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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/34532-8.txt b/34532-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..47416cd --- /dev/null +++ b/34532-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,993 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Synopsis of the American Bats of the +Genus Pipistrellus, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus + +Author: Walter W. Dalquest + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: December 1, 2010 [EBook #34532] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN BATS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + A Synopsis of the American Bats + of the Genus Pipistrellus + + BY + + E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 1, No. 26, pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text + January 20, 1950 + + University of Kansas + LAWRENCE + 1950 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, + A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 1, No. 26, pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text + January 20, 1950 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1950 + + [Illustration: Union Label] + + 23-1546 + + + + + A Synopsis of the American Bats + of the Genus Pipistrellus + + By + + E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +Four nominal species of the genus _Pipistrellus_ are currently +recognized in North America. They are _Pipistrellus subflavus_ +(F. Cuvier) of eastern North America, _Pipistrellus hesperus_ (H. Allen) +of western North America, _Pipistrellus veracrucis_ (Ward) from +Veracruz, Mexico, and _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller from Tabasco, +Mexico. + +In the past three years, specimens have been obtained in Veracruz (by +Dalquest) of each of the southern species. One of these, _P. +cinnamomeus_, previously was known from a single specimen; the other, +_P. veracrucis_, was known only from six specimens which now are lost +or misplaced. The results of our study of these recently acquired +Mexican specimens constitute our principal contribution in this paper; +we have done little more with the material from the United States and +Canada than to codify the findings of other mammalogists with respect +to the systematic status and geographic distribution. + +Study of the available specimens reveals that there are only two +species, _Pipistrellus hesperus_ and _Pipistrellus subflavus_; +_Pipistrellus veracrucis_ proves to be only a subspecies (geographic +race) of _P. subflavus_, and _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ proves to be a +species of another genus, _Myotis_ (see Hall and Dalquest, page 583 of +this volume). + + +Genus +Pipistrellus+ Kaup + + 1829. _Pipistrellus_ Kaup, Skizzirte Entw.-Gesch. u. natürl. Syst. + europ. Thierw., Vol. 1, p. 98, Type, _Vespertilio pipistrellus_ + Schreber (not seen by us, after Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:87, + 1897). + +_Range in the New World._--In North America from southern Canada to +Honduras (47 degrees to 5 degrees North Latitude) and from the +Atlantic to the Pacific; not recorded from the West Indies or South +America. + +_Characters._--Size small; tail approximately as long as outstretched +leg; ears well developed with prominent tragus; dental formula: i.2/3; +c.1/1; p.2/2; m.3/3; two upper incisors subequal and outer one lacking +a concavity on surface facing canine; dentition otherwise essentially +as in _Myotis_ Kaup except that third premolar is always, instead of +rarely, absent. + +_Remarks._--There are two species in North America. Their geographic +ranges, as now known, meet, but do not overlap. Certain differences +between the two species are listed in the parallel columns below. Most +of these differences in the skull and teeth are illustrated in figures +22 and 23 on page 92 of Miller's "Revision of the North American bats +of the family Vespertilionidae (N. Amer. Fauna, 13, 1897)." + + + ====================================================================== + Structure | _P. hesperus_ | _P. subflavus_ + ====================================================================== + Color | Predominately gray | Predominately brown + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Foot | Less than half as long | More than half as long + | as tibia | as tibia + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Thumb, length of | Less than 4.9 mm. | More than 4.9 mm. + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Tragus | Blunt, terminal part | Narrow, straight + | bent forward | + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Skull | Nearly straight | Dish-faced + (dorsal profile) | | + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Braincase | Small | Large + (viewed from above) | | + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Palate | Extending far behind | Extending short + | molars; spine short, | distance behind + | | molars; spine long, + | narrow at base | wide at base + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + I2 | Unicuspidate | Bicuspidate + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + I3 | Accessory cusp present | Accessory cusp absent + | on anterointernal | on anterointernal + | face | face + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + P1 (occlusal view) | Less than a seventh as | More than a seventh + | large as canine | as large as canine + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + P1 (labial view) | Concealed by C1 and P4 | Not concealed + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + P4 | Touching canine | Not touching canine + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + i3 | Touching i2 and c1 | Separated by space + | | from i2 and c1 + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + p3 | Lower than anterior | As high as anterior + | cusp of canine | cusp of canine + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Distance from c1 | Less than length of m2; | More than length of + to m1 | premolars crowded | m2; premolars less + | | crowded + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus+ + +(Synonomy under subspecies) + +_Range._--Arid Sonoran life-zones of western North America from +Washington southward to Jalisco. + +_Characters._--Smoke Gray to Buff Brown (Capitalized color terms after +Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., +1912) dorsally; total length, 60 to 86; foot less than half as long as +tibia; tragus blunt with terminal part bent forward; skull nearly +straight in dorsal profile; inner upper incisor unicuspidate; outer +upper incisor with accessory cusp on anterointernal face; P1, viewed +from occlusal face, less than a seventh of area of canine, and from +labial aspect concealed by canine and fourth premolar; lower, third +premolar lower than anterior cusp of canine; lower premolars crowded, +distance between canine and first molar less than length of second +lower molar. + +_Remarks._--In the United States and in the northern part of Mexico, +_P. hesperus_ is the smallest bat found. Little is known about its +habits. It emerges earlier in the evening than other species of bats. +The frequency with which it is seen near cliffs suggests that it finds +concealment under rocks. In winter, in Nevada (Hall, Mammals of +Nevada, p. 150, 1946), _P. hesperus_ has been found singly in crevices +in the roofs of mine tunnels. + +In the United States National Museum in July, 1949, the specimen +providing the easternmost record station of occurrence was examined by +us. This is No. 23591, in alcohol, taken on August 24, 1890, by +William Lloyd, original No. 88, at the mouth of the Pecos River in +Texas. In the same collection there is a specimen of _Pipistrellus +subflavus_ providing the westernmost record of occurrence of that +species. This specimen, a skin with skull, is No. 126729, [Male], +taken on May 3, 1903, by Jas. H. Gaut, original No. 1271, at Comstock, +Texas. The two localities concerned are in the Valley of the Rio +Grande, and are only about five miles apart. Nevertheless, the two +specimens are clearly referable to their respective species and show +no tendency toward intergradation. Consequently, confidence is felt in +treating _Pipistrellus hesperus_ and _Pipistrellus subflavus_ as two +distinct species. + +The most recent report upon geographic variation throughout the entire +species, _Pipistrellus hesperus_, was that by Hatfield (Jour. Mamm., +17:257-262, August 14, 1936). Later, as explained below in the account +of _P. h. australis_, Burt (Miscl. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, +39:25, February 15, 1938) examined specimens from Sonora, Mexico, and +for them and for specimens from southern Arizona proposed a different +nomenclatural arrangement. + + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing the geographic ranges of + species and subspecies of _Pipistrellus_. + + 1. _Pipistrellus h. hesperus_ + 2. _Pipistrellus h. merriami_ + 3. _Pipistrellus h. australis_ + 4. _Pipistrellus h. maximus_ + 5. _Pipistrellus h. santarosae_ + 6. _Pipistrellus s. subflavus_ + 7. _Pipistrellus s. obscurus_ + 8. _Pipistrellus s. veracrucis_ + ] + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus+ (H. Allen) + + _Scotophilus hesperus_ H. Allen, Smithsonian, Miscl. Coll., + No. 165, Vol. 7 (art. 1): p. 43, June, 1864. + + _Vesperugo hesperus_ True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7:602, 1885. + + _Pipistrellus hesperus_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:88, October 16, + 1897. + +_Type locality._--Old Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California, on right +bank of Colorado River, opposite present town of Yuma, Arizona. + +_Range._--Intermontane region of the United States from south-central +Washington south to Catavińá, Baja California, and from southeastern +California eastward to southeastern Utah. Marginal occurrences (unless +otherwise indicated, after Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:258, 1936) are: +_Washington_ (Dalquest, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:165, +1948): Maryhill; Vantage; Almota. _Oregon_: Watson. _Idaho_: 8 mi. W +Rogerson (Davis, Mamms. Idaho, p. 120, 1939). _Nevada_: Middle Stormy +Spring (Hall, Mamms. Nevada, p. 151, 1946). _Utah_: Goodridge. +_Arizona_: 11 mi. NW Kayenta; Tinajas Altas. _Baja California_: +Catavińá; San José; Laguna Hanson. _California_: Dos Palmos Spring; +Banning; Victorville; 12 mi. below (down river) Bodfish; Little Lake; +2 mi. S Benton Station. _Nevada_: 2 mi. NW Morgans Ranch; Deephole. +_Oregon_: Princeton. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; total length, 71.8(66-74); +tibia, 12.0(10.7-13.5); forearm, 29.4(27.8-31.8); greatest length of +skull, 11.9(11.5-12.3); breadth of braincase, 6.3(6.1-6.4). Color +between Drab Gray and Smoke Gray, dorsally; between Smoke Gray and +Pale Smoke Gray, ventrally (after Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:257, +1936). + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus merriami+ (Dobson) + + _Vesperugo merriami_ Dobson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 18(ser. 5): + 124, August, 1896. + + _Pipistrellus hesperus merriami_ Grinnell, Proc. California Acad. + Sci., 3(ser. 4):279, August 28, 1913. + +_Type locality._--Red Bluff, Tehama County, California. + +_Range._--California west of the Sierra Nevada; the Sacramento Valley, +the San Joaquin Valley, and the Coast Range from San Francisco Bay +south to San Diego County. