initial commit of ebook 34412HEADmain

11 files changed, 2692 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/34412-8.txt b/34412-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77e8cfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34412-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the
+Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull, by Edwin C. Galbreath
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull
+
+Author: Edwin C. Galbreath
+
+Release Date: November 23, 2010 [EBook #34412]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SPECIES OF HETEROMYID RODENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of
+Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull
+
+BY
+
+EDWIN C. GALBREATH
+
+University of Kansas Publications
+Museum of Natural History
+
+Volume 1, No. 18, pp. 285-300, 2 plates
+August 16, 1948
+
+University of Kansas
+LAWRENCE
+1948
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman; H. H. Lane, Edward H. Taylor
+
+Volume 1, No. 18, pp. 285-300, 2 plates
+August 16, 1948
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1948
+
+[Illustration]
+
+22-3342
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies
+words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies
+words in italics.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 2. _Heliscomys tenuiceps._ Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
+Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C,
+ventral view. All views approximately × 5.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 3. _Heliscomys tenuiceps._ Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
+Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, lateral view of right side of
+skull showing structures in orbital area. ALS, alisphenoid. FR, frontal.
+MAX, maxillary. OS, orbitosphenoid. PAL, palatine. PC, presphenoid
+canal. SF, sphenoidal fissure. SFr, sphenofrontal foramen. SPal,
+sphenopalatine foramen. Approximately × 9.3; B, occlusal view of P4-M3.
+Approximately × 23.4.]
+
+
+
+
+A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of
+Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull
+
+By
+
+EDWIN C. GALBREATH
+
+
+Heretofore our knowledge of the osteology of _Heliscomys_ Cope has been
+extremely limited; this genus previously was known by its teeth,
+fragmental maxillaries, incomplete palatine bone and mandible, and part
+of one forelimb. In the summer of 1946 the writer, as a member of the
+University of Kansas Museum of Natural History field party, discovered
+the anterior part of a skull of _Heliscomys_ in the middle Oligocene
+deposits of Logan County, Colorado. This specimen, representing a new
+species, yields a welcome, and greatly desired addition to our fund of
+information about the genus.
+
+The writer is indebted to Dr. Robert W. Wilson for advice and helpful
+criticism in the course of this study, and to Mr. Bryan Patterson of the
+Chicago Natural History Museum for the loan of comparative material.
+Mrs. Bernita Mansfield of the Geology Department, University of Kansas,
+prepared the plates.
+
+
+Family HETEROMYIDAE
+
+~Heliscomys tenuiceps~, new species
+
+_Holotype._--Anterior part of a skull with left P4-M3, No. 7702,
+Vertebrate Paleontological Collection, Museum of Natural History,
+University of Kansas.
+
+_Geological Age and locality._--Silts of Orellan age in the Cedar Creek
+facies of the Brule formation in "Chimney Canyon," Sec. 3, T. 11 N, R.
+54 W, Logan County, Colorado.
+
+_Diagnosis._--Size larger than any known species; P4 with
+posteroexternal cusp (metacone) anterior to central (hypocone) and
+lingual (entostyle) cusps, which are connected by a cingulum; internal
+cingula of molars undivided, and as high as paracone and metacone; style
+of each cingulum opposite the straight median valley; rostrum deep and
+laterally compressed.
+
+_Description._--The type consists of the preorbital and interorbital
+parts of a skull. Its size is comparable to that of the Recent
+heteromyid, _Liomys pictus_ Merriam. _L. pictus_ is the species referred
+to in the comparisons below when only the generic name _Liomys_ is
+mentioned. Both incisors have been broken off. The right tooth-row is
+missing, but the left row is complete, and its orientation indicates
+that the tooth rows were parallel. The zygomata are broken off close to
+the rostrum, which is relatively narrow in comparison with its length
+and depth. In this narrowness, the specimen resembles _Florentiamys_
+Wood more than it does such Recent heteromyids as _Liomys_ or
+_Heteromys_, where the rostrum is much wider at the dorsal surface than
+at the ventral surface (correlating with the wide interorbital
+dimension). In No. 7702 the rostrum is not appreciably expanded on the
+dorsal surface. The wide interorbital dimension also gives a tapering
+appearance to the rostrum of the Recent heteromyids, when viewed
+dorsally, which is not seen in the fossil specimen. Like those of most
+heteromyids, the nasals and premaxillaries project forward beyond the
+incisors.
+
+_H. tenuiceps_ has a distinctly heteromyidlike appearance, and it is
+obvious that the features of the anterior part of the skull, which
+characterize the heteromyids, had been established by middle Oligocene
+time.
+
+The nasal bone extends caudad as far as does the premaxillary; they
+terminate at the anterior border of the orbit. The nasal is widest
+anteriorly where it curves downward on the side to meet the anterior
+projection of the premaxillary bone beyond the incisor. Posteriorly, the
+two nasals have practically parallel lateral borders much as in
+_Liomys_.
+
+The frontal bone dorsally is relatively narrower than in any Recent
+heteromyid, and closely resembles that of the geomyids. There is a
+slight depression in the midline of the skull where the two frontals
+unite, but no evidence of a ridge for the attachment of the temporal
+muscle. In lateral view, the ledge seen in _Liomys_ at the dorsal
+surface is absent, nor is this surface rounded as in _Geomys_.
+Preservation around the nasolacrimal canal is poor, but traces of
+sutures indicate that the frontal bone is not involved in the
+posteromedial wall of that canal. The orbital plate is broad,
+comparatively flat, and extends farther ventrad than in _Liomys_, and
+enters into the composition of the sphenopalatine foramina. Ventrally
+the frontal bone meets the orbital processes of the palatine and
+maxillary bones, and posterolaterally meets the orbitosphenoid.
+
+In the anterodorsal angle of the rim of the orbit the lacrimal bone
+rests against the frontal and maxillary bones, where the body of the
+lacrimal contributes to the formation of the posteromedial wall of the
+nasolacrimal canal. Only a slight part of the maxillary process of the
+lacrimal remains on each side.
+
+The premaxillary bone, which constitutes most of the anterior part of
+the rostrum, is typically heteromyid in shape. The frontal process is
+long and slender. On the side of the rostrum the premaxillary forms the
+anterointernal border of the infraorbital foramen. The ventrolateral
+border of the bone is expanded slightly and aids in the formation of the
+tuberosity made by the maxillary bone at the ventroposterior border of
+the foramen. Ventrally the premaxillary makes up the anterior two-thirds
+of the lateral wall of the incisive (anterior palatine) foramen. It is
+not possible to establish what part of the median septum between the
+foramina is made up of premaxillary bones. The incisor arches through
+the premaxillary in a manner similar to that in _Liomys_, with the upper
+wall of the root canal being formed by the upper surface of the bone.
+Due to the narrowness of the rostrum, the root of the incisor is
+prominently outlined on the side of the rostrum, both in the
+premaxillary and maxillary bones. With this modeling of the side of the
+rostrum because of the incisor root canal, and the flaring of the
+posterior and ventral edges of the infraorbital foramen, the side wall
+of the premaxillary appears as a depressed area. Anterior to the incisor
+root the tip of the premaxillary projects forward, and parallels its
+opposite, laterally, instead of turning inward as in _Liomys_. This
+condition, together with the prominence of the root canal, makes the
+anterior tip project as a flange. The premaxillary extends downward as a
+plate of bone, and embraces the posterior and lateral sides of the
+incisor as in Recent heteromyids. The interpremaxillary foramen, if
+present, is obscure. However, there appears to be a foramen posterior to
+the incisor, which possibly has taken over the function of the
+interpremaxillary foramen.
+
+Both maxillary bones are incomplete, and lack the zygomatic processes.
+The rostral part of the maxillary is compressed laterally, as is the
+premaxillary. The anterior border of the maxillary contributes to the
+formation of the border of the anterior opening of the infraorbital
+canal where, at the posteroventral border of the opening, the bone is
+produced into a prominent tuberosity which projects laterally
+approximately one millimeter on each side. The infraorbital foramen
+(anterior opening of the infraorbital canal) lies about midway between
+the anterior end of the skull and the root of the zygoma. High on each
+side of the rostrum, and beneath the dorsal edge of the masseteric
+plate, is an area containing small foramina. The zygomasseteric plate is
+inclined forward at the dorsal end, and extends anteriorly almost to the
+highest part of the arch of the canal for the root of the incisor. The
+posterior end of the infraorbital canal lies on the median side of the
+zygomatic root as it does in _H. hatcheri_ Wood. Ventrally the zygomatic
+root rises above the fourth premolar as in _H. gregoryi_ Wood, _H.
