bales, at $60 a bale, $3,000,000.
+
+Damage to stock was great, thousands of horses and cattle having perished
+during the storm.
+
+In Brazoria and other counties of that section there was hardly a
+plantation building left standing. All fences were also gone and the
+devastation was complete. Many large and expensive sugar refineries were
+wrecked. The negro cabins were blown down and many negroes killed. On one
+plantation, a short distance from the ill-fated Town of Angleton, three
+families of negroes were killed.
+
+The villages of Needville and Basley in Fort Bend county were completely
+destroyed. Over twenty people were killed, most of the bodies having been
+recovered. Every house in that part of the country was destroyed and
+there was great suffering among the homeless people.
+
+There was much destitution among the people of Richmond in the same
+county. Richmond was one of the most prosperous towns in south Texas. It
+was wholly destroyed and the homeless ones were without shelter. Their
+food supplies were provided by their more fortunate neighbors until other
+assistance could be had.
+
+The State authorities heard from the Sartaria plantation, where several
+hundred State convicts were employed. Every building on the plantation was
+blown down and the loss to property aggregated $35,000. Fifteen convicts
+were caught under the timbers of a falling building and all killed. Over a
+score of others were injured. In addition to the loss on buildings the
+entire cane crop was destroyed on this as well as other plantations in
+that section.
+
+Seven people were killed in the Town of Angleton, which was almost
+completely destroyed. In the neighborhood of Angleton five more persons
+were killed and their bodies have been recovered. The loss of life in that
+immediate section far exceeded the estimates given in the earlier reports.
+
+The search for victims of the flood at Seabrook resulted in fifty bodies
+being recovered. Seabrook was a favorite summer resort with many Texas
+people, and its hotels were filled with guests. Many were out on pleasure
+jaunts when the storm came upon them. There were many guests in the
+private houses which were swept away.
+
+The casualties at Texas City were five.
+
+Velasco, situated near the mouth of the Brazos river, asked for help. Over
+one-half of the town was destroyed and eleven people lost their lives.
+Reports from the adjacent country showed that many negroes were killed.
+
+Eleven negro convicts employed on a plantation in Matagorda county were
+killed by the collapse of a building in which they had sought refuge from
+the storm.
+
+The Town of Matagorda, situated on the coast, was in the brunt of the
+storm. Several people were killed in the Towns of Caney and Elliott, in
+the same county. The new buildings on the Clemmons convict farm, owned and
+operated by the State, were destroyed and several convicts injured. The
+crops were also ruined.
+
+Over fifty negroes were killed in Wharton county, ten being killed on one
+plantation near the Town of Wharton.
+
+Bay City suffered a loss of nearly all of its buildings and three were
+killed there. There were many homeless people in Missouri City, every
+house in the town but two being destroyed. The destitute people were
+living out of doors and camping on the wet ground.
+
+Outside of the cities of Galveston and Houston, the greatest suffering was
+between Houston and East Lake, inland, and on the coast to the Brazos
+river. There was no damage at Corpus Christi, Rockport, or in that
+immediate section of the coast.
+
+People in immediate need of relief were those of the Colorado and Brazos
+river bottoms. The planters in that section had everything swept away last
+year, and the flood this year devastated their crops, leaving the tenants
+in a state bordering on starvation. An enormous acreage was planted in
+rice and the crop was ready for harvesting when the furious winds laid
+everything low.
+
+At Wharton, Sugarland, Quintana, Waller, Prairie View and many other
+smaller places barely a house was left standing. Many of the farm hands
+had been brought into that section to assist at cotton picking and other
+farming. The people were huddled in small cabins when the first signs of a
+storm began brewing. But few escaped. Their clothing and everything was
+gone. They were absolutely devoid of even the necessities with which to
+sustain life.
+
+To begin over again the owners of plantations had to rebuild houses,
+purchase new machinery and new draft animals. The loss of horses and mules
+in the stricken district was a severe blow. Live stock interests were also
+greatly harmed.
+
+In the opinion of railway men several years must elapse before the farming
+districts can be restored to their former conditions. The advanced prices
+of building material was a hard blow for the smaller farmers, who in most
+instances were owners of farms.
+
+Appeals for relief were received from everywhere in the storm center. The
+season had given promise of producing the best harvest in the previous
+fifteen years.
+
+Five Houston people were drowned at Morgan's Point--Mrs. C. H. Lucy and
+her two children, Haven McIlhenny and the five-year-old son of David Rice.
+Mr. Michael McIlhenny was rescued alive, exhausted and in a state of
+terrible nervousness.
+
+McIlhenny said the water came up so rapidly that he and his family sought
+safety upon the roof. He had Haven in his arms and the other children were
+strapped together. A heavy piece of timber struck Haven, killing him.
+McIlhenny then took up young Rice, and while he had him in his arms he was
+twice washed off the roof and in this way young Rice was drowned.
+
+Mrs. Lucy's oldest child was next killed by a piece of timber and the
+younger one was drowned, and next Mrs. Lucy was washed off and drowned,
+thus leaving Mr. and Mrs. McIlhenny the only occupants on the roof.
+Finally the roof blew off the house and as it fell into the water it was
+broken in twain, Mrs. McIlhenny remaining on one half and McIlhenny on the
+other. The portion of the roof to which Mrs. McIlhenny clung turned over
+and this was the last seen of her. McIlhenny held to his side of the roof
+so distracted in mind as to care little where or how it drifted. He
+finally landed about 2 p. m. Sunday.
+
+At Surfside, a summer resort opposite Quintana, there were seventy-five
+persons in the hotel. The water was about it, and the danger was from the
+heavy logs floating from above. Only a few men worked in the village, so a
+number of women went into the water to their waists and assisted in
+keeping the logs away from the hotel, and no one was lost.
+
+At Belleville every house in the place was damaged, and several were
+demolished, including two churches. One girl was killed near there. Not a
+house was left at Patterson in a habitable condition.
+
+Two boarding cars were blown out on the main line and whirled along by the
+wind sixteen miles to Sandy Point, where they collided with a number of
+other boarding cars, killing two and injuring thirteen occupants.
+
+A dead child, the destruction of all houses except one and the destitution
+of some fifty families is the record of the work of the hurricane at
+Arcadia. From fifty other towns came reports that buildings were wrecked
+or demolished. Most of them reported several dead and injured.
+
+J. D. Dillon, commercial agent of the Santa Fe Railway Company, made a
+trip over the line of his road from Hitchcock to Virginia Point on foot,
+September 13, and gave a graphic account of his journey, which was made
+under many difficulties.
+
+"Twelve miles of track and bridges are gone south of Hitchcock," said he.
+"I walked, waded and swam from Hitchcock to Virginia Point, and nothing
+could be seen in all of that country but death and desolation. The
+prairies are covered with water, and I do not think I exaggerate when I
+say that not less than 5,000 horses and cattle are to be seen along the
+line of the tracks south of Hitchcock.
+
+"The little towns along the railway are all swept away, and the sight is
+the most terrible that I have ever witnessed. When I reached a point about
+two miles north of Virginia Point I saw some bodies floating on the
+prairie, and from that point until Virginia Point was reached dead bodies
+could be seen from the railroad track, floating about the prairie.
+
+"At Virginia Point nothing is left. About 100 cars of loaded merchandise
+that reached Virginia Point on the International and Great Northern and
+the Missouri, Kansas and Texas on the night of the storm are scattered
+over the prairie, and their contents will no doubt prove a total loss."
+
+On Friday, September 14, from early morning until far into the afternoon
+Governor Sayers was in conference with relief committees from various
+points along the storm-swept coast. Among the first committees to arrive
+was one from Galveston. These men consulted at length with the Governor,
+and as a result of this conference it was decided that the State Adjutant
+General, General Scurry, should be left in command of the city, which was
+to be considered under military rule, and that he was to have the
+exclusive control not only of the patrolling of the city, but of the
+sanitary forces engaged in cleaning the city.
+
+It was decided also that instead of looking to the laboring people of
+Galveston for work in the emergency an importation of outside laborers to
+the number of 2,000 should be made to conduct the sanitary work while the
+people of Galveston were given an opportunity of looking after their own
+losses and rebuilding their own property without giving any time to the
+city at large.
+
+It was believed that with the work of these 2,000 outside laborers it
+would require about four weeks to clean the city of debris, and in the
+meantime the citizens could be working on their own property and repairing
+damage there.
+
+Another relief committee from Velasco reported that 2,000 persons were in
+destitute circumstances, without food, clothing, or homes. Crops had been
+totally destroyed, all farming implements were washed away, and the people
+had nothing at hand with which to work the fields.
+
+A relief committee from the Columbia precinct reported 2,500 destitute.
+Other sections sent in committees during the day, and as a result of all
+Governor Sayers ordered posthaste shipments of supplies.
+
+The text of the message of sympathy received by President McKinley from
+the Emperor of Germany was as follows:
+
+     "Stettin, Sept. 13, 1900.--President of the United States of America,
+     Washington:--I wish to convey to your excellency the expression of my
+     deep-felt sympathy with the misfortune that has befallen the town and
+     harbor of Galveston and many other ports of the coast, and I mourn
+     with you and the people of the United States over the terrible loss
+     of life and property caused by the hurricane, but the magnitude of
+     the disaster is equaled by the indomitable spirit of the citizens of
+     the new world, who, in their long and continued struggle with the
+     adverse forces of nature, have proved themselves to be victorious.
+
+     "I sincerely hope that Galveston will rise again to new prosperity.
+
+        "WILLIAM, I. R."
+
+The President replied:
+
+     "Executive Mansion, September 14, 1900.--His Imperial and Royal
+     Majesty Wilhelm II., Stettin, Germany:--Your majesty's message of
+     condolence and sympathy is very grateful to the American government
+     and people, and in their name, as well as on behalf of the many
+     thousands who have suffered bereavement and irreparable loss in the
+     Galveston disaster, I thank you most earnestly.
+
+        "WILLIAM McKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Business Resumed at Galveston in a Small Way on the Sixth Day after the
+Catastrophe--"Galveston Shall Rise Again"--How the City Looked On
+Saturday, One Week after the Flood.
+
+
+By the time Friday--practically the sixth day after the flood, although
+the waters did not subside nor the wind go down until about 2 o'clock on
+Sunday morning--had arrived many of the business men of the stricken city
+had recovered their courage and two or three banks and a few business
+houses were opened, although most of the streets were still choked with
+debris and practically impassable. On every corner was this sign:
+
+                            CLEAN UP.
+
+Some women even ventured out shopping, picking their way over great masses
+of wreckage. Tremont street was by that time opened from the bay to the
+beach, and Mechanic street, the Strand and Winnie and Church streets were
+being rapidly cleared. However, the stench from the putrefying bodies of
+the victims of the calamity still in the ruins of scores and hundreds of
+buildings was all but unbearable.
+
+
+"GALVESTON SHALL RISE AGAIN."
+
+"Galveston must rise again," said the Galveston News in an editorial on
+Thursday.
+
+"At the first meeting of Galveston citizens Sunday afternoon after the
+great hurricane, for the purpose of bringing order out of chaos, the only
+sentiment expressed," the editorial says, "was that Galveston had received
+an awful blow. The loss of life and property is appalling--so great that
+it required several days to form anything like a correct estimate. With
+sad and aching hearts, but with resolute faces, the sentiment of the
+meeting was that out of the awful chaos of wrecked homes and wrecked
+business, Galveston must rise again.
+
+"The sentiment was not that of bury the dead and give up the ship; but,
+rather, bury the dead, succor the needy, appeal for aid from a charitable
+world, and then start resolutely to work to mend the broken chains. In
+many cases the work of upbuilding must begin over. In other cases the
+destruction is only partial.
+
+"The sentiment was, Galveston will, Galveston must, survive, and fulfill
+her glorious destiny. Galveston shall rise again. * * *
+
+"If we have lost all else, we still have life and the future, and it is
+toward the future that we must devote the energies of our lives. We can
+never forget what we have suffered; we cannot forget the thousands of our
+friends and loved ones who found in the angry billows that destroyed them
+a final resting place. But tears and grief must not make us forget our
+present duties. The blight and ruin which have destroyed Galveston are not
+beyond repair; we must not for a moment think Galveston is to be abandoned
+because of one disaster, however horrible that disaster has been.
+
+"It is a time for courage of the highest order. It is a time when men and
+women show the stuff that is in them, and we can make no loftier
+acknowledgment of the material sympathy which the world is extending to us
+than to answer back that after we shall have buried our dead, relieved the
+sufferings of the sick and destitute, we will bravely undertake the vast
+work of restoration and recuperation which lies before us in a manner
+which shall convince the world that we have spirit to overcome misfortune
+and rebuild our homes. In this way we shall prove ourselves worthy of the
+boundless tenderness which is being showered upon us in the hour of
+desolation and sorrow."
+
+This sentiment voiced the feeling of the people of the prostrate city
+pretty accurately, for they had begun to look around them and make plans
+for rebuilding, although it was many days after that before the streets
+were cleaned and the ground was dry enough to begin work.
+
+
+THE SITUATION A WEEK AFTERWARDS.
+
+A newspaper correspondent who had unusual facilities for getting at the
+true state of affairs summed up the situation on Saturday, September 15,
+just a week after the awful visitation, as follows:
+
+"The first week of Galveston's suffering has passed away, and the extent
+of the disaster which wind and flood brought to the city seems greater
+than it did even when the blow had just been struck.
+
+"That 5,000 or more of the 40,000 men, women and children who made up the
+population of the city seven days ago are dead is almost certain. And the
+money value of the damage to the property of the citizens is so great that
+no one can attempt to estimate it within $5,000,000 of the real amount.
+
+"In one thing the effects of the flood are irreparable. Water now covers
+5,300,000 square feet of ground that was formerly a part of the city, but
+which now can never be reclaimed from the gulf.
+
+"A strip of land three miles long and from 350 to 400 feet wide along the
+south side of the city, where the finest residences stood, is now covered
+by the waves even at low tide. The Beach Hotel now has its foundations in
+the gulf, although before the hurricane it had a fine beach 400 feet wide
+in front of it. This land is gone forever.
+
+"Like men stunned and dazed, the survivors of the flood have worked and
+struggled to bury their dead and to make the city habitable for the
+living, but it may be doubted whether they even yet realize to the full
+extent what they have lost, or guess the suffering that is in store for
+them when their moments of leisure come and they begin to miss their
+friends and loved ones who are dead.
+
+"It is certain now that, however much Galveston has suffered, the city
+will be rebuilt and be the scene of as great a business as before. But few
+of the men of the city can pay any attention yet to the work that is
+necessary for this restoration. To-day they are busy with the roughest
+work of cleaning the city, of clearing away the debris, of burying the
+bodies which still are being discovered under ruins each day and of
+providing for their simplest necessities.
+
+"The woman who a few days ago was the mistress of a splendid mansion, with
+every want provided for, may now be seen half-clad making her way through
+the streets in search of a little food, and esteeming herself fortunate if
+her family is still intact to gather in the wreckage of the former home.
+The man who a few days ago was the owner of a great business and the
+master of many servants may to-day be seen working in the trying tasks of
+removing wreckage and hauling away to burial the decayed and
+unrecognizable bodies of the dead, under the direction of armed soldiers
+and deputy sheriffs, who are there to see that the work is not slighted.
+
+"And around every one is ruin. The broken and shattered houses, the
+scattered articles of furniture, above all the burning funeral pyres on
+which the bodies of many of the dead are being consumed, make the city a
+place of horror even to those whose personal wants are best provided for.
+
+"The peril from the wind and waves was followed for those who survived by
+a peril of hunger and a peril of disease. There came also a peril to life
+and property from the great horde of robbers and inhuman outlaws who were
+attracted by the helpless condition of the city to seek their prey.
+
+"The splendid response of the country to Galveston's appeal for help has
+removed all danger of further suffering from hunger, and the prompt action
+of Governor Sayers, through Adjutant General Scurry, and of Mayor Jones
+and the citizens' relief committee have re-established order and made the
+horrible scenes of the stripping of corpses and the assaults on persons no
+longer possible. The city is still under martial law, and it will remain
+so, nominally at least, until normal conditions otherwise have been
+restored.
+
+"The danger of pestilence is still great, however, and indeed the fear
+that other thousands may fall victims to a scourge of disease is gaining
+in strength and leading to an exodus of all the women and children and of
+many of the men of the city, who are crowding the boats to get away to the
+mainland.
+
+"Added to the danger from the thousands of decomposing bodies both of men
+and of beasts, which still lie under ruined houses and along the gulf
+shore, is the danger from the unflushed sewers and closets in the city.
+Until yesterday it was practically impossible to flush the sewers in any
+part of the city on account of the lack of water, and although the
+condition is now much better there is much of evil still.
+
+"Fevers and other diseases which may be bred under these conditions will
+not show themselves for ten days or longer, at the earliest. Some of the
+physicians in the city have issued statements to-day calculated to calm
+the apprehensions of the citizens in this matter. Among them is Dr. W. H.
+Blount, state health officer, who says that there is no great danger. He
+refers to the cyclone of 1867, which covered the city with slimy mud, and
+instead of breeding disease served practically to put an end to the yellow
+fever then prevalent.
+
+"The work of clearing away the debris in the streets has been carried on
+with a fair degree of vigor, and it is expected that it will be pushed
+much faster from now on. The 2,000 laborers whom it has been decided to
+bring in from outside the city for the work will be able to take up the
+task without having to worry about the safety of the remnants of their own
+property which they may have left unprotected.
+
+"The most important need is, however, for money to pay the men. Adjutant
+General Scurry said to-day: 'I have not a dollar to pay the men who are
+working in the streets all day long. I am not able to say to a single one
+of these men, "You shall be paid for your work." I have not the money to
+make good the promise and I hope and believe that the country will relieve
+the situation.
+
+"'We must have this city cleaned up at any cost, and with the greatest
+speed possible. If it is not done with all haste, and at the same time
+done well, there may be a pestilence, and if it once breaks out here it
+will not be Galveston alone that will suffer. Such things spread, and it
+is not only for the sake of this city, but for others outside of this
+place that I urge that above all things we want money.
+
+"'The nation has been most kind in its response to the appeal of
+Galveston, and from what I hear, food and disinfectants sufficient for
+temporary purposes at least, are here or on the way. The country does not
+understand, it cannot understand, unless it visit Galveston, the awful
+destitution prevailing here. Of all the poor people here, not one has
+anything. A majority of them could not furnish a single room in which to
+commence housekeeping even though they had the money to rebuild the room.
+
+"'These people have absolutely nothing except what is given them by the
+relief committee. They are in a condition of absolute want, they lack
+everything, and save for the splendid generosity of the nation they would
+be utterly without hope.'
+
+"The gangs of men in the streets are still finding every now and then
+badly decomposed bodies. Few of these relics of human life can be
+recognized, and many of them are naked and without anything about them
+which would lead to identification. They are disposed of as rapidly as
+possible, but the work is very offensive and the men engaged in it cannot
+endure it steadily for any great length of time.
+
+"'Pull them out of the water as soon as seen and throw them into the
+flames as soon as taken from the water,' is the order, and it is
+effectually carried out.
+
+"The best work in this direction was done along the shore line of the gulf
+on the south side of the city. During the day bodies were found at
+frequent intervals, and just at sunset seven were found in the ruins of
+one house. It is expected that more will be found to-morrow, as the work
+gang that to-day found seven bodies will clear up the debris where it is
+known that fifteen people were killed.
+
+"The soldiers from Dallas and Houston who have been here providing for
+order and helping in the work of cleaning up the city have become
+exhausted and it has been necessary to relieve them. The Craddock Light
+Infantry of Terrell arrived to-day to take up the work.
+
+"The exodus to Houston and other neighboring cities is still going on. The
+sailboats across the bay are crowded to their fullest capacity, and they
+make as many round trips each day as they can."
+
+
+NOTHING LIKE IT IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+"No calamity in the history of the United States approaches the horror of
+Galveston." Such was the declaration of Col. Walter Hudnall of the United
+States treasury department, Saturday, after filing a secret report to the
+government in which he outlined the damage sustained by the government and
+made confidential suggestions concerning the advisability of continuing
+the expenditures that have been made there annually.
+
+"Galveston needs no more physicians or nurses," he continued. "Those who
+would rush to the aid of the stricken island should send quicklime,
+chloride of lime, carbolic acid and other disinfectants and stay away
+themselves. To-day Galveston is a gigantic funeral pyre. From the wreckage
+ascend numerous pillars of smoke and the air is filled with the sickening
+odor of burning human flesh. But above all, making one forget even the
+presence of the uncounted dead, is the stench of decaying coffee, rice and
+other vegetable products that lie swelling with the heat and putrefying.
+Powerful chemicals and disinfectants are required to prevent what this is
+sure to produce--disease.
+
+"In the face of these conditions Galveston is burying her dead, burning
+her wreckage, attempting to restore order and bring about a resumption of
+business.
+
+"No words of complaint are heard. The woe which has come upon the island
+city is too great for tears and the afflictions of individuals in the loss
+of dear ones is entirely forgotten in the heroic fight that is being made
+for self-preservation for the community. Women of wealth steal through the
+streets without clothing, save for a bit of torn and grimy cloth wrapped
+about them. Men of means are in the same sorry plight and go about their
+grewsome task of cleaning up in so stolid a manner that it is obvious that
+Galveston has not awakened to the full horror of the situation. There has
+not been time to think.
+
+"It is not uncommon to hear worn and haggard men refer to the loss of
+their families and their all with so little evidence of concern that it
+would attract wonder were not the senses of the visitor numbed by the
+terror of the situation. It is the reaction that is feared most by those
+who are leading the effort to make the city habitable. When this work is
+completed and there is time to think a heartrending wail of woe will go up
+from the twenty-odd thousand mourning survivors and gloomy desperation is
+expected to succeed the energy that is now manifested.
+
+"The spirit of the people is aptly illustrated by Capt. John Delaney,
+chief customs inspector of the port. Delaney, 60 years of age, lost his
+entire family, wife, son and daughters. The bodies of the son and
+daughters were recovered, but no trace of Mrs. Delaney has been found.
+Whether her body was cast into the sea from one of the dread funeral
+barges or buried may never be known. Terrible as was the blow, Delaney was
+at his post the day following the disaster, attired in a pair of overalls,
+all that he managed to save. Yesterday a butcher, fortunate in saving a
+portion of two suits, loaned Delaney a pair of trousers. Clad in them he
+boarded a big German tramp steamer that arrived in port, inspected her and
+sent her back to New Orleans, as she was unable to discharge her cargo at
+Galveston."
+
+In his report to Washington Col. Hudnall placed the loss of life at from
+6,500 to 8,000 and ridiculed the idea that any person could estimate the
+property loss at that time. He predicted that it would be impossible to
+estimate within $10,000,000 of the correct figures. His estimate was based
+upon what was said to be better information than that of any other visitor
+in Galveston, as he had made a thorough canvass of the city on horseback,
+visiting every locality where it was possible to travel, instructions from
+the treasury department being to thoroughly investigate in every detail.
+No one else had made such a canvass.
+
+Vice-President and General Manager Trice of the International and Great
+Northern railroad, after looking over the situation in Galveston, said the
+railroad losses would aggregate $5,000,000 or $6,000,000 in that city
+alone.
+
+At Galveston their wharves, warehouses, depots and tracks were ruined. The
+costly bridges which connected the island with the mainland were in ruins
+and must be entirely rebuilt.
+
+The International and Great Northern and Santa Fe had considerable track
+washed out, while the Galveston, Houston and Northern suffered heavily.
+
+All track between Seabrooke and Virginia Point, with all of the bridges,
+was washed away, and Section Foreman Scanlan and all his crew at Nadeau
+had been lost.
+
+
+HOW THE INSURANCE COMPANIES FARED.
+
+Naturally the question of insurance carried on the lives and property of
+people of Galveston was one much discussed after the first feeling of
+horror occasioned by the catastrophe had worn away, and the fact was
+developed that while the life insurance companies were somewhat badly
+hit--although in not so great a degree as would naturally be supposed when
+the heavy death list was taken into consideration--very little property
+insurance was carried by the business men and property owners of the
+desolated city.
+
+Although the loss of life was over 5,000, a large proportion of the
+victims was composed of women and children, a class which rarely if ever
+carries insurance; again, the majority of the men drowned and crushed were
+residents of the poorer districts of the town, the wealthier men having
+abandoned their homes at the first alarm and fled to the elevated places.
+These victims were caught in their houses, together with their families,
+and husbands, wives and children died together.
+
+As a matter of fact, the men who work for a living at trades and in the
+various branches of employment where skilled labor is not demanded, do not
+carry life insurance as a general thing, except in benevolent or fraternal
+societies of which they may be members, and this is the main reason why
+the "straight" life insurance companies, as they are called, did not
+suffer more than they did.
+
+One of the most prominent insurance managers in the United States said
+three days after the catastrophe:
+
+"Life insurance companies will feel the blow of the Galveston storm. How
+much insurance was carried by the victims of the storm is not known, but
+it must have been great in the aggregate. The large proportion of women
+and children among the dead will lighten the burden, as they do not often
+carry insurance.
+
+"The rule requiring the body of the insured to be identified will have to
+be waived, because of the number of bodies buried at sea and otherwise
+without identification. Unless the rigor of this rule is relaxed by the
+insurers litigation will be boundless.
+
+"Practically no property insurance was carried at Galveston."
+
+Galveston and Houston representatives of the largest eastern insurance
+companies when seen concurred in the opinion that the insurance policies
+against storm losses carried by Galvestonians would not aggregate $10,000.
+They said there was absolutely no demand for such insurance at Galveston.
+
+The head of one of the leading insurance firms in Galveston which
+represented many large eastern companies said: "We did not carry a dollar
+of storm insurance at Galveston, and while my information on that point is
+limited, I feel sure the storm insurance was very small. We never had a
+request for storm insurance policies. If there had been any demand at
+Galveston for insurance of this kind we would have heard of it.
+
+"We held $50,000 storm insurance on two big oil mills at Houston and our
+loss will probably be $40,000 to $50,000 on these two structures. We held
+$25,000 storm insurance at Port Arthur and about $1,200 at Alvin. The
+insurance situation at Galveston is very quiet. There was no loss by fire,
+and I think the insurance against storms was trivial."
+
+More than 4,000 houses were destroyed; millions of dollars' worth of
+property in dry goods, grocery and other business houses--wholesale and
+retail--was ruined; there was hardly a house in the city which did not
+suffer damage, the total property losses aggregating about $20,000,000;
+and yet, living in a section where storms were liable to occur at any
+time, little or no insurance was carried.
+
+The first message by wire was sent out of Galveston Thursday at 4:16 p. m.
+over the wire of the Western Union Company. The company laid a cable
+across the channel, and through it they transmitted the message. The cable
+was brought from Chicago on a passenger train. The Postal Telegraph
+Company had several wires in good working order by Saturday night, as also
+had the Western Union Company.
+
+The Mexican Cable Company secured both ends of its cable and established
+communication from Galveston with the outside world via the City of Mexico
+Friday evening.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Galveston Nine Days After--Great Changes Apparent--Life in a Business
+Exhibited--Systematic Efforts to Obtain Names of the Dead.
+
+
+Monday, September 17, Galveston presented a far different appearance than
+the Monday previous. Street cars were in operation in the business part of
+the city and the electric line and water service had been partly resumed.
+The progress made under the circumstances was little short of remarkable.
+
+It must not be understood by any means that the remaining portion of the
+city had been put in anything like its normal condition, but so very great
+a change had been wrought, so much order and system prevailed where
+formerly chaos reigned, that Galveston and the people who had been giving
+her such noble assistance had good reason to be satisfied with what had
+been accomplished in the face of such fearful odds. According to
+statements made by General Scurry, Mayor Jones, Alderman Perry and others,
+there was equally good reason to believe that the progress of the work
+from that time on would be even more satisfactory.
+
+On that morning the board of health began a systematic effort to obtain
+the names of the dead, so that the information could be used for legal
+purposes and for life insurance settlements. An agent was stationed at the
+headquarters of the Central Relief Committee to receive and file sworn
+statements in lieu of coroner's certificates. Persons who had left the
+city but were in possession of information concerning the dead were
+notified to send sworn statements to Mr. Doherty.
+
+The steady stream of refugees from Galveston was kept up. There was not a
+departing train from across the bay which was not packed to its platforms.
+Refugees continued to leave for many days thereafter.
+
+No sadder sight could be imagined than the picture presented by a boat
+load of refugees, when the ropes were cast off and the craft swung out
+into the bay and away from the desolate city. There was not a face that
+was not turned toward the ruin. There was not an eye that was not
+moistened by tears. So great had been the rush to leave behind the scene
+of the storm that the Lawrence, the boat which connected with trains at
+Texas City, had not left her wharf a single day without denying passage to
+a portion of those who wanted to get away.
+
+The partings at the waterside were pitiful. Husbands came to the gangplank
+and kissed their weeping wives good-by, turning back to the hard work of
+reconstruction which confronted them, with breaking hearts. Scores of
+women, overcome at the last moment, were cared for by strange hands, while
+those who loved them, bound to Galveston by necessity, could do no more
+than watch from afar and pray.
+
+Instead of waiting until Galveston was reached to begin work, steps were
+taken to care for refugees at the bay terminal of the Galveston, Houston
+and Henderson Road, and during Saturday night and Sunday hundreds of
+hungry refugees were fed, while numbers of sick and wounded were cared
+for.
+
+There was plenty of work on hand for ten times the force of laborers
+employed. The area which had not yet been touched embraced four and a half
+miles of frontage on the beach and bay.
+
+There were enough provisions on hand ahead to feed everybody in Galveston
+for a week. There was a great deal of trouble in properly distributing
+supplies, the rush at the depots being as great as at any time since they
+were opened.
+
+It was indeed a mercy that the weather since the storm had been clear and
+dry. Had it rained a single day the suffering would have been terrible,
+for there was not a whole roof in Galveston.
+
+There were about 200 soldiers in Galveston doing guard and police duty.
+The camp on the wharf, between the Galveston Red Snapper Company and the
+foot of Tremont street had been put into shape and the soldiers
+comfortably housed. There were five militia commands--the Dallas rough
+riders, Captain Ormonde Paget, with forty-five men; the Houston Light
+Guards, Captain George McCormick, with forty-five men; the Galveston
+Sharpshooters, Captain A. Bunschell, with thirty-five men; Battery D of
+Houston, Captain G. A. Adams, with fifteen men, and Troop A. Houston
+Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant Breedlove, with twenty men.
+
+The fact that no money was available to pay the men who were engaged in
+cleaning the streets was a great detriment to preparing the way not only
+for rebuilding the city but in the efforts to prevent the spread of plague
+and pestilence.
+
+General Scurry, general in charge of the operations at Galveston, made the
+following statement on Sunday, September 16:
+
+     "I have not a dollar to pay the men who are working in the streets
+     all day long. I am not able to say to a single one of them 'You'll be
+     paid for your work.' I have not the money to make good the promise. I
+     hope and believe that the country will understand the situation. We
+     must have this city cleaned up at any cost and with the greatest
+     speed possible. If it is not done with all haste, and at the same
+     time done well, there may be a pestilence, and if it breaks out here
+     it will not be Galveston alone that will suffer.
+
+     "Such things spread, and it is not only for the sake of this city,
+     but for others outside that I urge that above all things we want
+     money. The nation has been most kind in its response to appeals from
+     Galveston. From what I hear food and disinfectants sufficient for
+     temporary purposes at least are here or on the way. The country does
+     not understand. It cannot understand unless it could visit Galveston,
+     the situation prevailing here.
+
+        "SCURRY,
+            "Adjutant-General State of Texas."
+
+As to the probability of a pestilence, General Chambers McKibbin, U. S. A.,
+commanding the Military Department of Texas, said:
+
+     "I am personally in favor of burning as much rubbish as possible, and
+     of burning it as quickly as permissible. I do not predict a
+     pestilence, but I think the things are coming to that point where a
+     pestilence may be possible unless prompt measures are taken, and
+     there is nothing so effective as fire. Burn everything and burn it at
+     once."
+
+All the churches in Galveston either being wrecked or ruined, with but one
+or two exceptions, divine services on Sunday, September 16, were in most
+cases suspended. Mass was celebrated at St. Mary's cathedral in the
+morning and was largely attended.
+
+Father Kirwin preached an eloquent and feeling sermon, in which he spoke
+of the awful calamity that had befallen the people. After expressing
+sympathy with the afflicted and distressed he advised all to go to work
+in burying the dead. The next day a census of the Catholic population was
+begun to ascertain the number of widows and orphans caused by the storm
+and the exact number of Catholics who perished.
+
+Bishop Gallagher, who had been active in his efforts to mitigate suffering
+at Galveston, received a telegram from Archbishop Corrigan of New York,
+stating the diocese of that city would see that all Catholic orphan
+children sent to his care were kindly provided for.
+
+Houston was the center of relief distribution, and also the key to
+Galveston. It was practically the only way in or out for weeks. Hundreds
+of refugees passed through every day. Houston was well filled with them,
+but the larger number went right through to points farther north. Free
+transportation was furnished to any point in Texas, provided they had
+relatives who would take care of them. Many of the refugees arrived at
+Houston scantily clothed and in a pitiful condition.
+
+"Vast as the work is, all are being provided for," said Edward Watkins,
+Chairman of the transportation division of the Relief Committee. "We have
+not let anybody go through uncared for."
+
+Mere curiosity was at a discount here. People who had urgent business in
+Galveston found it hard to get permits to go there, and those who were
+simply curious could not get there at all. Camera fiends were absolutely
+barred. One man was shot for taking a picture of a nude woman on the
+beach, and three newspaper men who were taking views of the ruins were
+rounded up, their cameras smashed and themselves forced to go to work
+gathering up decomposed corpses.
+
+Even Houston was in a similar state of martial law. Guards surrounded the
+depot of the International & Great Northern, the only road running south,
+and would not even allow curious crowds to gather to see the refugees
+come in. This was in enforcement of a proclamation issued by Mayor
+Brashear, copies of which, printed on large red cards, were posted
+conspicuously all over the city.
+
+The catastrophe all but paralyzed shipping business in the storm-visited
+section. At Fort Worth all purchasing stopped. Cotton was just beginning
+to move, but it had to go by way of New Orleans, the additional freights
+eating up the apparent profit of the 1 cent a pound advance in price. Had
+the storm struck a few weeks later the loss would have been greatly
+increased, as the cotton would then have been upon the wharves.
+
+Heavy financial losers were the fraternal societies. One known as the
+United Moderns, with headquarters at Denver, lost 100 out of a lodge of
+500. Policies ranged from $1,000 to $2,000.
+
+
+INSURANCE MATTERS CREATE A BIG BOTHER.
+
+One hundred and fifty odd million dollars represented the value of the
+life insurance policies carried by the old-line companies in the state of
+Texas at the time of the flood. It was estimated that $4,000,000
+represented the life risks carried in Galveston by the regular companies,
+and that over $2,000,000 was carried by assessment and fraternal
+organizations.
+
+Insurance men said it was probable that of the persons killed in the
+recent disaster 900 were men, and that, according to statistics, half of
+them had life policies of an average value of $2,000. On this basis
+$900,000 approximated the losses to be met in Galveston by the life
+insurance companies. Eighteen old-line companies and a great many
+assessment and fraternal companies divided the losses, and no reputable
+organization was crippled thereby.
+
+Accurate figures of the losses were not made, but the above figures
+represented the calculations hastily made by George T. Dexter,
+superintendent of the domestic agencies of the Mutual Life Insurance
+Company of New York. In regard to this Mr. Dexter said:
+
+"The most striking feature of the insurance situation at Galveston is the
+difficulty that will arise when the adjustment of claims is taken up.
+Hundreds of bodies have been buried without identification, hundreds more
+have been taken out into the gulf and many have been cremated. Whole
+families have been destroyed in many instances, and insurance papers have
+suffered in the general destruction of property. This state of affairs
+will make it difficult for the beneficiaries to establish their claims and
+will enable the organizations so disposed to escape payment. I have no
+doubt the level premium companies will adjust claims, in a large measure,
+on circumstantial evidence.
+
+"Our agency property at San Antonio was destroyed, and we have no accurate
+reports of our Texas losses, so it is impossible to give other than
+general estimates of what they may be. The class of people insuring in the
+regular companies are in general surrounded by conditions that render them
+better risks in the event of such a calamity as this, but if my
+information is correct the better portion of the residence district
+suffered most, and we may hear of heavy losses. I think we carried between
+$300,000 and $400,000 insurance in Galveston. The insurance business in
+that part of the south has been exceptionally good of late because of the
+cotton values."
+
+H. H. Knowles, southern manager of the Equitable Life of New York, said:
+
+"We have two $100,000 risks in Galveston, and we are hoping that they are
+not among the lost. Our reports from Texas are not in, but I should think
+that our company will be fortunate if it gets off with less than a loss of
+$100,000. I believe that the assessment and fraternal insurance concerns
+will have the most losses because of the fact that in such a disaster the
+loss of life is greater among the poorer classes."
+
+The accident insurance companies had heavy losses to meet.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Magnitude of the Relief Necessary--Twenty Thousand Persons to be Clothed
+and Fed--System of Relief Organization--How the Storm Affected Trade.
+
+
+The situation at Galveston on Saturday night, just a week after the
+calamity, was thus described by a competent authority who arrived in the
+city the day after the flood:
+
+"It must be possible by this time to give some idea of the magnitude which
+relief must assume. There were 38,000 persons in the city when the census
+was taken a few weeks ago. After the storm 32,000 remained. This latter
+statement is made after careful inquiry from the best sources of
+information. About 3,000 have left the island, most of them women and
+children, to go to friends temporarily.
+
+"Of the 29,000 remaining how many must be helped and how long?
+
+"The question is a hard one. The men who knew most of the situation, who
+have labored day and night since Sunday, hesitate to answer.
+
+"Mr. McVittie, the executive head of the relief work, said it was possible
+there were 3,500 persons in the city who did not require any assistance
+whatever. Mr. Lowe of the Galveston News, a most careful and conservative
+man, said he believed fully two-thirds of the surviving and remaining
+population were dependent to-day. Others familiar with the situation were
+asked for their opinions, and they estimated variously the number that
+must be helped temporarily at from two-thirds to three-fourths.
+
+"The conclusion is forced that there are to-day in Galveston 20,000
+persons who must be fed and clothed. The proportion of those who were in
+fair circumstances and lost all is astonishing. Relief cannot be limited
+to those who formed the poor class before the storm.
+
+"An intelligent man left Galveston to-day, taking his wife and children to
+relatives. He said: 'A week ago I had a good home and a business which
+paid me between $400 and $500 a month. To-day I have nothing. My house was
+swept away and my business is gone. I see no way of re-establishing it in
+the near future.'
+
+"This man had a real estate and house-renting agency.
+
+"At the military headquarters, one of the principal officials doing
+temporary service for the city, said: 'Before the storm I had a good home
+and good income. I felt rich. My house is gone and my business. The fact
+is I don't even own the clothes I stand before you in. I borrowed them.'
+
+"Now these are not exceptional cases. They are fairly typical. Men who
+worked for salaries, who rented or owned good houses and considered
+themselves fairly well provided for, as the world goes, are to-day, by
+thousands, not only penniless, but without food, without clothes, and
+without employment.
+
+"There must be fed and clothed these 20,000 until they can work out their
+temporal salvation. And then something ought to be done to help the worthy
+get on their feet and make a fresh start. Some people will leave
+Galveston. It is plain, however, that nothing like the number expected
+will go. Galveston is still home to the great majority. It was a city of
+fine local pride. It was one of the most beautiful of American cities, and
+with its surrounding of gulf and bay was a pleasant place to live in,
+even in summer. Those who can stay and live here will do so.
+
+"If the country responds to the needs in anything like the measure given
+to Johnstown, Chicago, Charleston and other stricken cities and sections,
+Galveston as a community will not only be restored but will enter upon a
+greater future than was expected before the storm.
+
+"This seems rather an extraordinary thing to say. It has been the
+experience, wherefore it is expected here. Since Tuesday there has been no
+doubt of Galveston's restoration. If in the future this city celebrates a
+flood anniversary the day upon which the community's courage was reborn
+ought to be remembered.
+
+"From a central organization the relief work has been divided by wards. A
+depot and a subcommittee were established in each ward of the city. 'They
+who will not work should not eat' was the principle adopted when the
+organization was perfected. Few idle mouths are now being fed in
+Galveston. There are fatherless, and there are widows, and there are sick
+who must have charity.
+
+"But the able-bodied are working in parties under the direction of bosses.
+They are paid in food and clothing. In this way the relief committee is,
+within the first week, meeting the needs of the survivors and at the same
+time gradually clearing the streets and burning the ruins and refuse.
+
+"A single report made by a ward committeeman to Mr. McVittie will serve to
+show on what scale this plan is being carried out. 'In my ward,' said the
+committeeman, 'I have 600 men employed and I am feeding 3,700 persons.'
+
+"The system of the Galveston relief organization is admirable. Perhaps
+never before was economy practiced so rigidly in the distribution of the
+nation's largess. 'Our aim,' Mr. McVittie said, 'is to distribute no money
+at this time, but to employ with relief funds all of the labor in the
+clearing of the city and the cremation of the dead until we have removed
+to that extent the ravages of the storm.
+
+"'We employ all who can work and we give food and clothing as
+remuneration. We scrutinize most carefully applications for charity and
+grant none if the applicant is able to render service. We adopted this
+plan in the beginning and we are going to continue it. Most of our people
+responded to the rule and went to work. To those who were unwilling to
+work we applied the authority of martial law.
+
+"'All Galveston is now at work and the contributions which we are
+receiving from the sympathizing nation are going to pay for the most
+urgent work the storm imposed on us.'