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, Jour. +Mamm., 17:260, 1936, unless otherwise noted) are: _California_: Dales +on Paines Creek; Fyffe; Yosemite Valley; Shaver Ranger Station; +Springville; Fort Tejon; Painted Gorge (P. H. Krutzsch, MS); Carrizo +Creek; thence northward up the coast probably to San Francisco Bay; in +the Sacramento Valley west to Rumsey. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; total length, 71.3(66-78); +tibia, 11.2(10.6-11.7); forearm, 28.9(27.5-30.8); greatest length of +skull, 11.8(11.3-12.2); breadth of braincase, 6.4(6.0-6.6). Color +Buffy Brown to Army Brown, dorsally; Wood Brown to Buffy Brown, +ventrally (after Hatfield, _op. cit._: 258, 260). + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus australis+ Miller + + _Pipistrellus hesperus australis_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, + October 16, 1897. + + _Pipistrellus hesperus apus_ Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., pub. 90, + zool. ser., 3:269, March 8, 1904. Type from Providencia Mines, + Sonora, Mexico. + +_Type locality._--Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco, Mexico. + +_Range._--Central Arizona south to Jalisco and including the southern +half of Baja California. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, _op. +cit._: 261, unless otherwise indicated) are: _Arizona_: Camp Verde; +Fort Bowie. _Sonora_: Pilares (Burt, Miscl. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. +Michigan, 39:24, 1938). _Jalisco_: Barranca Ibarra (Miller, orig. +descr.). _Baja California_: Miraflores; San Ignacio. _Arizona_: Bates +Well. + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; total length, 67.1(60-72); +tibia, 11.3(10.1-12.3); forearm, 28.4(26.3-30.0); greatest length of +skull, 11.7(11.3-12.0); breadth of braincase, 6.1(5.9-6.3). Color: +between Cinnamon Drab and Drab, dorsally; Wood Brown to Light Drab, +ventrally (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:260). + +_Remarks._--Hatfield (_op. cit._) examined no specimens from Mexico +(Baja California excepted) and Burt (_op. cit._) who did examine some +specimens (from Sonora), referred one from northwestern Sonora to _P. +h. hesperus_ and those from northeastern Sonora to _P. h. merriami_. +Since our treatment of subspecies of _Pipistrellus_ (_P. s. veracrucis_ +excepted) aims merely to reflect the latest systematic treatment +accorded the animals, we would follow Burt (_op. cit._) were it not +for the fact that he shows the geographic range of _P. h. merriami_ +separated by the range of _P. h. hesperus_ into two parts. This is +inconsistent with the ordinarily accepted concept of subspecies. +Consequently, we have followed Hatfield (_op. cit._). Clearly, a +critical study is needed of adequate material of _Pipistrellus +hesperus_ of Mexico. + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus maximus+ Hatfield + + _Pipistrellus hesperus maximus_ Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, + August 14, 1936. + +_Type locality._--Dog Spring, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. + +_Range._--Southern New Mexico, western Texas and probably the +adjoining parts of Mexico. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield [_op. +cit._:261] except as otherwise indicated) are: _New Mexico_: Animas +Valley; Florida Mountains; Carlsbad Cave. _Texas_: Mouth of Pecos +River (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:210, 1905); Boquillas (Borell and +Bryant, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:9, 1942); Glen Spring (Borell +and Bryant, _loc. cit._). + +_Diagnosis._--Size large for the species; total length, 80.3(78-83); +tibia, 12.3(11.7-13.1); forearm, 32.9(31.8-33.3); greatest length of +skull, 12.7(12.3-12.9); breadth of braincase, 6.6(6.5-6.7). Color +between Smoke Gray and Pale Drab (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:261). + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae+ Hatfield + + _Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae_ Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, + August 14, 1936. + +_Type locality._--Santa Rosa, Guadalupe County, New Mexico. + +_Range._--New Mexico (excepting southern part) and western Colorado. +Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:262) are: _Colorado_: +Bedrock. _New Mexico_: Santa Rosa; Socorro; Laguna. + +_Diagnosis._--Size large for the species; total length, 82.0(80-86); +tibia, 12.4(11.9-13.0); forearm, 32.8(31.7-34.1); greatest length of +skull, 12.7(12.3-13.1); breadth of braincase, 6.6(6.3-6.8). Color +between Buffy Brown and Wood Brown (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:261, +262). + + ++Pipistrellus subflavus+ + +(Synonomy under subspecies) + +_Range._--Canadian to Tropical life-zones of eastern North America +from Quebec southward to Honduras. + +_Characters._--Sayal Brown to darker than Mummy Brown, dorsally; total +length, 73-89; foot more than half as long as tibia; tragus tapering +and straight; dorsal profile of skull convex in interorbital region; +inner upper incisor bicuspidate; outer upper incisor unicuspidate +(lacking accessory cusp on anterointernal face); P1 viewed from +occlusal face more than a seventh of area of canine and visible from +labial aspect; lower, third premolar as high as anterior cusp of +canine; lower premolars less crowded than in _P. hesperus_ and +distance between canine and first molar less than length of second +lower molar. + +_Remarks._--In winter this species hibernates in caves in clusters of +fewer than fifty individuals, but in summer fewer of the bats live +there and at this season some have been captured as far as thirty +miles from any such retreat suggesting that the bats inhabit other +types of shelter. The wide range of this species in respect to +life-zones is noteworthy; it occurs in the Canadian Life-zone (Joliet, +Quebec), the Tropical Life-zone (30 km. SSE Jesús Carranza, Veracruz) +and in the intervening life-zones. + +The longer thumb of this species, in comparison with that of +_Pipistrellus hesperus_, was verified by measuring the thumb including +its claw and the pad at the base of the thumb in 12 _P. s. veracrucis_ +and 10 _P. h. maximus_. In _veracrucis_ the mean was 5.9 millimeters +and the extremes were 5.5 and 6.4. In _maximus_ the corresponding +figures were 3.9, 3.6 and 4.3. + + ++Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus+ (F. Cuvier) + + _V[espertilio]. subflavus_ F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. + Paris, 1: 17, 1832. + + _Vespertilio erythrodactylus_ Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., II, 13me + monogr., p. 238, 1835-1841 (not seen--after Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, + 13:90, October 16, 1897). + + _Scotophilus georgianus_ H. Allen, Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., + No. 165, Vol. 7 (art. 1), p. 35, June, 1864. + + _Vesperugo carolinensis_ H. Allen, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 43:121, + March 14, 1894. + + _Pipistrellus subflavus_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, + figs. 22,23, October 16, 1897. + +_Type locality._--Eastern United States, probably Georgia. + +_Range._--From approximately 40 degrees North Latitude in Pennsylvania +and Kansas southward to central Florida and at least to extreme +southern Texas; from the Atlantic Coast westward to south-central +Kansas and Val Verde County, Texas. Marginal occurrences are: _Kansas_ +(K. U. Collection): 4-1/2 mi. SW Sun City; Ft. Leavenworth. _Illinois_ +(Necker and Hatfield, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 6(3):45, 1941): +Quincy; Urbana. _Indiana_ (Lyon, Amer. Midland Nat., 17:73, 1936): +Monroe County; Franklin Co. _Ohio_ (Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. +Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(6):115, 1942: Hamilton Co.; Smoky Creek. +_West Virginia_ (Kellogg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84:449, 1937): +Charleston; Smoke Hole Cave. _Pennsylvania_ (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and +N. J., p. 211, 1903): Carlisle; Germantown. _New Jersey_: Haddonfield +(Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., p. 211, 1903). _Florida_: Tarpon +Springs (Sherman., Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., p. 107, 1936). _Texas_: +Brownsville (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:211, 1905); Comstock (Bailey, +_loc. cit._); Kerr Co. (Taylor and Davis, Game, Fish and Oyster Comm. +Bull., 50:17, 1947). _Oklahoma_: 10 mi. S and 2 mi. E Sulphur (Blair, +Amer. Midland Nat., 22:100, 1939). + +_Diagnosis._--Size large; eight specimens from Barber and Butler +counties, Kansas, measure in total length, 84(77-89); tibia, +14.8(14.5-15); forearm, 33.5(31.8-35.3); greatest length of skull +(exclusive of incisors), 12.8(12.3-13.1); breadth of braincase +immediately above roots of zygomatic arches, 6.5(6.4-6.7). Color +ranging from Snuff Brown to Sayal Brown. + + ++Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus+ Miller + + _Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:93, + October 16, 1897. + +_Type locality._--Lake George, Warren County, New York. + +_Range._--From southern Quebec and southern Ontario south to southern +Ohio and West Virginia; from the Atlantic Coast west into Wisconsin. +Marginal occurrences are: _Minnesota_: St. Peter (Swanson and Evans, +Jour. Mamm., 17:39, 1936); Marine (Swanson, Tech. Bull. No. 2, +Minnesota Dept. Conservation, p. 60, 1945). _Wisconsin_: Hurley +(Greeley and Beer, Jour. Mamm., 30:198, 1949). _Quebec_: Joliet +(Anderson, Nat. Mus. Canada, Biol. ser. No. 31, Bull. 102:30, 1946). +_Vermont_: Brandon (Osgood, Jour. Mamm., 19:436, 1938). _Maine_: No +locality more precise than the state (Allen, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. +Nat. Hist., 7(3):35, June, 1904). _New York_: Hastings on Hudson +(Rowley, Abstr. of Proc. Linnean Soc. N. Y., for yr. ending March 11, +1902, p. 57). _Pennsylvania_: Beaver (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., +1903, p. 211). _West Virginia_: Cornwall's Cave (Frum, Jour. Mamm., +25:195, 1944). _Ohio_: Cat Run (Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. +Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(6):116, 1942); Symmes Creek (Bole and +Moulthrop, _loc. cit._); Dry Cave (Bole and Moulthrop, _loc. cit._); +"Union County" (Rausch, Jour. Mamm., 27:275, 1946). _Wisconsin_: +Devils Lake (Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 1:38, 1919). + +_Diagnosis._--"... color duller and less yellow, and dark tips of +shorter hairs on back more conspicuous" than in _P. subflavus +subflavus_ according to the original description. + +_Remarks._--No one, as far as we know, has carefully studied the +variation in _Pipistrellus subflavus_ of the United States and Canada +since Miller named _P. s. obscurus_. With the more abundant material +now available, such an appraisal would be worth-while. The occurrences +cited above for