+hatcheri_, and in Recent heteromyids. The ventral part of the orbit,
+containing the sphenopalatine foramen, presphenoid foramen, and the
+sphenoidal fissure, is not constricted as in _Liomys_, but is open like
+that of the squirrels. This condition is emphasized by the narrowness of
+the interorbital part of the skull and the more vertical position of the
+orbital plate.
+
+The alisphenoid bone is large and forms part of the posteromedial wall
+of the orbit. The sphenofrontal foramen lies in the suture between the
+extreme anterior margin of this bone and the frontal bone.
+
+The orbitosphenoid bone makes up little of the orbital wall. It occupies
+the posterior area of the orbit between the alisphenoid and palatine,
+and is in contact with these bones and the frontal. The presphenoid
+canal between the orbits is large, and the entrance at each end is well
+separated from the sphenoidal fissure. Damage to the sphenoidal fissure,
+which occurred prior to preservation, obscures its relationship to the
+optic foramen. No bar was found that would indicate that the two
+openings were widely separate. Anteroventrally the sphenoidal fissure is
+bounded by the orbitosphenoid bone, and dorsolaterally by the
+alisphenoid bone. Between the presphenoid foramen and the
+orbitosphenoid-frontal suture there is a distinct ridge, and the suture
+between the two bones lies in an elongate pit or trough formed by the
+anterior sloping side of the ridge and the impressed lateral wall of the
+frontal bone.
+
+The palatine bone is represented by fragments joined to other bones of
+the skull. The maxillary process of the left palatine bone is united to
+the maxillary by a highly sinuous suture. The union of the palatines to
+the maxillaries make a suture in the shape of a "V" with the base
+forward and somewhat blunt. The canal for the palatine artery and nerve
+has a multiple opening on the palate. One major foramen opens on each
+side of the palatomaxillary suture, and two or possibly three smaller
+foramina open posteriorly on the palatine bone. Prominent on the
+palatine bone, posteromedial to the third molar, is the foramen
+(palatine pit) for the palatine vein. Collectively, this complex of
+foramina is often known as the posterior palatine foramina. Wood (1933)
+states that _H. gregoryi_ has two posterior palatine foramina as in
+Recent genera, the anterior one opening opposite the posterior end of
+M1, and the posterior one opposite the median part of M3. The orbital
+process of the left palatine bone lies inside (medial to) the palatine
+process of the maxillary. Anteriorly this orbital process meets the
+orbital process of the maxillary bone, and the sphenopalatine foramen is
+found in the suture between these two bones and the frontal.
+
+As previously mentioned, the preserved dentition of this specimen
+consists of the complete left row of cheek teeth and roots of the
+incisors.
+
+The incisor is compressed laterally, more so than in any Recent
+heteromyid. The anterior face is rounded, asulcate, and covered with a
+heavy band of enamel, whereas the posterior side, due to lateral
+compression, is drawn out into a thin blade. The root of the incisor is
+at the lateral border of the premaxillary, so it is obvious that the two
+incisors converged on each other at the midline to form a cutting
+surface. The writer has not examined the asulcate, laterally compressed
+incisors of _H. hatcheri_, and cannot say how they compare with this
+specimen.
+
+The most significant features of the cheek teeth are their size, and the
+undivided internal cingulum. The molars are well worn, but the pattern,
+as a whole, is easily discernable.
+
+P4 has an anterior cusp and three posterior cusps as in other members of
+the genus. However, the buccal cusp (metacone) of the metaloph is
+considerably anterior to the central (hypocone) and lingual (entostyle)
+cusps, and the three cusps do not form a curve as in other species. In
+size the central cusp is largest, the buccal cusp is practically as
+large, and the lingual cusp is small. A cingulum connects the lingual
+and central cusps at the posterior margin of the tooth. In the Pipestone
+Springs specimen of _Heliscomys_ reported by McGrew (1941) the central
+and buccal cusps were connected by a cingulum, and some _H. hatcheri_
+specimens have all three cusps connected in a similar manner. A low arm
+or ridge extends from the lingual cusp forward to the lingual side of
+the base of the anterior cusp. The valleys between the posterior cusps
+are shallow. There is no sign of the small cuspule on the anteroexternal
+base of the anterior cusp seen in _H. gregoryi_, _H. hatcheri_, and the
+Pipestone Springs specimen. However, when one sees the variability of
+the cuspules on P4 of _H. hatcheri_, the presence of a minor cuspule
+does not seem to be of taxonomic importance.
+
+M1 deviates from the pattern typical of _Heliscomys_ more than do any of
+the other molar teeth. However, it must be kept in mind that some of the
+differences may be due to wear. For example, the protocone and paracone,
+and the hypocone and metacone are united to form protoloph and metaloph
+respectively. If the height of the external border of the paracone and
+metacone is taken into account and compared with the worn inner parts of
+these two cusps and the equally well-worn protocone and hypocone, it
+appears that these cusps formed no more of a true bilophodont tooth than
+do the cusps in other species of _Heliscomys_; in each of the species
+the cusps generally are separate entities. _H. gregoryi_ is reported to
+have an "incipient tendency to form lophs," and _H. hatcheri_ does the
+same when worn, but by union with the anterior cingulum. If cusps in _H.
+tenuiceps_ do form lophs, the process is definitely not by union of the
+cusps with the anterior cingulum. The transverse median valley is deep
+and divides the tooth on the buccal side. The anteroposterior valleys
+are shallow and hanging, and can be said to exist only as indentations
+between the two sets of cusps. The paracone and metacone are much higher
+than the other two cusps, but much of this disparity in height may be
+the result of greater wear on the protocone and hypocone; _H. gregoryi_
+agrees with _H. tenuiceps_ in these respects. Possibly the protocone and
+hypocone were much larger than the paracone and metacone. The internal
+cingulum of M1 exhibits only one large cusp opposite the medial end of
+the transverse valley, and shows no evidence of having been divided into
+two cusps. It is barely possible that there may have been two cusps and
+that wear makes it appear that there was only one. I doubt that there
+were two cusps because the cingulum is still so high (as high as the
+outer edges of the paracone and metacone) as to suggest that it is only
+slightly worn. Posteriorly this single cusp in the cingulum is united
+with the hypocone. Anteriorly the cusp is confluent with an anterior
+cingulum that is small, but, nevertheless, plainly visible as it crosses
+the occlusal face of the tooth to the paracone. There is some reason to
+believe that there was a posterior cingulum, but wear, which has
+obliterated even the posterior wall of the hypocone, prevents my being
+certain about this. This cingulum is absent in _H. gregoryi_ and present
+in _H. hatcheri_.
+
+M2 compares favorably with M1 except for the following differences: The
+protocone and hypocone are equal to the paracone and metacone in area,
+but not in height; although the internal cingulum is undivided, there is
+no evidence of a cusp as in M1. Here, too, the cingulum is as high as
+the paracone and metacone. Possibly the cingulum was confluent with the
+hypocone. The internal cingulum continues around the margin of the tooth
+to the paracone as an anterior cingulum which is sharper and plainer
+than the anterior cingulum on M1. There is no evidence of a posterior
+cingulum.
+
+M3 shows a great amount of wear, and the occlusal pattern is not too
+clear. The median transverse valley is reduced almost to a pit, and the
+paracone and metacone are divided by a small notch. The protocone and
+paracone, the latter being much higher, are larger than the metacone
+which is reduced in size, and not all this difference in size can be the
+result of wear. The hypocone is absent. The internal cingulum is as high
+as the paracone and shows no evidence of division into two cusps, but in
+M3 this character is apparently variable for _H. gregoryi_ does not have
+the internal cingulum divided and _H. hatcheri_ has it markedly so. A
+slight anterior arm of the internal cingulum may have reached forward to
+the anterior face of the protocone. Wear prevents knowing whether a
+crest surrounds the tooth completely, or only on three sides.
+
+In size the teeth of _H. tenuiceps_ average twenty per cent larger than
+any of the upper teeth of _H. gregoryi_, _H. hatcheri_, or the Pipestone
+Springs specimen, and exceed any of the known lower teeth including
+those of _H. vetus_ and _H. senex_ by twenty-five per cent or more.
+Inasmuch as the upper teeth rarely exceed the lower in length in all the
+related genera of heteromyids, it is assumed that a similar relationship
+existed between the upper and lower molars of _H. tenuiceps_ and,
+therefore, that this species can be distinguished by its large size. The
+relative size of the premolars and molars is the same in _H. tenuiceps_
+as in other species of _Heliscomys_. However, within the framework of
+this similar relationship there are two differences. P4 of _H.
