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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/34954-8.txt b/34954-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd87424 --- /dev/null +++ b/34954-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,752 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, +Leptodeira discolor Gunther, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, Leptodeira discolor Gunther + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: January 14, 2011 [EBook #34954] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Monika Krämer, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Volume 11, No. 1, pp. 1-9, 4 figs. + July 14, 1958 + + + Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, + Leptodeira discolor Günther + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + LAWRENCE + 1958 + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, + Robert W. Wilson + + + Volume 11, No. 1, pp 1-9, 4 figs. + Published July 14, 1958 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED IN + THE STATE PRINTING PLANT + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1958 + + 27-6708 + + + + + Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, + Leptodeira discolor Günther + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +At the time of completing my study of the genus _Leptodeira_ (1958) I +had seen no specimens of _Leptodeira discolor_, a species described by +Günther in 1860 and subsequently referred to the genus _Hypsiglena_ by +Cope (1887), Boulenger (1894), and Mocquard (1908), and to the genus +_Pseudoleptodeira_ by Taylor (1938). Günther's description was based on +two syntypes (British Museum of Natural History numbers 1946.1.23.67 +and 68) collected in Oaxaca, México, by Auguste Sallé. Information +concerning the scutellation and coloration of the syntypes was provided +by J. C. Battersby; in my revisionary study (_op. cit._) this +information was included in a short discussion of the species, which +was referred to _incerta sedis_ until specimens could be examined and +the relationships of the species determined. + +Through the courtesy of John M. Legler of the Museum of Natural History, +University of Kansas, I have been able to study a specimen of +_Leptodeira discolor_ obtained six miles southeast of Tamazulápam, +Oaxaca, México, by J. R. Alcorn on June 22, 1955. Superficial +examination of the external characters of this snake shows a striking +resemblance to _Leptodeira_. The specimen has a vertical pupil, divided +anal, 21 scale rows, and two apical pits. The enlarged posterior +maxillary teeth are without a trace of a groove. Examination of the +hemipenis revealed that the organ was bifurcate and had a forked sulcus; +these penial characteristics are diagnostic of the subfamily +Xenodontinae and not the subfamily Colubrinae that includes the genera +_Hypsiglena_ and _Leptodeira_. + +Examination of all available xenodontine genera indicates that this +snake belongs to a heretofore unnamed genus. In recognition of the +mental torment customarily suffered by workers attempting to ascertain +the relationships of the many genera of colubrid snakes, I propose the +generic name + + + _Tantalophis_, new genus + + _Leptodeira_ (in part), Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. + 317-318, 1860; Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 16, p. 23, January + 9, 1884; Dunn, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 697-698, + December, 1936; Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 114 + (1), pp. 95-96, February 24, 1958. + + _Hypsiglena_ (in part), Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 32, p. 78, + 1887; Günther, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, pp. 137-138, + pl. 49, fig. A, October, 1894; Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes British + Museum, vol. 2, p. 211, September 23, 1894; Mocquard, _in_ Duméril + and Bocourt, Mission Scientifique Mexique l'Amerique Centrale, vol. + 3, p. 871, 1908; Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, vol. 4, p. 183, May, + 1930. + + _Pseudoleptodeira_ (in part) Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vol. + 25, no. 15, p. 343, June 1, 1938. + + _Type Species._--_Leptodeira discolor_ Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. + London, pp. 317-318, 1860. + + _Diagnosis._--A xenodontine colubrid snake having a bifurcate + hemipenis with a forked sulcus spermaticus, many longitudinal folds + on basal portion, and small spines and calyces on distal part; 12 + or 13 maxillary teeth followed by short diastema and two somewhat + enlarged maxillary teeth lacking grooves; small parotid gland; + normal colubrid skull; no hypapophyses on posterior vertebrae; + elliptical pupils; two apical pits; smooth scales; normal colubrid + head shields; divided anal; paired caudals. + + The generic name comes from the Greek Tantalos, a mythological + character symbolic of eternal torment, and from the Greek ophis + for snake. + + + _Tantalophis discolor_ (Günther) New comb. + + The synonymy for the species is indicated in the account of the + genus. The description below of the species is based on an adult + male from 6 miles southeast of Tamazulápam, Oaxaca, México + (University of Kansas Museum of Natural History No. 40143). + + _Scutellation._--Head shields normal; upper labials 7-7 (third and + fourth entering orbit); lower labials 9-9 (1-4 in contact with + anterior chin-shield, 4 and 5 in contact with posterior + chin-shield); preoculars 1-1 and not in contact with frontal; + postoculars 2-2; temporals 1-2-3, 1-2-3; nasals divided by a + distinct groove below nostril and faint groove above; portion of + rostral visible from above, one-third length of internasals; + internasals pentagonal and one-half as long as prefrontals; + parietal suture approximately as long as frontal; ventrals 178; + anal divided; caudals 80. Scales in 21 rows at midbody and showing + the following reduction: + + 2 + 3 (130) 8 + 9 (162) + 21 --------------- 19 -------------- 17 (178) + 2 + 3 (130) 8 + 9 (152) + + _Coloration._--Dorsal ground-color light brown and extending onto + edges of ventrals; transverse body blotches numbering 50, each + 1-1/2 to 3 scales long and separated by light interspaces 1-1/2 to + 2 scales long; blotches brownish black and extending onto second + scale row; lateral intercalary spots forming dark smudges on rows 1 + and 2. Top of head black, flecked with tan; nape cream, followed by + dark band six scales long; dark nape stripe from posterior edges of + parietals to first dark