+
+"Six days have wrought surprising changes in conditions at Galveston. Each
+day has been a chapter in itself. Sunday was paralysis. On Monday came the
+beginning of realization. Tuesday might be called the crisis period. And
+the crisis was passed safely. What has been accomplished since the turning
+point on Tuesday is amazing. It is almost as incredible as some of the
+effects of this visitation are without precedent.
+
+"On Sunday the people did little but go about dazed and bewildered,
+gathering a few hundred of the bodies which were in their way. On Monday
+the born leaders who are usually not discovered in a community until some
+great emergency arises began to forge in front. They were not men from one
+rank in point of wealth or intelligence. They came from all classes. For
+example there was Hughes, the 'longshoreman.
+
+"Bodies which lay exposed in the streets and which were necessary to
+remove somewhere lest they be stepped on were carried into a temporary
+morgue until 500 lay in rows on the floor. Then a problem in mortality,
+such as no other American community ever faced, was presented. Pestilence,
+which stalked forth by Monday, seemed about to take possession of what the
+storm had left. Immediate disposition of those bodies was absolutely
+necessary to save the living. Then it was that Lowe and McVittie and Sealy
+and the others, who by common impulse had come together to deal with the
+problem, found Hughes.
+
+"The 'longshoreman took up the most grewsome task ever seen away from a
+battlefield. He had to have helpers. Some volunteered, others were pressed
+into the service at the point of the bayonet. Whisky by the bucketful was
+carried to these men and they were drenched with it. The stimulant was
+kept at hand and applied continuously. Only in this way was it possible
+for the stoutest-hearted to work in such surroundings. Under the direction
+of Hughes these hundreds of bodies already collected and others brought
+from the central part of the city--those which were quickest found--were
+loaded on to an ocean barge and taken far off into the gulf to be cast
+into the sea."
+
+
+HOW THE STORM AFFECTED TRADE.
+
+The following trade statement, issued from New York on Saturday, September
+15, showed the effect of the great storm in commercial circles:
+
+"The tropical storm that devastated the gulf coast, almost wiping out the
+city of Galveston and doing damage in other parts of the country, caused
+reduction in the volume of business at the South, and railroads in the
+gulf region have probably not shown their maximum losses of earnings as
+yet, but even after such a catastrophe a recuperative power is shown.
+
+"From many quarters of the West and Southeast a better distribution of
+merchandise is reported in jobbing and retail circles. The weather has
+continued favorable for the maturing corn crop, with cutting progressing
+and the crop generally beyond danger, but damage to cotton by the storm is
+still an unknown quantity. Prices of staple commodities are higher for the
+week, hoisted by the sharp rise in cotton, but in manufactured products
+there is little change, though steady increases of business at the current
+level is satisfactory.
+
+"Cotton closed last week at the highest price in ten years, and a large
+short interest was awaiting reaction. Instead, there came news of the
+disaster in Texas and sensational reports that 1,000,000 bales had been
+destroyed. At the New York Exchange trading was far in excess of all
+previous records, and prices rose by bounds. Subsequently there were less
+exaggerated reports from the South, but the market failed to respond and
+middling uplands advanced 11 cents.
+
+"The rise in the raw material caused sharp advances in cotton goods. In
+one week standard brown sheetings rose from 5.67 to 6 cents, wide bleached
+sheetings from 20 to 21 cents, standard brown drills from 5.67 to 5.87,
+and staple ginghams from 5 to 5.50 cents. Buyers who have been delaying
+for weeks are anxious to secure liberal supplies, both instant and
+distant."
+
+
+TWO APPEALS WHICH BROUGHT MUCH MONEY.
+
+Two appeals for aid which brought in much money were the following, the
+first one being by the G. A. R. and Women's Relief Corps, Department of
+Texas:
+
+     "The appalling calamity that has befallen Galveston and the coast
+     country has smitten hundreds of our comrades in the city, villages
+     and on farms. In many instances, portions of whole families are lost;
+     in a hundred others, houses are wrecked, live stock killed and crops
+     destroyed.
+
+     "George B. McClellan Post of this city is doing what it can, but its
+     efforts are all inadequate. Systematic organized assistance alone can
+     avert distress, and we therefore appeal to the members of this
+     department in behalf of these comrades. They had made their last
+     stand and effort to secure for themselves and families homes on the
+     coast country of Texas. Their all is involved. Far along in the
+     evening of their life they cannot recuperate.
+
+     "If there was time to make another crop they have nothing with which
+     to make it. Unless we help them they must abandon their homes, their
+     all. If the principles of our order--fraternity, charity and
+     loyalty--are of any avail, it is time to show it. Fraternity means
+     organization--charity means everything and is the 'greatest of all.'
+     Loyalty means standing by our comrades as well as the flag. They were
+     our brothers in arms, they are our kindred in adversity.
+
+     "We confidently expect every post, every member of every corps to
+     contribute something. Remittances and supplies from the G. A. R.
+     should be made to Colonel E. G. Rust, assistant quartermaster
+     general, and from the Women's Relief Corps to Mrs. Mina Metcalf, both
+     of Houston, Texas.
+
+        "CHARLES B. PECK,
+            "Department Commander.
+
+        "ANNETTE VAN HORN,
+            "Department Commander."
+
+The other was by President Michaux of the Travelers' Protective
+Association, addressed to the members of the organization throughout the
+United States:
+
+     "Whereas, A great calamity has befallen the city of Galveston,
+     thousands of dead, dying and wounded to be cared for by our united
+     and benevolent people; and
+
+     "Whereas, Numbers of traveling men are reported seriously wounded;
+     therefore, to care for immediate wants, I deem it necessary to call
+     on the traveling men to contribute as much as in their power to help,
+     aid and assist our stricken companions.
+
+     "Our association is able and will take care of all its unfortunate
+     members, and I appeal to you in the name of charity and love to
+     assist us in caring for them not so fortunate. Remit what you can
+     afford by postoffice, express money order to James E. Ludlow, San
+     Antonio, Texas. Secretaries of all local T. P. A. posts will receive
+     and remit your subscriptions. I trust that this appeal to the
+     traveling men will be met by a quick response. Sincerely and
+     fraternally,
+
+        "D. W. MICHAUX, President.
+            "Texas T. P. A. of America, Houston, Texas."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Insanity Follows Frightful Sufferings of the Poor Victims--Five Hundred
+Demented Ones--Indifferent to the Loss of Relatives.
+
+
+Hundreds of people became insane during the week succeeding the flood.
+They had bravely borne the loss of relatives, the hunger and fatigue, had
+apparently been unmindful of the horrors of the catastrophe, and had, as a
+rule, given no indications of mental aberration while the disaster was on,
+but when the danger was passed and relief from the great strain came, the
+overburdened mind gave way.
+
+J. A. Fernandez, a prominent citizen of Galveston, who was connected with
+the relief work, told of many cases which came under his observation.
+
+The second Sunday following the storm, September 16, he said, in
+recounting his experiences:
+
+"There are at least 500 persons there whose minds have become unbalanced,
+and some have lost every vestige of their mental faculties, there being
+some raving maniacs among them; one of whom came under my personal
+observation. His name is Charles Thompson, a gardener. He occupied a room
+above me at the hotel, and during the night he kept raving and pacing the
+floor and kept calling on God to witness his action, continually invoking
+the mercy of the Deity. He has lost his family and home, and by a miracle
+saved himself.
+
+"As soon as he was out of personal danger on that awful night he commenced
+rescuing women and children and saved seventy people, according to a
+gentleman who knew the circumstances. He then lost his mind. He created so
+much excitement at the hotel that two policemen were detailed to capture
+him. He heard them approaching and leaped out of a three-story window to
+an adjoining building. His fall was somewhat broken, but his body struck a
+bay window in my room. He was badly injured, but continued his mad flight.
+He baffled his pursuers and escaped. This occurred at 5 o'clock this
+morning. This is only one illustration of the conditions that prevail
+there.
+
+"A man whose wife was drowned in the flood had been searching in vain for
+her remains for several days, and yesterday located the body in the water
+near Thirty-third street and Avenue G. Soldiers had also seen the body,
+and they took it in charge. He protested and rushed to take possession of
+the body. The soldiers were stern and had to discharge their duty, and the
+husband, practically demented, was bound while the body was thrown in the
+flames and soon burned to a crisp. The man made frantic efforts to get
+away from the soldiers, but to no avail.
+
+"In the course of my rounds I saw a family of six half-naked, and they
+appeared crazy, and would look into the face of every stranger with a
+vacant stare that was pitiable in the extreme. They were hurrying in the
+direction of the places where provisions were being distributed. They had
+lost their homes, and had only the clothing on their backs. There were
+thousands in a similar condition."
+
+I. Thompson, a young man who was very active in saving life during the
+night of the storm, became insane because of the awful scenes he
+witnessed. Thompson's friends first noticed his condition when he told
+them that one of the persons he rescued had deposited $10,000 in one of
+the Galveston banks to his credit and that he was going to live in luxury
+the rest of his life.
+
+Thompson retired to his room on the third floor of the Washington hotel
+Saturday night seemingly sane. Soon afterward he became violent. The
+person engaged to watch him was compelled to leave the room for a short
+time, and when he returned found Thompson had wrenched the shutters off
+his window and leaped out upon an awning and thence to the street. He was
+seen running toward the bay, and in all probability threw himself in and
+was drowned.
+
+Another case was that of a young woman who was caught in the storm, and
+with two other women and about fifty men and boys found refuge in an
+office. As the storm gradually subsided the young woman started for her
+home quite reassured. She found a wild waste of waters sweeping over the
+site of her home. Among the first victims carried into the temporary
+morgue were the young woman's mother, brother and two children. These were
+quickly followed by her brother's wife and her two sisters. The shock
+overthrew the girl's reason, and she became a nervous wreck, without a
+relative in the world.
+
+
+STORM REFUGEES PRECIPITATE A PANIC IN A CONVENT.
+
+The Ursuline convent and academy, in charge of the Sisters of St. Angelo,
+proved a haven of refuge for nearly 1,000 homeless and storm-driven
+unfortunates. No one was refused admittance to the sheltering institution.
+Negroes and whites were taken in without question and the asylum was
+thrown open to all who sought its protecting wings.
+
+In the midst of the storm the hundreds or more negroes grew wild and
+shouted and sang in true camp-meeting style until the nerves of the other
+refugees were shattered and a panic seemed imminent. It was then that
+Mother Superioress Joseph rang the chancel bell and caused a hush of the
+pandemonium. When quiet had been restored the mother addressed the negroes
+and told them that it was no time nor place for such scenes; that if they
+wanted to pray they should do so from their hearts, and the Creator of all
+things would hear their offerings above the roar of the hurricane, which
+raged with increased fury as she spoke to the awe-stricken assemblage.
+
+The negroes listened attentively and when the mother told them that all
+those who wished to be baptized and resign themselves to God could do so
+nearly every one asked that the sacrament be administered. The panic had
+been precipitated by the falling of the north wall of that section of the
+building in which the negroes had sought refuge. Order and silent prayer
+were brought about by the nun's determination and presence of mind.
+
+Families that had been separated by the conflict of elements were united
+by the waters of the gulf tossing them into this haven of refuge.
+Heart-moving scenes were presented by these unions as the half-dead,
+mangled and bruised unfortunates were rescued and dragged from the waters
+by the more fortunate members of their families.
+
+The academy was to have opened for the fall session on Tuesday and
+forty-two boarding scholars from all parts of the State had arrived at the
+convent, preparatory to resuming their studies on that date. The community
+of nuns comprised forty sisters, and they, too, were there administering
+cheer and mercy to the sufferers, many of whom were more dead than alive
+when brought into the shelter. Within this religious home and in the cells
+of the nuns four babies came into this world during that dark night.
+
+Mother Joseph, in speaking of the incidents of the night within the
+convent walls, said that she believed it was the first time in the
+history of the world that a baby had been born in the nuns' cell of a
+convent. They were christened, for no one expected to live to see the
+light of day, and it was voted that these babes should not leave the world
+they had just entered without baptism, and, regardless of the religious
+belief of the parents, the little ones were baptized.
+
+
+WASHED UP IN A TRUNK.
+
+Mrs. William Henry Haldeman was one of the mothers and whose new-born babe
+was christened William Henry. The experiences of this mother were
+horrible. Only a chapter was learned by a reporter, as told by Mother
+Joseph. Mrs. Haldeman was thrown on the mercies of the storm when her home
+went down and was swept away. The family had separated when they started
+to abandon their home to the greed of the storm. When Mrs. Haldeman was
+carried away on the roof of the wrecked cottage she lost all trace of the
+other members of the family, but never lost faith and courage. The roof
+struck some obstruction and the next instant Mrs. Haldeman was hurled from
+her improvised raft and landed in a trunk which was rocked on the waves.
+
+Cramped up in the trunk, the poor woman, suffering agonies, was protected
+to a limited extent and was afforded some warmth. On went the trunk,
+tossed high on the sea, bumping against driftwood until the crude bark was
+hurled against the Ursuline convent walls and was pulled into the
+building. The little babe was born a few hours later, and while the good
+sisters and some of the women in the building were attending to the mother
+and child another chapter in this family's history was being enacted just
+without the convent walls. In a tree in the convent yard a young man, a
+brother of Mrs. Haldeman, battled with the wind and waters while clinging
+fast to the limb of the tree which swayed and bowed to the wind.
+
+He knew not where he was. He could but merely discern the outlines of the
+academy building. While not knowing his chance of life or death he heard
+the plaintive cry of a child near by. Reaching out with one hand he caught
+the dress of a little tot, who, child-like, cried out, "Me swimming." The
+child had run the mill race buoyed by the force of the storm and had not
+had time to realize her peril. The young man in the tree was Mrs.
+Haldeman's brother, and the child which had come to him on the waves was
+Mrs. Haldeman's little girl. A few minutes afterward a rescuing party was
+sent out from the convent in response to cries for help and found the
+young man and his niece and brought him to the sheltering institution. The
+reunion of at least a part of the family followed a few minutes later.
+
+Dr. Truhart, chairman of the organization of physicians for the relief of
+the wounded and sick, states that there is absolutely no further necessity
+for trained nurses and physicians.
+
+
+SAVED AS BY A MIRACLE.
+
+Destitute save for a few personal effects carried in a small valise, and
+with nerves shattered by a week of horror, Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Prutsman,
+with their two daughters, 12 and 6 years old, reached Chicago Sunday
+morning, September 16, from the flood-swept district of Texas.
+
+"Yes, we were fortunate," said Mrs. Prutsman, as she leaned wearily back
+in a rocking chair and tenderly contemplated the two children at her side.
+"It seems to me just like an awful dream, and when I think of the
+hundreds and hundreds of children who were killed right before our very
+eyes, I feel as though I always ought to be satisfied no matter what
+comes."
+
+Mr. Prutsman said:
+
+"The reports from Galveston are not half as appalling as the situation
+really is. We left the fated city Wednesday afternoon, going by boat to
+Texas City, and by rail to Houston. The condition of Galveston at that
+time, while showing an improvement, was awful, and never shall I forget
+the terrible scenes that met our eyes as the boat on which we left steamed
+out of the harbor. There were bodies on all sides of us. In some places
+they were piled six and seven deep, and the stench was horrible.
+
+"I resided with my family at 718 Nineteenth street. This is fourteen
+blocks away from the beach, yet my house was swept away at 5 p. m.
+Saturday, and with it went everything we had in the world. Fifteen minutes
+before I took my wife and children to the courthouse and we were saved,
+along with about 1,000 others who sought refuge there. When we went
+through the streets the water was up to our arms and we carried the
+children on our heads.
+
+"I assisted for several days in the work of rescue. In one pile of debris
+we found a woman who seemed to have escaped the flood, but who was injured
+and pinned down so she could not escape. A guard came along, and, after
+failing to rescue her, deliberately shot her to end her misery.
+
+"The streets present a grewsome appearance. Every available wagon and
+vehicle in the city is being used to transport the dead, and it is no
+uncommon thing to see a load of bodies ten deep. The stench in the city is
+nauseating. Since the flood the only water that could be used for drinking
+purposes was in cisterns, and it has become tainted with the slime and
+filth that covers the city until it is little better than no water at all.
+
+"Since the city was placed under martial law conditions have been much
+better and there is little lawlessness. The soldiers have shown no quarter
+and have orders to shoot on sight. This has had a wonderful effect on the
+disreputable characters who have flocked into the city.
+
+"Everybody who remains in Galveston is made to work, and the punishment
+for a refusal is about the same as that meted out to ghouls. I saw four
+colored men shot in one day. There were confined in the hold of a steamer
+in the harbor six colored men who were found by the soldiers with a flour
+sack almost filled with fingers and ears on which were jewels. These men
+probably have been publicly executed before this time.
+
+"In the work of rescue we found whole families tied together with ropes,
+and in several instances mothers had their babes clasped in their arms.
+
+"Scores of unfortunates straggle into Houston every day and their
+condition is pitiable. Several have lost their reason. The citizens of
+Houston are doing all in their power to meet the demands of the sufferers,
+and every available building in the city has been converted into a
+hospital. When we arrived in Houston we scarcely had clothes enough to
+cover us and the citizens fitted us out and started us north. The fear of
+fever or some awful plague drove us from Galveston.
+
+"Already speculators are flocking into the city, and there is some
+activity among them over tax-title real estate. In several instances whole
+families were wiped out of existence, and the opportunities in this line
+seem to be great."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Serious Danger from Fire--Scarcity of Boats to Carry People to the
+Mainland--Laborers Imported into Galveston--Untold Sufferings on Bolivar
+Island--Experience of a Chicago Man.
+
+
+One of the serious dangers which Galveston faced for many days was fire.
+Not a drop of rain had fallen during the two weeks succeeding the
+hurricane, and the hot winds and blistering suns made the wrecked houses
+and buildings so much tinder, piled mountain high in every direction. In
+nearly all parts of the city the fire hydrants were buried fifty feet, in
+some places a hundred feet deep under the wreckage, and as yet the water
+supply at best was only of the most meager kind.
+
+Galveston's fire department was small and badly crippled and would have
+been utterly powerless to stay the flames should they once start. There
+was no relief nearer than Houston, and that was hours away.
+
+In view of all the then existing conditions it was no wonder that the cry
+was: "Get the women and children to the mainland; anywhere off the
+island," nor was it a wonder that with one small boat carrying only 300
+passengers and making only two trips a day people fairly fought to be
+taken aboard.
+
+All during Sunday, September 16, fears were entertained by the authorities
+that even this service would be cut off and Galveston left without any
+means of getting to the mainland owing to the trouble with the owner of
+the boat.
+
+The sanitary conditions did not improve to any great extent. Dr.
+Trueheart, chairman of the committee in charge of caring for the sick and
+injured, was proceeding with dispatch. More physicians were needed, and
+he requested that about thirty outside physicians come to Galveston and
+work for at least a month, and, if needed, longer.
+
+The city's electric light service was completely destroyed and the city
+electrician said it would be sixty days before the business portion of the
+city could be lighted.
+
+A glorious and modern Galveston to be rebuilt in place of the old one, was
+the cry raised by the citizens, but it seemed a task beyond human power to
+ever remove the wreckage of the old city.
+
+The total number of people fed in the ten wards Saturday was 16,144.
+Sunday the number increased slightly. No accurate statement of the amount
+of supplies could be obtained as they were put in the general stock as
+soon as received.
+
+
+GALVESTON SCARED BY A FIRE.
+
+Galveston received another scare Sunday night, the 16th, when it became
+rumored that Houston, where all the relief trains were side-tracked, was
+burning with its precious supplies of food and clothing.
+
+The scare grew out of a $400,000 fire in Houston, which destroyed the
+Merchants and Planters' oil mill, the largest in the world. The fire broke
+out at noon, but was not observable until nightfall, when the glow in the
+sky could be seen for a great distance.
+
+Galveston was reassured by telegraph that a second southern Texas calamity
+was out of the question and that the relief supplies were safe.
+
+One feature of the efforts to relieve the people of Galveston was the
+delay in getting supplies to the island city. Trainload after trainload
+was in Houston, which would have assisted materially in the work of
+relief, but on account of the limited transportation facilities they could
+not be hurried there. There was but one track and it was of light rails
+and was used only for terminal business. Even if the supplies were at
+Texas City they could not be moved fast, as there were not enough boats of
+light draft at Galveston. Buffalo bayou could be used from Houston, but it
+was impossible to get the boats for the purpose.
+
+
+LABORERS IMPORTED INTO GALVESTON.
+
+The general committee of public safety at Galveston decided, on September
+17, to import laborers. This action was taken with the consent of the
+local unions. Skilled mechanics had been busy burying the dead without
+pay, but were relieved of this work and replaced by imported unskilled
+labor.
+
+According to Dr. William W. Meloy of Chicago, who has investigated the
+health situation, there was no fever in Galveston September 17.
+
+"The water supply has been adequate," he said, "and is not liable to
+contamination. Nervous prostration, hysteria and mild dementia occur among
+the wealthy class, due to shock, exhaustion and grief. Among the poorer
+classes the use of spoiled food during the earlier part of the week has
+led to intestinal troubles. Several cases of heat prostration have
+occurred among the workmen. The danger from the unburied dead is mostly to
+the people who handle them."
+
+Major Frank M. Spencer arrived at Galveston on September 16 with $50,000
+cash from Governor Sayers, to be expended in hastening the disposal of the
+debris and the burial of bodies. Major Spencer arrived too late to bank
+the money and for twenty-four hours it rested in the safe of the Tremont
+House, guarded by soldiers.
+
+Galveston passed the first Sunday following the disaster burying the dead
+and clearing away debris. General Scurry's order that all men able to work
+should labor to the limit of their strength was carried out to the letter.
+
+"We're thankful," said Mayor Jones on Monday, when told of the arrival of
+the Chicago relief train at Houston. "You can't make that statement too
+strong to the people of Chicago. We are thankful and thankful again.
+Chicago people are among the staunchest friends in the world in times like
+these. Yes, we'll build Galveston up again, and, like Chicago, we'll make
+it a better city than it was. We shall never forget the kindness of the
+people of Chicago in coming so generously to our relief, and we all thank
+them from the bottom of our hearts."
+
+
+A HELP IN GETTING RELIEF SUPPLIES TO THE NEEDY.
+
+Arrangements were completed by the Santa Fe road September 17 whereby it
+established a barge line to Galveston from Virginia Point. This helped
+somewhat in getting relief supplies from the mainland.
+
+Clara Barton, head of the Red Cross league, arrived at Galveston that day.
+
+Captain W. A. Hutchins, superintendent of the Galveston life-saving
+station, returned from a trip along the island and reported that he saw a
+great many bodies. He said the life-saving crew at San Luis had taken from
+the beach 181 bodies and buried them at different points along the
+island.
+
+
+UNTOLD SUFFERINGS OF A FAMILY ON BOLIVAR ISLAND.
+
+After suffering untold privations for over a week on Bolivar peninsula, an
+isolated neck of land extending into Galveston bay a few miles from the
+east end of Galveston island, the Rev. L. P. Davis, wife and five young
+children reached Houston September 17 famished, penniless and nearly
+naked, but overcome with amazement and joy at their miraculous delivery
+from what seemed to them certain death. Wind and water wrecked their home,
+annihilated their neighbors and destroyed every particle of food for miles
+around, yet they passed through the terrible days and nights raising their
+voices above the shriek of the wind in singing hymns and in prayer. And
+through it all not one member of the family was injured to the extent of
+even a scratch.
+
+When the hurricane struck the Rev. Mr. Davis' home at Patton beach the
+water rose so fast that it was pouring into the windows before the members
+of the family realized their danger. Rushing out Mr. Davis hitched his
+team and placing his wife and children into a wagon started for a place of
+safety. Before they had left his yard another family of refugees drove up
+to ask assistance, only to be upset by the waves before his very eyes.
+With difficulty the party was saved from drowning, and when safe in the
+Davis wagon were half floated, half drawn by the team to a grove.
+
+With clotheslines Mr. Davis lashed his 12 and 14 year old boys in a tree.
+One younger child he secured with the chain of his wagon, and lifting his
+wife into another tree he climbed beside her.
+
+While the hurricane raged above and a sea of water dashed wildly below,
+Mrs. Davis clung to her 6-month-old babe with one arm, while with the
+other she held fast to her precarious haven of refuge. The minister held a
+baby of 18 months in the same manner, and while the little one cried for
+food he prayed. In other trees the family he had rescued from drowning
+found a precarious footing.
+
+When the night had passed and the water receded, wreckage, dead animals
+and the corpses of parishioners surrounded the devoted party. There was
+nothing to eat, and, nearly dead with exhaustion, the preacher and his
+little flock set out on foot to seek assistance. They were too weak to
+continue far and sank down on the plain, while Mr. Davis pushed on alone.
+Five miles away a farmhouse was found, partially intact, and securing a
+team Davis returned for his half-dead party.
+
+For two days they remained at the home of the hospitable farmer and then
+set out afoot to find a hamlet or make their way over the desert-like
+peninsula to Bolivar Point. In the heat of the burning sun they plodded on
+along the water front, subsisting upon a steer which they killed and
+devoured raw, until finally they came upon an abandoned and overturned
+sailboat high on the beach.
+
+With a united effort they succeeded in launching the boat and with
+improvised distress signals displayed managed to sail to Galveston. There,
+because of red tape, they were unable to secure clothing, although they
+were given a little food and transportation to Houston. Clad in an old
+pair of trousers, a tattered shirt and torn shoes, with his family in even
+worse plight, the circuit rider of the Patton Beach, Johnston's Bethel,
+Bolivar Point and High Island Methodist churches rode into Houston, dirty,
+weak and half-starved. Here the family were sent to a hospital and cared
+for.
+
+They were sent to Dickinson, Tex., where they had relatives, who aided
+them until the Methodist church came to their relief.
+
+Bolivar reported that up to September 16, 220 bodies had been found and
+buried and many were still lying on the sands. Assistance was needed. It
+was a fact generally commented upon and merely emphasized by the
+clergyman's experience, that while succor was being rushed to Galveston
+other sufferers were neglected. The relief trains en route from Houston to
+Galveston traversed a storm-swept section where famishing and nearly naked
+survivors sat on the wrecks of their homes and hungrily watched tons of
+provisions whirling past them while there was little prospect of aid
+reaching them.
+
+
+MAN HAD HIS BROKEN NECK SET.
+
+One of the most difficult operations known to medical history, and a
+rarity, was performed by Drs. Johnson, Lucas and Ryon Monday morning,
+September 17, at a hospital in Houston.
+
+F. H. Wigzell, of Alvin, a suburban town not far from Galveston, was blown
+half a mile in his house and suffered dislocation of the cervical
+vertebrae. His head fell forward on his chest and he had no power to raise
+it. It was a plain case of broken neck and the physicians operated
+successfully. They placed the neck in a plaster cast and the man will live
+for years to come.
+
+
+MOST TERRIBLE WEEK OF HIS LIFE.
+
+L. F. Menage of Chicago, who returned from Galveston the Friday night
+succeeding the disaster, reached the Tremont Hotel, Galveston, the Friday
+evening before the terrible storm began. He said it had been the most
+terrible week in his experience; the most awful two days a man could
+imagine were the Sunday and Monday succeeding the hurricane.
+
+"One man would ask another how his family had come out," said Mr. Menage,
+"and the answer would be indifferent and hard--almost offish: 'Oh, all
+gone.' 'All gone' was the phrase on all sides.
+
+"The night before the disaster, when I reached the hotel, it was blowing
+rather hard, and the clerk said we were in for a storm, and I asked him if
+his roof was firmly fixed, and he said, 'Well, it won't be quite as bad as
+that,' but by the next night at the same time there was three feet of
+water in the rotunda and the skylight had fallen in and the servants'
+annex had been blown to pieces, and the place was crowded with refugees
+who arrived from all points of the city in boats. Saturday night there was
+little sleep, yet no one realized the extent of the disaster.
+
+"On Sunday morning one could walk on the higher streets, so quickly had
+the water gone down. I took a walk along the beach, and the place was one
+great litter of overturned houses, debris of all kinds and corpses. I met
+one woman who burst into tears at sight of a small rocker, her property
+mixed in among the wreckage. She had lost all her family in the flood.
+
+"People were for the most part bereft of their senses from the horror, and
+a single funeral would have seemed more terrible--more solemn--than a pile
+of cremated bodies.
+
+"The tales of looting are only too true, and as I passed northward in a
+sailboat on Tuesday I heard the shots ring out which told some ghoul was
+paying the penalty. Galveston will rise again on the old site, and without
+as much difficulty as is at present anticipated. Most of the people will,
+however, try and live on the mainland. At least 5,000 persons perished."
+
+
+THE FLOOD HORRORS DROVE THEM CRAZY.
+
+Three-fourths of the people who applied for relief were mentally dull. The
+physicians said with proper care most of them might be cured.
+
+A young girl was brought into the general relief station in Galveston on
+Friday night. The relief corps found her huddled up in an empty freight
+car, laughing and singing to amuse herself. The doctors said food and care
+were all she needed to restore her to reason.
+
+It was over a week after the flood before those from the outside really
+began to find out what the awful calamity was to the people in the
+desolated city.
+
+The first shock was wearing off, the long lists of dead and missing were
+getting to be an old story, and the sick and suffering were crawling into
+places of refuge. Some of them had been sleeping on the open prairies ever
+since the storm, most of them, in fact, men with broken arms and legs,
+sick women and ailing children.
+
+They would crawl out of the wreck of their homes and lie down on the bare
+ground to die.
+
+Relief parties found such as these every day and brought them into the
+hospitals as fast as possible. One relief party found 5,000 people in the
+vicinity of Galveston homeless, helpless, hopeless and tearless.
+
+It was a sight to cause a stone statue to weep.
+
+Monday, September 17, a man rode up to a hospital at Houston, and told the
+doctors he had just come from the Brazos bottoms.
+
+Said he: "The folks there are starving. There is not a pound of flour left
+and the children are crying for milk. There are so many sick people there
+that we don't know what to do. Can you send some one down?"
+
+The physician in charge said he would go at once.
+
+The man on horseback leaned over his saddle and tried to speak. Something
+in his face frightened me. I called to two doctors. They ran out and
+caught him. He was in a dead faint. When we had brought him to he laughed
+sheepishly.
+
+"I don't know what's the matter with me," he said. "Ain't never been taken
+this way before."
+
+The doctors looked at each other and smiled, but the nurses' eyes were
+full of tears. The man had not tasted food for thirty-six hours, and he
+had ridden fifty miles in the broiling Texas sun.
+
+More troops were called for on September 17 by Governor Sayers of Texas to
+relieve those on duty at Galveston who were worn out by their hard work.
+The response was prompt and hearty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Two Women Tell How They Were Affected at Galveston--One Arrived After the
+Catastrophe, While the Other Was in the Storm from Beginning to End.
+
+
+A woman--a newspaper correspondent, and the first of the fair sex from the
+outside to gain admittance to the Sealed City of Galveston--wrote a
+description of what she saw and heard there. She arrived in Galveston on
+Friday, and although she was on a relief train carrying doctors, nurses
+and medical supplies, she had hard work to get past the file of soldiers
+at the wharf, but she at last succeeded.
+
+Said she:
+
+"The engineer who brought our train down from Houston spent the night
+before groping around in the wrecks on the beach looking for his wife and
+three children. He found them, dug a rude grave in the sand and set up a
+little board marked with his name.
+
+"The man in front of me on the car had floated all Monday night with his
+wife and mother on a part of the roof of his little home. He told me that
+he kissed his wife good-by at midnight and told her that he could not hold
+on any longer; but he did hold on, dazed and half-conscious, until the day
+broke and showed him that he was alone on his piece of driftwood. He did
+not even know when the woman that he loved had died.
+
+"Every man on the train--there were no women there--had lost some one that
+he loved in the terrible disaster, and was going across the bay to try and
+find some trace of his family."
+
+As the train neared Texas City, near Galveston, a great flame leaped up,
+and she said to one of four men near her, "What a terrible fire! Some of
+the large buildings must be burning."
+
+She then went on to say:
+
+"A man who was passing on the deck behind my chair heard me. He stopped,
+put his hand on the bulwark and turned down and looked into my face, his
+face like the face of a dead man; but he laughed.
+
+"'Buildings!' he said. 'Don't you know what is burning over there? It is
+my wife and children--such little children! Why, the tallest was not as
+high as this'--he laid his hand on the bulwark--'and the little one was
+just learning to talk.
+
+"'She called my name the other day, and now they are burning over
+there--they and the mother who bore them. She was such a little, tender,
+delicate thing, always so easily frightened, and now she's out there all
+alone with the two babies, and they're burning.'
+
+"The man laughed again and began again to walk up and down the deck.
+
+"'That's right,' said the Marshal of the State of Texas, taking off his
+broad hat and letting the starlight shine on his strong face. 'That's
+right. We had to do it. We've burned over 1,000 people to-day, and
+to-morrow we shall burn as many more.
+
+"'Yesterday we stopped burying the bodies at sea; we had to give the men
+on the barges whisky to give them courage to do the work. They carried out
+hundreds of the dead at one time, men and women, negroes and white people,
+all piled up as high as the barge could stand it, and the men did not go
+out far enough to sea, and the bodies have begun drifting back again.'
+
+"'Look!' said the man who was walking the deck, touching my shoulder with
+his shaking hand. 'Look there!'
+
+"Before I had time to think I had to look, and saw floating in the water
+the body of an old woman, whose hair was shining in the starlight, A
+little farther on we saw a group of strange driftwood.
+
+"We looked closer and found it to be a mass of wooden slabs, with names
+and dates cut upon them, and floating on top of them were marble stones,
+two of them.
+
+"The graveyard, which has held the sleeping citizens of Galveston for
+many, many years, was giving up its dead. We pulled up at a little wharf
+in the hush of the starlight; there were no lights anywhere in the city
+except a few scattered lamps shining from a few desolate, half-destroyed
+houses. We picked our way up the street. The ground was slimy with the
+debris of the sea.
+
+"We climbed over wreckage and picked our way through heaps of rubbish. The
+terrible, sickening odor almost overcame us, and it was all that I could
+do to shut my teeth and get through the streets somehow. The soldiers were
+camping on the wharf front, lying stretched out on the wet sand, the
+hideous, hideous sand, stained and streaked in the starlight with dark and
+cruel blotches. They challenged us, but the marshal took us through under
+his protection. At every street corner there was a guard, and every guard
+wore a six-shooter strapped around his waist.
+
+"I went toward the heart of the city. I do not know what the names of the
+streets were or where I was going. I simply picked my way through masses
+of slime and rubbish which scar the beautiful wide streets of the once
+beautiful city.
+
+"They won't bear looking at, those piles of rubbish. There are things
+there that gripe the heart to see--a baby's shoe, for instance, a little
+red shoe, with a jaunty tasseled lace--a bit of a woman's dress and
+letters.
+
+"The stench from these piles of rubbish is almost overpowering. Down in
+the very heart of the city most of the dead bodies have been removed, but
+it will not do to walk far out. To-day I came upon a group of people in a
+by-street, a man and two women, colored. The man was big and muscular, one
+of the women was old and one was young.
+
+"They were dipping in a heap of rubbish and when they heard my footsteps
+the man turned an evil, glowering face upon me and the young woman hid
+something in the folds of her dress. Human ghouls, these, prowling in
+search of prey.
+
+"A moment later there was noise and excitement in the little narrow
+street, and I looked back and saw the negro running, with a crowd at his
+heels. The crowd caught him and would have killed him, but a policeman
+came up.
+
+"They tied his hands and took him through the streets with a whooping
+rabble at his heels. It goes hard with a man in Galveston caught looting
+the dead in these days.
+
+"A young man well known in the city shot and killed a negro who was
+cutting the ears from a living woman's head to get her ear rings out. The
+negro lay in the streets like a dead dog, and not even the members of his
+own race would give him the tribute of a kindly look.
+
+"The abomination of desolation reigns on every side. The big houses are
+dismantled, their roofs gone, windows broken, and the high water mark
+showing inconceivably high on the paint. The little houses are
+gone--either completely gone as if they were made of cards and a giant
+hand which was tired of playing with them had swept them all off the board
+and put them away, or they are lying in heaps of kindling wood covering no
+one knows what horrors beneath.
+
+"The main streets of the city are pitiful. Here and there a shop of some
+sort is left standing. South Fifth street looks like an old man's jaw,
+with one or two straggling teeth protruding. The merchants are taking
+their little stores of goods that have been left them and are spreading
+them out in the bright sunshine, trying to make some little husbanding of
+their small capital. The water rushed through the stores as it did through
+the houses, in an irresistible avalanche that carried all before it. The
+wonder is not that so little of Galveston is left standing, but that there
+is any of it at all.
+
+"Every street corner has its story, in its history of misery and human
+agony bravely endured. The eye-witnesses of a hundred deaths have talked
+to me and told me their heart-rendering stories, and not one of them has
+told of a cowardly death.
+
+"The women met their fate as did the men, bravely and for the most part
+with astonishing calmness. A woman told me that she and her husband went
+into the kitchen and climbed upon the kitchen table to get away from the
+waves, and that she knelt there and prayed.
+
+"As she prayed, the storm came in and carried the whole house away, and
+her husband with it, and yesterday she went out to the place where her
+husband had been, and there was nothing there but a little hole in the
+ground.
+
+"Her husband's body was found twisted in the branches of a tree, half a
+mile from the place where she last saw him. She recognized him by a locket
+he had around his neck--the locket she gave him before they were married.
+It had her picture and a lock of the baby's hair in it. The woman told me
+all this without a tear or a trace of emotion. No one cries here.
+
+"They will stand and tell the most hideous stories, stories that would
+turn the blood in the veins of a human machine cold with horror, without
+the quiver of an eyelid. A man sat in the telegraph office and told me how
+he had lost two Jersey cows and some chickens.
+
+"He went into minute particulars, told how his house was built and what it
+cost, and how it was strengthened and made firm against the weather. He
+told me how the storm had come and swept it all away, and how he had
+climbed over a mass of wabbling roofs and found a friend lying in the
+curve of a big roof, in the stoutest part of the tide, and how they two
+had grasped each other and what they said.
+
+"He told me just how much his cows cost and why he was so fond of them,
+and how hard he had tried to save them, but I said: 'You have saved
+yourself and your family; you ought not to complain.'
+
+"The man stared at me with blank, unseeing eyes.
+
+"'Why, I did not save my family,' he said. 'They were all drowned. I
+thought you knew that; I don't talk very much about it.'
+
+"The hideous horror of the whole thing has benumbed every one who saw it."
+
+
+ILLINOIS GIRL HAS A TRYING TIME IN THE RUINED CITY.
+
+Miss Alice Pixley, of Elgin, Ill., arrived at her home on Sunday,
+September 16, from Galveston, where she had a most trying time during the
+storm. She told her story in a wonderfully graphic way.
+
+"I had been in Galveston for about six weeks, visiting Miss Lulu George,
+who lives on Thirty-fifth street between N and N 1/2 streets. It was not
+until after the noon hour of Monday that we were frightened. Buildings
+had gone down as mere egg shells before that death-dealing wind.
+
+"About 1:30 o'clock I told Miss George that we must make our way to
+another building about half a block away. The water had risen over five
+feet in two hours, and as I hurried to the front door the wind tore down
+my hair and I was blinded for a time.
+
+"I turned my eyes to the west and for three long miles there was not a
+building standing, everything had been swept away. How we ever reached the
+two-story building a hundred yards away I do not know. We waded through
+the water and every few minutes we were carried off our feet and dashed
+against the floating debris.
+
+"The building we were trying to reach was a store and the foundation kept
+out the water. We hurried to the cellar and stayed there for several
+hours. At last the wind-swept waves found an opening and broke through the
+foundation and we had a mad run to escape the rushing, swirling waters.
+
+"We reached the first floor and I shrank into a corner, expecting every
+second to be carried out to my death. How it happened I can never tell,
+but this and one other building were the only ones left for blocks around.
+
+"As it was several people were killed in the building we occupied and the
+other house that was left standing.
+
+"After a time I felt faint from hunger and, while too weak from fright to
+seek food, I told Miss George that I would go into another room. I
+staggered along the floor until I reached a window, and fell, half
+fainting, through it. As I leaned there I witnessed sights that I pray God
+will never make another see.
+
+"Whirling by me, bodies, more than I could dare count, were crushed and
+mangled between a jumble of timbers and debris. Men, women and children
+went by, sinking, floating, dashing on I know not where. I wanted to
+close my eyes, but I could not. I cried aloud and made an attempt to go to
+my friends, but I was exhausted and all I could do was to watch the
+terrible scenes.
+
+"Babies, oh, such pretty little ones, too, were carried on and on, gowned
+in dainty clothing, their eyes open, staring in mute terror above. Thank
+Providence they were dead.
+
+"I was partly blinded by tears, but I could still see through the mist.
+Little arms seemed to stretch toward me asking assistance and there I lay,
+half prostrated, too weak to lend assistance.
+
+"How it all ended I know not. I must have fainted for I awakened with 'We
+are saved, Alice,' ringing in my ears.
+
+"When I found we could get out of the city I declared I would go at all
+costs. I thought of home and my parents and I wanted to telegraph, just
+like thousands of others, that I was safe.
+
+"It was days before we could get away, however, and then it was in a most
+terrible confusion. Eighty-eight persons crowded on a small boat and
+started for Houston.
+
+"The day we left the militia was out in all its force. I could hear the
+sharp report of a rifle and the wail of some soul as he paid the penalty
+for his thieving operations.
+
+"Later I saw the soldiers with their glistening rifles leveled at scores
+of men and saw them topple forward dead. Oh, they had to shoot those
+terrible beasts, for they were robbing the dead. They groveled in blood,
+it seemed.
+
+"I saw with my own eyes the fingers of women cut off by regular demons in
+the search for jewels. The soldiers came and killed them and it was well.
+
+
+HUMAN BODIES IN FIRE HEAP.
+
+"As we made our way toward the boat that was to take us from the City of
+Death I saw great clouds of smoke rising in the air. Upon the top of
+flaming boards thousands of bodies were being reduced to ashes.