+tenuiceps_ is relatively larger than the P4 of _H. gregoryi_, and
+relatively smaller than the P4 of _H. hatcheri_. The width of the molars
+is relatively greater in _H. tenuiceps_ and _H. gregoryi_ than in _H.
+hatcheri_.
+
+
+MEASUREMENTS
+
+(In millimeters)
+
+                                                  U. K. M. N. H.
+                                                  (Vert. Paleo.)
+                                                     No. 7702
+Height of skull at M2                                  7.48
+Length from anterior end of nasals to rear of M3      15.41
+Length of nasal bones                                 10.50
+Width of rostrum at highest point of root canal        3.97
+Interorbital width                                     4.39
+Estimated length of skull                             25.00
+I, anteroposterior length                              1.56
+I, transverse width                                    0.63
+P4-M3 crown length                                     3.75
+P4-M3 alveolar length                                  3.80
+P4, anteroposterior length[A]                          1.05
+P4, transverse width                                   1.08
+M1, anteroposterior length                             0.93
+M1, transverse width                                   1.17
+M2, anteroposterior length                             0.93
+M2, transverse width                                   1.14
+M3, anteroposterior length                             0.78
+M3, transverse width                                   0.93
+
+[Note A: This and the following measurements at occlusal surface.]
+
+_Discussion._--_Heliscomys tenuiceps_ shows beyond any doubt that the
+heteromyid pattern of skull was developed by mid-Oligocene times, and in
+this species was already undergoing lateral compression. The major
+change later made in heteromyid skulls is broadening of the dorsal
+surface of the skull in the interorbital area.
+
+The complete confirmation of Wood's (1939) statement that the
+"sciuromorph" zygomasseteric structure had been developed by this time
+in the heteromyid rodents as it had been in the early Eomyids is
+demonstrated in this specimen. Further, it is to be noted that the
+infraorbital canal is not sciuridlike, but has been forced forward on
+the rostrum, as in the Geomyoidea.
+
+In some ways this skull shows similarities to _Florentiamys loomisi_
+Wood, of the early Miocene, which aid in determining the relationship of
+that unusual genus to _Heliscomys_ and to the heteromyids in general.
+When Wood described _Florentiamys_ the peculiar combination of
+characters found in this animal prompted him to speculate that: (1) It
+was a typical heteromyid which had secondarily developed cingula; (2)
+its cheek teeth were nearer the primitive pattern than were those of any
+other known fossil heteromyid, and that _Heliscomys_ represented a
+simplification in the reduction of the cingula; or (3) it was not a
+heteromyid, but a parallel development from the "Paramys" stock. Wood
+favored the second possibility. Now that a part of the skull of one
+species of _Heliscomys_ is known, the undivided internal cingulum that
+is confluent with the hypocone, the lateral compression of the deep
+rostrum, and the general similarity to the heteromyids appear as points
+in common between the two skulls, and demonstrate the closeness of
+_Florentiamys_ to the heteromyids. However, the specimen does not
+contribute anything new to use in choosing between Wood's first two
+postulates. In the writer's opinion the undivided internal cingulum is a
+primitive condition that has survived in _Florentiamys_ and _Heliscomys
+tenuiceps_. This common character together with the laterally compressed
+rostrum leads me to think that structurally, _H. tenuiceps_ is a link
+between _Florentiamys_ and the ancestral form of _Heliscomys_.
+Admittedly P4 of _Florentiamys_ seems far from the _Heliscomys_ pattern,
+but I think that this highly specialized structure could have been
+derived from _Heliscomys_ or a common ancestor.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+MCGREW, PAUL O.
+
+1941. Heteromyids from the Miocene and Lower Oligocene. Geol. Ser. of
+Field Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, pp. 55-57, 1 fig.
+
+WOOD, ALBERT E.
+
+1933. A New Heteromyid Rodent from the Oligocene of Montana. Jour.
+Mamm., vol. 14, pp. 134-141, 5 figs.
+
+1935. Evolution and Relationship of the Heteromyid Rodents with New
+Forms from the Tertiary of Western North America. Annals of the Carnegie
+Mus., vol. 24, pp. 73-262, 157 figs.
+
+1937. Part II. Rodentia, in The Mammalian Fauna of the White River
+Oligocene; by William Berryman Scott and Glenn Lowell Jepsen. Trans.
+Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s., vol. 28, pp. 155-269, figs. 8-70, pls. 23-33.
+
+1939. Additional Specimens of the Heteromyid Rodent Heliscomys from the
+Oligocene of Nebraska. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 237, pp. 550-561, 11 figs.
+
+_Transmitted March 1, 1948._
+
+22-3342
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent
+from the Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull, by Edwin C. Galbreath
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SPECIES OF HETEROMYID RODENT ***
+
+***** This file should be named 34412-8.txt or 34412-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/4/1/34412/
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/34412-8.zip b/34412-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ca0d45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34412-8.zip
diff --git a/34412-h.zip b/34412-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b473f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34412-h.zip
diff --git a/34412-h/34412-h.htm b/34412-h/34412-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c9e8f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34412-h/34412-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,968 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of A New Species Of Heteromyid Rodent From The Middle Oligocene Of, by Edwin C. Galbreath.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+                position: absolute;
+                left: 92%;
+                font-size: smaller;
+                text-align: right;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
+    .linenum  {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    .caption  {font-weight: bold;}
+
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figleft     {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top:
+                 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figright    {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;
+                 margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+    .footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    .footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+    .fnanchor         {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
+    .poem .stanza     {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i4     {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the
+Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull, by Edwin C. Galbreath
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull
+
+Author: Edwin C. Galbreath
+
+Release Date: November 23, 2010 [EBook #34412]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SPECIES OF HETEROMYID RODENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<h1>A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of
+Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>EDWIN C. GALBREATH</h2>
+
+<p class="center">
+University of Kansas Publications<br />
+Museum of Natural History<br />
+<br />
+Volume 1, No. 18, pp. 285-300, 2 plates<br />
+August 16, 1948<br />
+<br />
+University of Kansas<br />
+LAWRENCE<br />
+1948<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br />
+<br />
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman; H. H. Lane, Edward H. Taylor<br />
+<br />
+Volume 1, No. 18, pp. 285-300, 2 plates<br />
+August 16, 1948<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+Lawrence, Kansas<br />
+<br />
+PRINTED BY<br />
+FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br />
+TOPEKA, KANSAS<br />
+1948<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+22-3342<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 428px;">
+<img src="images/i_003.jpg" width="428" height="650" alt="Plate 2. Heliscomys tenuiceps. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
+Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C,
+ventral view. All views approximately &times; 5." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Plate 2. Heliscomys tenuiceps. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
+Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C,
+ventral view. All views approximately &times; 5.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 499px;">
+<img src="images/i_004.jpg" width="499" height="650" alt="Plate 3. Heliscomys tenuiceps. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
+Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, lateral view of right side of
+skull showing structures in orbital area. ALS, alisphenoid. FR, frontal.
+MAX, maxillary. OS, orbitosphenoid. PAL, palatine. PC, presphenoid
+canal. SF, sphenoidal fissure. SFr, sphenofrontal foramen. SPal,
+sphenopalatine foramen. Approximately &times; 9.3; B, occlusal view of P4-M3.
+Approximately &times; 23.4." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Plate 3. Heliscomys tenuiceps. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
+Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, lateral view of right side of
+skull showing structures in orbital area. ALS, alisphenoid. FR, frontal.
+MAX, maxillary. OS, orbitosphenoid. PAL, palatine. PC, presphenoid
+canal. SF, sphenoidal fissure. SFr, sphenofrontal foramen. SPal,
+sphenopalatine foramen. Approximately &times; 9.3; B, occlusal view of P4-M3.
+Approximately &times; 23.4.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p>
+<h2> New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of
+Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull</h2>
+
+<h4>By</h4>
+
+<h3>EDWIN C. GALBREATH</h3>
+
+
+<p>Heretofore our knowledge of the osteology of <i>Heliscomys</i> Cope has been
+extremely limited; this genus previously was known by its teeth,
+fragmental maxillaries, incomplete palatine bone and mandible, and part
+of one forelimb. In the summer of 1946 the writer, as a member of the
+University of Kansas Museum of Natural History field party, discovered
+the anterior part of a skull of <i>Heliscomys</i> in the middle Oligocene
+deposits of Logan County, Colorado. This specimen, representing a new
+species, yields a welcome, and greatly desired addition to our fund of
+information about the genus.</p>
+
+<p>The writer is indebted to Dr. Robert W. Wilson for advice and helpful
+criticism in the course of this study, and to Mr. Bryan Patterson of the
+Chicago Natural History Museum for the loan of comparative material.
