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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of London in Modern Times, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: London in Modern Times
+       or, Sketches of the English Metropolis during the
+       Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: January 26, 2011 [EBook #35084]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON IN MODERN TIMES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LONDON
+
+IN MODERN TIMES;
+
+
+Or, Sketches of
+
+THE ENGLISH METROPOLIS
+
+DURING THE
+
+SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES.
+
+
+
+
+New York
+
+PUBLISHED BY CARLTON & PORTER,
+
+SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, 200 MULBERRY-STREET.
+
+
+1851
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+Chap.
+
+       INTRODUCTION
+   I.--LONDON UNDER THE FIRST TWO MONARCHS OF THE STUART DYNASTY
+  II.--LONDON DURING THE CIVIL WARS
+ III.--THE PLAGUE YEAR IN LONDON
+  IV.--THE FIRE OF LONDON
+   V.--FROM THE RESTORATION OF THE CITY TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY
+  VI.--LONDON DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
+ VII.--LONDON DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
+
+
+
+
+LONDON
+
+IN MODERN TIMES.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+This history of an old city opens many views into the realms of the
+past, crowded with the picturesque, the romantic, and the
+religious--with what is beautiful in intellect, sublime in feeling,
+noble in character--and with much, too, the reverse of all this.
+Buildings dingy and dilapidated, or tastelessly modernized, in which
+great geniuses were born, or lived, or died, become, in connection with
+the event, transformed into poetic bowers; and narrow dirty streets,
+where they are known often to have walked, change into green alleys,
+resounding with richer notes than ever trilled from bird on brake.
+Tales of valor and suffering, of heroism and patience, of virtue and
+piety, of the patriot's life and the martyr's death, crowd thickly on
+the memory.  Nor do opposite reminiscences, revealing the footprints of
+vice and crime, of evil passions and false principles, fail to arise,
+fraught with salutary warnings and cautions.  The broad thoroughfare is
+a channel, within whose banks there has been rolling for centuries a
+river of human life, now tranquil as the sky, now troubled as the
+clouds, gliding on in peace, or lashed into storms.
+
+These dwelling-places of man are proofs and expressions of his
+ingenuity, skill, and toil, of his social instincts and habits.  Their
+varied architecture and style, the different circumstances under which
+they were built, the various motives and diversified purposes which led
+to their erection, are symbols and illustrations of the innumerable
+forms, the many colored hues, the strange gradations of men's
+condition, character, habits, tastes, and feelings.  Each house has its
+own history--a history which in some cases has been running on since an
+era when civilization wore a different aspect from what it does now.
+What changeful scenes has many a dwelling witnessed!--families have
+come and gone, people have been born and have died, obedient to the
+great law--"the fashion of this world passeth away."  Those rooms have
+witnessed the birth and departure of many, the death of the guilty
+sinner or pardoned believer, the gay wedding and the gloomy funeral,
+the welcome meeting of Christmas groups around the bright fireside, and
+the sad parting of loved ones called to separate into widely divergent
+paths.  Striking contrasts abound between the outward material aspect
+and the inward moral scenery of those habitations.  In this house,
+perhaps, which catches the passenger's eye by its splendor, through
+whose windows there flashes the gorgeous light of patrician luxury, at
+whose door lines of proud equipages drive up, on whose steps are
+marshaled obsequious footmen in gilded liveries, there are hearts
+pining away with ambition, envy, jealousy, fear, remorse, and agony.
+In that humble cottage-like abode, on the other hand, contentment,
+which with godliness is great gain, and piety, better than gold or
+rubies, have taken up their home, and transformed it into a terrestrial
+heaven.
+
+All this applies to London, and gives interest to our survey of it as
+we pass through its numerous streets; it clothes it with a poetic
+character in the eyes of all gifted with creative fancy.  The poetry of
+the city has its own charms as well as the poetry of the country.  The
+history of London supplies abundant materials of the character now
+described; indeed, they are so numerous and diversified that it is
+difficult to deal with them.  The memorials of the mother city are so
+intimately connected with the records of the empire, that to do justice
+to the former would be to sketch the outline, and to exhibit most of
+the stirring scenes and incidents of the latter.  London, too, is
+associated closely with many of the distinguished individuals that
+England has produced, with the progress of arts, of commerce and
+literature, politics and law, religion and civilization; so that, as we
+walk about it, we tread on classic ground, rich in a thousand
+associations.  Its history is the history of our architecture, both
+ecclesiastical and civil.  The old names and descriptions of its
+streets, houses, churches, and other public edifices, aided by the few
+vestiges of ancient buildings which have escaped the ravages of fire,
+time, and ever-advancing alterations, bring before us a series of
+views, exhibiting each order of design, from the Norman to the Tudor
+era.  In the streets of London, too, may be traced the progress of
+domestic building, from the plain single-storied house of the time of
+Fitzstephen, to the lofty and many-floored mansion of the fifteenth
+century, with its picturesque gables, ornamented front, and twisted
+chimneys.  Then these melt away before other forms of taste and art.
+In the days of Elizabeth, churches and dwellings become Italianized.
+The architects under the Stuart dynasty make fresh innovation, till,
+during the last century, skill and genius in this department reached
+their culminating point.  Since that period a recurrence to the study
+of old models has gradually been raising London to distinction, with
+regard to the elegance and beauty of its architectural appearance.
+
+The history of London is the history of our commerce.  Here is seen
+gushing up, in very early times, that stream of industry, activity, and
+enterprise, which from a rill has swelled into a river, and has borne
+upon its bosom our wealth and our greatness, our civilization, and very
+much of our liberty.
+
+The London guilds and companies; the London merchant princes; the
+London marts and markets; the London granaries for corn; the public
+exchanges, built for the accommodation of money-brokers and traders
+long before Gresham's time; the London port, wharfs, and docks, crowded
+with ships of all countries, laden with treasures from all climes; the
+London streets, many of which still bear the names of the trades to
+which they were allotted, and the mercantile purposes for which they
+were employed:--all these, which form so large a part of the materials,
+and supply so great a portion of the scenes of London history, are
+essentially commercial, and bring before us the progress of that
+industrial spirit, which, with all its failings and faults, has
+contributed so largely to the welfare and happiness of modern society.
+
+The history of London is a history of English literature.  Time would
+fail to tell of all the memorials of genius with which London abounds;
+memorials of poets, philosophers, historians, and divines, who have
+there been born, and lived, and studied, and toiled, and suffered, and
+died.  No spot in the world, perhaps, is so rich in associations
+connected with the history of great minds.  There is scarcely one of
+the old streets through which you ramble, or one of the old churches
+which you enter, but forthwith there come crowding over the mind of the
+well-informed, recollections of departed genius, greatness, or
+excellence.
+
+The history of London is the history of the British constitution and
+laws.  There thicken round it most of the great political conflicts
+between kings and barons, and lords and commons; between feudalism and
+modern liberty; between the love of ancient institutions and the spirit
+of progress, from which, under God, have sprung our civil government
+and social order.
+
+The history of London is the history of our religion, both in its
+corrupted and in its purified forms.  Early was it a grand seat of
+Romish worship; numerous were its religious foundations in the latter
+part of the mediæval age.  Here councils have been held, convocations
+have assembled, controversies were waged, and truth exalted or
+depressed.  Smithfield and St. Paul's Churchyard are inseparably
+associated with the Reformation.  The principles proclaimed from the
+stone pulpit of the one could not be destroyed by the fires that blazed
+round the stakes of the other.  The history of the Protestant
+Establishment ever since is involved in that of our city; places
+connected with its grand events, its advocates, and its ornaments, are
+dear to the hearts of its attached children; while other spots in
+London, little known to fame, are linked to the memory of the Puritans,
+and while reverently traced out by those who love them, are regarded as
+hallowed ground.
+
+In London, too, have flourished many of the excellent of the earth; men
+who, amidst the engrossing cares and distracting tumults of a large
+metropolis, have, like Enoch, walked with God, and leavened, by virtue
+of their piety and prayers, the masses around them.  Here also have
+flourished, and still flourish, those great religious institutions,
+which have made known to the remotest parts of the earth the glad
+tidings of the gospel, that "God so loved the world, that he gave his
+only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish,
+but have everlasting life"--truths more precious than the merchandise
+of silver, and the gain whereof is greater than pure gold.
+
+Some of the early chapters of London history we have already
+written;[1] we have given some sketches of its scenes and fortunes,
+from the time when it was founded by the Romans to what are called,
+with more of fiction's coloring than history's faithfulness, "the
+golden days of good queen Bess."  We now resume the story, and proceed
+to give some account of London during the seventeenth and eighteenth
+centuries.
+
+
+
+[1] See "London in the Olden Time," No. 492 Youth's Library.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+LONDON UNDER THE FIRST TWO MONARCHS OF THE STUART DYNASTY.
+
+London was hugely growing and swelling on all sides when Elizabeth was
+on the throne, as may be seen from John Stow, from royal orders and
+municipal regulations.  Desperately frightened were our fathers lest
+the population should increase beyond the means of support, lest it
+should breed pestilence or cause famine.  But their efforts to repress
+the size of the then infant leviathan, so far as they took effect, only
+kept crowded together, within far too narrow limits, the
+ever-increasing number of the inhabitants of the city, thus promoting
+disease, one of the greatest evils they wished to check.  In spite of
+all restrictions, however, the growth of population, together with the
+impulses of industry and enterprize, would have their own way, and
+building went on in the outskirts in all directions.  James imitated
+Elizabeth in her prohibitions, and the people imitated their
+predecessors in the disregard of them.  The king was soon obliged to
+give way, so far as to extend the liberties of the city; and in the
+fifth year of his reign he granted a new charter, embracing within the
+municipal circuit and jurisdiction the extra-mural parishes of Trinity,
+near Aldgate-street, St. Bartholomew, Little St. Bartholomew,
+Blackfriars, Whitefriars, and Cold Harbor, Thames-street.  These grants
+were confirmed by Charles I., whose charter also enclosed within the
+city boundaries both Moorfields and Smithfield.  These places rapidly
+lost more and more of their rural appearance, and became covered in the
+immediate vicinity of the old walls with a network of streets.  But
+London as it appears on the map of that day, was still a little affair,
+compared with its subsequent enormous bulk.  Pancras, Holloway,
+Islington, Kentish Town, Hampstead, St. John's Wood, Paddington,
+Kilburn, and Tottenham Court, were widely separated from town by rural
+walks; these "ways over the country," as a poet of the day describes
+them, not being always safe for travelers to cross.  St. Giles's was
+still "in the fields," and Charing Cross looked towards the west, upon
+the fair open parks of the royal domain.  But the Strand was becoming a
+place of increasing traffic, and the houses on both sides were
+multiplying fast.  So valuable did sites become, even in the beginning
+of the seventeenth century, that earls and bishops parted with portions
+of their domains in that locality for the erection of houses, and
+Durham Place changed its stables into an Exchange in 1608.
+
+Of the architecture which came into fashion in the reign of James I.,
+three noble specimens remain in London and the neighborhood.
+Northumberland House, which stands on the spot once occupied by the
+hospital of St. Mary, finally dissolved at the Reformation, was erected
+by Henry Howard, earl of Northampton, son of the poet Surrey, and
+originally called from him Southampton House; he died in 1614.  It
+afterwards took the name of Suffolk House, from its coming into the
+possession of the earl of Suffolk; its present name was given on the
+marriage of the daughter of Suffolk with Algernon Percy, tenth earl of
+Northumberland.  It was built with three sides, forming with the river,
+which washed its court and garden, a magnificent quadrangle.  Jansen is
+the reputed architect, but the original front is considered to have
+been designed by Christmas, who rebuilt Aldersgate about the same time.
+The fourth side was afterwards built by the earl of Northumberland,
+from a design by Inigo Jones.  Holland House, at Kensington, now
+occupied by Lord Holland, belongs to the same period, being erected in
+1607 by Sir Walter Cope, and enlarged afterwards by the Earl of
+Holland, from plans prepared by the illustrious architect just named.
+These structures are worthy of examination.  They evince some lingering
+traits of the Tudor Gothic, which flourished in the middle of the
+former age, but exhibit the predominance of that Italian taste which
+had been introduced in the reign of Elizabeth, and which continued to
+prevail till it ended in the corrupt and debased style of the last
+century.  The Banqueting House at Whitehall is a more imposing and
+splendid relic, and presents an instance of the complete triumph of the
+Italian school of architecture over its predecessors.  It was designed
+by Inigo Jones in the maturity of his genius, and forms only a small
+part of a vast regal palace, of which the plans are still preserved.
+The exterior buildings were to have measured eight hundred and
+seventy-four feet on the east and west sides, and one thousand one
+hundred and fifty-two on the north and south.  The Banqueting House was
+finished in 1619, and cost £17,000.  It is curious to learn, that the
+great "architect's commission" amounted to no more than 8_s._ 1_d._ a
+day as surveyor, and £46 a year for house-rent, a clerk, and other
+expenses.  It may be added, that further specimens of this architecture
+and sculpture of that period can be seen in some parts of the Charter
+House.
+
+Generally, it may be observed, London retained much of its ancient
+architectural appearance till it was destroyed by the fire.  Old public
+buildings were still in existence; Gothic churches lifted up their gray
+towers and spires, and vast numbers of the houses of the nobility and
+rich merchants of a former age displayed their picturesque fronts, and
+opened their capacious hospitable halls; while the new habitations of
+common citizens were usually built in the slightly modified style of
+previous times, with stories projecting one above another, adorned with
+oak carvings or plastic decorations.  Royal injunctions were repeatedly
+issued to discontinue this sort of building, and to erect houses of
+stone or brick.  A writer of the day affords many peeps into the state
+of London at the time we now refer to.  He describes ladies passing
+through the Strand in their coaches to the china houses or the
+Exchange.  He tells of 'a rare motion, or puppet-show,' to be seen in
+Fleet-street, and of one representing 'Nineveh, with Jonah and the
+whale,' at Fleet-bridge.  Indeed, this was the thoroughfare or the
+grand place for the quaint exhibitions of the age.  Cold Harbor is
+described as a resort for spendthrifts, Lothbury abounded with
+coppersmiths, Bridge-row was rich in rabbit-skins, and Panyer's-alley
+in tripe.  So nearly did the houses on opposite sides of the way
+approach together, that people could hold a _tête à tête_ in a low
+whisper from each other's windows across the street.  From another
+source we learn that dealers in fish betook themselves to the Strand,
+and there blocked up the highway.  "For divers years of late certain
+fishmongers have erected and set up fish-stalls in the middle of the
+street in the Strand, almost over against Denmark House, all which were
+broken down by special commission this month of May, 1630--lest, in
+short space, they might grow from stalls to sheds, and then to
+dwelling-houses, as the like was in former times in Old Fish-street,
+and in St. Nicholas's shambles, and other places."[1]
+
+It may be added, that it was still, at this period, the custom for
+persons of a similar trade to occupy the same locality.  "Then," says
+Maitland, in his History of London, "it was beautiful to behold the
+glorious appearances of goldsmiths' shops on the south row of
+Cheapside, which in a continued course reached from Old Change to
+Bucklersbury, exclusive of four shops only of other trades in all that
+space."  This "unseemliness and deformity," as his majesty was pleased
+to call it in an order of council in 1629, greatly provoked the royal
+displeasure; yet in spite of efforts to the contrary from that high
+quarter, not only did the four obnoxious tradesmen keep their ground,
+but a few years after the king had to complain of greater
+irregularities.  Four and twenty houses, he affirmed, were inhabited by
+divers tradesmen, to the beclouding of the glory of the goldsmiths, and
+the disturbance of his majesty's love of order and uniformity.  He went
+so far as to threaten the imprisonment of the alderman of the ward, if
+he would not see to this matter, and remove the offenders.  It is said
+of Charles V., that after he resigned his crown, he amused himself by
+trying to make several clocks keep the same time, and on the failure of
+his experiment observed, that if he could not accomplish that, no
+wonder he had not succeeded in bringing his numerous subjects into a
+state of ecclesiastical conformity.  Charles I. might, from his
+inability to make men of the same trade live together in one row, have
+learned a similar lesson.  This trifling conflict exhibits no unapt
+similitude of one of the aspects of the great evil conflict, the edge
+of which he was then approaching.  Other street irregularities were
+loudly complained of by the lord mayor.  Notwithstanding the numerous
+laws made to restrain them from so doing, bakers, butchers, poulterers,
+and others, would persist in encumbering the public thoroughfares with
+their stalls and vendibles.
+
+London, during the reign of the first James and Charles, was a sphere
+of commercial activity.  Monopolies and patents did, it is true,
+greatly cripple the movements of trade.  Nothing scarcely could be done
+without royal permission, for which large sums of money had to be paid.
+It was complained of, that "every poor man that taketh in but a horse
+on a market-day, is presently sent up for to Westminster and sued,
+unless he compound with the patentees (of inns) and all ancient
+innkeepers; if they will not compound, they are presently sued at
+Westminster for enlargement of their house, if they but set up a post,
+or a little hovel, more than of ancient was there."  Yet the very
+patents sought and granted for exclusive trades and manufactures,
+though tending to diminish commerce by fettering it, are proofs of
+demand and consumption, and of the industrial energy of the age.  These
+monopolies were bestowed on courtiers and noblemen, but still, no
+doubt, some of the citizens of London were employed in their
+management.  Of the wealth yielded by commerce, in spite of these
+restrictions, ample proof was given in the supplies yielded repeatedly
+to the exorbitant demands of the crown.  Both James and Charles knew
+what it was to have an empty exchequer, and in their emergencies they
+usually repaired to the good city of London as to a perfect California.
+Loan on loan was obtained.  These demands, like leeches, sucked till
+one would have supposed they had drained the body municipal; but soon
+its veins appear to have refilled, and the circulation of wealth went
+briskly on.  One of the most remarkable enterprises in the reign of
+James I. was that of Sir Hugh Myddelton, who in 1608 began, and in 1613
+finished his project of providing London with water, by means of the
+canal commonly called the New River.  The importance of this laborious
+and expensive achievement, which reflects great honor on its
+originator, can be estimated sufficiently only after remembering how
+difficult, if not impossible almost, it was before to obtain a large
+supply of the indispensible element in a state at all approaching
+purity.  The opening of the river and the filling of the basin formed a
+very splendid gala scene, the laborers being clothed in goodly apparel,
+with green caps, and at a given signal opening the sluices, with the
+sound of drums and trumpets, and the acclamations of the people; the
+lord mayor and corporation being present to behold the ceremony.
+
+In the train of wealth came indulgence and luxury.  Sad lamentations
+were expressed on account of the extravagance of the upper classes, who
+spent their money in the city on "excess of apparel, provided from
+foreign parts to the enriching of other nations, and the unnecessary
+consumption of the treasures of the realm, and on other vain delights
+and expenses, even to the wasting of their estates."  London, during
+the sitting of the law courts, seems to have been deluged with people,
+who came up from the country, and vied with each other in their
+expensive mode of living; so that, at the Christmas of 1622, the
+monarch, with a very paternal care of his subjects, ordered the country
+nobility and gentry forthwith to leave the metropolis, and go home and
+keep hospitality in the several counties.  St. Paul's Cathedral was
+desecrated at this time, by its middle walk being made a lounging and
+loitering place for the exhibition of extravagant fashions, and for
+indulgence in all kinds of pursuits.  There the wealthy went to exhibit
+their riches, and the needy to make money, the dissolute to enjoy their
+pleasures, the mere idler to while away his time.  Bishop Earle, in his
+Microcosmographic, published in 1628, gives the following description
+of the place, and thereby throws light on the habits of the Londoners:
+"It is the land's epitome, or you may call it the lesser isle of Great
+Britain.  It is more than this; the world's map, which you may here
+discern in its perfectest motion justling and turning.  It is a heap of
+stones, and men with a vast confusion of languages; and, were the
+steeple not sanctified, nothing liker Babel.  The noise in it is like
+that of bees, a strange humming or buz mixed of walking, tongues, and
+feet.  It is a kind of still roar or loud whisper.  It is the great
+exchange of all discourse, and no business whatsoever but is here
+stirring and a-foot.  It is the synod of all pates politic, jointed and
+laid together in the most serious posture, and they are not half so
+busy at the parliament.  It is the market of young lecturers, whom you
+may cheapen here at all rates and sizes.  It is the general mint of all
+famous lies, which are here, like the legends of popery, first coined
+and stamped in the church.  All inventions are emptied here, and not
+few pockets.  The best sign of a temple in it is, that it is the
+thieves' sanctuary, which rob more safely in a crowd than a wilderness,
+while every searcher is a bush to hide them.  The visitants are all men
+without exception, but the principal inhabitants and possessors are
+state knights and captains out of service--men of long rapiers and
+breeches, which after all turn merchants here and traffic for news.
+Some make it a preface to their dinner, and travel for a stomach; but
+thrifty men make it their ordinary, and board here very cheap."
+
+Riding about in coaches, as well as walking in smart array about St.
+Paul's, was a method of display which those who could afford it were
+very fond of.  Hackney coaches made their appearance in 1625, and so
+greatly did they multiply, that the king, the queen, and the nobility,
+could hardly get along; while, to add to the annoyance, the pavements
+were broken up, and provender much advanced in price.  "Wherefore,"
+says a proclamation, "we expressly command and forbid that no hackney
+or hired coaches be used or suffered in London, Westminster, or the
+suburbs thereof, except they be to travel at least three miles out of
+the same.  And also that no person shall go in a coach in the said
+streets, except the owner of the coach shall constantly keep up four
+able horses for our service when required."
+
+The increasing wealth of the citizens made them covetous of honor, and
+king James, to replenish his exhausted coffers, was willing to sell
+them titles of knighthood.  The attainment of these distinctions led to
+some curious displays of human vanity, and excited those mean
+jealousies which our fallen and debase nature is so apt to cherish.  It
+was a question keenly agitated among the civic dignitaries and their
+ladies,--Whether a knight commoner should rank before an untitled
+alderman--whether a junior alderman just knighted should take
+precedence of a senior brother, without that distinction, who had long
+passed the chair?  A marshal's court was at length held to decide the
+matter, and it was arranged that precedence in the city should be
+attached to the aldermanic office, rather than the knightly name--an
+instance of flattering respect to municipal rank.
+
+While the wealthier classes were closely pressing on the heels of their
+more aristocratic neighbors, the humbler orders were, in their own way,
+seeking to imitate their superiors.  The pride of dress was generally
+indulged in, and manifested, as is always the case, in times and
+countries distinguished by mercantile activity.  To check extravagance
+in this respect, sumptuary laws were adopted, after the fashion of
+former ages, and with a like unsuccessful result.  With tailor-like
+minuteness, the dress of the inferior citizens was prescribed.  No
+apprentice was to wear a hat which cost more than five shillings, or a
+neck-band that was not plainly hemmed.  His doublet was to be made of
+Kersey fustian, sackcloth, canvas, or leather, of two shillings and
+sixpence a yard, and under; his stockings to be of woolen, and his hair
+to be cut short and decent.  Like minute directions were issued
+relative to the attire of servant maids.  Linen was to be their
+clothing, and that not to exceed five shillings an ell.