body band. Venter cream-tan; throat and + labials cream; posterior margins of all upper labials and of lower + labials 1-3 black-edged (Figure 1). + + _Size and Proportions._--Head and body 312 mm. long; tail 118 mm., + amounting to 37.8 per cent of length of head and body. + + _Variation._--Data on the syntypes of _Leptodeira discolor_ + furnished by J. C. Battersby give some indication of the variation + in the species. Both are males, and they have 175 and 180 ventrals, + 88 and 89 caudals, 1 preocular, 2 postoculars, 1-2-3 temporals, 7 + and 8 upper labials, 9 lower labials. They have body lengths of + 365 and 402 mm., total lengths of 509 and 555 mm., tail/body ratios + of 38.0 and 39.4. They have 51 and 54 dark blotches on the body. + + [Illustration: Fig. 1. Dorsal and lateral views of the head of + _Tantalophis discolor_ (Günther). (KU No. 40143). × 7.] + + _Skull._--The skull is typically colubrid and shows no + modifications. The quadrate has both a median and a lateral + depression, forming a strong lateral flange on the anterior edge; + the columellar process is elliptical, and the supra-columellar + crest is robust. The posteroinferior vomerine process extends + directly posteriorly and then angles sharply posterodorsally, + enclosing an elliptical vomerine fenestra. The lateral processes of + the premaxillary are slightly pointed; the median spine is + relatively thin and high. The pterygoids bear 23 and 21 teeth that + decrease in size posteriorly; the transpalatine articulating + process of the pterygoid is rounded, not robust; the lateral crest + is high and moderately robust; the depression in the ventral + surface of the pterygoid is moderate. There are 12 and 13 maxillary + teeth that increase in size posteriorly; these are followed by a + short diastema and two larger, solid teeth. The prediastemal teeth + are slightly curved and slender. The maxillary is laterally + compressed; the posterior knob is not robust; there is one foramen + in the lateral face of the bone (Figure 2). The 10 palatine teeth + are almost uniform in size; the dentary bears 19 teeth that + decrease in size posteriorly. + + [Illustration: Fig. 2. Lateral view of the left maxillary of + _Tantalophis discolor_ (Günther). (KU No. 40143). × 17.] + + A thin and otherwise small parotid gland or "venom sac" extends + posteriorly from beneath the eye to about the angle of the jaw; a + minute duct connects with the anteromedian surface and extends to + the fleshy part of the mouth at the posterior end of the maxillary + (Figure 3). + + [Illustration: Fig. 3. Lateral view of the head of _Tantalophis + discolor_ (Günther), showing the position and relative size of the + parotid gland. (KU No. 40143). × 3.] + + _Hemipenis._--In _situ_ the hemipenis extends to the posterior edge + of the thirteenth caudal. The unforked part of the organ is + bedecked with numerous heavy longitudinal folds alternating with + thinner folds. The basal parts of the two heads are covered with + moderate sized spines, those closest to the base and the sulcus + being the smallest. The distal parts of the heads are covered with + calyces. The sulcus bifurcates on the unforked part of the organ at + a point about two-thirds of the distance from the base to the + division of the organ. The sulcus is a deep groove between heavy + folds proximally and is a shallower furrow distally (Figure 4). + + [Illustration: Fig. 4. Hemipenis of _Tantalophis discolor_ + (Günther). The organ was cut on the ventral surface and opened. + (KU No. 40143). × 4.] + +_Relationships._--Using Dunn's (1928) arrangement of the American +colubrid snakes as a guide permits the taxonomist to group _Tantalophis_ +with several genera, some of which occur in South America and others in +the West Indies. Although the significance of such generic characters as +scale pits and nature of the hemipenis is not clear, these characters +must, of necessity, be utilized in attempting to ascertain the +relationships of _Tantalophis_ to other colubrid snakes. Assuming that +the primary divisions of the American colubrids into subfamilies based +on the nature of the sulcus spermaticus and the presence or absence of +hypapophyses on the posterior vertebrae have some reality, _Tantalophis_ +must be placed in the subfamily Xenodontinae comprising genera chiefly +South American in their distribution, but with several genera in Middle +America and a few in North America and the West Indies. In order to +limit the number of genera to be compared with _Tantalophis_, only those +xenodontines having apical pits and bifurcate hemipenis are considered. +These include _Cyclagras_, _Drepanoides_, _Hypsirhynchus_, _Ialtris_, +_Leimadophis_, _Pseudablabes_, _Siphlophis_, _Tachymenis_, _Tomodon_, +and _Trypanurgos_. Aside from differences in scutellation, +_Leimadophis_, _Siphlophis_, and _Trypanurgos_ have the heads of the +hemipenes terminating in a disc, and _Ialtris_ has a plicate hemipenis. +_Tomodon_ has basal spines on the hemipenis. The hemipenes of the other +genera have proximal folds, distal spines, and distal calyces, not +greatly unlike the condition found in _Tantalophis_. Of these, +_Cyclagras_, _Hypsirhynchus_, and _Pseudablabes_ have round pupils and +certain differences in scutellation. _Drepanoides_ and _Tachymenis_ have +elliptical pupils like those of _Tantalophis_, but _Tachymenis_ has only +one apical pit, and _Drepanoides_ has one apical pit or none. In the +above characters no especially close relationship between _Tantalophis_ +and any one of these genera is apparent. + +If the characteristics usually employed in distinguishing and relating +genera are ignored and other more subjective criteria are used, the +relationships of _Tantalophis_ still remain obscure. Of the xenodontine +genera _Tantalophis_ approaches _Leimadophis_ in general physiognomy; +perhaps it represents an early divergent stock of _Leimadophis_ that has +undergone radical changes in the hemipenis and other characters. On the +other hand, if the nature of the hemipenis is of no importance in +defining supergeneric groups of colubrid snakes, _Tantalophis_ may have +its relationships with _Leptodeira_ and _Hypsiglena_. Although +herpetologists have been working intensively on American colubrids for +many decades, the relationships of the majority of the groups are not +well understood. Until the hemipenes and skulls of all of the forms have +been studied and compared, and the evolutionary significance has been +determined for the characters of the hemipenes, dentition, and apical +pits, our knowledge of the relationships