+Mrs. Bernita Mansfield of the Geology Department, University of Kansas,
+prepared the plates.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Family HETEROMYIDAE</h4>
+
+<h4><b>Heliscomys tenuiceps</b>, new species</h4>
+
+<p><i>Holotype.</i>&mdash;Anterior part of a skull with left P4-M3, No. 7702,
+Vertebrate Paleontological Collection, Museum of Natural History,
+University of Kansas.</p>
+
+<p><i>Geological Age and locality.</i>&mdash;Silts of Orellan age in the Cedar Creek
+facies of the Brule formation in "Chimney Canyon," Sec. 3, T. 11 N, R.
+54 W, Logan County, Colorado.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>&mdash;Size larger than any known species; P4 with
+posteroexternal cusp (metacone) anterior to central (hypocone) and
+lingual (entostyle) cusps, which are connected by a cingulum; internal
+cingula of molars undivided, and as high as paracone and metacone; style
+of each cingulum opposite the straight median valley; rostrum deep and
+laterally compressed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Description.</i>&mdash;The type consists of the preorbital and interorbital
+parts of a skull. Its size is comparable to that of the Recent
+heteromyid, <i>Liomys pictus</i> Merriam. <i>L. pictus</i> is the species referred
+to in the comparisons below when only the generic name <i>Liomys</i> is
+mentioned. Both incisors have been broken off. The right tooth-row is
+missing, but the left row is complete, and its orientation indicates
+that the tooth rows were parallel. The zygomata are broken off close to
+the rostrum, which is relatively narrow in comparison with its length
+and depth. In this narrowness, the specimen resembles <i>Florentiamys</i>
+Wood more than it does such Recent heteromyids as <i>Liomys</i> or
+<i>Heteromys</i>, where the rostrum is much wider at the dorsal surface than
+at the ventral<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> surface (correlating with the wide interorbital
+dimension). In No. 7702 the rostrum is not appreciably expanded on the
+dorsal surface. The wide interorbital dimension also gives a tapering
+appearance to the rostrum of the Recent heteromyids, when viewed
+dorsally, which is not seen in the fossil specimen. Like those of most
+heteromyids, the nasals and premaxillaries project forward beyond the
+incisors.</p>
+
+<p><i>H. tenuiceps</i> has a distinctly heteromyidlike appearance, and it is
+obvious that the features of the anterior part of the skull, which
+characterize the heteromyids, had been established by middle Oligocene
+time.</p>
+
+<p>The nasal bone extends caudad as far as does the premaxillary; they
+terminate at the anterior border of the orbit. The nasal is widest
+anteriorly where it curves downward on the side to meet the anterior
+projection of the premaxillary bone beyond the incisor. Posteriorly, the
+two nasals have practically parallel lateral borders much as in
+<i>Liomys</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The frontal bone dorsally is relatively narrower than in any Recent
+heteromyid, and closely resembles that of the geomyids. There is a
+slight depression in the midline of the skull where the two frontals
+unite, but no evidence of a ridge for the attachment of the temporal
+muscle. In lateral view, the ledge seen in <i>Liomys</i> at the dorsal
+surface is absent, nor is this surface rounded as in <i>Geomys</i>.
+Preservation around the nasolacrimal canal is poor, but traces of
+sutures indicate that the frontal bone is not involved in the
+posteromedial wall of that canal. The orbital plate is broad,
+comparatively flat, and extends farther ventrad than in <i>Liomys</i>, and
+enters into the composition of the sphenopalatine foramina. Ventrally
+the frontal bone meets the orbital processes of the palatine and
+maxillary bones, and posterolaterally meets the orbitosphenoid.</p>
+
+<p>In the anterodorsal angle of the rim of the orbit the lacrimal bone
+rests against the frontal and maxillary bones, where the body of the
+lacrimal contributes to the formation of the posteromedial wall of the
+nasolacrimal canal. Only a slight part of the maxillary process of the
+lacrimal remains on each side.</p>
+
+<p>The premaxillary bone, which constitutes most of the anterior part of
+the rostrum, is typically heteromyid in shape. The frontal process is
+long and slender. On the side of the rostrum the premaxillary forms the
+anterointernal border of the infraorbital foramen. The ventrolateral
+border of the bone is expanded slightly and aids in the formation of the
+tuberosity made by the maxillary bone at the ventroposterior border of
+the foramen. Ventrally the premaxillary makes up the anterior two-thirds
+of the lateral wall of the incisive (anterior palatine) foramen. It is
+not possible to establish what part of the median septum between the
+foramina is made up of premaxillary bones. The incisor arches through
+the premaxillary in a manner similar to that in <i>Liomys</i>, with the upper
+wall of the root canal being formed by the upper surface of the bone.
+Due to the narrowness of the rostrum, the root of the incisor is
+prominently outlined on the side of the rostrum, both in the
+premaxillary and maxillary bones. With this modeling of the side of the
+rostrum because of the incisor root canal, and the flaring of the
+posterior and ventral edges of the infraorbital foramen, the side wall
+of the premaxillary appears as a depressed area. Anterior to the incisor
+root the tip of the premaxillary projects forward, and parallels its
+opposite, laterally, instead of turning inward<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> as in <i>Liomys</i>. This
+condition, together with the prominence of the root canal, makes the
+anterior tip project as a flange. The premaxillary extends downward as a
+plate of bone, and embraces the posterior and lateral sides of the
+incisor as in Recent heteromyids. The interpremaxillary foramen, if
+present, is obscure. However, there appears to be a foramen posterior to
+the incisor, which possibly has taken over the function of the
+interpremaxillary foramen.</p>
+
+<p>Both maxillary bones are incomplete, and lack the zygomatic processes.
+The rostral part of the maxillary is compressed laterally, as is the
+premaxillary. The anterior border of the maxillary contributes to the
+formation of the border of the anterior opening of the infraorbital
+canal where, at the posteroventral border of the opening, the bone is
+produced into a prominent tuberosity which projects laterally
+approximately one millimeter on each side. The infraorbital foramen
+(anterior opening of the infraorbital canal) lies about midway between
+the anterior end of the skull and the root of the zygoma. High on each
+side of the rostrum, and beneath the dorsal edge of the masseteric
+plate, is an area containing small foramina. The zygomasseteric plate is
+inclined forward at the dorsal end, and extends anteriorly almost to the
+highest part of the arch of the canal for the root of the incisor. The
+posterior end of the infraorbital canal lies on the median side of the
+zygomatic root as it does in <i>H. hatcheri</i> Wood. Ventrally the zygomatic
+root rises above the fourth premolar as in <i>H. gregoryi</i> Wood, <i>H.