+
+Pageants, which had been so common in the days of the Tudors, reached
+an unexampled stage of extravagant and absurd display under the first
+two monarchs of the house of Stuart.  Even grave lawyers, including the
+great Mr. Selden himself, took part in getting up these exhibitions;
+and a particular account is given of a masquerade of their devising,
+which was performed at the expense of the inns of court, before king
+Charles, in 1633.
+
+Liveries, and dresses of gold and silver, glittering in the light of
+torches, horses richly caparisoned, and chariots sumptuously fitted up,
+were set off by contrast with beggars and cripples, who were introduced
+in the procession, riding on jaded hacks.  Very odd devices,
+illustrative of the taste of the period, and of the way in which
+satirical feelings found vent, through the medium of emblematical
+characters, were combined with the other quaint arrangements of this
+show, such as boys disguised as owls and other birds, and persons
+representing the patented monopolists, who were extremely unpopular.  A
+man was harnessed with a _bit_ in his mouth, to denote a projector who
+wished to have the exclusive manufacture of that article; another, with
+a bunch of carrots on his head and a capon on his wrist, caricatured
+some one who wanted to engross the trade of fattening birds upon these
+vegetables.  The object was to convey to the king an idea of the
+ridiculous nature of many of the monopolies then conferred.  All sorts
+of pageants and shows, with a dramatic cast in them, were exhibited at
+Whitehall under royal patronage, and filled the edifice with revelry
+and riot at Christmas and other festivals.  The genius of Inigo Jones
+was for many years chained down to the invention of scenery and
+decoration for these trifles, while Ben Jonson exercised his muse in
+writing verses and dialogues for the masquerades.
+
+At a later period of the reign of Charles I., the year 1638, there was
+much excitement produced in London by the grand entry of Mary
+de'Medici, mother of the queen Henrietta, upon which occasion a
+spectacle of unusual grandeur was exhibited.  A very full account of
+this was published by the Historiographer of France, the Sieur de la
+Sierre.
+
+After detailing the order of procession, reporting the speeches
+delivered, and describing the rooms and furniture of the palace, and
+the manner of the reception of the queen-mother by her daughter
+Henrietta, the author dwells with wonderful delight on the public
+illuminations and fireworks on the evening of the day: "For the
+splendor of an infinite number of fireworks, joined to that of as many
+stars, which shone forth at the same time, both the heavens and the
+earth seemed equally filled with light.  The smell had all its
+pleasures of the cinnamon and rosemary wood, which were burning in a
+thousand places, and the taste was gratified by the excellence of all
+sorts of wine, which the citizens vied with each other in presenting to
+passengers, in order to drink together to their majesties' health."
+"Represent to yourself that all the streets of this great city were so
+illuminated by an innumerable number of fires which were lighted, and
+by the same quantity of flambeaux with which they had dressed the
+balconies and windows, and from afar off to see all this light
+collected into one single object, one could not consider it but with
+great astonishment."
+
+These festive transactions on the surface of London society little
+indicated the awful convulsion that was near at hand.  In the
+chronicles of London pageantry, the waters look calm and bright, and no
+stormy petrel flaps his wing as an omen of an approaching tempest.  But
+a time of controversy and confusion was near.  A great struggle was
+impending, both political and religious.  What has just been noticed of
+court and civic life was but
+
+  "The torrent's smoothness ere it dash below."
+
+
+In some departments of London history, however, premonitions might have
+been discovered of an approaching crisis.  The anti-papal feelings of
+the people had been aroused by the treaties between James and the king
+of Spain, and the projected marriage of prince Charles with the
+infanta.  So turbulent was popular emotion on this subject, that on one
+occasion the Spanish ambassador was assailed in the streets.  When, in
+the reign of Charles I., mass was celebrated in the ambassador's
+chapel, and English papists were allowed to join in the ceremony, an
+attack was made upon the house of the embassy, and the mob threatened
+to pull it down.  But a far deeper and stronger impression was produced
+upon the minds of sound Protestants by the proceedings of archbishop
+Laud and his friends.  The consecration of St. Catherine Cree church,
+on the north side of Leadenhall-street, was attended by ceremonies so
+closely approximating to those of Rome, as to awaken in a large portion
+of the clergy and laity most serious apprehension.  The excitements of
+later times on similar grounds find their adequate type and
+representation in the troubled thoughts and agitated bosoms of a
+multitude of Londoners in the early part of the year 1631.  It was a
+remarkable era in the ecclesiastical annals of London.  The church
+having been lately repaired, Laud, then bishop of London, came to
+consecrate it.  "At his approach to the west door," says Rushworth,
+"some that were prepared for it cried, with a loud voice, 'Open, open,
+ye ever-lasting doors, that the king of glory may enter in.'  And
+presently the doors were opened, and the bishop, with three doctors and
+many other principal men, went in, and immediately falling down upon
+his knees, with his eyes lifted up, and his arms spread abroad, uttered
+these words, 'This place is holy, this ground is holy--in the name of
+the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, I pronounce it holy.'  Then he took up
+some of the dust, and threw it up into the air several times, in his
+going up towards the church.  When they approached near to the rail and
+communion table, the bishop bowed towards it several times, and
+returning they went round the church in procession, saying the
+hundredth Psalm, after that the nineteenth."  Then cursing those who
+should profane the place, and blessing those who built it up and
+honored it, he consecrated, after sermon, the sacrament in the manner
+following: "As he approached the communion table, he made several lowly
+bowings, and coming up to the side of the table, where the bread and
+wine were covered, he bowed several times, and then, after the reading
+of many prayers, he came near the bread, and gently lifted up the
+corner of the napkin wherein the bread was laid; and when he beheld the
+bread he laid it down again, flew back a step or two, bowed three
+several times towards it, then he drew near again, and opened the
+napkin, and bowed as before.  Then he laid his hand on the cup which
+was full of wine, with a cover upon it, which he let go, went back, and
+bowed thrice toward it; then he came near again, and lifted up the
+cover of the cup, looked into it, and seeing the wine he let fall the
+cover again, retired back, and bowed as before: then he received the
+sacrament, and gave it to many principal men; after which many prayers
+being said, the solemnity of the consecration ended."  The bishop of
+London consecrated St. Giles's church in the same manner, and on his
+translation to Canterbury, studiously restored Lambeth chapel, with its
+Popish paintings and ornaments.  The displeasure awakened by these
+superstitious formalities and Popish tendencies was not confined to men
+of extreme opinions.  The moderate, amiable, but patriotic Lord
+Falkland, the brightest ornament on the royalist side in the civil war,
+sympathized with the popular displeasure, and thus pertinently
+expressed himself in a speech he made in the House of Commons: "Mr.
+Speaker, to go yet further, some of them have so industriously labored
+to deduce themselves from Rome, that they have given great suspicion
+that in gratitude they desire to return thither, or at least to meet it
+half-way; some have evidently labored to bring in an English, though
+not a Roman Popery.  I mean not only the outside and dress of it, but
+equally absolute, a blind dependence of the people on the clergy, and
+of the clergy on themselves; and have opposed the papacy beyond the
+seas, that they might settle one beyond the water, (_trans
+Thamesin_--beyond the Thames--at Lambeth.)  Nay, common fame is more
+than ordinarily false, if none of them have found a way to reconcile
+the opinions of Rome to the preferments of England, and be so
+absolutely, directly, and cordially Papists, that it is all that £1,500
+a year can do to keep them from confessing it."  This fondness for
+Romish ceremonies, and these notions of priestly supremacy, cherished
+and expressed by Laud and his party, were connected with the intolerant
+treatment of those ministers who were of the Puritan stamp.  Some of
+them were silenced and even imprisoned.  Mr. Burton, the minister of
+Friday-street, preached and published two sermons in the year 1633
+against the late innovations.  For this he was brought before the High
+Commission Court, and imprisoned.
+
+About the same time, Prynne, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, was
+imprisoned, and had his ears cut off, for writing against plays and
+masks; and Dr. Bastwick was also confined in jail for writing a book,
+in which he denied the divine right of the order of bishops above
+presbyters.  These men were charged with employing their hours of
+solitude in the composition of books against the bishops and the
+spiritual courts, and for this were afresh arraigned before the
+arbitrary tribunal of the Star Chamber.  "I had thought," said lord
+Finch, looking at the prisoner, "Mr. Prynne had no ears, but methinks
+he has ears."  This caused many of the lords to take a closer view of
+him, and for their better satisfaction the usher of the court turned up
+his hair, and showed his ears; upon the sight whereof the lords were
+displeased they had been no more cut off, and reproached him.  "I hope
+your honors will not be offended," said Mr. Prynne; "pray God give you
+ears to hear."[2]  The sentence passed was, that the accused should
+stand in the pillory, lose their ears, pay £5,000, and be imprisoned
+for life.  When the day for executing it came, an immense crowd
+assembled in Palace-yard, Westminster.  It was wished that the crowd
+should be kept off.  "Let them come," cried Burton, "and spare not that
+they may learn to suffer."  "Sir," cried a woman, "by this sermon God
+may convert many unto him."  "God is able to do it, indeed," he
+replied.  At the sight of the sufferer, a young man standing by turned
+pale.  "Son," said Burton, "what is the matter? you look so pale; I
+have as much comfort as my heart can hold, and if I had need of more, I
+should have it."  A bunch of flowers was given to Bastwick, and a bee
+settled on it.  "Do you not see this poor bee?" he said, "she hath
+found out this very place to suck sweet from these flowers, and cannot
+I suck sweetness in this very place from Christ?"  "Had we respected
+our liberties," said Prynne, "we had not stood here at this time; it
+was for the general good and liberties of you all, that we have now
+thus far engaged our own liberties in this cause.  For did you know how
+deeply they have encroached on your liberties, if you knew but into
+what times you are cast, it would make you look about, and see how far
+your liberty did lawfully extend, and so maintain it."  The knife, the
+saw, the branding-iron, were put to work.  Bastwick's wife received her
+husband's ears in her lap, and kissed them.  Prynne cried out to the
+man who hacked him, "Cut me, tear me, I fear not thee--I fear the fire
+of hell, not thee."  Burton fainting with heat and pain, cried out,
+"'Tis too hot to last."  It _was_ too hot to last.
+
+Sympathy with the principles of these Puritan sufferers pervaded, to a
+great extent, the population of London.  Side by side with, but in
+stern contrast to, the gay merry-makings and pageants of the Stuart
+age, there lay a deep, earnest, religious spirit at work, mingling with
+political excitement, and strengthening it.  The Puritan preachers of a
+former age had been popular in London.  Their sentiments had tended
+greatly to mould into a corresponding form the opinions, habits, and
+feelings of a subsequent generation.  An anti-papal spirit, a love of
+evangelical truth, a desire for simplicity in worship, a deep reverence
+for the Lord's day, and a strict morality, characterized this
+remarkable race of men.  The strange doings of Archbishop Laud, the
+doctrines they heard in some of the parish churches, the profanation of
+the Sabbath, and the profligacy of the times, filled these worthies
+with deep dismay, and vexed their righteous souls.  Boldly did they
+testify against such things; and when the Book of Sports came out, the
+magistrates of London had so much of the Puritan spirit in them, that
+they decidedly set their faces against the infamous injunctions, and
+went so far as to stop the king's carriage while proceeding through the
+city during service-time.  King James, enraged at this, swore that "he
+had thought there had been no kings in England but himself," and sent a
+warrant to the mayor, commanding that the vehicle should pass; to which
+his lordship, with great firmness and dignity, replied, "While it was
+in my power I did my duty, but that being taken away by a higher power,
+it is my duty to obey."  In the reign of Charles, the chief magistrate
+issued very stringent orders in reference to the Sabbath.
+
+The proceedings of the Star Chamber, its barbarous punishments and
+mutilations, with the accompaniments of fines and captivity, for
+conscientious adherence to what was considered the path of duty, galled
+the spirits and roused the indignation of many a Londoner.  The
+citizens went home from the public execution of iniquitous sentences,
+from the sight of victims pilloried and mangled for their adherence to
+virtuous principle, with a deep disquietude of soul, which swelled to
+bursting as they reflected on the tragedies they had witnessed.  The
+avenging hand of Providence on injustice and oppression was about to be
+manifested, visiting national iniquities with those internal calamities
+and convulsions which so long afflicted the land.  A significant scene,
+prophetic of the new order of things, took place in London in the year
+1640, just after the opening of the Long Parliament.  Prynne, Burton,
+and Bastwick, were restored to liberty.  Crowds went forth to meet
+them.  "When they came near London," says Clarendon, "multitudes of
+people of several conditions, some on horseback and others on foot, met
+them some miles from town, very many having been a day's journey; so
+they were brought about two o'clock of the afternoon in at Charing
+Cross, and carried into the city by above ten thousand persons, with
+boughs, and flowers, and herbs in the way as they passed, making great
+noise and expressions of joy for their deliverance and return; and in
+these acclamations mingling loud and virulent exclamations against
+those who had so cruelly persecuted such godly men."  The scarred
+faces, the mutilated ears of the personages thus honored, would tell a
+tale of suffering and heroism, sure to appeal to the popular sympathy,
+and turn it in a stream of violent indignation against the mad
+oppressors.  What followed we shall see in the next chapter.  Meanwhile
+we may remark, that much of what has now been detailed furnishes a
+singular historical parallel to the events of our own times, and
+illustrates the observation of Solomon of old: "Is there anything
+whereof it may be said, See, this is new? it hath been already of old
+time, which was before us."  Eccles. i, 10.  We have lived in the
+nineteenth century to witness the revival of superstitious mummeries
+and popish errors; and taught by the past, the true Christian will
+earnestly pray that they may be extirpated without the recurrence of
+those awful calamities, of which their introduction in former times
+proved the precursor.  Meanwhile may each reader remember, that an
+obligation is laid upon him to counteract these deviations from
+Scriptural truth by maintaining that unceremonial and spiritual
+religion which Christ taught the woman of Samaria, and by cultivating
+that vital faith which rests on Him alone for acceptance, while it
+works by love, purifies the heart, and overcomes the world!
+
+
+
+[1] Howes, edit. 1631.
+
+[2] State Trials.  Guizot's English Revolution, page 64.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+LONDON DURING THE CIVIL WARS.
+
+Charles I. unfurled his standard at Nottingham, in the month of August,
+1642, and staked his crown and life on the issue of battle; a high wind
+beat down the flag, an evil omen, as it was deemed by some who saw it,
+and a symbol, as it proved, of the result of the unnatural conflict.
+Sadly was England's royal standard stained before the fighting ended.
+London took part at the beginning with the parliament.  Its Puritan
+tendencies; its awakened indignation at the assaults made by misguided
+monarchs and their ministers on conscientious, religious, brave-hearted
+men; its long observation of Stafford's policy, which had roused the
+displeasure of the citizens, and led to riots; its jealousy of the
+constitution being violated and imperiled by the arbitrary proceedings
+of Charles, especially by his attempt to reign without parliaments;
+and, added to these, a selfish, but natural resentment at the
+exorbitant pecuniary fines and forfeitures with which it had been
+visited in the exercise of royal displeasure, contributed to fix London
+on the side of those who had taken their stand against the king.  One
+can easily imagine the busy political talk going on at that time in all
+kinds of dwellings and places of resort--the eager expectancy with
+which citizens waited for news--the haste with which reports, often
+exaggerated, passed from lip to lip--the sensation produced by decided
+acts on either side; as when, for example, Charles went down to the
+House of Commons, demanding the arrest of five obnoxious members, and
+when the House declared itself incapable of dissolution save by its own
+will--the hot and violent controversies that would be waged between
+citizens of opposite political and religious opinions--the separation
+of friends--the divisions in families--the reckless violence with which
+some plunged into the strife, and the hard and painful moral necessity
+which impelled others to take their side--the mean, low, selfish, or
+fanatical motives which influenced some, and the high, pure, and
+patriotic principles which moved the breasts of others--the godless
+zeal of multitudes, and the firm faith and wrestling prayer that
+sustained not a few.  These varied elements, grouped and arranged by
+the imagination upon the background of the scenery of old London, in
+the first half of the seventeenth century, form a picture of deep and
+solemn interest.
+
+After the battle of Edgehill, in October, Charles marched towards
+London, anxious to possess himself of that citadel of the empire.  So
+near did the royal army come, that many of the citizens were scared by
+the sound of Prince Rupert's cannon.  The horrors of a siege or
+invasion of a city, penned in by lines of threatening troops, expected
+every hour to burst the gates or scale the walls--the spectacle of
+soldiers scouring the streets, slaying the peaceful citizen, pillaging
+his property, and burning his dwelling--such were the anticipations
+that presented themselves before the eyes of the Londoners in that
+memorable October, creating an excitement in all ranks, which the
+leaders of the popular cause sought to turn to practical account.
+
+Eight speeches spoken in Guildhall on Thursday night, October 27th,
+1642, have come down to us; and as we look on the old reports, which
+have rescued these utterances from the oblivion into which the earnest
+talking of many busy tongues at that time has fallen, we seem to stand
+within the walls of that civic gathering-place, amidst the dense mass
+of excited citizens assembled at eventide, their faces gleaming through
+the darkness, with the reflected light of torches and lamps, and to
+hear such sentences as the following from the lips of Lord Saye and
+Sele, whose words were applauded by the multitude, till the building
+rings again with the echo: "This is now not a time for men to think
+with themselves, that they will be in their shops and get a little
+money.  In common dangers let every one take his weapons in his hand;
+let every man, therefore, shut up his shop, let him take his musket,
+offer himself readily and willingly.  Let him not think with himself,
+Who shall pay me? but rather think this, I will come forth to save the
+kingdom, to serve my God, to maintain his true religion, to save the
+parliament, to save this noble city."  The speaker knew what kind of
+men he was appealing to; that their feelings were already enlisted in
+the cause; that they had already given proofs of earnest resolution to
+support it, and of a liberal and self-denying spirit.  While his
+majesty had been getting himself "an army by commission of array, by
+subscription of loyal plate, pawning of crown jewels, and the
+like--London citizens had subscribed horses and plate, every kind of
+plate, down to women's thimbles, to an unheard-of amount; and when it
+came to actual enlisting, London enlisted four thousand in one day."
+As might have been expected, therefore, the audience responded to Lord
+Saye and Sele, and prepared themselves to obey the summons of their
+leaders; so that a few days afterwards, on hearing that Prince Rupert
+with his army had come to Brentford, and on finding that the roar of
+his cannon had reached as far as the suburbs, the train bands, with
+amazing expedition, assembled under Major-General Skippon, and
+forthwith marched off to Turnham Green.  Besides enlistment of
+apprentices and others, and contributions of all kinds for raising
+parliament armies, measures were adopted for the permanent defence of
+London.  The city walls were repaired and mounted with artillery; the
+sheds and buildings which had clustered about the outside of the city
+boundaries in time of peace were swept away.  All avenues, except five,
+were shut up, and these were guarded with military works the most
+approved.  The first entrance, near the windmill, Whitechapel-road, was
+protected by a hornwork; two redoubts with four flanks were raised
+beside the second entrance, at Shoreditch; a battery and breastwork
+were placed at the third entrance, in St. John's street; a two-flanked
+redoubt and a small fort stood by the fourth entrance, at the end of
+Tyburn, St. Giles's Fields; and a large fort with bulwarks overlooked
+the fifth entrance, at Hyde Park Corner.  Other fortifications were
+situated here and there by the walls, so as to fit the city to stand a
+long siege.  A deep enthusiasm moved at least a considerable party in
+the performance of these works.  They were not left to engineers or
+artillerymen and the paid artificers, who in ordinary times raise
+bastions and the like.  "The example of gentlemen of the best quality,"
+says May, "knights and ladies going out with drums beating, and spades
+and mattocks in their hands, to assist in the work, put life into the
+drooping people."  While warlike harangues, enlistments, contributions,
+and the building of fortifications, were going on, and the bustle and
+music of military marches were heard in the street, while the walls and
+gates bristled with cannons and soldiery, there were those within that
+war-girdled city who sympathized indeed in the popular cause, but who
+were far differently employed in its defence and promotion.
+
+There was at this time residing in London one
+
+  "Whose soul was like a star, and dwelt apart;
+  Who had a voice whose sound was like the sea."
+
+His place of abode was in Aldersgate-street, in an humble house, with a
+small garden--"the muses' bower," as he called it; and there his
+marvelous mind was searching out the foundations of laws and
+governments, breathing after liberty, civil and religious, and
+picturing an ideal commonwealth of justice, order, truth, purity, and
+love, which he longed and hoped to see reduced to a reality in his own
+native land; he was preparing, also, for some high work, which should
+be "of power to imbreed and cherish in a great people the seeds of
+public virtue and public civility, to allay the perturbation of the
+mind, and set the affections in right tune--a work not to be raised
+from the heat of youth, or the vapors of wine, nor to be obtained by
+the invocation of dame Memory and her syren daughters, but by devout
+prayer to that eternal Spirit, who can enrich with all utterance and
+knowledge, and sends out his seraphim, with the hallowed fire of his
+altar, to touch and purify the lips of whom he pleases."
+
+John Milton, who thus describes his employment in grand and sonorous
+English, such as he alone could write, was by birth a Londoner, having
+first opened his eyes in one of the houses of old Bread-street, and
+received the elements of his vast and varied learning at St. Paul's
+School.  Antiquarian research has traced him through successive
+residences in St. Bride's Churchyard, Aldersgate-street, Barbican,
+Holborn, Petty France, Bartholomew-close, Jewin-street, Bunhill-fields,
+to his last resting-place in the upper end of the chancel of St.
+Giles's, Cripplegate.  (Knight's London, vol. ii, p. 97.)  In youth he
+had pursued his studies in his native city, after his removal from
+Cambridge,
+
+  "I, well content, where Thames with refluent tide
+  My native city laves, meantime reside,
+  Nor zeal, nor duty, now my steps impel
+  To reedy Cam, and my forbidden cell.
+  If peaceful days in lettered leisure spent
+  Beneath my father's roof be banishment,
+  Then call me banished: I will ne'er refuse
+  A name expressive of the lot I choose;
+  For here I woo the muse, with no control;
+  For here my books, my life, absorb me whole."
+
+
+In the maturity of his manhood, at the outbreak of the civil war,
+Milton was pursuing his favorite studies at his house in
+Aldersgate-street, combining with his literary researches and sublime
+poetic flights, deep theological inquiries and lofty political
+speculations.  At a time when the rumors of invasion were afloat, and
+the inroads of an incensed enemy expected, he appealed to the
+chivalrous cavalier in his own classic style:--
+
+  "Lift not thy spear against the muse's bower.