of these snakes will be +incomplete. + +_Remarks._--The individual on which this paper is based is the only +specimen of the species with definite locality data. It is from a +locality six miles southeast of Tamazulápam in northwestern Oaxaca. This +town lies at an elevation of about 6500 feet in the upper reaches of the +Balsas Basin, an arid interior valley that expands in its upper end to +form a broad basin of rolling and dissected terrain ranging from about +4000 to 6800 feet in elevation. The countryside around Tamazulápam is +arid and supports plants of the genera _Prosopis_, _Acacia_, _Ipomoea_, +and _Cassia_, and also columnar cacti. Oaks and pines grow on the +limestone hills rising above the rolling valley. _Tantalophis_ may be +endemic to the Balsas Basin, as are many other species of reptiles. +However, if the snake has its relatives to the south in lower Central +America and South America, such a distribution seems unlikely, even for +an apparent relict. + +_Acknowledgments._--For permission to study and report on this specimen +I am indebted to Dr. E. Raymond Hall and Mr. John M. Legler. I am +grateful to Dr. Laurence C. Stuart for many helpful suggestions and to +Dr. Norman E. Hartweg for placing at my disposal the facilities of the +Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. + + +LITERATURE CITED + + AMARAL, A. DO + + 1930 Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII--Lista remissiva dos + ophidios da região neotropica. Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4:129-275. + + BOULENGER, G. A. + + 1894 Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural + History). London, 2:xi + 382, pls. 1-20, figs. 1-25. + + COPE, E. D. + + 1887 Catalogue of the batrachians and reptiles of Central America + and Mexico. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 32:1-98. + + DUELLMAN, W. E. + + 1958 A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus _Leptodeira_. + Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:1-152, pls. 1-31, figs. 1-25, + maps 1-25. + + DUMÉRIL, A. M., and BOCOURT, F. + + 1870-1909 Études sur les reptiles. Mission scientifique au Mexique + et dans l'Amerique Centrale, Recherches zoologiques. Paris, + Pt. 3, 1:xiv + 1012, pls. 1-77. + + DUNN, E. R. + + 1928 A tentative key and arrangement of the American genera of + Colubridae. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 2 (1):18-24. + + 1936 Notes on North American _Leptodeira_. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., + 22 (12):689-698. + + GARMAN, S. + + 1884 The North American reptiles and batrachians. Bull. Essex + Inst., 16:1-46, 3 figs. + + GÜNTHER, A. C. L. G. + + 1860 On new reptiles and fishes from Mexico. Proc. Zool. Soc. + London, pp. 316-319. + + 1885-1902 Biologia Centrali-Americana. Reptilia and Batrachia. + London, pp. xx + 1-326, pls. 1-76. + + TAYLOR, E. H. + + 1938 Notes on Mexican snakes of the genus _Leptodeira_, with a + proposal of a new snake genus, _Pseudoleptodeira_. Univ. + Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:315-355, pls. 30-34, figs. 1-7. + +_Transmitted March 11, 1958. Contribution No. 11 from the Department of +Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit 2, Michigan._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematic Status of the Colubrid +Snake, Leptodeira discolor Gunther, by William E. 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Duellman. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + div.titlepage {text-align:center; margin-bottom: 2em; font-weight: bold;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, +Leptodeira discolor Gunther, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, Leptodeira discolor Gunther + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: January 14, 2011 [EBook #34954] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Monika Krämer, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Front_cover" id="Front_cover">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + +<div class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span> + +<br /><br /> + +Volume 11, No. 1, pp. 1-9, 4 figs.<br /> +July 14, 1958</div> + + +<div class="titlepage" style="font-size:200%;">Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake,<br /> +Leptodeira discolor Günther</div> + +<div class="titlepage">BY</div> + +<div class="titlepage" style="font-size:150%;">WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</div> + + +<div class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> + +1958 +</div> + +<hr style="width:65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Inside_front_cover" id="Inside_front_cover">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="titlepage"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +</div> + +<div class="titlepage">Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> +Robert W. Wilson<br /></div> + + +<div class="titlepage">Volume 11, No. 1, pp 1-9, 4 figs.<br /> +Published July 14, 1958<br /><br /></div> + + +<div class="titlepage"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /></div> + + +<div style="text-align:center; margin-top:2em;"> +PRINTED IN<br /> +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1958</div> + +<div style="text-align:center; margin-top:1em;">27-6708</div> + +<hr style="width:65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + + + +<h1>Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake,<br /> +Leptodeira discolor Günther</h1> + +<p class="center">BY</p> + +<p class="center">WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</p> + + +<p>At the time of completing my study of the genus <i>Leptodeira</i> +(1958) I had seen no specimens of <i>Leptodeira discolor</i>, a species +described by Günther in 1860 and subsequently referred to the +genus <i>Hypsiglena</i> by Cope (1887), Boulenger (1894), and Mocquard +(1908), and to the genus <i>Pseudoleptodeira</i> by Taylor (1938). +Günther's description was based on two syntypes (British Museum +of Natural History numbers 1946.1.23.67 and 68) collected in +Oaxaca, México, by Auguste Sallé. Information concerning the +scutellation and coloration of the syntypes was provided by J. C. +Battersby; in my revisionary study (<i>op. cit.</i>) this information was +included in a short discussion of the species, which was referred to +<i>incerta sedis</i> until specimens could be examined and the relationships +of the species determined.