+hatcheri</i>, and in Recent heteromyids. The ventral part of the orbit,
+containing the sphenopalatine foramen, presphenoid foramen, and the
+sphenoidal fissure, is not constricted as in <i>Liomys</i>, but is open like
+that of the squirrels. This condition is emphasized by the narrowness of
+the interorbital part of the skull and the more vertical position of the
+orbital plate.</p>
+
+<p>The alisphenoid bone is large and forms part of the posteromedial wall
+of the orbit. The sphenofrontal foramen lies in the suture between the
+extreme anterior margin of this bone and the frontal bone.</p>
+
+<p>The orbitosphenoid bone makes up little of the orbital wall. It occupies
+the posterior area of the orbit between the alisphenoid and palatine,
+and is in contact with these bones and the frontal. The presphenoid
+canal between the orbits is large, and the entrance at each end is well
+separated from the sphenoidal fissure. Damage to the sphenoidal fissure,
+which occurred prior to preservation, obscures its relationship to the
+optic foramen. No bar was found that would indicate that the two
+openings were widely separate. Anteroventrally the sphenoidal fissure is
+bounded by the orbitosphenoid bone, and dorsolaterally by the
+alisphenoid bone. Between the presphenoid foramen and the
+orbitosphenoid-frontal suture there is a distinct ridge, and the suture
+between the two bones lies in an elongate pit or trough formed by the
+anterior sloping side of the ridge and the impressed lateral wall of the
+frontal bone.</p>
+
+<p>The palatine bone is represented by fragments joined to other bones of
+the skull. The maxillary process of the left palatine bone is united to
+the maxillary by a highly sinuous suture. The union of the palatines to
+the maxillaries make a suture in the shape of a "V" with the base
+forward and somewhat blunt. The canal for the palatine artery and nerve
+has a multiple opening on the palate. One major foramen opens on each
+side of the palatomaxillary suture, and two or possibly three smaller
+foramina open posteriorly on the palatine bone. Prominent on the
+palatine bone, posteromedial to the third molar, is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> the foramen
+(palatine pit) for the palatine vein. Collectively, this complex of
+foramina is often known as the posterior palatine foramina. Wood (1933)
+states that <i>H. gregoryi</i> has two posterior palatine foramina as in
+Recent genera, the anterior one opening opposite the posterior end of
+M1, and the posterior one opposite the median part of M3. The orbital
+process of the left palatine bone lies inside (medial to) the palatine
+process of the maxillary. Anteriorly this orbital process meets the
+orbital process of the maxillary bone, and the sphenopalatine foramen is
+found in the suture between these two bones and the frontal.</p>
+
+<p>As previously mentioned, the preserved dentition of this specimen
+consists of the complete left row of cheek teeth and roots of the
+incisors.</p>
+
+<p>The incisor is compressed laterally, more so than in any Recent
+heteromyid. The anterior face is rounded, asulcate, and covered with a
+heavy band of enamel, whereas the posterior side, due to lateral
+compression, is drawn out into a thin blade. The root of the incisor is
+at the lateral border of the premaxillary, so it is obvious that the two
+incisors converged on each other at the midline to form a cutting
+surface. The writer has not examined the asulcate, laterally compressed
+incisors of <i>H. hatcheri</i>, and cannot say how they compare with this
+specimen.</p>
+
+<p>The most significant features of the cheek teeth are their size, and the
+undivided internal cingulum. The molars are well worn, but the pattern,
+as a whole, is easily discernable.</p>
+
+<p>P4 has an anterior cusp and three posterior cusps as in other members of
+the genus. However, the buccal cusp (metacone) of the metaloph is
+considerably anterior to the central (hypocone) and lingual (entostyle)
+cusps, and the three cusps do not form a curve as in other species. In
+size the central cusp is largest, the buccal cusp is practically as
+large, and the lingual cusp is small. A cingulum connects the lingual
+and central cusps at the posterior margin of the tooth. In the Pipestone
+Springs specimen of <i>Heliscomys</i> reported by McGrew (1941) the central
+and buccal cusps were connected by a cingulum, and some <i>H. hatcheri</i>
+specimens have all three cusps connected in a similar manner. A low arm
+or ridge extends from the lingual cusp forward to the lingual side of
+the base of the anterior cusp. The valleys between the posterior cusps
+are shallow. There is no sign of the small cuspule on the anteroexternal
+base of the anterior cusp seen in <i>H. gregoryi</i>, <i>H. hatcheri</i>, and the
+Pipestone Springs specimen. However, when one sees the variability of
+the cuspules on P4 of <i>H. hatcheri</i>, the presence of a minor cuspule
+does not seem to be of taxonomic importance.</p>
+
+<p>M1 deviates from the pattern typical of <i>Heliscomys</i> more than do any of
+the other molar teeth. However, it must be kept in mind that some of the
+differences may be due to wear. For example, the protocone and paracone,
+and the hypocone and metacone are united to form protoloph and metaloph
+respectively. If the height of the external border of the paracone and
+metacone is taken into account and compared with the worn inner parts of
+these two cusps and the equally well-worn protocone and hypocone, it
+appears that these cusps formed no more of a true bilophodont tooth than
+do the cusps in other species of <i>Heliscomys</i>; in each of the species
+the cusps generally are separate entities. <i>H. gregoryi</i> is reported to
+have an "incipient tendency to form lophs,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> and <i>H. hatcheri</i> does the
+same when worn, but by union with the anterior cingulum. If cusps in <i>H.
+tenuiceps</i> do form lophs, the process is definitely not by union of the
+cusps with the anterior cingulum. The transverse median valley is deep
+and divides the tooth on the buccal side. The anteroposterior valleys
+are shallow and hanging, and can be said to exist only as indentations
+between the two sets of cusps. The paracone and metacone are much higher
+than the other two cusps, but much of this disparity in height may be
+the result of greater wear on the protocone and hypocone; <i>H. gregoryi</i>
+agrees with <i>H. tenuiceps</i> in these respects. Possibly the protocone and
+hypocone were much larger than the paracone and metacone. The internal
+cingulum of M1 exhibits only one large cusp opposite the medial end of
+the transverse valley, and shows no evidence of having been divided into
+two cusps. It is barely possible that there may have been two cusps and
+that wear makes it appear that there was only one. I doubt that there
+were two cusps because the cingulum is still so high (as high as the
+outer edges of the paracone and metacone) as to suggest that it is only
+slightly worn. Posteriorly this single cusp in the cingulum is united
+with the hypocone. Anteriorly the cusp is confluent with an anterior
+cingulum that is small, but, nevertheless, plainly visible as it crosses
+the occlusal face of the tooth to the paracone. There is some reason to
+believe that there was a posterior cingulum, but wear, which has
+obliterated even the posterior wall of the hypocone, prevents my being
+certain about this. This cingulum is absent in <i>H. gregoryi</i> and present
+in <i>H. hatcheri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>M2 compares favorably with M1 except for the following differences: The
+protocone and hypocone are equal to the paracone and metacone in area,
+but not in height; although the internal cingulum is undivided, there is
+no evidence of a cusp as in M1. Here, too, the cingulum is as high as
+the paracone and metacone. Possibly the cingulum was confluent with the
+hypocone. The internal cingulum continues around the margin of the tooth
+to the paracone as an anterior cingulum which is sharper and plainer
+than the anterior cingulum on M1. There is no evidence of a posterior
+cingulum.</p>
+
+<p>M3 shows a great amount of wear, and the occlusal pattern is not too
+clear. The median transverse valley is reduced almost to a pit, and the
+paracone and metacone are divided by a small notch. The protocone and
+paracone, the latter being much higher, are larger than the metacone
+which is reduced in size, and not all this difference in size can be the
+result of wear. The hypocone is absent. The internal cingulum is as high
+as the paracone and shows no evidence of division into two cusps, but in
+M3 this character is apparently variable for <i>H. gregoryi</i> does not have
+the internal cingulum divided and <i>H. hatcheri</i> has it markedly so. A
+slight anterior arm of the internal cingulum may have reached forward to
+the anterior face of the protocone. Wear prevents knowing whether a
+crest surrounds the tooth completely, or only on three sides.</p>
+
+<p>In size the teeth of <i>H. tenuiceps</i> average twenty per cent larger than
+any of the upper teeth of <i>H. gregoryi</i>, <i>H. hatcheri</i>, or the Pipestone
+Springs specimen, and exceed any of the known lower teeth including
+those of <i>H. vetus</i> and <i>H. senex</i> by twenty-five per cent or more.
+Inasmuch as the upper teeth rarely exceed the lower in length in all the
+related genera of heteromyids, it is assumed that a similar relationship
+existed between the upper and lower molars<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> of <i>H. tenuiceps</i> and,
+therefore, that this species can be distinguished by its large size. The
+relative size of the premolars and molars is the same in <i>H. tenuiceps</i>
+as in other species of <i>Heliscomys</i>. However, within the framework of
+this similar relationship there are two differences. P4 of <i>H.
+tenuiceps</i> is relatively larger than the P4 of <i>H. gregoryi</i>, and
+relatively smaller than the P4 of <i>H. hatcheri</i>. The width of the molars
+is relatively greater in <i>H. tenuiceps</i> and <i>H. gregoryi</i> than in <i>H.
+hatcheri</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Measurements</span></h4>
+
+<h4>(In millimeters)</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>U. K. M. N. H.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>(Vert. Paleo.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>No. 7702</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Height of skull at M2</td><td align='right'>7.48</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Length from anterior end of nasals to rear of M3</td><td align='right'>15.41</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Length of nasal bones</td><td align='right'>10.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Width of rostrum at highest point of root canal</td><td align='right'>3.97</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interorbital width</td><td align='right'>4.39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Estimated length of skull</td><td align='right'>25.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I, anteroposterior length</td><td align='right'>1.56</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I, transverse width</td><td align='right'>0.63</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>P4-M3 crown length</td><td align='right'>3.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>P4-M3 alveolar length</td><td align='right'>3.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>P4, anteroposterior length[A]</td><td align='right'>1.05</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>P4, transverse width</td><td align='right'>1.08</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M1, anteroposterior length</td><td align='right'>0.93</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M1, transverse width</td><td align='right'>1.17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M2, anteroposterior length</td><td align='right'>0.93</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M2, transverse width</td><td align='right'>1.14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M3, anteroposterior length</td><td align='right'>0.78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M3, transverse width</td><td align='right'>0.93</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>[Note A: This and the following measurements at occlusal surface.]</p>
+
+<p><i>Discussion.</i>&mdash;<i>Heliscomys tenuiceps</i> shows beyond any doubt that the
+heteromyid pattern of skull was developed by mid-Oligocene times, and in
+this species was already undergoing lateral compression. The major
+change later made in heteromyid skulls is broadening of the dorsal
+surface of the skull in the interorbital area.</p>
+
+<p>The complete confirmation of Wood's (1939) statement that the
+"sciuromorph" zygomasseteric structure had been developed by this time
+in the heteromyid rodents as it had been in the early Eomyids is
+demonstrated in this specimen. Further, it is to be noted that the
+infraorbital canal is not sciuridlike, but has been forced forward on
+the rostrum, as in the Geomyoidea.</p>
+
+<p>In some ways this skull shows similarities to <i>Florentiamys loomisi</i>
+Wood, of the early Miocene, which aid in determining the relationship of
+that unusual genus to <i>Heliscomys</i> and to the heteromyids in general.