Minnesota and Wisconsin were recorded in the +literature under the specific name without indication of subspecific +affinity. The reference of specimens from these states to the +subspecies _P. s. obscurus_ is an arbitrary assignment on our part; we +have not seen them. However, two specimens in the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History from Potosi (Snake Cave) Grant County, +Wisconsin, are referable to _P. s. obscurus_. These provide the +southwesternmost record station of occurrence in Wisconsin but are +not shown on the distribution map because the specimens were received +after figure 1 was prepared. + +It is noteworthy that the species _Pipistrellus subflavus_ has not +yet, as far as we can ascertain, been recorded from Michigan, northern +Indiana, northern Illinois, or Iowa. Probably the species occurs in +these areas. + + ++Pipistrellus subflavus veracrucis+ (Ward) + + _Vesperugo veracrucis_ Ward, Amer. Nat., 25:745, August, 1891. + + _Pipistrellus veracrucis_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:93, October + 16, 1897. + +_Type locality._--Las Vigas, 8,500 ft., Veracruz. + +_Range._--Eastern Mexico, certainly from the type locality southward +into Honduras. Records of occurrence are: _Veracruz_: Las Vigas (13 +specimens from 4 km. E Las Vigas, 8,500 ft., K. U.); 30 km. SSE Jesús +Carranza, 1 (K. U.). _Honduras_: Jilamo Farm, Tela District, 3 (Univ. +Michigan). + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; measurements of 13 near +topotypes are: total length, 78(73-85); tibia, 12.9(11.8-14.7); +forearm, 31.8(29.5-33.1); greatest length of skull (exclusive of +incisors), 12.2(11.8-12.6); breadth of braincase immediately above +roots of zygomatic arches, 6.3(6.0-6.7). Color darker than Mummy Brown +above and below. + +_Remarks._--The specimen from thirty kilometers south-southeast of +Jesús Carranza, Veracruz, and the three specimens from Honduras agree +in all respects with topotypes. The color of _P. s. veracrucis_ is +much darker than that of _P. s. obscurus_ and is between black and the +darkest brown in Ridgway's (_op. cit._) color key. Rinker (Jour. +Mamm., 29:179-180,1948) described the three specimens from Honduras +without assigning a specific name to them because he lacked topotypes +of _P. s. veracrucis_. We find nothing in his description to correct, +but can add that the upper tooth-rows in many, but not in all, +specimens of _P. s. veracrucis_ are straighter than in _P. s. +subflavus_. Probably it was this feature to which Rinker referred when +he said that in _veracrucis_ "The tooth rows tend to be more +convergent posteriorly." Rinker did not refer the three specimens from +Honduras to _P. veracrucis_ because Ward's original description states +that _veracrucis_ has evenly spaced lower incisors and a basal cusp on +the lower canine on only its forward edge. Rinker's specimens from +Honduras have the first incisors in contact with each other, the +second incisors in contact with the first incisors and the third +incisor on each side of the lower jaw separated by a space from the +second incisor and from the canine. The specimens from Honduras have a +basal cusp on the hinder edge of the lower canine. In these two +features they agree with the specimens from Veracruz and with +specimens of _Pipistrellus subflavus_ from the United States and +Canada. It is clear that Ward (Amer. Nat., 25:747,1891) was mistaken +in stating that the lower incisors of _veracrucis_ were evenly spaced +and that the canine had a basal cusp on only the forward edge. Ward +(_loc. cit._) was correct in regarding his _Vesperugo veracrucis_ as +"most closely related to _V. georgianus_ [= _Pipistrellus +subflavus_]," but for want of actual specimens of _P. subflavus_ to +use in comparison was incorrect in supposing that _P. subflavus_ had +only two bands of color on the fur, more hair on the legs, and a +larger area of hair on the interfemoral membrane. In these respects we +perceive no difference between specimens from Veracruz and the United +States. + +_Vesperugo veracrucis_ Ward, therefore, proves to be only a subspecies +of _Pipistrellus subflavus_, but is well characterized by dark color +and small size. + +_University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas._ + +_Transmitted October 31, 1949._ + + + + + [] + 23-1546 + + + * * * * * + + Transcriber's Notes + + The text presented in this file is that contained in the original + printed version. Only one typographical error was noted in the + conversion of the printed document to digital format. + + Typographical Error + + Page 598: P.h. veracrucis => P. s. veracrucis + + + Emphasis Notation + + In order to represent the emphasis styling displayed in the + original, the following formatting has been employed: + + _Text_ = Italic + + +Text+ = Bold + + + * * * * * + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Synopsis of the American Bats of the +Genus Pipistrellus, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. 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Raymond Hall And Walter W. Dalquest. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em;} + table {margin-left: auto; padding-left:4px; margin-right: auto;} + .bb {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} + .bl {border-left: solid #000 1px;} + .bt {border-top: solid #000 1px;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; text-indent:0; font-size: 0.75em; text-align: right; color: #b0b0b0;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smaller {font-size: 0.85em;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .trans_notes {background:#d0d0d0; padding: 7px; border:solid black 1px;} + .bkqt { margin-left:3em; font-size:0.85em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Synopsis of the American Bats of the +Genus Pipistrellus, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus + +Author: Walter W. Dalquest + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: December 1, 2010 [EBook #34532] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN BATS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="trans_notes center"> +<h2>Transcriber's Notes</h2> + +<p>The text presented in this file is that contained in the original +printed version. Only one typographical error was noted in the +conversion of the printed document to digital format.</p> + +<h2>Typographical Error</h2> + +Page 598: P.h. veracrucis => P. s. veracrucis +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591">[Pg 591]</a></span> + +<div class="center"> +<h1>A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST</h2> + +University of Kansas Publications<br>Museum of Natural History<br><br> + +Volume 1, No. 26, pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text<br>January 20, 1950<br><br> + +University of Kansas<br> +LAWRENCE<br> +1950 +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_592" id="Page_592">[Pg 592]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br> +<br> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor,<br> +A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson<br> +<br> +Volume 1, No. 26, pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text<br> +January 20, 1950<br> +<br> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br> +Lawrence, Kansas<br> +<br> +PRINTED BY<br> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br> +1950<br> +<br> +<img src="images/union_label.png" width="71" height="26" border="0" alt="Look for the Union Label" title="Look for the Union Label"><br> +<br> +23-1546<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">[Pg 593]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<h2>A Synopsis of the American Bats<br> +of the Genus Pipistrellus</h2> + +<h3>By</h3> + +<h3>E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST</h3> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<p>Four nominal species of the genus <i>Pipistrellus</i> are currently recognized +in North America. They are <a href="#pipsub"><i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i></a> (F. Cuvier) +of eastern North America, <a href="#piphes"><i>Pipistrellus hesperus</i></a> (H. Allen) of western +North America, <a href="#pipsubver"><i>Pipistrellus veracrucis</i></a> (Ward) from Veracruz, +Mexico, and <a href="#pipcin"><i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i></a> Miller from Tabasco, Mexico.</p> + +<p>In the past three years, specimens have been obtained in Veracruz +(by Dalquest) of each of the southern species. One of these, <i>P. +cinnamomeus</i>, previously was known from a single specimen; the +other, <i>P. veracrucis</i>, was known only from six specimens which now +are lost or misplaced. The results of our study of these recently +acquired Mexican specimens constitute our principal contribution in +this paper; we have done little more with the material from the +United States and Canada than to codify the findings of other mammalogists +with respect to the systematic status and geographic distribution.</p> + +<p>Study of the available specimens reveals that there are only two +species, <a href="#piphes"><i>Pipistrellus hesperus</i></a> and <a href="#pipsub"><i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i></a>; <i>Pipistrellus +veracrucis</i> proves to be only a subspecies (geographic race) of <i>P. +subflavus</i>, and <a name="pipcin"><i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i></a> proves to be a species of +another genus, <i>Myotis</i> (see Hall and Dalquest, page 583 of this +volume).</p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> +Genus <b>Pipistrellus</b> Kaup +</div> + +<div class="bkqt"> +<p>1829. <i>Pipistrellus</i> Kaup, Skizzirte Entw.-Gesch. u. natürl. Syst. europ. +Thierw., Vol. 1, p. 98, Type, <i>Vespertilio pipistrellus</i> Schreber (not seen +by us, after Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:87, 1897).</p> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Range in the New World.</i>—In North America from southern Canada to +Honduras (47 degrees to 5 degrees North Latitude) and from the Atlantic to +the Pacific; not recorded from the West Indies or South America.</p> + +<p><i>Characters.</i>—Size small; tail approximately as long as outstretched leg; +ears well developed with prominent tragus; dental formula: i.<img src="images/frac_23.png" border="0" alt="dental formula 2/2" title="dental formula 2/2" style="height: 1.25em; vertical-align:-0.4em;">; c.<img src="images/frac_11.png" border="0" alt="dental formula 1/1" title="dental formula 1/1" style="height: 1.25em; vertical-align:-0.4em;">; p.<img src="images/frac_22.png" border="0" alt="dental formula 2/2" title="dental formula 2/2" style="height: 1.25em; vertical-align:-0.4em;">; m.<img src="images/frac_33.png" border="0" alt="dental formula 3/3" title="dental formula 3/3" style="height: 1.25em; vertical-align:-0.4em;">; +two upper incisors subequal and outer one lacking a concavity on surface facing +canine; dentition otherwise essentially as in <i>Myotis</i> Kaup except that third +premolar is always, instead of rarely, absent.