</p> + +<p>Through the courtesy of John M. Legler of the Museum of Natural +History, University of Kansas, I have been able to study a +specimen of <i>Leptodeira discolor</i> obtained six miles southeast of +Tamazulápam, Oaxaca, México, by J. R. Alcorn on June 22, 1955. +Superficial examination of the external characters of this snake +shows a striking resemblance to <i>Leptodeira</i>. The specimen has a +vertical pupil, divided anal, 21 scale rows, and two apical pits. The +enlarged posterior maxillary teeth are without a trace of a groove. +Examination of the hemipenis revealed that the organ was bifurcate +and had a forked sulcus; these penial characteristics are diagnostic +of the subfamily Xenodontinae and not the subfamily Colubrinae +that includes the genera <i>Hypsiglena</i> and <i>Leptodeira</i>.</p> + +<p>Examination of all available xenodontine genera indicates that +this snake belongs to a heretofore unnamed genus. In recognition +of the mental torment customarily suffered by workers attempting +to ascertain the relationships of the many genera of colubrid snakes, +I propose the generic name</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tantalophis</b>, new genus</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptodeira</i> (in part), Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 317-318, 1860; +Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 16, p. 23, January 9, 1884; Dunn, Proc. Nat. +Acad. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 697-698, December, 1936; Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus. +Nat. Hist., vol. 114 (1), pp. 95-96, February 24, 1958.</p> + +<p><i>Hypsiglena</i> (in part), Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 32, p. 78, 1887; +Günther, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, pp. 137-138, pl. 49, fig. A,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +October, 1894; Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes British Museum, vol. 2, p. 211, +September 23, 1894; Mocquard, <i>in</i> Duméril and Bocourt, Mission Scientifique +Mexique l'Amerique Centrale, vol. 3, p. 871, 1908; Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, +vol. 4, p. 183, May, 1930.</p> + +<p><i>Pseudoleptodeira</i> (in part) Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vol. 25, no. 15, +p. 343, June 1, 1938.</p> + +<p><i>Type Species.</i>—<i>Leptodeira discolor</i> Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. +317-318, 1860.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—A xenodontine colubrid snake having a bifurcate hemipenis with +a forked sulcus spermaticus, many longitudinal folds on basal portion, and small +spines and calyces on distal part; 12 or 13 maxillary teeth followed by short +diastema and two somewhat enlarged maxillary teeth lacking grooves; small +parotid gland; normal colubrid skull; no hypapophyses on posterior vertebrae; +elliptical pupils; two apical pits; smooth scales; normal colubrid head shields; +divided anal; paired caudals.</p> + +<p>The generic name comes from the Greek Τανταλοσ, a mythological character +symbolic of eternal torment, and from the Greek οφισ for snake.</p></div> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tantalophis discolor</b> (Günther) New comb.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The synonymy for the species is indicated in the account of the genus. The +description below of the species is based on an adult male from 6 miles southeast +of Tamazulápam, Oaxaca, México (University of Kansas Museum of Natural +History No. 40143).</p> + +<p><i>Scutellation.</i>—Head shields normal; upper labials 7-7 (third and fourth +entering orbit); lower labials 9-9 (1-4 in contact with anterior chin-shield, +4 and 5 in contact with posterior chin-shield); preoculars 1-1 and not in contact +with frontal; postoculars 2-2; temporals 1-2-3, 1-2-3; nasals divided by a +distinct groove below nostril and faint groove above; portion of rostral visible +from above, one-third length of internasals; internasals pentagonal and one-half +as long as prefrontals; parietal suture approximately as long as frontal; ventrals +178; anal divided; caudals 80. Scales in 21 rows at midbody and showing the +following reduction:</p> + +<p class="center"> +2 + 3 (130) 8 + 9 (162)<br /> + 21 ————— 19 ————— 17 (178)<br /> +2 + 3 (130) 8 + 9 (152)<br /> +</p> + +<p><i>Coloration.</i>—Dorsal ground-color light brown and extending onto edges of +ventrals; transverse body blotches numbering 50, each 1½ to 3 scales long and +separated by light interspaces 1½ to 2 scales long; blotches brownish black and +extending onto second scale row; lateral intercalary spots forming dark smudges +on rows 1 and 2. Top of head black, flecked with tan; nape cream, followed +by dark band six scales long; dark nape stripe from posterior edges of parietals +to first dark body band. Venter cream-tan; throat and labials cream; posterior +margins of all upper labials and of lower labials 1-3 black-edged (Figure 1).</p> + +<p><i>Size and Proportions.</i>—Head and body 312 mm. long; tail 118 mm., amounting +to 37.8 per cent of length of head and body.</p> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/bild1.jpg" width="450" height="655" alt="Fig. 1." title="Fig. 1." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Dorsal and lateral views of the head of <i>Tantalophis discolor</i> (Günther). +(KU No. 40143). × 7.</span> +</div> + +<p><i>Variation.</i>—Data on the syntypes of <i>Leptodeira discolor</i> furnished by J. C. +Battersby give some indication of the variation in the species. Both are males, +and they have 175 and 180 ventrals, 88 and 89 caudals, 1 preocular, 2 postoculars, +1-2-3 temporals, 7 and 8 upper labials, 9 lower labials. They have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +body lengths of 365 and 402 mm., total lengths of 509 and 555 mm., tail/body +ratios of 38.0 and 39.4. They have 51 and 54 dark blotches on the body.</p> + +<p><i>Skull.</i>—The skull is typically colubrid and shows no modifications. The +quadrate has both a median and a lateral depression, forming a strong lateral +flange on the anterior edge; the columellar process is elliptical, and the supracolumellar +crest is robust. The posteroinferior vomerine process extends directly +posteriorly and then angles sharply posterodorsally, enclosing an elliptical +vomerine fenestra. The lateral processes of the premaxillary are slightly +pointed; the median spine is relatively thin and high. The pterygoids bear +23 and 21 teeth that decrease in size posteriorly; the transpalatine articulating +process of the pterygoid is rounded, not robust; the lateral crest is high and +moderately robust; the depression in the ventral surface of the pterygoid is +moderate. There are 12 and 13 maxillary teeth that increase in size posteriorly; +these are followed by a short diastema and two larger, solid teeth. The +prediastemal teeth are slightly curved and slender. The maxillary is laterally +compressed; the posterior knob is not robust; there is one foramen in the +lateral face of the bone (Figure 2). The 10 palatine teeth are almost uniform +in size; the dentary bears 19 teeth that decrease in size posteriorly.