+
+"It was best, for the odor that arose from the dead bodies was awful.
+Still it made one's heart ache with a sorrow never to be equaled as one
+witnessed little children tossed into the midst of the hissing flames. Do
+you wonder I cry?
+
+"Before me, no matter which way I turned, I could see dead bodies, their
+cold eyes gazing at me with staring intentness. I closed my eyes and
+stumbled forward, hoping I might escape for a moment the sight of dead
+bodies, but no; the moment I would open them again, right at my feet I
+would find the form of some poor creature.
+
+
+FULLY 10,000 ARE DEAD.
+
+"Coming to Chicago on the train I read the papers. They are mistaken, away
+wrong. They only say 5,000 dead. It will be more than 10,000.
+
+"I know I am right; every one in Galveston talks of 12,000, 15,000 and
+18,000 dead, but it will be 10,000 at the very least.
+
+"I believe the worst sight I witnessed was the 2,800 bodies being carried
+out to sea and buried in the gulf. Huge barges were tied at the wharves
+and loaded with the unknown dead. As fast as one barge was filled it made
+its way out from the shore, and weighting the bodies, men cast them into
+the water.
+
+"Oh, those eyes," she cried, "that I might put them from my mind. I can
+see those little children, mere babies go floating by my place of refuge,
+dead, dead! God alone knows the suffering I went through. Thousands, yes
+thousands of poor souls were carried over the brink of death in the
+twinkling of an eye, and I saw it all."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Twenty Thousand People Fed Every Day at a Cost of $40,000--Incidents at
+the Relief Stations--Applicants and Their Peculiarities--Great Mortality
+Among the Negroes.
+
+
+Twenty thousand people were fed and cared for daily in Galveston for many
+days with the supplies which poured in from all parts of the country. This
+number was cut at least one-half about October 1.
+
+The estimated cost of the aid extended after the first week of suffering
+was $40,000 a day. The great bulk of the aid went to the 4,000 men at work
+cleaning up the wreckage, digging for bodies and cleaning the streets.
+Through them it went to their families. No able-bodied laboring man was
+allowed to escape the work, whether he needed aid or not, though most of
+them did. The business men in position to resume were allowed to attend to
+their stores, and their clerical forces were not interfered with.
+
+On Tuesday, September 18, the debris-hunting and street-cleaning work was
+put upon a cash basis, the wages being $1.50. Time had been kept from the
+beginning, though the records were not complete. All were paid for the
+full time they worked. This applied to those who had to be made to work at
+the point of a bayonet as well as those who volunteered their services.
+
+This aid was given in the form of orders for tools for mechanics, lumber
+for those who had homes they wished to repair, etc. Heretofore practically
+every able-bodied man had been made to work, and unless he worked he got
+no supplies. The first few days' wages consisted entirely of rations,
+which were given according to the number and needs of the laborer's
+family, regardless of the amount of work he accomplished. Since other
+supplies began coming in they had been added.
+
+The work of distribution was conducted systematically and with an apparent
+minimum of imposition and fraud. There was a central committee, of which
+W. A. McVitie, a prominent business man, was chairman. Then there was a
+committee for each one of the twelve wards. As fast as goods or provisions
+arrived from the mainland they were placed in the central warehouse, from
+which the different ward chairmen requisitioned them, and they were taken
+to supply depots in the different wards. All day long there was a motley
+crowd around every one of these depots, negroes predominating at least two
+to one. Every applicant passed in review before the ward chairman.
+
+"Ah want a dress foh ma sistah," said a big negress.
+
+"You're 'Manda Jones, and you haven't any sister living here," replied the
+chairman.
+
+"Foh de Lord, ah has; ah ain't 'Mandy Jones at all; we done live on Avenue
+N before de storm, and we los' everything."
+
+"Go out with this woman and find out if she has a sister who needs a
+dress," ordered the chairman to a committeeman. In this way check was kept
+on all the applicants for aid.
+
+At the Fifth ward distributing station clothing was given away the evening
+of the 17th. A negro woman, who had been refused a supply, went outside
+and by way of revenge pointed out different ones of her friends and
+neighbors whom she alleged were similarly unentitled.
+
+"Dat woman done los' nuthin' at all," she shrieked. "Ah did not los'
+nuthin' mahself and doan wan' nuthin'."
+
+"What's the trouble?" asked a bystander.
+
+An old negress who was lined up waiting her turn replied. "Oh, she's mad
+'cause de white folks won't give her nuthin'."
+
+So far no woman had been required to work, but a strong feeling developed
+to compel negro women to work cleaning up the houses. There were plenty of
+people who were willing to hire them, but as long as free food and
+clothing could be secured it was hard to get colored women to go in and
+clean up the partially ruined homes.
+
+"Our supply of foodstuffs is adequate," said Chairman McVitie, "but just
+now we are a little short of clothing. We have no idea of the contents of
+the cars on the road to us. Frequently we don't know anything is coming
+until the cars reach Texas City. With the money which has been coming in
+we have been augmenting our supplies by purchasing of local merchants in
+lines where there was a shortage. What do we need most? Money. If we have
+money we can order just what we need and probably get better value than
+the people who are buying it. Many people have made the mistake of sending
+money to Houston and Dallas and asking committees there to buy for us.
+They do not know just what we need, and if we had the money we could do
+better for ourselves. Money should be sent to us."
+
+One of the most remarkable things attending the Galveston disaster was the
+fortitude of the people. Their loss in relatives, friends and property had
+been so overwhelming that it seemed too much to be expressed with outward
+grief.
+
+Two men who had not seen each other since the disaster met in the street.
+
+"How many did you lose?" they asked by common impulse.
+
+"I lost all my property, but my wife and I came through all right."
+
+"I was not so fortunate. My wife and my little boy were both drowned."
+
+There was an expression of sympathy from the other, but nothing
+approaching a tear from either.
+
+"They are making good progress cleaning up," remarked the one whose losses
+were heaviest, with a pleasant smile. The other one made a light answer
+and they passed on.
+
+The people of Galveston had seen so much death that they were temporarily
+hardened to it. The announcement of the loss of another friend meant
+little to a man who had seen the dead bodies of his neighbors and
+towns-people hauled to the wharf by the drayload.
+
+No services were attempted for the dead until nearly a month had passed.
+Neither were there memorial services.
+
+The Rev. J. M. K. Kerwin, priest in charge of St. Mary's Catholic
+cathedral, said: "It was impossible. Priest and layman had to join in the
+work of cleaning the city of dead bodies. I don't expect there will be
+memorial services for a month."
+
+Father Kerwin's church was among the few which was comparatively little
+damaged. He set the value of Catholic property destroyed in the city at
+$300,000. Included in this loss was the Ursula convent and academy, which
+was badly damaged. It covered four blocks between Twenty-fifth and
+Twenty-seventh streets and Avenues N and O. It was the finest in the
+South.
+
+The city rapidly improved in its sanitary conditions. The smell from the
+ooze and mud with which most of the streets were filled was stronger ten
+days after the tragedy than that which came from the debris heaps
+containing undiscovered bodies. When these heaps were being burned and the
+wind carried the smoke over the city the odor was very similar to that
+which afflicts Chicago at night when refuse is being burned at the stock
+yards, and no worse. Soon even the odor of the slime was gone. Every
+dumpcart in the city was at work.
+
+Every Galveston business man talked confidently of the future of the city,
+though many of the clerks announced their intention of going away as soon
+as they can accumulate money enough.
+
+"I am not afraid of another storm," said a clerk in one of the principal
+stores. "But I'm sick and tired of the whole business."
+
+The Southwestern Telephone and Telegraph Company, which is a branch of the
+Erie system, early began to rebuild its telephone system there.
+
+"This will take us three months, and in the meantime we will give no
+service save long-distance," said D. McReynolds, superintendent of
+construction. "We will install a central emergency system the same as that
+in Chicago and put all wires under ground. We will employ 500 men if
+necessary to do the work in ninety days. The company's losses in Texas are
+$300,000--$200,000 here, $60,000 at Houston and the rest at other points."
+
+Residents were greatly pleased at this announcement, as it showed the
+confidence of a foreign company in the future of Galveston.
+
+
+FIFTEEN HUNDRED NEGROES PERISHED AT GALVESTON.
+
+William Guest, a Pullman car porter, returned to Chicago from the
+storm-stricken district Monday, September 17. He said:
+
+"I left Harrisburg night before last, and things then in the neighborhood
+were in a dreadful state. Galveston is about twenty miles distant, and the
+refugees were pouring in the direction of Houston in great numbers. Many
+well-to-do colored people have lost all they had. The Rev. W. H. Cain, a
+colored Episcopal minister, and his entire family were killed, and it was
+reported to me that Mrs. Cuney, the widow of Wright Cuney, was also lost,
+as well as a number of colored teachers employed in the public schools. At
+Houston relief committees have been organized."
+
+The Rev. Mr. Cain was well known in Chicago, having preached several times
+from the pulpit of the St. Thomas Episcopal church on Dearborn near
+Thirtieth street.
+
+Cyrus Field Adams, publisher of the Appeal, Chicago, received a letter
+from Galveston from W. H. Noble, Jr., saying that about 1,500
+Afro-Americans lost their lives in the storm, and that fully 10,000 were
+homeless.
+
+Cooped up in a house that collapsed after being carried along by a deluge
+of water, John Elford, brother of A. B. Elford, No. 269 South Lincoln
+street, Chicago, his wife and little grandson, met death in the flood
+during the Galveston storm. Milton, son of John Elford, was in the
+building with the family at the time, and was the only one of the many
+occupants including fifteen women known to have escaped.
+
+A. B. Elford, bookkeeper for A. M. Foster & Co., No. 120 Lake street, was
+dumfounded when he received the first information of the disaster, for he
+had no idea of his brother being in Texas. John Elford was a retired
+farmer and merchant of Langdon, N. D. He had taken his family on a trip to
+old and New Mexico.
+
+On September 17 Mr. Elford received the following letter from Langdon,
+N. D.:
+
+     "We have just received a letter from Milton. Father, mother, Dwight
+     and Milton went to Galveston from Mineral Springs, Tex., where they
+     had previously been stopping. They were so delighted with Galveston
+     on reaching there that they sold their return tickets and decided to
+     remain about two months. They were at first in a house near the
+     beach, but moved farther away and to a larger and stronger house when
+     the water began to rise.
+
+     "All at once the water came down the street bringing houses and
+     debris. They started to build a raft, but before it could be got
+     together the house started to float. It had gone but a short distance
+     when it went to pieces. Milton was struck with something and knocked
+     out into the water. He came up, caught a timber and climbed to a
+     roof, and thus managed to make his escape. He saw no one escape from
+     the building as it collapsed. We do not believe the bodies have yet
+     been recovered.
+
+     "We have wired for more definite news regarding the bodies, but have
+     heard nothing more.
+
+        "EDGAR ELFORD."
+
+Dwight Elford, one of the drowned, was only five years old. He was the son
+of George Elford of Langdon.
+
+
+THE TAIL-END OF THE WEST INDIAN HURRICANE.
+
+On September 18 a tropical cyclone was central near these islands. The
+storm set in Monday morning, September 17, and was raging with increased
+severity the next day. Heavy cyclone rollers were sweeping in upon the
+coast and a strong northeast gale was blowing.
+
+All of the telegraph wires were blown down.
+
+Southeast rollers began to wash the shores Sunday, but the barometer
+continued high. During the night, however, it commenced falling, showing
+29.91 inches. At 7 o'clock in the morning the wind was rising. By noon it
+had reached gale force from the northeast and rain was falling. The
+barometer then recorded 29.71 inches. The storm continued to increase
+during the afternoon, and at 4 o'clock the wind was blowing more than
+sixty miles an hour, carrying away the telegraph wires. Heavy seas were
+rushing in upon the coast. The barometer continued to fall, recording only
+29.32 inches, but the wind veered to the north, although it was still
+blowing with some violence.
+
+A correspondent at St. John's, N. F., telegraphed as follows the same day:
+
+"From all quarters of Newfoundland come reports of devastation wrought by
+the gale of last Wednesday and Thursday, the outcome of the Texas
+hurricane sweeping north. So far sixty-five schooners are reported ashore
+or foundered, over 100 more being damaged.
+
+"Thirty-one lives have been reported lost so far. This small list of
+fatalities is due to the fact that most of the vessels have been in harbor
+latterly, as the fishing was poor. Several vessels are still missing,
+however, and it is feared the death roll may be enlarged. Labrador has
+suffered severely, fishing craft having been driven on the rocks by the
+shore, which fact, added to the bad fishing season, makes the condition of
+the coast folk pitiable in the extreme.
+
+"In Belle Isle strait the whole of the fishing premises has been
+destroyed. On the French shore over fifty vessels have been battered, ten
+being a total loss. The steamer Francis has been wrecked at St. George's.
+The bark Mary Hendry anthracite laden from New York is dismasted and
+derelict off St. Mary's.
+
+"On the Grand Banks the gale raged with the greatest fury.
+
+"Twenty-four men from Provincetown fishing schooner Willie McKay were
+landed at Bay Bulls Monday morning, their ship having foundered from
+buffeting in the storm Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. The men drifted
+about on the sinking hulk, without food, water or shelter, and only by
+incessant pumping kept her afloat.
+
+"The seas were constantly sweeping the decks and the entire crew were
+lashed about the rigging or bulwarks. They were ultimately rescued by the
+schooner Talisman of Gloucester, which landed them. One man perished from
+the exposure. The crew say the storm must have done awful damage on the
+banks. It seems certain many vessels could not escape the disaster when
+theirs, the finest of the fleet, succumbed."
+
+
+CLARA BARTON'S VIEW OF THE SITUATION.
+
+Miss Clara Barton, head of the Red Cross Society, wrote of the situation
+at Galveston on September 18:
+
+"It would be difficult to exaggerate the awful scene that meets the
+visitors everywhere. The situation could not be exaggerated. Probably the
+loss of life will exceed any estimate that has been made.
+
+"In those parts of the city where destruction was the greatest there still
+must be hundreds of bodies under the debris. At the end of the island
+first struck by the storm, and which was swept clean of every vestige of
+the splendid residences that covered it, the ruin is inclosed by a
+towering wall of debris, under which many bodies are buried. The removal
+of this has scarcely even begun.
+
+"The story that will be told when this mountain of ruins is removed may
+multiply the horrors of the fearful situation. As usual in great
+calamities, the people are dazed and speak of their losses with an
+unnatural calmness that would astonish those who do not understand it.
+
+
+[Illustration: DESTRUCTION OF HOMES BY THE GALVESTON STORM]
+
+[Illustration: GALVESTON SUFFERERS AFLOAT ALL NIGHT]
+
+[Illustration: BODIES OF THE DEAD ALONG THE SHORE AFTER THE GALVESTON
+STORM]
+
+[Illustration: A DESPERATE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE IN THE GALVESTON STORM]
+
+[Illustration: A HERO SAVING HIS WIFE AND MOTHER IN THE STORM]
+
+[Illustration: THE WATER FROM THE GULF DESTROYING GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: GALVESTON NEW COURT HOUSE, BUILT 1899]
+
+[Illustration: LOCOMOTIVE AND TRAIN DASHED INTO FRAGMENTS BY TEXAS STORM,
+GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: CHILDREN THAT WERE NOT HURT BY THE STORM]
+
+[Illustration: BURNING THE BODIES OF GALVESTON VICTIMS]
+
+[Illustration: JESUIT COLLEGE AND CHURCH, GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: SHOOTING VANDALS AT WORK ON THE DEAD BODIES IN GALVESTON
+AFTER THE DISASTER]
+
+[Illustration: EXODUS FROM GALVESTON]
+
+[Illustration: A SURVIVOR'S DREAM OF THE AWFUL GALVESTON NIGHT]
+
+[Illustration: HEROIC MEN TRYING TO SAVE WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE
+GALVESTON STORM]
+
+[Illustration: SURVIVORS INSANE OVER THE LOSS OF HOMES AND DEAR ONES]
+
+
+"I do believe there is danger of an epidemic. But the nervous strain upon
+the people, as they come to realize their condition, may be nearly as
+fatal. They talk of friends that are gone with tearless eyes, making no
+allusion to the loss of property.
+
+"A professional gentleman who called upon me this afternoon, a gentleman
+of splendid human sympathies and refinement, wore a soiled black flannel
+shirt, without a coat, and in apologizing for his appearance said in the
+most casual, light-hearted way: 'Excuse my appearance; I have just come in
+from burying the dead.'
+
+"But these people will break down under this strain, and the Red Cross is
+glad of the force of strong, competent workers which it has brought to
+their relief.
+
+"Portions of the business part of the city escaped the greatest severity
+of the storm and are left partially intact. Thus it is possible to
+purchase here nearly all the supplies that may be wanting. Still, the
+Galveston merchants should be given the benefit of home demands.
+
+"Mayor Jones has offered to the Red Cross as headquarters the best
+building at his disposal.
+
+"Relief is coming as rapidly as the crippled transportation facilities
+will admit. No one need fear, after seeing the brave and manly way in
+which these people are helping themselves, that too much outside aid will
+be given.
+
+"In reply to the question, 'What is most needed?' I would say: The most
+immediate needs are surgical dressings, the ordinary medical remedies, and
+delicacies for the sick."
+
+
+THEY READ THEIR OWN OBITUARIES.
+
+Reported dead several times, their obituaries printed in Galveston and
+Houston papers, Peter Boss, wife and son, formerly of Chicago, were found
+on the afternoon of September 18, after having passed through a most
+thrilling experience.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Boss were the persons in search of whom Mrs. M. C. McDonald,
+No. 4501 Drexel boulevard, Chicago, went to Houston.
+
+Mrs. Boss' story of her experience in the disaster was a thrilling one.
+With her husband and son she was seated at supper in her home on Twelfth
+street when the storm broke. She seized a handkerchief containing $2,000
+from a bureau, and, placing it in her bosom, went with her husband and son
+to the second story.
+
+There they remained until the water reached them and they leaped into the
+darkness and the storm. They alighted on a wooden cistern upon which they
+rode the entire night, clinging with one hand to the top of the cistern.
+Several times Mrs. Boss lost her hold, and fell backward into the water
+only to be drawn up again by her son. Timbers crashed against their queer
+boat, people on all sides of them were crushed to death or drawn into the
+whirling waters, but with grim perseverance the Boss family held on and
+rode the night out.
+
+Mrs. Boss was pushed off the cistern several times by her excited husband,
+but young Boss' presence of mind always saved her. With her feet crushed
+and bleeding, her clothing torn from her body and nearly exhausted, the
+woman was finally taken from her perilous position several hours after the
+hurricane started.
+
+Her companions were without clothing and were delirious. They were the
+only persons saved in the entire block in which they lived. They were
+taken to emergency hospitals, where they all tossed in delirium until
+Sunday. Mrs. Boss lost her money, and the family, wealthy a week before,
+was penniless. They had to appeal to the city authorities for aid, and got
+but little.
+
+
+TERRIBLE SCENES WITNESSED AT HOUSTON.
+
+The terrible scenes and happenings in Houston, Tex., the great amount of
+damage done and the intense suffering of the people there as a result of
+the recent storm were vividly portrayed in a letter from Walter Scott of
+that city to his sister in Chicago, received September 15.
+
+"Much has been written about the damage done to Galveston," Mr. Scott
+wrote, "and I suppose things there are so terrible that little thought is
+given to other places. But right here in this city the damage is so great
+that one would not believe even time could repair it. Furthermore, the
+suffering here is indeed the greatest I ever heard of. Thousands of
+refugees are here from Galveston and other places and the city is being
+taxed to the limit to find places for all of them.
+
+"Wednesday morning the first contingent arrived. There were about eight
+hundred, and a more forlorn, dejected and suffering lot of people never
+were brought together. The sick were cared for in hospitals and private
+homes, and the greater number of the others were assigned to places. But
+they apparently could not quiet themselves unless so fatigued and weak
+from loss of sleep and want of food that they practically fell down
+exhausted.
+
+"They roamed the streets with scarcely any clothing on them, men, women
+and children; all were hollow-eyed and sunken-cheeked and on the verge of
+despair. It is terrible to realize how many families have been broken up.
+
+"I have listened to harrowing tales until I am actually sick. The
+newspaper reports have not been exaggerated one iota. There is really
+nothing one can say which will express the situation. When I arrived at
+home from New Orleans at 10:30 o'clock Sunday night there wasn't a light
+in the city. Everything was in total darkness. It had been reported on the
+train that 7,000 lives had been lost at Galveston, but this we believed to
+be a gross exaggeration.
+
+"But I have changed my mind. I think now it is a conservative figure. I
+groped my way through the darkness, stumbling over piles of debris, to my
+boarding place, and after no little difficulty succeeded in reaching my
+room. Upon lighting a match I found the place denuded of everything; the
+paper was stripped from the ceiling and was hanging in shreds from the
+walls. It was damp and cold. My landlady, hearing me, soon came in, and
+standing there in the darkness she gave me a harrowing account of what
+they passed through, the details of which the newspapers already have
+described. All the other people in the house had gone elsewhere, and she,
+her husband and myself were alone in the house.
+
+"That night I slept in a fairly dry bed in a tolerably dry room, but all
+the windows in the house had been blown out, and the building was so damp
+and cold that we were almost afraid to sleep there. Some of the rooms in
+the lower part of the building were still flooded. There wasn't a room in
+the entire house that had not been damaged, and the servants' house in the
+yard was almost completely wrecked. The ruins were toppled over and
+leaning against our next-door neighbor's house.
+
+"There is scarcely a structure in Houston which escaped the fury of the
+storm. With the exception of the First Presbyterian, every church lost its
+steeple, and all were damaged to some extent. The streets for two or three
+days and even longer afterward were filled with debris--telephone and
+telegraph poles and wires, huge piles of bricks and timber, tin roofs and
+all kinds of miscellaneous things, such as furniture, trees, etc.
+
+"At Seabrook, a little seaside resort near here, only two homes were left
+standing."
+
+Walter S. Keenan, general passenger agent of the Gulf, Colorado and Santa
+Fe Railroad, arrived in Chicago September 17 from Galveston. He was in the
+general office, which is connected with the Union station at Galveston,
+during the great storm and escaped without injury. He said the accounts of
+the Galveston disaster were in no way exaggerated. The debris, in some of
+the streets, he declared, was thirty feet high. He went to his office in
+the station Saturday morning and was compelled to remain there until
+Sunday afternoon without a bite to eat.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Total Dead and Missing at Galveston and Vicinity, 8,661--Five Million
+Dollars in Relief Necessary to Carry the Survivors Through the Fall and
+Winter to Spring.
+
+
+It was given out from Galveston on Tuesday, September 20, that so far as
+could be ascertained on that date, the loss of life in the great
+catastrophe was as follows:
+
+  Identified                             4,754
+  Unidentified (recovered)                 300
+  Missing                                2,000
+                                        ------
+      Total                              7,054
+
+  Dead in Central and Southern Texas     1,044
+  High Island                              563
+                                        ------
+      Total                              1,607
+
+This makes the grand total of dead 8,661.
+
+The horrifying news reached Dallas late on the afternoon of September 18
+that High Island, a seaside resort thirty miles northeast of Galveston,
+near the gulf shore and in the southwestern corner of Jefferson county,
+Tex., was entirely destroyed by the hurricane of the 8th inst.
+
+The place had about 1,000 residents, many of them visitors.
+
+Not a house was left standing and more than 400 dead bodies were found by
+relief and exploring parties.
+
+General Manager Spangler, of the Gulf and Interstate Railway, also
+received information on that date that more than thirty miles of that road
+had been entirely destroyed between Bolivar Point and High Island.
+
+After looking over the situation carefully, the decision was arrived at,
+ten days succeeding the tragedy, that to put Galveston on her feet would
+require $5,000,000. Such was the opinion of Congressman Hawley, one of the
+city's representative business men. This did not mean that the sum
+mentioned would come anywhere near restoring the city to the condition
+before the storm. Far from it.
+
+Mr. Hawley did not so intend to be understood. He was asked:
+
+"What measure of relief will burn your dead, clean and purify your streets
+and public places, feed and clothe the living, and place your people where
+they can be self-sustaining and on the way to regain what has been lost?"
+
+His reply was: "It will take $5,000,000 to relieve Galveston from the
+distress of the storm. At least that sum will be needed to dispose of the
+dead, to remove the ruins, and to do what is right for the living. I think
+that we should not only feed and clothe, but that we ought to have some
+means to help people who have lost everything to make a start toward the
+restoration of their homes. To do this will require every dollar of
+$5,000,000."
+
+There were then on the scene more nurses and physicians than required. The
+injured were recovering rapidly from their hurts, which were largely
+superficial. Many men and women were suffering from severe nervous shock
+and found it impossible to sleep. Food was coming in by boatload and
+carload faster than it could be handled, in such generous quantities that
+no further doubts were entertained about supplies.
+
+Estimates of the number dependent upon the relief committees varied. Mayor
+Jones made it about 8,000, while other authorities put the number as high
+as 15,000. In the business center the streets had been cleaned and opened.
+All buildings still showed marks of wind and water, but goods were
+displayed and business was being transacted.
+
+The city was gradually assuming the bustling ante-flood appearance. The
+principal streets were electrically lighted. Stenches no longer assailed
+the nostrils, except in the outside circle of destruction, where much
+debris still remained untouched. Cremation of the dead was being pushed,
+but it was many days before the working parties got out the last of the
+bodies.
+
+The whole twenty-two miles' length of the island was submerged.
+
+The horrors of the western portion beyond the city limits were just being
+learned at San Luis. One hundred and eighty-one bodies were buried on
+September 17. Between twenty and thirty bodies were counted among the
+piles of the railroad bridge between the island and Virginia Point. In
+Kinkead's addition about 100 were lost, eighteen in one house.
+
+The farther the men worked in the Denver reservoir section the more
+numerous were the dead. Fires were burning every 300 feet on the beach and
+along many of the streets.
+
+Mayor Walter C. Jones made a statement on that day of conditions and needs
+of Galveston people, basing his conclusions on the most reliable
+information which has come to him.
+
+Mayor Jones' statement was as follows:
+
+"It is almost impossible to speak definitely as yet of the needs of our
+people. We are broke, the majority of us. Galveston must have suffered, in
+my estimation, based upon all of the reports I have, $20,000,000. We now
+need money more than anything.
+
+"From the advices I have received I believe the shipments of disinfectants
+and food supplies now on the way will be sufficient to meet the immediate
+wants. By the time these are used we shall have regained our
+transportation facilities and stocks of everything, so that we can use
+money more advantageously.
+
+"It is impossible to state just how much money has reached us. We have
+received from the Governor, at Austin, $100,000 in cash. That is from the
+general fund. Special contributions have come through the Chamber of
+Commerce, the Cotton Exchange and several other channels. We have between
+1,500 and 3,000 men at work searching for bodies, clearing the streets and
+burning debris. Of this work, which ought to be done as fast as possible
+in the interest of the living, there is enough to keep 3,000 employed for
+forty days, although I believe we shall have the principal streets clear
+in ten days or two weeks.
+
+"I hesitate to say how much it will take to put Galveston where her people
+can care for themselves. Certainly $5,000,000 will be a moderate estimate.
+There is not a building but is damaged, not a house of those left standing
+but will have to be re-roofed, and few that will not need to be
+straightened on their foundations. If Galveston could get $10,000,000 it
+would be used judiciously to enable the people to become self-sustaining.
+
+"It is true Galveston is represented as being one of the wealthiest cities
+of the country. But our rich people had everything here and are crippled.
+The people of moderate means, who had homes and worked on salaries are,
+with scarcely an exception, ruined. The class dependent upon labor must be
+furnished something to do for wages or must suffer.
+
+"Dr. Lord and others, who have been among the people more than I have, say
+there are 8,000 helpless who must be fed and clothed and carried along for
+some time to come, even after what might be called immediate needs have
+been met.
+
+"There is no contagious disease and we do not anticipate any. But many are
+suffering from shock and exposure and from injuries received among the
+ruins. The City of Galveston, I am convinced, lost fully 5,000 persons.
+Down the island, outside of the city limits, were scattered between 2,000
+and 3,000 persons. From the reports slowly coming in it appears that most
+of these people lost their lives. The island in the sparsely settled parts
+seems to have been swept clean of habitations."
+
+The most motley crowd of United States regulars ever seen at attention
+lined up before Captain Rafferty the second Monday after the calamity.
+Battery O, First United States Artillery, the organization, was battered
+Battery O. No two men were dressed alike. Parts of uniforms and clothes
+which bore no semblance to any uniform were barely sufficient to cover
+nakedness, and in some cases there were bad rents, which showed the bare
+anatomy on dress parade.
+
+Battery O came out of the storm with a loss of 28 out of 190 men, a loss
+seldom sustained in battle. One of these regulars floated fifty-two miles
+on a door, another was carried on an outhouse across the island and then
+across Galveston Bay. The survivors had been barracked in a shattered
+church since the Sunday after the storm. They were sent to San Antonio to
+be outfitted and armed.
+
+The officers and men lost everything and had to get clothes to cover them.
+
+James Stewart, of St. Louis, had undertaken to see that Captain Benton
+Kennedy's boys did not suffer. It was believed the grain men of St. Louis
+would take a personal interest in this case. Captain Kennedy came to
+Galveston from St. Louis, Mo., where he was well known. He was
+superintendent of Elevator A. His family consisted of his wife, three boys
+and two girls. In August Captain Kennedy bought a nice home and moved into
+it. When the storm made the house no longer safe he placed Henry and
+Edwin, little fellows of 15 and 9, on a raft at the door and went back for
+the others. The raft was carried half a mile and the boys were rescued.
+Captain Kennedy and Mrs. Kennedy and the sisters and one brother were
+lost.
+
+Adjutant-General Thomas Scurry said Monday evening, September 17:
+
+"In my opinion the situation is rapidly growing better; the people found
+themselves dazed and shattered as a result of the storm. While there was
+an abundance of energy remaining, as might have been naturally expected, a
+vast amount of it was not concentrated. It has been the policy of this
+office to concentrate energies. These efforts have been most gratifying.
+We have a large number of men, possibly 2,000, at work.
+
+"What is most needed for Galveston now is money. Thousands of persons who
+owned their little homes have had them destroyed. They are now dependent
+upon the generosity of the outside world and upon the Relief Committee to
+prepare for the rigors of winter and to refurnish their homes with
+necessities. No man who has not been an eye-witness to the desolation
+which has swept over this city can have the faintest conception of what it
+means.
+
+"Galveston lies on an island about a mile wide from north to south, the
+city covering about six miles of this east and west. Along the southern
+side for a distance of two to five blocks every house has been absolutely
+demolished. Such of these unfortunates as were not drowned are now
+penniless."
+
+
+AN EYE-WITNESS TELLS OF THE STORM.
+
+A graphic description of the storm was that given by R. L. Johnson, a
+prominent citizen of Galveston. He said:
+
+"I reached home after wading in water to my neck and made immediate
+preparations to take my wife and three children where I felt their safety
+would be assured. The water began to rise so rapidly that in fifteen
+minutes we were driven to the second floor, and it was then impossible to
+leave the house. At this time Neighbor Kell's house, adjoining mine, went
+down with husband, wife and children. Then down Avenue S came two small
+cottages, which struck a telegraph pole and stopped directly in front of
+my house. I heard children crying and women screaming. The words, 'O God,
+save me,' I can still hear ringing in my ears.
+
+"Another cottage came sweeping by and carried away the gallery of my
+house. The Artigan, Henman and Pennings houses, carrying eighteen persons,
+floated by and I could see the struggling forms in the water.
+
+"I was expecting it was our turn next. I kissed my wife and children
+good-by, and as I did so my eldest boy, a lad of 15, said: 'Father, it is
+not our time to die.' Then came the piercing scream of a woman, followed
+by a crash, and another house turned over on its side and was driven past
+by the wind and flood.
+
+"The current was running like a mill race. The water was already on our
+second floor, and the waves kept knocking us about until we were
+completely exhausted. Then the wind went, and the water began to fall. I
+looked about and could not see a house for two blocks; there was nothing
+but a flood of water in every direction. In the morning we found our
+house had been moved about ten feet and deposited upon the sand."
+
+
+GALVESTON AGAIN MADE A PORT.
+
+"Issue bills of lading to Galveston and through Galveston to other
+points."
+
+On September 17, up and down the International and Great Northern, the
+Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Santa Fe and their connections the wires
+were carrying the official information that Galveston would be a terminal,
+a sure enough port, as soon as the traffic could reach there. The
+Vice-Presidents and General Managers and General Agents had mastered the
+railroad wreck, they had set the time for the running of the first train
+into Galveston, and that time was Friday, September 21. By that date,
+according to the engineers, the temporary bridge would be ready for use.
+It was ready to the minute.
+
+The news that the roads had declared readiness to accept freight for
+Galveston and through Galveston was received by business men as tidings of
+great joy. It added greatly to the improvement of spirit. For several days
+after the storm the prediction was that no trains would enter Galveston
+under thirty days and that the time might be sixty days.
+
+Equally exhilarating with the action of the railroad men was the action
+taken by Secretary Bailey, of the Wharf Company, that exportation of wheat
+would be resumed to-morrow morning. The machinery of Elevator A was
+started up and was successful. Monday afternoon the wharf was cleared. A
+steamship was brought under the spout and loaded. James Stewart, Mr.
+Orthwein and other St. Louis grain men said almost the entire stock of
+wheat would be saved.
+
+The number of persons who left Galveston up to September 17, it was stated
+at relief headquarters, was over 8,000, of whom about 5,000 were then in
+Houston being cared for. Others had gone on into the interior of the State
+or to other States. The number coming up on the trains showed no falling
+off.
+
+New arrangements made at Galveston enabled people to get out without so
+much red tape and they took advantage of the opportunity to do so.
+Governor Sayers had now taken charge of the relief work here at all
+points, and money was being given out where needed, more than provisions
+and clothing.
+
+
+SWELLING THE RELIEF FUND.
+
+On September 18 Chicago had raised over $100,000 for the Galveston
+sufferers; New York nearly $300,000; St. Louis nearly $70,000, and other
+cities the following amounts:
+
+  Boston                      $32,700
+  Philadelphia                 28,320
+  Pittsburg                    27,108
+  New Orleans                  26,100
+  San Francisco                18,000
+  Kansas City                  17,000
+  Louisville                   14,000
+  Milwaukee                    14,046
+  Baltimore                    15,000
+  Denver                       13,000
+  Minneapolis                  12,000
+  Newark, N. J.                12,000
+  Cleveland                     9,345
+  Memphis                       9,123
+  Cincinnati                    9,000
+  Colorado Springs              7,200
+  St. Paul                      7,000
+  Topeka, Kan.                  5,438
+  Charleston, S. C.             6,000
+  Omaha, Neb.                   6,212
+  Los Angeles                   5,184
+  Detroit, Mich.                5,190
+  Indianapolis                  4,000
+  Helena, Mont.                 4,108
+  Johnstown, Pa.                3,000
+  Columbus, Ohio                3,100
+  South Bend, Ind.              1,985
+  Springfield, Ill.             2,000
+  Portland, Ore.                2,100
+  Lexington, Ky.                2,098
+
+The United States embassy at Berlin, Germany, cabled $500 to Governor
+Sayers on September 17.
+
+General J. B. Vinet, president of the Red Cross Society, State of
+Louisiana, New Orleans, received on Tuesday morning, September 18, a
+telegram from Miss Clara Barton, who was at Galveston, as follows:
+
+     "Find greatest immediate needs here are surgical dressings, usual
+     medicines and delicacies for the sick. No epidemic, but many people
+     are worn out with suffering and exertion who need tender care and
+     proper food.
+
+        "CLARA BARTON."
+
+Building material was needed at Galveston but its delivery was necessarily
+slow, owing to the lack of rail communication with the mainland.
+
+There were still many pitiable cases of destitution. Many half-demented
+persons positively refused to leave their wrecked homes and as
+persistently refused to accept offers of relief extended them. In several
+instances parents who had lost children still occupied ruins of their
+former home and the surroundings had brought them to a state of mental and
+physical collapse.
+
+The number who had gone insane as a result of their experiences will
+probably never be known. In every lot of refugees sent out of the stricken
+city there were many insane men and women. The victims first made light of
+their losses, and laughed immoderately when telling of the death of
+relatives in the flood. It was a very short step from this to
+uncontrollable madness.
+
+The state militia companies did splendid work in patrolling the city after
+the storm, and many of the men were of the belief that they should be
+allowed to return to their homes and troops sent from other parts of the
+state to fill their places.
+
+The fears of an epidemic were allayed by the presence and the distribution
+of medicines and disinfectants and therefore a feature which would
+undoubtedly have had the effect of causing many to seek succor elsewhere,
+was eliminated from the situation.
+
+
+GOVERNOR SAYERS SENDS HIS THANKS.
+
+Governor Sayers, of Texas, sent out the following expression of thanks on
+behalf of the sufferers in Galveston and as the representative of the
+people of his state:
+
+"In behalf of the people of Texas I desire to express my acknowledgment to
+the people of the United States for the ready and generous response they
+have made in coming to the aid of our afflicted people. The number of
+deaths, the amount of destitution, and the loss of property is far greater
+than had been anticipated.
+
+"The Secretary of the Navy has placed the revenue cutter Galveston at my
+disposal, and I have in turn placed it at the disposal of the mayor of
+Galveston. The addition of this cutter to the boats already loaned by the
+Federal government will give us five boats at Galveston to handle
+supplies and passengers to and from the mainland, and I anticipate that
+their presence there will relieve the situation materially.
+
+"The city authorities at Galveston are in full control, and every effort
+is being made to bury the dead, to remove the debris, and to sanitate the
+city. Contributions of the most liberal character are reaching me, and I
+shall see that the money is used to the best advantage for the sufferers
+and that there shall be no waste of the magnificent contributions coming
+from the free hands and generous hearts of a sympathetic people."
+
+No idea could possibly be formed as to the frightful crush of railroad
+trains bearing relief supplies in and around Houston and Texas City, the
+latter being but six miles from Galveston, but separated from it by a
+stretch of water. Owing to the small number of vessels plying between
+Texas City and Galveston the shipment of supplies to the latter was
+necessarily aggravatingly slow.
+
+
+GREWSOME SCENES AND HARROWING INCIDENTS.
+
+Grewsome scenes and soul-harrowing incidents of the time immediately
+following the great gale in Galveston were graphically portrayed in a
+letter from a young woman caught on the island in the awful storm. It was
+written by Miss Nellie Cary to her parents, who live at 5408 Lake avenue,
+Chicago. Miss Cary had been home on a vacation for several weeks and left
+Chicago for Galveston the Tuesday evening before the hurricane, reaching
+the doomed city just in time to participate in the terrible experience.
+Her letter follows:
+
+"Galveston, Wednesday, September 12.--Dearest Parents: Have not had a
+minute to write and cannot collect my thoughts to tell you of the horrible
+disaster down here. Thousands of dead in the streets--the gulf and bay
+strewn with dead bodies. The whole island demolished. Not a drop of
+water--food scarce. If help does not reach us soon there will be great
+starvation for everybody.
+
+"The dead are not being identified at all--they throw them on drays and
+take them to barges, where they are loaded like cordwood, and taken out to
+sea to be cast into the waves, now peaceful, which were so hungry for them
+in their anger.
+
+"I was at the wharf this morning for a short time and saw three barges
+loaded with their grewsome freight. The bodies are frightful, every one
+nearly nude. God alone knows who they are.
+
+"The bay is full of dead cattle and horses, together with human corpses,
+blistering in the hot sun. It will be impossible to remove the dead from
+the debris for weeks--the whole island is frightful. I saw thirty-eight
+bodies taken from one house. Every one is striving to get the bodies
+buried for fear of the plague.
+
+"I never expected to get out alive, but thank God, not one of us was
+killed. We were driven back to the stairs, and up, stair by stair, by the
+great waves. The wind was blowing over a hundred miles an hour, and the
+rain fell in torrents. Never shall I forget the sight as darkness settled
+upon us. I thought of you, papa and mamma, and prayed that you might be
+comforted. Our roof is now gone, the walls have fallen around us, but we
+still have a floor and--I can't tell you, it is too horrible.
+
+"I was nearly drowned getting home from the office at 4 o'clock Saturday
+afternoon. Mrs. Whitman is almost crazy and is in a dangerous condition. I
+have lost everything; am now wearing clothes borrowed from those who were
+more fortunate. The stench is terrible.
+
+"Thousands of horses and cattle without owners are in the most pitiable
+condition imaginable; not a drop of water for them to drink since Saturday
+morning. And the people--I wonder that everybody is not mad at the
+horrors. No account can exaggerate it. It is absolutely necessary that
+everybody in the United States do what they can.
+
+"Nearly all our help at Clark & Courts are drowned--Mr. Hansinger, his
+whole family, our other bookkeeper and a number of the girls. The town is
+under martial law to protect it from the mob. Last night a negro was
+arrested with ten fingers in his pockets, with valuable rings on them. Mr.
+Fayling, at our house, is in command of the protective force. They have
+had to shoot many to keep the horrible ghouls in control. Eddie Rogers is
+next in command, and is doing noble work. I have done what I could to help
+the dying and wounded.
+
+
+COMPLETE RUIN FOR MILES.
+
+"We were on the highest point of ground in Galveston. That is all that
+saved us. For blocks and blocks, reaching into miles, not a house remains;
+not a building but is completely demolished--houses just torn board from
+board and piled up. I have climbed over wreckage forty feet high in the
+streets to get to places. I think we were more fortunate than any one else
+in town. I think not one was killed, though our escape was narrow. With
+the exception of Mrs. Whitman all were calm, though I reckon everybody
+quaked inside--I know I did.
+
+"Thursday.--Am well. Had something to eat this morning, and a little
+rainwater. Coffee is plenty, but water scarce. To-day the flesh slips off
+the bodies as they take hold to drag them from the ruins. They are piling
+them in great heaps now and burning them. The horrors multiply. I have
+seen men shot down in the streets by the soldiers. The stench is untold.