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—There are two species in North America. Their geographic +ranges, as now known, meet, but do not overlap. Certain +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">[Pg 594]</a></span> +differences between the two species are listed in the parallel columns +below. Most of these differences in the skull and teeth are illustrated +in figures 22 and 23 on page 92 of Miller's "Revision of the North +American bats of the family Vespertilionidae (N. Amer. Fauna, 13, +1897)."</p> +<p> </p> + +<table width="100%" summary="table frame"> +<tr><td style="border:solid 1px #000;"> +<table width="100%" style="border-collapse:collapse;" summary="Physical differences between hesperus and subfalus"> +<tr><td class="bt bb">Structure</td><td class="bt bl bb"><a href="#piphes"><i>P. hesperus</i></a></td><td class="bt bl bb"><a href="#pipsub"><i>P. subflavus</i></a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan=3 class="bt bb" style="height:2px;"></td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">Color</td><td class="bl bb">Predominately gray</td><td class="bl bb">Predominately brown</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">Foot</td><td class="bl bb">Less than half as long as tibia</td><td class="bl bb">More than half as long as tibia</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">Thumb, length of</td><td class="bl bb">Less than 4.9 mm.</td><td class="bl bb">More than 4.9 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">Tragus</td><td class="bl bb">Blunt, terminal part bent forward</td><td class="bl bb">Narrow, straight</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">Skull (dorsal profile)</td><td class="bl bb">Nearly straight</td><td class="bl bb">Dish-faced</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">Braincase (viewed from above)</td><td class="bl bb">Small</td><td class="bl bb">Large</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">Palate</td><td class="bl bb">Extending far behind molars; spine short, narrow at base</td><td class="bl bb">Extending short distance long, wide at base</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">I2</td><td class="bl bb">Unicuspidate</td><td class="bl bb">Bicuspidate</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">I3</td><td class="bl bb">Accessory cusp present on anterointernal face</td><td class="bl bb">Accessory cusp absent on anterointernal face</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">P1 (occlusal view)</td><td class="bl bb">Less than a seventh as large as canine</td><td class="bl bb">More than a seventh as large as canine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">P1 (labial view)</td><td class="bl bb">Concealed by C1 and P4</td><td class="bl bb">Not concealed</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">P4</td><td class="bl bb">Touching canine</td><td class="bl bb">Not touching canine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">i3</td><td class="bl bb">Touching i2 and c1</td><td class="bl bb">Separated by space from i2 and c1</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">p3</td><td class="bl bb">Lower than anterior cusp of canine</td><td class="bl bb">As high as anterior cusp of canine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb">Distance from c1 to m1</td><td class="bl bb">Less than length of m2; premolars crowded</td><td class="bl bb">More than length of m2; premolars less crowded</td></tr> +</table> +</td></tr> +</table> +<p> </p> + +<a name="piphes"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">[Pg 595]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus hesperus</b><br> +(Synonomy under subspecies)<br> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Range.</i>—Arid Sonoran life-zones of western North America from Washington +southward to Jalisco.</p> + +<p><i>Characters.</i>—Smoke Gray to Buff Brown (Capitalized color terms after +Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912) +dorsally; total length, 60 to 86; foot less than half as long as tibia; tragus +blunt with terminal part bent forward; skull nearly straight in dorsal profile; +inner upper incisor unicuspidate; outer upper incisor with accessory cusp on +anterointernal face; P1, viewed from occlusal face, less than a seventh of area +of canine, and from labial aspect concealed by canine and fourth premolar; +lower, third premolar lower than anterior cusp of canine; lower premolars +crowded, distance between canine and first molar less than length of second +lower molar.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—In the United States and in the northern part of Mexico, +<i>P. hesperus</i> is the smallest bat found. Little is known about its +habits. It emerges earlier in the evening than other species of bats. +The frequency with which it is seen near cliffs suggests that it finds +concealment under rocks. In winter, in Nevada (Hall, Mammals of +Nevada, p. 150, 1946), <i>P. hesperus</i> has been found singly in crevices +in the roofs of mine tunnels.</p> + +<p>In the United States National Museum in July, 1949, the specimen +providing the easternmost record station of occurrence was examined +by us. This is No. 23591, in alcohol, taken on August 24, 1890, by +William Lloyd, original No. 88, at the mouth of the Pecos River in +Texas. In the same collection there is a specimen of <i>Pipistrellus +subflavus</i> providing the westernmost record of occurrence of that +species. This specimen, a skin with skull, is No. 126729, ♂, taken +on May 3, 1903, by Jas. H. Gaut, original No. 1271, at Comstock, +Texas. The two localities concerned are in the Valley of the Rio +Grande, and are only about five miles apart. Nevertheless, the two +specimens are clearly referable to their respective species and show +no tendency toward intergradation. Consequently, confidence is felt +in treating <a href="#piphes"><i>Pipistrellus hesperus</i></a> and <a href="#pipsub"><i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i></a> as two +distinct species.</p> + +<p>The most recent report upon geographic variation throughout the +entire species, <a href="#piphes"><i>Pipistrellus hesperus</i></a>, was that by Hatfield (Jour. +Mamm., 17:257-262, August 14, 1936). Later, as explained below +in the account of <a href="#piphesaus"><i>P. h. australis</i></a>, Burt (Miscl. Publ., Mus. Zool., +Univ. Michigan, 39:25, February 15, 1938) examined specimens from +Sonora, Mexico, and for them and for specimens from southern Arizona +proposed a different nomenclatural arrangement.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="fig_1"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">[Pg 596]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" class="center" summary="image frame"> + <tr><td> + <img src="images/i_006.png" width="597" height="582" border="0" alt="Fig. 1. Map showing the geographic ranges of species and subspecies of Pipistrellus" title="Fig. 1. Map showing the geographic ranges of species and subspecies of Pipistrellus"><br><br> + <span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 1. Map showing the geographic ranges of species and subspecies of <i>Pipistrellus</i>. + </td></tr> + <tr><td class="center"> + <table summary="species list"> + <tr><td>1. <a href="#pipheshes"><i>Pipistrellus h. hesperus</i></a></td><td> </td><td>5. <a href="#piphessan"><i>Pipistrellus h. santarosae</i></a></td></tr> + <tr><td>2. <a href="#piphesmer"><i>Pipistrellus h. merriami</i></a></td><td> </td><td>6. <a href="#pipsubsub"><i>Pipistrellus s. subflavus</i></a></td></tr> + <tr><td>3. <a href="#piphesaus"><i>Pipistrellus h. australis</i></a></td><td> </td><td>7. <a href="#pipsubobs"><i>Pipistrellus s. obscurus</i></a></td></tr> + <tr><td>4. <a href="#piphesmax"><i>Pipistrellus h. maximus</i></a></td><td> </td><td>8. <a href="#pipsubver"><i>Pipistrellus s. veracrucis</i></a></td></tr> + </table> + </td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<a name="pipheshes"></a> +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus</b> (H. Allen) +</div> + +<div class="bkqt"> +<p><i>Scotophilus hesperus</i> H. Allen, Smithsonian, Miscl. Coll., No. 165, +Vol. 7 (art. 1): p. 43, June, 1864.</p> + +<p><i>Vesperugo hesperus</i> True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7:602, 1885.</p> + +<p><i>Pipistrellus hesperus</i> Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:88, October 16, 1897.</p> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Old Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California, on right bank +of Colorado River, opposite present town of Yuma, Arizona.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Intermontane region of the United States from south-central Washington +south to Cataviñá, Baja California, and from southeastern California +eastward to southeastern Utah. Marginal occurrences (unless otherwise indicated, +after Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:258, 1936) are: <i>Washington</i> (Dalquest, +Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:165, 1948): Maryhill; Vantage; Almota. +<i>Oregon</i>: Watson. <i>Idaho</i>: 8 mi. W Rogerson (Davis, Mamms. Idaho, +p. 120, 1939). <i>Nevada</i>: Middle Stormy Spring (Hall, Mamms. Nevada, p. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">[Pg 597]</a></span> +151, 1946). <i>Utah</i>: Goodridge. <i>Arizona</i>: 11 mi. NW Kayenta; Tinajas Altas. +<i>Baja California</i>: Cataviñá; San José; Laguna Hanson. <i>California</i>: Dos +Palmos Spring; Banning; Victorville; 12 mi. below (down river) Bodfish; +Little Lake; 2 mi. S Benton Station. <i>Nevada</i>: 2 mi. NW Morgans Ranch; +Deephole. <i>Oregon</i>: Princeton.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; total length, 71.8(66-74); tibia, +12.0(10.7-13.5); forearm, 29.4(27.8-31.8); greatest length of skull, 11.9(11.5-12.3); +breadth of braincase, 6.3(6.1-6.4). Color between Drab Gray and Smoke Gray, +dorsally; between Smoke Gray and Pale Smoke Gray, ventrally (after Hatfield, +Jour. Mamm., 17:257, 1936).</p> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<a name="piphesmer"></a> +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus hesperus merriami</b> (Dobson) +</div> + +<div class="bkqt"> +<p><i>Vesperugo merriami</i> Dobson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 18(ser. 5): +124, August, 1896.</p> + +<p><i>Pipistrellus hesperus merriami</i> Grinnell, Proc. California Acad. Sci., +3(ser. 4):279, August 28, 1913.</p> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Red Bluff, Tehama County, California.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—California west of the Sierra Nevada; the Sacramento Valley, the +San Joaquin Valley, and the Coast Range from San Francisco Bay south to +San Diego County. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:260, +1936, unless otherwise noted) are: <i>California</i>: Dales on Paines Creek; Fyffe; +Yosemite Valley; Shaver Ranger Station; Springville; Fort Tejon; Painted +Gorge (P. H. Krutzsch, MS); Carrizo Creek; thence northward up the coast +probably to San Francisco Bay; in the Sacramento Valley west to Rumsey.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; total length, 71.3(66-78); tibia, +11.2(10.6-11.7); forearm, 28.9(27.5-30.8); greatest length of skull, 11.8(11.3-12.2); +breadth of braincase, 6.4(6.0-6.6). Color Buffy Brown to Army Brown, dorsally; +Wood Brown to Buffy Brown, ventrally (after Hatfield, <i>op. cit.</i>: 258, 260).