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> +<img src="images/bild2.png" width="700" height="177" alt="Fig. 2." title="Fig. 2." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Lateral view of the left maxillary of <i>Tantalophis discolor</i> (Günther). +(KU No. 40143). × 17.</span> +</div> + +<p>A thin and otherwise small parotid gland or "venom sac" extends posteriorly +from beneath the eye to about the angle of the jaw; a minute duct +connects with the anteromedian surface and extends to the fleshy part of the +mouth at the posterior end of the maxillary (Figure 3).</p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/bild3.png" width="600" height="207" alt="Fig. 3." title="Fig. 3." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 3. Lateral view of the head of <i>Tantalophis +discolor</i> (Günther), showing the position and relative size of the parotid +gland. (KU No. 40143). × 17.</span> +</div> + +<p><i>Hemipenis.</i>—In <i>situ</i> the hemipenis extends to the posterior edge of the +thirteenth caudal. The unforked part of the organ is bedecked with numerous +heavy longitudinal folds alternating with thinner folds. The basal parts of +the two heads are covered with moderate sized spines, those closest to the base +and the sulcus being the smallest. The distal parts of the heads are covered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +with calyces. The sulcus bifurcates on the unforked part of the organ at a +point about two-thirds of the distance from the base to the division of the +organ. The sulcus is a deep groove between heavy folds proximally and is a +shallower furrow distally (Figure 4).</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 480px;"> +<img src="images/bild4.png" width="480" height="615" alt="Fig. 4." title="Fig. 4." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 4. Hemipenis of <i>Tantalophis discolor</i> +(Günther). The organ was cut on the ventral surface and opened. +(KU No. 40143). × 4.</span> +</div> + +<p><i>Relationships.</i>—Using Dunn's (1928) arrangement of the American +colubrid snakes as a guide permits the taxonomist to group +<i>Tantalophis</i> with several genera, some of which occur in South +America and others in the West Indies. Although the significance +of such generic characters as scale pits and nature of the hemipenis +is not clear, these characters must, of necessity, be utilized in attempting +to ascertain the relationships of <i>Tantalophis</i> to other +colubrid snakes. Assuming that the primary divisions of the +American colubrids into subfamilies based on the nature of the +sulcus spermaticus and the presence or absence of hypapophyses on +the posterior vertebrae have some reality, <i>Tantalophis</i> must be +placed in the subfamily Xenodontinae comprising genera chiefly +South American in their distribution, but with several genera in +Middle America and a few in North America and the West Indies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +In order to limit the number of genera to be compared with <i>Tantalophis</i>, +only those xenodontines having apical pits and bifurcate +hemipenis are considered. These include <i>Cyclagras</i>, <i>Drepanoides</i>, +<i>Hypsirhynchus</i>, <i>Ialtris</i>, <i>Leimadophis</i>, <i>Pseudablabes</i>, <i>Siphlophis</i>, +<i>Tachymenis</i>, <i>Tomodon</i>, and <i>Trypanurgos</i>. Aside from differences in +scutellation, <i>Leimadophis</i>, <i>Siphlophis</i>, and <i>Trypanurgos</i> have the +heads of the hemipenes terminating in a disc, and <i>Ialtris</i> has a plicate +hemipenis. <i>Tomodon</i> has basal spines on the hemipenis. The +hemipenes of the other genera have proximal folds, distal spines, and +distal calyces, not greatly unlike the condition found in <i>Tantalophis</i>. +Of these, <i>Cyclagras</i>, <i>Hypsirhynchus</i>, and <i>Pseudablabes</i> have round +pupils and certain differences in scutellation. <i>Drepanoides</i> and +<i>Tachymenis</i> have elliptical pupils like those of <i>Tantalophis</i>, but +<i>Tachymenis</i> has only one apical pit, and <i>Drepanoides</i> has one apical +pit or none. In the above characters no especially close relationship +between <i>Tantalophis</i> and any one of these genera is apparent.</p> + +<p>If the characteristics usually employed in distinguishing and relating +genera are ignored and other more subjective criteria are +used, the relationships of <i>Tantalophis</i> still remain obscure. Of the +xenodontine genera <i>Tantalophis</i> approaches <i>Leimadophis</i> in general +physiognomy; perhaps it represents an early divergent stock of +<i>Leimadophis</i> that has undergone radical changes in the hemipenis +and other characters. On the other hand, if the nature of the hemipenis +is of no importance in defining supergeneric groups of colubrid +snakes, <i>Tantalophis</i> may have its relationships with <i>Leptodeira</i> +and <i>Hypsiglena</i>. Although herpetologists have been working intensively +on American colubrids for many decades, the relationships +of the majority of the groups are not well understood. Until +the hemipenes and skulls of all of the forms have been studied and +compared, and the evolutionary significance has been determined +for the characters of the hemipenes, dentition, and apical pits, our +knowledge of the relationships of these snakes will be incomplete.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The individual on which this paper is based is the +only specimen of the species with definite locality data. It is from +a locality six miles southeast of Tamazulápam in northwestern +Oaxaca. This town lies at an elevation of about 6500 feet in the +upper reaches of the Balsas Basin, an arid interior valley that expands +in its upper end to form a broad basin of rolling and dissected +terrain ranging from about 4000 to 6800 feet in elevation. The +countryside around Tamazulápam is arid and supports plants of the +genera <i>Prosopis</i>, <i>Acacia</i>, <i>Ipomoea</i>, and <i>Cassia</i>, and also columnar +cacti. Oaks and pines grow on the limestone hills rising above the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +rolling valley. <i>Tantalophis</i> may be endemic to the Balsas Basin, as +are many other species of reptiles. However, if the snake has its +relatives to the south in lower Central America and South America, +such a distribution seems unlikely, even for an apparent relict.