+When Wood described <i>Florentiamys</i> the peculiar combination of
+characters found in this animal prompted him to speculate that: (1) It
+was a typical heteromyid which had secondarily developed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> cingula; (2)
+its cheek teeth were nearer the primitive pattern than were those of any
+other known fossil heteromyid, and that <i>Heliscomys</i> represented a
+simplification in the reduction of the cingula; or (3) it was not a
+heteromyid, but a parallel development from the "Paramys" stock. Wood
+favored the second possibility. Now that a part of the skull of one
+species of <i>Heliscomys</i> is known, the undivided internal cingulum that
+is confluent with the hypocone, the lateral compression of the deep
+rostrum, and the general similarity to the heteromyids appear as points
+in common between the two skulls, and demonstrate the closeness of
+<i>Florentiamys</i> to the heteromyids. However, the specimen does not
+contribute anything new to use in choosing between Wood's first two
+postulates. In the writer's opinion the undivided internal cingulum is a
+primitive condition that has survived in <i>Florentiamys</i> and <i>Heliscomys
+tenuiceps</i>. This common character together with the laterally compressed
+rostrum leads me to think that structurally, <i>H. tenuiceps</i> is a link
+between <i>Florentiamys</i> and the ancestral form of <i>Heliscomys</i>.
+Admittedly P4 of <i>Florentiamys</i> seems far from the <i>Heliscomys</i> pattern,
+but I think that this highly specialized structure could have been
+derived from <i>Heliscomys</i> or a common ancestor.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LITERATURE_CITED" id="LITERATURE_CITED"></a>LITERATURE CITED</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">McGrew, Paul O.</span></p>
+
+<p>1941. Heteromyids from the Miocene and Lower Oligocene. Geol. Ser. of
+Field Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, pp. 55-57, 1 fig.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wood, Albert E.</span></p>
+
+<p>1933. A New Heteromyid Rodent from the Oligocene of Montana. Jour.
+Mamm., vol. 14, pp. 134-141, 5 figs.</p>
+
+<p>1935. Evolution and Relationship of the Heteromyid Rodents with New
+Forms from the Tertiary of Western North America. Annals of the Carnegie
+Mus., vol. 24, pp. 73-262, 157 figs.</p>
+
+<p>1937. Part II. Rodentia, in The Mammalian Fauna of the White River
+Oligocene; by William Berryman Scott and Glenn Lowell Jepsen. Trans.
+Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s., vol. 28, pp. 155-269, figs. 8-70, pls. 23-33.</p>
+
+<p>1939. Additional Specimens of the Heteromyid Rodent Heliscomys from the
+Oligocene of Nebraska. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 237, pp. 550-561, 11 figs.</p>
+
+<h4><i>Transmitted March 1, 1948.</i></h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>22-3342</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent
+from the Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull, by Edwin C. Galbreath
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SPECIES OF HETEROMYID RODENT ***
+
+***** This file should be named 34412-h.htm or 34412-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/4/1/34412/
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/34412-h/images/i_003.jpg b/34412-h/images/i_003.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0938ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34412-h/images/i_003.jpg
diff --git a/34412-h/images/i_004.jpg b/34412-h/images/i_004.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9762f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34412-h/images/i_004.jpg
diff --git a/34412.txt b/34412.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc494c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34412.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the
+Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull, by Edwin C. Galbreath
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull
+
+Author: Edwin C. Galbreath
+
+Release Date: November 23, 2010 [EBook #34412]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SPECIES OF HETEROMYID RODENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of
+Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull
+
+BY
+
+EDWIN C. GALBREATH
+
+University of Kansas Publications
+Museum of Natural History
+
+Volume 1, No. 18, pp. 285-300, 2 plates
+August 16, 1948
+
+University of Kansas
+LAWRENCE
+1948
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman; H. H. Lane, Edward H. Taylor
+
+Volume 1, No. 18, pp. 285-300, 2 plates
+August 16, 1948
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1948
+
+[Illustration]
+
+22-3342
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies
+words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies
+words in italics.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 2. _Heliscomys tenuiceps._ Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
+Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C,
+ventral view. All views approximately x 5.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 3. _Heliscomys tenuiceps._ Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
+Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, lateral view of right side of
+skull showing structures in orbital area. ALS, alisphenoid. FR, frontal.
+MAX, maxillary. OS, orbitosphenoid. PAL, palatine. PC, presphenoid
+canal. SF, sphenoidal fissure. SFr, sphenofrontal foramen. SPal,
+sphenopalatine foramen. Approximately x 9.3; B, occlusal view of P4-M3.
+Approximately x 23.4.]
+
+
+
+
+A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of
+Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull
+
+By
+
+EDWIN C. GALBREATH
+
+
+Heretofore our knowledge of the osteology of _Heliscomys_ Cope has been
+extremely limited; this genus previously was known by its teeth,
+fragmental maxillaries, incomplete palatine bone and mandible, and part
+of one forelimb. In the summer of 1946 the writer, as a member of the
+University of Kansas Museum of Natural History field party, discovered
+the anterior part of a skull of _Heliscomys_ in the middle Oligocene
+deposits of Logan County, Colorado. This specimen, representing a new
+species, yields a welcome, and greatly desired addition to our fund of
+information about the genus.
+
+The writer is indebted to Dr. Robert W. Wilson for advice and helpful
+criticism in the course of this study, and to Mr. Bryan Patterson of the
+Chicago Natural History Museum for the loan of comparative material.
+Mrs. Bernita Mansfield of the Geology Department, University of Kansas,
+prepared the plates.
+
+
+Family HETEROMYIDAE
+
+~Heliscomys tenuiceps~, new species
+
+_Holotype._--Anterior part of a skull with left P4-M3, No. 7702,
+Vertebrate Paleontological Collection, Museum of Natural History,
+University of Kansas.
+
+_Geological Age and locality._--Silts of Orellan age in the Cedar Creek
+facies of the Brule formation in "Chimney Canyon," Sec. 3, T. 11 N, R.
+54 W, Logan County, Colorado.
+
+_Diagnosis._--Size larger than any known species; P4 with
+posteroexternal cusp (metacone) anterior to central (hypocone) and
+lingual (entostyle) cusps, which are connected by a cingulum; internal
+cingula of molars undivided, and as high as paracone and metacone; style
+of each cingulum opposite the straight median valley; rostrum deep and
+laterally compressed.
+
+_Description._--The type consists of the preorbital and interorbital
+parts of a skull. Its size is comparable to that of the Recent
+heteromyid, _Liomys pictus_ Merriam. _L. pictus_ is the species referred
+to in the comparisons below when only the generic name _Liomys_ is
+mentioned. Both incisors have been broken off. The right tooth-row is
+missing, but the left row is complete, and its orientation indicates
+that the tooth rows were parallel. The zygomata are broken off close to
+the rostrum, which is relatively narrow in comparison with its length
+and depth. In this narrowness, the specimen resembles _Florentiamys_
+Wood more than it does such Recent heteromyids as _Liomys_ or
+_Heteromys_, where the rostrum is much wider at the dorsal surface than
+at the ventral surface (correlating with the wide interorbital
+dimension). In No. 7702 the rostrum is not appreciably expanded on the
+dorsal surface. The wide interorbital dimension also gives a tapering
+appearance to the rostrum of the Recent heteromyids, when viewed
+dorsally, which is not seen in the fossil specimen. Like those of most
+heteromyids, the nasals and premaxillaries project forward beyond the
+incisors.
+
+_H. tenuiceps_ has a distinctly heteromyidlike appearance, and it is
+obvious that the features of the anterior part of the skull, which
+characterize the heteromyids, had been established by middle Oligocene
+time.
+
+The nasal bone extends caudad as far as does the premaxillary; they
+terminate at the anterior border of the orbit. The nasal is widest
+anteriorly where it curves downward on the side to meet the anterior
+projection of the premaxillary bone beyond the incisor. Posteriorly, the
+two nasals have practically parallel lateral borders much as in
+_Liomys_.