</p> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<a name="piphesaus"></a> +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus hesperus australis</b> Miller +</div> + +<div class="bkqt"><p><i>Pipistrellus hesperus australis</i> Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, October +16, 1897.</p> + +<p><i>Pipistrellus hesperus apus</i> Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., pub. 90, zool. +ser., 3:269, March 8, 1904. Type from Providencia Mines, Sonora, +Mexico.</p> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco, Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Central Arizona south to Jalisco and including the southern half +of Baja California. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, <i>op. cit.</i>: 261, unless +otherwise indicated) are: <i>Arizona</i>: Camp Verde; Fort Bowie. <i>Sonora</i>: +Pilares (Burt, Miscl. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:24, 1938). <i>Jalisco</i>: +Barranca Ibarra (Miller, orig. descr.). <i>Baja California</i>: Miraflores; San +Ignacio. <i>Arizona</i>: Bates Well.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small for the species; total length, 67.1(60-72); tibia, +11.3(10.1-12.3); forearm, 28.4(26.3-30.0); greatest length of skull, 11.7(11.3-12.0); +breadth of braincase, 6.1(5.9-6.3). Color: between Cinnamon Drab and Drab, +dorsally; Wood Brown to Light Drab, ventrally (after Hatfield, <i>op. cit.</i>:260).</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Hatfield (<i>op. cit.</i>) examined no specimens from Mexico +(Baja California excepted) and Burt (<i>op. cit.</i>) who did examine +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">[Pg 598]</a></span> +some specimens (from Sonora), referred one from northwestern +Sonora to <a href="#pipheshes"><i>P. h. hesperus</i></a> and those from northeastern Sonora to <a href="#piphesmer"><i>P. h. +merriami</i></a>. Since our treatment of subspecies of <i>Pipistrellus</i> (<a href="#pipsubver"><i>P. s. +veracrucis</i></a> excepted) aims merely to reflect the latest systematic +treatment accorded the animals, we would follow Burt (<i>op. cit.</i>) +were it not for the fact that he shows the geographic range of <a href="#piphesmer"><i>P. h. +merriami</i></a> separated by the range of <a href="#pipheshes"><i>P. h. hesperus</i></a> into two parts. +This is inconsistent with the ordinarily accepted concept of subspecies. +Consequently, we have followed Hatfield (<i>op. cit.</i>). Clearly, +a critical study is needed of adequate material of <a href="#piphes"><i>Pipistrellus hesperus</i></a> +of Mexico.</p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="piphesmax"></a> +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus hesperus maximus</b> Hatfield +</div> + +<div class="bkqt"> +<p><i>Pipistrellus hesperus maximus</i> Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, August +14, 1936.</p> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Dog Spring, Hidalgo County, New Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Southern New Mexico, western Texas and probably the adjoining +parts of Mexico. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield [<i>op. cit.</i>:261] except +as otherwise indicated) are: <i>New Mexico</i>: Animas Valley; Florida Mountains; +Carlsbad Cave. <i>Texas</i>: Mouth of Pecos River (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, +25:210, 1905); Boquillas (Borell and Bryant, Univ. California Publ. Zool., +48:9, 1942); Glen Spring (Borell and Bryant, <i>loc. cit.</i>).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large for the species; total length, 80.3(78-83); tibia, +12.3(11.7-13.1); forearm, 32.9(31.8-33.3); greatest length of skull, 12.7(12.3-12.9); +breadth of braincase, 6.6(6.5-6.7). Color between Smoke Gray and Pale Drab +(after Hatfield, <i>op. cit.</i>:261).</p> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<a name="piphessan"></a> +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae</b> Hatfield +</div> + +<div class="bkqt"> +<p><i>Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae</i> Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, August +14, 1936.</p> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Santa Rosa, Guadalupe County, New Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—New Mexico (excepting southern part) and western Colorado. +Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, <i>op. cit.</i>:262) are: <i>Colorado</i>: Bedrock. +<i>New Mexico</i>: Santa Rosa; Socorro; Laguna.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large for the species; total length, 82.0(80-86); tibia, +12.4(11.9-13.0); forearm, 32.8(31.7-34.1); greatest length of skull, 12.7(12.3-13.1); +breadth of braincase, 6.6(6.3-6.8). Color between Buffy Brown and Wood +Brown (after Hatfield, <i>op. cit.</i>:261, 262).</p> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<a name="pipsub"></a> +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus subflavus</b><br> +(Synonomy under subspecies) +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Range.</i>—Canadian to Tropical life-zones of eastern North America from +Quebec southward to Honduras.</p> + +<p><i>Characters.</i>—Sayal Brown to darker than Mummy Brown, dorsally; total +length, 73-89; foot more than half as long as tibia; tragus tapering and straight; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_599" id="Page_599">[Pg 599]</a></span> +dorsal profile of skull convex in interorbital region; inner upper incisor bicuspidate; +outer upper incisor unicuspidate (lacking accessory cusp on anterointernal +face); P1 viewed from occlusal face more than a seventh of area of +canine and visible from labial aspect; lower, third premolar as high as anterior +cusp of canine; lower premolars less crowded than in <i>P. hesperus</i> and +distance between canine and first molar less than length of second lower molar.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—In winter this species hibernates in caves in clusters +of fewer than fifty individuals, but in summer fewer of the bats live +there and at this season some have been captured as far as thirty +miles from any such retreat suggesting that the bats inhabit other +types of shelter. The wide range of this species in respect to life-zones +is noteworthy; it occurs in the Canadian Life-zone (Joliet, +Quebec), the Tropical Life-zone (30 km. SSE Jesús Carranza, Veracruz) +and in the intervening life-zones.</p> + +<p>The longer thumb of this species, in comparison with that of +<a href="#piphes"><i>Pipistrellus hesperus</i></a>, was verified by measuring the thumb including +its claw and the pad at the base of the thumb in 12 <a href="#pipsubver"><i>P. s. veracrucis</i></a> +and 10 <a href="#piphesmax"><i>P. h. maximus</i></a>. In <i>veracrucis</i> the mean was 5.9 millimeters +and the extremes were 5.5 and 6.4. In <i>maximus</i> the +corresponding figures were 3.9, 3.6 and 4.3.</p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="pipsubsub"></a> +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus</b> (F. Cuvier) +</div> + +<div class="bkqt"> +<p><i>V[espertilio]. subflavus</i> F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, +1: 17, 1832.</p> + +<p><i>Vespertilio erythrodactylus</i> Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., II, 13me +monogr., p. 238, 1835-1841 (not seen—after Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, +13:90, October 16, 1897).</p> + +<p><i>Scotophilus georgianus</i> H. Allen, Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., No. 165, +Vol. 7 (art. 1), p. 35, June, 1864.</p> + +<p><i>Vesperugo carolinensis</i> H. Allen, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 43:121, March +14, 1894.</p> + +<p><i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i> Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, figs. 22, 23, October +16, 1897.</p> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Eastern United States, probably Georgia.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—From approximately 40 degrees North Latitude in Pennsylvania +and Kansas southward to central Florida and at least to extreme southern +Texas; from the Atlantic Coast westward to south-central Kansas and Val +Verde County, Texas. Marginal occurrences are: <i>Kansas</i> (K. U. Collection): +4½ mi. SW Sun City; Ft. Leavenworth. <i>Illinois</i> (Necker and Hatfield, Bull. +Chicago Acad. Sci., 6(3):45, 1941): Quincy; Urbana. <i>Indiana</i> (Lyon, Amer. +Midland Nat., 17:73, 1936): Monroe County; Franklin Co. <i>Ohio</i> (Bole +and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(6):115, 1942: Hamilton +Co.; Smoky Creek. <i>West Virginia</i> (Kellogg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., +84:449, 1937): Charleston; Smoke Hole Cave. <i>Pennsylvania</i> (Rhoads, +Mamms. Pa. and N. J., p. 211, 1903): Carlisle; Germantown. <i>New Jersey</i>: +Haddonfield (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., p. 211, 1903). <i>Florida</i>: Tarpon +Springs (Sherman., Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., p. 107, 1936). <i>Texas</i>: Brownsville +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_600" id="Page_600">[Pg 600]</a></span> +(Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:211, 1905); Comstock (Bailey, <i>loc. cit.</i>); Kerr +Co. (Taylor and Davis, Game, Fish and Oyster Comm. Bull., 50:17, 1947). +<i>Oklahoma</i>: 10 mi. S and 2 mi. E Sulphur (Blair, Amer. Midland Nat., 22:100, +1939).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large; eight specimens from Barber and Butler counties, +Kansas, measure in total length, 84(77-89); tibia, 14.8(14.5-15); forearm, +33.5(31.8-35.3); greatest length of skull (exclusive of incisors), 12.8(12.3-13.1); +breadth of braincase immediately above roots of zygomatic arches, 6.5(6.4-6.7). +Color ranging from Snuff Brown to Sayal Brown.</p> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<a name="pipsubobs"></a> +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus</b> Miller +</div> + +<div class="bkqt"> +<p><i>Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus</i> Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:93, October +16, 1897.</p> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Lake George, Warren County, New York.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—From southern Quebec and southern Ontario south to southern +Ohio and West Virginia; from the Atlantic Coast west into Wisconsin. Marginal +occurrences are: <i>Minnesota</i>: St. Peter (Swanson and Evans, Jour. +Mamm., 17:39, 1936); Marine (Swanson, Tech. Bull. No. 2, Minnesota Dept. +Conservation, p. 60, 1945). <i>Wisconsin</i>: Hurley (Greeley and Beer, Jour. +Mamm., 30:198, 1949). <i>Quebec</i>: Joliet (Anderson, Nat. Mus. Canada, Biol. +ser. No. 31, Bull. 102:30, 1946). <i>Vermont</i>: Brandon (Osgood, Jour. Mamm., +19:436, 1938). <i>Maine</i>: No locality more precise than the state (Allen, Occ. +Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7(3):35, June, 1904). <i>New York</i>: Hastings on +Hudson (Rowley, Abstr. of Proc. Linnean Soc. N. Y., for yr. ending March 11, +1902, p. 57). <i>Pennsylvania</i>: Beaver (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., 1903, +p. 211). <i>West Virginia</i>: Cornwall's Cave (Frum, Jour. Mamm., 25:195, 1944). +<i>Ohio</i>: Cat Run (Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., +5(6):116, 1942); Symmes Creek (Bole and Moulthrop, <i>loc. cit.