+Last night the awful smell kept us awake although we were utterly
+exhausted. It fills your throat and mouth, and makes your head ache so.
+
+
+COMPARATIVELY FEW CHILDREN LEFT.
+
+"The horrible experiences it will take years to tell and more than a
+lifetime to forget. If you could be here you would feel that your anxiety
+was nothing. It is so pitiable to see husbands, with a look of despair in
+their eyes, searching for their wives and children; wives for their loved
+ones; and, most pitiable of all, the comparatively few children--although
+they are enough, God knows, to be left orphans and homeless--looking into
+every one's face with frightened, appealing eyes. It is heartrending.
+
+"Now I am much better off. I am safe, so please don't worry. I hope to
+hear from you soon.
+
+"Best love and kisses to both from
+
+"NELLIE."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+Galveston's Inhabitants Refuse to Heed the Lessons Taught by their
+Experiences--Carelessness in Failing to Provide Against the Recurrence of
+Catastrophes.
+
+
+Although Galveston had been struck three times with floods and hurricanes
+even this experience was not enough to convince the residents that it
+might happen again. Only a few of the more cautious had any idea after the
+last disaster of taking steps to prevent its repetition. Asked if anything
+would be done to make future floods impossible they might probably quote
+the old saw: "Lightning never strikes in the same place twice," and seem
+to think that settled it. In the next sentence they would compare the
+damage done in the floods of 1875 and 1886 with this latest disaster.
+
+"No," said E. M. Hartrick, assistant United States engineer, "the people
+of Galveston will go on living in fancied security just as they did
+before. The plan to put a dike around the city is perfectly feasible and
+so is a series of jetties. I think the good old Holland plan is the best.
+The city doesn't need to be raised. I was six years city engineer of
+Galveston, and following the storm of 1886 drew plans for a dike ten feet
+high and extending all around the island except on the north side. There
+the wharves were to be raised and form the dike.
+
+"Galveston gave this plan consideration, and there is a map of the city in
+existence which shows it with a dike surrounding it. The legislature gave
+authority to bond the city, but it was some months after the flood when
+this had been secured, and the people said, 'Oh, we'll never get another
+one,' and they didn't build."
+
+The construction by the government of two jetties, one eight miles long
+extending out southeast for the purpose of making a narrower and deeper
+channel for boats coming into Galveston harbor, made the necessity of
+remedial work more apparent, but nothing was done. In the last storm, the
+southwesterly one of the jetties pocketed the water and carried it up over
+the southeastern end of the island.
+
+This was the place where whole blocks of buildings were literally washed
+away, leaving hardly enough of the foundations to indicate that buildings
+ever stood there. In that part of the city the water rose to a depth of
+fifteen feet in the streets. Had the houses demolished by waves and swept
+away by wind not formed into a great jam similar to a log jam, but
+extending along the south shore of the island for seven miles, this
+enormous body of water would have swept over the entire island and the
+number of dead would have been quadrupled.
+
+"It formed a dike," said Engineer Hartrick, in calling attention to this
+feature of the flood, "and had it not been for that dike we might not any
+of us be here now."
+
+According to Mr. Hartrick, Galveston had the wrong style of architecture
+for a gulf town. Its newer buildings were built on the northern plan with
+balloon frames, and poorly adapted to stand a blow.
+
+"This storm was a hurricane," he said, "just such as they have in the West
+Indies every summer, but which we have here perhaps once in a hundred
+years. Still we never know when one may come again, and we should build
+our houses accordingly."
+
+Colonel Davidson, a member of the relief committee, had given some time in
+the past to consideration of projects to prevent inundations. He favored
+the jetty system, but, like Engineer Hartrick, said nothing would ever be
+done.
+
+"You never heard of a man wanting an umbrella when it wasn't raining, did
+you?" he asked. "What we want is not to keep all the water out. We want
+the waves to break their force before they rise on to the island. It was
+the force of the great waves which wrecked the houses."
+
+The work of extracting bodies from the mass of wreckage continued.
+Tuesday, September 18, over 400 bodies were taken out of the debris which
+lined the beach front. With all that had been done to recover bodies
+buried beneath or pinned to the immense drift, the work had scarcely
+started. There was no time to dig graves and the putrefying flesh, beaten
+and bruised beyond identification, was consigned to the flames. Volunteers
+for this grewsome work came in fast. Men who had avoided the dead under
+ordinary conditions were working with a vigorous will and energy in
+putting them away.
+
+Under one pile of wreckage Tuesday afternoon twenty bodies were taken out
+and cremated. In another pile a man pulled out the remains of two children
+and for a moment gazed upon them, then mechanically cast them into the
+fire. They were his own flesh and blood. As they slowly burned he watched
+them until they were consumed, then resumed his work assisting others in
+removing other bodies.
+
+A large force of men was still engaged in removing the dead from Hurd's
+lane, located about four miles west of the city. At this point the water
+ran to a height of fourteen feet, and hung up in trees and fences were the
+bodies of men, women and children, which were being collected and cremated
+as fast as possible.
+
+On the mainland the searching for and cremating of bodies that either
+perished or found lodgment there was being prosecuted vigorously.
+
+The situation throughout the country extending from Bolivar to High island
+was possibly worse than in any other section of the mainland.
+
+Clara Barton, president of the Red Cross Society, issued an appeal on
+September 18 to the American people for money and supplies for the sick
+and wounded. Her idea was to spend some of the money with local merchants
+wherever practicable.
+
+Chairman Davidson of the relief committee stated that the greatest
+sufferers from the storm were the people of limited means who owned homes
+near the beach. There were hundreds of these people who owned mortgaged
+lots and had homes constructed by the loan companies and though their
+property was swept away the loan companies were protected by liens.
+
+Mr. Davidson advised that a fund be raised for people who had suffered in
+this way, that they might be able to restore what took them years to
+accumulate and was taken from them in a single night.
+
+The resources of the numerous sub-relief stations scattered throughout the
+city were taxed to their utmost capacity, and long lines of people awaited
+their turns for provisions and clothing.
+
+At Texas City a force of deputy United States marshals under Marshal Grant
+was guarding the entrance to Galveston and keeping back all people who
+could show no good reason for desiring to go there. People were daily
+leaving the city, a majority being women and children. The city was still
+under martial law, and remained so for weeks. Idlers and sight-seers who
+eluded the guards on the mainland upon their arrival were pressed into the
+street service. There was no place for a man who would not work. It was
+work or go to jail, and they generally went to jail.
+
+
+GOVERNOR SAYERS IN A HOPEFUL MOOD.
+
+"I look for the rebuilding of Galveston to be well under way by the latter
+part of this week," said Governor Sayers, of Texas, on September 18, at
+Austin, the state capital. "The work of cleaning the city of unhealthful
+refuse and burying the dead will have been completed by that time, and all
+the available labor in the city can be applied to its rebuilding.
+
+"If the laboring people of Galveston will only get to work in earnest
+prosperity will soon again smile on the city. Arrangements have been made
+to pay all the laborers working under the direction of the military
+authorities $1.50 and rations for every day they have worked or will work.
+An account has been kept of all work done and no laborer will lose one
+day's pay.
+
+"The money and food contributions coming from a generous people have been
+a great help to the people of Galveston, as it has relieved them of the
+necessity of spending their money to support the needy, and it can now be
+applied to the improvement of their own property and putting again on foot
+their business enterprises.
+
+"Five dollars a day is being offered to the mechanics who will come to
+Galveston, and, with the assurance from reputable physicians that there is
+no extraordinary danger of sickness, outside laborers will flock to
+Galveston and before many days a new city will rise on the storm-swept
+island.
+
+"The telegraph and telephone companies and railroads have been exceedingly
+generous since the great calamity. They have not only given money, but
+everything has been transported to that city free of charge, while those
+desiring to get away from the harrowing scenes of Galveston have been
+transported free. The people of Texas will long remember with grateful
+hearts the kindness of these companies.
+
+"It is now an assured fact that trains will be running into Galveston this
+week, and with uninterrupted communication with the outside world
+Galveston should soon assume her normal condition."
+
+
+SAD SIGHTS AT VIRGINIA POINT.
+
+When the relief train reached Virginia Point, which is on the mainland,
+opposite Galveston, it was found that of those who survived the flood and
+hurricane the majority was severely injured. Most of them were bruised and
+maimed, presenting a pitiful sight, their limbs lacerated and bleeding.
+All bemoaned the fate of those dear to them.
+
+Many of the dead--and the beach was strewn with corpses--had their faces
+and heads mutilated so that it was almost impossible to learn the names of
+those who found their last resting-place in the crude graves hurriedly
+dug. A headboard was placed on the grave in every instance, giving as
+nearly as possible age and accurate description.
+
+It was found necessary in many instances to bury three and four in one
+grave.
+
+Those who survived the wreck were homeless and had had nothing to eat
+since Saturday. As most of them were injured it was not possible for them
+to organize a movement on their part. Life sustenance was furnished these
+survivors in order that they might not swell the list of dead.
+
+Most of the bodies found in and around the vicinity of Virginia Point were
+supposed to have been washed inland from Galveston.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+Galveston's Storm Flies Over the United States and Does Great Damage--Many
+Lives Lost--It Finally Disappears in the Atlantic Ocean.
+
+
+When the hurricane was through with Galveston and central and southern
+Texas it sped north through Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska--its path being
+300 miles in width--and then turning toward the east, or slightly
+northeast, crossed northern Iowa, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
+southern Michigan, northern Illinois, northern Indiana, northern Ohio,
+northern New York and southern Canada, finally disappearing in the
+Atlantic ocean, creating wreck and havoc wherever it went. It caused great
+losses of life and property in Newfoundland and destroyed many vessels off
+the eastern coast of the United States.
+
+The following dispatches show how widespread was its fury:
+
+Buffalo, September 12.--Immense damage was done here and at other lake
+ports by the Texas storm which traveled with great violence down Lake Erie
+last night. Reports from Crystal Beach, a summer resort on the Canadian
+side of Lake Erie, say that every dock has been destroyed, and all the
+boats of the Buffalo Canoe Club, together with several large seagoing
+yachts anchored there, were completely wrecked.
+
+In this city the wind attained a velocity of seventy-two miles an hour,
+and seemed to regain some of the power which it exhibited in wrecking
+Southern cities. Reports of property loss and fatalities have come in.
+
+St. Joseph, Mich., September 12.--The steamer Lawrence arrived here at 1
+o'clock this afternoon from Milwaukee. She left that place at 8 o'clock
+yesterday morning, and the captain reports a fearful voyage. The captain's
+wife was here from Milwaukee and was on the dock waiting to meet her
+husband when the boat touched the dock. The meeting between the two was
+affecting. All this morning anxious watchers waited on the bluffs at the
+mouth of the river for a glimpse of the missing boat. Many people had
+friends among the passengers and crew, and as the morning hours wore on
+their anxiety became intense.
+
+Cleveland, September 12.--As a result of the furious gale which swept over
+the lake region last night telegraph and telephone lines were prostrated
+in all directions from this city to-day. During the height of the storm
+the wind reached a velocity of sixty miles an hour. To-day the storm is
+subsiding, the wind having dropped to twenty-six miles an hour.
+
+Up to noon to-day the big passenger steamers City of Erie and the
+Northwest, which left Buffalo last evening for this port, have not been
+heard from. They were due here at 6 o'clock this morning. The passenger
+steamer State of Ohio, due here about the same hour from Toledo, had not
+arrived at noon.
+
+The wind blew sixty miles an hour across Lake Erie, but the warnings had
+been so thorough that few vessels were caught unprepared. The steamer
+Cornell of the Pittsburg Steamship Company's fleet lost her smokestack off
+Fairport. Her barge anchored, but both came into port later. The Buffalo
+passenger boat has not yet arrived, having been in shelter at Long Point
+during the worst of the blow.
+
+Detour, Mich., September 12.--In the storm yesterday the schooner
+Narragansett, stranded near Cockburn island, was washed off the rocks,
+and shipping suffered greatly.
+
+Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., September 12.--The wind reached a velocity of
+thirty miles an hour from the northwest at midnight, the storm being
+accompanied by considerable rain. Many vessels were lost.
+
+Amhertsburg, Ont., September 12.--The tail end of the Galveston storm
+struck this section with great force about 11 o'clock last night and
+continued until early this morning. The loss to shipping is heavy.
+
+Kingston, Ont., September 12.--The Canadian steamer Albacore was driven
+ashore at 7 o'clock this morning, east of the life-saving station. The
+crew was saved. The wind is blowing a gale from the west, and shipping on
+Lake Ontario suffered seriously, many sailors being drowned.
+
+South Haven, Mich., September 12.--The storm did much damage to the docks
+here last night. Several vessels are reported lost.
+
+Port Huron, Mich., September 12.--The wind blew a gale until 11:30 last
+night. Three small schooners which left here bound for Sand Beach were
+wrecked.
+
+The gale passed over Chicago September 11 and attained a velocity early in
+the afternoon of seventy-two miles an hour, destroyed many lives in the
+city and neighborhood, did great damage to property on the land and
+wrecked several vessels on the lakes.
+
+The wind was fitful and blew in gusts. Its advance was met with frequent
+lulls and interruptions. An embankment of dark, ominous clouds rose
+steadily in the west. At first it was broken by an occasional rift which
+revealed the blue sky. But as the cloud bank rose it darkened and rolled
+over the plains toward Chicago with increasing speed. At 3 o'clock all the
+blue patches of sky had disappeared, the heavens had assumed a forbidding
+look and the lake rolled. The increased violence of the storm carried
+everything before it. No one disputed its rights to the streets, and it
+blew down wires innumerable, badly crippling the telegraph and telephone
+service.
+
+The Western Union's fifty-two New York lines were all down.
+
+From Chicago the storm continued its progress across Lake Huron, but was
+steadily diminishing in intensity.
+
+The storm's velocity diminished after leaving Texas, but increased with
+wonderful rapidity after reaching the lake region. The wind reached the
+greatest velocity at Chicago it had attained since leaving Galveston.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+The World Not So Heartless as Supposed--People Give Generously to Aid the
+Suffering--A Social Phenomenon--Value of United States Weather Bureau.
+
+
+Perhaps the world is not so bad as it has been painted, or so heartless
+and indifferent as some pessimists would have us believe. Ordinarily men
+and women have enough to do in attending to their own affairs, expecting
+others, of course, to do the same, and consequently they pay small
+attention to what is going on around them; but when their hearts are
+really touched they drop everything and rush to the rescue of the
+afflicted.
+
+So it was in the case of Galveston.
+
+The catastrophe at Galveston served to bring conspicuously into notice the
+best and worst sides of human nature, which is always the common result of
+all appalling disasters.
+
+The people of that afflicted city were suddenly overwhelmed by the almost
+unprecedented fury of the elements. Thousands were killed and injured.
+Thousands more lost their homes and places of business. They were
+suffering with hunger and menaced with pestilence. All were brought to a
+common level by dangers of every description, death in its most awful
+forms, and an outlook of terrible uncertainty.
+
+And yet in the midst of all this ruin and suffering they were harassed by
+thugs and thieves and ghouls in human shape, who looted property,
+assaulted citizens who resisted them, and despoiled and disfigured the
+dead in a shockingly savage manner to secure rings and other jewels.
+Devoid of any feeling of sympathy or pity, they seized upon this awful
+disaster as an opportunity to enrich themselves. As soon, however, as the
+authorities could recover from the first shock of the disaster the city
+was placed under martial law, and the troops patrolling the island did not
+hesitate to kill every one of the vandals caught in the commission of his
+infamous work. Public opinion sustained this prompt style of punishment.
+It was a species of Southern lynching to which no objection was ever
+raised.
+
+The disaster also brought into prominence the greed and mercenary passion
+of human nature. A clique of ravenous wretches, taking advantage of the
+fact that the city of Galveston was cut off from bridge communication with
+the mainland, conspired to secure control of the transportation facilities
+by water, and charged extortionate prices even to those who were seeking
+to carry relief to the suffering people.
+
+Never was a more inhuman trust organized.
+
+Again, all the fresh provisions in the city were ruined, leaving only a
+few canned and dried articles which were available for food. The owners of
+these, bent upon making personal profit out of the necessities of their
+fellow-citizens, pushed up the prices, raising bread to 60 cents a loaf
+and bacon to 50 cents a pound.
+
+The mayor of Galveston, however, proved himself equal to the emergency,
+confiscated the food supply, reduced the prices to a reasonable rate, and
+compelled the owners of schooners and small craft to put down their prices
+also.
+
+This was the dark side of human nature, but the picture had its bright
+side also. The news of the awful disaster had hardly appeared in the
+public prints before tens of thousands of helping hands were busy
+collecting relief. The Chief Executive of the nation, the Governors of
+States, and the mayors of cities issued their appeals to the people,
+whose sympathies were already aroused and whose hearts and hands were
+enlisted generously and enthusiastically in the work of relief.
+
+Far-off countries sent their offerings; every city and town in the world
+where Americans live contributed; and crowned heads hastened to cable
+sympathy, together with more substantial evidences of their kindly
+feeling.
+
+Without delay of any kind, instantly and spontaneously, the machinery of
+charity began its work. The people of the North might differ radically
+from the people of the South in many ways, but in the presence of such a
+dreadful visitation of nature, involving suffering and death, the
+brotherhood of man asserted itself and all things else were forgotten.
+Only the higher and nobler attributes of human nature assert themselves.
+
+Private individuals, business houses, great corporations, municipal, state
+and national government vied with each other, as they did when fire swept
+over Chicago and the flood overwhelmed Johnstown, in expediting relief to
+the storm-ruined people of Texas.
+
+Day by day trains sped to Galveston from every part of the country, loaded
+with supplies, and the telegraph wires carried orders for money,
+testifying to the unanimity of the great work of relief, and to the higher
+and nobler instincts of human nature when it is appealed to by the claims
+of humanity.
+
+The ghouls of Galveston were comparatively few in number. Its generous
+sympathizers were to be counted by scores of millions.
+
+The convicts in the Texas state penitentiary at Rusk were moved by the
+sufferings of the Galveston victims to contribute $40 to the relief fund.
+
+Are men who go to prison totally bad?
+
+The scope and rapidity of the Galveston relief work all over the country
+afforded a spectacle at once gratifying and noteworthy. Trains laden with
+food and comforts for the sufferers were rushed towards the stricken city
+from every quarter of the United States.
+
+From Boston to San Francisco nearly every city, regardless of size,
+contributed its quota to the generous cause. Even from across the Atlantic
+the Liverpool and Paris funds came, being on the list for $10,000 each.
+Within a week after the disaster Galveston was in possession of a
+magnificent relief fund that went far toward alleviating the physical
+sufferings of its homeless thousands.
+
+Here is a social phenomenon that may well give pause to all critics who
+are wont to inveigh against our commercial and industrial age. These
+exhibitions of liberality are not rare in the United States. A long series
+of them might be compiled within the period between the Chicago fire and
+the Porto Rican hurricane.
+
+Singly and in the aggregate they are a striking negative to the charge of
+sordid commercialism in our individual and national life. The modern
+American is making more money than ever before, but he has a heart as well
+as a business head, and he is giving larger sums to noble causes than were
+ever given before.
+
+Probably the increased willingness of the people to help stricken
+communities like Galveston is due more to the railroads and telegraph
+lines than to anything else. Modern charity is the child of modern
+conditions. These indispensable adjuncts to commercial enterprise alone
+make widespread relief work possible.
+
+If the telegraph and the newspaper had not placed the sad picture of
+Galveston's misfortunes at once before the eyes of Americans from ocean to
+ocean there could have been no such national impulse of generosity.
+
+About ninety years ago an earthquake in Southern Missouri brought calamity
+to many settlers, but it was a month before the news reached the East, and
+another month would have had to elapse before relief could have been
+carried to the sufferers. The impulse to give cannot thrive under such
+circumstances.
+
+There have been tender hearts in all ages, but only in our time have the
+means of quick communication made human sympathy effective across
+continents. The railroad, the telegraph and the newspaper have lengthened
+the arm of charity quite as much as that of business.
+
+The Galveston incident is also a fine example of the way in which these
+agencies bind all sections of the nation together in increasing
+solidarity.
+
+
+GREAT VALUE OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU.
+
+The great value of the United States Weather Bureau and the remarkable
+correctness of its observations, all things considered, was demonstrated
+by the events preceding and succeeding the West Indian hurricane. It gave
+warning of the hurricane days before it manifested itself on the Texas
+coast. It anticipated its course from the vicinity of San Domingo until it
+reached Cuban waters, where it made a deflection no human skill could have
+foreseen.
+
+The bureau was not caught napping, however. It sent out its hurricane
+signals both for the Atlantic coast and the gulf coast, and when the storm
+turned from the north of Cuba westward the bureau turned its attention to
+Texas, and on the morning of September 7, nearly thirty-six hours before
+the disaster, warned the people of Galveston of its coming, and during
+that day extended its signals all along the Texas coast, thus preventing
+vessels from leaving.
+
+Of course the observers could not know what terrible energy it would gain
+crossing the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+Perhaps still greater accuracy in forecasting was displayed by the bureau
+in the warnings given out to mariners on the Great Lakes on Tuesday
+morning, September 11. Though nearly all lines of communication in Texas
+were cut off, the bureau kept track of the storm as it swept through
+Oklahoma into Kansas, and gave timely warning that it would turn
+northeast, moving across northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, and
+thence across Lake Michigan and the northern end of the southern peninsula
+of Michigan to Canada.
+
+It further predicted the furious winds which prevailed the next day, their
+maximum velocity, the change caused by the northwest current from Lake
+Superior, and the fall of temperature yesterday to the nicety of a degree.
+Every vessel captain on the lakes had ample warning given him.
+
+In times gone by it was the habit to jeer at Old Probabilities, and
+whenever a prediction failed of verification to condemn the Weather Bureau
+as unreliable and not worth the expense of its maintenance.
+
+During the last few years, however, its operators have gained in skill and
+its record now is of a character of which its officials have every reason
+to be proud and which amply justifies whatever expense it may entail by
+its great saving of life and property.
+
+
+WHY SHOULD NOT GALVESTON BE REBUILT?
+
+The appalling nature of the wreck to which Galveston was reduced naturally
+led to some talk of abandoning the old site altogether and rebuilding the
+city somewhere on the mainland. An army officer concluded his report to
+Washington headquarters by expressing the opinion that Galveston was
+destroyed beyond the ability to recover, and the Southern Pacific railway
+was said to be in favor of leaving the flat island to the sport of the
+treacherous waves and heading a movement to rebuild the city at the mouth
+of the Brazos river.
+
+It is natural that non-residents of Galveston should consider the
+advisability of abandoning such a perilous site, especially as there can
+never be any complete security against a disaster like that of Saturday,
+September 8. But it is safe to say that Galveston will be rebuilt on its
+sand island. Mankind is not wont to desert any spot of the earth's surface
+because of a sudden and rare convulsion of nature.
+
+Lisbon was not abandoned because of the disastrous earthquake that killed
+50,000 people in 1755.
+
+Similar earthquake disasters in Central and South America have not induced
+the survivors to abandon a single city.
+
+When 100,000 Chinamen were swallowed up at Peking in the last century it
+did not change the site of the city, nor have the still more disastrous
+floods along the Yellow river ever caused the survivors to change their
+habitat.
+
+History shows Europeans and Americans to be quite as tenacious in this
+regard as any other races.
+
+Italian peasants continue to cultivate the slopes of Vesuvius in spite of
+all past disasters, and the inhabitants of the Sea Islands along the
+Carolina coast were not disheartened when the elements committed fearful
+ravages.
+
+The leading business men of Galveston emphasized a point when they began
+to talk of rebuilding which had escaped general attention until that time.
+They were exceedingly anxious that commercial bodies, steamship owners,
+brokers and those interested in the commerce of Galveston should be as
+considerate as possible in their treatment of the city, that is to say,
+there should be liberality in the commercial relations. These men urged
+that the extent of the calamity should be taken into account when
+adjustment of contracts took place and in all business arrangements until
+the city could regain its footing. Charters provide by special mention for
+"Visitations of Providence," for the "Acts of God."
+
+The Galveston business men hoped that their business connections would
+apply a like spirit to all commerce affected by the storm.
+
+They were not disappointed, as the result showed.
+
+Galveston was just entering upon the busy season. There were from 200 to
+300 ships under sailing contracts with that port for the months of
+September, November and December. Some of these ships were, when the storm
+came, on the high seas. Even a temporary paralysis of thirty days meant
+much loss and the derangement of many contracts.
+
+It was a time which called for the generous policy, not for strict
+enforcements of the letter of agreements. Galveston only asked what her
+business men thought was just, that thereby the shock to commerce might be
+mitigated. When the time came Galveston found that she had not asked too
+much, as she received all the consideration she could wish.
+
+Representatives of the railroad systems which connected Galveston with the
+outside world before the occurrence of the disaster agreed in saying, in a
+meeting held at New York, that her residents would rebuild on the same
+sand island in spite of the terrible experiences. They believed that
+Galveston, injured financially though her citizens had been, would be
+rebuilt by her citizens without the aid of outside capital.
+
+A. F. Walker, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Atchison, Topeka
+and Santa Fe, said he felt certain that Galveston would be rebuilt.
+
+The new energy and courage displayed by the people of Galveston is what
+was to be expected in a city so full of American pluck. Though stunned and
+prostrate under the most fatal disaster that had ever overtaken an
+American community, Galveston took only a few days to regain its breath.
+It has simply reasserted the same indomitable courage and will power by
+which Americans in times past built up a great nation where there was a
+wilderness a century ago.
+
+The terse motto stuck up on every street corner of the wrecked city is
+"Clean Up." Behind its grim humor there lies a stern determination that is
+one of the proudest attributes of our race.
+
+There is no reason why a greater Galveston, should not speedily rise on
+the site of the present ruins.
+
+The report of an army officer that the city was ruined beyond recovery and
+the suggestions of other persons that Galveston should be rebuilt on
+another site find no sympathy among the citizens. Galveston will be
+rebuilt upon its former site.
+
+Carpenters, masons and artisans are being called for by thousands, and,
+with the generous aid contributed by people all over the country, there
+will be a rapid transformation. The city has thrust its sorrow behind it
+and has its face set toward the future.
+
+Since the danger of flood cannot be removed so long as the city stands at
+its present level, it is to be hoped its builders will begin a new era of
+security by raising the grade of the streets.
+
+A few feet will materially decrease the danger from tidal waves. It will
+also be wise to construct the foundations of all permanent large buildings
+of stone to a height above the level reached by the recent inundation. In
+resolving to defy an untoward fate Galveston should begin by adopting all
+practical means for defying wind and waves.
+
+Even though the expense and delay will be greater, it will pay to give the
+new buildings all possible safeguards of solidity.
+
+Galveston will be rebuilt, as it was after the disaster of fourteen years
+previously. Its inhabitants will reason that the city had existed for
+two-thirds of a century in comparative safety, and that such a tidal wave
+is not likely to be repeated in a hundred years. The same commercial
+advantages that first tempted settlers to the island, and that made
+Galveston one of the most thriving cities on the gulf coast, are still
+present.
+
+Men who own real estate on the island will not abandon it, even though the
+improvements thereon have been reduced to a wreck. They know that even if
+they did abandon it there would be plenty of others to take it--risks and
+all--and rebuild the city.
+
+The federal government may hesitate about rebuilding its structures on so
+precarious a site, but private interests are not likely to abandon a city
+even for so terrible a disaster as that at Galveston.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+Galveston Island Directly in the Path of Storms, with No Way of
+Escape--What Is the City's Future--All Coast Cities in Danger--New York
+Will Be Flooded--Hurricane Foretold--Galveston's Settlement--Storm Will
+Recur.
+
+
+Galveston Island, with a stretch of thirty-five miles, rises only five
+feet above the level of high tide. To the south is an unbroken sweep of
+sea for 800 miles. Twelve hundred miles away is the nesting place of
+storms--storms that rise out of the dead calm of the doldrums and sweep
+northward, sometimes with a fury that nothing can withstand. Most of these
+storms describe a parabola, with the westward arch touching the Atlantic
+coast, after which the track is northeastward, finally disappearing with
+the storm itself in the north Atlantic.
+
+But every little while one of these West Indian hurricanes starts
+northwestward from its island nest, moving steadily on its course and
+entering the gulf itself.
+
+September and October are the months of these storms, and of the two
+months September is worse. In the ten years between 1878 and 1887,
+inclusive, fifty-seven hurricanes arose in the warm, moist conditions of
+the West Indian doldrums. Most of these passed out to sea and to the St.
+Lawrence River country, where they disappeared. But the hurricane of
+October 11, 1887, came ashore at New Orleans on October 17, and wrought
+havoc as it passed up the Eastern States to New Brunswick. The storm of
+October 8, 1886, reached Louisiana on the 12th, curving again toward
+Galveston on the Texas coast. It was in this storm that Galveston was
+flooded with loss of life and property while Indianola was destroyed
+beyond recovery.
+
+With these non-recurring storms two conditions favor their passage into
+the gulf. A high barometric area lies over the Atlantic coast States,
+while a trough of low pressure leads into the gulf and northward into the
+region of the Dakotas. The hurricane takes the path of least resistance
+always, and it must pass far northward before it can work its natural way
+around the tardy high area that hangs over the central coast States. It
+was this condition exactly which diverted the recent storm to Galveston
+and the Texas coast.
+
+The origin of a hurricane is not fully settled. Its accompanying
+phenomena, however, are significant to even the casual observer. A long
+swell on the ocean usually precedes it. This swell may be forced to great
+distances in advance of the storm and be observed two or three days before
+the storm strikes. A faint rise in the barometer may be noticed before the
+sharp fall follows. Wisps of thin, cirrus cloud float for 200 miles around
+the storm center. The air is calm and sultry until a gentle breeze springs
+from the southeast. This breeze becomes a wind, a gale, and, finally, a
+tempest, with matted clouds overhead, precipitating rain and a churning
+sea below throwing clouds of spume into the air.
+
+Here are all the terrible phenomena of the West Indian hurricane--the
+tremendous wind, the thrashing sea, the lightning, the bellowing thunder,
+and the drowning rain that seems to be dashed from mighty tanks with the
+force of Titans.
+
+But almost in an instant all these may cease. The wind dies, the lightning
+goes out, the rain ceases, and the thunder bellows only in the distance.
+The core of the storm is overhead. Only the waves of the sea are churning.
+There may be twenty miles of this central core, a diameter of only
+one-thirtieth that of the storm. It passes quickly, and with as little
+warning as preceded its stoppage the storm closes in again, but with the
+wind from the opposite direction, and the whole phenomena suggesting a
+reversal of all that has gone before.
+
+No storm possible in the elements presents the terrors that accompany the
+hurricane. The twisting tornado is confined to a narrow track and it has
+no long-drawn-out horrors. Its climax is reached in a moment. The
+hurricane, however, grows and grows, and when it has reached to 100 or 120
+miles an hour nothing can withstand it.
+
+It is this terrible besom of the Southern seas that so nearly has taken
+Galveston off the map. The great storm of 1875 frightened the city. The
+fate of Indianola in 1886 and the loss of ten lives and $200,000 worth of
+property on Galveston Island has kept Galveston uneasy ever since. To-day,
+for it to suggest rebuilding, will meet with the disapprobation of many of
+the sympathizing Americans who are giving freely to the stricken people.
+
+But the abandonment of Galveston could not be without a struggle. For
+fourteen years its old citizens had been admitting that twice in their
+memory the sea had come in on the island, causing death and destruction,
+but as sturdily as their conservatism prompted they had insisted that it
+never could do so again. They gave no consistent reason for their belief.
+The island was no higher; the force of the sea was as boundless as before;
+the doldrums of the West Indies still hung over the archipelago in
+storm-brooding calm. But their belief spread and the island city grew and
+developed as the old settler never had hoped to see it grow when he
+squatted there in the sand more than sixty years ago.
+
+This settler stock of Galveston Island was of queer characteristics. The
+island settlement was of a sort of Captain Streeter origin. The only
+variation was that the Colonel Menard who founded it bought the island
+and established a town-site company to attract immigration. The mainland,
+as flat and desolate almost as the island, was three miles away. But deep
+water was there and to the north was an agricultural country that one day
+would have cotton to export. So the settlers waited. They held to their
+sand lots and traded with the "mosquito fleet" which sailed up and down
+the coast from Corpus Christi to New Orleans. This mosquito fleet was the
+only means for bringing outside traders to the town. As it grew it
+developed that the city's export trade was all it had. It did a wholesale
+business that was to its retail business in the proportion of 100 to 1!
+
+In this way Galveston developed in-growing propensities. It scoffed at the
+mainland for years after the gulf shore began to be peopled. It was
+satisfied with its railroad "bridges," which were mere trestlework mounted
+on piling driven into the shallow water of the bay. If the mainland wished
+to reach the city let it row out or sail out; the city would not go to the
+expense of a wagon bridge.
+
+As a result, Galveston was the most somnolent city in Texas, save on the
+wharves where tramp and coastwise ships and steamers loaded. When the
+market house closed by law at 10 o'clock in the morning, and when
+Galveston's own local population had laid in its supplies for a midday
+dinner and for supper and breakfast, Strand street took a nap.
+
+In the '80s, however, a new element had been attracted, which was
+dissatisfied with the mossback order of things. It was not satisfied to
+make change with a stranger and give or take bits of yellow pasteboard,
+representing street car rides, in lieu of nickels.
+
+But these young immigrants were frowned upon by Galveston conservatism.
+They were a disturbing element. They kept the staid, mossback citizen
+awake in the afternoons and he did not like it. They were clamoring for
+sewers and artesian water in mains, whereas the conservative was content
+to build his rain water cistern above ground out of doors and strain the
+baby mosquitoes out of the water through a cloth.
+
+When a new waterworks and standpipe had been completed in 1889, and when
+some new mills had been established under difficulties, affairs had come
+to a pass when the new Galvestonian and the old found a great gap between.
+The visiting stranger was the confidant of both sides.
+
+"This town isn't what it used to be," sighed the conservative.
+
+"As a matter of fact," the young business man would say, "Galveston needs
+to bury about 150 of its 'old citizens' before it can get awake."
+
+This was the situation when the government began to expend money upon the
+harbor.
+
+This was the situation, slightly altered by time, when the wagon bridge
+was built to the main land, when the government appropriated $6,200,000
+for the deepening of the harbor, and when export trade from Galveston
+approached the mark of $100,000,000 annually. And this, virtually, was the
+Galveston now in ruins.
+
+In rebuilding Galveston, it has been suggested that the bay be dredged of
+sand and the island raised to a uniform level of fifteen feet above the
+tide. The plan is feasible in every sense, and it is contended that the
+value of the city as a port would more than justify the cost.
+
+However the island city may decide, it will have departed from several
+notable instances of water-swept cities in rebuilding. In addition to the
+abandonment of Indianola, on the mainland of Texas, are the stories of
+Last Island in the Gulf of Mexico and of Cobb's Island, a great fishing
+resort in Chesapeake Bay.
+
+Last Island was overwhelmed in 1856. Three hundred lives were lost in the
+hurricane. Lafcadio Hearn has put the legend of "L'Isle Derniere" into
+print and his description of the hurricane that swept in upon it is a
+description of the storm that has laid Galveston waste:
+
+"One great noon, when the blue abyss of day seemed to yawn over the world
+more deeply than ever before, a sudden change touched the quicksilver
+smoothness of the waters--the swaying shadow of a vast motion. First the
+whole sea circle appeared to rise up bodily at the sky; the horizon curve
+lifted to a straight line; the line darkened and approached--a monstrous
+wrinkle, an immeasurable fold of green water moving swift as a cloud
+shadow pursued by sunlight. But it had looked formidable only by startling
+contrast with the previous placidity of the open; it was scarcely two feet
+high; it curled slowly as it neared the beach and combed itself out in
+sheets of woolly foam with a low, rich roll of thunder. Swift in pursuit
+another followed--a third, a feebler fourth; then the sea only swayed a
+little and stilled again.
+
+"Irregularly the phenomenon continued to repeat itself, each time with
+heavier billowings and briefer intervals of quiet, until at last the whole
+sea grew restless and shifted color and flickered green--the swells became
+shorter and changed form. * * *
+
+"The pleasure-seekers of Last Island knew there must have been a 'great
+blow' somewhere that day. Still the sea swelled, and a splendid surf made
+the evening bath delightful. Then just at sundown a beautiful cloud bridge
+grew up and arched the sky with a single span of cottony, pink vapor that
+changed and deepened color with the dying of the iridescent day. And the
+cloud bridge approached, strained and swung round at last to make way for
+the coming of the gale--even as the light bridges that traverse the dreamy
+Teche swing open when the luggermen sound through their conch shells the
+long, bellowing signal of approach.
+
+"Then the wind began to blow from the northeast, clear, cool. * * * Clouds
+came, flew as in a panic against the face of the sun, and passed. All that
+day, through the night, and into the morning again the breeze continued
+from the northeast, blowing like an equinoctial gale. * * *
+
+"Cottages began to rock. Some slid away from the solid props upon which
+they rested. A chimney tumbled. Shutters were wrenched off; verandas
+demolished. Light roofs lifted, dropped again, and flapped into ruin.
+Trees bent their heads to earth. And still the storm grew louder and
+blacker with every passing hour. * * *
+
+
+WORK OF THE STORM.
+
+"So the hurricane passed, tearing off the heads of prodigious waves to
+hurl them a hundred feet in air--heaping up the ocean against the
+land--upturning the woods. Bays and passes were swollen to abysses; rivers
+regorged; the sea marshes changed to roaring wastes of water. Before New
+Orleans the flood of the mile-broad Mississippi rose six feet above
+highest water mark. One hundred and ten miles away Donaldsonville trembled
+at the towering tide of the Lafourche. Lakes strove to burst their
+boundaries. Far-off river steamers tugged wildly at their
+cables--shivering like tethered creatures that hear by night the
+approaching howl of destroyers. * * *
+
+"And swift in the wake of gull and frigate bird the wreckers come, the
+spoilers of the dead--savage skimmers of the sea--hurricane-riders wont
+to spread their canvas pinions in the face of storms. * * * There is
+plunder for all--birds and men. * * * Her betrothal ring will not come
+off, Guiseppe; but the delicate bone snaps easily; your oyster-knife can
+sever the tendon. * * * Over her heart you will find it, Valentio--the
+locket held by that fine, Swiss chain of woven hair * * * Juan, the
+fastenings of those diamond eardrops are much too complicated for your
+peon fingers; tear them out. * * *
+
+"Suddenly a long, mighty silver trilling fills the ears of all; there is a
+wild hurrying and scurrying; swiftly, one after another, the overburdened
+luggers spread wings and flutter away. Thrice the great cry rings through
+the gray air and over the green sea, and over the far-flooded shell reefs
+where the huge white flashes are--sheet lightning of breakers--and over
+the weird wash of corpses coming in.
+
+"It is the steam-call of the relief boat, hastening to rescue the living,
+to gather in the dead.
+
+"The tremendous tragedy is over."
+
+
+GALVESTON BUILT UPON THE SAND.
+
+Galveston is built upon the sand. According to Professor Willis L. Moore,
+Chief of the United States Weather Bureau at Washington, not only
+Galveston was insecurely built upon the flat sands of the island, but
+other cities on the gulf and Atlantic coasts, lying at tide, are subject
+to the same dangers. The West Indian hurricane may strike almost anywhere
+from the southern line of North Carolina, on down the coast, around the
+peninsula of Florida, and anywhere within the great arc described by the
+western shores of the Gulf of Mexico. These storms, perhaps 600 miles
+wide, have a vortex of twenty to thirty miles in diameter. It is in this
+vortex that the land is laid waste.
+
+It is this fact that will lead more strongly than any other to the
+rebuilding of Galveston. With an export business of $100,000,000 annually,
+the great West will bring pressure to bear upon the maintenance of the
+port. There is an island type of man in its population that will not be
+driven from that little ridge of sand three miles out in the gulf. There
+are 1,500 miles of gulf coast on which the vortex of such a storm may
+waste itself without touching Galveston, and both conservatism and
+commercialism will take the risk that a score of other cities at the tide
+level are taking.
+
+At the same time there are those who see for Galveston only a commercial
+existence. It never can grow as it has grown; it never can be the home of
+people whose fortunes are not tied up in the island.
+
+For fourteen years the city has had to contend with the fears of the
+incomer. The growth between 1890 and 1900 shows that these fears had been
+allayed in great measure, following the destruction in 1886. But years
+will not wipe out the black record of the last week. Hundreds will leave
+the island as a place of residence; thousands have been killed there and
+cremated in the sands or buried in the treacherous sea. A death rate of
+200 in a population of 1,000 drove Indianola from the map of Texas. Five
+thousand or more deaths of the 35,000 population of Galveston must have
+its influence upon the living.
+
+For with the assurances of the United States Weather Bureau, it is
+recognized that in natural phenomena there are cycle periods in which
+extremes are repeated from nature's great laboratory. Observation has put
+this period of repetition at twenty years. According to this, in the case
+of hurricanes, the range of maximum and minimum will be within such a
+period. Without question Galveston is in the track of a certain abnormal
+but not infrequent West Indian hurricane which fails to be deflected from
+the Georgia and Florida coasts. It keeps to its northwestward course and
+strikes the Louisiana, Texas or Mexico coasts, according to its impulse.
+In the Galveston storm a new maximum seems to have been established, yet
+its repetition may be looked for within the next twenty-year period. As a
+matter of fact, indeed, the average period between the recurrence of these
+maximum storms has been less than fifteen years.
+
+Lyman E. Cooley, one of the original engineers in marking the route of the
+drainage canal, is an observer of periodic natural phenomena, and his
+theory holds in great measure with the observations of the United States
+weather service.