</p> + +<p><i>Acknowledgments.</i>—For permission to study and report on this +specimen I am indebted to Dr. E. Raymond Hall and Mr. John M. +Legler. I am grateful to Dr. Laurence C. Stuart for many helpful +suggestions and to Dr. Norman E. Hartweg for placing at my disposal +the facilities of the Museum of Zoology at the University of +Michigan.</p> + + +<h3>LITERATURE CITED</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Amaral, A. do</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1930 Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII—Lista remissiva dos +ophidios da região neotropica. Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4:129-275.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Boulenger, G. A.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1894 Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). +London, 2:xi + 382, pls. 1-20, figs. 1-25.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cope, E. D.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1887 Catalogue of the batrachians and reptiles of Central America and +Mexico. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 32:1-98.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1958 A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus <i>Leptodeira</i>. +Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:1-152, pls. 1-31, figs. 1-25, maps +1-25.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Duméril, A. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Bocourt, F.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1870-1909 Études sur les reptiles. Mission scientifique au Mexique et +dans l'Amerique Centrale, Recherches zoologiques. Paris, Pt. 3, +1:xiv + 1012, pls. 1-77.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dunn, E. R.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1928 A tentative key and arrangement of the American genera of Colubridae. +Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 2 (1):18-24.</p> + +<p>1936 Notes on North American <i>Leptodeira</i>. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 22 +(12):689-698.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Garman, S.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1884 The North American reptiles and batrachians. Bull. Essex Inst., +16:1-46, 3 figs.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Günther, A. C. L. G.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1860 On new reptiles and fishes from Mexico. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, +pp. 316-319.</p> + +<p>1885-1902 Biologia Centrali-Americana. Reptilia and Batrachia. London, +pp. xx + 1-326, pls. 1-76.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1938 Notes on Mexican snakes of the genus <i>Leptodeira</i>, with a proposal +of a new snake genus, <i>Pseudoleptodeira</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., +25:315-355, pls. 30-34, figs. 1-7.</p></div> + + +<p><i>Transmitted March 11, 1958. Contribution No. 11 from the Department of +Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit 2, Michigan.</i> +</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematic Status of the Colubrid +Snake, Leptodeira discolor Gunther, by William E. 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Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, Leptodeira discolor Gunther + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: January 14, 2011 [EBook #34954] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Monika Kraemer, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Volume 11, No. 1, pp. 1-9, 4 figs. + July 14, 1958 + + + Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, + Leptodeira discolor Guenther + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + LAWRENCE + 1958 + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, + Robert W. Wilson + + + Volume 11, No. 1, pp 1-9, 4 figs. + Published July 14, 1958 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED IN + THE STATE PRINTING PLANT + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1958 + + 27-6708 + + + + + Systematic Status of the Colubrid Snake, + Leptodeira discolor Guenther + + BY + + WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +At the time of completing my study of the genus _Leptodeira_ (1958) I +had seen no specimens of _Leptodeira discolor_, a species described by +Guenther in 1860 and subsequently referred to the genus _Hypsiglena_ by +Cope (1887), Boulenger (1894), and Mocquard (1908), and to the genus +_Pseudoleptodeira_ by Taylor (1938). Guenther's description was based on +two syntypes (British Museum of Natural History numbers 1946.1.23.67 +and 68) collected in Oaxaca, Mexico, by Auguste Salle. Information +concerning the scutellation and coloration of the syntypes was provided +by J. C. Battersby; in my revisionary study (_op. cit._) this +information was included in a short discussion of the species, which +was referred to _incerta sedis_ until specimens could be examined and +the relationships of the species determined. + +Through the courtesy of John M. Legler of the Museum of Natural History, +University of Kansas, I have been able to study a specimen of +_Leptodeira discolor_ obtained six miles southeast of Tamazulapam, +Oaxaca, Mexico, by J. R. Alcorn on June 22, 1955. Superficial +examination of the external characters of this snake shows a striking +resemblance to _Leptodeira_. The specimen has a vertical pupil, divided +anal, 21 scale rows, and two apical pits. The enlarged posterior +maxillary teeth are without a trace of a groove. Examination of the +hemipenis revealed that the organ was bifurcate and had a forked sulcus; +these penial characteristics are diagnostic of the subfamily +Xenodontinae and not the subfamily Colubrinae that includes the genera +_Hypsiglena_ and _Leptodeira_. + +Examination of all available xenodontine genera indicates that this +snake belongs to a heretofore unnamed genus. In recognition of the +mental torment customarily suffered by workers attempting to ascertain +the relationships of the many genera of colubrid snakes, I propose the +generic name + + + _Tantalophis_, new genus + + _Leptodeira_ (in part), Guenther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. + 317-318, 1860; Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., vol. 16, p. 23, January + 9, 1884; Dunn, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 697-698, + December, 1936; Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 114 + (1), pp. 95-96, February 24, 1958. + + _Hypsiglena_ (in part), Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 32, p. 78, + 1887; Guenther, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, pp. 137-138, + pl. 49, fig. A, October, 1894; Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes British + Museum, vol. 2, p. 211, September 23, 1894; Mocquard, _in_ Dumeril + and Bocourt, Mission Scientifique Mexique l'Amerique Centrale, vol. + 3, p. 871, 1908; Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, vol. 4, p. 183, May, + 1930. + + _Pseudoleptodeira_ (in part) Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vol. + 25, no. 15, p. 343, June 1, 1938. + + _Type Species._--_Leptodeira discolor_ Guenther, Proc. Zool. Soc. + London, pp. 317-318, 1860. + + _Diagnosis._--A xenodontine colubrid snake having a bifurcate + hemipenis with a forked sulcus spermaticus, many longitudinal folds + on basal portion, and small spines and calyces on distal part; 12 + or 13 maxillary teeth followed by short diastema and two somewhat + enlarged maxillary teeth lacking grooves; small parotid gland; + normal colubrid skull; no hypapophyses on posterior vertebrae; + elliptical pupils; two apical pits; smooth scales; normal colubrid + head shields; divided anal; paired caudals. + + The generic name comes from the Greek Tantalos, a mythological + character symbolic of eternal torment, and from the Greek ophis + for snake. + + + _Tantalophis discolor_ (Guenther) New comb. + + The synonymy for the species is indicated in the account of the + genus. The description below of the species is based on an adult + male from 6 miles southeast of Tamazulapam, Oaxaca, Mexico + (University of Kansas Museum of Natural History No. 40143). + + _Scutellation._--Head shields normal; upper labials 7-7 (third and + fourth entering orbit); lower labials 9-9 (1-4 in contact with + anterior chin-shield, 4 and 5 in contact with posterior + chin-shield); preoculars 1-1 and not in contact with frontal; + postoculars 2-2; temporals 1-2-3, 1-2-3; nasals divided by a + distinct groove below nostril and faint groove above; portion of + rostral visible from above, one-third length of internasals; + internasals pentagonal and one-half as long as prefrontals; + parietal suture approximately as long as frontal; ventrals 178; + anal divided; caudals 80. Scales in 21 rows at midbody and showing + the following reduction: + + 2 + 3 (130) 8 + 9 (162) + 21 --------------- 19 -------------- 17 (178) + 2 + 3 (130) 8 + 9 (152) + + _Coloration._--Dorsal ground-color light brown and extending onto + edges of ventrals; transverse body blotches numbering 50, each + 1-1/2 to 3 scales long and separated by light interspaces 1-1/2 to + 2 scales long; blotches brownish black and extending onto second + scale row; lateral intercalary spots forming dark smudges on rows 1 + and 2. Top of head black, flecked with tan; nape cream, followed by + dark band six scales long; dark nape stripe from posterior edges of + parietals to first dark body band. Venter cream-tan; throat and + labials cream; posterior margins of all upper labials and of lower + labials 1-3 black-edged (Figure 1). + + _Size and Proportions._--Head and body 312 mm. long; tail 118 mm., + amounting to 37.8 per cent of length of head and body. + + _Variation._--Data on the syntypes of _Leptodeira discolor_ + furnished by J. C. Battersby give some indication of the variation + in the species. Both are males, and they have 175 and 180 ventrals, + 88 and 89 caudals, 1 preocular, 2 postoculars, 1-2-3 temporals, 7 + and 8 upper labials, 9 lower labials. They have body lengths of + 365 and 402 mm., total lengths of 509 and 555 mm., tail/body ratios + of 38.0 and 39.4. They have 51 and 54 dark blotches on the body. + + [Illustration: Fig. 1. Dorsal and lateral views of the head of + _Tantalophis discolor_ (Guenther). (KU No. 40143). x 7.] + + _Skull._--The skull is typically colubrid and shows no + modifications. The quadrate has both a median and a lateral + depression, forming a strong lateral flange on the anterior edge; + the columellar process is elliptical, and the supra-columellar + crest is robust. The posteroinferior vomerine process extends + directly posteriorly and then angles sharply posterodorsally, + enclosing an elliptical vomerine fenestra. The lateral processes of + the premaxillary are slightly pointed; the median spine is + relatively thin and high. The pterygoids bear 23 and 21 teeth that + decrease in size posteriorly; the transpalatine articulating + process of the pterygoid is rounded, not robust; the lateral crest + is high and moderately robust; the depression in the ventral + surface of the pterygoid is moderate. There are 12 and 13 maxillary + teeth that increase in size posteriorly; these are followed by a + short diastema and two larger, solid teeth. The prediastemal teeth + are slightly curved and slender. The maxillary is laterally + compressed; the posterior knob is not robust; there is one foramen + in the lateral face of the bone (Figure 2). The 10 palatine teeth + are almost uniform in size; the dentary bears 19 teeth that + decrease in size posteriorly. + + [Illustration: Fig. 2. Lateral view of the left maxillary of + _Tantalophis discolor_ (Guenther). (KU No. 40143). x 17.] + + A thin and otherwise small parotid gland or "venom sac" extends + posteriorly from beneath the eye to about the angle of the jaw; a + minute duct connects with the anteromedian surface and extends to + the fleshy part of the mouth at the posterior end of the maxillary + (Figure 3). + + [Illustration: Fig. 3. Lateral view of the head of _Tantalophis + discolor_ (Guenther), showing the position and relative size of the + parotid gland. (KU No. 40143). x 3.] + + _Hemipenis._--In _situ_ the hemipenis extends to the posterior edge + of the thirteenth caudal. The unforked part of the organ is + bedecked with numerous heavy longitudinal folds alternating with + thinner folds. The basal parts of the two heads are covered with + moderate sized spines, those closest to the base and the sulcus + being the smallest. The distal parts of the heads are covered with + calyces. The sulcus bifurcates on the unforked part of the organ at + a point about two-thirds of the distance from the base to the + division of the organ. The sulcus is a deep groove between heavy + folds proximally and is a shallower furrow distally (Figure 4). + + [Illustration: Fig. 