</i>); Dry Cave +(Bole and Moulthrop, <i>loc. cit.</i>); "Union County" (Rausch, Jour. Mamm., +27:275, 1946). <i>Wisconsin</i>: Devils Lake (Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 1:38, 1919).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—"... color duller and less yellow, and dark tips of shorter +hairs on back more conspicuous" than in <a href="#pipsubsub"><i>P. subflavus subflavus</i></a> according to +the original description.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—No one, as far as we know, has carefully studied the +variation in <a href="#pipsub"><i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i></a> of the United States and Canada +since Miller named <i>P. s. obscurus</i>. With the more abundant material +now available, such an appraisal would be worth-while. The +occurrences cited above for Minnesota and Wisconsin were recorded +in the literature under the specific name without indication of subspecific +affinity. The reference of specimens from these states to +the subspecies <i>P. s. obscurus</i> is an arbitrary assignment on our part; +we have not seen them. However, two specimens in the University +of Kansas Museum of Natural History from Potosi (Snake Cave) +Grant County, Wisconsin, are referable to <i>P. s. obscurus</i>. These +provide the southwesternmost record station of occurrence in Wisconsin +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_601" id="Page_601">[Pg 601]</a></span> +but are not shown on the distribution map because the specimens +were received after <a href="#fig_1">figure 1</a> was prepared.</p> + +<p>It is noteworthy that the species <a href="#pipsub"><i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i></a> has not +yet, as far as we can ascertain, been recorded from Michigan, northern +Indiana, northern Illinois, or Iowa. Probably the species occurs +in these areas.</p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="pipsubver"></a> +<div class="center"> +<b>Pipistrellus subflavus veracrucis</b> (Ward) +</div> + +<div class="bkqt"> +<p><i>Vesperugo veracrucis</i> Ward, Amer. Nat., 25:745, August, 1891.</p> + +<p><i>Pipistrellus veracrucis</i> Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:93, October 16, +1897.</p> +</div> + +<div class="smaller"> +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Las Vigas, 8,500 ft., Veracruz.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Eastern Mexico, certainly from the type locality southward into +Honduras. Records of occurrence are: <i>Veracruz</i>: Las Vigas (13 specimens +from 4 km. E Las Vigas, 8,500 ft., K. U.); 30 km. SSE Jesús Carranza, 1 +(K. U.). <i>Honduras</i>: Jilamo Farm, Tela District, 3 (Univ. Michigan).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small for the species; measurements of 13 near topotypes +are: total length, 78(73-85); tibia, 12.9(11.8-14.7); forearm, 31.8(29.5-33.1); +greatest length of skull (exclusive of incisors), 12.2(11.8-12.6); breadth of braincase +immediately above roots of zygomatic arches, 6.3(6.0-6.7). Color darker +than Mummy Brown above and below.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The specimen from thirty kilometers south-southeast +of Jesús Carranza, Veracruz, and the three specimens from Honduras +agree in all respects with topotypes. The color of <i>P. s. veracrucis</i> +is much darker than that of <a href="#pipsubobs"><i>P. s. obscurus</i></a> and is between black and +the darkest brown in Ridgway's (<i>op. cit.</i>) color key. Rinker (Jour. +Mamm., 29:179-180,1948) described the three specimens from Honduras +without assigning a specific name to them because he lacked +topotypes of <i>P. s. veracrucis</i>. We find nothing in his description to +correct, but can add that the upper tooth-rows in many, but not in +all, specimens of <i>P. s. veracrucis</i> are straighter than in <a href="#pipsubsub"><i>P. s. subflavus</i></a>. +Probably it was this feature to which Rinker referred when +he said that in <i>veracrucis</i> "The tooth rows tend to be more convergent +posteriorly." Rinker did not refer the three specimens from +Honduras to <i>P. veracrucis</i> because Ward's original description states +that <i>veracrucis</i> has evenly spaced lower incisors and a basal cusp +on the lower canine on only its forward edge. Rinker's specimens +from Honduras have the first incisors in contact with each other, +the second incisors in contact with the first incisors and the third +incisor on each side of the lower jaw separated by a space from the +second incisor and from the canine. The specimens from Honduras +have a basal cusp on the hinder edge of the lower canine. In these +two features they agree with the specimens from Veracruz and with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_602" id="Page_602">[Pg 602]</a></span> +specimens of <a href="#pipsub"><i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i></a> from the United States and Canada. +It is clear that Ward (Amer. Nat., 25:747,1891) was mistaken +in stating that the lower incisors of <i>veracrucis</i> were evenly spaced +and that the canine had a basal cusp on only the forward edge. +Ward (<i>loc. cit.</i>) was correct in regarding his <i>Vesperugo veracrucis</i> +as "most closely related to <i>V. georgianus</i> [= <i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i>]," +but for want of actual specimens of <i>P. subflavus</i> to use in comparison +was incorrect in supposing that <a href="#pipsub"><i>P. subflavus</i></a> had only two bands +of color on the fur, more hair on the legs, and a larger area of hair +on the interfemoral membrane. In these respects we perceive no +difference between specimens from Veracruz and the United States.</p> + +<p><i>Vesperugo veracrucis</i> Ward, therefore, proves to be only a subspecies +of <a href="#pipsub"><i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i></a>, but is well characterized by dark +color and small size.</p> + +<p><i>University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, +Kansas.</i></p> +<p><i>Transmitted October 31, 1949.</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/square.png" width="16" height="17" border="0" alt="" title=""><br> +23-1546<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Synopsis of the American Bats of the +Genus Pipistrellus, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. 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Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus + +Author: Walter W. Dalquest + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: December 1, 2010 [EBook #34532] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN BATS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + A Synopsis of the American Bats + of the Genus Pipistrellus + + BY + + E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 1, No. 26, pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text + January 20, 1950 + + University of Kansas + LAWRENCE + 1950 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, + A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 1, No. 26, pp. 591-602, 1 figure in text + January 20, 1950 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1950 + + [Illustration: Union Label] + + 23-1546 + + + + + A Synopsis of the American Bats + of the Genus Pipistrellus + + By + + E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +Four nominal species of the genus _Pipistrellus_ are currently +recognized in North America. They are _Pipistrellus subflavus_ +(F. Cuvier) of eastern North America, _Pipistrellus hesperus_ (H. Allen) +of western North America, _Pipistrellus veracrucis_ (Ward) from +Veracruz, Mexico, and _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller from Tabasco, +Mexico. + +In the past three years, specimens have been obtained in Veracruz (by +Dalquest) of each of the southern species. One of these, _P. +cinnamomeus_, previously was known from a single specimen; the other, +_P. veracrucis_, was known only from six specimens which now are lost +or misplaced. The results of our study of these recently acquired +Mexican specimens constitute our principal contribution in this paper; +we have done little more with the material from the United States and +Canada than to codify the findings of other mammalogists with respect +to the systematic status and geographic distribution. + +Study of the available specimens reveals that there are only two +species, _Pipistrellus hesperus_ and _Pipistrellus subflavus_; +_Pipistrellus veracrucis_ proves to be only a subspecies (geographic +race) of _P. subflavus_, and _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ proves to be a +species of another genus, _Myotis_ (see Hall and Dalquest, page 583 of +this volume). + + +Genus +Pipistrellus+ Kaup + + 1829. _Pipistrellus_ Kaup, Skizzirte Entw.-Gesch. u. natuerl. Syst. + europ. Thierw., Vol. 1, p. 98, Type, _Vespertilio pipistrellus_ + Schreber (not seen by us, after Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:87, + 1897). + +_Range in the New World._--In North America from southern Canada to +Honduras (47 degrees to 5 degrees North Latitude) and from the +Atlantic to the Pacific; not recorded from the West Indies or South +America. + +_Characters._--Size small; tail approximately as long as outstretched +leg; ears well developed with prominent tragus; dental formula: i.2/3; +c.1/1; p.2/2; m.3/3; two upper incisors subequal and outer one lacking +a concavity on surface facing canine; dentition otherwise essentially +as in _Myotis_ Kaup except that third premolar is always, instead of +rarely, absent. + +_Remarks._--There are two species in North America. Their geographic +ranges, as now known, meet, but do not overlap. Certain differences +between the two species are listed in the parallel columns below. Most +of these differences in the skull and teeth are illustrated in figures +22 and 23 on page 92 of Miller's "Revision of the North American bats +of the family Vespertilionidae (N. Amer. Fauna, 13, 1897)." + + + ====================================================================== + Structure | _P. hesperus_ | _P. subflavus_ + ====================================================================== + Color | Predominately gray | Predominately brown + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Foot | Less than half as long | More than half as long + | as tibia | as tibia + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Thumb, length of | Less than 4.9 mm. | More than 4.9 mm. + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Tragus | Blunt, terminal part | Narrow, straight + | bent forward | + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Skull | Nearly straight | Dish-faced + (dorsal profile) | | + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Braincase | Small | Large + (viewed from above) | | + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Palate | Extending far behind | Extending short + | molars; spine short, | distance behind + | | molars; spine long, + | narrow at base | wide at base + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + I2 | Unicuspidate | Bicuspidate + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + I3 | Accessory cusp present | Accessory cusp absent + | on anterointernal | on anterointernal + | face | face + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + P1 (occlusal view) | Less than a seventh as | More than a seventh + | large as canine | as large as canine + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + P1 (labial view) | Concealed by C1 and P4 | Not concealed + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + P4 | Touching canine | Not touching canine + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + i3 | Touching i2 and c1 | Separated by space + | | from i2 and c1 + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + p3 | Lower than anterior | As high as anterior + | cusp of canine | cusp of canine + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + Distance from c1 | Less than length of m2; | More than length of + to m1 | premolars crowded | m2; premolars less + | | crowded + --------------------+-------------------------+----------------------- + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus+ + +(Synonomy under subspecies) + +_Range._--Arid Sonoran life-zones of western North America from +Washington southward to Jalisco. + +_Characters._--Smoke Gray to Buff Brown (Capitalized color terms after +Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., +1912) dorsally; total length, 60 to 86; foot less than half as long as +tibia; tragus blunt with terminal part bent forward; skull nearly +straight in dorsal profile; inner upper incisor unicuspidate; outer +upper incisor with accessory cusp on anterointernal face; P1, viewed +from occlusal face, less than a seventh of area of canine, and from +labial aspect concealed by canine and fourth premolar; lower, third +premolar lower than anterior cusp of canine; lower premolars crowded, +distance between canine and first molar less than length of second +lower molar. + +_Remarks._--In the United States and in the northern part of Mexico, +_P. hesperus_ is the smallest bat found. Little is known about its +habits. It emerges earlier in the evening than other species of bats. +The frequency with which it is seen near cliffs suggests that it finds +concealment under rocks. In winter, in Nevada (Hall, Mammals of +Nevada, p. 150, 1946), _P. hesperus_ has been found singly in crevices +in the roofs of mine tunnels. + +In the United States National Museum in July, 1949, the specimen +providing the easternmost record station of occurrence was examined by +us. This is No. 23591, in alcohol, taken on August 24, 1890, by +William Lloyd, original No. 88, at the mouth of the Pecos River in +Texas. In the same collection there is a specimen of _Pipistrellus +subflavus_ providing the westernmost record of occurrence of that +species. This specimen, a skin with skull, is No. 126729, [Male], +taken on May 3, 1903, by Jas. H. Gaut, original No. 1271, at Comstock, +Texas. The two localities concerned are in the Valley of the Rio +Grande, and are only about five miles apart. Nevertheless, the two +specimens are clearly referable to their respective species and show +no tendency toward intergradation. Consequently, confidence is felt in +treating _Pipistrellus hesperus_ and _Pipistrellus subflavus_ as two +distinct species. + +The most recent report upon geographic variation throughout the entire +species, _Pipistrellus hesperus_, was that by Hatfield (Jour. Mamm., +17:257-262, August 14, 1936). Later, as explained below in the account +of _P. h. australis_, Burt (Miscl. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, +39:25, February 15, 1938) examined specimens from Sonora, Mexico, and +for them and for specimens from southern Arizona proposed a different +nomenclatural arrangement. + + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing the geographic ranges of + species and subspecies of _Pipistrellus_. + + 1. _Pipistrellus h. hesperus_ + 2. _Pipistrellus h. merriami_ + 3. _Pipistrellus h. australis_ + 4. _Pipistrellus h. maximus_ + 5. _Pipistrellus h. santarosae_ + 6. _Pipistrellus s. subflavus_ + 7. _Pipistrellus s. obscurus_ + 8. _Pipistrellus s. veracrucis_ + ] + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus+ (H. Allen) + + _Scotophilus hesperus_ H. Allen, Smithsonian, Miscl. Coll., + No. 165, Vol. 7 (art. 1): p. 43, June, 1864. + + _Vesperugo hesperus_ True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7:602, 1885. + + _Pipistrellus hesperus_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:88, October 16, + 1897. + +_Type locality._--Old Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California, on right +bank of Colorado River, opposite present town of Yuma, Arizona. + +_Range._--Intermontane region of the United States from south-central +Washington south to Catavina, Baja California, and from southeastern +California eastward to southeastern Utah. Marginal occurrences (unless +otherwise indicated, after Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:258, 1936) are: +_Washington_ (Dalquest, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:165, +1948): Maryhill; Vantage; Almota. _Oregon_: Watson. _Idaho_: 8 mi. W +Rogerson (Davis, Mamms. Idaho, p. 120, 1939). _Nevada_: Middle Stormy +Spring (Hall, Mamms. Nevada, p. 151, 1946). _Utah_: Goodridge. +_Arizona_: 11 mi. NW Kayenta; Tinajas Altas. _Baja California_: +Catavina; San Jose; Laguna Hanson. _California_: Dos Palmos Spring; +Banning; Victorville; 12 mi. below (down river) Bodfish; Little Lake; +2 mi. S Benton Station. _Nevada_: 2 mi. NW Morgans Ranch; Deephole. +_Oregon_: Princeton. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; total length, 71.8(66-74); +tibia, 12.0(10.7-13.5); forearm, 29.4(27.8-31.8); greatest length of +skull, 11.9(11.5-12.3); breadth of braincase, 6.3(6.1-6.4). Color +between Drab Gray and Smoke Gray, dorsally; between Smoke Gray and +Pale Smoke Gray, ventrally (after Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:257, +1936). + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus merriami+ (Dobson) + + _Vesperugo merriami_ Dobson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 18(ser. 5): + 124, August, 1896. + + _Pipistrellus hesperus merriami_ Grinnell, Proc. California Acad. + Sci., 3(ser. 4):279, August 28, 1913. + +_Type locality._--Red Bluff, Tehama County, California. + +_Range._--California west of the Sierra Nevada; the Sacramento Valley, +the San Joaquin Valley, and the Coast Range from San Francisco Bay +south to San Diego County. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, Jour. +Mamm., 17:260, 1936, unless otherwise noted) are: _California_: Dales +on Paines Creek; Fyffe; Yosemite Valley; Shaver Ranger Station; +Springville; Fort Tejon; Painted Gorge (P. H. Krutzsch, MS); Carrizo +Creek; thence northward up the coast probably to San Francisco Bay; in +the Sacramento Valley west to Rumsey. + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; total length, 71.3(66-78); +tibia, 11.2(10.6-11.7); forearm, 28.9(27.5-30.8); greatest length of +skull, 11.8(11.3-12.2); breadth of braincase, 6.4(6.0-6.6). Color +Buffy Brown to Army Brown, dorsally; Wood Brown to Buffy Brown, +ventrally (after Hatfield, _op. cit._: 258, 260). + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus australis+ Miller + + _Pipistrellus hesperus australis_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, + October 16, 1897. + + _Pipistrellus hesperus apus_ Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., pub. 90, + zool. ser., 3:269, March 8, 1904. Type from Providencia Mines, + Sonora, Mexico. + +_Type locality._--Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco, Mexico. + +_Range._--Central Arizona south to Jalisco and including the southern +half of Baja California. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, _op. +cit._: 261, unless otherwise indicated) are: _Arizona_: Camp Verde; +Fort Bowie. _Sonora_: Pilares (Burt, Miscl. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. +Michigan, 39:24, 1938). _Jalisco_: Barranca Ibarra (Miller, orig. +descr.). _Baja California_: Miraflores; San Ignacio. _Arizona_: Bates +Well. + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; total length, 67.1(60-72); +tibia, 11.3(10.1-12.3); forearm, 28.4(26.3-30.0); greatest length of +skull, 11.7(11.3-12.0); breadth of braincase, 6.1(5.9-6.3). Color: +between Cinnamon Drab and Drab, dorsally; Wood Brown to Light Drab, +ventrally (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:260). + +_Remarks._--Hatfield (_op. cit._) examined no specimens from Mexico +(Baja California excepted) and Burt (_op. cit._) who did examine some +specimens (from Sonora), referred one from northwestern Sonora to _P. +h. hesperus_ and those from northeastern Sonora to _P. h. merriami_. +Since our treatment of subspecies of _Pipistrellus_ (_P. s. veracrucis_ +excepted) aims merely to reflect the latest systematic treatment +accorded the animals, we would follow Burt (_op. cit._) were it not +for the fact that he shows the geographic range of _P. h. merriami_ +separated by the range of _P. h. hesperus_ into two parts. This is +inconsistent with the ordinarily accepted concept of subspecies. +Consequently, we have followed Hatfield (_op. cit._). Clearly, a +critical study is needed of adequate material of _Pipistrellus +hesperus_ of Mexico. + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus maximus+ Hatfield + + _Pipistrellus hesperus maximus_ Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, + August 14, 1936. + +_Type locality._--Dog Spring, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. + +_Range._--Southern New Mexico, western Texas and probably the +adjoining parts of Mexico. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield [_op. +cit._:261] except as otherwise indicated) are: _New Mexico_: Animas +Valley; Florida Mountains; Carlsbad Cave. _Texas_: Mouth of Pecos +River (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:210, 1905); Boquillas (Borell and +Bryant, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:9, 1942); Glen Spring (Borell +and Bryant, _loc. cit._). + +_Diagnosis._--Size large for the species; total length, 80.3(78-83); +tibia, 12.3(11.7-13.1); forearm, 32.9(31.8-33.3); greatest length of +skull, 12.7(12.3-12.9); breadth of braincase, 6.6(6.5-6.7). Color +between Smoke Gray and Pale Drab (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:261). + + ++Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae+ Hatfield + + _Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae_ Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, + August 14, 1936. + +_Type locality._--Santa Rosa, Guadalupe County, New Mexico. + +_Range._--New Mexico (excepting southern part) and western Colorado. +Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:262) are: _Colorado_: +Bedrock. _New Mexico_: Santa Rosa; Socorro; Laguna. + +_Diagnosis._--Size large for the species; total length, 82.0(80-86); +tibia, 12.4(11.9-13.0); forearm, 32.8(31.7-34.1); greatest length of +skull, 12.7(12.3-13.1); breadth of braincase, 6.6(6.3-6.8). Color +between Buffy Brown and Wood Brown (after Hatfield, _op. cit._:261, +262). + + ++Pipistrellus subflavus+ + +(Synonomy under subspecies) + +_Range._--Canadian to Tropical life-zones of eastern North America +from Quebec southward to Honduras. + +_Characters._--Sayal Brown to darker than Mummy Brown, dorsally; total +length, 73-89; foot more than half as long as tibia; tragus tapering +and straight; dorsal profile of skull convex in interorbital region; +inner upper incisor bicuspidate; outer upper incisor unicuspidate +(lacking accessory cusp on anterointernal face); P1 viewed from +occlusal face more than a seventh of area of canine and visible from +labial aspect; lower, third premolar as high as anterior cusp of +canine; lower premolars less crowded than in _P. hesperus_ and +distance between canine and first molar less than length of second +lower molar. + +_Remarks._--In winter this species hibernates in caves in clusters of +fewer than fifty individuals, but in summer fewer of the bats live +there and at this season some have been captured as far as thirty +miles from any such retreat suggesting that the bats inhabit other +types of shelter. The wide range of this species in respect to +life-zones is noteworthy; it occurs in the Canadian Life-zone (Joliet, +Quebec), the Tropical Life-zone (30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, Veracruz) +and in the intervening life-zones. + +The longer thumb of this species, in comparison with that of +_Pipistrellus hesperus_, was verified by measuring the thumb including +its claw and the pad at the base of the thumb in 12 _P. s. veracrucis_ +and 10 _P. h. maximus_. In _veracrucis_ the mean was 5.9 millimeters +and the extremes were 5.5 and 6.4. In _maximus_ the corresponding +figures were 3.9, 3.6 and 4.3. + + ++Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus+ (F. Cuvier) + + _V[espertilio]. subflavus_ F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. + Paris, 1: 17, 1832. + + _Vespertilio erythrodactylus_ Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., II, 13me + monogr., p. 238, 1835-1841 (not seen--after Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, + 13:90, October 16, 1897). + + _Scotophilus georgianus_ H. Allen, Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., + No. 165, Vol. 7 (art. 1), p. 35, June, 1864. + + _Vesperugo carolinensis_ H. Allen, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 43:121, + March 14, 1894. + + _Pipistrellus subflavus_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, + figs. 22,23, October 16, 1897. + +_Type locality._--Eastern United States, probably Georgia. + +_Range._--From approximately 40 degrees North Latitude in Pennsylvania +and Kansas southward to central Florida and at least to extreme +southern Texas; from the Atlantic Coast westward to south-central +Kansas and Val Verde County, Texas. Marginal occurrences are: _Kansas_ +(K. U. Collection): 4-1/2 mi. SW Sun City; Ft. Leavenworth. _Illinois_ +(Necker and Hatfield, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 6(3):45, 1941): +Quincy; Urbana. _Indiana_ (Lyon, Amer. Midland Nat., 17:73, 1936): +Monroe County; Franklin Co. _Ohio_ (Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. +Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(6):115, 1942: Hamilton Co.; Smoky Creek. +_West Virginia_ (Kellogg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84:449, 1937): +Charleston; Smoke Hole Cave. _Pennsylvania_ (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and +N. J., p. 211, 1903): Carlisle; Germantown. _New Jersey_: Haddonfield +(Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., p. 211, 1903). _Florida_: Tarpon +Springs (Sherman., Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., p. 107, 1936). _Texas_: +Brownsville (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:211, 1905); Comstock (Bailey, +_loc. cit._); Kerr Co. (Taylor and Davis, Game, Fish and Oyster Comm. +Bull., 50:17, 1947). _Oklahoma_: 10 mi. S and 2 mi. E Sulphur (Blair, +Amer. Midland Nat., 22:100, 1939). + +_Diagnosis._--Size large; eight specimens from Barber and Butler +counties, Kansas, measure in total length, 84(77-89); tibia, +14.8(14.5-15); forearm, 33.5(31.8-35.3); greatest length of skull +(exclusive of incisors), 12.8(12.3-13.1); breadth of braincase +immediately above roots of zygomatic arches, 6.5(6.4-6.7). Color +ranging from Snuff Brown to Sayal Brown. + + ++Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus+ Miller + + _Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:93, + October 16, 1897. + +_Type locality._--Lake George, Warren County, New York. + +_Range._--From southern Quebec and southern Ontario south to southern +Ohio and West Virginia; from the Atlantic Coast west into Wisconsin. +Marginal occurrences are: _Minnesota_: St. Peter (Swanson and Evans, +Jour. Mamm., 17:39, 1936); Marine (Swanson, Tech. Bull. No. 2, +Minnesota Dept. Conservation, p. 60, 1945). _Wisconsin_: Hurley +(Greeley and Beer, Jour. Mamm., 30:198, 1949). _Quebec_: Joliet +(Anderson, Nat. Mus. Canada, Biol. ser. No. 31, Bull. 102:30, 1946). +_Vermont_: Brandon (Osgood, Jour. Mamm., 19:436, 1938). _Maine_: No +locality more precise than the state (Allen, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. +Nat. Hist., 7(3):35, June, 1904). _New York_: Hastings on Hudson +(Rowley, Abstr. of Proc. Linnean Soc. N. Y., for yr. ending March 11, +1902, p. 57). _Pennsylvania_: Beaver (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., +1903, p. 211). _West Virginia_: Cornwall's Cave (Frum, Jour. Mamm., +25:195, 1944). _Ohio_: Cat Run (Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. +Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(6):116, 1942); Symmes Creek (Bole and +Moulthrop, _loc. cit._); Dry Cave (Bole and Moulthrop, _loc. cit._); +"Union County" (Rausch, Jour. Mamm., 27:275, 1946). _Wisconsin_: +Devils Lake (Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 1:38, 1919). + +_Diagnosis._--"... color duller and less yellow, and dark tips of +shorter hairs on back more conspicuous" than in _P. subflavus +subflavus_ according to the original description. + +_Remarks._--No one, as far as we know, has carefully studied the +variation in _Pipistrellus subflavus_ of the United States and Canada +since Miller named _P. s. obscurus_. With the more abundant material +now available, such an appraisal would be worth-while. The occurrences +cited above for Minnesota and Wisconsin were recorded in the +literature under the specific name without indication of subspecific +affinity. The reference of specimens from these states to the +subspecies _P. s. obscurus_ is an arbitrary assignment on our part; we +have not seen them. However, two specimens in the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History from Potosi (Snake Cave) Grant County, +Wisconsin, are referable to _P. s. obscurus_. These provide the +southwesternmost record station of occurrence in Wisconsin but are +not shown on the distribution map because the specimens were received +after figure 1 was prepared. + +It is noteworthy that the species _Pipistrellus subflavus_ has not +yet, as far as we can ascertain, been recorded from Michigan, northern +Indiana, northern Illinois, or Iowa. Probably the species occurs in +these areas. + + ++Pipistrellus subflavus veracrucis+ (Ward) + + _Vesperugo veracrucis_ Ward, Amer. Nat., 25:745, August, 1891. + + _Pipistrellus veracrucis_ Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:93, October + 16, 1897. + +_Type locality._--Las Vigas, 8,500 ft., Veracruz. + +_Range._--Eastern Mexico, certainly from the type locality southward +into Honduras. Records of occurrence are: _Veracruz_: Las Vigas (13 +specimens from 4 km. E Las Vigas, 8,500 ft., K. U.); 30 km. SSE Jesus +Carranza, 1 (K. U.). _Honduras_: Jilamo Farm, Tela District, 3 (Univ. +Michigan). + +_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; measurements of 13 near +topotypes are: total length, 78(73-85); tibia, 12.9(11.8-14.7); +forearm, 31.8(29.5-33.1); greatest length of skull (exclusive of +incisors), 12.2(11.8-12.6); breadth of braincase immediately above +roots of zygomatic arches, 6.3(6.0-6.7). Color darker than Mummy Brown +above and below. + +_Remarks._--The specimen from thirty kilometers south-southeast of +Jesus Carranza, Veracruz, and the three specimens from Honduras agree +in all respects with topotypes. The color of _P. s. veracrucis_ is +much darker than that of _P. s. obscurus_ and is between black and the +darkest brown in Ridgway's (_op. cit._) color key. Rinker (Jour. +Mamm., 29:179-180,1948) described the three specimens from Honduras +without assigning a specific name to them because he lacked topotypes +of _P. s. veracrucis_. We find nothing in his description to correct, +but can add that the upper tooth-rows in many, but not in all, +specimens of _P. s. veracrucis_ are straighter than in _P. s. +subflavus_. Probably it was this feature to which Rinker referred when +he said that in _veracrucis_ "The tooth rows tend to be more +convergent posteriorly." Rinker did not refer the three specimens from +Honduras to _P. veracrucis_ because Ward's original description states +that _veracrucis_ has evenly spaced lower incisors and a basal cusp on +the lower canine on only its forward edge. Rinker's specimens from +Honduras have the first incisors in contact with each other, the +second incisors in contact with the first incisors and the third +incisor on each side of the lower jaw separated by a space from the +second incisor and from the canine. The specimens from Honduras have a +basal cusp on the hinder edge of the lower canine. In these two +features they agree with the specimens from Veracruz and with +specimens of _Pipistrellus subflavus_ from the United States and +Canada. It is clear that Ward (Amer. Nat., 25:747,1891) was mistaken +in stating that the lower incisors of _veracrucis_ were evenly spaced +and that the canine had a basal cusp on only the forward edge. Ward +(_loc. cit._) was correct in regarding his _Vesperugo veracrucis_ as +"most closely related to _V. georgianus_ [= _Pipistrellus +subflavus_]," but for want of actual specimens of _P. subflavus_ to +use in comparison was incorrect in supposing that _P. subflavus_ had +only two bands of color on the fur, more hair on the legs, and a +larger area of hair on the interfemoral membrane. In these respects we +perceive no difference between specimens from Veracruz and the United +States. + +_Vesperugo veracrucis_ Ward, therefore, proves to be only a subspecies +of _Pipistrellus subflavus_, but is well characterized by dark color +and small size. + +_University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas._ + +_Transmitted October 31, 1949._ + + + + + [] + 23-1546 + + + * * * * * + + Transcriber's Notes + + The text presented in this file is that contained in the original + printed version. Only one typographical error was noted in the + conversion of the printed document to digital format. + + Typographical Error + + Page 598: P.h. veracrucis => P. s. veracrucis + + + Emphasis Notation + + In order to represent the emphasis styling displayed in the + original, the following formatting has been employed: + + _Text_ = Italic + + +Text+ = Bold + + + * * * * * + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Synopsis of the American Bats of the +Genus Pipistrellus, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. 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