+  The great Emathian conqueror bid spare
+  The house of Pindarus, when temple and tower
+  Went to the ground; and the repeated air
+  Of sad Elecha's poet had the power
+  To save the Athenian walls from ruin bare."
+
+Relieved from the fears of invasion, he continued to occupy his pen in
+the production of those wonderful prose works, which, scarcely less
+than his poetry, are monuments of his enduring fame.  Probably it was
+in his house in Barbican--the queer old barbican of that day, with a
+portion of the Barbican, or tower, still standing, and picturesquely
+gabled and carved dwellings crowded close against it--that Milton,
+musing on his native city, wrote some of his most stirring political
+tracts.  He was the representative of a large class of London citizens,
+who, without taking up arms on either side, earnestly entered into the
+great struggle, and thought and talked, and worked and wrote, as men
+agitated and in travail for the restoration and welfare of their
+distracted and bleeding country.
+
+It is interesting, in connection with this illustrious man, to notice
+one of his London contemporaries, also distinguished in English
+literature, but in another way, presenting an opposite character, and
+the type of a different class.  While Milton was exercising his lofty
+intellect and plying his mighty pen on divinity and politics, Isaac
+Walton, so well known as the author of the Complete Angler, and the
+lives of Dr. Donne and others, was, besides pursuing his occupation as
+a Hamburgh merchant, busily amusing himself with his favorite sport,
+and preparing materials for his celebrated work, (which was published
+in 1653,) as well as writing two of his lives, that of Donne and
+Wotton, which appeared in 1640 and 1651.  When London was moved from
+one end to the other by storms of political excitement, Walton,
+undisturbed by the commotion in public affairs, quietly sought
+enjoyment on the banks of the Thames with his rod and line, below
+London Bridge, where he tells us "there were the largest and fattest
+roach in the nation;" or, taking a longer excursion, rambled by the Lea
+side, or went down as far as Windsor and Henley.  It is certainly
+(whatever opinion we may form of the pursuits which engrossed so large
+a portion of Walton's time) a relief, amidst scenes of strife, to catch
+a view of little corners in English society, which seem to have been
+sheltered from the sweeping tempest.  Curious it is also to observe how
+little some men are affected by the great changes witnessed in their
+country.  Moderation is frequently, however, nearly allied to
+selfishness, and Walton apparently belonged to a class of individuals,
+from whom society may in vain look for any improvements which involve
+the sacrifice of personal ease or comfort.  He could, to use the
+language of Dr. Arnold, "enjoy his angling undisturbed, in spite of
+Star Chamber, ship-money, High Commission Court, or popish ceremonies;
+what was the sacrifice to him of letting the public grievances take
+their own way, and enjoying the freshness of a May morning in the
+meadows on the banks of the Lea?"
+
+However the great conflict might be regarded or forgotten, it waxed
+hotter every day, and London became increasingly involved in the
+strife.  For a while the parliament and the army were united in their
+efforts against the king, and the city of London continued to lend them
+efficient aid.  But at length disagreements arose between the
+legislative and military powers, the former being in the main composed
+of Presbyterians, while the latter were strongly leavened by the
+Independents.  The rent became worse as time rolled on, till these two
+religious parties, diverging in different directions, tore the
+commonwealth asunder, and from having been allies became decided
+antagonists.
+
+The Presbyterians were strong in London; Presbyterians occupied the
+city pulpits--Presbyterians ruled in the corporation.  The Westminster
+Assembly, which began to sit in 1642, and continued their sessions
+through a period of six years, numbered a large majority of that
+denomination, and in the measures for the establishment of their own
+views of religion throughout the country, met with the sympathy and
+encouragement of a considerable portion of London citizens.  In the
+church of St. Margaret's, Westminster, under the shadow of the
+venerable abbey, the members of this assembly, with the Scots'
+commissioners, and representatives from both houses of parliament, met
+on the 25th of September, 1643, to take the Solemn League and Covenant,
+the chosen symbol and standard of the Presbyterian party.  It was
+certainly one of the most remarkable scenes in the ecclesiastical
+history of our country; and whatever opinion may be formed of the
+ecclesiastical principles which moved that memorable convocation, no
+person of unprejudiced mind can fail to admire the piety, the
+earnestness, zeal, and courage, which many of them evinced in the
+performance of their task.  Solemn prayers were offered, addresses were
+delivered in justification of the step they were taking, and then, as
+the articles of the Covenant were read out from the pulpit, distinctly
+one by one, each person standing uncovered, with his hand lifted bare
+to heaven, swore to maintain them.  On the Lord's-day following, the
+Covenant was tendered to all persons within the bills of mortality of
+the city of London, and was welcomed by a number of ministers and a
+great multitude of people.  Of the excitement which prevailed, some
+idea may be gathered from the narrative of a royalist historian.  We
+are informed by Clarendon, that the church of St. Antony, in Size-lane,
+Watling-street, being in the neighborhood of the residence of the
+Scotch commissioners, was appropriated to their use during their stay,
+and that Alexander Henderson, a celebrated preacher, and one of their
+chaplains, was accustomed to conduct service there.  "To hear these
+sermons," he says, "there was so great a conflux and resort by the
+citizens out of humor and faction, by others of all qualities out of
+curiosity, by some that they might the better justify the contempt they
+had of them, that from the first appearance of day in the morning of
+every Sunday to the shutting in of the light the church was never
+empty; they, especially the women, who had the happiness to get into
+the church in the morning, (those who could not hang upon or about the
+windows without, to be auditors or spectators,) keeping the places till
+the afternoon exercises were finished."
+
+As discussions arose between the parliament and the Presbyterians on
+the one side, and the army and Independents on the other, the city of
+London showed unequivocally its attachment to the former.  In addition
+to difficulties arising from an embargo laid by the king on the coal
+trade between Newcastle and London, difficulties met by parliamentary
+orders for supplying fuel in the shape of turf or peat out of commons
+and waste grounds, and also out of royal demesnes and bishops' lands;
+in addition to other difficulties, commercial, municipal, and social,
+springing from the disjointed state of public affairs--the Londoners
+were plunged into new difficulties, ecclesiastical and political, by an
+important step which they conceived it their duty to take.  The
+Presbyterian ministers of London, upheld by their flocks, were zealous
+for the full and unrestricted establishment of their own scheme of
+discipline through the length and breadth of the city.  In June, 1646,
+the ministers met at Zion College, contending for the Divine right of
+their form of government, and maintaining that the civil magistrate had
+no right to intermeddle with the censures of the Church.  The lord
+mayor and common council joined them in a petition to the parliament to
+that effect; but the political powers would not allow them that
+uncontrolled and supreme ecclesiastical constitution which they craved.
+However, they were authorized to carry out their Church polity
+according to the law enacted for the whole kingdom, and to have
+presbyteries in every parish, which parochial bodies should be
+represented in a higher assembly called the classes, the classes again
+in the provincial synod, and the synod in the general assembly.  London
+formed a province with twelve classes, each containing from eight to
+fifteen parishes.  Nowhere else but in London and in the county of
+Lancashire did the Presbyterian establishment come into full operation,
+and even in the metropolitan city, with all the zeal of the ministers
+to support it, and with the majority of the people which they could
+command, the success of the plan was very limited.  On the 19th of
+December, 1646, the lord mayor and his brethren went up to Westminster
+with a representation of grievances, including first the contempt that
+began to be put upon the Covenant; and secondly, the growth of heresy
+and schism, the pulpits being often usurped by preaching soldiers, who
+infected all places where they came with dangerous errors.  Of these
+grievances they desired redress.  In the next year, 1647, the synod at
+Zion College published their testimony to the truth, as it was termed,
+in which a passage occurs curiously illustrative of the opinions on the
+subject of toleration that were then prevalent.  The last error they
+witness against is called, they say, "the error of toleration,
+patronizing and promoting all other errors, heresies, and blasphemies,
+whatsoever, under the grossly-abused notion of liberty of conscience."
+The Independents, who, though a minority, were a considerable body in
+the city of London, being advocates for an extended toleration, as well
+as for the enjoyment of liberty themselves, greatly displeased the
+Presbyterian brethren, and materially thwarted the success of their
+plans.  On both sides, no doubt, there were sincere, earnest, and holy
+men, nor did they disagree as to the essential truths of our blessed
+religion.  They were worshipers of the same everlasting Father, through
+the same Divine Mediator, and trusted to the aid of the same gracious
+Spirit.  They looked not to any morality of their own, as the ground of
+their acceptance with their Creator, but, conscious of manifold sins,
+rested on the sacrifice of "the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin
+of the world."  Yet it is grievous to think, that in some instances a
+difference, which extended no further than to the outward polity of the
+Church, could dissever and almost alienate those whom grace had made
+one.  And yet more grievous is it that good men who had only just
+escaped from persecution themselves, should have been ready to fasten
+the yoke upon brethren who could not see as they did.  However, in this
+imperfect state of existence, such things have been and still are; but
+it is consoling to remember, that a state of being shall one day exist,
+when these sad anomalies will prevail no more.  Freed from prejudice,
+passion, and infirmity, souls united by the tie of a common faith in
+the essentials of the gospel, shall then rejoice in a perfect and
+unbroken unity.
+
+While the earlier stages of the struggle to which we have referred were
+going on, some distinguished men in London, on both sides, were removed
+from the scene of strife into the peaceful mansions of their Father's
+house.  Two in particular are worthy of mention here as of the gentler
+cast, who, though they differed, felt that charity had bonds to bind
+the souls of godly men together, stronger than any difference of
+ecclesiastical opinion could break.  Dr. Twiss, an eminent and learned
+Presbyterian clergyman, the prolocutor of the assembly of divines, died
+in London in 1646.  He had refused high preferment and flattering
+invitations to a foreign university.  Forced from his living at Newbury
+by the royalist party, and detained in London by his duties in the
+assembly, for which he received but a very small allowance, he had to
+struggle with poverty.  Indeed, he was so reduced, that when some of
+the assembly were deputed to visit him, they reported that he was very
+sick and in great straits.  He was buried in the Abbey, "near the upper
+end of the poor folk's table, next the vestry, July 24th; thence, after
+the Restoration, he was dug up and thrown into a hole in the churchyard
+of St. Margaret's, near the back door of one of the prebendaries'
+houses."  In the same year died Jeremiah Burroughs, of the Independent
+school, and preacher to two of the largest congregations about London,
+Stepney, and Cripplegate.  "He never gathered a separate congregation,
+nor accepted of a parochial living, but wore out his strength in
+continual preaching, and other services of the Church.  It was said the
+divisions of the time broke his heart.  One of the last subjects he
+preached upon and printed was his Irenicum, or attempt to heal
+divisions among Christians."  Under the ascendency of the Presbyterians
+in London, the old church ceremonies of course were abandoned--churches
+were accommodated to the simplicity of worship preferred by the party
+in power.  Superstitious monuments, images, and paintings, were
+removed; the crosses in Cheapside and Charing Cross pulled down.  Even
+St. Paul's Cross, because of its form and name, was not spared, though
+hallowed by the remembrance of the great Reformers, who had there so
+effectively preached.  Religious festivals were abolished, not
+excepting Christmas--a measure to which the citizens did not quietly
+submit, old habits and predilections being too strong to be overcome by
+law.  In 1647, on that day most people kept their shops shut, and many
+Presbyterian ministers occupied their pulpits.  Time, however, was
+allotted for recreation; and it was arranged "that all scholars,
+apprentices, and other servants should, with the leave of their
+masters, have such convenient reasonable relaxation every second
+Tuesday in the month, throughout the year, as formerly they used to
+have upon the festivals."  It may be added, that stage plays were
+forbidden, and the theatres in London closed; galleries, seats, and
+boxes, were removed by warrant from justices of the peace, and all
+actors convicted of offending against this law were sentenced to be
+publicly whipped.
+
+In consequence of the excitement of the times, the parliament issued an
+order forbidding persons to appear in the streets of London armed, or
+to come out of doors after nine o'clock at night.  It was further
+enjoined, that all persons coming into the city should present
+themselves at Guildhall and produce their passes, and also enter into
+an engagement not to bear arms against the parliament.  The
+misunderstanding between the legislature and the army becoming more
+grave and ominous than ever, the city corporation besought the former
+to disband the latter--a thing more easily proposed than accomplished.
+The citizens desired to have a militia for their own defence, under
+officers to be nominated by the common council; and were likewise
+anxious that the king, now in the hands of the army, should be brought
+to London, and a personal treaty entered into with him.  Tumultuous
+assemblages, gathered from London, took place round the doors of the
+House of Commons, some of the mob thrusting in their heads, with their
+hats on, and shouting out, "Vote, vote;" and even forcing the speaker,
+when he was about to leave the chair, to remain at his post, violently
+demanding that their petition should be granted.  The army at the time
+lay coiled up near London with most threatening aspect, and to add to
+the terror of the city, the speaker of the Commons and a hundred
+members withdrew from the metropolis, and repaired to the camp.  Orders
+were now given by the common council to the train bands to repair the
+fortifications, and for all persons capable of bearing arms to appear
+at the appointed places of rendezvous.  Fairfax and Cromwell, the
+commanders of the army, wrote an expostulatory letter to the city,
+stating their grievances, and disavowing all desire to injure the
+place.  An answer was sent, very unsatisfactory to the parties
+addressed, and things wore an increasingly alarming appearance.  Still
+the citizens seemed determined to oppose the army, and entered into an
+engagement to promote the return of the king to London.  Shops were
+shut up, a stop was put to business, horses were forbidden to be sent
+beyond the walls, and whole nights were spent in anxious deliberation.
+The army, however, was pressing towards the gates on the Southwark
+side, and while the citizens were debating and planning, showed in an
+unmistakable manner that it at least was in action.  The peril being
+imminent, on the 4th of August the common council and committee
+assembled in Guildhall, vast multitudes of the people repairing thither
+to learn the result of the deliberations.  An express arrived, stating
+that Fairfax with the army had halted on their march.  "Let us go out
+and destroy them," cried a stentorian voice; but a second express, on
+the heels of the first, ran in to correct the mistake of his
+predecessor, and to assure them that Fairfax and his men were no
+halters, but were marching on with great energy.  This changed the tone
+of the assembly, and all exclaimed, "Treat! treat!"  The committee
+spent most of the night in consultation, and the next morning
+despatched a submissive letter to the general.  The inhabitants of
+Southwark not having sympathized with their brethren on the other side
+of the water in their opposition to the army, privately intimated to
+the general their willingness to admit him, and, accordingly, a brigade
+took possession of the borough about two o'clock in the morning, and
+thereby became masters of London Bridge.  Another letter was despatched
+from the city authorities, more submissive than the first, and
+commissioners were speedily despatched to Hammersmith to wait upon
+Fairfax, who had there taken up his quarters, and formally yield to him
+all the forts on the west side of the metropolis.  On the 6th of
+August, 1647, the general was received in state by the corporation at
+Hyde Park, and escorted in procession to the city, being the same day
+constituted constable of the Tower by the ordinance of parliament.
+Three days afterwards, he took possession of that old fortress, being
+attended by a deputation from the common council, who complimented him
+in the highest terms, and invited him and his principal officers to
+dinner.  After an interval of another three days, the city voted
+£1,200, to be spent on a gold basin and ewer, as a present to this
+distinguished officer.  The fortifications were dismantled, ports and
+chains taken away, and the army quartered in and about the city: many,
+we are told, in great houses, though the season was rigorous, were
+obliged to lie on the bare floor, with little or no firing.  Orders
+were issued to provide bedding for the cold and weary soldiers; and
+when the city failed to fulfil its promise to pay money to the army,
+troops were dispatched to Weavers', Haberdashers', and Goldsmiths'
+Halls, the first of which they lightened of its treasure to the amount
+of £20,000.  Strict injunctions, however, were given for the orderly
+and peaceable conduct of the military, on pain of death.  London was
+now reduced to dumb quietude, save that murmurings were heard from the
+Presbyterians, who still insisted upon making terms with the king; but
+it was all in vain.  The torrent rolled on, and swept away monarch and
+throne; of its devastations there are awful recollections associated
+with Charing Cross and Whitehall.
+
+The latter was made the prison-house of the monarch during his trial.
+Hence he passed to the old orchard stair, to take boat for Westminster
+Hall.  A servant, whom he particularly noticed on these occasions, has
+become an object of interest to the religious portion of the English
+public, from his having been the father of the eminently holy Philip
+Henry, and the grandfather of Matthew Henry, the commentator.  When
+Charles returned to the palace after the absence of a few years, which,
+because of the sorrows that darkened them, seemed an age, he accosted
+his old attendant with the inquiry, "Art thou yet alive?"  "He
+continued," says Philip Henry, speaking of his father, "during all the
+war time in his house at Whitehall, though the profits of his place
+ceased.  The king passing by his door under a guard to take water, when
+he was going to Westminster to that which they called his trial,
+inquired for his old servant, Mr. John Henry, who was ready to pay his
+due respects to him, and prayed God to bless his majesty, and to
+deliver him out of the hands of his enemies, for which the guard had
+like to have been rough upon him."  The king was condemned by the court
+of justice instituted for the occasion, and on the 30th of January,
+1649, was publicly beheaded.  The place which had been the scene of
+many of his youthful revels with the Duke of Buckingham, and which had
+witnessed the early pomp and pageants of his reign, having been
+converted into his prison, now became the spot where his blood was to
+be spilt.  He had been removed to St. James's Palace, after his
+sentence, and there spent Saturday, Sunday, and Monday.  At ten o'clock
+on Tuesday, he crossed the park to Whitehall, under military guard,
+Juxon, bishop of London, walking on the right, and Colonel Tomlinson,
+who was his jailer, on the left.  Reaching the palace, he went up the
+stairs leading to the long gallery into his chamber, where he remained
+in prayer for an hour, and received the sacrament.  Two or three dishes
+of refreshments had been prepared, which he declined, and could only be
+prevailed on to take a piece of bread and a glass of claret.  All
+things being prepared, and the hour of one arrived, he passed into the
+Banqueting House, and thence proceeded, by a passage broken through the
+wall, to the scaffold.  It was covered with black, and exhibited the
+frightful apparatus of death.  There stood the block, and by it two
+executioners in sailor's clothes, with vizards and perukes.  Regiments
+of horse and foot were stationed round the spot, while a dense
+multitude crowded the neighboring avenues, and many a serious
+countenance looked down from the windows and the roofs of houses.  No
+shouts of insult met the unhappy prince as he stepped on the stage of
+death, but perfect and solemn silence pervaded the closely-pressed
+throng, as well as the soldiers on duty.  Pity for the fallen monarch
+in his misfortunes, prevailed even with some who had condemned his
+unconstitutional and arbitrary course; so completely do the gentler
+feelings of our nature at such times master the conclusions at which
+the judgment has before arrived.  Nor should it be forgotten, that very
+many there, who had regarded with alarm and indignation not a few of
+the acts which Charles had performed, shrank from the thought of the
+penalty to which he was doomed, as too severe, or decidedly impolitic.
+Others, also, were present, royalists in heart, whatever might be their
+caution at such a time in avowing their principles.  It was the king's
+wish to address the multitude; but not being able to make himself heard
+so far, he delivered a speech to those who were near him, in which he
+expressed his forgiveness of his enemies, and then proceeded to
+maintain those high notions of kingly power which had proved his ruin.
+At the suggestion of the bishop, he closed by declaring, "I die a
+Christian, according to the profession of the Church of England, as I
+found it left me by my father.  I have on my side a good cause and a
+gracious God."  "There is but one stage more," said Juxon: "it is
+turbulent and troublesome, but a short one.  It will carry you from
+earth to heaven, and there you will find joy and comfort."  "I go," he
+said, "from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown."  "You exchange,"
+rejoined the bishop, "an earthly for an eternal crown--a good
+exchange."  Taking off his cloak, he gave the insignia of the order of
+the garter to the prelate, adding significantly, "Remember!" then
+kneeling down by the block, his head was severed from his body at a
+blow.  Philip Henry, son of the old Whitehall servant, witnessed that
+mournful tragedy.  "There he was," says his son Matthew, "when the king
+was beheaded, and with a very heavy heart saw that tragical blow given.
+Two things he used to relate, that he took notice of himself that day,
+which I know not if any historians mention.  One was, that at the
+instant the blow was given, there was such a dismal universal groan
+among the thousands of people that were within sight of it, as it were
+with one consent, such as he had never heard before, and desired that
+he might never hear the like again, nor see such cause for it.  The
+other was, that immediately after the stroke was struck, there was,
+according to order, one troop marching from Charing Cross towards
+King-street, and another from King-street towards Charing Cross,
+purposely to disperse and scatter the people, and to divert the dismal
+thoughts with which they could not but be filled, by driving them to
+shift every one for his own safety."
+
+A commonwealth was established, and London submitted in form, if not in
+heart, to the victorious Cromwell.  Returning from Worcester, where he
+fought his last great battle, he entered the city in triumph; speaker
+and parliament, lord president and council of state, mayor, sheriff,
+and corporation, with an innumerable multitude, rending the air with
+their shouts, accompanied by cannon salutes; in the midst of which,
+says Whitelock, "he carried himself with much affability, and now and
+afterwards, in all his discourses about Worcester, would seldom mention
+anything of himself, mentioned others only, and gave, as was due, the
+glory of the action to God."
+
+When the commonwealth had lasted four years, the government was changed
+into the form of a protectorate, and Cromwell was installed lord
+protector.  Of all the grand ceremonials that have taken place in
+London or Westminster, this was among the most remarkable, and
+certainly quite unique.  The coronation of princes within the walls of
+St. Peter's Abbey has been of frequent occurrence; but the installation
+of the chief of the English republic was without precedent, and without
+imitation.  On the 16th of December, 1653, soon after noon, Cromwell
+proceeded in his carriage to Westminster Hall, through lines of
+military, both horse and foot.  The aldermen of London, the judges, two
+commissioners of the great seal, and the lord mayor, went before, and
+the two councils of state, with the army, followed.  Entering the Court
+of Chancery, Cromwell, attired in a suit and cloak of black velvet,
+with long boots and a gold-banded hat, was conducted to a chair of
+state, placed on a rich carpet.  He took his place before the chair,
+between the commissioners; the judges formed a circle behind, the
+civilians standing on the right, the military on the left.  The clerk
+of the council read the instrument of government, consisting of
+forty-two articles, which the lord protector, raising his right hand to
+heaven, solemnly swore to maintain and observe.  General Lamberth,
+falling on his knees, offered him a civic sword in a scabbard, which he
+received, putting aside his military weapon, to indicate that he
+intended to govern by law and not by force.  Seating himself in the
+chair, he put on his hat, the rest remaining uncovered; then, receiving
+the seal from the commissioners, and the sword from the lord mayor of
+London, he immediately returned them to the same officers, and at the
+close of this ceremony proceeded again to the palace at Whitehall.  He
+was soon afterwards invited by the city to dine at Guildhall, where he
+was received with as much honor as had been formerly paid to
+sovereigns, the companies in their stands lining the streets through
+which he passed, attended by the lord mayor and aldermen on horseback.