+
+"It is a general proposition," said Mr. Cooley. "It means just this much:
+Suppose that Chicago has a snow storm on June 15. Within a twenty-year
+period we may expect another phenomenon of the kind in the same calendar
+month. It may not snow in Chicago itself; the storm may be ten, twenty or
+thirty miles away, on any side of it. But in the same general territory,
+about the same time of the phenomenon, it will be repeated.
+
+"Suppose a terrible rain or wind storm develops, its repetition may be
+looked for in the same period. So with extremes of temperature, influences
+on lake levels, and all the other phenomena of nature's forces. They have
+their cycles, and the twenty-year period covers most of them."
+
+But in the case of Galveston, one of its great hurricanes was experienced
+in 1875, another in 1886, and the last only fourteen years later. These
+historic facts tend to confirm Mr. Cooley's observations.
+
+Galveston's destruction and that of other towns similarly situated had
+been predicted. Writing in the Arena in 1890, Professor Joseph Rodes
+Buchanan said:
+
+"Every seaboard city south of New England that is not more than fifty feet
+above the sea level of the Atlantic coast is destined to a destructive
+convulsion. Galveston, New Orleans, Mobile, St. Augustine, Savannah and
+Charleston are doomed. Richmond, Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia,
+Newark, Jersey City and New York will suffer in various degrees in
+proportion as they approximate the sea level. Brooklyn will suffer less,
+but the destruction at New York and Jersey City will be the grandest
+horror.
+
+"The convulsion will probably begin on the Pacific coast, and perhaps
+extend in the Pacific toward the Sandwich Islands. The shock will be
+terrible, with great loss of life, extending from British Columbia down
+along the coast of Mexico, but the conformation of the Pacific coast will
+make its grand tidal wave far less destructive than on the Atlantic shore.
+Nevertheless, it will be calamitous. Lower California will suffer severely
+along the coast. San Diego and Coronado will suffer severely, especially
+the latter.
+
+"It may seem rash to anticipate the limits of the destructive force of a
+foreseen earthquake, but there is no harm in testing the prophetic power
+of science in the complex relations of nature and man.
+
+"The destruction of cities which I anticipate will be twenty-four years
+ahead--it may be twenty-three. It will be sudden and brief--all within an
+hour and not far from noon. Starting from the Pacific coast, as already
+described, it will strike southward--a mighty tidal wave and earthquake
+shock that will develop in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. It will
+strike the western coast of Cuba and severely injure Havana. Our sister
+republic, Venezuela, bound to us in destiny, by the law of periodicity
+will be assailed by the encroaching waves and terribly shaken by the
+earthquake. The destruction of her chief city, Caraccas, will be greater
+than in 1812, when 12,000 were said to be destroyed. The coming shock will
+be near total destruction.
+
+"From South America back to the United States, all Central America and
+Mexico are severely shaken; Vera Cruz suffers with great severity, but the
+City of Mexico realizes only a severe shock. Tampico and Matamoras suffer
+severely; Galveston is overwhelmed; New Orleans is in a dangerous
+condition--the question arises between total and partial destruction. I
+will only say it will be an awful calamity. If the tidal wave runs
+southward New Orleans may have only its rebound. The shock and flood pass
+up the Mississippi from 100 to 150 miles and strike Baton Rouge with
+destructive force.
+
+"As it travels along the gulf shore Mobile will probably suffer most
+severely and be more than half destroyed; Pensacola somewhat less.
+Southern Florida is probably entirely submerged and lost; St. Augustine
+severely injured; Charleston will probably be half submerged, and Newbern
+suffer more severely; Port Royal will probably be wiped out; Norfolk will
+suffer about as much as Pensacola; Petersburg and Richmond will suffer,
+but not disastrously; Washington will suffer in its low grounds, Baltimore
+and Annapolis much more severely on its water front, its spires will
+topple, and its large buildings be injured, but I do not think its grand
+city hall will be destroyed. Probably the injury will not affect more than
+one-fourth. But along the New Jersey coast the damage will be great.
+Atlantic City and Cape May may be destroyed, but Long Branch will be
+protected by its bluff from any severe calamity. The rising waters will
+affect Newark, and Jersey City will be the most unfortunate of large
+cities, everything below its heights being overwhelmed. New York below the
+postoffice and Trinity Church will be flooded and all its water margins
+will suffer."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+Comparisons Between the Galveston and Johnstown Disasters--The Latter Not
+So Horrible in Its Features--Frightful Plight of the Texas Victims.
+
+
+Until the elements wreaked their vengeance upon the fair City of Galveston
+and vented their wrath upon its unoffending population, the awful disaster
+at Johnstown, Pa., which occurred on the 31st of May, 1889, was the most
+frightful calamity known in the history of the United States. Johnstown
+was almost literally wiped from the face of the earth, the suddenness of
+the flood which created the havoc precluding the escape of anyone
+unfortunate enough to be in its path.
+
+Unlike the Galveston catastrophe, the flood at Johnstown poured its waters
+upon the devoted inhabitants without warning and the slaughter was over
+within the space of a comparatively few minutes. The victims, that is to
+say, the majority of them, were drowned or dashed to pieces before they
+had time to realize the horror of it all.
+
+At Galveston the people knew for hours before the angry waters submerged
+the island and the resistless gale tore the business buildings and
+residences to pieces what their fate was to be. They looked death squarely
+in the face hour after hour, suffering all the terrors dire certainty
+could inflict, their knowledge that they were absolutely powerless and
+beyond the reach of aid adding to their agonies.
+
+Death was merciful to the people of Johnstown; he was cruel to his prey at
+Galveston, and delighted in the tortures he was enabled to impose before
+he placed his icy hand upon them and bade them come.
+
+Perhaps the only parallel in history to the Galveston visitation was the
+destruction, in 79 A. D., of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The frightened
+pleasure-seekers of those doomed cities could see the red lava stream
+bearing down upon them as it was vomited up from the bowels of Vesuvius
+and thrown out from the mighty maw of the crater, but even then they were
+mercifully stifled by the tremendous, never-ending shower of ashes which
+soon enveloped them and completely covered their homes.
+
+They did not stand for hours, with the blackness of the night around them,
+listening to the roar of the volcano's eruption and hear their death knell
+sounded long before they were compelled to undergo the actual pain of an
+awful death; they were caught as they sought safety in flight and stricken
+down while endeavoring to get beyond the reach of the sickle of the grim
+reaper; they could move and act in accordance with their impulses which
+prompted them to make a flight for life, and they succumbed only after a
+desperate struggle.
+
+It was different at Galveston. The men, women and children were not
+permitted even the small but precious boon of falling while battling with
+the grim destroyer; they were caught and imprisoned, even as those who
+were done to death during the time when the Inquisition reigned, and, on
+the way to execution, were, it might be said, compelled to bear the very
+cross upon which they were to be impaled.
+
+There is no record since time began of such a long-drawn-out agony as that
+which the devoted people of Galveston endured during the period
+intervening between the advent of the hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico and
+the final imposition of the death penalty.
+
+Fathers saw their wives and babes crushed by the wreckage flung aloft and
+around by the fury of the gale, or drowned in the swift running current;
+wives saw their husbands and children torn from them and swept from their
+sight forever; children saw their parents disappear in the murky, turbid
+waters of the flood.
+
+Men saw the dead faces of their loved ones they would have deemed it a joy
+to save as they were borne along upon the bosom of the waters. Men invited
+destruction in their efforts at rescue, only to realize how weak and
+utterly futile was their strength in comparison to the irresistible power
+of the enraged elements. Men died desponding because they could not save
+those they had cherished and heretofore protected, and went down in
+despair and gloom.
+
+At Johnstown the released waters tore their way through the beautiful
+valley of the Conemagh with the rush and speed of a giant avalanche and
+enfolded their victims in their merciless embrace; the inhabitants were,
+in the twinkling of an eye, borne from the sunshine of life to the gloom
+of the valley of the shadow; they may have felt a momentary terror before
+they succumbed, but it was all over in an instant.
+
+At Galveston, the condemned simply waited for the inevitable; they clung
+to the brief remaining supports and died a thousand deaths before death
+claimed them; they stood upon the brink of eternity and cried in vain for
+the succor they well knew would not come; they prayed for mercy, but there
+was none.
+
+When the waters of the gulf leaped upon the island where the beautiful
+city sat in all her glory the people fled to the high places and saw the
+flood creep higher and higher until it overcame them. Although it was not
+until the darkness of the night had long since settled upon them they had
+known in the afternoon that Galveston was doomed. The hurricane would not
+permit them to escape, but sundered all communication with the mainland
+and then laughed at their puny efforts at preservation.
+
+The death roster in and around Galveston was fully 8,000; at Johnstown the
+known number of victims was a score less than 2,300. Many died at
+Johnstown of whom nothing was ever heard, and there were possibly 2,500
+persons engulfed in the stream which all but destroyed the town, but at
+the same time the probabilities are that 10,000 people died at Galveston
+and in the immediate vicinity. Bodies were washed up and thrown upon the
+shore by hundreds for days after the disaster; how many were burned upon
+the many funeral pyres no accurate record was kept.
+
+In one respect the two calamities were alike--the destruction of millions
+of dollars' worth of property, but the losses were not so great at
+Johnstown during those fearful two minutes as those occasioned by the
+beating of the winds and waves which for hours had Galveston at their
+mercy.
+
+Johnstown was a city of 30,000, teeming with the industry of a
+manufacturing town. With not even a warning shout to apprise the
+inhabitants the dam of a lake high above the town broke and the flood
+sweeping down the Conemagh Valley engulfed the city and its inhabitants
+before they even knew of the danger. The whole place was a mass of debris
+and dead when the deluge subsided.
+
+Galveston was a city of nearly 40,000 people, and had within its gates
+hundreds of strangers, and the fact that telegrams of inquiry from all
+parts of the United States poured into the mayor's office in a perfect
+stream for days after the flood indicated that scores were killed of whom
+the searchers knew nothing.
+
+But Johnstown was not alone in its misery. In the southwest a tragedy was
+enacted a few years later which claimed hundreds of victims.
+
+A tornado, immeasurable in its force and fury, blotted out a section of
+St. Louis late in the afternoon of May 22, 1896. Nearly a thousand lives
+and tens of millions in property were sacrificed.
+
+Until the disaster at Galveston the St. Louis catastrophe was the second
+greatest disaster of its kind in the history of the nation.
+
+The tornado destroyed dozens of the finest buildings in the city. It
+leveled massive structures to the ground. It tossed railroad locomotives
+about and crushed the eastern span of the Eads bridge, one of the
+strongest structures in the world.
+
+It made St. Louis a city of mourning for weeks and impoverished numberless
+families.
+
+Yet Galveston surpassed these cities in the frightful nature of its
+calamity. Hundreds of insane people are being cared for, their reason
+having been overthrown by their great sufferings. This was one of the
+saddest features of the shocking visitation. These poor creatures, first
+bereft of home, family and property, are now living legacies of the most
+stupendous catastrophe this country has ever known.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Great Calamities Caused by Flood and Gale During Past Centuries--Millions
+of Lives Lost Through the Fury of the Elements.
+
+
+Since the great flood which covered the earth, and of which Noah and his
+family were the only survivors, the world has seen many calamities of this
+nature, and millions of lives have been lost through gales and rushing
+waters.
+
+At Dort, in Holland, seventy-two villages and over 100,000 people were
+destroyed on April 17, 1421.
+
+At a general inundation of nearly the whole of Holland in 1530, upward of
+400,000 people lost their lives.
+
+In Catalonia, in 1617, 50,000 persons perished by flood.
+
+Six thousand perished by the floods in Silesia in 1813, and 4,000 in
+Poland in the same year.
+
+The loss of life during the recent floods in Austria-Hungary and in China
+have never been fully reckoned, and though 100,000 persons are said to
+have perished in the Chinese inundations, the figures are not regarded as
+trustworthy. These are the only floods on record where the loss of human
+life has been estimated at over 5,000. The list of smaller similar
+disasters is almost an endless one.
+
+Holland, the little lowland country "redeemed from the seas," has suffered
+worst, from the nature of its situation. Protected, as it is, by dikes,
+which separate the land from the water by artificial means, a constant
+vigilance has been required of its people to prevent the ocean from
+claiming its own. In both the deluges of 1421 and 1530 the immediate cause
+was a breaking down of the dikes. The records of both are meager, although
+the mere lists of the drowned suffice to show how awful the havoc must
+have been. The inundation at Dort began at Dordrecht, where a heavy storm
+caused the dikes at that point to give way. In that territory alone 10,000
+people were overwhelmed and perished, while over 100,000 were drowned in
+and around Dullart in Friesland and Zealand. The subsequent inundation of
+1530 was the most frightful on record. It nearly annihilated the
+Netherlands, and only to the indomitable pluck and industry which have
+ever characterized the inhabitants of that country was its subsequent
+recovery due.
+
+In 1108 Flanders was inundated by the sea. The submerged districts
+comprised an enormous area, and the harbor and town of Ostend were
+completely covered by water. The present city was built above a league
+from the channel, where the old one still lies beneath the waves.
+
+An awful inundation occurred at Dantzig on April 9, 1829, occasioned by
+the Vistula breaking through some of its dikes. Numerous lives were lost,
+and, the records state, 4,000 houses and 10,000 head of cattle were
+destroyed.
+
+A large part of Zealand was overflowed in 1717, and 1,300 of the
+inhabitants were lost in the floods. Hamburg, while her citizens with but
+few exceptions were saved, sustained an almost incalculable loss to
+property. The same city was again half flooded on January 1, 1855, and
+enormous damage suffered.
+
+In the Silesian flood spoken of above the ruin of the French army under
+MacDonald, which was in that country at the time, was materially
+accelerated by the forces of nature.
+
+One of the worst floods Germany ever had occurred in March, 1816; 119
+villages were laid under water and a great loss of life and property
+followed the inundation.
+
+The floods in China and that portion of the Eastern Hemisphere, from time
+immemorial peculiarly subject to such calamities, have always entailed
+losses about which little has been known. No definite statistics of loss
+of life and damages have ever been obtainable. In recent years there have
+been floods there which are known to have been very disastrous, but that
+is practically all that can be said. In October, 1833, occurred one of the
+worst floods in the empire. Ten thousand houses were swept away and 1,000
+persons perished in Canton alone, while equal or perhaps greater calamity
+was produced in other sections of the country.
+
+At Vienna the dwellings of 50,000 inhabitants were laid under water in
+February, 1830.
+
+Two thousand persons perished in Navarre in September, 1787, from torrents
+from the mountains produced by excessive rains.
+
+The beautiful Danube of poetry and song has, on numerous occasions, risen
+in its might, and brought disaster and distress to the inhabitants of the
+countries through which it winds. Pesth, near Presburg, suffered to an
+enormous extent from its overflow in April, 1811. Twenty-four villages
+were swept away, and a large number of their inhabitants perished.
+
+On the occasion of another overflow of this river, on September 14, 1813,
+a Turkish corps of 2,000 men, who were encamped on a small island near
+Widdin, were surprised and met instant death to a man.
+
+A catastrophe, which in some respects brings to mind that at Johnstown,
+occurred in Spain in 1802. Lorca, a city in Murcia, was overwhelmed by the
+bursting of a reservoir, and upwards of 1,000 people were destroyed.
+
+France has on numerous occasions suffered severely from floods. Its rivers
+have overflowed their banks at intervals for centuries back, causing great
+loss of life and damage to property. The Loire flooded the center and
+southwest of France by an unprecedented rise in October, 1846, and, while
+the people succeeded in escaping to a great extent, damages aggregating
+over $20,000,000 were sustained. Ten years later the south of France was
+again subjected to an inundation and an immense loss sustained.
+
+A large part of Toulouse was destroyed by a rising of the Garonne in June,
+1875. So sudden and disastrous was the flood that the inhabitants were
+taken unawares and over 1,000 lost their lives.
+
+Awful inundations occurred in France from October 31 to November 4, 1840.
+The Saone poured its waters into the Rhone, broke through its banks and
+covered 60,000 acres. Lyons was almost entirely submerged; in Avignon 100
+houses were swept away, 218 houses were carried away at La Guillotiere and
+upward of 300 at Voise, Marseilles and Nismes. It was the greatest height
+the Saone had attained for 238 years.
+
+At Besseges, in the south of France, a waterspout in 1861 destroyed the
+machinery of the mines and sent a torrent over the edge of the pit like a
+cataract. The gas exploded and hundreds of men and boys were buried below.
+Very few of the bodies of the dead were recovered.
+
+A thousand lives were lost in Murcia, Spain, by inundations in 1879.
+
+India has been the scene of numerous floods. In 186 a deluge overwhelmed
+the fertile districts of Bengal, killing hundreds and plunging the
+survivors into the direst poverty. Famine and pestilence followed,
+carrying thousands away like cattle.
+
+Italy has not been exempt from the devastation of the waters. On December
+28 and 29, 1870, Rome suffered great loss, and in October, 1872, the
+northern portions of the kingdom were visited by great floods. There have
+been innumerable smaller inundations.
+
+Great Britain has a long list of inundations. It is recorded that in the
+year 245 the sea swept over Lincolnshire and submerged thousands of acres.
+In the year 353 over 3,000 persons were drowned in Cheshire from the same
+cause. Four hundred families were destroyed in Glasgow in the year 738 by
+a great flood. The coast of Kent was similarly afflicted in 1100, and the
+immense bank still known as the Goodwin Sands was formed by the action of
+the sea.
+
+While the record as given above is by no means complete, it will serve for
+all purposes of comparison. It embraces the most important disasters of
+the rushing waters on record, and shows what a destructive force the same
+element has proven which babbles in noisy brooks and sings merrily as it
+courses down the mountain sides.
+
+
+DEATH-DEALING STORMS IN OTHER COUNTRIES IN FORTY YEARS.
+
+1864--Calcutta, India; 45,000 lives and 100 ships lost.
+
+1881--Haifong, China; 300,000 lives lost.
+
+1881--England; great destruction of life and property and many lives lost.
+
+1882--Manila, Philippine Islands; 60,000 families rendered homeless and
+100 lives lost.
+
+1886--Madrid, Spain; 32 killed, 620 injured.
+
+1887--Australian coast; 550 pearl fishers perished.
+
+1888--Cuba; 1,000 lives lost.
+
+1889--Apia, Samoan Islands; German and American warships wrecked and many
+lives lost.
+
+1890--Muscat, Arabia; 700 lives lost.
+
+1891--Martinique; 340 lives lost and $10,000,000 worth of property
+destroyed.
+
+1892--Ravigo, Northern Italy; several hundred lives lost.
+
+1892--Tonnatay, Madagascar; several hundred lives lost.
+
+1893--Great storm on the northwest coast of Europe; 237 lives lost off
+English coast and 165 fishermen off Jutland.
+
+
+HISTORIC DEVASTATING STORMS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES.
+
+1840--Adams County, Mississippi; 317 killed, 100 injured; loss $1,260,000.
+
+1842--Adams County, Mississippi; 500 killed; great property loss.
+
+1880--Barry, Stone, Webster and Christian Counties, Missouri; 100 killed,
+600 injured; 200 buildings destroyed; loss $1,000,000.
+
+1880--Noxubee County, Mississippi; 22 killed, 72 injured; 55 buildings
+destroyed; loss $100,000.
+
+1880--Fannin County, Texas; 40 killed, 83 injured; 49 buildings destroyed.
+
+1882--Henry and Saline Counties, Missouri; 8 killed, 53 injured; 247
+buildings destroyed; loss $300,000.
+
+1883--Kemper, Copiah, Simpson, Newton and Lauderdale Counties,
+Mississippi; 51 killed, 200 injured; 100 buildings destroyed; loss
+$300,000.
+
+1883--Izard, Sharp and Clay Counties, Arkansas; 5 killed, 162 injured; 60
+buildings destroyed; loss $300,000.
+
+1884--North and South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia,
+Kentucky and Illinois; 800 killed, 2,500 injured; 10,000 buildings
+destroyed.
+
+
+[Illustration: HOMES RUINED AND FAMILIES KILLED]
+
+[Illustration: RUIN CAUSED BY THE FLOOD]
+
+[Illustration: A STREET AFTER THE FLOOD]
+
+[Illustration: AFTER THE DISASTER]
+
+[Illustration: RUINED HOMES]
+
+[Illustration: A STREET OF STORES IN RUINS]
+
+[Illustration: A TYPICAL SCENE AFTER THE DISASTER]
+
+[Illustration: HOUSES DESTROYED BY THE FLOOD]
+
+[Illustration: SOLDIERS ENCAMPED IN THE STRICKEN CITY]
+
+[Illustration: DESTRUCTION ALONG THE WHARFS]
+
+[Illustration: THE DESTRUCTION BY THE WATER]
+
+[Illustration: A STREET AFTER THE DISASTER]
+
+[Illustration: EXODUS FROM GALVESTON THE NEXT DAY]
+
+[Illustration: CREMATION OF BODIES HAULED TO THE WHARF FRONT]
+
+[Illustration: BODIES OF VICTIMS OF THE HURRICANE BEING CARTED TO SCOWS
+FOR BURIAL IN THE GULF]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+Overwhelming of Johnstown, Pa., by the Waters from Conemaugh Lake--One of
+the Most Peculiar Happenings in History--Actual Number of Deaths Will
+Never Be Known--About Twenty-Five Hundred Bodies Found.
+
+
+On Friday, May 31, 1889, at 12:45 p. m., the stones in the center of the
+dam which confined the waters of Conemaugh Lake began to sink because of
+leaks in the masonry; at 1 o'clock the dam broke and the flood rushed
+fiercely down the beautiful Conemaugh Valley to Johnstown, two and a half
+miles directly to the southwest--but thirteen miles by way of the winding
+valley--and within a few minutes nearly 2,300 men, women and children
+(this many, it is known, perished, although it is probable the loss of
+life was much greater) were lying dead in the wreckage of the city;
+millions of dollars' worth of property were destroyed and thousands of
+people beggared--and all because the members of the fishing club which
+controlled the lake were too penurious to have the leaks in the dam
+repaired. The coroner's verdict was to the effect that the club was to
+blame for the disaster.
+
+Hundreds of business buildings and residences were destroyed, and less
+than a score of the structures composing the town were uninjured; complete
+paralysis followed, and many said, as in the case of Galveston, the city
+would not be rebuilt; hundreds were crazed by their sufferings and never
+regained their reason; thieves swarmed to the place and looted the bodies
+of the dead until the arrival of several thousand State troops put an end
+to the carnival of crime; the impoverished survivors were cared for until
+they could get upon their feet again, relief pouring in from everywhere in
+the shape of hundreds of thousands of dollars in cash and thousands of
+carloads of supplies of all sorts; the business men plucked up courage and
+went to work with a will when the apathy succeeding the calamity had worn
+off, and to-day Johnstown is greater than ever, and has added to both her
+wealth and population.
+
+Conemaugh Lake is three and one-half miles in length, one and one-quarter
+miles in width, and in some places one hundred feet in depth, located on a
+mountain three hundred feet above the level of Johnstown, its waters being
+held within bounds by a huge earth dam nearly one thousand feet long,
+ninety feet thick and one hundred and twenty feet in height, the top
+having a breadth of over twenty feet. It was once a reservoir and a feeder
+for the Pennsylvania Canal. It had been widened and deepened and was the
+property of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, an organization of
+rich and influential citizens of Pittsburg. It was a constant menace to
+the residents of the Conemaugh Valley, but engineers of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad regularly inspected it once a month and pronounced it safe.
+
+The club leased the lake in 1881 from the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
+It paid no attention to the fears of the people of Johnstown, but merely
+quoted the opinions of experts to the effect that nothing short of an
+extraordinary convulsion of nature could affect the protecting dam.
+
+Johnstown's geographical situation is one that renders it peculiarly
+liable to terrible loss of life in the event of such a casualty as that
+reported. It is a town built in a basin of the mountains and girt about by
+streams, all of which finally find their way into the Allegheny River, and
+thence into the Ohio. On one side of the town flows the Conemaugh River, a
+stream which during the dry periods of the summer drought can be readily
+crossed in many places by stepping from stone to stone, but which
+speedily becomes a raging mountain torrent, when swollen by the spring
+freshets or heavy summer rains.
+
+On the other side of the town is the Stony Creek, which gathers up its own
+share of the mountain rains and whirls them along toward Pittsburg. The
+awful flood caused by the sudden outpouring of the contents of the
+reservoir, together with the torrents of rain that had already swollen
+these streams to triple their usual violence, is supposed to be the cause
+of the sudden submersion of Johnstown and the drowning of so many of its
+citizens. The water, unable to find its way rapidly enough through its
+usual channels, piled up in overwhelming masses, carrying before it
+everything that obstructed its onward rush upon the town.
+
+Johnstown, the center of the great disaster, is on the main line of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad, 276 miles from Philadelphia. It is the headquarters
+of the great Cambria Iron Company, and its acres of ironworks fill the
+narrow basin in which the city is situated. The rolling mill and Bessemer
+steel works employ 6,000 men. The mountains rise quite abruptly almost on
+all sides, and the railroad track, which follows the turbulent course of
+the Conemaugh River, is above the level of the iron works. The summit of
+the Allegheny Mountains is reached at Gallatizin, about twenty-four miles
+east of Johnstown.
+
+The people of Johnstown had been warned of the impending flood as early as
+1 o'clock in the afternoon, but not a person living near the reservoir
+knew that the dam had given way until the flood swept the houses off their
+foundations and tore the timbers apart. Escape from the torrent was
+impossible. The Pennsylvania Railroad hastily made up trains to get as
+many people away as possible, and thus saved many lives.
+
+Four miles below the dam lay the town of South Fork, where the South Fork
+itself empties into the Conemaugh River. The town contained about 2,000
+inhabitants. It has not been heard from, but it is said that four-fifths
+of it has been swept away.
+
+Four miles further down, on the Conemaugh River, which runs parallel with
+the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was the town of Mineral Point.
+It had 800 inhabitants, 90 per cent of the houses being on a flat and
+close to the river. Few of them escaped.
+
+Six miles further down was the town of Conemaugh, and here alone was there
+a topographical possibility of the spreading of the flood and the breaking
+of its force. It contained 2,500 inhabitants and was wholly devastated.
+
+Woodvale, with 2,000 people, lay a mile below Conemaugh, in the flat, and
+one mile further down were Johnstown and its cluster of sister towns,
+Cambria City, Conemaugh borough, with a total population of 30,000.
+
+On made ground, and stretching along right at the river verge, were the
+immense iron works of the Cambria Iron and Steel Company, which had
+$5,000,000 invested in the plant.
+
+The great damage to Johnstown was largely due to the rebound of the flood
+after it swept across. The wave spread against the stream of Stony Creek
+and passed over Kernsville to a depth of thirty feet in some places. It
+was related that the lumber boom had broken on Stony Creek, and the rush
+of tide down stream, coming in contact with the spreading wave, increased
+the extent of the disaster in this section. In Kernsville, as well as in
+Hornerstown, across the river, the opinion was expressed that so many
+lives would not have been lost had the people not believed from their
+experience with former floods that there was positively no danger beyond
+the filling of cellars or the overflow of the shores of the river. After
+rushing down the mountains from the South Fork dam, the pressure of water
+was so great that it forced its way against the natural channel not only
+over Kernsville and Hornerstown, but all the way up to Grubbtown, on Stony
+Creek.
+
+By the terrible flood communication by rail and wire was nearly all cut
+off.
+
+The exact number of the victims of this dreadful disaster probably will
+never be known. Bodies were found beyond Pittsburg, which in all
+probability were carried to that place from Johnstown and its suburbs. The
+terrible holocaust at the barricade of wrecks at the bridge of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad below Johnstown, where hundreds of men, women and
+children who were saved from the waves were burned to death, caused a
+terrible loss of life. The loss of property was about $10,000,000.
+
+
+KNEW THE DAM WAS WEAK.
+
+On the Monday after the catastrophe there came to Johnstown a man who had
+scarcely more than a dozen rags to cover his nakedness. His name was
+Herbert Webber, and he was employed by the South Fork Club as a sort of
+guard. He supported himself mostly by hunting and fishing on the club's
+preserves. By almost super-human efforts he succeeded in working his way
+through the forest and across flood, in order to ascertain for himself the
+terrible results of the deluge which he saw start from the Sportsman's
+Club's lake. Webber said that he had been employed in various capacities
+about the preserve for a considerable time.
+
+He had repeatedly, he declared, called the attention of the members of the
+club to the various leakages at the dam, but he received the stereotyped
+reply that the masonry was all right; that it had been "built to stand for
+centuries," and that such a thing as its giving way was among the
+impossibilities. But Webber did not hesitate to continue his warnings.
+Finally, according to his own statement, he was instructed to "shut up or
+he would be bounced." He was given to understand that the officers of the
+club were tired of his croakings and that the less he said about the dam
+from thence on the better it would be for him.
+
+Webber then laid his complaint before the Mayor of Johnstown, not more
+than a month before the catastrophe. He told him that the spring freshets
+were due, and that, if they should be very heavy, the dam would certainly
+give way. Webber says the Mayor promised to send an expert to examine the
+dam then, and if necessary to appeal to the State. Somehow the expert was
+not chosen, the appeal was not made at Harrisburg, and the calamity
+ensued.
+
+For three days previous to the final outburst, Webber said, the water of
+the lake forced itself through the interstices of the masonry, so that the
+front of the dam resembled a large watering pot. The force of the water
+was so great that one of these jets squirted full thirty feet horizontally
+from the stone wall. All this time, too, the feeders of the lake,
+particularly three of them, more nearly resembled torrents than mountain
+streams and were supplying the dammed up body of water with quite
+3,000,000 gallons of water hourly.
+
+At 11 o'clock Friday morning, May 31, Webber said he was attending to a
+camp about a mile back from the dam, when he noticed that the surface of
+the lake seemed to be lowering. He doubted his eyes, and made a mark on
+the shore, and then found that his suspicions were undoubtedly well
+founded. He ran across the country to the dam, and there he saw the water
+of the lake welling out from beneath the foundation stones of the dam.
+Absolutely helpless, he was compelled to stand there and watch the gradual
+development of what was to be the most disastrous flood of this continent.
+
+According to his reckoning it was 12:45 when the stones in the centre of
+the dam began to sink because of the undermining, and within eight minutes
+a gap of twenty feet was made in the lower half of the wall face, through
+which the water poured as though forced by machinery of stupendous power.
+By 1 o'clock the toppling masonry, which before had partaken somewhat of
+the form of an arch, fell in, and then the remainder of the wall opened
+outward like twin-gates, and the great storage lake was foaming and
+thundering down the valley of the Conemaugh.
+
+Webber became so awestruck at the catastrophe that he was unable to leave
+the spot until the lake had fallen so low that it showed bottom fifty feet
+below him. How long a time elapsed he did not know before he recovered
+sufficient power of observation to notice this, but he did not think more
+than five minutes passed. Webber said that had the dam been repaired after
+the spring freshet of 1888 the disaster would not have occurred. Had it
+been given ordinary attention in the spring of 1887 the probabilities are
+thousands of lives would not have been lost. To have put the dam in
+excellent condition would not have cost $5,000.
+
+
+EXPERT SAID THE DAM WAS NOT STRONG.
+
+A. M. Wellington, one of the most noted engineering experts in the United
+States, said of the dam after the flood:
+
+"No engineer of known and good standing could possibly have been engaged
+in the reconstruction of the old dam after it had been neglected in disuse
+for twenty odd years, and the old dam was a very inferior piece of work,
+and of a kind wholly unwarranted by good engineering practices of its day,
+thirty years ago.
+
+"Both the original dam and the reconstructed one were built of earth only,
+with no heart wall and rip-rapped only, on the slopes. True, the earth is
+of a sticky, clayey quality; the best of earth for adhesiveness, and the
+old dam was made in watered layers, well rammed down, as is still shown in
+the wrecked dam. But the new end was probably not rammed down at all; the
+earth was simply dumped in like an ordinary railway filling. Much of the
+old dam still stands, while the new work contiguous to it was carried
+away.
+
+"It has been an acknowledged principle of dam building for forty years,
+and the invariable practice to build a central wall either of puddle or
+solid masonry, but there was neither in the old nor in the new dam. It is
+doubtful if there is another dam of the height of fifty feet in the United
+States which lacks this central wall.
+
+"Ignorance or carelessness is shown in the reconstruction, for the middle
+of the new dam was nearly two feet lower in the middle than at the ends.
+It should have been crowned in the middle by all the rules and practice of
+engineering.
+
+"Had the break begun at the ends, the cut of the water would have been
+gradual and little or no harm would have resulted. And had the dam been
+cut at once at the ends when the water began running over the center, the
+suddenness of the break might have been checked, the wall crumbling away
+at least more slowly and gradually and possibly prolonged so that little
+harm would have been done.
+
+"There was an overflow through the rocks in the old dam, which provided
+that the water must rise seven feet above the ordinary level before it
+would pass over the crest of the dam. But, owing to the raising of the
+ends of the dam in 1881, without raising the crest, only five and a half
+feet of water was necessary to run water over the middle of the dam. And
+this spillway, narrow at best, had been further contracted by a close
+grating to prevent the fish from escaping from the lake, while the
+original discharge pipe at the foot of the dam was permanently closed when
+the dam was constructed. Indeed, the maximum discharge was reduced in all
+directions. The safety valve to that dangerous dam was almost screwed down
+tight.
+
+"There seems to have been no leakage through the dam, its destruction
+resulting from its running over at the top. The estimates for the original
+dam call for half earth and rock, but there is no indication of it in the
+broken dam. The riprap was merely a skin on each face, with loose spawls
+mixed with the earth. The dam was 72 feet high, 2 inches slope to a foot
+inside, 1-1/2 inches to a foot outside slope and 20 feet thick at the top.
+The fact that the dam was a reconstructed one, after twenty years disuse,
+made it especially hard on the old dam to withstand the pressure of the
+water."
+
+
+EVERYTHING OVER IN A FEW MINUTES.
+
+All was over in a few moments' time. The flood rushed down the valley when
+released from its prison, swept earth, trees, houses and human beings
+before it, depositing the vast debris in front of the railroad bridge,
+which formed an impassable barrier to the passage of everything except the
+vast agent of destruction--the flood--which overflowed it and passed on to
+wreak fresh vengeance below.
+
+One of the most terrible sights was the gorge at the railroad bridge. This
+gorge consisted of debris of all kinds welded into an almost solid mass.
+Here were the charred timbers of houses and the charred and mutilated
+remains of human beings. The fire at this point, which lasted until June 3
+and had still some of its vitality left on the 5th, was one of the
+incidents of the Johnstown disaster that will become historic. The story
+has not been and cannot be fully told. One could not look at it without a
+shock to his sensibilities. So tangled and unyielding was the mass that
+even dynamite had little effect upon it. One deplorable effect, however,
+was to dismember the few parts of human bodies wedged in the mass that the
+ruthless flood left whole.
+
+From the western end of the railroad bridge the view was but a prelude to
+the views that were to follow. Looking across the gorge the first object
+the eye caught in the ruined town is the Melville school, standing as a
+guardian over the dead--a solitary sentinel left on the field after the
+battle. Still further on and near the center of the town were the offices
+and stores of the Cambria Iron Company. Beyond and around both buildings
+were sand flats, mud flats until the 29th of May, the almost navigable
+water of the flood itself until the 2d of June, the most populous and busy
+part of the city until the 31st of May. Part of the ground was covered by
+a part of the shops of the Cambria Company. Not a vestige of these
+remained.
+
+When the great storm of Friday came, the dam was again a source of
+uneasiness, and early in the morning the people of Johnstown were warned
+that the dam was weakening. They had heard the same warning too often,
+however, to be impressed, and many jeered at their informants. Some of
+those that jeered were before nightfall scattered along the banks of the
+Conemaugh, cold in death, or met their fate in the blazing pile of wrecked
+houses wedged together at the big stone bridge. Only a few heeded the
+warning, and these made their way to the hillside, where they were safe.
+
+Early in the day the flood caused by the heavy rains swept through the
+streets of Johnstown. Every little mountain stream was swollen by the
+rains; rivulets became creeks and creeks were turned into rivers. The
+Conemaugh, with a bed too narrow to hold its greatly increased body of
+water, overflowed its banks, and the damage caused by this overflow alone
+would have been large. But there was more to come, and the results were so
+appalling that there lived not a human being who was likely to anticipate
+them.
+
+At 1 o'clock in the afternoon the resistless flood tore away the huge
+lumber boom on Stony creek. This was the real beginning of the end. The
+enormous mass of logs was hurled down upon the doomed town. The lines of
+the two water courses were by this time obliterated, and Stony creek and
+the Conemaugh river were raging seas. The great logs levelled everything
+before them, crushing frame houses like eggshells and going on unchecked
+until the big seven-arch stone bridge over the Conemaugh river just below
+Johnstown was reached.
+
+Had the logs passed this bridge Johnstown might have been spared much of
+its horror. There were already dead and dying, and homes had already been
+swept away, but the dead could only be counted by dozens and not yet by
+thousands. Wedged fast at the bridge, the logs formed an impenetrable
+barrier. People had moved to the second floor of their houses and hoped
+that the flood might subside. There was no longer a chance to get away,
+and had they known what was in store for them the contemplation of their
+fate would have been enough to make them stark mad. Only a few hours had
+elapsed from the time of the breaking of the lumber boom when the waters
+of Conemaugh lake rushed down upon them. The scoffers realized their
+folly. The dam had given way, and the immense body of water which had
+rested in a basin five miles long, two miles wide and seventy feet deep
+was let loose to begin its work of destruction.
+
+The towering wall of water swooped down upon Johnstown with a force that
+carried everything before it. Had it been able to pass through the big
+stone bridge a portion of Johnstown might have been saved. The rampart of
+logs, however, checked the torrent and half the houses of the town were
+lifted from their foundations and hurled against it. This backed the water
+up into the town, and as there had to be an outlet somewhere, the river
+made a new channel through the heart of the lower part of the city. Again
+and again did the flood hurl itself against the bridge, and each wave
+carried with it houses, furniture and human beings. The bridge stood firm,
+but the railway embankment gave way, and some fifty people were carried
+down to their deaths in the new break. Through this new outlet the waters
+were diverted in the direction of the Cambria Iron Works, a mile below,
+and in a moment the great buildings of a plant valued at $5,000,000 were
+engulfed and laid low. Here had gathered a number of iron workers, who
+felt that they were out of the reach of the flood, and almost before they
+realized their peril they were swept away into the seething torrent.
+
+It was now night, and darkness added to the terror of the situation. Then
+came flames to make the calamity all the more appalling. Hundreds of
+buildings had been piled up against the stone bridge. The inmates of but
+few of them had had time to escape. Just how many people were imprisoned
+in that mass of wreckage may never be known, but the number was estimated
+at between 1,000 and 2,000. The wreckage was piled to a height of fifty
+feet, and suddenly flames began leaping up from the summit. A stove had
+set fire to that part of the wreck above the water, and the scene that was
+then witnessed is beyond description. Shrieks and prayers from the unhappy
+beings imprisoned in the wrecked houses pierced the air, but little could
+be done. Men, women and children, held down by timbers, watched with
+indescribable agony the flames creep slowly toward them until the heat
+scorched their faces, and then they were slowly roasted to death.
+
+Those who were held fast in the wreck by an arm or a leg begged piteously
+that the imprisoned limb be cut off. Some succeeded in getting loose with
+mangled limbs, and one man cut off his arm that he might get away. Those
+who were able worked like demons to save the unfortunates from the flames,
+but hundreds were burned to death.
+
+Meanwhile Johnstown had been literally wiped from the face of the earth,
+Cambria City was swept away and Conemaugh borough was a thing of the past.
+The little village of Millville, with a population of one thousand, had
+nothing left of it but the school-house and the stone buildings of the
+Cambria Iron Company. Woodvale was gone and South Fork wrecked. Hundreds
+of people were drowned in their homes, hundreds were swept away in their
+dwellings and met death in the debris that was whirled madly about on the
+surface of the flood; hundreds, as has been said, were burned, and
+hundreds who sought safety on floating driftwood were overwhelmed by the
+flood or washed to death against obstructions. The instances of heroism
+and self-sacrifice were never excelled, perhaps not equalled, on a
+battle-field. Men rather than save themselves alone died nobly with their
+families, and mothers willingly gave up their lives rather than abandon
+their children.
+
+"At 3 o'clock in the afternoon," said Electrician Bender, of the Western
+Union at Pittsburg, "the girl operator at Johnstown was cheerfully ticking
+away; she soon had to abandon the office on the first floor because the
+water was three feet deep there. She said she was wiring from the second
+story and the water was gaining steadily. She was frightened, and said
+that many houses around were flooded. This was evidently before the dam
+broke, for our man here said something encouraging to her, and she was
+talking back as only a cheerful girl operator can when the receiver's
+skilled ears caught a sound of the wire made by no human hand. The wires
+had grounded or the house had been swept away in the flood, no one knows
+which now. At 3 o'clock the girl was there and at 3:07 we might as well
+have asked the grave to answer us."
+
+Edward Deck, a young railroad man of Lockport, saw an old man floating
+down the river on a tree trunk, with agonized face and streaming gray
+hair. Deck plunged into the torrent and brought the old man safely ashore.
+Scarcely had he done so, when the upper story of a house floated by on
+which Mrs. Adams, of Cambria, and her two children were both seen. Deck
+plunged in again, and while breaking through the tin roof of the house cut
+an artery in his left wrist, but though weakened with loss of blood, he
+succeeded in saving both mother and children.
+
+J. W. Esch, a brave railroad employe, saved sixteen lives at Nineveh.
+
+At Bolivar a man, woman and child were seen floating down in a lot of
+drift. The mass of debris commenced to part, and by desperate efforts the
+husband and father succeeded in getting his wife and little one on a
+floating tree. Just then the tree washed under the bridge and a rope was
+thrown out. It fell upon the man's shoulders. He saw at a glance that he
+could not save his dear ones, so he threw the means of safety to one side
+and gripped in his arms those who were with him. A moment later the tree
+struck a floating house. It turned over, and in a second the three persons
+were in the seething waters, being carried to their death.