+
+The frontal bone dorsally is relatively narrower than in any Recent
+heteromyid, and closely resembles that of the geomyids. There is a
+slight depression in the midline of the skull where the two frontals
+unite, but no evidence of a ridge for the attachment of the temporal
+muscle. In lateral view, the ledge seen in _Liomys_ at the dorsal
+surface is absent, nor is this surface rounded as in _Geomys_.
+Preservation around the nasolacrimal canal is poor, but traces of
+sutures indicate that the frontal bone is not involved in the
+posteromedial wall of that canal. The orbital plate is broad,
+comparatively flat, and extends farther ventrad than in _Liomys_, and
+enters into the composition of the sphenopalatine foramina. Ventrally
+the frontal bone meets the orbital processes of the palatine and
+maxillary bones, and posterolaterally meets the orbitosphenoid.
+
+In the anterodorsal angle of the rim of the orbit the lacrimal bone
+rests against the frontal and maxillary bones, where the body of the
+lacrimal contributes to the formation of the posteromedial wall of the
+nasolacrimal canal. Only a slight part of the maxillary process of the
+lacrimal remains on each side.
+
+The premaxillary bone, which constitutes most of the anterior part of
+the rostrum, is typically heteromyid in shape. The frontal process is
+long and slender. On the side of the rostrum the premaxillary forms the
+anterointernal border of the infraorbital foramen. The ventrolateral
+border of the bone is expanded slightly and aids in the formation of the
+tuberosity made by the maxillary bone at the ventroposterior border of
+the foramen. Ventrally the premaxillary makes up the anterior two-thirds
+of the lateral wall of the incisive (anterior palatine) foramen. It is
+not possible to establish what part of the median septum between the
+foramina is made up of premaxillary bones. The incisor arches through
+the premaxillary in a manner similar to that in _Liomys_, with the upper
+wall of the root canal being formed by the upper surface of the bone.
+Due to the narrowness of the rostrum, the root of the incisor is
+prominently outlined on the side of the rostrum, both in the
+premaxillary and maxillary bones. With this modeling of the side of the
+rostrum because of the incisor root canal, and the flaring of the
+posterior and ventral edges of the infraorbital foramen, the side wall
+of the premaxillary appears as a depressed area. Anterior to the incisor
+root the tip of the premaxillary projects forward, and parallels its
+opposite, laterally, instead of turning inward as in _Liomys_. This
+condition, together with the prominence of the root canal, makes the
+anterior tip project as a flange. The premaxillary extends downward as a
+plate of bone, and embraces the posterior and lateral sides of the
+incisor as in Recent heteromyids. The interpremaxillary foramen, if
+present, is obscure. However, there appears to be a foramen posterior to
+the incisor, which possibly has taken over the function of the
+interpremaxillary foramen.
+
+Both maxillary bones are incomplete, and lack the zygomatic processes.
+The rostral part of the maxillary is compressed laterally, as is the
+premaxillary. The anterior border of the maxillary contributes to the
+formation of the border of the anterior opening of the infraorbital
+canal where, at the posteroventral border of the opening, the bone is
+produced into a prominent tuberosity which projects laterally
+approximately one millimeter on each side. The infraorbital foramen
+(anterior opening of the infraorbital canal) lies about midway between
+the anterior end of the skull and the root of the zygoma. High on each
+side of the rostrum, and beneath the dorsal edge of the masseteric
+plate, is an area containing small foramina. The zygomasseteric plate is
+inclined forward at the dorsal end, and extends anteriorly almost to the
+highest part of the arch of the canal for the root of the incisor. The
+posterior end of the infraorbital canal lies on the median side of the
+zygomatic root as it does in _H. hatcheri_ Wood. Ventrally the zygomatic
+root rises above the fourth premolar as in _H. gregoryi_ Wood, _H.
+hatcheri_, and in Recent heteromyids. The ventral part of the orbit,
+containing the sphenopalatine foramen, presphenoid foramen, and the
+sphenoidal fissure, is not constricted as in _Liomys_, but is open like
+that of the squirrels. This condition is emphasized by the narrowness of
+the interorbital part of the skull and the more vertical position of the
+orbital plate.
+
+The alisphenoid bone is large and forms part of the posteromedial wall
+of the orbit. The sphenofrontal foramen lies in the suture between the
+extreme anterior margin of this bone and the frontal bone.
+
+The orbitosphenoid bone makes up little of the orbital wall. It occupies
+the posterior area of the orbit between the alisphenoid and palatine,
+and is in contact with these bones and the frontal. The presphenoid
+canal between the orbits is large, and the entrance at each end is well
+separated from the sphenoidal fissure. Damage to the sphenoidal fissure,
+which occurred prior to preservation, obscures its relationship to the
+optic foramen. No bar was found that would indicate that the two
+openings were widely separate. Anteroventrally the sphenoidal fissure is
+bounded by the orbitosphenoid bone, and dorsolaterally by the
+alisphenoid bone. Between the presphenoid foramen and the
+orbitosphenoid-frontal suture there is a distinct ridge, and the suture
+between the two bones lies in an elongate pit or trough formed by the
+anterior sloping side of the ridge and the impressed lateral wall of the
+frontal bone.
+
+The palatine bone is represented by fragments joined to other bones of
+the skull. The maxillary process of the left palatine bone is united to
+the maxillary by a highly sinuous suture. The union of the palatines to
+the maxillaries make a suture in the shape of a "V" with the base
+forward and somewhat blunt. The canal for the palatine artery and nerve
+has a multiple opening on the palate. One major foramen opens on each
+side of the palatomaxillary suture, and two or possibly three smaller
+foramina open posteriorly on the palatine bone. Prominent on the
+palatine bone, posteromedial to the third molar, is the foramen
+(palatine pit) for the palatine vein. Collectively, this complex of
+foramina is often known as the posterior palatine foramina. Wood (1933)
+states that _H. gregoryi_ has two posterior palatine foramina as in
+Recent genera, the anterior one opening opposite the posterior end of
+M1, and the posterior one opposite the median part of M3. The orbital
+process of the left palatine bone lies inside (medial to) the palatine
+process of the maxillary. Anteriorly this orbital process meets the
+orbital process of the maxillary bone, and the sphenopalatine foramen is
+found in the suture between these two bones and the frontal.
+
+As previously mentioned, the preserved dentition of this specimen
+consists of the complete left row of cheek teeth and roots of the
+incisors.
+
+The incisor is compressed laterally, more so than in any Recent
+heteromyid. The anterior face is rounded, asulcate, and covered with a
+heavy band of enamel, whereas the posterior side, due to lateral
+compression, is drawn out into a thin blade. The root of the incisor is
+at the lateral border of the premaxillary, so it is obvious that the two
+incisors converged on each other at the midline to form a cutting
+surface. The writer has not examined the asulcate, laterally compressed
+incisors of _H. hatcheri_, and cannot say how they compare with this
+specimen.
+
+The most significant features of the cheek teeth are their size, and the
+undivided internal cingulum. The molars are well worn, but the pattern,
+as a whole, is easily discernable.
+
+P4 has an anterior cusp and three posterior cusps as in other members of
+the genus. However, the buccal cusp (metacone) of the metaloph is
+considerably anterior to the central (hypocone) and lingual (entostyle)
+cusps, and the three cusps do not form a curve as in other species. In
+size the central cusp is largest, the buccal cusp is practically as
+large, and the lingual cusp is small. A cingulum connects the lingual
+and central cusps at the posterior margin of the tooth. In the Pipestone
+Springs specimen of _Heliscomys_ reported by McGrew (1941) the central
+and buccal cusps were connected by a cingulum, and some _H. hatcheri_
+specimens have all three cusps connected in a similar manner. A low arm
+or ridge extends from the lingual cusp forward to the lingual side of
+the base of the anterior cusp. The valleys between the posterior cusps
+are shallow. There is no sign of the small cuspule on the anteroexternal
+base of the anterior cusp seen in _H. gregoryi_, _H. hatcheri_, and the
+Pipestone Springs specimen. However, when one sees the variability of
+the cuspules on P4 of _H. hatcheri_, the presence of a minor cuspule
+does not seem to be of taxonomic importance.
+
+M1 deviates from the pattern typical of _Heliscomys_ more than do any of
+the other molar teeth. However, it must be kept in mind that some of the
+differences may be due to wear. For example, the protocone and paracone,
+and the hypocone and metacone are united to form protoloph and metaloph
+respectively. If the height of the external border of the paracone and
+metacone is taken into account and compared with the worn inner parts of
+these two cusps and the equally well-worn protocone and hypocone, it
+appears that these cusps formed no more of a true bilophodont tooth than
+do the cusps in other species of _Heliscomys_; in each of the species
+the cusps generally are separate entities. _H. gregoryi_ is reported to
+have an "incipient tendency to form lophs," and _H. hatcheri_ does the
+same when worn, but by union with the anterior cingulum. If cusps in _H.