+After the protector had been sumptuously entertained, he conferred the
+honor of knighthood on the chief magistrate of the city.  Standing in
+the Painted Chamber at Westminster, with his first parliament before
+him, he alludes with special satisfaction to this city visit.  "I would
+not forget," he says, "the honorable and civil entertainment I found in
+the great city of London.  Truly I do not think it folly to remember
+this; for it was very great and high, and very public, and included as
+numerous a body of those that are known by names and titles, the
+several corporations and societies of citizens in this city, as hath at
+any time been seen in England,--and not without some appearance of
+satisfaction also."  Cromwell returned the compliment paid him by the
+city, and invited the mayor and court of aldermen to dine with him.  A
+good understanding seems to have been maintained between the lord
+protector and the metropolitan authorities.  When plots were formed to
+take away his life, he called the corporation together, and gave them
+an extraordinary commission to preserve the peace, and invested them
+with the entire direction of the municipal militia.  He also relieved
+the citizens from some of their taxes, revived the artillery company,
+and granted a license for the free importation of four thousand
+chaldrons of coals from Newcastle for the use of the poor--measures
+which made his highness popular in London.
+
+"Subsequently to the annihilation of the royal authority, or between
+that and the protectorate, the city became the grand focus of the
+parliamentary government, as is abundantly testified by the numerous
+tracts and other records of the period.  Guildhall was a second House
+of Commons, an auxiliary senate, and the companies' halls the
+meeting-places of those branches of it denominated committees.  All the
+newspapers of the day abound with notices of the occupation of the
+companies' premises by their committees.  Goldsmiths' Hall was their
+bank, Haberdashers' Hall their court for adjustment of claims,
+Clothworkers' Hall for sequestration, and all the other halls of the
+great companies were offices for the transaction of other government
+business.  Weavers' Hall might properly be denominated the exchequer.
+From this place parliament was accustomed to issue bills, about and
+before 1652, in the nature of exchequer bills, and which were commonly
+known under the name of Weaver-Hall bills."--_Herbert's Hist. of Livery
+Companies_, vol. i.  During the melancholy time that the civil war
+raged in England, the London companies were much oppressed, and spoiled
+of their resources by the arbitrary exactions made by those in power;
+but they seem to have enjoyed a better condition under the
+protectorate, when a season of comparative rest and quietude returned.
+
+Cromwell's state residence in London was Whitehall.  With much less of
+splendor and show than had been exhibited by the former occupants of
+that palace, the protector maintained a degree of magnificence and
+dignity befitting the chief ruler of a great country.[1]  He had around
+him his court--composed of his family, some leading officers of the
+army, and a slight sprinkling of the nobility; but what interests
+posterity the most, it included Milton, Marvell, Waller, and Dryden.
+Foreign ambassadors and other distinguished personages were entertained
+at his table in sober state, the dinner being brought in by the
+gentlemen of his guard, clothed in gray coats, with black velvet
+collars and silver lace trimmings.  "His own diet was spare and not
+curious, except in public treatments, which were constantly given the
+Monday in every week to all the officers in the army not below a
+captain, when he used to dine with them.  A table was likewise spread
+every day of the week for such officers as should casually come to
+court.  Sometimes he would, for a frolic, before he had half dined,
+give order for the drum to beat, and call in his foot-guards, who were
+permitted to make booty of all they found on the table.  Sometimes he
+would be jocund with some of the nobility, and would tell them what
+company they had kept, when and where they had drunk the king's health
+and the royal family's, bidding them when they did it again to do it
+more privately; and this without any passion, and as festivous, droll
+discourse."[2]  In the neighboring parks, the protector was often seen
+taking the air in his sedan, on horseback, and in his coach.  On one
+occasion he turned coachman, with a rather disastrous result, which is
+amusingly told by Ludlow, whose genuine republicanism prejudiced him
+against Cromwell after he had assumed the supreme power.  "The duke of
+Holstein made Cromwell a present of a set of gray Friesland
+coach-horses, with which taking the air in the park, attended only by
+his secretary Thurloe and a guard of janizaries, he would needs take
+the place of the coachman, not doubting but the three pair of horses he
+was about to drive would prove as tame as the three nations which were
+ridden by him, and, therefore, not content with their ordinary pace, he
+lashed them very furiously; but they, unaccustomed to such a rough
+driver, ran away in a rage, and stopped not till they had thrown him
+out of the box, with which fall his pistol fired in his pocket, though
+without any hurt to himself: by which he might have been instructed how
+dangerous it was to meddle with those things wherein he had no
+experience."  In connection with these anecdotes of Cromwell may be
+introduced an extract from the Moderate Intelligencer, illustrative of
+the public amusements in London at that time:--
+
+"Hyde Park, May 1, 1654.--This day there was a hurling of a great ball
+by fifty Cornish gentlemen of the one side, and fifty on the other; one
+party played in red caps and the other in white.  There was present,
+his highness the lord protector, many of his privy council, and divers
+eminent gentlemen, to whose view was presented great agility of body,
+and most neat and exquisite wrestling, at every meeting of one with
+another, which was ordered with such dexterity, that it was to show
+more the strength, vigor, and nimbleness of their bodies, than to
+endanger their persons.  The ball they played withal was silver, and
+was designed for that party which did win the goal."  Coach-racing was
+another amusement of the period, perhaps something of an imitation of
+the old chariot races; races on foot were also run.
+
+The author of a book entitled, "A Character of England, as it was
+lately presented to a Nobleman of France," published in 1659, further
+describes Hyde Park in the manner following: "I did frequently in the
+spring accompany my lord N---- into a field near the town, which they
+call Hide Park; the place not unpleasant, and which they use as our
+course, but with nothing of that order, equipage, and splendor, being
+such an assembly of wretched jades and hackney coaches, as, next a
+regiment of carmen, there is nothing approaches the resemblance.  The
+park was, it seems, used by the late king and nobility for the
+freshness of the air and the goodly prospect; but it is that which now
+(besides all other exercises) they pay for here, in England, though it
+be free in all the world besides, every coach and horse which enters
+buying his mouthful, and permission of the publican who has purchased
+it, for which the entrance is guarded with porters and long staves."
+
+During the commonwealth, what may be called a drab-colored tint
+pervaded London life, absorbing the rich many-colored hues which
+sparkle in the early picturesque history of the old metropolis.  The
+pageantries of the Tudors and Stuarts were at an end; civic processions
+lost much of their glory; maskings and mummings were expelled from the
+inns of court; May-day became as prosaic as other days; Christmas was
+stripped of its holly decorations, and shorn from its holiday revels.
+The companies' halls were divested of royal arms, and the churches
+purified from images and popish adornments.  But the preceding
+particulars show that the tinge of the times was not quite so drab as
+it seems on the pages of some partial and prejudiced writers.  London
+had not the sepulchral look, and commonwealthmen had not the
+funeral-like aspect commonly attributed to them.  They had, as we have
+seen, their cheerfulness and festivity, their banquets, recreations,
+and amusements; and, no doubt, in the mansions and houses of the city
+folk, both Presbyterian and Independent, there was comfort and taste,
+and pleasure, far different from what would be inferred from the
+accounts of them given by some, as if they were all starched
+precisians, a formal and woe-begone race.  There was a dash of humor in
+Cromwell, to many about him quite inconsistent with that lugubriousness
+so often described as the characteristic of the times.  With the
+suppression of the rude, boisterous, profligate, and vicious amusements
+of earlier times, there was certainly an improvement of the morals of
+the people.  London was purified from a good deal of pollution by the
+change.  The order, sobriety, and good behavior of the London citizens,
+during the period that regular government existed under Cromwell,
+appear in pleasing contrast to the confusion and riots of earlier
+times.  There was a general diffusion of religious instruction, an
+earnestness in preaching, and an example of reverence for religion,
+exhibited by those in authority, which could not but operate
+beneficially.  No doubt in London, as elsewhere, there were formalism
+and hypocrisy; the length of religious services had sometimes an
+unfavorable influence upon the young; severity and force, too, were
+unjustifiably employed in controlling public manners; but when all
+these drawbacks are made, and every other which historical impartiality
+may demand, there remains in the condition of London in those times, a
+large amount of genuine virtue and religion.
+
+The night of the 2d of September, 1658, was one of the stormiest ever
+known.  The wind blew a hurricane, and swept with resistless violence
+over city and country; many a house that night was damaged, chimneys
+being thrown down, tiles torn off, and even roofs carried away.  Old
+trees in Hyde Park and elsewhere were wrenched from the soil.  Cromwell
+was lying that night on his death-bed, and the Londoners' attention was
+divided between the phenomena of the weather, and the great event
+impending in the history of the commonwealth.  The royalists said that
+evil angels were gathering in the storm round Whitehall, to seize on
+the departing spirit of the usurper; his friends interpreted it as a
+warning in providence of the loss the country was about to sustain.
+Amidst the storm and the two interpretations of it, both equally
+presumptuous, Cromwell lay in the arms of death, breathing out a
+prayer, which, whatever men may think of the character of him who
+uttered it, will be read with deep interest by all: "Lord, though a
+miserable and wretched creature, I am in covenant with thee, through
+thy grace, and may and will come to thee for thy people.  Thou hast
+made me a mean instrument to do them some good and thee service.  Many
+of them set too high a value upon me, though others would be glad of my
+death.  Lord, however thou disposest of me, continue and go on to do
+good for them.  Teach those who look too much upon thy instruments to
+depend more upon thyself, and pardon such as desire to trample upon the
+dust of a poor worm, for they are thy people too."
+
+Cromwell was not by any means given to excessive state and ceremony,
+but after his death his friends evinced their fondness for it by the
+singularly pompous funeral which they appointed for him.  Somerset
+House was selected as the scene of the lying in state, and thither the
+whole city flocked to witness the spectacle of gorgeous gloom.  They
+passed through three ante-chambers, hung with mourning, to the funeral
+apartment.  A bed of state covered the coffin, upon which, surrounded
+by wax lights, lay Cromwell's effigy, attired in royal robes.  Pieces
+of his armor were arranged on each side, together with the symbols of
+majesty, the globe and sceptre.  Behind the head an imperial crown was
+exhibited on a chair of state.  Strikingly did the whole portray the
+fleeting and evanescent character of earthly pomp and power.  It being
+found necessary to inter the body before the conclusion of the public
+funereal pageant, the effigy was removed to another room, and placed in
+an erect instead of a recumbent position, with the emblems of kingship
+in its hands, and the crown royal on its head.  This exhibition
+continued for eight days, at the conclusion of which period there was a
+solemn procession to Westminster Abbey.  The streets were lined with
+military, and the principal functionaries of the city of London, the
+officers of the army, the ministers of state, the foreign ambassadors,
+and some members of Cromwell's family, composed the cortége, which
+conducted the funeral car bearing the effigy to the place where the
+body was interred.
+
+The city of London acknowledged Richard Cromwell as lord high protector
+on his father's death.  Probably an address of congratulation from the
+metropolis on the event of his accession, was included among the
+contents of the old trunks, filled with such documents, to which
+Richard humorously referred when his short career of rulership reached
+its close.  "Take particular care of these trunks," he said to his
+servant, when giving some directions about them; "they contain no less
+than the lives and fortunes of all the good people of England."  The
+corporation of London having played a conspicuous part in all the
+changes of those changeful times, was particularly consulted by the
+parties who seized the reins of government when they had fallen from
+the hands of Oliver, and could not be held by his incompetent son.  So
+cordial seemed the understanding between the city magistrates and the
+ruling authorities--consisting of the rump parliament, the council of
+state, and the officers of the army--that an entertainment was given to
+the latter at Grocers' Hall, on the 6th of October, 1659, by the lord
+mayor and corporation, to celebrate Lambert's victory over Sir George
+Booth, who had raised an insurrection in the west of England.  At these
+festivities there was, on the part of the city, more of the semblance
+than the reality of friendship; for in the disjointed state of public
+affairs, and the manifest impotence of those who had undertaken to
+rule, London shared the general sentiments of dissatisfaction and
+alarm.  It was felt that the parliament was but a name, and the
+re-establishment of a military despotism by the army was the object of
+apprehension.  In the disagreement between parliament and army the city
+wished to stand neutral, though the apprentices rose in riotous
+opposition to the committee of safety, which was formed of republican
+officers.  The feelings of this youthful part of the community were
+sympathized in by many others, though they prudently desired to avoid
+any infraction of the public peace.  A general wish pervaded the city
+that a free parliament might be called; and when the rump parliament
+required the collection of the taxes, the citizens refused the impost,
+and objected to the power which had levied it.  General Monk was
+ordered to march on the refractory citizens, which he did.  He
+forthwith stationed guards at the gates of the city, and then broke
+them down, destroying the portcullises and removing the posts and
+chains.  While Monk was thus chastising the Londoners, he fell out with
+the parliament, in whose service he professed to act, and at once
+changing sides, sought the forgiveness of the city for his deeds of
+violence, which, as he alleged, had been done, not from his own
+inclination, but at the command of the parliament.  Mutual engagements
+and promises were now exchanged between the general and the citizens.
+Posts, gates, chains, portcullises, were replaced and repaired; and the
+corporation being let into the secret of Monk's design to promote the
+restoration of the monarchy, cordially acquiesced in the object.  When
+messengers from Charles, who was at Breda, reached the city, they were
+joyfully welcomed, and £10,000 was voted out of the civic coffers to
+assist his majesty.  While preparations for the king's return were
+proceeding prosperously, a solemn thanksgiving-day was held on the 10th
+of May, 1660, on which occasion the lord mayor and aldermen and the
+several companies assembled at St. Paul's Cathedral, when the good
+Richard Baxter preached to them on "Right Rejoicing: or, The Nature and
+Order of rational and warrantable Joy."  Feeling deeply as he did for
+the political welfare of the city and the country, and deeming the
+restoration of the monarch conducive to that end, yet the preacher,
+filled as he was with love to souls and zeal for God, would not let the
+occasion pass without wholly devoting it to the highest ends of the
+Christian ministry.  It was his compassion, he says, to the frantic
+merry world, and to the self-troubling melancholy Christian, and his
+desire methodically to help them in their rejoicing, which formed his
+exhortation, and prompted the selection of his subject.  No doubt men
+of all kinds thronged old St. Paul's to hear the Puritan preach on the
+king's return; and on reading over his wonderfully earnest and
+conscience-searching sermon, one cannot help feeling how many there
+must have been there to whom his warnings were as appropriate as they
+still are to multitudes in our own day, perhaps even to some person now
+perusing this sketch of the history of London.  "Were your joy," said
+he, "but reasonable, I would not discourage it.  But a madman's
+laughter is no very lovely spectacle to yourselves.  And I appeal to
+all the reason in the world, whether it be reasonable for a man to live
+in mirth that is yet unregenerate and under the curse and wrath of God,
+and can never say, in the midst of his greatest pomp and pleasure, that
+he is sure to be an hour out of hell, and may be sure he shall be there
+forever, if he die before he have a new, a holy, and a heavenly nature,
+though he should die with laughter in his face, or with a jest in his
+mouth, or in the boldest presumption that he shall be saved; yet, as
+sure as the word of God is true, he will find himself everlastingly
+undone, as soon as ever his soul is departed from his body, and he sees
+the things that he would not believe.  Sirs, is it rational to dance in
+Satan's fetters, at the brink of hell, when so many hundred diseases
+are all ready to mar the mirth, and snatch away the guilty soul, and
+cast it into endless desperation?  I exceedingly pity the ungodly in
+their unwarrantable melancholy griefs, and much more an ungodly man
+that is bleeding under the wounds of conscience.  But a man that is
+merry in the depth of misery is more to be pitied than he.  Methinks it
+is one of the most painful sights in all the world, to see a man ruffle
+it out in bravery, and spend his precious time in pleasure, and melt
+into sensual and foolish mirth, that is a stranger to God, and within a
+step of endless woe.  When I see their pomp, and feasting, and
+attendance, and hear their laughter and insipid jests, and the fiddlers
+at their doors or tables, and all things carried as if they made sure
+of heaven, it saddeneth my heart to think, alas! how little do these
+sinners know the state that they are in, the God that now beholdeth
+them, the change that they are near.  How little do they think of the
+flames that they are hastening to, and the outcries and lamentations
+that will next ensue."  Baxter knew that he would have, in all
+probability, many a light and careless mortal to hear him at St. Paul's
+that day, whose every thought and feeling would be engrossed in the
+anticipation of the gayeties that were about to return and supersede
+the strictness of Puritan times; he anticipated the presence of men
+who, like moths round a candle, were darting about in false security on
+the borders of everlasting fire, and thus he sent the arrows of his
+powerful eloquence direct at their consciences.  Imagination can
+scarcely refrain from picturing some dissipated merry-maker arrested by
+such appeals, trembling under such tremendous and startling truths,
+quailing with terror, pale with anguish, melted into repentance,
+fleeing to the Saviour for mercy, and going home to pour forth in
+secret tears and prayers before God.
+
+On the 26th of May, King Charles II. landed at Dover, and on the 29th
+entered the metropolis.  He was met by the corporation in St. George's
+fields, Southwark, where a grand tent had been fitted up for receiving
+him.  A sumptuous collation was ready, and the lord mayor waited to
+place in the hands of the monarch the city sword.  Arrived and welcomed
+by his subjects, Charles conferred the honor of knighthood on the chief
+magistrate, and then proceeded to London, amidst a display of rejoicing
+such as brought back the remembrance of other days.  The streets were
+lined with the companies and train bands; the houses were adorned with
+tapestries and silks; windows, balconies, roofs, and scaffolds, were
+crowded with spectators; and the conduits ran with delicious wines.
+The procession was formed of a troop of gentlemen, arrayed in cloth of
+silver; two hundred gentlemen in velvet coats, with footmen in purple
+liveries; another troop in buff coats and green scarfs; two hundred in
+blue and silver, with footmen in sea-green and silver; two hundred and
+twenty, with thirty footmen in gray and silver, and four trumpeters;
+one hundred and five, with six trumpets; seventy, with five trumpets;
+two troops of three hundred, and one of one hundred, all mounted and
+richly habited.  Then followed his majesty's arms, carried by two
+trumpeters, together with the sheriff's men and six hundred members of
+the companies on horseback, in black velvet coats and gold chains.
+Kettle-drums and trumpets, twelve ministers at the head of the
+life-guards, the city marshal, sheriffs, aldermen, all in rich
+trappings, the lord mayor, and last of all, the king, riding between
+the Dukes of York and Gloucester.  The rear of the procession was
+composed of military.  An entertainment at Guildhall followed, on the
+5th of July.  Nothing could exceed the rapture of the old royalist
+party in London.  Cavaliers and their followers, restrained by the
+regulations and example of the governing powers during the
+commonwealth, and now freed from all restriction on their indulgence,
+were loud and extravagant in their demonstrations of joy.  London was
+transformed into a scene of carnival-like festivity.  There were
+bonfires and the roasting of oxen, while the rumps of beef divided
+among hungry citizens suggested many a joke on the rump parliament.
+Revelry and intemperance were the order of the day.  The taverns rang
+with the roundelay of the licentious and intemperate--"The king shall
+enjoy his own again."  At night, the riotous amusement continued,
+amidst illumination of the most brilliant kind which at that time could
+be supplied.  The whole was a fitting prelude to the reign that
+followed, and an affecting commentary on the moving exhortations of
+Baxter, to which we have before referred.
+
+A band of wild and crazy enthusiasts, denominated Fifth Monarchy men,
+troubled the peace of the city in the beginning of the following year.
+Led on by a fanatic named Venner, they insisted on the overthrow of
+King Charles, and the establishment of the reign of King Jesus.  Though
+only between sixty and seventy in number, they were so feebly opposed
+by the authorities who had the safety of the city intrusted to them,
+that they marched from street to street, bearing down their opponents,
+and engaging in successful skirmishes, both with train-bands and
+horse-guards.  For two days this handful of misguided men kept up their
+insurrection, and at last intrenched themselves in an ale-house in
+Cripplegate, where, after severe fighting, the remnant of them were
+captured.  About twenty persons were killed on each side during the
+whole fray, and eleven of the rebels were afterwards executed.  Soon
+after this, on the 23d of April, the coronation took place, which
+occasioned another gala day for the citizens, who now, in addition to
+other demonstrations of joy, erected four triumphal arches--the first
+in Leadenhall-street, representing his majesty's arrival; the second in
+Cornhill, forming a naval representation; the third in Cheapside, in
+honor of Concord; and the fourth in Fleet-street, symbolical of Plenty.
+
+The old national amusements were revived in London on the restoration.
+May-day and Christmas resumed their former appearance.  The May-pole in
+the Strand was erected in 1661.  The theatres were re-opened, pouring
+forth a flood of licentiousness.  The love of show and decoration was
+cherished afresh.  Dresses and equipages shone in more than their
+ancient splendor.  In 1661, it was thought necessary to repress the
+gilding of coaches and chariots, because of the great waste and expense
+of gold in their adorning.
+
+London also witnessed other accompaniments of the restoration.  The
+regicide trials took place soon after the king's return, and could not
+fail deeply to interest, in one way or the other, the mass of the
+citizens, many of them personally acquainted with the parties, and
+perhaps abettors of the acts for which they were now arraigned.
+Charing Cross was the scene of the execution of Harrison, Scrope,
+Jones, Hugh Peters, and others.  The spirit in which they met their
+deaths was very extraordinary.  "If I had ten thousand lives," said
+Scrope, "I could freely and cheerfully lay them down all to witness in
+this matter."  Jones, the night before he died, told a friend that he
+had no other temptation but this, lest he should be too much
+transported, and carried out to neglect and slight his life, so greatly
+was he satisfied to die in that cause.  Peters, whom Burke styles "a
+poor good man," said, as he was going to die, "What, flesh, art thou
+unwilling to go to God through the fire and jaws of death?  This is a
+good day; He is come that I have long looked for, and I shall be with
+him in glory; and so he smiled when he went away."  Others were
+executed at Tyburn; and there, too, the bodies of the protector Oliver
+Cromwell, Treton, and Bradshaw, were ignominiously exposed on a gibbet,
+having been dug out of their tombs in Westminster Abbey.
+
+
+
+[1] He loved paintings and music, and encouraged proficients in elegant
+art.  "I ventured," says Evelyn, in 1656, "to go to Whitehall, where of
+many years I have not been, and found it very glorious and well
+furnished."
+
+[2] Perfect Politician, quoted in "London," vol. i, p. 360.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE PLAGUE YEAR IN LONDON.