+
+C. W. Hoppenstall, of Lincoln avenue, East End, Pittsburg, distinguished
+himself by his bravery. He was a messenger on the mail train which had to
+turn back at Sang Hollow. As the train passed a point where the water was
+full of struggling persons, a woman and child floated in near shore. The
+train was stopped and Hoppenstall undressed, jumped into the water, and in
+two trips saved both mother and child.
+
+The special train pulled in at Bolivar at 11.30 o'clock and trainmen were
+notified that further progress was impossible. The greatest excitement
+prevailed at this place, and parties of citizens were all the time
+endeavoring to save the poor unfortunates that were being hurled to
+eternity on the rushing torrent.
+
+The tidal wave struck Bolivar just after dark and in five minutes the
+Conemaugh rose from six to forty feet and the waters spread out over the
+whole country. Soon houses began floating down, and clinging to the debris
+were men, women and children, shrieking for aid. A large number of
+citizens at once gathered on the county bridge and they were reinforced by
+a number from Garfield, a town on the opposite side of the river. They
+brought a number of ropes and these were thrown into the boiling waters as
+persons drifted by in efforts to save some poor beings. For half an hour
+all efforts were fruitless until at last, when the rescuers were about
+giving up all hope, a little boy astride a shingle roof managed to catch
+hold of one of the ropes. He caught it under his left arm and was thrown
+violently against an abutment, but managed to keep hold and was
+successfully pulled on to the bridge, amid the cheers of the onlookers.
+His name was Hessler and his rescuer was a train hand named Carney. The
+lad was taken to the town of Garfield and cared for in the home of J. P.
+Robinson. The boy was about 16 years old.
+
+His story of the frightful calamity is as follows: "With my father, I was
+spending the day at my grandfather's house in Cambria City. In the house
+at the time were Theodore, Edward and John Kintz, and John Kintz, Jr.,
+Miss Mary Kintz, Mrs. Mary Kintz, wife of John Kintz, Jr., Miss Tracy
+Kintz, Miss Rachel Smith, John Hirsch, four children, my father and
+myself. Shortly after 5 o'clock there was a noise of roaring waters and
+screams of people. We looked out the door and saw persons running. My
+father told us not to mind, as the waters would not rise further. But soon
+we saw houses being swept away and then we ran to the floor above. The
+house was three stories, and we were at last forced to the top one. In my
+fright I jumped on the bed. It was an old-fashioned one with heavy posts.
+The water kept rising and my bed was soon afloat. Gradually it was lifted
+up. The air in the room grew close and the house was moving. Still the bed
+kept rising and pressed the ceiling. At last the post pushed the plaster.
+It yielded and a section of the roof gave way. Then suddenly I found
+myself on the roof and was being carried down stream. After a little this
+roof commenced to part and I was afraid I was going to be drowned, but
+just then another house with a single roof floated by and I managed to
+crawl on it and floated down until nearly dead with cold, when I was
+saved. After I was freed from the house I did not see my father. My
+grandfather was on a tree, but he must have been drowned, as the waters
+were rising fast. John Kintz, Jr., was also on a tree. Miss Mary Kintz and
+Mrs. Mary Kintz I saw drowned. Miss Smith was also drowned. John Hirsch
+was in a tree, but the four children were drowned. The scenes were
+terrible. Live bodies and corpses were floating down with me and away from
+me. I would hear persons shriek and then they would disappear. All along
+the line were people who were trying to save us, but they could do nothing
+and only a few were caught."
+
+The boy's story is but one incident and shows what happened to one family.
+God only knows what has happened to the hundreds who were in the path of
+the rushing water. It is impossible to get anything in the way of news,
+save meagre details.
+
+An eye-witness at Bolivar Block Station tells a story of unparalleled
+horror which occurred at the lower bridge which crosses the Conemaugh at
+this point. A young man and two women were seen coming down the river on a
+part of a floor. At the upper bridge a rope was thrown them. This they all
+failed to catch. Between the two bridges the man was noticed to point
+towards the elder woman, who, it is supposed, was his mother. He was then
+seen to instruct the women how to catch the rope which, was being lowered
+from the other bridge. Down came the raft with a rush. The brave man stood
+with his arms around the two women. As they swept under the bridge he
+reached up and seized the rope. He was jerked violently away from the two
+women, who failed to get a hold on the life line. Seeing that they would
+not be rescued he dropped the rope and fell back on the raft, which
+floated on down. The current washed the frail craft in towards the bank.
+The young man was enabled to seize hold of a branch of a tree. The young
+man aided the two women to get up into the tree. He held on with his hands
+and rested his feet on a pile of driftwood. A piece of floating debris
+struck the drift, sweeping it away. The man hung with his body immersed in
+the water. A pile of drift soon collected and he was enabled to get
+another secure footing. Up the river there was a sudden crash and a
+section of the bridge was swept away and floated down the stream, striking
+the tree and washing it away. All three were thrown into the water and
+were drowned before the eyes of the horrified spectators just opposite the
+town of Bolivar.
+
+Early in the evening a woman with her two children were seen to pass under
+the bridge at Bolivar, clinging to the roof of a coalhouse. A rope was
+lowered to her, but she shook her head and refused to desert the children.
+It was rumored that all three were saved at Cokeville, a few miles below
+Bolivar. A later report from Lockport says that the residents succeeded in
+rescuing five people from the flood, two women and three men. One man
+succeeded in getting out of the water unaided. They were kindly taken care
+of by the people of the town.
+
+A little girl passed under the bridge just before dark. She was kneeling
+on a part of a floor and had her hands clasped as if in prayer. Every
+effort was made to save her, but they all proved futile. A railroader who
+was standing by remarked that the piteous appearance of the little waif
+brought tears to his eyes. All night long the crowd stood about the ruins
+of the bridge, which had been swept away at Bolivar. The water rushed past
+with a roar, carrying with it parts of houses, furniture and trees. The
+flood had evidently spent its force up the valley. No more living persons
+were being carried past. Watchers with lanterns remained along the banks
+until day-break, when the first view of the awful devastation of the flood
+was witnessed.
+
+
+CRAZED BY THEIR SUFFERINGS.
+
+When the great waves of death swept through Johnstown, the people who had
+any chance of escape ran hither and thither in every direction. They did
+not have any definite idea where they were going, only that a crest of
+foaming waters as high as the housetops was roaring down upon them through
+the Conemaugh, and that they must get out of the way of that. Some in
+their terror dived into the cellars of their houses, though this was
+certain death. Others got up on the roofs of their houses and clambered
+over the adjoining roofs to places of safety. But the majority made for
+the hills, which girt the town like giants. Of the people who went to the
+hills the water caught some in its whirl. The others clung to trees and
+roots and pieces of debris which had temporarily lodged near the banks,
+and managed to save themselves. These people either stayed out on the
+hills wet and in many instances naked, all night, or they managed to find
+farmhouses which sheltered them. There was a fear of going back to the
+vicinity of the town. Even the people whose houses the water did not reach
+abandoned their homes and began to think of all of Johnstown as a city
+buried beneath the water.
+
+When these people came back to Johnstown on the day after the wreck of the
+town they had to put up in sheds, barns, and in houses which had been but
+partially ruined. They had to sleep without any covering in their wet
+clothes, and it took the liveliest kind of skirmishing to get anything to
+eat. Pretty soon a citizens' committee was established, and nearly all the
+male survivors of the flood were immediately sworn in as deputy sheriffs.
+They adorned themselves with tin stars, which they cut out of pieces of
+sheet metal in the ruins, and sheets of tin with stars cut out of them are
+turning up continually, to the surprise of the Pittsburg workmen who are
+endeavoring to get the town in shape. The women and children were housed,
+as far as possible, in the few houses still standing, and some idea of the
+extent of the wreck of the town may be gathered from the fact that of 300
+prominent buildings only sixteen were uninjured.
+
+For the first day or so people were dazed by what had happened, and for
+that matter they are dazed still. They went about helpless, making vague
+inquiries for their friends and hardly feeling the desire to eat anything.
+Finally the need of creature comforts overpowered them, and they woke up
+to the fact that they were faint and sick. This was to some extent changed
+by the arrival of tents and by the systematic military care for the
+suffering.
+
+
+THE BRIDGE WHERE HUNDREDS LOST THEIR LIVES.
+
+The "fatal bridge," as it is now called, and which wreaked such awful
+destruction, is described by a writer in this way:
+
+"The bridge whose 'resistance of the torrent' was the matter of so much
+talk, was a noble four-track structure, just completed, fifty feet wide on
+top, 32 feet high above the water line, consisting of seven skew spans of
+fifty-eight feet each. It still remains wholly uninjured, except that it
+is badly spalled on the upper side by blows from the wreckage, but that
+it so remains is due solely to the accident of its position, and not to
+its strength, although it was and is still the embodiment of solidity.
+
+"Had the torrent struck it, it would have swept it away as if it had been
+built of card-board, leaving no track behind; but fortunately (or
+unfortunately) its axis was exactly parallel with the path of the flood,
+which hence struck the face of the mountain full, and compressed the whole
+of its spoils gathered in a fourteen-mile course into one inextricable
+mass, with the force of tens of thousands of tons moving at nearly sixty
+miles per hour.
+
+"Its spoils consisted of (1) every tree the flood had touched in its whole
+course, with trifling exceptions, including hundreds of large trees, all
+of which were stripped of their bark and small limbs almost at once; (2)
+all the houses in a thickly settled town three miles long and one-fourth
+to one-half mile wide; (3) half the human beings and all the horses, cows,
+cats, dogs, and rats that were in the houses; (4) many hundreds of miles
+of telegraph wire that was on strong poles in use, and many times more
+than this that was in stock in the mills; (5) perhaps 50 miles of track
+and track material, rails and all; (6) locomotives, pig-iron, brick,
+stone, boilers, steam engines, heavy machinery, and other spoil of a large
+manufacturing town.
+
+"All this was accumulated in one inextricable mass, which almost
+immediately caught fire from some stove which the waters had not touched.
+Hundreds if not thousands of human beings, dead and alive, were caught in
+it, many by the lower part of the body only. Eye-witnesses describe the
+groans and cries which came from that vast holocaust for nearly the whole
+night as something almost unbearable to listen to, yet which could not be
+escaped. Hundreds, undoubtedly, suffered a slow death by fire; yet we
+cannot doubt that the vast majority of the men, women, and children in
+that fearful jam, which covered fully thirty acres, and perhaps more, were
+already dead when the fire began.
+
+"Johnstown proper is in a large basin formed by the junction of the
+Conemaugh and the almost equally large Stony creek, flowing into the
+Conemaugh from the south, just above the bridge. The bridge being
+hermetically sealed, it and the adjacent embankment formed a second dam
+about thirty feet high, Johnstown serving as a bed of a reservoir which we
+should judge to be nearly large enough to hold the entire contents of the
+reservoir above, except that it was already filled knee-deep or more by an
+unusually heavy but annual spring flood.
+
+"One offshoot of the main torrent was deflected southward by the Gautier
+Works, and went tearing through the heart of the more southerly portion of
+the town, and still another similar branch was split off from the main
+torrent further down; but in the main, the direct force of the torrent did
+not strike this southerly portion of the town.
+
+"It struck first against the jam, and thus lost most of its fierce energy,
+flowing thence southward in a heavy stream, which tossed about houses in
+the most fantastic way, so that this part of the town looks much like a
+child's toy-village poured out of a box hap-hazard; the houses are not
+torn to pieces generally.
+
+"About half the loss of life was in this district, for all Johnstown
+became speedily a lake twenty or more feet deep, and stayed so all night;
+and it was here, and not in the direct path of the flood, that all the
+'rescuing' of people from roofs and floating timbers occurred.
+
+"Nothing of the kind was possible in the flood itself. Likewise, after the
+break in the embankment had occurred, and the flood began to recede from
+Johnstown, it was from this district chiefly that people were carried off
+down stream on floating wreckage. All that came within the direct path of
+the flood was fast within the jam.
+
+"The existence of this temporary Johnstown reservoir naturally broke the
+continuity of the flood discharge, and transformed it into something not
+greatly different from an ordinary but very heavy freshet. Cambria City,
+just below the bridge, was badly wrecked, with the loss of hundreds of
+lives; but in the main, from Johnstown down, the flood ceased to be very
+destructive. It took out almost every bridge it came to, for fifty miles,
+and washed away tracks, and did other minor damage, but the Johnstown
+'reservoir' saved hundreds of lives below it by equalizing the flow."
+
+
+THE DAY EXPRESS DISASTER.
+
+John Barr, the conductor in charge of the Pullman parlor car on the first
+section of the day express, which was caught in the flood at Conemaugh,
+told a thrilling story of his experience.
+
+His train, with two others, had been run onto a siding on high ground at
+Conemaugh Station, opposite the big round-house. He saw the water coming
+and describes it as having the appearance of a mountain moving toward him.
+
+He immediately ran to his car and shouted to his passengers to run for
+their lives. John Davis, connected with a large rolling mill near
+Lancaster, was traveling from Colorado with his invalid wife and two
+children, aged 4 and 6. Mr. Davis was engaged in getting his wife off the
+car, and Conductor Barr grabbed up the two children, and, with one under
+each arm, started for the hills, with the water right at his heels. He
+ran a distance of about 200 yards and barely managed to deposit his
+precious burden on safe ground before the flood swept past him.
+
+Mr. Barr said it would never be known how many persons lost their lives
+from the ill-fated train. The one passenger coach which was carried away
+had some people in it; how many nobody knows. At least twenty were
+drowned. A freight train was between the day express and the flood on an
+adjoining track, and this served to in a measure protect his train.
+
+Some idea of the terrible force of the flood may be gained from Mr. Barr's
+statement that the engines in the round-house, thirty-seven in number,
+swept past him standing half way out of the water, their forty tons of
+weight not being sufficient to take them beneath the surface. The baggage
+car was lifted clear out of the water and landed on the other side of the
+river.
+
+A Miss Wayne, who was traveling from Pittsburg to Altoona, had a wonderful
+escape. She was caught in the swirl and almost all of her clothing torn
+from her person, and she was providentially thrown by the angry waters
+clear of the rushing flood.
+
+Miss Wayne said that while she lay more dead than alive on the river bank,
+she saw the Hungarians rifle the bodies of dead passengers and cut off
+their fingers for the purpose of obtaining the rings on the hands of the
+corpses. Miss Wayne was provided with a suit of men's clothing and rode
+into Altoona thus arrayed.
+
+Miss Maloney, of Woodbury, N. J., a passenger on the parlor car, started
+to leave the car, and then, fearing to venture out into the flood,
+returned to the inside of the car. When the water subsided the crew rushed
+to the car, expecting to find Miss Maloney dead, but the water had not
+gone high enough to drown her and she was all right, though greatly
+frightened.
+
+She displayed a rare amount of forethought in the face of danger, having
+tied securely around her waist a piece of her clothing on which her name
+was written in indelible ink. She fully expected that she would be
+drowned, and did this in order that her body, if found, might be
+identified.
+
+When the water was still high Conductor Barr made an attempt to get back
+to his car from the hill, but after wading up to his arm-pits in the water
+he was forced to return to safe ground.
+
+
+THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD'S LAST TRAIN.
+
+The last train to which the Susquehanna River permitted the use of the
+tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad between Harrisburg and Lancaster
+rolled into Broad Street Station, at Philadelphia, at 9:35 p. m. on
+Saturday, June 1. It was a nondescript train. The last car was a vestibule
+Pullman which had never stopped at so many way stations before in its
+aristocratic life, and which had been cut off the stalled Chicago limited
+at Harrisburg to be taken back to New York. The rest of the train had
+started from Harrisburg at 3:40 as the day express and at Lancaster had
+been changed into the York and Columbia "tub."
+
+No train's name ever fitted it better. The tub had swam through seven
+miles of water on its way, water differing in depth from three inches to
+three feet.
+
+The seven miles of water covered the track between Harrisburg and
+Highspire. When the newspaper train touched with the morning dailies and
+to some extent with the men who make them, dashed drippingly into
+Harrisburg at half-past 7 in the morning it had only encountered
+three-fourths of a mile of water.
+
+No reports of a great increase in the Susquehanna's output had reached
+beleaguered Harrisburg during the day, and the express started out with
+two engines, 1095 and 1105, towing it and a fair chance of reaching
+Philadelphia on time. The original three-quarters of a mile of
+overflow--caused by the back water of Paxton creek--was passed without
+incident.
+
+The water was about up to the bottom steps of the car platforms and the
+pilot of the leading engine threw to each side a fine billow of yellow
+water, sending a swell like that of a tramp steamer passing Gloucester, in
+among the floating outhouses and submerged slag heaps of the suburbs of
+Harrisburg and bringing cheers from thousands who watched the train's
+advance from their second-story windows and forgot the condition of their
+first-floor furniture in the excitement of watching the amphibious prowess
+of the day express.
+
+"We've seen the worst of it," said the elderly, kindly conductor to a
+couple of excited women passengers as the last of the three-fourths of a
+mile of billows was thrown from the pilot of 1095. "We've seen the worst
+of it, but the train will have to wait here a little while--the fires are
+almost out."
+
+So 1095 and 1102 stood puffing and panting for a while on the high track
+while the afternoon sunlight dried their dripping flanks and the baffled
+Susquehanna rolled its burden of driftwood sullenly southward on their
+right. Then the day express rolled on again. The dry ground was just about
+long enough to give the train an impetus for another header into the
+Susquehanna's overflow.
+
+It was into the Susquehanna itself that the header seemed to be taken this
+time. It was no longer a question of an overflow creek in a railroad cut.
+The billows from the prow of 1095 swept not in among overturned outhouses
+and submerged slag heaps, but out on the broad coffee-colored bosom of the
+river to be broken into a thousand chop waves among the churning
+driftwood. The people in the second-story windows forgot to cheer. The
+people in the coaches forgot to joke on the men's part and to fret on the
+women's. It was curious and it was ticklish.
+
+The train was running slowly, very slowly. The wheels were out of sight.
+The water was swirling among the trucks and lapping at the platforms. The
+only sign of land locomotion about the day express was an audible one, a
+watery pounding and rumbling of the wheels on the hidden tracks.
+
+The day express looked like a long broad river serpent wriggling on its
+belly down along the green river bank. Gradually there was a simultaneous
+though not concerted movement among the passengers. They began crowding
+toward the platforms and looking toward the land side. Suddenly a brakeman
+broke the queer silence, in a voice which had just the least crescendo of
+excitement in it.
+
+"If you people don't keep quiet we can't do anything!" he shouted.
+
+The demand was a little absurd, the direction of a land coxswain to "trim
+ship." Still, it had its uses. It relieved the tension which everybody
+felt and nobody acknowledged. The passengers retired from the platforms.
+
+Joking began again among the men and fretting among the women. There
+hadn't been much fun in looking toward the land side anyway. What had
+appeared to be a recession of the waters when looked at from above was
+merely a swelling of the stream from the overflow of the canal which
+parallels the road for several miles at that point.
+
+All at once the train, which had been moving more slowly for each of a
+good ten minutes, stopped short. It seemed as if 1095's sharp nose had
+scented danger like a sensitive horse, and, panting, refused to go
+further.
+
+Then the engine crews were seen by the passengers to leap from their cabs
+thigh deep in the water and begin hauling at some sub-aquean obstacle.
+
+"Driftwood," said the same brakeman who had commanded quiet.
+
+So it was. A train stopped by driftwood! It was floating all about and
+threatened to impede the progress of the day express altogether. Fence
+rails from far up country farms, planks from dismantled signal stations,
+platforms along the line, railroad ties innumerable, branches and even
+small trunks of trees floated against the wheels with disjected stacks of
+green wheat and other ruined crops upon the ever-rising flood of the
+river.
+
+There had been high dry land in sight just beyond Highspire Station, but
+as sure as guns were iron and floods were floods the land was
+disappearing. The river's rise was steady. The inhabitants of the drowned
+lands who appeared to take the drowning easily, though no such a drowning
+had been known to them in a quarter of a century, had been in large
+numbers keeping company of the train for the last two miles in skiffs and
+punts. They rowed close to the cars and towed away the larger drift. They
+were not entirely on life-saving service. There was a bit of the wreckage
+in their composition. They towed the trunk and ties into their front yards
+and anchored them to their window-blinds.
+
+Finally the straining backs of the engine crews gave one mighty tug at the
+hidden obstacle. A huge platform plank floated loose from 1095, and 1095
+shrieked triumph. The wheels began to churn the brown water with
+yellowish white and 1095 and 1102 ran up on the dry ground like the eagle
+in the sun, to whom the Irish poet compared the Irish troops at Fontenoy.
+
+As they did so the clatter of a light advancing train was heard from the
+east, and a sound of cheering. A single engine drawing two crowded cars
+shot around the bend, and ran with a light heart into the torrent out of
+which the day express had just emerged.
+
+"They'll never get through," was the unanimous comment of the day express
+passengers, and their verdict seemed to be confirmed officially by the
+brakeman who had been excited.
+
+He stood in the door of the car and shouted: "This train will stop at all
+stations between Lancaster and Bryn Mawr. There will be no more trains
+between Harrisburg and Lancaster to-night."
+
+Afterwards he added: "As this is the last train it will have to take the
+place of the 'tub.'"
+
+
+THE FIRST RUSH OF THE DEATH WAVE.
+
+A man who was above the danger line on the right bluff above the town, and
+who saw the first rush of the death wave, says that it was preceded by a
+peculiar phenomena, which he thinks was the explosion of the gas mains. He
+says that a few minutes before the wall of the water had reached the city
+there was a tremendous explosion somewhere in the upper part of the place.
+He said that he saw the fragments of the buildings rise in the air, and
+the next moment saw two lines of flame down through the city in different
+directions, and frame buildings were apparently being torn to pieces and
+wrecked. The next minute the water came, and he remembers nothing further.
+There really was an explosion of gas that wrecked a church in the upper
+part of the city just at the time of the flood. If there was also an
+explosion of the gas main, the cause of the fire at the bridge is
+explained. Light frame buildings set on fire by the explosion were picked
+up bodily and tossed on top of the water into the wreck at the bridge
+without the fire being extinguished.
+
+Mrs. Fredericks, an aged woman, was rescued alive from the attic in her
+house. The house had floated from what was formerly Vine street to the
+foot of the mountains. Mrs. Fredericks says her experience was terrible.
+She said she saw hundreds of men, women and children floating down the
+torrent to meet their death, some praying, while others had actually
+become raving maniacs.
+
+
+THE REAL HORRORS OF THE DISASTER.
+
+"No one will ever know the real horrors of this accident unless he saw the
+burning people and debris beside the stone bridge," remarked the Rev.
+Father Trautwein. "The horrible nature of the affair cannot be realized by
+any person who did not witness the scene. As soon as possible after the
+first great crash occurred I hastened to the bridge.
+
+"A thousand persons were struggling in the ruins and imploring for God's
+sake to release them. Frantic husbands and fathers stood at the edge of
+the furnace that was slowly heating to a cherry heat and incinerating
+human victims. Every one was anxious to save his own relatives, and raved,
+cursed, and blasphemed until the air appeared to tremble. No system, no
+organized effort to release the pent-up persons was made by those related
+to them.
+
+"Shrieking they would command: 'Go to that place, go get her out, for
+God's sake get her out,' referring to some beloved one they wanted saved.
+
+"Under the circumstances it was necessary to secure organization, and
+thinking I was trying to thwart their efforts when I ordered another point
+to be attacked by the rescuers, they advanced upon me, threatened to shoot
+me or dash me into the raging river.
+
+"One man who was trying to steer a float upon which his wife sat on a
+mattress lost his hold, and in a moment the craft swept into a sea of
+flame and never again appeared. The agony of that man was simply
+heartrending. He raised his arms to heaven and screamed in his mental
+anguish and only ceased that to tear his hair and moan like one
+distracted. Every effort was made to save every person accessible, and we
+have the satisfaction of knowing that fully 200 were saved from cremation.
+One young woman was found under the dead body of a relative.
+
+"A force of men attempted to extricate her and succeeded in releasing
+every limb but one leg. For three hours they labored, and every moment the
+flames crept nearer and nearer. I was on the point several times of
+ordering the men to chop her leg off. It would have been much better to
+save her life even at that loss than have her burn to death. Fortunately
+it was not necessary; but the young lady's escape from mutilation or death
+she will never realize."
+
+The flood and fire claimed among its victims not only the living, but the
+dead. A handsome coffin was found half burned in some charred wreckage
+down near the point. Inside was found the body of a man shrouded for
+burial, but so scorched about the head and face as to be unrecognizable.
+The supposition is that the house in which the dead man had lain had been
+crushed and the debris partly consumed by fire. The body is still at the
+Fourth Ward school house, and unless reclaimed it will be buried in the
+unknown field.
+
+
+THE CLOCK STOPPED AT 5:20.
+
+One of the queerest sights in the center of the town was a three-story
+brick residence standing with one wall, the others having disappeared
+completely, leaving the floors supported by the partitions. In one of the
+upper rooms could be seen a mantel with a lambrequin on it and a clock
+stopped at twenty minutes after five. In front of the clock was a lady's
+fan, though from the marks on the wall paper the water had been over all
+these things.
+
+In the upper part of the town, where the back water from the flood went
+into the valley with diminished force, there were many strange scenes.
+
+There the houses were toppled over one after another in a row, and left
+where they lay. One of them was turned completely over and stood with its
+roof on the foundations of another house and its base in the air. The
+owner came back, and getting into his house through the windows, walked
+about on his ceiling.
+
+Out of this house a woman and her two children escaped safely and were but
+little hurt, although they were stood on their heads in the whirl.
+
+Every house had its own story. From one a woman sent up in her garret
+escaped by chopping a hole in the roof. From another a Hungarian named
+Grevins leaped to the shore as it went whirling past and fell twenty-five
+feet upon a pile of metal and escaped with a broken leg.
+
+Another is said to have come all the way from very near the start of the
+flood and to have circled around with the back water and finally landed on
+the flats at the city site, where it is still pointed out.
+
+
+THE SITUATION NINE DAYS AFTER.
+
+A correspondent described the situation at Johnstown nine days after the
+disaster in this way:
+
+"So vast is the field of destruction that to get an adequate idea from any
+point level with the town is simply impossible. It must be viewed from a
+height. From the top of Kernsville Mountain, just at the east of the town,
+the whole strange panorama can be seen.
+
+"Looking down from the height many things about the flood that appear
+inexplicable from below are perfectly plain. How so many houses happened
+to be so queerly twisted, for instance, as if the water had a twirling
+instead of a straight motion, was made perfectly clear.
+
+"The town was built in an almost equilateral triangle, with one angle
+pointed squarely up the Conemaugh Valley to the east, from which the flood
+came. At the northerly angle was the junction of the Conemaugh and Stony
+creeks. The southern angle pointed up the Stony Creek Valley. Now about
+one-half of the triangle, formerly densely covered with buildings, is
+swept as clear as a platter, except for three or four big brick buildings
+that stand near the angle which points up the Conemaugh.
+
+"The course of the flood, from the exact point where it issued from the
+Conemaugh Valley to where it disappeared below in a turn in the river and
+above by spreading itself over the flat district of five or six miles, is
+clearly defined. The whole body of water issued straight from the valley
+in a solid wave and tore across the village of Woodvale and so on to the
+business part of Johnstown at the lower part of the triangle. Here a
+cluster of solid brick blocks, aided by the conformation of the land
+evidently divided the stream.
+
+"The greater part turned to the north, swept up the brick block and then
+mixed with the ruins of the villages above down to the stone arch bridge.
+The other stream shot across the triangle, was turned southward by the
+bluffs and went up the valley of Stony creek. The stone arch bridge in the
+meantime acted as a dam and turned part of the current back toward the
+south, where it finished the work of the triangle, turning again to the
+northward and back to the stone arch bridge.
+
+"The stream that went up Stony creek was turned back by the rising ground
+and then was reinforced by the back water from the bridge again and
+started south, where it reached a mile and a half and spent its force on a
+little settlement called Grubbtown.
+
+"The frequent turning of this stream, forced against the buildings and
+then the bluffs, gave it a regular whirling motion from right to left, and
+made a tremendous eddy, whose centrifugal force twisted everything it
+touched. This accounts for the comparatively narrow path of the flood
+through the southern part of the town, where its course through the
+thickly clustered frame dwelling houses is as plain as a highway.
+
+"The force of the stream diminished gradually as it went south, for at the
+place where the currents separated every building is ground to pieces and
+carried away, and at the end the houses were only turned a little on their
+foundations. In the middle of the course they are turned over on their
+sides or upside down. Further down they are not single, but great heaps of
+ground lumber that look like nothing so much as enormous pith balls.
+
+"To the north the work of the waters is of a different sort. It picked up
+everything except the big buildings that divided the current and piled the
+fragments down upon the stone bridge or swept them over and so on down the
+river for miles.
+
+"This left the great yellow, sandy and barren plain, so often spoken of in
+the dispatches where stood the best buildings in Johnstown--the opera
+house, the big hotel, many wholesale warehouses, shops and the finest
+residences.
+
+"In this plain there are now only the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad train, a
+school house, the Morrell Company's store and an adjoining warehouse and
+the few buildings of the triangle. One brick residence, badly shattered,
+is also standing.
+
+"These structures do not relieve the shocking picture of ruin spread out
+below the mountains, but by contrast making it more striking. That part of
+the town to the south where the flood tore the narrow path there used to
+be a separate village which was called Kernsville. It is now known as the
+South Side. Some of the queerest sights of the wreck are there, though few
+persons have gone to see them.
+
+"Many of the houses that are left, there scattered helter skelter, thrown
+on their sides and standing on their roofs, were never in that
+neighborhood nor anywhere near it before. They came down on the breast of
+the wave from as far up as Franklin, were carried safely by the factories
+and the bridges, by the big buildings at the dividing line, up and down on
+the flood and finally settled in their new resting places little injured.
+
+"A row of them, packed closely together and every one tipped over at about
+the same angle, is only one of the queer freaks the water played.
+
+"I got into one of these houses in my walk through the town to-day. The
+lower story had been filled with water and everything in it had been torn
+out. The carpet had been split into strips on the floor by the sheer force
+of the rushing tide. Heaps of mud stood in the corners. There was no
+vestige of furniture. The walls dripped with moisture.
+
+"The ceiling was gone, the windows were out and the cold rain blew in and
+the only thing that was left intact was one of those worked worsted
+mottoes that you always expect to find in the homes of working people. It
+still hung to the wall, and though much awry the glass and frame were
+unbroken. The motto looked grimly and sadly sarcastic. It was:--
+
+     'There is no place like home.'
+
+"A melancholy wreck of a home that motto looked down upon.
+
+"I saw a wagon in the middle of a side street sticking tongue and all
+straight up into the air, resting on its tail board, with the hind wheels
+almost completely buried in the mud. I saw a house standing exactly in the
+middle of Napoleon street, the side stove in by crashing against some
+other house and in the hole the coffin of its owner was placed.
+
+"Some scholar's library had been strewn over the street in the last stage
+of the flood, for there was a trail of good books left half sticking in
+the mud and reaching for over a block. One house had been lifted over two
+others in some mysterious way and then had settled down between them and
+there it stuck, high up in the air, so its former occupants might have got
+into it again with ladders.
+
+"Down at the lower end of the course of the stream, where its force was
+greater, there was a house lying on one corner and held there by being
+fastened in the deep mud. Through its side the trunk of a tree had been
+driven like a lance, and there it stayed sticking out straight in the air.
+
+"In the muck was the case and key board of a square piano, and far down
+the river, near the debris about the stone bridge, were its legs. An
+upright piano, with all its inside apparatus cleanly taken out, stood
+straight up a little way off. What was once a set of costly furniture was
+strewn all about it, and the house that had contained it was nowhere.
+
+"The remarkable stories that have been told about people floating a mile
+up the river and then back two or three times are easily credible after
+seeing the evidences of the strange course the flood took in this part of
+the town. People who stood near the ruins of Poplar Bridge saw four women
+on a roof float up on the stream, turn a short distance above and come
+back and go past again and once more return. Then they were seen to go far
+down on the current to the lower part of the town and were rescued as they
+passed the second-story window of a school house. A man who was imprisoned
+in the attic of his house put his wife and two children on a roof that was
+eddying past and stayed behind to die alone. They floated up the stream
+and then came back and got upon the roof of the very house they had left,
+and the whole family were saved.
+
+"At Grubbtown there is a house which came all the way from Woodvale. On it
+was a man who lived near Grubbtown, but was working at Woodvale when the
+flood came. He was carried right past his own home, and coolly told the
+people at the bridge to bid his wife good-bye for him. The house passed
+the bridge three times, the man carrying on a conversation with the people
+on the shore and giving directions for his burial if his body should be
+found.
+
+"The third time the house went up it grounded at Grubbtown, and in an hour
+or two the man was safe at home. Three girls who went by on a roof crawled
+into the branches of a tree, and had to stay there all night before they
+could make anyone understand where they were. At one time scores of
+floating houses were wedged in together near the ruins of Poplar street
+bridge. Four brave men went out from the shore, and stepping from
+house-roof to house-roof brought in twelve women and children.
+
+"Some women crawled from roofs into the attics of houses. In their
+struggles with the flood most of their clothes had been torn from them,
+and rather than appear on the streets they stayed where they were until
+hunger forced them to shout out of the window for help. At this stage of
+the flood more persons were lost by being crushed to death than by
+drowning. As they floated by on roofs or doors the toppling houses fell
+over upon them and killed them.
+
+"The workers began on the wreck on Main street just opposite the First
+National Bank, one of the busiest parts of the city. A large number of
+people were lost here, the houses being crushed on one side of the street
+and being almost untouched on the other, a most remarkable thing
+considering the terrific force of the flood. Twenty-one bodies were taken
+out in the early morning and taken to the morgue. They were not much
+injured, considering the weight of lumber above them.
+
+"In many instances they were wedged in crevices. They were all in a good
+state of preservation, and when they were embalmed they looked almost
+lifelike. In this central part of the city examination is sure to result
+in the unearthing of bodies in every corner. Cottages which are still
+standing are banked up with lumber and driftwood, and it is like mining to
+make any kind of a clear space.
+
+"Thirteen bodies were taken from the burning debris at the Stone Bridge at
+one time yesterday afternoon. None of the bodies were recognizable, and
+they were put in coffins and buried immediately. They were so badly
+decomposed that it was impossible to keep them until they could be
+identified. During a blast at the bridge yesterday afternoon two bodies
+were almost blown to pieces. The blasting has had the effect of opening
+the channel under the central portion of the bridge.
+
+"The order that was issued that all unidentified dead be buried is being
+rapidly carried out. The Rev. Mr. Beall, who has charge of the morgue at
+the Fourth Ward school house, which is the chief place, says that a large
+force of men has been put at work digging graves, and at the close of the
+afternoon the remains will be laid away as rapidly as it can be done.
+
+"William Flynn has taken charge of the army of eleven hundred laborers who
+are doing a wonderful amount of work. In an interview he told of the work
+that has to be done, and the contractors' estimates show more than
+anything the chaotic condition of this city. 'It will take ten thousand
+men thirty days to clear the ground so that the streets are passable and
+the work of rebuilding can be commenced,' said he, 'and I am at a loss to
+know how the work is to be done. This enthusiasm will soon die out and the
+volunteers will want to return home.
+
+"'It would take all summer for my men alone to do what work is necessary.
+Steps must be taken at once to furnish gangs of workmen, and I shall send
+a communication to the Pittsburg Chamber of Commerce asking the different
+manufacturers of the Ohio Valley to take turns for a month or so in
+furnishing reliefs of workmen.
+
+"'I shall ask that each establishment stop work for a week at a time and
+send all hands in the charge of a foreman and timekeeper. We will board
+and care for them here. These gangs should come for a week at a time, as
+no organization can be affected if workmen arrive and leave when they
+please.'
+
+"A meeting was held here in the afternoon which resulted in the
+appointment of James B. Scott, of Pittsburg, generalissimo.
+
+"Mr. Scott in an interview said that he proposed to clear the town of all
+wreckage and debris of all descriptions and turn the town site over to the
+citizens when he has completed his work clean and free from obstructions
+of all kinds.
+
+"I was here when the gang came across one of the upper stories of a house.
+It was merely a pile of boards apparently, but small pieces of a bureau
+and a bed spring from which the clothes had been burned showed the nature
+of the find. A faint odor of burned flesh prevailed exactly at this spot.
+
+"'Dig here,' said the physician to the men. 'There is one body at least
+quite close to the surface.' The men started in with a will. A large pile
+of underclothes and household linen was brought up first. It was of fine
+quality and evidently such as would be stored in the bedroom of a house
+occupied by people quite well to do.
+
+"Presently one of the men exposed a charred lump of flesh and lifted it up
+on the end of a pitchfork. It was all that remained of some poor creature
+who had met an awful death between water and fire.
+
+"The trunk was put on a cloth, the ends were looped up, making a bag of
+it, and the thing was taken to the river bank. It weighed probably thirty
+pounds. A stake was driven in the ground to which a tag was attached
+giving a description of the remains. This is done in many cases to the
+burned bodies, and they lay covered with cloths upon the bank until men
+came with coffins to remove them."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+Not More Than Half the Bodies of Victims Identified--Hundreds of Corpses
+of the Unknown and Nameless Cast Into the Sea--Others Buried in the Sand
+and Cremated--List of Identifications.
+
+
+The actual number of lives lost at Galveston will never be known, but over
+4,500 bodies of victims of the frightful catastrophe were identified; and
+these, together with the hundreds of identified and unidentified corpses
+which were buried at sea, in the sands along the beach, in the yards and
+grounds of private residences; those bodies which must have been carried
+out into the gulf when the waters receded from the island Sunday morning;
+those cremated; the hundreds found on the gulf coast, on the shores of
+Galveston Bay, and those taken from the water; and, finally, those
+discovered in all sorts of places inland (the bodies found outside
+Galveston Island being buried where picked up)--all these served to swell
+the Galveston death list to possibly 7,000, which was the figure named by
+Mayor Jones the fifth day after the flood. He had every opportunity for
+obtaining information on this point.
+
+Until the cremation of bodies began the foremen of the various burial
+gangs made lists of the bodies disposed of by their men, but when it
+became necessary to burn the corpses, the danger of pestilence being so
+great that they had to be put out of the way at the earliest possible
+moment, the compilation of these lists was abandoned and a mere general
+estimate made. The work of clearing the business and residence streets
+proceeded but slowly, the men in the gangs assigned to this being
+enervated by the intense heat of the sun, sickened by the effluvia from
+the decomposing bodies of dead human beings and animals, and depressed by
+the gloomy character of their surroundings. Most of the men thus employed
+were citizens of Galveston, many of whom were in comfortable circumstances
+before the storm swept away their belongings. In the majority of cases
+these workers had lost not only their earthly possessions, but members of
+their immediate families as well, and were heartsore and crushed in
+spirit. In the main, they engaged in this work because they wanted to help
+the city out in its desperate straits, and for the further reason that if
+not busied in mind and body they might possibly go mad.
+
+The first of the lists of the identified dead was made out and made public
+on Tuesday following the disaster, and the lists compiled the succeeding
+days were given out as soon as completed.
+
+The lists printed below comprise the first and only complete roster of the
+dead which has appeared anywhere:
+
+
+FIRST LIST OF IDENTIFIED VICTIMS--TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11.
+
+  Aguilo, Joseph B., chairman of the Democratic county executive
+      committee.
+  Allen, Charlotte M., Seventeenth street and Avenue A.
+  Allen, E., and wife.
+  Amundsen, mother of Deputy Chief of Police Amundsen.
+  Burrows, Mrs. M.
+  Bross, Mrs. Kate, Twenty-second street, near beach.
+  Burnett, Mrs. George, and child, Twenty-fourth street and Avenue P.
+  Barbon, Mrs.
+  Baxter, Mrs., and child, lost in Magia store.
+  Bell, Mrs. Dudley, wife of Galveston News compositor, and child.
+  Beveridge, Mrs., and two children.
+  Betts, Walter, cotton broker, and wife.
+  Bird, the family of police officer Bird.
+  Broecker, John F., wife and two children.
+  Bowe, Mrs. John, and three children. Police officer John Bowe attempted
+      to save his family on a raft, but they were swept away and drowned.
+  Burnett, Gary, and wife and Mrs. Burnett.
+  Caddom, Alex., and four children.
+  Clark, Mrs. C. T., and infant.
+  Compton, A. J., and wife.
+  Correll, Mrs. J. R., and family.
+  Collins, daughter of Mrs. Collins.
+  Cline, Mrs., wife of Dr. L. M. Cline, local forecast official of the
+      United States weather bureau.
+  Coryell, Patti Rosa.
+  Coates, Mrs. William, wife of William A. Coates, of Galveston News.
+  Cramer, Miss Bessie.
+  Daly, W. L., grain exporter and steamship agent for Charles F. Ortwein &
+      Co.
+  Day, Alfred.
+  Davies, John R., and wife.
+  Delaney, Mrs. Jack, wife of United States bridge officer of the port,
+      with two children.
+  Delyea, Paul, ex-sergeant police.
+  Davenport, W., wife and three children.
+  Davis, Lessie.
+  Dorin, Mrs.
+  Dorrian, Mrs., and five children; had taken refuge with nine other
+      persons on the roof of a house which was destroyed and all lost.
+      The Dorian house withstood the elements.
+  Ellison, two children of Captain Ellison, one of them drowning in its
+      mother's arms.
+  Engelke, John, wife and child.
+  Evans, Mrs. Kate, and two daughters.
+  Eichter, Edward, Thirteenth street and Avenue N.
+  Ewing, Miss.
+  Fordtran, Mrs. Claude J., 1919 Tremont street.