4. Hemipenis of _Tantalophis discolor_ + (Guenther). The organ was cut on the ventral surface and opened. + (KU No. 40143). x 4.] + +_Relationships._--Using Dunn's (1928) arrangement of the American +colubrid snakes as a guide permits the taxonomist to group _Tantalophis_ +with several genera, some of which occur in South America and others in +the West Indies. Although the significance of such generic characters as +scale pits and nature of the hemipenis is not clear, these characters +must, of necessity, be utilized in attempting to ascertain the +relationships of _Tantalophis_ to other colubrid snakes. Assuming that +the primary divisions of the American colubrids into subfamilies based +on the nature of the sulcus spermaticus and the presence or absence of +hypapophyses on the posterior vertebrae have some reality, _Tantalophis_ +must be placed in the subfamily Xenodontinae comprising genera chiefly +South American in their distribution, but with several genera in Middle +America and a few in North America and the West Indies. In order to +limit the number of genera to be compared with _Tantalophis_, only those +xenodontines having apical pits and bifurcate hemipenis are considered. +These include _Cyclagras_, _Drepanoides_, _Hypsirhynchus_, _Ialtris_, +_Leimadophis_, _Pseudablabes_, _Siphlophis_, _Tachymenis_, _Tomodon_, +and _Trypanurgos_. Aside from differences in scutellation, +_Leimadophis_, _Siphlophis_, and _Trypanurgos_ have the heads of the +hemipenes terminating in a disc, and _Ialtris_ has a plicate hemipenis. +_Tomodon_ has basal spines on the hemipenis. The hemipenes of the other +genera have proximal folds, distal spines, and distal calyces, not +greatly unlike the condition found in _Tantalophis_. Of these, +_Cyclagras_, _Hypsirhynchus_, and _Pseudablabes_ have round pupils and +certain differences in scutellation. _Drepanoides_ and _Tachymenis_ have +elliptical pupils like those of _Tantalophis_, but _Tachymenis_ has only +one apical pit, and _Drepanoides_ has one apical pit or none. In the +above characters no especially close relationship between _Tantalophis_ +and any one of these genera is apparent. + +If the characteristics usually employed in distinguishing and relating +genera are ignored and other more subjective criteria are used, the +relationships of _Tantalophis_ still remain obscure. Of the xenodontine +genera _Tantalophis_ approaches _Leimadophis_ in general physiognomy; +perhaps it represents an early divergent stock of _Leimadophis_ that has +undergone radical changes in the hemipenis and other characters. On the +other hand, if the nature of the hemipenis is of no importance in +defining supergeneric groups of colubrid snakes, _Tantalophis_ may have +its relationships with _Leptodeira_ and _Hypsiglena_. Although +herpetologists have been working intensively on American colubrids for +many decades, the relationships of the majority of the groups are not +well understood. Until the hemipenes and skulls of all of the forms have +been studied and compared, and the evolutionary significance has been +determined for the characters of the hemipenes, dentition, and apical +pits, our knowledge of the relationships of these snakes will be +incomplete. + +_Remarks._--The individual on which this paper is based is the only +specimen of the species with definite locality data. It is from a +locality six miles southeast of Tamazulapam in northwestern Oaxaca. This +town lies at an elevation of about 6500 feet in the upper reaches of the +Balsas Basin, an arid interior valley that expands in its upper end to +form a broad basin of rolling and dissected terrain ranging from about +4000 to 6800 feet in elevation. The countryside around Tamazulapam is +arid and supports plants of the genera _Prosopis_, _Acacia_, _Ipomoea_, +and _Cassia_, and also columnar cacti. Oaks and pines grow on the +limestone hills rising above the rolling valley. _Tantalophis_ may be +endemic to the Balsas Basin, as are many other species of reptiles. +However, if the snake has its relatives to the south in lower Central +America and South America, such a distribution seems unlikely, even for +an apparent relict. + +_Acknowledgments._--For permission to study and report on this specimen +I am indebted to Dr. E. Raymond Hall and Mr. John M. Legler. I am +grateful to Dr. Laurence C. Stuart for many helpful suggestions and to +Dr. Norman E. Hartweg for placing at my disposal the facilities of the +Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. + + +LITERATURE CITED + + AMARAL, A. DO + + 1930 Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII--Lista remissiva dos + ophidios da regiao neotropica. Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4:129-275. + + BOULENGER, G. A. + + 1894 Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural + History). London, 2:xi + 382, pls. 1-20, figs. 1-25. + + COPE, E. D. + + 1887 Catalogue of the batrachians and reptiles of Central America + and Mexico. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 32:1-98. + + DUELLMAN, W. E. + + 1958 A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus _Leptodeira_. + Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:1-152, pls. 1-31, figs. 1-25, + maps 1-25. + + DUMERIL, A. M., and BOCOURT, F. + + 1870-1909 Etudes sur les reptiles. Mission scientifique au Mexique + et dans l'Amerique Centrale, Recherches zoologiques. Paris, + Pt. 3, 1:xiv + 1012, pls. 1-77. + + DUNN, E. R. + + 1928 A tentative key and arrangement of the American genera of + Colubridae. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 2 (1):18-24. + + 1936 Notes on North American _Leptodeira_. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., + 22 (12):689-698. + + GARMAN, S. + + 1884 The North American reptiles and batrachians. Bull. Essex + Inst., 16:1-46, 3 figs. + + GUeNTHER, A. C. L. G. + + 1860 On new reptiles and fishes from Mexico. Proc. Zool. Soc. + London, pp. 316-319. + + 1885-1902 Biologia Centrali-Americana. Reptilia and Batrachia. + London, pp. xx + 1-326, pls. 1-76. + + TAYLOR, E. H. + + 1938 Notes on Mexican snakes of the genus _Leptodeira_, with a + proposal of a new snake genus, _Pseudoleptodeira_. Univ. + Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:315-355, pls. 30-34, figs. 1-7. + +_Transmitted March 11, 1958. Contribution No. 11 from the Department of +Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit 2, Michigan._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematic Status of the Colubrid +Snake, Leptodeira discolor Gunther, by William E. 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