+
+Terrific pestilence had often visited London, and swept into the
+eternal world multitudes of victims; but no calamity of this kind that
+ever befel the inhabitants can be compared with the awful visitation of
+the great plague year.  It broke out in Drury-lane, in the month of
+December, 1664.  For some time it had been raging in Holland, and
+apprehensions of its approach to the shores of England had for months
+agitated the minds of the people.  Remarkable appearances in the
+heavens were construed into Divine warnings of some impending
+catastrophe; and the common belief in astrology led many, in the
+excited state of feeling, to listen to the prognostications that issued
+from the press, in almanacs and other publications of the day.  Defoe,
+in his remarkable history of the plague, which, though in its form
+fictitious, is doubtless in substance a credible narrative, describes a
+man who, like Jonah, went through the streets, crying, "Yet forty days,
+and London shall be destroyed."  Another ran about, having only some
+slight clothing round his waist, exclaiming, with a voice and
+countenance full of horror, "O, the great and dreadful God!"  Yet the
+forebodings which were excited by reports from the continent, the
+traditions of former visitations of pestilences, the actual breaking
+out of the disease in a few instances, together with the superstitious
+aggravations just noticed, only shadowed forth, in light pale hues, the
+dark and intensely gloomy colors of the desolating providence which the
+sovereign Ruler of all events brought over the city of London.
+Head-ache, fever, a burning in the stomach, dimness of sight, and livid
+spots on the chest, were symptoms of the fatal disorder.  These signs
+became more numerous as the months of the year 1665 advanced; yet the
+cases of plague were comparatively few till the month of June.  "June
+the 7th," says an observant writer of that period in his diary, "the
+hottest day that ever I felt in my life.  This day, much against my
+will, I did see in Drury-lane two or three houses marked with a red
+cross upon the doors, and 'Lord, have mercy upon us!' writ there, which
+was a sad sight to me, being the first of that kind that to my
+remembrance I ever saw."  Again, on the 17th of June: "It struck me
+very deep this afternoon, going with a hackney coach down Holborn from
+the lord treasurer's, the coachman I found to drive easily, and easily,
+at last stood still, and came down hardly able to stand, and told me he
+was suddenly struck very sick, and almost blind he could not see; so I
+light, and went into another coach, with a sad heart for the poor man,
+and myself also, lest he should have been struck with the plague."
+This description of the first sight of the marked door, and the coach
+going more and more easily till it stood still, with its plague-struck
+driver, places the reader in the midst of the scene of disease and
+sorrow, awakening sympathetic emotions with those sufferers in a now
+distant age.
+
+The alarm increased as the deaths multiplied, and people began to pack
+up and leave London with all possible haste.  The court and the
+nobility removed to a distance, and so also did vast numbers beside who
+had the means of doing so, and were not confined by business; yet the
+general terror was so great throughout the kingdom that friends were
+sometimes far from being welcomed by those whom they visited.  "It is
+scarcely possible," says Baxter, "for people who live in a time of
+health and security to apprehend the dreadful nature of that
+pestilence.  How fearful people were thirty or forty, if not a hundred
+miles from London, of anything they brought from mercers' or drapers'
+shops, or of goods that were brought to them, or of any persons who
+came to their houses.  How they would shut their doors against their
+friends; and if a man passed over the fields, how one would avoid
+another, how every man was a terror to another.  O, how sinfully
+unthankful are we for our quiet societies, habitations, and health!"
+But the bulk of the people, of course, were compelled to remain in the
+city, and, pent up in dirty, close, unventilated habitations, while the
+weather was burning hot, were exposed to the unmitigated fury of the
+contagion.  The weekly bills of mortality rose from hundreds to
+thousands, till, in the month of September, the disease reached its
+height, and no less than ten thousand souls were hurried into eternity.
+The operations of business were of course checked, and in many cases
+entirely suspended by the terrific progress of the calamity.  Several
+shops were closed in every street; dwellings were often left empty, the
+inmates having been smitten or driven away by the fatal scourge.  Some
+of the public thoroughfares were nearly deserted.  The markets being
+removed beyond the city walls, to prevent the people as much as
+possible from coming together in masses; the erection of houses also
+being unnecessary, and therefore discontinued for a while--carts and
+wagons, laden with provision, or with building materials, no longer
+frequented the highways, which, a few short months before, had been the
+scene of busy activity.  Coaches were seldom seen, except when parties
+were hurrying away from the city, or when some one, affected by the
+disorder, was being conveyed home, with the curtains of the vehicle
+closely drawn.  The grass growing in the streets, and the solemn
+stillness which pervaded many parts of the great city, in contrast with
+its previous state, are circumstances particularly mentioned in the
+descriptions of London in the plague year, and they powerfully serve to
+give the reader an affecting idea of the awful visitation.  Few
+passengers appeared, and those few hurried on, in manifest fear of each
+other, as if each was carrying to his neighbor the summons of death.[1]
+The daughters of music were brought low; the din of business, and the
+murmur of pleasant talk, and the London cries were silenced.  The
+shrieks, however, of sufferers in agony, or of maniacs driven mad by
+disease, broke on the awful quietude.  People might be heard crying out
+of the windows for some to help them in their anguish--to assuage the
+burning fever, or to carry their dead away.  Occasionally, some rushed
+towards the Thames, with bitter cries, to seek relief from their
+torments by suicide.  The Rev. Thomas Vincent, who was residing in
+London at the time, describes some touching examples of sorrow, which
+were only specimens of what prevailed to an indescribable extent.
+"Amongst other sad spectacles," he says, "two, methought, were very
+affecting; one of a woman coming alone, and weeping by the door where I
+lived, (which was in the midst of the infection,) with _a little coffin
+under her arm_, carrying it to the new churchyard.  I did judge that it
+was the mother of the child, and that all the family besides were dead,
+and that she was forced to coffin up and to bury with her own hands
+this her last dead child!"  The second case to which this writer
+alludes is even more terrible than that now given, but out of regard to
+our readers' feelings we refrain from quoting it.  A passenger, the
+same eye-witness adds, could hardly go out without meeting coffins; and
+Defoe gives us a picture, as graphic as it is awful, of the mode of
+sepulture adopted when the plague was at its height.  He informs us
+that a great pit was dug in the churchyard of Aldgate parish, from
+fifteen to sixteen feet broad, and twenty feet deep; at night, the
+victims carried off in the day by death were brought in carts by
+torchlight to this receptacle, the bellman accompanying them, and
+calling on the inhabitants as they passed along to bring out their
+dead.  Sixteen or seventeen bodies, naked, or wrapped in sheets or
+rags, were thrown into one cart, and then huddled together into the
+common grave.
+
+The king of terrors sweeping into the eternal world so many thousands,
+is a picture which must excite in the mind of the Christian solemn
+emotions.  It is pleasing, however, to learn from Vincent how
+tranquilly God's people departed in that season of Divine judgment.
+"They died with such comfort as Christians do not ordinarily arrive
+unto, except when they are called forth to suffer martyrdom for the
+testimony of Jesus Christ.  Some who have been full of doubts, and
+fears, and complaints, whilst they have lived and been well, have been
+filled with assurance, and comfort, and praise, and joyful expectations
+of glory, when they have been laid on their death-beds by this disease;
+and not only more growing Christians, who have been more ripe for
+glory, have had their comforts, but also some younger Christians, whose
+acquaintance with the Lord hath been of no long standing."  There were
+persons, however, who had lived through a course of profligacy, who, so
+far from being led to repentance by the awful dispensation they
+witnessed, only plunged into deeper excesses, driving away care by riot
+and intemperance, or availing themselves of the confusion of the times
+to commit robbery.  The immorality, daring presumption, and reckless
+wickedness of a portion of the people during the London plague, as in
+the plague at Florence in 1348, and the plague at Athens, described by
+Thucydides, prove the depravity of the human heart, and the inefficacy
+of afflictions or judgments, if unaccompanied by Divine grace, to melt
+or change it.  We learn, however, that by the preaching of the gospel
+some were graciously renewed and saved.  Baxter informs us, that
+"abundance were converted from their carelessness, impenitency, and
+youthful lusts and vanities, and religion took such a hold on many
+hearts as could never afterwards be loosed."  The parish churches were
+in several instances forsaken by their occupants, but many godly men
+who had been ejected by the Uniformity Act, now came forward, with
+their characteristic disinterestedness and zeal, to supply their
+brethren's lack of service.  Vincent, already mentioned, with Clarkson,
+Cradock, and Terry, distinguished themselves by holy efforts for the
+conversion of sinners at that dreadful time.  A broad sheet exists in
+the British Museum, containing "short instructions for the sick,
+especially those who, by contagion, or otherwise, are deprived of the
+presence of a faithful pastor, by Richard Baxter, written in the great
+plague year, 1665."  Preaching was the principal method of doing good.
+Large congregations assembled to hear the man of God faithfully
+proclaim his message.  The imagination readily restores the timeworn
+Gothic structure in the narrow street--the people coming along in
+groups--the crowded church doors, and the broad aisles, as well as the
+oaken pews and benches, filled with one dense mass--the anxious
+countenances looking up at the pulpit--the divine, in his plain black
+gown and cap--the reading of the Scriptures--the solemn prayer--the
+sermon, quaint indeed, but full of point and earnestness, and
+possessing that prime quality, adaptation--the thrilling appeals at the
+close of each division of the discourse--the breathless silence, broken
+now and then by half-suppressed sobs and lamentations--the hymn,
+swelling in dirge-like notes--and the benediction, which each would
+regard as possibly a dismissal to eternity; for who but must have felt
+his exposure to the infection while sitting amidst that promiscuous
+audience?  It is at times like these that the worth of the soul is
+appreciated, and a saving interest in Christ perceived to be more
+valuable than all the accumulated treasures of earth.  So far as their
+health was concerned, the prudence of the people in congregating
+together in such crowds, at such a season, has been often and fairly
+questioned; yet who that looks at the imminent spiritual peril in which
+multitudes were placed, but must commend the religious concern which
+they manifested; and who that takes into account the peculiar
+circumstances of the preachers, laboring without emolument at the
+hazard of their lives, but must applaud their apostolic
+zeal?--_Spiritual Heroes_, p. 289.
+
+The plague reached its height in September--during one night of that
+month ten thousand persons died.  After this the pestilence gradually
+diminished, and by the end of the year it had ceased.  The visitation
+has acquired additional interest for us of late from the occurrence of
+cholera to an alarming extent.  The former, like the latter, was
+increased by poverty and filth, and to a much greater degree; for,
+badly as houses have been ventilated, of late, and defective as may be
+our drainage, our fathers were incomparably worse off than we are in
+these respects.  Houses were crowded together, and left in a state of
+impurity which would shock the least delicate and refined of the
+present day.  There were scarcely any under sewers.  Ditches were the
+channels for carrying off refuse; and as supplements to these imperfect
+methods of cleansing a great city, there were public dunghills.  The
+effluvia from such sources was, indeed, humanly speaking, enough to
+cause a pestilence, and at the time of the plague must have been
+intolerable from the heat of the weather; while some means, also,
+adopted by the authorities for stopping the ravages of mortality, only
+promoted the evil--such as the shutting up of houses, and the kindling
+fires in the streets.  The state of the metropolis then, and even now,
+may be assigned as an auxiliary cause of the spread of plague and
+cholera; but it must be confessed, there lies at the bottom of these
+visitations much of mystery, inexplicable by reference to mere human
+agencies.  There is a power at work in the universe deeper far than any
+of those which our poor natural philosophy can detect.  Not that these
+extraordinary occurrences show us the presence of a Divine providence
+which does not operate at other, and at all times; not as if the
+mysterious agency of God were sometimes in action, and sometimes in
+repose; not as if the Almighty visited the earth yesterday, and left it
+to-day; not as if his kingly rule over the world were broken by
+interregnums;--by no means; still these events are like the lifting up
+of the veil of second causes, and the disclosure of depths of power
+down which mortals ought to look with reverence.  They suggest to the
+devout solemn views of nature and man--of life and death--of God ruling
+over all.  Loudly, also, do they remind us of the malignity of sin, and
+the evils which it has brought on a fallen world.  Happy is he who,
+amidst desolations such as we have now described, can, through a living
+faith in Christ, exclaim, "The Lord is my refuge and fortress: my God;
+in him will I trust.  Surely he shall deliver me from the snare of the
+fowler, and from the noisome pestilence."
+
+
+
+[1] Judge Whitelock came up to London from Buckingham to sit in
+Westminster Hall.  He reached Hyde Park Corner on the morning of the
+2d, "where he and his retinue dined on the ground, with such meat and
+drink as they brought in the coach with them, and afterwards he drove
+fast through the streets, which were empty of people and overgrown with
+grass, to Westminster Hall, where he adjourned the court, returned to
+his coach, and drove away presently out of town."--_Whitelock_, p. 2.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE FIRE OF LONDON.
+
+"One woe is past, another woe cometh quickly."  Just a year after the
+plague was at its height, the great fire of London occurred.  On
+Sunday, September 3d, 1666, soon after midnight, the house of Farryner
+the king's baker, near London-bridge, was discovered to be in flames.
+Before breakfast time no less than three hundred houses were consumed.
+Such a rapid conflagration struck dismay throughout the neighborhood,
+and unnerved those who, in the first instance, by prompt measures might
+have stayed the mischief.  Charles II., as soon as he heard of what had
+happened, displayed a decision, firmness, and humanity, which relieve,
+in some degree, the dark shades Of his character and life; and gave
+orders to pull down the houses in the vicinity of the fire.  Soon
+afterwards he hastened to the scene of danger, in company with his
+brother, the duke of York, using prudent measures to check the
+conflagration, to help the sufferers, and inspire confidence in the
+minds of the people.  But the lord mayor was like one distracted,
+uttering hopeless exclamations on receiving the royal message, blaming
+the people for not obeying him, and leaving the scene of peril to seek
+repose; while the inhabitants ran about raving in despair, and the
+fire, which no proper means were employed to quench, went on its own
+way, devouring house after house, and street after street.  By Monday
+night, the fire had reached to the west as far as the Middle Temple,
+and to the east as far as Tower-street.  Fleet-street, Old Bailey,
+Ludgate-hill, Warwick-lane, Newgate, Paul's-chain, Watling-street,
+Thames-street, and Billingsgate, were destroyed or still wrapped in
+flame.
+
+On Tuesday the fire reached the end of Fetter-lane and the entrance to
+Smithfield.  Around Cripplegate and the Tower, the devouring element
+violently raged, but in other directions it somewhat abated.  Engines
+had been employed in pulling down houses, but this process was too slow
+to overtake the mischief.  Gunpowder was then used to blow up
+buildings, so that large gaps were made, which cut off the edifices
+that were burning from those still untouched.  By these means, on the
+afternoon of Tuesday, the devastation was curbed.  The brick buildings
+of the Temple also checked its progress to the west.  Throughout
+Wednesday the efforts of the king and duke, and some of the lords of
+the council, were indefatigable.  Indeed, his majesty made the round of
+the fire twice a day, for many hours together, both on horseback and on
+foot, giving orders to the men who were pulling down houses, and
+repaying them on the spot for their toils out of a money-bag which he
+carried about with him.  On Thursday, the fire was thought to be quite
+extinguished, but in the evening it burst out afresh near the Temple.
+Renewed and vigorous efforts at that point, however, soon stayed its
+ravages, and in the course of a short time it was finally extinguished.
+
+The space covered with ruins was four hundred and thirty-six acres in
+extent.  The boundaries of the conflagration were Temple-bar,
+Holborn-bridge, Pye-corner, Smithfield, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, near
+the end of Coleman-street, at the end of Basinghall-street, by the
+postern at the upper end of Bishopsgate-street, in Leadenhall-street,
+by the Standard in Cornhill, at the church in Fenchurch-street, by the
+Clothworkers' Hall, at the middle of Mark-lane, and at the Tower-dock.
+While four hundred and thirty-six acres were covered with ruins, only
+seventy-five remained with the property upon it uninjured.  Four
+hundred streets, thirteen thousand houses, eighty-seven parish
+churches, and six chapels; St. Paul's Cathedral, the Royal Exchange and
+Custom House, Guildhall and Newgate, and fifty-two halls of livery
+companies, besides other public buildings, were swept away.  Eleven
+millions' value of property the fire consumed, but, through the mercy
+of God, only eight lives were lost.
+
+The rapid spread of the devastation may be easily accounted for in the
+absence of timely means to stop it.  The buildings were chiefly
+constructed of timber, and covered with thatch.  The materials were
+rendered even more than commonly combustible by a summer intensely hot
+and dry.  Many of the streets were so narrow that the houses facing
+each other almost touched at the top.  A strong east wind steadily blew
+for three days over the devoted spot, like the blast of a furnace, at
+once fanning the flame and scattering firebrands beyond it.  It was
+like a fire kindled in an old forest, feeding on all it touched,
+curling like a serpent round tree after tree, leaving ashes behind, and
+darting on with the speed of lightning to seize on the timber before.
+
+Into the origin of the calamity the strictest investigation was made.
+Some ascribed it to incendiaries.  Party spirit led to the accusation
+of the papists, as perpetrators of the deed.  One poor man was
+executed, on his own confession, of having a hand in it, but under
+circumstances which pretty clearly prove that he was a madman, and was
+really innocent of the crime of which, through a strange, but not
+incredible hallucination of mind, he feigned himself guilty.  Other
+persons ascribed it to what would commonly be called an accidental
+circumstance--a great stock of fagots in the baker's shop being
+kindled, and carelessly left to burn in close contiguity with stores of
+pitch and rosin.  Many considered that the providence of Almighty God,
+who works out his own wonderful purposes of judgment and mercy by means
+which men call accidental, overruled the circumstances out of which the
+fire arose, as a source of terrific chastisement for the sins of a
+wicked and godless population, who had hardened their necks against
+Divine reproof administered to them in another form so shortly before.
+A religious sentiment in reference to the visitation took possession of
+many minds, habitually undevout; and even Charles himself was heard, we
+are told by Clarendon, to "speak with great piety and devotion of the
+displeasure that God was provoked to."
+
+Eye-witnesses have left behind them graphic sketches of this spectacle
+of terror.  "The burning," says Vincent, in his tract called "God's
+Terrible Advice to the City by Plague and Fire,"--"the burning was in
+the fashion of a bow; a dreadful bow it was, such as mine eyes never
+before had seen--a bow which had God's arrow in it with a flaming
+point."  "The cloud of smoke was so great, that travelers did ride at
+noon-day some six miles together in the shadow of it, though there were
+no other clouds to be seen in the sky."  "The great fury of the fire
+was in the broader streets in the midst of the night; it was come down
+to Cornhill, and laid it in the dust, and runs along by the stocks, and
+there meets with another fire, which came down Threadneedle-street, a
+little farther with another which came up from Wallbrook, a little
+farther with another which came up from Bucklersbury, and all these
+four joining together break into one great flame, at the corner of
+Cheapside, with such a dazzling light and burning heat, and roaring
+noise by the fall of so many houses together, that was very amazing."
+One trembles at the thought of these blazing torrents rolling along the
+streets, and then uniting in a point, like the meeting of wild
+waters--floods of fire dashing into a common current.  Evelyn observes
+that the stones of St. Paul's Cathedral flew about like granadoes, and
+the melted lead ran down the pavements in a bright stream, "so that no
+horse or man was able to tread on them."  "I saw," he says in his
+Diary, "the whole south part of the city burning, from Cheapside to the
+Thames, and all along Cornhill, (for it likewise kindled back against
+the wind as well as forward,) Tower-street, Fenchurch-street,
+Gracechurch-street, and so along to Baynard's Castle, and was taking
+hold of St. Paul's Church, to which the scaffolds contributed
+exceedingly."  He saw the Thames covered with goods floating, all the
+barges and boats laden with such property as the inhabitants had time
+and courage to save; while on land the carts were carrying out
+furniture and other articles to the fields, which for many miles were
+strewed with movables of all sorts, and with tents erected to shelter
+the people.  "All the sky," he adds, "was of a fiery aspect, like the
+top of a burning oven, and the light seen for above forty miles around
+for many nights; the noise and cracking of the impetuous flames, the
+shrieking of women and children, the hurry of people, the fall of
+towers, houses, and churches, was like a hideous storm; and the air all
+about so hot and inflamed, that at last one was not able to approach
+it, so that they were forced to stand still, and let the flames burn
+on, which they did for nearly two miles in length and one in breadth.
+The clouds also of smoke were dismal, and reached upon computation
+nearly fifty miles in length."
+
+A great fire is a most sublime, as well as appalling spectacle, and
+generally presents some features of the picturesquely terrible.
+Guildhall, built of oak, too solid and old to blaze, became so much
+red-hot charcoal, as if it had been a palace of gold, or a building of
+burnished brass.  There were circumstances, too, connected with the
+destruction of magnificent edifices, full of a sort of poetical
+interest.  The flame inwrapped St. Paul's Cathedral, and rent in pieces
+the noble portico recently erected, splitting the stones into flakes,
+and leaving nothing entire but the inscription on the architrave,
+which, without one defaced letter, continued amidst the ruins to
+proclaim the builder's name.  In remarkable coincidence with this, at
+the same time that the fire entered the Royal Exchange, ran round the
+galleries, descended the stairs, compassed the walks, filled the
+courts, and rolled down the royal statues from their niches, the figure
+of the founder, Sir Thomas Gresham, was left unharmed, as if calmly
+surveying the destruction of his own munificent donation to the old
+city, and anticipating the certainty of the re-edification of that
+monument of his fame, as well as the revival of that commerce, in the
+history of which his own is involved.  As we think of this, we call to
+mind another interesting incident, which occurred when the building was
+burned down a second time in 1838.  Some readers, perhaps, will
+remember, that the bells in the tower rang out their last chime to the
+tune of "There's na' luck about the house," just as they were on the
+point of coming down with a tremendous crash; as though uttering
+swanlike notes in death.