+  Fix, C. H.
+  Fisher, W. F., wife and two children.
+  Flash, William, and daughter, Twenty-fifth street and P avenue; Mrs.
+      Flash was saved.
+  Foster, Harry, wife and three children.
+  Frederickson, Violet.
+  Frederickson, Mrs., and baby.
+  Gernand, Mrs. John F., and two children.
+  Guest, Mamie.
+  Gordon, Mrs. Abe, and five children.
+  Gernaud, John H., wife and two children.
+  Hansinger, H. A., daughter and mother-in-law.
+  Harris, Mrs. (colored.)
+  Harris, Mrs. Rebecca.
+  Hobeck, ----, and boy.
+  Howe, ----, police officer, and family.
+  Howth, Mrs. Clarence.
+  Hughes, Joe.
+  Hawkins, Mattie Lea.
+  Hesse, Mrs. Irene, Broadway and Sixth street.
+  Hunn, F., street-car motorman.
+  Hunter, Albert, and wife.
+  Hamburg, Mrs. Peter, and four children.
+  Harris, Mrs. J. H.
+  Jones, Mr., and wife.
+  Johnson, Richard, struck by flying timber and instantly killed.
+  Jones, Mrs. W. R., and child.
+  Kelly, Willie.
+  Keller, Charles A., prominent cotton man.
+  Kelly, Barney.
+  Lackey, wife and two children of Leon J. Lackey, telegraph operator.
+  Longnecker, Mrs. A.
+  Lord, Richard, traffic manager George H. McFaden Brothers, cotton
+      exporters.
+  Lynch, John.
+  Lassocco, Mrs., Twenty-first street and Avenue P. Twenty-five persons
+      are reported to have been lost in the store building of Mrs.
+      Lassocco.
+  Lisbony, W. H.
+  Labbat, Joe.
+  Lafayette, Mrs., and two children.
+  Magia, Mr., two daughters and son, grocery. Eleventh street and Avenue A.
+  Masterson, B. T., and family.
+  Motter, Mrs., and two daughters.
+  Munn, Mrs. J. W., Sr.
+  McKenna, five members of the P. J. and J. P. McKenna families.
+  Monroe, Mrs., colored, and three children.
+  Mordon, Miss.
+  McCauley, Miss Annie.
+  Morton, Mrs., and two babies.
+  Nolly, Mrs. Sam and four children, with ten other women and children, in
+      the Nolly house on Fortieth street and Avenue T. Mr. Nolly and
+      another man were saved after a bitter struggle.
+  O'Keefe, Mrs. Michael, and brother.
+  O'Harrow, William.
+  O'Dell, Miss Nellie, and brother, daughter and son of James O'Dell.
+  Peck, Captain R. H., city engineer, wife and five children.
+  Peek, Captain; house was seen to overturn while he was in it, and he has
+      not been found.
+  Porette; thirteen persons killed in a house at Eighth street and
+      Broadway. Dominick Porette is the only one of the party who
+      lives to tell the tale.
+  Parker; an entire family living at Thirty-ninth and Q streets,
+      consisting of Angeline Parker and grandchild, Tommy Lesker; Si
+      Sullivan Parker and wife and three children.
+  Parker, Mrs. Frank, Avenue Q and Thirty-first street.
+  Porfree, Henry, a tailor.
+  Palmer, J. B., and baby.
+  Plitt, Harmon.
+  Parker, Mrs. Mollie.
+  Ptolmey, Paul.
+  Quester, Mrs. W., little son and daughter.
+  Quester, Bessie.
+  Rice, proof reader on the Galveston News, and child.
+  Richards, ----, police officer.
+  Roll, J. F., wife and four children.
+  Rowan, ----, police officer, and family.
+  Rust, Charles, knocked from a dray while attempting to carry his family
+      to a place of safety; instantly killed.
+  Rose, Mrs., wife of Commissary Sergeant Franklin Rose of the United
+      States Army.
+  Ripley, Henry, son of H. S. Ripley.
+  Rhymes, Thomas, wife and two children.
+  Regan, Mike, wife and mother-in-law, lost at the Porette house.
+  Roudaux, Murray.
+  Sailor, Spanish, of the steamship Telesfora, which drifted against the
+      Whitehall at pier 15.
+  Schofield, Miss Ida, lost in Magia store.
+  Schroeder, Mrs. George M., and four children.
+  Schuler, Mr., wife and five children.
+  Schwartzback, Joseph.
+  Shaw, nephew of M. M. Shaw.
+  Somers, Miss Helen.
+  Spencer, Stanley G., local representative of Demster & Co.'s steamship
+      lines and the North German Lloyd steamship lines.
+  Stickloch, Miss Mabel, Mechanic street.
+  Swain, Richard D.
+  Sweil, George, mother and sister.
+  Schultz, Mr. and wife.
+  Sharp, Miss Annie.
+  Summers, Sarah.
+  Sharp, Mr. and wife.
+  Schaler, Mrs. Charles, and four children.
+  Sylvester, Mrs.
+  Smith, Mrs. Mamie.
+  Sherwood, Charles.
+  Thompson, mother-in-law and sister-in-law of William Thompson of the
+      fire department.
+  Tovrea, ----, police officer.
+  Treadwell, Mrs. J. B., and infant.
+  Taylor, Mrs., colored.
+  Toothacker, wife and daughter of Jesse W. Toothacker, contractor and
+      builder.
+  Trebosius, Mrs. George, wife of George Trebosius of the Galveston News,
+      and two sisters of Mr. Trebosius, at their home, Fortieth street and
+      Avenue R.
+  Unidentified--Two sisters-in-law and a niece.
+  Unidentified--White girls, 12 years old, found in the yard of J. Paul
+      Jones.
+  Unidentified--Four white and seven colored persons found in the first
+      story of W. J. Reitmeyer's residence. Reitmeyer family, in the
+      second story, escaped.
+  Unidentified--A lady and her daughter from St. Louis.
+  Unidentified--Thirteen Inmates and three matrons at the Home for the
+      Homeless.
+  Wakelee, Mrs. Davis.
+  Webster, Edward, and two sisters.
+  Webster, Thomas, Sr., secretary of the grain inspector of the port,
+      with family of four.
+  Wensmor, several members of the family residing in the east end; one of
+      the family, an old man, was saved.
+  Wenman, Mrs. J. W., and two children.
+  Wolfe, Charles, police officer, and family.
+  Wood, Mrs., mother of United States Deputy Marshal Wood.
+  Wilson, Mrs. Mary Ann and baby.
+  Wallace, ----, and four children.
+  Watkins, S. W., Avenue Q and Thirty-first street. Mr. Watkins was
+      drowned and it was reported that about twenty other persons in the
+      same house met a similar fate.
+  Wren, James, wife and six children; drowned at the Porette House.
+  Wootam, ----.
+  Woodward, Miss Hattie.
+  Wollam, C., drowned after saving several women and while trying to save
+      others.
+  Walter, Mrs. Charles, and three children.
+  Twenty-two persons--Francois, a well-known waiter, reported the loss of
+      twenty-two persons who had taken refuge in his house.
+
+At Hitchcock, Tex., thirty lives were lost. Two Italian families of
+thirteen people met death by drowning. The following were killed by
+falling timbers:
+
+  Robinson, William.
+  Dominic, a child.
+  Johnson, Hiram, and wife.
+  Pietze, Mrs., and three children.
+  The family of C. W. Young, wife, two sons and two daughters.
+  Montelona, Mary.
+  Palmero, ----, wife and seven children.
+  O'Connor, T. W.
+  Members of two families of Alvin, who were visiting the Young family.
+  Seven unidentified found on prairie, supposed to be from Galveston.
+
+Five Houston people perished at Seabrook in the hurricane. They were:
+
+  Lucy, Mrs. C. H., and two small children.
+  M'Ilhenny, Haven, and the 5-year-old son of David Rice.
+
+At Alvin the dead were:
+
+  Johnson, J. M.
+  Johnston, Mrs. J. S.
+  Appelle, Miss.
+  Lewis, Mrs. O. S.
+  Glaspy, John S.
+  Richardson, B.
+  Collins, Mrs. J. W., killed by falling timbers.
+  Collins, Mrs.
+  Hawley, W. P.
+  Mebam, W. C., and wife.
+
+At Rosenburg the following death list was reported:
+
+  Watson, Rev. A.
+  Ontrall, Mrs. I. J.
+  Herman, B. S.
+
+At Oyster Creek the reported dead were:
+
+  Carlton, H.
+  Smith, S.
+  Jones, Tom.
+  Arnold, A.
+  Smith, Connie.
+  Marshall, Lucy.
+  Stephens, Tom, colored.
+
+At Arcola:
+
+  Wofford, Mrs. A., aged white woman.
+
+At Alto Loma:
+
+  Twenty-seven--(no list given).
+
+At Richmond eighteen persons were killed.
+
+At Wharton, sixteen negroes were drowned.
+
+At Morgan's Point:
+
+  Vincent, Mrs., and two children.
+
+
+THE DEATH LIST FOR WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12.
+
+  Almers, Mrs. P.
+  Anderson, M., and family.
+  Andrew, Mr., and three children.
+  Annudsen, Louis.
+  Armstrong, Mrs. Dora, and four children.
+  Bell, Mrs. A. C.
+  Bell, Guy.
+  Berger, W. L., wife and child.
+  Bodden, Mrs., and Mrs. J. F.
+  Brockelman, three children of J. T. Brockelman.
+  Bures, ----, wife and sister.
+  Burge, William, wife and child.
+  Burnett, Mrs. Mary.
+  Burnett, Mrs. Gary, and two children.
+  Carigan, Joseph.
+  Childs, K. T.
+  Cleveland, George, and family.
+  Cornett, Charles, and wife.
+  Connett, Mr. and Mrs. William, and two children.
+  Craig, George.
+  Dailey, K.
+  Dilz, M., and two sons.
+  Dorian, George, and wife.
+  Ducos, ----, two children.
+  Delcie, Mrs. Henry R., and child.
+  Darby, Charles.
+  Dowell, Mrs. Sam.
+  Edmunsen, Mrs.
+  Edwards, Miss Eliza.
+  Eggerett, William, and son Charles.
+  Ellis, Mrs., and family.
+  English, John, wife and child.
+  Eideman, H. E.
+  Everhart, J. H., wife and daughter.
+  Fabey, Sumptey.
+  Falke, Joseph, and three children.
+  Farmer, Mrs. I. P.
+  Faucett, Robert.
+  Faucett, Mrs. Belle.
+  Fegue, Lillie, and Esther and Laura May, children of Mrs. Lillie Fegue.
+  Fox, Thomas.
+  Fritz, ----.
+  Floehr, Mrs.
+  Gaulters, J.
+  Grathcar, Mrs. John, and child.
+  Harrah, Martin.
+  Harris, Mrs. John, and three children.
+  Heck, Mrs., and son.
+  Herman, Martin, and two children.
+  Hinke, August, Richard and Johanna.
+  Holbeck, Mrs. L. L.
+  Homburg, Peter.
+  Hock, Mrs., and son.
+  Hayman, Mrs. John A., and five children.
+  Johnson, A. S., wife and three children.
+  Jones, Robert.
+  Junemann, Charles, wife and daughter.
+  Junter, William, and six children.
+  Kampe, Charles.
+  Kauffman, H., wife and children.
+  Kelso, Munson, Jr.
+  Kelso, Roy, baby boy of J. C. Kelso.
+  Kirby, Mrs. J. H., and three children.
+  Klein, Mrs. E. V.
+  Kleincke, H., and wife.
+  Koepler, Mrs. Fred., and family.
+  Kraus, Mr. and Mrs. J. J.
+  Krauss, Fred.
+  Krauss, Joseph J., wife and daughters.
+  Krausse, L., wife and two daughters.
+  Louis, Poland, carrier News.
+  Lorance, Mrs. T. A.
+  Lucas, Mrs. H., and two children and white nurse.
+  Malrs, O. M., wife and child.
+  Maree, ----, employed by James Fascher.
+  Malter, J.
+  Martin, Mrs., wife of Policeman Martin.
+  Masterson, B. T., and family.
+  Miles, Colson.
+  Miller, William, and family (partner of Childs).
+  Mitchell, Mrs. W. H., and child.
+  Mongon, John.
+  Morro, Dotlo, wife and seven children.
+  Muttie, A.
+  M'Manus, Mrs. William.
+  Miner, Lucia.
+  Neill, ----, and family.
+  Nolan, Mrs.
+  Olson, Mrs. Mattie, and two children.
+  Opperman, Miss May, and Marguerite and Gussie of Palestine.
+  Odelle, O.
+  Olsen, Mrs. Matilda, and two children.
+  Parler, Mrs. D., and two children.
+  Pasker, Miss Ethel.
+  Pauls, Nellie and Cecilia.
+  Pix, C. H.
+  Palmer, J. B., and baby.
+  Plitt, Harmon.
+  Peters, Mrs.
+  Park, Mrs. M. L.
+  Park, Miss Alice.
+  Park, Miss Lucy.
+  Roberts, ----, watchman G. H. and N. R. R.
+  Rattizan, Mrs. Leon, and four children.
+  Ratissa, Mrs. W. L., and three children.
+  Raymond, Mr. and Mrs., and two children.
+  Reagan, J. N.
+  Rhaes, T. F., wife and two children.
+  Roan, Mrs., and three children.
+  Rudger, C., wife and child.
+  Runter, A., and mother and father.
+  Schoabel, George, wife and daughter.
+  Severet, J., and wife.
+  Sherwood, Thomas, wife and three children.
+  Shilke, Mrs., son and infant.
+  Siegler, Mrs. Fred.
+  Sommers, F., wife and three daughters and his son Joseph, wife and child.
+  Stetgel, Mr., and family.
+  Stockfelt, Peter, wife and six children.
+  Swanson, Mrs.
+  Stockfletch, Peter, wife and six children.
+  Schwotsel, George, wife and daughter Lulu.
+  Sayers, Dr. John B.
+  Sayers, Tom.
+  Smith, Jacob.
+  Stowinsky, Mr., and wife.
+  Seixas, E., and two daughters, Anna and Lucile.
+  Tarpey, Joseph.
+  Toveca, Sam, policeman, wife and four children.
+  Tow, T. C., wife and five children.
+  Thomsen, Mrs. W. D., and two children.
+  Tovrea, Sam, wife and child.
+  Toothacker, Miss Jennie.
+  Tillebach, Charles, wife, mother-in-law and two children.
+  Villeneve, Mrs., and child of Hitchcock.
+  Vogel, Mrs. Henry, and three children.
+  Vondenbaden, Mrs., and two children.
+  Walden, Mr.
+  Warmarvosky, Adolph, mother and sister reported missing.
+  Warneke, Mrs. A. W., and five children.
+  Warren, James, wife and six children.
+  Webber, Mr., family missing.
+  Wedges, Judge, justice of the peace, and wife.
+  Wilsh, Joseph, wife and two children.
+  Wincott, Mrs.
+  Windman, Mrs.
+  Webster, Edward, Sr.
+  Webster, Mrs. Julia.
+  Webster, Mrs. Sarah.
+  Webster, George.
+  Webster, Joe.
+  Yeats, ----, child.
+  Youngblood, L. J., wife and child.
+  Zipp, Mrs. and daughter.
+
+
+THURSDAY'S (SEPTEMBER 13) AWFUL ROSTER OF IDENTIFIED DEAD.
+
+The official list of those identified on Thursday was as follows:
+
+  Adams, Toby.
+  Adams, Mrs.
+  Agin, George.
+  Allen, Mrs. Alex.
+  Anderson, Mrs. S.
+  Albertson, A.
+  Albertson, Mrs.
+  Alpin, George.
+  Alpin, Mrs.
+  Anderson, Mrs. Jack.
+  Ashe, George, Sr.
+  Ashe, George, Jr.
+  Bell, Alexander.
+  Berger, Mrs. Lucy.
+  Bell, Henry.
+  Bland, Mrs.
+  Bland, Mrs. Florence.
+  Bodecker, Charles.
+  Boss, Charles.
+  Boss, D.
+  Brooks, J. R.
+  Cain, Rev. Thomas W.
+  Cain, Mrs.
+  Calhoun, Mrs. Thomas.
+  Carter, Corinne.
+  Casey, Mrs. Annie.
+  Clark, C. Y.
+  Chaffee, Mrs.
+  Cuney, R. C.
+  Davis, Gabe.
+  Day, Alfred.
+  Day, Willie.
+  Dempsey, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Davis, Henry T.
+  Dorrfe, Mr.
+  Dorrfe, Mrs.
+  Dunton, Mrs. Annie.
+  Dammel, Mrs.
+  Dammell, W. D.
+  Direkes, Henry.
+  Dowell, Mrs. Samuel.
+  Dunning, Mrs. H. C.
+  Dunning, Richard.
+  Evans, Mrs.
+  Falkenhagen, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Freitag, Harry.
+  Frank, Mrs. Aug.
+  Frieman, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Feither, Mrs. F.
+  Ferget, Julius.
+  Gibson, Professor.
+  Goth, A. E.
+  Goth, Mrs.
+  Green, Mrs. Lucy.
+  Gentry, Charlotte.
+  Gottleib, Mrs.
+  Homes, Florence.
+  Harris, Effie.
+  Higgins, Mrs.
+  Hoffman family.
+  Holland, Mrs. James.
+  Hughes, Robert.
+  Jefferbrook, August.
+  Jefferbrook, Mrs.
+  Johnson, Mrs.
+  Johnson, Mrs. W. J.
+  Jones, W. R.
+  Jasters, Perry.
+  King, Mrs.
+  Knowles, Mrs. W. T.
+  Kuhn, Mrs. H. Clem.
+  Kuhnel, Mrs.
+  Lawson, Charles.
+  Lawson, Mrs.
+  Lewis, Agnes.
+  Lewis, Maria.
+  Lewis, Mrs. Maria.
+  Levin, P.
+  Lindquist, Mrs. O.
+  Lockman, Mr. and Mrs. H.
+  Ludwig, Alfred.
+  Lyle, William.
+  Lemmon, Virgie.
+  Lloyd, Buck.
+  Lloyd, Mrs.
+  Ludwig, Albert.
+  Manley, Joe.
+  Moore, Mrs. N.
+  Moore, Mrs. Nathan.
+  Martin, Herman.
+  Menzel, John.
+  Menzel, Mrs.
+  Morse, Arthur P.
+  Morse, Mrs.
+  McGuire, John.
+  McPherson, Robert.
+  McDade, Ed.
+  Nelson, Mrs.
+  Park, Miss Lucy.
+  Piney, Mrs.
+  Patrick, Cora.
+  Patrick, Ida.
+  Pierson, Mrs. Mary.
+  Pierson, Alice.
+  Pierson, Frank.
+  Piner, Mrs. Ella.
+  Powers, Mrs.
+  Randolph, Edith.
+  Ravey family.
+  Roehm, Mrs.
+  Roehm, William.
+  Roehle, John.
+  Roehle, Mrs.
+  Ruehrmond, Professor.
+  Ruehrmond, Mrs.
+  Roukes, Mrs. Charles.
+  Reuter, Otto.
+  Reuter, Henry.
+  Rowe, Ada.
+  Rowe, Hattie.
+  Rowe, George.
+  Shaw, Frank.
+  Seidenstricker, Henry.
+  Schultze, Charles.
+  Schulz, Fred.
+  Schulz, Mrs.
+  Schulz, Charles C.
+  Schwotsel, George.
+  Scott, Annie.
+  Scull, Mrs. Mary.
+  Seixas, Miss Arma.
+  Seixas, Miss Lucille.
+  Sexalis, Sella.
+  Schutte, E. R.
+  Schutte, Mrs.
+  Shilhe, Mrs.
+  Tix, Herman.
+  Torr, T. C.
+  Torr, Mrs. T. C.
+  Thurman, Mrs.
+  Tresvant, Jordan.
+  Trostman, Mrs.
+  Turner, Mrs.
+  Turner, Mr.
+  Turner, Mrs.
+  Uleridge, Adelaide.
+  Van Liew, Mollie.
+  Van Buren, Herman.
+  Waring, Mrs. (Chicago).
+  Warren, Celia.
+  Washington, Mrs.
+  Weiss, Professor.
+  Weidemann, Fritz.
+  Wilke, assistant city electrician.
+  Wilke, Mrs.
+  Williams, Mrs. E. C.
+  Williams, Sam.
+  Williams, Mrs.
+  Woodrow, Matilda.
+  Yeager, William.
+  Zweigel, Mrs.
+
+
+IDENTIFICATIONS MADE ON FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 14.
+
+  Aberhart, T., and wife.
+  Ackermann, Herman, wife and daughter.
+  Adams, M., and Mrs. Tobey (colored).
+  Adameit, Mrs. G. and seven children.
+  Akers, C. B., wife and three children.
+  Albertson, A., wife and two children.
+  Allardico, R. L., wife and three children.
+  Allen, Cornelia.
+  Allen, Daisy.
+  Allen, Elve.
+  Allen, Zerena.
+  Alphonse, John, wife and family.
+  Anderson, Oscar, wife and children.
+  Anderson, Andrew, wife and children.
+  Armitage, Miss Vivian.
+  Armour, Mrs., and five children.
+  Artisan, John, wife and nine children.
+  Andrew, Mrs. A., and family.
+  Bell, Alexander, wife, two sons and daughter.
+  Boedecker, Charles.
+  Bercer, Mrs. Lucy.
+  Brooks, J. T.
+  Bland, Mrs., and seven children (colored).
+  Bell, Henry.
+  Bankers, Mrs. Charles.
+  Beach, Miss Nina of Victoria.
+  Boedenker, H., father, brother and sister-in-law.
+  Barnard, Mrs.
+  Becker, John, wife and daughters, Mae and Vida.
+  Brown, Winnie M.
+  Bellew, Mr. and Mrs. J., and daughter.
+  Bass, John, wife and four children (colored).
+  Baulch, Will, wife and two children.
+  Beal, Mrs. Dudley, and child.
+  Bedford, Cushman (colored).
+  Bohn, Dixie.
+  Boss, Peter, and wife.
+  Bowen, ----.
+  Bradley, Miss Mannie.
+  Bradley, Miss Ethel.
+  Bentley, and family.
+  Briscoll, A. M.
+  Bockelman, C. J.
+  Brown, Joe, and family.
+  Buckley, Selma.
+  Buckley, Blanche.
+  Buckley, mother and father.
+  Buckley, Mrs. and daughter.
+  Burgee, William, wife and child.
+  Burrell, Mrs. (colored).
+  Bittell, Mrs.
+  Christian, John.
+  Campbell, Will.
+  Curry, Mrs. Martha J., and Miss Louisa.
+  Campbell, Miss Edna.
+  Carter, Adeline.
+  Ninety people at Catholic Orphan Home.
+  Cato, William (colored).
+  Childs, William, and wife.
+  Clark, Tom.
+  Corbett, James J., and four children.
+  Caddoe, Alex., and five children.
+  Colsen, ----.
+  Connor, Captain D. E.
+  Connor, Edward J.
+  Cowen, ----.
+  Crouse, J. J., wife and children.
+  Credo, Will.
+  Cromwell, Mrs., and three children.
+  Crook, Ashby.
+  Crowley, Miss Nellie, and brother.
+  Cuneo, Mrs. Joseph, New Orleans.
+  Curry, Mrs. E. H., and child.
+  Carven, Mrs., and daughter.
+  Carnett, ----, and wife, of Orange.
+  Crawford, Rayburn.
+  Carson, Frank C.
+  Clinton, Mrs. Mary, and children--George A., Horace, Lee W., Joseph B.,
+      Willie B. and Freddie.
+  Darrell, ----, and five children.
+  Davis, Mrs. T. F.
+  Deltz, M., and two sons.
+  Dinter, Mrs., and daughter.
+  Donahue, Ellen, Utica, N. Y.
+  Donahue, Mary, Utica, N. Y.
+  Doll, George and wife.
+  Doll, Frank, and family.
+  Doty, John.
+  Doyle, Jim.
+  Dunningham, Richard E.
+  Dunnin, Mrs. Howard C., and three children.
+  Dirke, Henry, and family.
+  Darfee, Mr. and Mrs., and two daughters.
+  Dammill, W. D., and wife (colored).
+  Dunham, George R., and wife.
+  Dunham, George R., Jr., and two children.
+  Donnelly, Nick.
+  Ducos, Madeline and Octavia.
+  Davis, Miss Emma.
+  Drewa, H. A.
+  Demesie, Mrs., and two sons.
+  Dowles, Samuel, wife and one child.
+  Davis, Mrs. Mary, and children--Carrie, Alice, Lizzie and Eddie.
+  Eckett, Fred.
+  Eckett, Charles.
+  Edward, James, and family.
+  Eismann, ----, wife and child.
+  Eismann, Howard.
+  Elias, James, and two children.
+  English, John, wife and child.
+  Emmanuel, Joe.
+  Eppendorf, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Eads, Sumpter.
+  Forget, Julius.
+  Pfeither, Mrs. Fritz.
+  Frau, Mrs. August, and daughter.
+  Faby, C. S., wife and two children.
+  Foster, Mrs. August.
+  Freise, Mr. and Mrs. Charles M.
+  Forbush, John, and Freddie.
+  Fretwell, J. B., Mrs. and boy.
+  Foster, Mrs. S. F.
+  Farrer, Miss Nannie of Sullivan's Island.
+  Frank, Anton, wife and two daughters.
+  Fanchon family.
+  Fedo, Joe.
+  Ferwedert, Peter.
+  Fickett, Mrs., and four children.
+  Fiegel, John.
+  Figge, Mrs., and four children.
+  Franks, Mr., and daughter.
+  Fornkesell, T. C.
+  Foster, Mr. and Mrs. Harry, and three children.
+  Fox, Thomas, wife and four children.
+  Frankovich, Charles and John.
+  Fredericks, Corinne.
+  Furst family.
+  Gait, A. E., and wife.
+  Gibson, Professor, and family.
+  Gentry, Charlotte (colored).
+  Gonzales, Andrew, wife and daughter Pauline.
+  Graham, Mrs. H., and baby.
+  Garnett, Robert F.
+  Gibson, Mary C.
+  Guilett, Colonel, of Victoria.
+  George, H. K., and family.
+  Grey, H. K., and family.
+  Grey, Randolph, four children and sister-in-law.
+  Garbaldi, August.
+  Gabel, Mr. and Mrs. (colored).
+  Gallishaw, and five children.
+  Gaires, Mrs. Lillie, and two daughters.
+  Ganth, ----.
+  Garrigan, Joe.
+  Gecan, Matt.
+  Gordon, Oscar.
+  Clausen, Charles, and family of four.
+  Gregg, ----, and four children.
+  Grief, John, wife and three children.
+  Grosscup, Mrs.
+  Goodwin, two girls.
+  Genning, Tim, and wife.
+  Gruetsmicher, Louis, wife and two daughters.
+  Gaines, Captain Edward, and wife.
+  Hildebrand, Fred.
+  Harris, Miss Rebecca.
+  Hubbell, Misses Maggie and Emma.
+  Haines, sister of Mrs. Captain Haines.
+  Huebener, Mrs. A., and boy.
+  Haughton, Willie O.
+  Hunter, George.
+  Hausinger, George.
+  Hall, Charles (colored).
+  Hannamann, Mrs. August.
+  Harris, L.
+  Harris, Thomas, wife and three children.
+  Harris, Mrs. W. D., and son.
+  Harrison, Tom, and wife.
+  Hassler, Charles, and wife.
+  Hasselmeyer family.
+  Haughton, Mrs. W. W.
+  Heidmann, William, Jr.
+  Helfenstein, Sophie and Willie.
+  Hennessy, Mrs. M. P., and two nieces.
+  Herman, Martin, and two children.
+  Hersey, Mrs. John.
+  Holmes, Mrs. (colored).
+  Hoskins, T. D., wife and three children (colored).
+  Hubbell, Emma and Maggie.
+  Hull, William (colored).
+  Hull, Charles (colored).
+  Humberg, Mrs. Peter, and four children.
+  Jackman, Ada, and two children.
+  Jaeger, William H.
+  Jaeger, John, and wife.
+  Jaecke, Mrs. Curt, and three children.
+  Jennings, James A., and wife.
+  Jennssen, Mrs. and Mr., and five children.
+  Johnson, Asa, wife and son.
+  Johnson, Julian.
+  Johnson, child.
+  Johnston, J. B., wife and two children.
+  Johnston, Mrs. Alice.
+  Johnston, Mrs. E. E., and four children.
+  Junkf, Martha.
+  Junka, Mrs. Paulina.
+  Junker, Mrs. Colina.
+  Johnston, Mrs.
+  Johnston, Mrs. W. J.
+  Johnson, Mrs. C. S.
+  Jones, J. H., and wife.
+  Jaeger, Walter H.
+  Johnson, V. S.
+  Johnson, Odin, wife and child.
+  Johnston, J. A., and wife.
+  Keats, Tom, and wife.
+  Keeton, J. C., wife and three children.
+  Kelmer, Charles L., Sr.
+  Kely, ----, wife and three children.
+  Keiffer, wife and daughter.
+  Kennelly, Mrs. Annie.
+  Kester, Fred, and daughter.
+  Kirby, James, and three men.
+  Kirby, Mrs. George, and two children.
+  Kleinicke, Mrs., and family.
+  Klenmann, Fred and wife.
+  Knowles, Mrs. W. T., and three children.
+  Kuder, Ed., and wife.
+  Kuhn, Oscar, wife and three children.
+  Kleinmann, Henry, and wife.
+  Klindlund, Newton and Carl.
+  Kemp, Tom and wife.
+  Kemp, W. C., and wife.
+  Kotte, William.
+  Kimlo, Mrs. John, and two children.
+  Kelly, Thomas, wife and two children.
+  Kreckrecek, Joe, wife and three children.
+  King, Mrs.
+  Karvel, Mrs. Jack, and four children.
+  Konstantopolos, F.
+  Kreywell, David, and daughter.
+  Keis, L., wife and four children.
+  Lawson, Charles, wife and child.
+  Ludwig, Alfred, mother and sister-in-law.
+  Lackey, Mrs., father and mother.
+  Lyle, William, grandmother and sister.
+  Labatt, H. J.
+  Labatt, Louisa C., and sister, Nellie E.
+  Lackey and children, Leon and Pearl.
+  Lane, Rev. Mr., and family.
+  Lane, F., and family.
+  Lang, five children.
+  Lapeyre, James, wife and four children.
+  Larson, H., and two children.
+  Laukhuffe, Genevieve.
+  Lawson, Mrs. W., and one child.
+  Learman, H. L.
+  Leverman, Professor.
+  Lemier, Joe, and four children.
+  Leon, ----, and two children.
+  Leslie, Mrs. Gracie.
+  Lettermann, W., wife and two children.
+  Levine, Mrs. P. A., daughter and two sons.
+  Levy, W. T.
+  Lewis, Mrs. J., and six children.
+  Londer, John, wife and seven children.
+  Livingston, Mrs.
+  Lloyd, Charles H., wife and one child.
+  Locke, Mrs. Mary.
+  Lockstadt, Albert, wife and three children.
+  Loasberg, Miss Maggie.
+  Lorance, Mrs. E. A.
+  Love, Ed. G.
+  Ludeke, Henry, wife and son.
+  Luddeker, ----.
+  Little, Mrs. J. A.
+  Lepehear, J. H., wife and three children.
+  Lanahan, Laura, Francis, Terrence, and Claud, children of John Lanahan.
+  Luca, Mrs. J.
+  Leibe, Mrs. Mary.
+  Lang, F. A., four sons and daughter and colored nurse.
+  Levy, Miss, of Houston.
+  Legate, Louis, wife and son.
+  Legate, Mrs. Peticles, two sons and two daughters.
+  Legate, Christian.
+  Manley, Joe, mother and two nieces.
+  Manley, Mrs. S. R.
+  Miller, Mrs., and five children (colored).
+  M'Neill, Miss J., and Miss Ruby.
+  Maybrook, wife and five children.
+  Morris, Harry, wife and three children.
+  Muri, Annie and Murine.
+  Marcotte, Miss Pauline.
+  M'Avay, Mrs. E. C.
+  Mulsburger, Tony, and wife.
+  Martin, Miss Annie.
+  Marlo, Alex.
+  Massey, E., wife and child.
+  Mati, Amendio.
+  M'Camish, R., wife and two daughters.
+  M'Cluskey, Mrs. Charles, and two daughters.
+  M'Cormick, Mrs. B., and four children.
+  M'Millan, Mrs. E., and family.
+  M'Peters, wife and children.
+  Mealy, Mrs. Joseph.
+  Mealy, Joseph.
+  Mielhulan, Mrs.
+  Medzel, John, wife and five children.
+  Mesley, Charles (colored).
+  Milan, wife and four children.
+  Miller, Leslie.
+  Mitchell, Louis R. (colored).
+  Mitchell, Mrs. Annie and son.
+  Moffett, ----, wife and two children.
+  Mongan, John.
+  Monoghan, Mike and family.
+  Monoghan, John, and wife.
+  Morrow, Mrs., and four children.
+  Moore, Miss Maggie.
+  Moore, Mrs. Nathan (colored).
+  Moore. E. W.
+  Moore, two children.
+  Moore, ----.
+  Moore, O., wife and seven children.
+  Morley, D., and wife.
+  Morton, Hammond, and four children.
+  Morse, Albert T., wife and three children.
+  Mulcahey, two children.
+  Munn, Mrs. J. W., Sr.
+  Murrie, Mrs. Annie, and daughter.
+  Myer, Hermann, wife and son.
+  Myers, Mrs. C. J., and one child.
+  Neimann, Mrs., and daughter.
+  North, Miss Archie.
+  Oakley, F.
+  O'Connor, Mamie.
+  Olds, Charlotte (colored).
+  Ormond, George, and five children.
+  Ohlsen, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Opperman, Albert L., and wife.
+  O'Connolly, Miss Mamie.
+  Pett, Mrs.
+  Park, Mrs., and two daughters.
+  Powers, Mrs., and child.
+  Palmer, Mrs. Mae, and son Lee, 6 years old.
+  Patterson, Florence.
+  Pruesmith, Mrs. F., and three children.
+  Paisley, William.
+  Park, Mrs. M. L.
+  Pellins, Mrs. M.
+  Penny, Mrs. A., and two sons.
+  Perry, Jasper, Jr., wife and two children.
+  Peterson, Charles, wife and two children.
+  Peterson, Mrs. J., and children.
+  Phelps, Miss Ruth.
+  Quinn, John.
+  Raab, George W., and wife.
+  Raphael, Nick.
+  Reader, ----, and family.
+  Richardson, William (colored).
+  Ricke, Tony, and wife.
+  Riley, Solomon, and wife.
+  Ring, J., proof reader Galveston News, and two children.
+  Riordan, Thomas.
+  Reagan, Mrs. Patrick, and son.
+  Rhea, Mrs. and Miss Mamie of Giles County, Tennessee.
+  Roach, Annie.
+  Roberts, ----, watchman.
+  Robbins, Mrs. H. B., of Smith's Point.
+  Rodefeld, William, Jr.
+  Rohl, John, wife and five children.
+  Roll, Mrs. A., and four children.
+  Ross, daughter of Mrs. Ross of Houston.
+  Roth, Mrs. Kate, and three children.
+  Roe, Ada (colored).
+  Rowe, Hattie (colored).
+  Rotter, A. J., wife and two children.
+  Rudder, Robert, wife and four children.
+  Rudger, C., wife and child.
+  Rughter, Lena.
+  Ruce, Ida (colored).
+  Rice, Fisher (colored).
+  Redello, Angelo, wife and four children.
+  Randolph, Edith.
+  Rosenberg, ----, and baby.
+  Roe, K. (colored).
+  Riser, Henry, wife and three children.
+  Riesel, Mrs. Lula, and children--Ray and Edna.
+  Roberts, Herbert N.
+  Rhodes, Miss Ella, trained nurse.
+  Rose, C. M.
+  Ruhler, Frank, Mrs. K., Leon and Albert.
+  Reagan, John P.
+  Rutter, H., wife and five children.
+  Sandford, S., and family.
+  Sawyer, Dr. John B.
+  Sawyer, Tom.
+  Sawyer, Mrs. Robert, and three children.
+  Schadermantle, Maud and Randle.
+  Scheirholz, W., wife and five children.
+  Schoolfield, D. (colored).
+  Schrader, Mary.
+  Schuler, Mr. and Mrs., and five children.
+  Schook, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, Jr.
+  Skarke, Charles F., and son.
+  Smith, Mary.
+  Smith, Charles L. Smith, Professor F. C., wife and five children.
+  Smith, Jacob.
+  Smith, Wiley, wife and children (colored).
+  Sodiche, L.
+  Solomon, Frank, and family of six.
+  Solomon, Julius, and wife.
+  Stacker, Mrs. Sophie.
+  Stacker, Miss Alfreda.
+  Stacker, George.
+  Stackpole, Dr., and family.
+  Steding, wife and children (seven in family).
+  Stenzel, wife and three children.
+  Stewart, Captain T., and family.
+  Stewart, Miss Lester.
+  Stiglitz, Miss Mamie.
+  Strabo, Nick, and family, except one.
+  Strickhausen, Mrs.
+  Sweigel, George, mother and sister.
+  Symms, two children of H. C.
+  Smith, Mrs. Mary and baby (colored).
+  Scull, Mrs. Mary.
+  Schutte, R., wife and two children.
+  Simpson, W. R., and two children, James and Berry.
+  Sargent, Thomas, Arthur and Allen.
+  Sladeyce, R. L., wife and three children.
+  Stanford, Mrs. Emma.
+  Schwartz, Marie, Maggie and Willie.
+  Seidenstucker, John.
+  Schrader, Mary.
+  Summers, Miss Sarah, of Cading, Ky.
+  Smith, Jacob (unaccounted for.)
+  Spann, J. C., wife and daughter.
+  Turner, Mrs.
+  Trizevant, Jordan.
+  Thurman, Mrs.
+  Taylor, Mrs. J. W.
+  Thomas, Nolan and Nathan.
+  Thomason, Mrs. W. B., and two children.
+  Thomas, ----, wife and six children.
+  Thornton, two children of Leigh.
+  Tickel, Mrs. James, Sr.
+  Trahan, Mrs. H. V., and child.
+  Travers, Mrs. H. C., and son, Sheldon.
+  Turner, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Trostman, Mrs. E., and three children.
+  Tayer, Verma, and M. C.
+  Unger, Mrs. E., and five children.
+  Ulridge, Adelaide (colored).
+  Van Buren, Ethel.
+  Vaught, Edna, child of W. J. Vaught.
+  Vitocitch, John, and family.
+  Van Buren, Herman, wife and three children.
+  Wallace, Scott.
+  Wallace, Earl.
+  Walden, son of Henry.
+  Walsh, J., wife and child.
+  Warner, Mrs. A. S.
+  Warner, Mrs. Flora.
+  Warren, Martha.
+  Weber, Mrs. Charles T.
+  Weber, Mrs. Anna.
+  Webber, Mrs. F., and family.
+  Windberg, Otto, wife and child.
+  Weiss, Oscar, wife and child.
+  Wenderman, Mrs.
+  Westway, Mrs. George.
+  Wharton, ----.
+  White, family of Walter.
+  Whittle, Tom.
+  Wilde, Mrs., and Miss Freida.
+  Williams, Frank, wife and child.
+  Wilson, Annie.
+  Winscoatte, Mrs. W. D.
+  White, ----.
+  Williams, Alex.
+  Windmann, Mrs.
+  Winmoore, James, wife and two children.
+  Winn, Mrs., and child.
+  Withey, H. M.
+  Wood, William (colored).
+  Woods, Miss, from Joliet, Ill.
+  Woods, Mrs. Julia and Miss Nannie, of Joliet.
+  Wright, Lulu and John.
+  Wurzlow, Mrs.
+  Williams, Mrs. E. C. (colored).
+  Woodrow, Matilda.
+  Wisrodt, August, Jr., and wife and two children.
+  Weinberg, Otto, wife and five children.
+  Walker, Louis D.
+  Watkins, Mrs. F., Stanley, Arthur and Berna.
+  Wallis, Lee, wife, mother, four children and a little orphan girl who
+      formerly lived at Palestine.
+  Weight, Jennie T., and Lula.
+  Walker, Joe.
+  Williams, Rosanna (colored).
+  Winberg, Mrs. F. A., and Fritz.
+  Yeager, William.
+  Yuenz, Lillie and Henry George.
+  Younger, Evelia, and two children (colored).
+  Zeigler, Mrs., and two daughters.
+  Zwigel Mrs., and two daughters.
+
+At the Catholic Orphanage:
+
+  Sister Camillus, Superior.
+  Mary Vincent.
+  Mary Elizabeth.
+  Raphael.
+  Catherina.
+  Genevieve.
+  Felicitus.
+  Mary Finbar.
+  Evangeline.
+  Ranignus.
+
+
+ADDITIONS TO THE DEAD ROSTER FOR SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 15.
+
+  Allison, S. B.
+  Antonovitch, P.
+  Augustial, P.
+  Allen, E. B.
+  Bowles, Samuel.
+  Bowles, Mrs. S.
+  Bellew, J.
+  Bellew, Mrs. J.
+  Bourdon, Mrs. L. A.
+  Blum, Mrs. Isaac.
+  Blum, Mrs. Sylvan.
+  Barry, Mrs. M. E.
+  Bereckman, Edw.
+  Bell, Clarence.
+  Buckner, Mr.
+  Benston, T.
+  Bergeron, Mrs.
+  Banneval, Mrs. A.
+  Bearman, T.
+  Brown, Adolph.
+  Clupp, Mrs. C. P.
+  Cook, William.
+  Cook, Mrs. Scott.
+  Copps, Charles.
+  Cowan, Mr.
+  Carlton, Charles.
+  Cratz, Jack.
+  Cleary, Dan.
+  Coddard, Alex.