+tenuiceps_ do form lophs, the process is definitely not by union of the
+cusps with the anterior cingulum. The transverse median valley is deep
+and divides the tooth on the buccal side. The anteroposterior valleys
+are shallow and hanging, and can be said to exist only as indentations
+between the two sets of cusps. The paracone and metacone are much higher
+than the other two cusps, but much of this disparity in height may be
+the result of greater wear on the protocone and hypocone; _H. gregoryi_
+agrees with _H. tenuiceps_ in these respects. Possibly the protocone and
+hypocone were much larger than the paracone and metacone. The internal
+cingulum of M1 exhibits only one large cusp opposite the medial end of
+the transverse valley, and shows no evidence of having been divided into
+two cusps. It is barely possible that there may have been two cusps and
+that wear makes it appear that there was only one. I doubt that there
+were two cusps because the cingulum is still so high (as high as the
+outer edges of the paracone and metacone) as to suggest that it is only
+slightly worn. Posteriorly this single cusp in the cingulum is united
+with the hypocone. Anteriorly the cusp is confluent with an anterior
+cingulum that is small, but, nevertheless, plainly visible as it crosses
+the occlusal face of the tooth to the paracone. There is some reason to
+believe that there was a posterior cingulum, but wear, which has
+obliterated even the posterior wall of the hypocone, prevents my being
+certain about this. This cingulum is absent in _H. gregoryi_ and present
+in _H. hatcheri_.
+
+M2 compares favorably with M1 except for the following differences: The
+protocone and hypocone are equal to the paracone and metacone in area,
+but not in height; although the internal cingulum is undivided, there is
+no evidence of a cusp as in M1. Here, too, the cingulum is as high as
+the paracone and metacone. Possibly the cingulum was confluent with the
+hypocone. The internal cingulum continues around the margin of the tooth
+to the paracone as an anterior cingulum which is sharper and plainer
+than the anterior cingulum on M1. There is no evidence of a posterior
+cingulum.
+
+M3 shows a great amount of wear, and the occlusal pattern is not too
+clear. The median transverse valley is reduced almost to a pit, and the
+paracone and metacone are divided by a small notch. The protocone and
+paracone, the latter being much higher, are larger than the metacone
+which is reduced in size, and not all this difference in size can be the
+result of wear. The hypocone is absent. The internal cingulum is as high
+as the paracone and shows no evidence of division into two cusps, but in
+M3 this character is apparently variable for _H. gregoryi_ does not have
+the internal cingulum divided and _H. hatcheri_ has it markedly so. A
+slight anterior arm of the internal cingulum may have reached forward to
+the anterior face of the protocone. Wear prevents knowing whether a
+crest surrounds the tooth completely, or only on three sides.
+
+In size the teeth of _H. tenuiceps_ average twenty per cent larger than
+any of the upper teeth of _H. gregoryi_, _H. hatcheri_, or the Pipestone
+Springs specimen, and exceed any of the known lower teeth including
+those of _H. vetus_ and _H. senex_ by twenty-five per cent or more.
+Inasmuch as the upper teeth rarely exceed the lower in length in all the
+related genera of heteromyids, it is assumed that a similar relationship
+existed between the upper and lower molars of _H. tenuiceps_ and,
+therefore, that this species can be distinguished by its large size. The
+relative size of the premolars and molars is the same in _H. tenuiceps_
+as in other species of _Heliscomys_. However, within the framework of
+this similar relationship there are two differences. P4 of _H.
+tenuiceps_ is relatively larger than the P4 of _H. gregoryi_, and
+relatively smaller than the P4 of _H. hatcheri_. The width of the molars
+is relatively greater in _H. tenuiceps_ and _H. gregoryi_ than in _H.
+hatcheri_.
+
+
+MEASUREMENTS
+
+(In millimeters)
+
+                                                  U. K. M. N. H.
+                                                  (Vert. Paleo.)
+                                                     No. 7702
+Height of skull at M2                                  7.48
+Length from anterior end of nasals to rear of M3      15.41
+Length of nasal bones                                 10.50
+Width of rostrum at highest point of root canal        3.97
+Interorbital width                                     4.39
+Estimated length of skull                             25.00
+I, anteroposterior length                              1.56
+I, transverse width                                    0.63
+P4-M3 crown length                                     3.75
+P4-M3 alveolar length                                  3.80
+P4, anteroposterior length[A]                          1.05
+P4, transverse width                                   1.08
+M1, anteroposterior length                             0.93
+M1, transverse width                                   1.17
+M2, anteroposterior length                             0.93
+M2, transverse width                                   1.14
+M3, anteroposterior length                             0.78
+M3, transverse width                                   0.93
+
+[Note A: This and the following measurements at occlusal surface.]
+
+_Discussion._--_Heliscomys tenuiceps_ shows beyond any doubt that the
+heteromyid pattern of skull was developed by mid-Oligocene times, and in
+this species was already undergoing lateral compression. The major
+change later made in heteromyid skulls is broadening of the dorsal
+surface of the skull in the interorbital area.
+
+The complete confirmation of Wood's (1939) statement that the
+"sciuromorph" zygomasseteric structure had been developed by this time
+in the heteromyid rodents as it had been in the early Eomyids is
+demonstrated in this specimen. Further, it is to be noted that the
+infraorbital canal is not sciuridlike, but has been forced forward on
+the rostrum, as in the Geomyoidea.
+
+In some ways this skull shows similarities to _Florentiamys loomisi_
+Wood, of the early Miocene, which aid in determining the relationship of
+that unusual genus to _Heliscomys_ and to the heteromyids in general.
+When Wood described _Florentiamys_ the peculiar combination of
+characters found in this animal prompted him to speculate that: (1) It
+was a typical heteromyid which had secondarily developed cingula; (2)
+its cheek teeth were nearer the primitive pattern than were those of any
+other known fossil heteromyid, and that _Heliscomys_ represented a
+simplification in the reduction of the cingula; or (3) it was not a
+heteromyid, but a parallel development from the "Paramys" stock. Wood
+favored the second possibility. Now that a part of the skull of one
+species of _Heliscomys_ is known, the undivided internal cingulum that
+is confluent with the hypocone, the lateral compression of the deep
+rostrum, and the general similarity to the heteromyids appear as points
+in common between the two skulls, and demonstrate the closeness of
+_Florentiamys_ to the heteromyids. However, the specimen does not
+contribute anything new to use in choosing between Wood's first two
+postulates. In the writer's opinion the undivided internal cingulum is a
+primitive condition that has survived in _Florentiamys_ and _Heliscomys
+tenuiceps_. This common character together with the laterally compressed
+rostrum leads me to think that structurally, _H. tenuiceps_ is a link
+between _Florentiamys_ and the ancestral form of _Heliscomys_.
+Admittedly P4 of _Florentiamys_ seems far from the _Heliscomys_ pattern,
+but I think that this highly specialized structure could have been
+derived from _Heliscomys_ or a common ancestor.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+MCGREW, PAUL O.
+
+1941. Heteromyids from the Miocene and Lower Oligocene. Geol. Ser. of
+Field Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, pp. 55-57, 1 fig.
+
+WOOD, ALBERT E.
+
+1933. A New Heteromyid Rodent from the Oligocene of Montana. Jour.
+Mamm., vol. 14, pp. 134-141, 5 figs.
+
+1935. Evolution and Relationship of the Heteromyid Rodents with New
+Forms from the Tertiary of Western North America. Annals of the Carnegie
+Mus., vol. 24, pp. 73-262, 157 figs.
+
+1937. Part II. Rodentia, in The Mammalian Fauna of the White River
+Oligocene; by William Berryman Scott and Glenn Lowell Jepsen. Trans.
+Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s., vol. 28, pp. 155-269, figs. 8-70, pls. 23-33.
+
+1939. Additional Specimens of the Heteromyid Rodent Heliscomys from the
+Oligocene of Nebraska. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 237, pp. 550-561, 11 figs.
+
+_Transmitted March 1, 1948._
+
+22-3342
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent
+from the Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull, by Edwin C. Galbreath
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SPECIES OF HETEROMYID RODENT ***
+
+***** This file should be named 34412.txt or 34412.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/4/1/34412/
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/34412.zip b/34412.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..579c430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34412.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48f18fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #34412 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34412)