+
+The area devastated by the fire may be estimated, if we fancy a line
+drawn from Temple Bar to the bottom of Holborn-hill, then through
+Smithfield across Aldersgate-street to the end of Coleman-street, then
+sweeping round by the end of Bishopsgate and Leadenhall-streets, and
+taking a curve till it touches the Tower, the river forming the
+southern boundary of this large space.  Within these limits, after the
+fire, there arose a new London, of nobler aspect, and formed for
+grander destinies than the old one, relieved by that very fire, under
+the blessing of Divine Providence, from liability to the recurrence of
+the dreadful plague, which had from time to time recruited its
+death-dealing energy from the filth of old crowded streets, with all
+their noxious exhalations.  If a panic seized the citizens when the
+first alarm of the conflagration spread among them, they redeemed their
+character by the self-possession and activity which they evinced in
+repairing the desolation.  Not desponding, but inspired with the hope
+of the future prosperity of their venerable city, they concurred with
+king and parliament in the zeal and diligence requisite for the
+emergency.  Scarcely were the flames extinguished, when they set to
+work planning the restoration.  "Everybody," observes Evelyn, "brings
+in his idea; amidst the rest, I presented his majesty my own
+conceptions, with a discourse annexed.  It was the second that was seen
+within two days after the conflagration, but Dr. Wren had got the start
+of me."  This Dr. Wren had been spoken of by the same writer, fourteen
+years before, as a miracle of a youth.  Having made wonderful
+attainments in science, he had devoted himself with enthusiasm to the
+study of architecture, and now, in the wide space in which at once a
+full-grown city was to appear, a field presented itself worthy of the
+exercise of the greatest powers of art--a field, indeed, which could
+rarely in the world's history be looked for.  Doubtless Wren's mind was
+all on fire with the grand occasion, and put forth all its marvelous
+ability to meet so unparalleled a crisis.  Before the architect's
+imagination there rose the view of a city, built with scientific
+proportions, with a broad street running in a perfect line from a
+magnificent piazza, placed where St. Dunstan's church stands, to
+another piazza on Tower-hill, with an intermediate piazza corresponding
+with these, from each of which streets should radiate.  Then, on the
+top of Ludgate-hill, over which the broad highway was to run, the new
+cathedral was to rise, in the midst of a wide open space, displaying to
+advantage its colossal form; and on its northern side there was to
+branch out, at a narrow angle with the other main thoroughfare, an
+avenue of like dimensions, leading to the Royal Exchange--the site, in
+fact, (but intended to cover a wider space,) of our present Cheapside.
+The Royal Exchange was to be an additional grand centre, adorned with
+piazzas, whence a third vast thoroughfare was to sweep along to
+Holborn.  All acute angles were to be avoided.  The great openings were
+to exhibit graceful curves, parochial edifices were to be conspicuous
+and insulated, the halls of the twelve great companies were to be
+ranged round Guildhall, and architecture was to do the utmost possible
+in every street.  A like vision dawned on the fancy of Sir John Evelyn,
+who in this respect was no unworthy compeer of Wren.  But, though the
+architect showed the practicability of the scheme, without any loss of
+the property, or infringement of the rights of the citizens, their
+obstinacy in not allowing the old foundations to be altered, and their
+determination not to give up the ground to commissioners for making out
+the new streets and sites of buildings, defeated the scheme; "and
+thus," writes Wren, (with a deep sigh one thinks he penned the words
+while his darling dream melted away,) "the opportunity, in a great
+degree, was lost, of making the new city the most magnificent, as well
+as commodious for health and trade, of any upon earth."  Sir
+Christopher Wren could do nothing as he wished.  The Monument was not
+what he meant it to be.  The churches were not placed as he would have
+had them, so as to exhibit to advantage their architectural character.
+Even St. Paul's was shorn of the glory with which it was enriched in
+the architect's mind.  It was narrowed and altered by incompetent
+judges, especially the Duke of York, who wished to preserve in it
+arrangements convenient for a popish cathedral, which he wildly hoped
+it would ultimately become.  When Wren was compelled to give way, he
+even shed tears in the bitterness of his disappointment and grief.  He
+finally had to do on a large scale, what common minds are ever doing in
+their little way--sacrifice some fondly cherished ideal to a stern
+necessity.
+
+But, crippled as his genius was by the untoward position in which he
+was placed, he accomplished marvelous works of art in the churches so
+numerous and varied, built from his designs, and especially in the
+grand cathedral, which rises above the rich group of towers, domes,
+steeples, and spires, with a lordly air.  It is related, in connection
+with the building of St. Dunstan's church in the east, the steeple of
+which is constructed upon quadrangular columns, that so anxious was he
+respecting the result, that he placed himself on London-bridge,
+watching through a lens the effect of removing the temporary
+supporters, by the aid of which the building was reared.  The ascent of
+a rocket proclaimed the stability of the structure, and Sir Christopher
+smiled at the thought of his having for a moment hesitated to trust to
+the certainty of mathematical calculations.  Informed one night
+afterwards, that a hurricane had damaged all the steeples in London, he
+remarked, "Not St. Dunstan's, I am quite sure."  St. Stephen's,
+Wallbrook, is  generally considered the _chef-d'oeuvre_ of Sir
+Christopher Wren.  "Had the materials and volume," to quote the opinion
+of two celebrated architects, "been so durable and extensive as those
+of St. Paul's Cathedral, he had consummated a much more efficient
+monument to his well-earned fame than that fabric affords."  But the
+beauty of the edifice is in the interior.  "Never was so sweet a kernel
+in so rough a shell--so rich a jewel in so poor a setting."  The cost
+of the fabric was only £7,652. 13_s._  (Cunninghame's Handbook of
+London.)
+
+The first stone of St. Paul's was laid on the 21st of June, 1675, by
+the architect; and he notices in his Parentalia a little circumstance
+connected with the preparations, which was construed by those present
+into a favorable omen, and which evidently interested and pleased his
+own mind.  When the centre of the dimensions of the great dome was
+fixed upon, a man was ordered to bring a flat stone from the heap of
+rubbish, to be laid as a mark for the masons.  The piece he happened to
+take up for the purpose was the fragment of a grave-stone, with nothing
+of the inscription left but the words, "_Resurgam_," "I shall rise
+again."  And, true enough, St. Paul's did rise again, with a splendor
+which posterity has ever admired.  It is, undoubtedly, the second
+church in Christendom of that style of architecture, St. Peter's at
+Rome being the first.  Inferior in point of dimensions, and sadly
+begrimed with smoke, in contrast with St. Peter's comparatively
+untarnished freshness--destitute, too, of its marble linings, gilded
+arches, and splendid mosaics'--it is, on the whole, as Eustace, a
+critic prejudiced on the side of Rome, acknowledged, a most extensive
+and stately edifice: "It fixes the eye of the spectator as he passes
+by, and challenges his admiration, and, even next to the Vatican,
+though by a long interval, it claims superiority over all the
+transalpine churches, and furnishes a just subject of national pride
+and exultation."  It was not until 1710 that the building was complete,
+when the architect's son laid the topmost stone on the lantern of the
+cupola.
+
+In the prospectus published by Evelyn for the rebuilding of London, he
+observed, that if the citizens were permitted to gratify their own
+fancies, "it might possibly become, indeed, a new, but a very ugly
+city, when all was done."  The citizens were permitted to have their
+own way, and the result was very much what he anticipated.  The old
+sites of streets and public buildings were, to a great extent, adopted.
+The former remained narrow, winding, inconvenient--indeed, more
+inconvenient than ever; for what might be borne with when even ladies
+of quality traveled on horseback, became scarcely endurable when
+lumbering coaches were all the fashion.  Churches and other edifices of
+importance were planted in inappropriate situations, and were blocked
+up by houses and shops.  In Chamberlayne's _Angliæ Notitia_ for 1692,
+he laments that within the city the spacious houses of noblemen, rich
+merchants, the halls of companies, and the fair taverns, were hidden
+from strangers, the room towards the street being reserved for
+tradesmen's shops; but from his account and that of others, it appears
+plain enough that the men of that day felt that London, as rebuilt
+after the fire, was far superior to what it had been in the times of
+their fathers.  The old wooden lath and plaster dwellings gave place to
+more substantial habitations of brick and stone, and the public
+structures appeared to those who were contemporary with their erection,
+proud trophies of skill, art, and wealth.  "Notwithstanding," exclaims
+the author just noticed, "all these huge losses by fire,
+notwithstanding the most devouring pestilence in the year immediately
+foregoing, and the then very chargeable war against three potent
+neighbors, the citizens, recovering in a few months their native
+courage, have since so cheerfully and unanimously set themselves to
+rebuild the city, that, (not to mention whole streets built and now
+building by others in the suburbs,) within the space of four years,
+they erected in the same streets ten thousand houses, and laid out
+three millions sterling.  Besides several large hospitals, divers very
+stately halls, nineteen fair solid stone churches were all at the same
+time erecting, and soon afterwards finished, and now, in the year 1691,
+above twenty churches more, of various beautiful and solid architecture
+are rebuilt.  Moreover, as if the late fire had only purged the city,
+the buildings are becoming infinitely more beautiful."  The author
+speaks with immense satisfaction of the new houses, churches, and
+halls, richly-adorned shops, chambers, balconies, and portals, carved
+work in stone and wood, with pictures and wainscot, not only of fir and
+oak, but some with sweet-smelling cedar, the streets paved with stone
+and guarded with posts; and ends by observing, that though the king
+might not say he found London of brick and left it of marble, he could
+say, "I found it wood and left it brick."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+FROM THE RESTORATION OF THE CITY TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY.
+
+Great as was the consternation described in the foregoing chapter,
+scarcely less terror was produced in the minds of the citizens by the
+apprehension of a Dutch invasion about the same time.  In 1666, even
+before the fire, this feeling was excited.  The ships of France and
+Holland approached the Thames, and engaged with the English fleet.
+"After dinner," says Lady Warwick, whose entry in her journal, under
+date, July 29, brings the occurrence home to us--"after dinner came the
+news of hearing the guns that our fleet was engaged.  My head was much
+afflicted by the consideration of the blood that was spilt, and of the
+many souls that would launch into eternity."  There is a fine passage,
+descriptive of the excitement at this time, in Dryden's Essay on
+Poesie: "The noise of the cannon from both navies reached our ears
+about the city, so that men being alarmed with it, and in dreadful
+suspense of the event, which we knew was then deciding, every one went
+following the sound as his fancy led him, and leaving the town almost
+empty, some took towards the park, some cross the river, others down
+it, all seeking the noise in the depth of the silence.  Taking, then, a
+barge, which the servant of Lisidenis had provided for them, they made
+haste to shoot the bridge, and left behind them that great fall of
+waters, which hindered them from hearing what they desired; after
+which, having disengaged themselves from many vessels which rode in
+anchor in the Thames, and almost blocked up the passage to Greenwich,
+they ordered the watermen to let fall their oars more gently; and then
+every one favoring his own curiosity with a strict silence, it was not
+long ere they perceived the air breaking about them, like the noise of
+distant thunder, or of swallows in the chimney, those little
+undulations of sound, though almost vanishing before they reached them,
+yet still seeming to retain somewhat of their first horror, which they
+had betwixt the fleets.  After they had listened till such time as the
+sound, by little and little, went from them, Eugenius, lifting up his
+head, and taking notice of it, was the first who congratulated to the
+rest that happy omen of our nation's victory, adding, we had but this
+to desire in confirmation of it, that we might hear no more of that
+noise, which was now leaving the English coast."  This passage, which
+Montgomery eulogizes most warmly in his Lectures on English Poetry, as
+one of the most magnificent in our language, places before us, with
+graphic force, the state of curiosity, suspense, and solicitude, which
+was experienced by multitudes of citizens at the period referred to.
+
+In the following year, fresh excitement from the same source arose.
+The monarch was wasting upon his pleasures a considerable portion of
+the money which parliament had voted for the defence of the kingdom.
+The national exchequer was empty, and the credit of the navy
+commissioners gone.  No loans could be obtained, yet ready money was
+demanded by the laborers required in the dockyards, by the sailors who
+were wanted to man the vessels, and by the merchants from whose stores
+the fleet needed its provisions.  Not a gun was mounted in Tilbury
+Fort, nor a ship of war was in the river ready to oppose the enemy,
+while crowds thronged about the Admiralty, demanding their pay, and
+justly upbraiding the government.  The Dutch ships, under De Ruyter,
+entered the Thames, sailed up the Medway, and seized the Royal Charles,
+besides three first-rate English vessels.  One can easily conceive the
+second panic which this event must have produced among the citizens;
+nor is it difficult to imagine the suspension of business, the general
+exchange of hasty inquiries in that hour of terror, and the flocking of
+the people to the river-side to learn tidings of the fleet.  Though the
+Dutch ships, unable to do further mischief on that occasion, returned
+to join the rest of the naval force anchored off the Nore; yet the
+citizens could not be relieved from their anxiety by this circumstance,
+for they knew that the foe would remain hovering about their coasts,
+and they could not tell but that in some unlooked-for moment the
+invaders might approach the very walls of their city.  Some weeks of
+painful apprehension followed, and twice again did the admiral threaten
+to remount the Thames.  An engagement between the English squadron and
+a portion of the invading armament of Holland prevented the
+accomplishment of that design, and saved London for the present from
+further fear.
+
+Strong political excitement was produced in the city of London, at a
+later period of Charles II.'s reign, by another kind of invasion.  The
+monarch and court, finding themselves thwarted in their arbitrary
+system of government by the spirit of the citizens, who were jealous of
+their own liberties, ventured, in defiance of the national constitution
+and the charters of the city, to interfere in the municipal elections.
+They attempted to thrust on the people as sheriffs men whom they knew
+they could employ as tools for despotic purposes.  In 1681, a violent
+attempt of this sort was made, when the city returned in opposition to
+the wishes of king and court, two patriotic and popular men, Thomas
+Pilkington and Samuel Shaw.  The king could not conceal his chagrin at
+this election, and when invited to dine with the citizens, replied,
+"Mr. Recorder, an invitation from the lord mayor and the city is very
+acceptable to me, and to show that it is so, notwithstanding that it is
+brought by messengers so unwelcome to me as those two sheriffs are, yet
+I accept it."  Many of the citizens about the same time, influenced by
+fervent Protestant zeal, and by attachment to the civil and religious
+liberties of the country, were apprehensive of the consequences if the
+Duke of York, known to be a Roman Catholic, were allowed to ascend the
+British throne.  The anti-papal feelings of the nation had been
+increased by the belief of a deeply-laid popish plot, which the
+infamous Titus Oates pretended to reveal; and in London those
+sentiments had been rendered still more intense by the murder of Sir
+Edmondbury Godfery, the magistrate who received Oates's depositions.
+His death, over which a large amount of mystery still rests, was
+attributed to the revenge of the papists for the part he had taken in
+the prosecution against them.  The hatred of which, in general, Roman
+Catholics were the objects, centered on the prince, from whose
+succession to the crown the restoration of the old religion of the
+country was anticipated.  His name became odious, and it was difficult
+to shield it from popular indignity.  Some one cut and mangled a
+picture of him which hung in Guildhall.  The corporation, to prevent
+his royal highness from supposing that they countenanced or excused the
+insult, offered a large reward for the detection of the offender, and
+the Artillery Company invited the prince to a city banquet.  The party
+most active in opposing his succession determined to have a large
+meeting and entertainment of their own, to express their opinion on the
+vital point of the succession to the crown; but the proceeding was
+sternly forbidden by the court, a circumstance which only served to
+deepen the feelings of discontent already created to a serious extent
+in very many breasts.  This was followed up by the lord mayor
+nominating, in the year 1682, a sheriff favorable to the royal
+interests, and intimating to the citizens that they were to confirm his
+choice.  The uproar at the common hall on Midsummer-day was tremendous.
+The citizens contended for their right of election, and nominated both
+sheriffs themselves, selecting two persons of popular sentiments.
+Amidst the riot, the lord mayor was roughly treated, and consequently
+complained to his majesty, the result of which was, that the two
+sheriffs already in office, and obnoxious to the court, were committed
+to the Tower for not maintaining the peace.  Papillion and Dubois, the
+people's candidates, were elected.  The privy council annulled the
+election, and commanded another; when the lord mayor most arbitrarily
+declared North and Box, the court candidates, duly chosen.  Court and
+city were now pledged to open conflict; the former pursuing thoroughly
+despotic measures to bring the latter to submission.  One rich popular
+citizen was fined to the amount of £100,000, for an alleged scandal on
+the popish duke, and at length it was resolved to take away the city
+charter.  Forms of law were adopted for the purpose.  An information,
+technically entitled a _quo warranto_, was brought against the
+corporation in the court of King's Bench.  It was alleged, in support
+of this suit at the instance of the crown, that the common council had
+imposed certain tolls by an ordinance of their own, and had presented
+and published throughout the country an insolent petition to the king,
+in 1679, for the calling of parliament.  The court, swayed by a desire
+to please the king, pronounced judgment against the corporation, and
+declared their charter forfeited; yet only recorded that judgment, as
+if to inveigle the corporation into some kind of voluntary submission,
+as the price of preserving a portion of what they were now on the point
+of altogether losing.  Such an issue, of course, was regarded by the
+court as more desirable than an act of direct force, which was likely
+to irritate the citizens, and arouse wrath, which might be treasured up
+against another day.  The city, to save their estates, yielded to the
+law, and submitted to the conditions imposed by the king--namely, that
+no mayor, sheriff, recorder, or other chief officer, should be admitted
+until approved by the king; that in event of his majesty's twice
+disapproving the choice of the citizens, he should himself nominate a
+person to fill the office, without waiting for another election; that
+the court of aldermen might, with the king's permission, remove any one
+of their body, and that they should have a negative on the election of
+the common council, and, in case of disapproving a second choice on the
+part of the citizens, should themselves proceed to nominate such as
+they themselves approved.  "The city was of course absolutely
+subservient to the court from this time to the revolution."  (Hallam's
+Constitutional History, chap. ii, p. 146.)
+
+The unconstitutional proceedings of the king and court, of which the
+circumstances just related are a specimen, aroused some patriotic
+spirits in the country; but the power which inspired their indignation
+crushed their energies.  Two illustrious men, who fell victims to that
+power, were connected with the city of London as the place of their
+abode, and the scene where they sealed their principles by death.
+Russell and Sydney both perished there in 1683.  They were accused of
+participation in the notorious Rye House plot, and upon evidence, such
+as would convince no jury in the present day, were found guilty of
+treason.  Lord Russell was conveyed from Newgate on the 21st of July,
+1683, to be beheaded in Lincoln's-inn-fields.  The duke of York, who
+intensely hated the patriot, wished him to be executed in
+Southampton-square, before his own residence; but the king, says
+Burnet, "rejected that as indecent."  Lord Russell's behavior on the
+scaffold was in keeping with his previous piety and fortitude.  "His
+whole behavior looked like a triumph over death."  He said, the day
+before he died, that the sins of his youth lay heavy on his mind, but
+he hoped God had forgiven them, for he was sure he had forsaken them,
+and for many years had walked before God with a sincere heart.  The
+faithful lady Rachel, who had so nobly acted as his secretary on his
+trial, and had used her utmost efforts to save his life, attended him
+in prison, and sought to strengthen his mind with the hopes and
+consolations of the gospel of Christ.  Late the last night he spent on
+earth their final separation in this world took place; when, after
+tenderly embracing her several times, both magnanimously suppressing
+their indescribable emotions, he exclaimed, as she left the cell, "The
+bitterness of death is past."  Winding up his watch the next morning,
+he observed, "I have done with time, and am going to eternity."  He
+earnestly pressed upon Lord Cavendish the importance of religion, and
+declared how much comfort and support he derived from it in his
+extremity.  Some among the crowds that filled the streets wept, while
+others insulted; he was touched by the tenderness of the one party,
+without being provoked by the heartlessness of the other.  Turning into
+Little Queen-street, he said, "I have often turned to the other hand
+with great comfort, but now I turn to this with greater."  "A tear or
+two" fell from his eyes as he uttered the words.  He sang psalms a
+great part of the way, and said he hoped to sing better soon.  On being
+asked what he was singing, he said, the beginning of the 119th Psalm.
+On entering Lincoln's-inn-fields, the sins of his youth were brought to
+his remembrance, as he had there indulged in those vices which
+characterized the court of Charles II.  "This has been to me a place of
+sinning, and God now makes it the place of my punishment."  As he
+observed the great crowds assembled to witness his end, he remarked, "I
+hope I shall quickly see a better assembly."  He walked round the
+scaffold several times, and then delivered to the sheriffs a paper,
+which had been carefully prepared, declaring his innocence of the
+charge of treason, and his strong attachment to the Protestant faith.
+After this, he prayed by himself, and then Dr. Tillotson prayed with
+him.  Another private prayer, and the patriot, having calmly unrobed
+himself, as if about to lie down on his couch to sleep, placed his head
+upon the block, and with two strokes of the axe was hastened into the
+eternal world.  The faith, hope, patience, and love of his illustrious
+lady surpassed even his own, and her letters breathe a spirit redolent
+of heaven rather than earth.  After a severe illness, she wrote, in
+October, 1680: "I hope this has been a sorrow I shall profit by; I
+shall, if God will strengthen my faith, resolve to return him a
+constant praise, and make this the season to chase all secret murmurs
+from grieving my soul for what is past, letting it rejoice in what it
+should rejoice--His favor to me, in the blessings I have left, which
+many of my betters want, and yet have lost their chiefest friend also.
+But, O! the manner of my deprivation is yet astonishing."  Five years
+afterwards she says, "My friendships have made all the joys and
+troubles of my life, and yet who would live and not love?  Those who
+have tried the insipidness of it would, I believe, never choose it.
+Mr. Waller says--
+
+  'What know we of the bless'd above.
+  But that they sing, and that they love!'
+
+And 'tis enough; for if there is so charming a delight in the love, and
+suitableness in humors, to creatures, what must it be to the clarified
+spirits to love in the presence of God!"
+
+Algernon Sydney was a man of very powerful mind and of great eloquence,
+in these respects utterly eclipsing his noble compatriot; but in his
+last days it is painful to miss that Christian faith, tenderness of
+heart, and beautiful religious hope, which shone with such serene
+brightness amidst the sorrows of his friend.  Sydney was a staunch
+republican, and his patriotism was cast in the hard and severe mould of
+ancient Rome.  He was another Brutus.  This distinguished man was
+executed on Tower-hill, December the 7th, 1683, and faced death with
+the utmost indifference, not seeking any aid from the ministers of
+religion in his last moments, nor addressing the assembled multitude,
+but only remarking to those who stood by that he had made his peace
+with God, and had nothing to say to man.
+
+Another sufferer in the same cause, less known to history, but more
+closely connected with London, was alderman Cornish.  From his great
+zeal in the cause of Protestantism, he had become peculiarly odious to
+the reigning powers.  He was suddenly accused of treason, and hurried
+to Newgate on the 13th of October.  On the following Saturday he
+received notice of his indictment, and the next Monday was arraigned at
+the bar.  Having been denied time to prepare his defence, he was
+completely in the hands of his persecutors, who wreaked on him their
+vengeance with merciless intensity and haste.  On the 23d of the same
+month, he was hanged, drawn, and quartered, in front of his own house,
+at the end of King-street, Cheapside.  After his death his innocency
+was established, and it is said that James, who now occupied the
+throne, lamented the injustice he had done.  The duke of Monmouth, the
+king's nephew, perished on Tower-hill, July, 1685, for his rebellion in
+the western counties.  The awful tragedy of an execution, with which
+the citizens had become so familiar, was in this instance rendered
+additionally horrid by the circumstance that the headsman, after
+several ineffectual attempts to decapitate his victim, who, with the
+gashes in his neck, reproached him for his tardiness, flung down the
+axe, declaring he could not go on; forced by the sheriffs, the man at
+length fulfilled his bloody task.