+  Duett, Miss M.
+  Dawler, Mrs. Samuel.
+  Davis, Mrs. Thomas.
+  Dorrin, Mrs. C.
+  Demsie, John.
+  Demsie, Mrs. John.
+  Edwards, A. R. C.
+  Esteman, Paul.
+  Falk, Mrs.
+  Fuger, Frank.
+  Goldman, Theo.
+  Garbaldi, August.
+  Hoffman, H. H.
+  Hegman, Edward.
+  Herr, Leonard.
+  Hayman, John A.
+  Holland, Mrs. J.
+  Higgins, Mrs.
+  Irvin, Joseph.
+  Johnson, H. P.
+  Jefferbrook, August.
+  Jefferbrook, Mrs. Aug.
+  Jones, J. H.
+  Jones, Mrs. J. H.
+  Kinds, Joseph.
+  Kimpan, Paul.
+  Keefe, T. J.
+  Kalb, August.
+  Kalif, Mrs. John.
+  Kaiser, Louis.
+  Kinsfader, Joe.
+  Kelly, Florence.
+  Kirky, George.
+  King, Mrs.
+  Karvel, Mrs. Jack.
+  Lindner, Mrs. L.
+  Levy, Major W. T.
+  Lossing, Mrs. H.
+  M'Ewan, John H., Jr.
+  Massey, Tom.
+  Martyn, Mrs. R.
+  Mott, Mrs. Frank.
+  Martin, Jim.
+  Marcoburro.
+  Miller, Joe.
+  Meyer, Joe.
+  McGovern, James.
+  McHale, John.
+  Menard, Miss Mary.
+  Mellor, Robert.
+  Morton, Mrs. A.
+  Morton, Henry.
+  Miller, Mrs.
+  Martin, Herman.
+  McGuire, John.
+  McPherson, Robert.
+  Marcotte, Miss P.
+  McVay, Mrs. E. C.
+  Nick, oysterman.
+  Nelson, Mrs.
+  Opiliz, Anita.
+  O'Keefe, Mrs. C. J.
+  Olsen, Steve.
+  Olson, Thomas H.
+  Provost, James.
+  Plotomey.
+  Plitt, Hermann.
+  Potoff, Charles.
+  Phelps, Ruth.
+  Peklinge, Mrs.
+  Pinto, Mrs. Tony.
+  Peco, Leon.
+  Pierson, Miss Mary.
+  Pierson, Alice.
+  Pierson, Frank.
+  Quarrovich, ----.
+  Rummelin, Ed.
+  Reagan, H. J.
+  Raleigh, Miss Nellie.
+  Reamann, Mrs.
+  Redford, Mattie.
+  Ritter, Mrs. W. M.
+  Roehm, W. W. F.
+  Ravey, ----.
+  Randolph, Edith.
+  Rosenberg, ----.
+  Rurehmond, Professor.
+  Rurehmond, Mrs.
+  Riser, Hy.
+  Riser, Mrs. Hy.
+  Riesel, Mrs. Lulu.
+  Schuler, A.
+  Steager, J.
+  Smith, O. P.
+  Senott, Maggie.
+  Schultz, Charles.
+  Schultz, Charles C.
+  Schultz, Fred.
+  Schultz, Mrs. F.
+  Scull, Mrs. Mary.
+  Simpson, W. R.
+  Sargent, Thomas.
+  Sargent, Arthur.
+  Sargent, Allen.
+  Stanford, Mrs. E.
+  Tuckett, Walter.
+  Tayer, Verma.
+  Tayer, M. C.
+  Williams, Mrs. E. C.
+  Woodrow, Matilda.
+  Waring, Mrs.
+  Wisrodt, August, Jr.
+  Wisrodt, Mrs. A., Jr.
+  Walker, L. D.
+  Watkins, Mrs. F.
+  Watkins, Stanley.
+  Watkins, Arthur.
+  Watkins, Berna.
+  Wallis, Lee.
+  Wallis, Mrs. L. C.
+  Weight, Jennie T.
+  Weight, Lula.
+  Williams, R.
+  Woodward, E. C., Jr.
+  Williams, Rosanna.
+  Walters, F. A.
+  Wicke, Mrs.
+  Wegner, Fritz.
+  Zippi, J. M.
+  Zumberg, Gus.
+
+The members of Battery O, First Artillery, U. S. A., lost in the storm
+were:
+
+  Andrews, George F., private.
+  Andrews, William L., private.
+  Cantner, James W., cook.
+  Delaney, William A., private.
+  Downey, Peter, private.
+  George, Hugh R., first sergeant.
+  Glaffey, John, private.
+  Hess, Fred, private.
+  Hunt, Frank W., private.
+  Kelly, John, private.
+  Lewis, Everett A., private.
+  Link, George, mechanic.
+  Marsh, James A., sergeant.
+  Mitchell, Benjamin D., private.
+  McArthur, Malcolm, mechanic.
+  Peterson, George, private.
+  Rander, Leopold, private.
+  Roberts, Samuel, corporal.
+  Sauerber, William S., private.
+  Seffers, Otto, private.
+  Vantilbruch, Benjamin, private.
+  Wheeler, Wadsworth B., private.
+  White, Herbert R., private.
+  Wilhite, Carvan M., private.
+  Wright, Sidney, private.
+
+Hospital corps:
+
+  Forrest, Samuel, private.
+  Gossage, Joseph, private.
+  McIlvene, Elright, private.
+
+Few of the bodies of the dead regulars were ever found. Twelve miles down
+Galveston Island the following were killed:
+
+  John Schneider's whole family.
+  Henry Schneider's whole family.
+  Fritz Opper's whole family.
+  William Schroeder's wife and seven children.
+  Sam Kemp (colored) lost all his family.
+  Fritz Boehle's wife.
+  Ansie Boehl lost wife and three daughters.
+  Ostermayer and wife.
+
+Only about six houses remained between South Galveston and the city
+limits.
+
+
+Following is a revised list of dead outside of Galveston:
+
+AT ARCADIA.
+
+  James, Bodecker and son.
+  James Wofford.
+  Eleven lives were lost here.
+
+AT ALVIN.
+
+  Misses M. and S. M. Johnson.
+  Mrs. Wilhelm, sister of the Misses Johnson.
+  Mrs. Hawley, killed by being blown against a post.
+
+ON CHOCOLATE CREEK.
+
+  Mr. Gilaspey.
+  Mrs. J. W. Collins.
+  Mrs. S. O. Lewis.
+  Mrs. Proctor, of Rosenburg, killed in Santa Fe wreck.
+
+AT MARVIL.
+
+  Mr. Bumpass.
+  H. H. Richardson, Jr.
+  Mrs. Jules A. Tix, of Galveston County.
+
+ON MUSTANG CREEK.
+
+  J. McLain.
+
+Twelve were lost altogether.
+
+AT ANGLETON.
+
+  Feklin Williams.
+  E. J. Duff and son.
+  Three unknown.
+
+AT BROOKSIDE.
+
+  W. B. Smith's daughter, aged 16.
+  Alice Leonard (colored).
+
+AT COLUMBIA.
+
+ Perry Campbell and three unknown negroes.
+
+AT DICKINSON.
+
+  Three ladies, mother and two daughters and seven unknown men.
+
+AT HITCHCOCK.
+
+  William Johnson and wife.
+  William and Robinson Linnie.
+  Mrs. Pietze.
+  Mary Monenla.
+  Mr. Palmero, wife and five children.
+  Unknown woman, aged 45.
+  Unknown boy, aged 14.
+  George Young, wife and four children.
+  T. W. O'Connor and wife of Alvin, Miss.
+  Mrs. J. W. Collins.
+  W. P. Hawley.
+  Son of Joseph Bodecker.
+  Son of James Bodecker.
+  Hiram Johnson and wife.
+  William Robinson.
+  Domenio Child.
+  Mrs. "Joe" Meyer.
+  Several unknown found on the prairie.
+  Three unknown found on a fence.
+
+AT LEAGUE CITY.
+
+  W. A. Williams.
+  Miss Letitia Schultz and Mrs. Sophia Schultz.
+
+AT MORGAN POINT.
+
+  Louis Bracquail.
+  "Billy" Jones.
+
+AT PATTON.
+
+  B. Landrum, wife and five children.
+  ---- Aikins, wife and child.
+  Mrs. Slatom and child.
+  Traney Lenton, wife and five daughters.
+  A. Vinson, wife and child, of Liverpool, Texas.
+  John Gluspey.
+
+AT QUINTANA.
+
+  Fifteen convicts.
+  Six bodies picked up on beach, believed to have floated over from
+      Galveston.
+
+AT ROSENBERG.
+
+  J. L. Cantrell.
+  Rev. Mr. Watson.
+  Coleman Norman, of Needville.
+  Mrs. Robert Dawson's infant.
+  Child of Mrs. Graggiss.
+  Child of Mrs. Kirkpatrick.
+  Child of Mrs. Palmer.
+  Charles Scott.
+  Mary Hughes.
+
+AT RICHMOND.
+
+  Eighteen unknown.
+
+AT SANDY POINT.
+
+  Eight negroes, names unknown.
+
+AT SEABROOKE.
+
+  Mrs. Fred May.
+  Mrs. P. Pflinger.
+  Mrs. Vincent and three children.
+  Mrs. S. K. Milhenny.
+  Haven Milhenny.
+  Child of Rice Davids.
+  Mrs. Dr. Nicholson.
+  Mrs. Jane Woodlock.
+  Two unknown.
+
+AT VIRGINIA POINT.
+
+  Two children of Mrs. Wright.
+  Mrs. Leon Cleary and three children.
+  James Sylvester.
+  Three negro men.
+  Two unknown negro women.
+  Louis Domengeux.
+
+AT MOSSING SECTION.
+
+  Foreman Kirby, with fourteen white men.
+
+AT VELASCO.
+
+  Rev. Father Keene.
+  L. W. Perry.
+  "Sam" Bliss.
+  Mrs. Parker and granddaughter.
+
+AT WALLER.
+
+  Mrs. Mary Proctor, of Rosenberg, killed in Santa Fe wreck.
+
+The number of those known to have met death outside of Galveston
+aggregated 1,000.
+
+
+THOSE IDENTIFIED SATURDAY AND SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 15 AND 16.
+
+  Augustine, Pasquila and wife.
+  Anderson, Nelson.
+  Agin, George and child.
+  Anderson, Henry.
+  Alexander, Annie and Christian.
+  Almeras, children of Thomas.
+  Alpin, Geo., and wife.
+  Amundsen, Emil, wife and child.
+  Anderson, Ned, wife and two children.
+  Anderson, Amanda, colored.
+  Anderson, Mrs. Carl, and four children.
+  Anizen, Mrs. Frank, and two children.
+  Armstrong, Mrs. Dora, and four children.
+  Azteanza, Captain Sylvester.
+  Alaway, Fred, and family.
+  Bradford, F. H., and family.
+  Boygoyne, Mrs. Francis, and son.
+  Burke, J. G., and wife.
+  Burns, Marco, wife and four children.
+  Bernerville, Mrs. Antonio, and two children.
+  Badger, Otto.
+  Balliman, Gus, Irene and John.
+  Balseman, Mrs.
+  Barns, Mrs. Louise.
+  Barry, Mrs., and six children.
+  Balje, Otto.
+  Batteste, Horace.
+  Baubch, William, wife and two children.
+  Bell, George, wife and four children.
+  Bell, Miss Mattie.
+  Bell, Henry (colored).
+  Berger, Theodore, wife and child.
+  Bergman, Mrs. E. J., and daughter.
+  Bierman, Frederick.
+  Blackson, baby of William.
+  Block, son of Charles.
+  Blum, Isaac.
+  Borden, J. M., and wife.
+  Blum, Sarah and Jennie.
+  Bornkessel, T. C. of United States weather bureau, wife and child.
+  Boske, Mrs. Charles and two sons.
+  Bowen, ----.
+  Branch, Allen (colored).
+  Brandies, Fritz, wife and four children.
+  Brandon, Lottie.
+  Britton, James (colored).
+  Brooks, J. T.
+  Brown, Adolph, wife and two children.
+  Bryan, Mrs. L. W. and daughter.
+  Buckley, Selma and Blanche.
+  Burgoyne, Douglas.
+  Bourke, J. K.
+  Burrell, Elivie and two children (colored).
+  Bureel, Mrs. C. (colored).
+  Baxter, Mrs. George and two children.
+  Chambers, Ada.
+  Curtis, Jane, two children and her mother-in-law (colored).
+  Cleary, Mrs. Dan and five children.
+  Chenivere, Mrs.
+  Christian, Paul and wife.
+  Clancy, Pat, wife and three children.
+  Clauson, Katie.
+  Cleary, Mrs. Leon and one child.
+  Cleveland, George and wife.
+  Cleveland, Roy and Seneca.
+  Close, J. M.
+  Coleman, Mandy and child (colored).
+  Connell, William.
+  Cook, W. S., wife and six children.
+  Cornell, Mrs. Porter and two daughters (colored).
+  Cort, infant of E. L. (colored).
+  Cramer, Miss Bessie.
+  Credo, child of Anthony.
+  Cromwell, Mrs. and three daughters.
+  Curtis, Mrs. J. C. and one child (colored).
+  Curtis, Lula (colored).
+  Cushman, John Henry.
+  Daniels, Mrs. E., three girls, one son, two grandchildren.
+  Davis, Annie N.
+  Davis, Henry T. (colored).
+  Daley, Nicholas.
+  Darby, Charles.
+  Davis, Irene.
+  Deegan, Haddy.
+  Delaney, Joe.
+  Delano, Asa P., wife and children.
+  Deltz, M. and two sons.
+  Dempsey, Mr. and Mrs. Robert.
+  Dixon, Mrs. Louisa and children.
+  Dinsdale, wife and two children.
+  Dittman, Mrs. F., and son.
+  Dore, ----, an old Frenchman.
+  Dore, Deo, Jr., wife and two children.
+  Garrene, Mr. and Mrs., and two children.
+  Dorsett, B., and family of five.
+  Dotto, Mike, wife and six children.
+  Doyle, Jim.
+  Drecksmith, D.
+  Dreckschmidt, H.
+  Drew, H. A.
+  Duffard, A.
+  Duffy, Mrs.
+  Dunant, Frank, Sr.
+  Dunton, Mrs. Adelaide.
+  Dunkins, Mrs.
+  Duntonovitch, John and Pinckey.
+  Darkey, John and wife and daughter Belle.
+  Edmonds, Mrs.
+  Eberhard, F., and wife.
+  Eberg, Mrs. Kate.
+  Eckel, William, wife and son.
+  Edmondson, Fred and father.
+  Eichler, W.
+  Eichler, Mrs. A.
+  Eismann, Howard.
+  Ellis, John. and family of four.
+  Ello, Joseph, wife and two children.
+  Englehart, Louis.
+  Englehart, Mrs. Ludwig.
+  Englehart, G. C.
+  Evans, Mrs. Katy and two daughters.
+  Everhart, J. H., wife and Miss Lena and Guy.
+  Ferrell, Mrs., wife of Rev., and three children.
+  Falke, Joseph, and three children.
+  Faucette, Mrs. Robert.
+  Feigle, John, Sr., and wife.
+  Feigle, Mabel.
+  Flanagan, Mrs. Martin, and child.
+  Foreman, Mrs. Mamie, Cassie, Thomas, Amos, Webster.
+  Franklin, George.
+  Franck, Mrs. Augusta.
+  Freidolf, ----, wife and son.
+  Freilag, ----, and son Harry.
+  Frohne, Mrs. Charles and two children.
+  Frye, Mrs. W. H.
+  Fryer, Bessie Bell.
+  Gwynn, Mrs. D.
+  Gordon, Sol and two children.
+  Gabell, Mr. and Mrs. (colored).
+  Gaines, Mrs. Tillie J. and two daughters.
+  Gallishaw, five children.
+  Garrett, Ed.
+  Garrigan, James.
+  Garrigan, Joseph.
+  Garth, Johnnie and Gussie.
+  Genter, Robert.
+  Gensen, four children.
+  George, first sergeant of Battery O.
+  George, Charles and wife.
+  Gillis, Dan.
+  Gordon, Asker and baby.
+  Grant, Fred (colored).
+  Grant, Mamie E. (colored).
+  Gother, Mrs. Fred.
+  Grumberg, Alex, supposed to belong to life-saving station.
+  Haag, three children of Mrs. B.
+  Hagen, George W.
+  Hall, Joe and family (colored).
+  Hansel, Dick, wife and three children.
+  Harris, Tim.
+  Harris, Thomas, wife and three children.
+  Harris, Robert, wife and one child.
+  Harris, George.
+  Harry, Mrs. (colored).
+  Harris, Mrs. W. R. and son.
+  Hayes, child of Mrs. Eva of Taylor, Texas.
+  Helfstein, John, Jr., (child).
+  Helfstein, Sophie and Lily, children of W.
+  Hemann, Mrs. R. M. and child.
+  Hess, Bugler.
+  Hester, Charlie.
+  Hoarer, Martin, wife and son.
+  Hoch, Mrs. and three sons, Mike, Willie and Louis.
+  Holland, James H., wife and son Willie and grandson Otis.
+  Holland, ---- (colored).
+  Holland, Mrs. James.
+  Holmes, child of Laura (colored).
+  Hubner, Edward and Antoinette.
+  Hudson, Mrs.
+  Hughes, Mrs. Mattie.
+  Hughes, Stuart C.
+  Hughes, John.
+  Hull, Charlie (colored).
+  Huzza, Charles, wife and four children.
+  Hyman, Anthony.
+  Hybach, Charles and son.
+  Jaeger, Mr. and Mrs. and two children.
+  Jackson, Mrs. J. W. and two children.
+  Jamoneck, Ed., wife and two children, all of Dallas.
+  Jasper, two children of Perry (colored).
+  Jefferbock, Mr. and Mrs. Augusta.
+  Jerrel, J., wife and four children and mother-in-law.
+  Jones, Frank, son and Fred (colored).
+  Jones, Mrs. Matilda and daughter.
+  Johnson, Peter, wife and five children.
+  Johnson, Mrs. P. and children.
+  Johnson, R. D., wife and two children.
+  Johnson, Mrs. Genevive and daughter.
+  Johnson, W. J., wife and two children.
+  Johnson, Mrs. Ben and three children.
+  Johnson, Mike, wife, child and mother-in-law.
+  Johnson, Harry.
+  Johnson, Mrs. H. B.
+  Johnson, A. S., wife and six children.
+  Junemann, Charles, wife and daughter.
+  Kunker, William, wife and child.
+  Kace, Mrs. John and four children.
+  Kennedy, Benton, wife and three children.
+  Kemp, Pearl C. (colored).
+  Kemp, Mrs. (colored).
+  Kerpan, Mr. and Mrs. Paul.
+  King, Mrs. (colored).
+  King, Rosa J. (colored).
+  Kindlund, Edgar.
+  Knowles, Mrs. W. T. and three children.
+  Kimley, Mrs. John and family.
+  Kinsell, E.
+  Kreza, Joseph, wife and three sons.
+  Kurpan, Paul and wife.
+  Kaiser, Louie, wife and three children.
+  Kehler, Mrs. Fred and two sons.
+  Keiss, Mrs. John.
+  Keiss, Miss Judie.
+  Keiss, Mrs. Louise and four children.
+  Keiffer, wife and daughter.
+  Kelsy, James.
+  Lackey, Miss Pearl.
+  Lackey, Alma.
+  Lackey, Robert.
+  Lackey, Mrs., four children and daughter-in-law.
+  Lafayette, Mrs., and two children.
+  Lapierce, James, wife and five children.
+  Larson, H. and two children.
+  Laukhuff, Genevieve.
+  Lashley, Mrs. Dave.
+  Lausen, August and three children.
+  Lawson, Mrs. W., and Miss Oralie.
+  Lawson, Mr. and Mrs. and child.
+  Legue, three children of Mrs. Lillie.
+  Lee, Captain G. A. and wife.
+  Lenker, Tom.
+  Lennard, Fred.
+  Lemira, Joseph, wife and four children.
+  Leon, ---- and two children.
+  Leslie, Miss Gracie.
+  Lewis, Mrs. C. A. (colored).
+  Lewis, Mrs. Jake and six children.
+  Lewis, Agnes (Colored).
+  Lindgren, John, wife and seven children. (Miss Lillie, eldest, saved).
+  Lloyd, Buck and wife.
+  Locke, Mrs. Mary.
+  Lockhart, Mrs. Charles, and two children.
+  Losica, Mrs. F., daughter, three children and son-in-law.
+  Lucas, Mrs. William and two sons.
+  Lucas, two children of Mrs. David.
+  Lucas, John and two children.
+  Ludke, Henry, wife and son.
+  Ludewig, E. A. and mother.
+  Lumberg, Will and Lena.
+  Lumber, Gus, wife and nine children.
+  Lynch, A.
+  Lynch, James and wife.
+  Lynch, Ed and family.
+  Lyster, W. W.
+  Miller, Joe and children.
+  Munn, Mrs. S. S.
+  McCauley. J. B. and wife.
+  Macklin, W. L., wife and three children.
+  Mandy, Mrs. and daughter (colored).
+  Matson, Grace and three children (colored).
+  Martin, Frank, wife and son.
+  Maquelte, Mrs. Pauline.
+  Maxwell, Mrs.
+  McAmish, S. A., wife and two daughters.
+  McAughlar, Ira (colored).
+  McCulloch, A. R. (colored).
+  McManus, Mrs. W. H.
+  McMillan, Mrs. M. J.
+  McNeill, Mrs. and baby.
+  McNeal, Mrs. James and child.
+  McPeters, wife and two children.
+  McPherson, Robert (colored).
+  Mealey, Mrs. John.
+  Mealy, Joseph.
+  Megna, Mrs. Joe.
+  Megna, child of Mike.
+  Menzella, John, wife and five children.
+  Merle, Eugene and mother.
+  Merle, John, wife and children.
+  Mestry, Charlotte (colored).
+  Meyer, Chris, missing.
+  Miller, wife and six children.
+  Moran, James and wife.
+  Morrow, Mrs. and four children.
+  Moore, Mrs. Nathan.
+  Moore, Estelle (colored).
+  Moore, ----.
+  Morley, D. and wife.
+  Morris, Harry, wife and three children.
+  Morton, Hammond and four children.
+  Mott, B. F.
+  Mulcahey, two children of J., of Houston.
+  Mulholland, Mrs. Louise.
+  Mullock, Henry, wife and child.
+  Mundyne, Mrs. Meria.
+  Murie, Mrs. Annie and daughter.
+  Meyer, Herman, wife and son Willie.
+  Myers, Mrs. C. J. and one child.
+  Napoleon, Henry, wife and sister (colored).
+  Otis, Charlotte (colored).
+  O'Dowd, D. J.
+  O'Keefe, C. J. and wife.
+  Olsen, Ed.
+  Oterson, A. A. and wife.
+  Ostermayer, Henry and wife.
+  O'Shaughnessy, Pauline.
+  Perry, Mrs. H. M. and son Clayton, Houston.
+  Puesnutt, Mrs. Fred and three children.
+  Paetz, Mrs. Lena.
+  Paskall, August and wife.
+  Pashelag, Miss Louisa.
+  Pashelag, Mrs. E. and three children.
+  Paysee, Mrs. Henry and two children.
+  Pauly, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Peetz, Mrs. Captain J. J. and eldest and youngest daughters.
+  Pellenze, Mrs. and mother.
+  Perkins, Albert (colored).
+  Perkins, Arthur (colored).
+  Perkins, wife and grandson (colored).
+  Peterson, Mrs. J. and children.
+  Peterson, K. C., wife and child.
+  Pettit, W. B.
+  Pettingill, W. H. and wife and three sons, Walter W., James and Norman
+      (missing).
+  Pilford, W., Mexican Cable Company, and children, Madele, Jack and
+      Georgianna.
+  Quowvich, John and four others unknown.
+  Quester, Bessie.
+  Quinn, Thomas.
+  Quinn, John, engineer (missing).
+  Rockford, William and wife.
+  Ryan, Joseph, wife and child.
+  Raleigh, Miss Lelia.
+  Rayburn, Crawford.
+  Rattisseau, A. and wife and three children.
+  Rattisseau, Mrs. W. L. and three children.
+  Reagan, Mrs. John J.
+  Reagan, W. J., wife and three children.
+  Rein, wife and daughter.
+  Reinhart, Agnes and Helen, daughters of John.
+  Rhone, Lulu L. (colored).
+  Richardson, S. W. and wife.
+  Richamderes, Mrs. Irene and baby.
+  Riley, Mrs. W. and two children.
+  Rimmelin, Edward H. and wife.
+  Riordan, Thomas.
+  Ritzeler, Mrs.
+  Rhymes, Thomas, wife and two children.
+  Roach, Annie.
+  Roberts, "Shorty."
+  Ritchford, Ben and wife.
+  Roemer, C. C. and wife.
+  Roemer, Elizabeth, wife of A. C.
+  Roehm, Mr. and Mrs. William and two children.
+  Rogers, Blanche Donald, niece of D. B.
+  Ross, 9-year-old child of Mrs. Ross, of Houston.
+  Rosse, Mrs. L. and three children.
+  Rossalee, B., wife and three children.
+  Roth, Mrs. Kate and three children.
+  Rowe, Mrs. and three children.
+  Rudder, Robert, wife and four children.
+  Rudger, C., wife and child.
+  Ruenbuhl, Johnnie.
+  Ruther, A., mother and father.
+  Ruhrmond, Prof., wife and two children.
+  Rust, Henry and three children.
+  Redelli, Angelo, wife and four children.
+  Sanford, Southwick, wife and child.
+  Schmidt, Mrs. F. and son Richard.
+  Schmidt, Richard J.
+  Schneider, J. F., wife and six children.
+  Schoolfield, ---- (colored).
+  Schoolfield, Isaac.
+  Schutte, ----, wife and two children.
+  Schutze, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Scott, Hugh (colored).
+  Seals, Wallace D. (colored).
+  Seats, Sarah N. (colored).
+  Sedgwick, child.
+  Seibel, Mrs. Julius.
+  Seibel, Lizzie.
+  Seibel, Mrs. Jacob and son Julius.
+  Seixas, Mrs. E., Arma, Lucille, Cecilia.
+  Severt, John and wife.
+  Shaper, Henry, wife and two sons.
+  Sherman, Albert.
+  Skelton, Mrs. Emma and two children.
+  Sharke, Charles F.
+  Smith, Jim, prize fighter.
+  Simerville, S. B. and wife (colored).
+  Sourbien, Battery O.
+  Slayton, Mrs. Carey B. (colored).
+  Steeb, J. and wife and two children.
+  Stevens, Frank, Leo, Jerold and Edward, sons of T. J.
+  Stewart, Captain P. and family.
+  Stilkolitch, Mannie.
+  Stimman, Robert, wife and child.
+  Strabe, Nick and family, except one.
+  Strickhausen, Mrs.
+  Strunk, William, wife and six children.
+  Sudden, Clara (colored).
+  Swartsbach, child of A.
+  Swickel, mother and three sisters of John.
+  Sylvester, Miss.
+  Simms, two children of H. G.
+  Thomas, Miss Daisy.
+  Tavinette, Antoinet.
+  Terrell, Mrs. Q. V. and four children (colored).
+  Thomas, Newell and Nathaniel.
+  Thompson, Mr., wife and three children.
+  Thurman, Mrs. (colored).
+  Tiggs, Lavina and daughter (colored).
+  Tilsman, Robert, wife and five children.
+  Tinbush, and family.
+  Trickhausen, Mrs.
+  Trostman, Mrs. and three children.
+  Tucker, Mr. and Mrs. and one child.
+  Turner, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Udell, Oliver, wife and child.
+  Uhl, Mrs. Christopher and six children.
+  Ulridge, Val, Mrs. and six children.
+  Van, Miss Mary.
+  Vining, Mrs. Annie and four children.
+  Viscavitch, Magdelena, daughter of Mrs.
+  Wemberg, O. M., wife and five children.
+  Winn, Mrs. and grandchild.
+  Wallace, Scott and Earl.
+  Wade, Mrs. Hillie (colored).
+  Wade, Hettie and husband (colored).
+  Walden, Samuel, son of W. H. (colored).
+  Waldgren, Mr.
+  Walker, Mrs. H. V.
+  Walter, Mrs. Charles and three children.
+  Walsh, Joseph, wife and three children.
+  Walters, Gus.
+  Waring, Mr. (colored).
+  Warrah, Martin.
+  Waters, three nephews of James.
+  Watkins, child of P.
+  Watson, Judge, wife and two children.
+  Webber, Mrs. and family.
+  Weber, W. J., wife and two children.
+  Wester, George and Joe.
+  Weidmang, Fritz and wife, Paul and mother.
+  Weiss, Prof.
+  Walsh, Mrs.
+  Westaway, Mrs. George.
+  Westerman, Mrs. A.
+  Westman, Mrs.
+  White, James, wife and babe.
+  Wicke, Lena.
+  Wilke, C. O.
+  Wilcox, child.
+  Wilde, Miss Freda.
+  Williams, Mrs. Mary.
+  Wilson, Bertha (colored).
+  Withey, H.
+  Witt, C. H., wife and two children.
+  Wood, Mrs. R. N.
+  Wood, Eddie and Burley (colored).
+  Wood, Mrs. Caroline and two daughters, Mary and Kate.
+  Wuchnach, M., wife and two children.
+  Young, Mrs., two daughters and one son.
+
+The following, previously reported dead, were saved:
+
+  Coddou, Alex, Jr., Ray and Eugene, whose father and three brothers were
+      lost.
+  Cato, William.
+  Hunter, Mrs. J. J.
+  Sommer, Miss Helen T.
+
+
+LIST OF IDENTIFICATIONS FOR MONDAY, SEPT. 17.
+
+  Allen, Mrs. Kate.
+  Allen, Mrs. Alex and five children.
+  Anderson, Mrs. Dora.
+  Anderson, Mrs. Sam (colored).
+  Anderson, Nick and two sons.
+  Andrel, Mrs. and three children.
+  Anlonovich, Eddie.
+  Baker, Florence (colored).
+  Baker, Mrs. and three children (colored).
+  Baldwin, Sallie (colored).
+  Bastor, Mrs. Clara.
+  Bostford, Edwin and wife.
+  Bostford, Kate.
+  Brady, ---- and wife.
+  Brandus, Fritz and wife and four children.
+  Burns, Mrs.
+  Bushon, Hisom.
+  Boyd, Andy and family, on beach.
+  Brophey, M., and mother of Peter.
+  Calvert, George W., wife and daughter.
+  Campbell, Mrs. Emma.
+  Caroline, Mrs. Alice and three children.
+  Cheles, William and wife.
+  Chester, Paul and wife.
+  Christian, John.
+  Crain, Anna M.
+  Crain, Charles.
+  Crain, Maggie McCree.
+  Crain, Mrs. C. D.
+  Carter, A. J.
+  Carter, Mrs. Celeste.
+  Davis, E.
+  Debner, William, wife and three children.
+  Doherty, Mrs.
+  Dagert, Mrs. and children.
+  Floehr, Mrs.
+  Hoesington, H. A.
+  Hurt, Walter, wife, two children and two servants.
+  Iwan, Mrs. A.
+  Jones, John A. and wife.
+  Johnson, Leonard, wife and four children.
+  Joughin, Tony.
+  Jones, E. B.
+  Kaufman, Mrs. Eliza.
+  Keller and family.
+  Kolbe, infant of C. B.
+  Kleiman, Joe, wife and two workmen.
+  Kroener, Will, Sophie and Florie.
+  Kupper, ----.
+  Larson, H. and two children.
+  Luckenbell, B. E. and wife.
+  Lott, Walker C., wife and two children.
+  Martin, Miss Annie.
+  Manly, Joen, Sr., mother and two nieces.
+  McCauley, J. and wife.
+  Neuwiller, William, wife and three children.
+  Newton, Mrs. J. M. and child.
+  Oakley, F.
+  Poland, Ed. and sister.
+  Pryor, Ed., wife and four children, of St. Joseph, Mo.
+  Patrick, Mariah.
+  Powers, Carrie V.
+  Patter, C. H. and baby.
+  Quinn, Mrs. Frank and son Claude.
+  Ripley, Henry.
+  Roberts, John T.
+  Scholea, Richard, wife, son Frank and adopted daughter, Tilla Meyer.
+  Sommer, Joe, wife and child.
+  Spaeter, Mrs. Fred.
+  Spaeter, Otilla.
+  Slayton, Mrs. Carrie (colored).
+  Steeb, ----, wife and child.
+  Steinbunk, Edward, George and Arthur.
+  Sweikel, mother and three sisters of John.
+  Steinforth, Mrs. Emma.
+  Stillman, Lily.
+  Stevens, Frankie and Lee, two boys of T. J.
+  Stewart, Miss Lester.
+  Swenson, Mrs. Mary K.
+  Simons, two children of H. G.
+  Tavenett, Anton.
+  Thompson, Milton.
+  Thompson, wife and four children.
+  Tickle, H. P., wife and two children.
+  Told, Subie.
+  Torr, T. C.
+  Toothacre, Miss Etta.
+  Tozen, Mrs. G. M. and Miss Bella.
+  Washington, John and five children.
+  Wiede, wife and five children.
+  White, Willie.
+  White, family of Walter.
+  Williams, Ed.
+  Zickler, Mrs. Fred and two children.
+  Zinkie, August and two children.
+  Zwansig, Adolph. Sr., Richard, Herman and three daughters of Adolph.
+
+
+ROLL FOR TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18.
+
+  Andrews, Mrs.
+  Allen, William, wife and three children.
+  Allardyce, Mrs. R. L., and three children.
+  Allen, Claude.
+  Allen, Herbert.
+  Allen, Lucy.
+  Bradfoot and wife.
+  Brown, William.
+  Briscal, Alfred, and two children.
+  Burkhead, Mrs., and daughter.
+  Burns, Mrs. P., and daughter Mary.
+  Byman, Mr. and Mrs. George.
+  Clancy, Pat, wife and five children.
+  Colsberg, Frank G., wife and baby.
+  Chester, Frank, Ellen and Mary (colored).
+  Christianson, Miss Annie, of Shreveport (who was visiting George Dorian).
+  Costly, Sanders, and wife and child of Alexander Costly (colored).
+  Cowan, Isabella, and daughter.
+  Calloum, Antona, wife and four children.
+  Cornell, Mrs. Eliza.
+  "Dago Joe" and wife Mary.
+  Dearing, William, wife and six children.
+  Devoti, Joe, and three children.
+  Devoti, Mrs. Julia, and two children.
+  Devoti, Louis.
+  Devoti, "Doc."
+  Durrant, Frank.
+  Dumond, Joseph, and wife.
+  Dazet, Mrs. Leon, and child.
+  Eaton, F. B.
+  Fachan, family gone; he is alive.
+  Falk, Mrs. Julius, and five children.
+  Falk, Gustavo.
+  Felsmann, Richard (blacksmith), wife and five children.
+  Fritz, wife and two children.
+  Graus, wife and two children.
+  Hall, Chase (colored).
+  Harris, John, wife and two children.
+  Haucius, Mrs., and one child.
+  Hermann, W. J.
+  Herman, Mrs., and five children.
+  Hylenberg, Jacob, wife and child.
+  Jerrel, J., wife and four children.
+  Jordan, Charles.
+  James and children.
+  Jackson, wife and daughter, Mabel.
+  Kaper, August, wife and one child.
+  Keogh, John, wife and four children.
+  Keogh, Mrs., and three children.
+  Koch, William, Sr.
+  Kothe, William Q.
+  Leagett, Mrs., and three children.
+  Leaget, Mrs. Celia, and family of six.
+  Letts, Captain, wife and two children and sister.
+  Lynch, Peter.
+  Mackey, Mrs. W. G., and four children.
+  Maclin, J. D., wife and seven children.
+  McCann, Billy, wife and four children.
+  Maupin, Joseph.
+  McDonald, Mrs. Mary, and son.
+  McEwen, John.
+  McGraw, Peter, and wife.
+  McNeil, Hugh, and baby and Miss Jennie McNeil.
+  McPeters, Mrs., and two children.
+  McVeigh, Miss Lorena.
+  Miller, Frank.
+  Miller, wife and four children.
+  Midlegge, August, wife and five children.
+  Mellor (better known as Miller), Robert.
+  Meyer, Henry, and four children.
+  Moore, Cecelia, Loraine, Vera and Mildred, children of Mr. and Mrs.
+      Louis Moore.
+  Morseburger, Antonia, and wife.
+  Moserger, ----.
+  Middleburger, George, wife and three children.
+  Middleberger, John, wife and three children.
+  Miller, E. O.
+  Moore, Mrs. Dock.
+  Neal, a fisherman.
+  O'Neill, James and Frank, sons of James.
+  O'Neill, Lawrence.
+  O'Neill, wife and five children, an oysterman, with four hired men.
+  Platt, Mrs. S.
+  Peterson, George, soldier, wife and four children.
+  Peters, Robert.
+  Peters, Rudolph.
+  Potter, C. H., and little daughter.
+  Praker, William.
+  Preussner, Mrs., and three children.
+  Pischos, Mr. and Mrs.
+  Quinn, Robert, wife and six children.
+  Rattiseau, P. A.
+  Rattiseau, J. B., wife and four children.
+  Rattiseau, C. A., wife and seven children.
+  Rattisseau, Mrs. J. L., and three children.
+  Raw, Mr.
+  Ray, Miss Susie.
+  Roberts, Herbert M.
+  Mrs. Rose's baby.
+  Rosen, Mrs., and four children.
+  Rudireker, and three women.
+  Ryan, Mrs. Mary.
+  Scarborough, Harry, a fisherman.
+  Scott, Hughie (colored).
+  Ricker, John.
+  Speck, Captain.
+  Summers, Mrs. M. S.
+  Tian, Mrs. Clement, and three children.
+  Tripo, an oysterman.
+  Turner, Angeline (colored).
+  Wallace, and wife.
+  Warnke, Mr. and Mrs., and three children.
+  Washington, Johnnie, and family, colored.
+  Weit, Mr., and three children.
+  Walker, L. D., stepson and W. J. Hughes.
+  Weeden, Lou, wife and four children.
+  Wurzlow, Mrs. Annie.
+  One laborer at Dr. Fry's dairy.
+  Anderson, C. L., wife, and children.
+  Burns, Mrs. M. E., and daughter.
+  Boening, William, wife and three children.
+  Burwell, T. M.
+  Buren, Larzen, wife and five children.
+  Bernardoni, John.
+  Chouke, Mrs. Charles and child.
+  Connolly, Mrs. Ellen.
+  Cook, Mrs. Ida (colored).
+  Cook, Henry (colored).
+  Deboer, P. G., and wife.
+  Doyle, James.
+  Dickinson, Mrs. Mary, and children (colored).
+  Ellis, Mrs. Henry (colored).
+  Edwards, Mrs. Jane, and daughter (colored).
+  Falco, J. A. C.
+  Fagan, Frank.
+  Fager, Mrs. Frances.
+  Frank, Miss Anna.
+  Galmer, H. H., and wife.
+  Geist, wife and daughter.
+  Colmer, H. H., wife and five children.
+  Heusse, W. A., and wife.
+  Hoch, Mike.
+  Heare, L., wife and twelve children.
+  Homburg, Joe, wife and four children.
+  Homburg, William, wife and five children.
+  Hurlbert, Mrs. Victoria, Miss Minnie, Walter and Hattie (all colored).
+  Hass, Professor Carl, and family.
+  Johnson, A., and wife.
+  Johnson, Dan (colored).
+  Jay, J. J.
+  Kessner, August, Lena, Emma and James H.
+  Keats, Miss Tillie.
+  Lemere, T., and wife.
+  Lisbony, Mrs. W. H., Jr., and Miss Eunice, daughter of C. P.
+  Lehman, Charles and son.
+  Mitchell, W. P.
+  McConnelly, H., and wife.
+  McGown, Jim.
+  McVeagh, Mrs. J. M.
+  Manning, Mark.
+  Mead, James.
+  Neimeier, Henry, wife and five children.
+  Patterson, H. J.
+  Patterson, Miss S. (colored).
+  Perkins, Lucy and Lotta (colored).
+  Perkins, Mrs. L., and two children (colored).
+  Parobich, Michael, wife and four children.
+  Pruessne, Henry.
+  Panleick, Matthew.
+  Rose, H., and wife.
+  Radeker, Mrs. Herman, and child.
+  Rehm, William, wife and two children.
+  Reymanscott, Louis.
+  Richardson, William.
+  Ruther, Robert, wife and six children.
+  Steerholz, W., and wife.
+  Seible, O. J., Jr.
+  Schroeder, Mrs. Lottie A.
+  Swan, George, wife and four children.
+  Terrell, G., and wife.
+  Varnell, James, wife and six children.
+  Vuletach, Andrew, wife and daughter.
+  Warren, Mrs. Flora.
+  Wilkinson, George, wife and son.
+  Wilson, Mrs. Julia Anna (colored).
+  Zurapanin, Mrs. N., and eight children.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Punctuation has been corrected without note.
+
+On page 302, "186" is presented as in the original text.
+
+The series of paragraphs beginning on page 85 has no closing
+quotation mark.
+
+The following misprints have been corrected:
+  "botton" corrected to "bottom" (page 37)
+  "Quale" corrected to "Quayle" (page 110)
+  "Thusday" corrected to "Thursday" (page 224)
+  "yets" corrected to "yet" (page 290)
+  "beople" corrected to "people" (page 302)
+  "Though" corrected to "Through" (page 332)
+  "diminshed" corrected to "diminished" (page 354)
+  "Kedso" corrected to "Kelso" (page 366)
+
+Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling
+and hyphenation have been retained from the original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Complete Story of the Galveston
+Horror, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE STORY--GALVESTON HORROR ***
+
+***** This file should be named 34304.txt or 34304.zip *****
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