+
+The arbitrary and cruel government of the country for many years was
+now on the point of working out its remedy.  The trial and acquittal of
+the seven bishops at Westminster hastened on a crisis, and nothing
+could exceed the joy which the city evinced on that occasion.  On their
+way to the Tower by water, the most enthusiastic demonstrations of
+sympathy were evinced by the multitudes who lined the banks of the
+Thames, and on reaching the fortress itself, the garrison knelt and
+begged their blessing.  Their subsequent discharge on bail, and
+especially their final acquittal, excited boundless joy throughout the
+city, and were celebrated by bonfires and illuminations.  The king,
+observing the tide of popular feeling set in so decidedly against him,
+endeavored to reconcile the city of London by restoring to it the
+charter, which, in his brother's reign, had been so unjustly taken
+away.  But though this brought votes of thanks in return, it
+established no confidence towards the sovereign on the part of the
+people.  The prince of Orange, invited over by several distinguished
+persons, wearied by the long continuance of tyranny, landed at Torbay,
+when James, having committed the care of the metropolis to the lord
+mayor, marched forth to meet his formidable rival.  The result belongs
+to the history of England.  The lords spiritual and temporal held one
+of their important meetings, during the interregnum, at Guildhall, and
+summoned to it the chief magistrate and aldermen.  Judge Jeffreys, of
+infamous memory, was brought before the lord mayor, and committed to
+the Tower, where he died through excessive drinking.  Disturbances
+broke out in the city, and the populace plundered the houses of the
+papists.  The mayor, aldermen, and a deputation from the common
+council, were summoned to attend the convention parliament, which
+raised the prince of Orange to the throne.  These are the principal
+incidents in the history of London, as connected with the glorious
+revolution of 1688.
+
+William and Mary were soon welcomed by the citizens to a very splendid
+entertainment, the usual token of loyalty offered by them to new
+sovereigns; and no time was lost by their majesties in reversing the
+_quo warranto_, and fully restoring to the city its ancient charter.
+When a conspiracy against William was discovered, in 1692, the city
+train bands displayed their loyalty, and marched to Hyde Park to be
+reviewed by the queen; and again, when an assassination plot was
+detected, an association was formed among the citizens to defend his
+person.  These occurrences, with sundry rejoicings and entertainments
+upon the king's return to this country, after the Irish and foreign
+campaigns in which he engaged, are the principal civic events connected
+with the reign of William III.
+
+On turning from the political history of London to look at the manners
+and morals of society during the latter part of the seventeenth
+century, our attention is immediately arrested by the scenes at
+Whitehall during the reign of Charles II.  There the monarch fixed his
+court, gathering around him some of the most profligate persons of the
+age, and freely indulging in the most criminal pleasures.  The palace
+was adorned with the greatest splendor, the ceilings and walls being
+decorated, and the furniture and other ornaments being fashioned
+according to the French taste, as it then prevailed under Louis XIV.
+Courtiers and idlers here flocked together from day to day, to lounge
+in the galleries, to talk over public news and private scandal, and to
+listen to the tales and jests of the king, whose presence was very
+accessible, and whose wit and familiarity with his courtiers made him a
+great favorite.  Banquets, balls, and gambling, formed the amusements
+of the evening, often disgraced by open licentiousness.  "I can never
+forget," says Evelyn, "the inexpressible luxury and profaneness, gaming
+and all dissoluteness, and as it were total forgetfulness of God, (it
+being Sunday evening,) which this day se'nnight I was witness of."
+This was at the close of the sovereign's wretched career.  "Six days
+after," adds the writer, "was all in the dust!"  This passage cannot
+but call up in the Christian mind, awful thoughts of the eternal
+condition of such as spend their days in the pleasures of sin, and then
+drop into that invisible world, on the brink of which they were all
+along "sporting themselves with their own deceivings."  Sinful
+practices, such as stained the court of Charles II., are too often
+attempted to be disguised under palliative terms; but the solemn
+warning of Scripture remains, "Let no man deceive you with vain words,
+for because of these things cometh the wrath of God on the children of
+disobedience."  It is pleasing here to remember, that among those whom
+their dignified station, or their duties towards the sovereign and
+royal family, brought more or less into contact with the court, there
+were persons of a very different character from the gay circle around
+them, and whose thoughts, amidst the most brilliant spectacles, were
+lifted up to objects that are beyond earthly vision.  "In the morning,"
+says lady Warwick, in her diary, April 23, 1667, "as soon as dressed,
+in a short prayer I committed my soul to God, then went to Whitehall,
+and dined at my lord chamberlain's, then went to see the celebration of
+St. George's feast, which was a very glorious sight.  Whilst I was in
+the Banqueting House, hearing the trumpets sounding, in the midst of
+all that great show God was pleased to put very mortifying thoughts
+into my mind, and to make me consider, what if the trump of God should
+now sound?--which thought did strike me with some seriousness, and made
+me consider in what glory I had in that very place seen the late king,
+and yet out of that very place he was brought to have his head cut off.
+And I had also many thoughts how soon all that glory might be laid in
+the dust, and I did in the midst of it consider how much greater glory
+was provided for a poor sincere child of God.  I found, blessed be God!
+that my heart was not at all taken with anything I saw, but esteemed it
+not worth the being taken with."--_Lady Warwick's Memoirs_.  Lady
+Godolphin was another beautiful instance of purity and piety amidst
+scenes of courtly splendor, and manifold temptations to worldliness and
+vice; and the more remarkable in this respect, that her duties required
+her frequent attendance at Whitehall, and brought her into close
+contact with the perils of the place.
+
+The parks were favorite places of resort.  "Hyde Park," observes a
+cotemporary writer, "every one knows is the promenade of London;
+nothing was so much in fashion during the fine weather as that
+promenade, which was the rendezvous of magnificence and beauty; every
+one, therefore, who had a splendid equipage, constantly repaired
+thither, and the king seemed pleased with the place.  Coaches with
+glasses were then a late invention; the ladies were afraid of being
+shut up in them."  Charles was fond of walking in the parks, which he
+did with such rapidity, and for such a length of time as to wear out
+his courtiers.  He once said to prince George of Denmark, who was
+corpulent, "Walk with me, and hunt with my brother, and you will not
+long be distressed with growing fat."  Playing with dogs, feeding
+ducks, and chatting with people, were occupations the king was much
+addicted to, and were thought by his subjects to be so condescending,
+familiar, and kind, that they tended much to promote his personal
+popularity with the London citizens and others.  Along St. James's
+Park, at the back of what are now Carlton Gardens, there ran a wall,
+which formed the boundary of the king's garden.  On the north side of
+it was an avenue, with rows of elms on one side, and limes on the
+other, the one sheltering a carriage road, the other a foot-path.
+Between lay an open space, called Pall Mall, which designation was
+derived from a game played there, consisting of striking a ball through
+an iron hoop suspended on a lofty pole.  This was a favorite sport in
+the days of Charles, and many a gay young cavalier exercised himself,
+and displayed his dexterity among those green shades, where now piles
+of houses line the busy street, still retaining the name it bore nearly
+two centuries ago.
+
+The pleasures of the parks and Whitehall, with all the licentious
+accompaniments of the latter, were not always enough to meet the
+vitiated appetite for amusement which then prevailed among the
+courtiers.  Lord Rochester--whose end formed such a striking contrast
+to his life; whose sorrow for his sins was so intense, and his desire
+for forgiveness and spiritual renewal so earnest--was prominent in
+these extravagances, and set himself up in Tower-street as an Italian
+mountebank, professing to effect extraordinary cures.  Sometimes, also,
+he went about in the attire of a porter or beggar.  This taste was
+cherished and indulged by the highest personages.  "At this time,"
+(1668,) says Burnet, "the court fell into much extravagance in
+masquerading; both the king and queen and all the court went about
+masked, and came into houses unknown, and danced there with a great
+deal of wild frolic.  In all this people were so disguised, that
+without being in the secret none could distinguish them.  They were
+carried about in hackney chairs.  Once the queen's chairman, not
+knowing who she was, went from her.  So she was alone, and was much
+disturbed, and came to Whitehall in a hackney coach; some say a cart."
+Scenes of dissipation at Whitehall, with occasional excesses of the
+kind just noticed, make up the history of the court at London during
+the reign of Charles II.  The palace, under his brother James, who,
+with all his popish zeal, was far from a pure and virtuous man, though
+cleansed from some of its pollution, was still the witness of lax
+morals.  The habits of William III. and his queen Mary, greatly changed
+the aspect of things at Whitehall, till its destruction by fire, (the
+Banqueting House excepted,) in the year 1691.  Afterwards the royal
+residence was either at Kensington or Hampton Court.
+
+The riotous pleasures of Charles II. and his favorites, naturally
+encouraged imitation among the citizens of London, and during the whole
+reign of Charles it was full of scenes of revelry.  The excesses which
+had been restrained during the commonwealth, and the abandoned
+characters who, to escape the churchwardens and other censors of public
+morals, sought refuge in retired haunts of villany, now appeared in
+open day.  The restoration had introduced a sort of saturnalia; and no
+wonder, then, that the event was annually celebrated by the lovers of
+frivolous pleasure in London, with the gayest rejoicings, in which the
+garland and the dance bore a conspicuous part.  While habits of
+dissipation were too common among the inhabitants generally, vice and
+crime were encouraged among the abandoned classes, by the existence of
+privileged places, such as Whitefriars, the Savoy, Fuller's Rents, and
+the Minories, where men who had lost all character and credit took
+refuge, and carried on with impunity their nefarious practices.  Other
+persons, also, who ranked with decent London tradesmen, would sometimes
+avail themselves of these spots; and we are informed that even late in
+the seventeenth century, men in full credit used to buy all the goods
+they could lay their hands on, and carry them directly to Whitefriars,
+and then sending for their creditors, insult them with the exhibition
+of their property, and the offer of some miserable composition in
+return.  If they refused the compromise, they were set at defiance.
+
+The flood of licentiousness which rolled through the city in the time
+of Charles II. happily proved insufficient to break down the religious
+character of a large number of persons, who had been trained under the
+faithful evangelical ministry of earlier times, or had been impressed
+by the teaching of earnest-minded preachers and pastors who still
+remained.  The fire, as well as the plague, in connection with the
+fidelity of some of God's servants, was, no doubt, instrumental, under
+the blessing of his Holy Spirit, in turning the hearts of many from
+darkness to light.  The black cloud, as Janeway calls it, which no wind
+could blow over, till it fell in such scalding drops, also folded up in
+its skirts treasures of mercy for some, whose souls had been
+unimpressed by milder means.
+
+By the Act of Uniformity many devoted ministers had been silenced in
+London--Richard Baxter, among the rest, whose sermons had attracted, as
+they well might, the most crowded auditories;[1] but in private they
+continued to do the work of their heavenly Master; and when spaces of
+toleration occurred in the persecuting reigns of Charles and James II.,
+they opened places of worship, and discharged their holy functions with
+happy effects on their numerous auditories.  After the fire, they were
+for a little time in the enjoyment of this privilege; but, in 1670, an
+act was passed for the suppression of conventicles, and the buildings
+were forthwith converted into tabernacles, for the use of the
+establishment while the parish churches were rebuilding.  Eight places
+of this description are mentioned, of which may be noticed the
+meeting-house of the excellent Mr. Vincent, in Hand-alley,
+Bishopsgate-street, a large room, with three galleries, thirty large
+pews, and many benches and forms; and also Mr. Doolittle's
+meeting-house, built of brick, with three galleries, full of large pews
+below.  Dr. Manton, a celebrated Presbyterian divine, was apprehended
+on a Sunday afternoon, at the close of his sermon, and committed a
+prisoner to the Gate-house.  His meeting-house in White-yard was broken
+up, and a fine of £40 imposed on the people, and £20 on the minister.
+It is related of James Janeway, that as he was walking by the wall at
+Rotherhithe, a bullet was fired at him; and that a mob of soldiers once
+broke into his meeting house in Jamaica-row, and leaped upon the
+benches.  Amidst the confusion, some of his friends threw over him a
+colored coat, and placed a white hat on his head, to facilitate his
+escape.  Once, while preaching in a gardener's house, he was surprised
+by a band of troopers, when, throwing himself on the ground, some
+persons covered him with cabbage leaves, and so preserved him from his
+enemies.  (Spiritual Heroes, p. 313.)  In secresy the good people often
+met to worship, according to the dictates of their consciences; and
+until lately there remained in the ruins of the old priory of
+Bartholomew, in Smithfield, doors in the crypt, which tradition
+reported to have been used for admission into the gloomy subterranean
+recesses, where the persecuted ones, like the primitive Christians in
+the catacombs of Rome, worshiped the Father through Jesus Christ.  The
+Friends, or Quakers, as they were termed, at this time manifested great
+intrepidity, and continued their worship as before, not stirring at the
+approach of the officers who came to arrest them, but meekly going all
+together to prison, where they stayed till they were dismissed, for
+they would not pay the penalties imposed on them, nor even the jail
+fees.  On being discharged, they went to their meeting-houses as
+before, and finding them closed, crowded in the street around the door,
+saying "they would not be ashamed nor afraid to disown their meeting
+together in a peaceable manner to worship God, but in imitation of the
+prophet Daniel, they would do it more publicly because they were
+forbid."  _Neale's Puritans_, vol. iv, p. 433.  William Penn and
+William Mead, two distinguished members of the Society of Friends, were
+tried at the Old Bailey in 1670, and were cruelly insulted by the
+court.  The jury, not bringing in such a harsh verdict as was desired,
+were threatened with being locked up without "meat, drink, fire, or
+tobacco."  "We are a peaceable people, and cannot offer violence to any
+man," said Penn; adding, as he turned to the jury, "You are Englishmen,
+mind your privileges, give not away your rights."  They responded to
+the noble appeal, and acquitted the innocent prisoners.
+
+When, in the next year, Charles exercised a dispensing power, and set
+aside the persecuting acts, wishing to give freedom to the papists,
+most of the London nonconformist ministers took out licences, and great
+numbers attended their meetings.  In 1672, the famous Merchants'
+Lecture was set up in Pinner's Hall, and the most learned and popular
+of the dissenting divines were appointed to deliver it.  Alderman Love,
+member for the city, in the name of such as agreed with him, stood up
+in the House of Commons, refusing to take the benefit of the dispensing
+power as unconstitutional.  He said, "he had rather go without his own
+desired liberty than have it in a way so destructive of the liberties
+of his country and the Protestant interest, and that this was the sense
+of the main body of dissenters."  The indulgence was withdrawn.
+Toleration bills failed in the House of Commons.  The Test Act was
+brought in; fruitless attempts were made for a comprehension; and
+London was once more a scene of persecution.  Informers went abroad,
+seeking out places where nonconformists were assembled, following them
+to their homes, taking down their names, ascertaining suspected
+parties, listening to private conversation, prying into domestic
+scenes, and then delivering over their prey into the hands of miscalled
+officers of justice, who exacted fines, and rifled their goods, or
+carried them off to prison.  Such proceedings occurred at several
+periods in the reigns of Charles and James II., after which the
+revolution of 1688 brought peace and freedom of worship to the
+long-oppressed nonconformists in London and throughout the country.
+
+Popery lifted up its head in London on the restoration of Charles II.
+Many professors of it accompanied the king on his accession to the
+throne, and crowded round the court, being treated with conspicuous
+favor.  The queen-mother came from France, and took up her abode at
+Somerset House, where she gathered round her a number of Roman Catholic
+priests.  The foreign ambassadors' chapels were used by English
+papists, who thus obtained liberty of worship, while the London
+Protestant nonconformists were shamefully persecuted.  Jesuit schools
+and seminaries were established, under royal patronage, and popish
+bishops were consecrated in the royal chapel of St. James's.  At
+Whitehall, the ecclesiastics appeared in their canonical habits, and
+were encouraged in their attempts to proselyte the people to the
+unreformed faith.  A diarist of the times, under date January 23, 1667,
+records a visit he paid to the popish establishment in St. James's
+Palace, composed of the chaplains and priests connected with Catharine
+of Braganza, Charles II.'s queen: "I saw the dormitory and the cells of
+the priests, and we went into one--a very pretty little room, very
+clean, hung with pictures, and set with books.  The priest was in his
+cell, with his hair-clothes to his skin, barelegged, with a sandal only
+on, and his little bed without sheets, and no feather bed, but yet I
+thought soft enough, his cord about his middle; but in so good company,
+living with ease, I thought it a very good life.  A pretty library they
+have: and I was in the refectory where every man had his napkin, knife,
+cup of earth, and basin of the same; and a place for one to sit and
+read while the rest are at meals.  And into the kitchen I went, where a
+good neck of mutton at the fire, and other victuals boiling--I do not
+think they fared very hard.  Their windows all looking into a fine
+garden and the park, and mighty pretty rooms all.  I wished myself one
+of the Capuchins."
+
+But it does not appear that the London commonalty were infected with
+the love of the Papal Church, whatever might be done at court to foster
+it.  On the contrary, a strong feeling was cherished by multitudes in
+opposition to all the popish proceedings of their superiors.
+Ebullitions of popular sentiment on the question frequently appeared,
+especially in the annual burning of the pope's effigy, on the 17th of
+November, at Temple Bar.  This was to celebrate the accession of Queen
+Elizabeth; and after the discovery of the so-called Meal Tub plot, in
+the reign of Charles II., it was performed with increased parade and
+ceremony.  The morning was ushered in with the ringing of bells, and in
+the evening a procession took place, by the light of flambeaux, to the
+number of some thousands.  The balconies, and windows, and tops of
+houses, were crowded with eager faces, reflecting the light that blazed
+up from the moving crowds along the streets.  Mock friars, bishops, and
+cardinals, with the pope, headed by a man on horseback, personating the
+dead body of Sir Edmondbury Godfery, composed the spectacle.  It
+started from Bishopsgate, and passing along Cheapside and Fleet-street
+terminated at Temple Bar, where the pope was cast into a bonfire, and
+the whole concluded with a display of fireworks.  While anti-popish
+proceedings of this description might be leavened with much of the
+ignorance and intolerance which mark the odious system thus assailed,
+and can, therefore, be regarded with little satisfaction, it must be
+remembered that there was abundant cause at that time for those who
+prized the liberties of their country, as well as those who valued the
+truths of religion, to regard with alarm and to resist with vigor the
+incursions of a political Church, which sought to crush those
+liberties, and to darken those truths.  The evils of Popery, inherent
+and unchangeable, obtruded themselves most offensively, and with a
+threatening aspect, at a period when they were defended and maintained
+in high places; and it was notorious that the successor to the English
+crown was plotting for the revival of Popish ascendency.  During the
+reign of James II., the grounds of excitement became stronger than
+before.  Everything dear to Englishmen as well as Protestants was at
+stake.  The destinies of Church and state, of religion and civil
+policy, were trembling in the balance.  Men's hearts might well fail
+them for fear, and only confidence in the power of truth, and the God
+of truth, with earnest prayer for his gracious succor and protection,
+could still and soothe their agitated bosoms.  Weapons of the right
+kind were employed.  The best divines of the Church of England manfully
+contended in argument against the baneful errors of Romanism.
+Dissenting divines, especially Baxter, threw their energies into the
+same conflict.  Political measures were also adopted vigorously and
+with decision--their nature we can neither criticise nor describe--and
+through the good providence of God our fathers were delivered from an
+impending curse, which we pray may neither in our times, nor in future
+ages, light on our beloved land.
+
+In approaching the termination of this chapter, it is desirable to
+insert some account of the extent and state of buildings in London at
+the close of the seventeenth century, and a few notices of other
+matters relating to that period, which have not yet come under our
+consideration.  Chamberlayne, in his _Angliæ Notitia_, 1692, dwells
+with warm delight upon the description of the London squares, "those
+magnificent piazzas," as he terms them; and then enumerates
+Lincoln's-inn-fields, Convent Garden, St. James's-square,
+Leicester-fields, Southampton-square, Red Lion-square, Golden-square,
+Spitalfields-square, and "that excellent new structure, called the
+King's-square," now Soho.  These were all extramural, and beyond the
+liberties of the municipality, and they show how the metropolis was
+extending, especially in the western direction.  As early as 1662, an
+act was passed for paving Pall Mall, the Haymarket, and St.
+James's-street.  Clarendon, in 1604, built his splendid mansion in
+Piccadilly, called in reproach Dunkirk House by the common people, who
+"were of opinion that he had a good bribe for the selling of that
+town."  Others, says Burnet, called it Holland House, because he was
+believed to be no friend to the war.  It was much praised for its
+magnificence, and for the beautiful country prospect it commanded.
+Evelyn's record of an interview with the builder of the proud palace,
+is an affecting illustration of the vanity of this world's grandeur,
+and of the disappointments and mortifications that follow ambition.
+Clarendon had lost the favor of his sovereign, and the confidence of
+the public.  "I found him in his garden," says Evelyn, "at his
+new-built palace, sitting in his gout wheel-chair, and seeing the gates
+set up towards the north and the fields.  He looked and spake very
+disconsolately.  After some while, deploring his condition to me, I
+took my leave.  Next morning, I heard he was gone." The house was
+afterwards pulled down.  In 1668, Burlington House was finished, placed
+where it is because it was at the time of its erection thought certain
+that no one would build beyond it.  "In London," says Sir William
+Chambers, "many of our noblemen's palaces towards the streets look like
+convents; nothing appears but a high wall, with one or two large gates,
+in which there is a hole for those who are privileged to go in and out.
+If a coach arrives, the whole gate is open indeed, but this is an
+operation that requires time, and the porter is very careful to shut it
+up again immediately, for reasons to him very weighty.  Few in this
+vast city suspect, I believe, that behind an old brick wall in
+Piccadilly there is one of the finest pieces of architecture in
+Europe."  All to the west and north of Burlington House was park and
+country, where huntsmen followed the chase, or fowlers plied their
+toils with gun and net, or anglers wielded rod and line on the margin
+of fair ponds of water.  "We should greatly err," observes Mr.
+Macaulay, "if we were to suppose that any of the streets and squares
+then wore the same appearance as at present.  The great majority of the
+houses, indeed, have since that time been wholly or in part rebuilt.
+If the most fashionable parts of the capital could be placed before us,
+such as they then were, we should be disgusted with their squalid
+appearance, and poisoned by their noisome atmosphere.  In Convent
+Garden a filthy and noisy market was held, close to the dwellings of
+the great.  Fruit women screamed, carters fought, cabbage stalks and
+rotten apples accumulated in heaps, at the thresholds of the countess
+of Berkshire and of the bishop of Durham."  Shops in those days did not
+present the bravery of plate glass and bold inscriptions, with all
+sorts of devices, but exhibited small windows, with huge frames which
+concealed rather than displayed the wares within; while all manner of
+signs, including Saracens' heads, blue bears, golden lambs, and
+terrific griffins, with other wonders, swung on projecting irons across
+the street, an humble resemblance of the row of banners lining the
+chapels of the Garter and the Bath, at Windsor and Westminster.  Though
+a general paving and cleansing act for the streets of London was passed
+in 1671, they continued long afterwards in a deplorably filthy
+condition, the inconvenience occasioned by day being greatly increased
+at night by the dense darkness, at best but miserably alleviated by the
+few candles set up in compliance with the watchman's appeal, "Hang out
+your lights."  Glass lamps, known by the name of convex lights, were
+introduced into use in 1694, and continued to be employed for
+twenty-one years, after which there was a relapse into the old system.
+It was dangerous to go abroad after dark without a lantern, and the
+streets, with a few wayfarers, guided by this humble illumination, must
+have presented a spectacle not unlike some gloomy country path, with
+here and there a traveler.
+
+Inns, of course, which still wore the appearance of the old hotels, and
+have left a relic for example in the yard of the Spread Eagle, and a
+more notable one in that of the Talbot, Southwark, had their
+conspicuous signs, including animals known and unknown, and heads
+without end.  From their huge and hospitable gateways all the public
+conveyances of London took their departure; and in an alphabetical list
+of these, in 1684, the daily outgoings average forty-one, but the
+numbers in one day are very unequal to those in another, seventy-one
+departing on a Thursday, and only nine on a Tuesday.  As there was only
+one conveyance at a time to the same place, we have a remarkable
+illustration in this record of the public provision for traveling, as
+well as the stay-at-home habits of our good forefathers of the middle
+class, about a century and a half ago.  The gentry and nobility were
+the chief travelers, and they performed their expeditions on horseback,
+or in their own coaches.  As to the number of the inhabitants in
+London, at the close of the century, only an approximation to the fact
+can be made, for no census of the population was taken.  According to
+the number of deaths, it is computed there were about half a million of
+souls--a population seventeen times larger than that of the second town
+in the kingdom, three times greater than that of Amsterdam, and more
+than those of Paris and Rome, or Paris and Rouen put together.  Though
+the amount of trade was small compared with what it is now, yet the sum
+of more than thirty thousand a year, in the shape of customs, (it is
+more than eleven millions now,) filled our ancestors with astonishment.
+Writers of that day speak of the masts of the ships in the river as
+resembling a forest, and of the wealth of the merchants, according to
+the notions of the day, as princelike.  More men, wrote Sir Josiah
+Child in 1688, were to be found upon the Exchange of London, worth ten
+thousand pounds than thirty years before there were worth one thousand.
+He adds, there were one hundred coaches kept now for one formerly; and
+remarks, that a serge gown, once worn by a gentlewoman, was now
+discarded by a chambermaid.  The manufactures of the country were
+greatly increased and wonderfully improved by the arrival of multitudes
+of French artisans in 1685, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes.
+"An entire suburb of London," says Voltaire, in his _Siècle de Louis
+XIV._, "was peopled with French manufacturers of silk; others carried
+thither the art of making crystal in perfection, which has been since
+this epoch lost in France."  Spitalfields is the suburb alluded to;
+thousands besides were located in Soho and St. Giles's.  "London,"
+observes Chamberlayne, in 1692, "is a large magazine of men, money,
+ships, horses, and ammunition; of all sorts of commodities, necessary
+or expedient for the use or pleasure of mankind.  It is the mighty
+rendezvous of nobility, gentry, courtiers, divines, lawyers,
+physicians, merchants, seamen, and all kinds of excellent artificers of
+the most refined arts, and most excellent beauties; for it is observed,
+that in most families of England, if there be any son or daughter that
+excels the rest in beauty or wit, or perhaps courage or industry, or
+any other rare quality, London is their north star, and they are never
+at rest till they point directly thither."
+
+
+
+[1] He mentions his preaching once at St. Dunstan's church, when an
+accident occurred, which alarmed the vast concourse, and was likely to
+have occasioned much mischief.  He relates the odd circumstance of an
+old woman, squeezed in the crowd, asking forgiveness of God at the
+church door, and promising, if he would deliver her that time she would
+never come to the place again.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+LONDON DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+From Maitland, who published his History of London in 1739, we learn
+that there were at that time, within the bills of mortality, 5,099
+streets, 95,968 houses, 207 inns, 447 taverns, and 551 coffee-houses.
+In 1681, the bills included 132 parishes; 147 are found in those for
+the year 1744.  Judging from the bills of mortality, which however
+cannot be trusted as accurate, population considerably increased in
+that portion of the century included in Maitland's history.  During the
+seventeen years from 1703 to 1721, the total number of burials was
+393,034.  During the next seventeen years, to 1738, they amounted to
+457,779.  The extension of London was still towards the west.  In the
+Weekly Journal of 1717 it is stated, the new buildings between
+Bond-street and Marylebone go on with all possible diligence, and the
+houses even let and sell before they are built.  In 1723, the duke of
+Grafton and the earl of Grantham purchased the waste ground at the
+upper end of Albemarle and Dover-streets for gardens, and turned a road
+leading into May Fair another way.  (London, vol. i, p. 310.)
+Devonshire House remained for some time the boundary of the buildings
+in Piccadilly, though farther on, by the Hyde Park Corner, there were
+several habitations.  Lanesborough House stood there by the top of
+Constitution-hill, and was, in 1773, converted into an infirmary, since
+rebuilt, and now known as St. George's Hospital.  It may be added, that
+Westminster Hospital, the first institution of the kind supported by
+voluntary contributions, was founded in 1719.  Several churches were
+erected in the early part of the eighteenth century.  In the year 1711,
+an act was passed for the erection of no less than fifty, but only ten
+had been built on new foundations when Maitland published his work.
+These ecclesiastical edifices exhibit the architectural taste of the
+age.  The finest specimen of the period is the church of St.
+Martin-in-the-fields, built by Gibbs.  It was commenced in 1721, and
+finished in 1726, at a cost of nearly £37,000.  In spite of the
+drawback in the ill-placed steeple over the portico, without any
+basement tower, the building strikes the beholder with an emotion of
+delight.  St. George's, Hanover-square, and St. George's, Bloomsbury,
+(the latter exhibiting a remarkable campanile,) were also built about
+the same time, the one in 1724, the other in 1731.  Almost all the
+churches built after the fire are in the modern style, imported from
+Italy.  In its colonnades, porticoes, architraves, and columns, this
+style presents elements of the Greek school of design, but differently
+arranged, more complicated in composition, more florid and ambitious in
+detail.  Taste must assign the palm of superiority to the Grecian
+temple, with its severe beauty and chastened sublimity.  The one style
+indicates the era of original genius, and exhibits the fruits of
+masterminds in that line of invention, while the other marks an epoch
+of mere imitation, supplying only the degenerate produce of
+transplanted taste.
+
+Feeble attempts were made to improve the state of the streets, but they
+remained pretty much in their former condition till the Paving Act of
+1762.  Stalls, sheds, and sign-posts obstructed the path, and the
+pavement was left to the inhabitants, to be made "in such a manner, and
+with such materials, as pride, poverty, or caprice might suggest.  Curb
+stones were unknown, and the footway was exposed to the carriage-way,
+except in some of the principal streets, where a line of posts and
+chains, or wooden paling, afforded occasional protection.  It was a
+matter of moment to go near the wall; and Gay, in his Trivia, supplies
+directions to whom to yield it, and to whom to refuse it."--_Handbook_,
+by Cunninghame, xxxi.  "In the last age," says Johnson, "when my mother
+lived in London, there were two sets of people--those who gave the wall
+and those who took it, the peaceable and the quarrelsome.  Now it is
+fixed that every man keeps to the right; and if one is taking the wall
+another yields it, and it is never a dispute."  The lighting, drainage,
+and police, were all in a wretched condition.
+
+To attempt to give anything like a detailed chronological account of
+events in London during the first half of the eighteenth century, is
+neither possible nor desirable in a work like this.  Indeed, the far
+greater part of the incidents recorded in the city chronicles relates
+to royal visits, city feasts, celebration of victories, local tumults,
+and remarkable storms and frosts.  All that can be done, or expected,
+in this small volume, is to fix upon a few leading and important scenes
+and events, illustrative of the times.
+
+In the reign of queen Anne, the chief matter of interest in connection
+with London was the political excitement which prevailed.  It turned
+upon questions relating to the Church and the toleration of dissenters.
+Dean Swift, in a letter dated London, December, 1703, tells a friend,
+that the occasional Conformity Bill, intended to nullify the Toleration
+Act, was then the subject of everybody's conversation.  "It was so
+universal," observes the witty dean, "that I observed the dogs in the
+street much more contumelious and quarrelsome than usual; and the very
+night before the bill went up, a committee of Whig and Tory cats had a
+very warm debate upon the roof of our house."  Defoe, the well-known
+author of Robinson Crusoe, and a London citizen, rendered himself very
+conspicuous by his advocacy of the rights of conscience; and in
+consequence of writing an ironical work, which then created great
+excitement, entitled, "The Shortest Way with the Dissenters," he was
+doomed to stand three successive days in the pillory, at the Royal
+Exchange by the Cheapside Conduit, and near Temple Bar.  Immense crowds
+gathered to gaze on the sufferer; but "the people, who were expected to
+treat him ill, on the contrary pitied him, and wished those who set him
+there were placed in his room, and expressed their affections by loud
+shouts and acclamations when he was taken down."--_Life of Defoe_, by
+Chalmers, p. 28.
+
+The political excitement of London reached its height during the trial
+of Dr. Sacheverell.  He had preached two sermons, one of which was
+delivered in St. Paul's Cathedral, on the 5th of November, 1709, in
+which he inculcated the doctrine of passive obedience and
+non-resistance, and inveighed with great bitterness against all
+nonconformists.  The drift of his sermon was to undermine the
+principles of the Revolution, though he professed to approve of that
+event, pretending to consider it as by no means a case of resistance to
+the supreme power.  The ministry, considering that his doctrine struck
+a fatal blow at the constitution, as established in 1688, prosecuted
+him accordingly.  With Sacheverell numbers of the clergy sympathized,
+especially Atterbury, the leader of his party.  It was supposed that
+the queen was not unfriendly to the arraigned divine.  He was escorted
+to Westminster Hall, the place of his trial, by immense crowds of
+people, who rent the air with their huzzas.  The queen herself attended
+at the proceedings, and was hailed with deafening shouts, as she
+stepped from her carriage, "God bless your majesty; we hope your
+majesty is for Dr. Sacheverell."  The spacious building in which he was
+tried, the scene of so many state trials, was fitted up for the
+occasion, benches and galleries being provided for peers and commoners,
+peeresses and gentlewomen, who crowded every seat; the lower classes
+squeezing themselves to suffocation into the part of the old building
+allotted to their use.  The London rabble were so much excited by what
+took place, or were so completely swayed by more influential
+malcontents, that on the evening of the second day of the trial they
+attacked a meeting-house in New-Court, tearing away doors and
+casements, pews and pulpit, and proceeding with the spoil to
+Lincoln's-inn-fields.  In the open space--where was then no fair garden
+inclosed with palisades, it being a rendezvous for mountebanks, dancing
+bears, and baited bulls--the populace kindled a bonfire, and consumed
+the ruins of the conventicle.  They went forth in quest of the
+minister, Mr. Burgess, in order to burn him and his pulpit together.
+Happily disappointed of their victim, they wreaked their vengeance upon
+six other dissenting places of worship.  An episcopal church in
+Clerkenwell shared the same fate, being mistaken for one of the hated
+structures through want of a steeple; for steeple and no steeple
+probably constituted the only difference in religion appreciable by
+these infatuated mortals.  The advocates of toleration, even though
+they might be good Churchmen, as Bishop Burnet for example, were also
+in danger.  Indeed, the tumult became of such grave importance, that
+queen and magistrates, court and city, felt it a duty to combine in
+order to quell the disgraceful outbreak.  A few sword cuts, and the
+capture of several prisoners, put down the insurrection; but
+ecclesiastical politics still ran high in London, and whigs and
+dissenters were in low estimation in many quarters, till the Hanoverian
+succession brightened the prospects of the liberal party.  While Queen
+Anne lay ill, deep anxiety pervaded the political circles in London.
+It is not generally known, but it is stated on the authority of
+tradition, that the first place in which the decease of Anne was
+publicly announced, and the accession of George I. proclaimed, was the
+very meeting-house in New Court which had been formerly attacked by the
+mob.  The day on which the queen died was a Sunday; and as Bishop
+Burnet was riding in his coach through Smithfield, he met Mr. Bradbury,
+then the minister of the chapel, and told him that immediately upon the
+royal demise, then momentarily expected, he would send a messenger to
+give tidings of the event.  Before the morning service was over a man
+appeared in the gallery, and dropped a handkerchief, being the
+preconcerted signal; whereupon the preacher, in his last prayer,
+alluded to the removal of her majesty, and implored a blessing on King
+George and the house of Hanover.
+
+The most striking feature in the history of London in the reign of
+George I., was the extraordinary spirit of speculation which then
+existed.  The moderate gains of trade and commerce did not satisfy the
+cupidity of the human breast, which then, as it has done since, burst
+out into a fever, that consumed all reason, prudence, and principle.
+Men made haste to be rich, and consequently fell into temptation and a
+snare.  In 1717, an unprecedented excitement pervaded the money market.
+Every one familiar with the city knows the plain-looking edifice of
+brick and stone which stands in Threadneedle-street, not far from the
+Flower-pot, and which is so well described by one whose youth was
+passed within it, as "deserted or thinly peopled, with few or no traces
+of comers-in or goers-out, like what Ossian describes, when he says, I
+passed by the walls of Balclutha, and they were desolate."  That
+grave-looking edifice, now like some respectable citizen retired from
+business, was at one time the busiest place in the world.  A scheme was
+planned and formed for making fortunes by the South Sea trade.  A
+company was incorporated by government for the purpose, and the house
+in Threadneedle-street was the scene of business.  Stock rapidly
+doubled in value, and went on till it reached a premium of nine hundred
+per cent.  People of all ranks flocked to Change-alley, and crowded the
+courts in riotous eagerness to purchase shares.  The nobleman drove
+from the West-end, the squire came up from the country, ladies of
+fashion, and people of no fashion, swarmed round the new El Dorado, to
+dig up the sparkling treasure.  Swift compares these crowds of human
+beings to the waters of the South Sea Gulf, from which their
+imagination was drawing such abundant draughts of wealth.
+
+  "Subscribers here by thousands float,
+    And jostle one another down,
+  Each paddling in her leaky boat,
+    And here they fish for gold, and drown.
+  Now buried in the depths below,
+    Now mounted up to heaven again;
+  They reel and stagger to and fro,
+    At their wits' end like drunken men."
+
+
+The mania spread so that the South Sea scheme itself could not satisfy
+the lust for money.  Maitland enumerates one hundred and fifty-six
+companies formed at this time.  Among some which look feasible, there
+were the following characterized by extravagant absurdities:--An
+association for discovering gold mines, for bleaching hair, for making
+flying engines, for feeding hogs, for erecting salt-pans in Holy
+Island, for making butter from beech trees, for making deal boards out
+of saw-dust, for extracting silver from lead, and finally, (which seems
+to have been much needed to exhaust the maddening vapors that had made
+their way into it,) for manufacturing an air pump for the brain.
+
+Some of them were surely mere satires on the rest; yet Maitland says,
+after giving his long list, "Besides these bubbles, there were
+innumerable more that perished in embryo; however, the sums intended to
+be raised by the above airy projects amounted to about three hundred
+million pounds.  Yet the lowest of the shares in any of them advanced
+above cent. per cent., most above four hundred per cent., and some to
+twenty times the price of subscription."  The bulk of these speculators
+must clearly have been bereft of their senses, and the madness was too
+violent to last long.  The evil worked its own cure.  The golden bubble
+was blown larger, and larger, till it burst.  Then came indescribable
+misery.  Thousands were ruined.  Revenge against the inventors now took
+the place of cupidity, and indignation aroused those who had looked
+patiently on during the rage of the _money_ mania.  One nobleman in
+parliament proposed that the contrivers of the South Sea scheme should,
+after the manner of the Roman parricide, be sown up alive in sacks, and
+flung into the Thames.  A more moderate punishment was inflicted in the
+confiscation of all the estates belonging to the directors of the
+company, amounting to above two millions, which sum was divided among
+the sufferers.  The railway speculation in our own time was a display
+of avarice of the same order; and all such indulgence in the inordinate
+lust of gain is sure to be overtaken, in the end, by its righteous
+penalty.  The laws of Divine providence provide for the punishment of
+those who thus, under the influence of an impetuous selfishness, grasp
+at immoderate possessions.  Covetousness overreaches itself in such
+cases, and misses its mark.  How many instances have occurred in the
+present day illustrative of that wise saying in Holy Scripture: "As the
+partridge sitteth on eggs and hatcheth them not, so he that getteth
+riches and not by right, shall leave them in the midst of his days, and
+at the end shall be a fool!"  The solemn lessons thus suggested should
+be practically studied by the man of business, and while he is taught
+to moderate his desires after the things of this world, he is also
+instructed to turn the main current of his thoughts and feelings into a
+far different channel, to seek durable riches and righteousness--bags
+which wax not old--treasures which thieves cannot break through and
+steal; and to "so pass through things temporal, as not to lose the
+things which are eternal."
+
+The history of London in the reign of George II. is remarkable for the
+excitement which was produced by the northern rebellion, and for a far
+different excitement, which we shall presently notice with great
+delight.  The progress of the arms of Prince Edward, the pretender, in
+the year 1745, created much alarm in all parts of the country,
+especially in London, the seat of government.  When the invading army
+was found to have proceeded as far as Derby, it was generally expected
+it would advance to the metropolis.  The loyalty of the citizens was
+called forth by the impending peril, and all classes hastened to
+express their attachment to the sovereign, and their readiness to
+support the house of Hanover in this great emergency.  The corporation,
+the clergy, and the dissenting ministers, presented dutiful addresses.
+Several corps of volunteers were raised, large sums of money were
+contributed, and even the peace-loving body of Friends came forward to
+furnish the troops with woolen waistcoats to be worn under their
+clothing.  As the cause of Popery was identified with that of the
+pretender, the Papists in London were regarded with great apprehension.
+A proclamation was issued for putting the laws in force against them
+and all non-jurors.  Romanists and reputed Romanists were required to
+remove out of the city, to at least ten miles off.  All Jesuits and
+priests who, after a certain time, should be found within that distance
+were to be brought to trial.  The pretender was defeated at Culloden,
+and the news took off a heavy burden of fear from the minds of the
+London citizens.  Many prisoners were brought to the metropolis, and
+among them the Earl of Kilmarnock, Lord Balmerino, and Lord Lovat, who
+were all executed for treason on Tower-hill.  The beheading of the last
+of these brought to a close the long series of sanguinary spectacles of
+that nature, which had gathered from time to time such a vast concourse
+of citizens, on the hill by the Tower gates.
+
+The other kind of excitement in London, hinted at above, relates to the
+most important of all subjects.  Spiritual religion had been at a low
+ebb for a considerable period among the different denominations of
+Christians.  A cold formalism was but too common.  It is not, however,
+to be inferred that men of sound and earnest piety did not exist, both
+among Churchmen and dissenters.  One beautiful specimen of religious
+fervor and consistency may be mentioned in connection with the earlier
+part of this century.  Sir Thomas Abney, who filled the office of lord
+mayor in 1701, and also represented the city in parliament, is
+described as having been an eminent blessing to his country and the
+Church of God.  He died in 1722, deeply regretted, not only by his
+religious friends, but by his fellow-citizens in general.  We have seen
+or heard it stated respecting him, that during his mayoralty he
+habitually maintained family worship, without suffering it to be
+interrupted by any parties or banquets.  On such occasions prayer was
+introduced, or he retired to present it in the bosom of his family.
+Many other beautiful instances of a devout spirit, of faith in Christ,
+and of love to God, were, no doubt, open at that time to the eye of Him
+who seeth in secret; but neither then, nor for some time afterwards,
+were any vigorous efforts made to bring religion home with power to the
+mass of the London population.  That distinguished man, the Rev. George
+Whitefield, was an instrument in the hand of God of effecting in the
+metropolis, before the close of the first half of the century, an
+unprecedented religious awakening.  He came up to officiate in the
+Tower in 1737, but his first sermon in London was delivered in
+Bishopsgate church.  On his second visit, crowds climbed the leads, and
+hung on the rails of the buildings in which he was engaged to minister,
+while multitudes went away because not able to get anywhere within the
+sound of his voice.  Nothing had been seen like it since the days of
+such men as Baxter and Vincent.  When collections were needed,
+Whitefield was eagerly sought, as the man capable above all others of
+replenishing the exhausted coffers of Christian beneficence.  The
+people sat or stood densely wedged together, with eyes riveted on the
+speaker, and many a tear rolled down the cheeks of citizen and
+apprentice, matron and maiden, as the instructions and appeals of that
+wonderful preacher, expressed in stirring words and phrases, fell upon
+their ears, in tones marvelously rich, varied, and musical.  With an
+eloquence, which now flashed and rolled like the elements in a
+thunder-storm, and then tenderly beamed forth like the sun-ray on the
+flower whose head the storm had drenched and made to droop, did he
+enforce on the people truths which he had gathered out of God's
+precious word, and the power of which he had evidently himself realized
+in all the divinity of their origin, the sublimity of their import, the
+directness of their application, and the unutterable solemnity of their
+results.  As a man dwelling amidst eternal things, with heaven and hell
+before him, the eye of God upon him, and immortal souls around him,
+hastening to their account,--in short, as every minister of Christ's
+holy gospel ought to deliver his message, did he do so.  The holiness
+of God, as a Being of purer eyes than to behold iniquity; the perfect
+excellence of the Divine law; its demand of entire obedience; its
+adaptation, if observed, to promote the happiness of man; its
+spirituality, reaching to the most secret thoughts and affections of
+the heart; the corruption of human nature; the alienation of man from
+God, and his moral inability to keep the Divine law; the sentence of
+everlasting condemnation, which, as the awful, but righteous
+consequence, falls upon our race; the marvelous kindness of God in so
+commending his love to us, "that while we were yet sinners Christ died
+for us;" the Saviour's fulfillment of the law in his gracious
+representative character; the perfect satisfaction for sin rendered by
+his atoning sacrifice; the unutterable condescension and infinite love
+with which he receiveth sinners; the grace of the Holy Spirit; the
+necessity of an entire regeneration of the soul by his Divine agency;
+the full and free invitations of the gospel to mankind at large;
+forgiveness through the blood of Christ offered to all who believe; the
+universal obligation of repentance; the requirement of holiness of
+heart and life, as the evidence of love to Christ, and the indwelling
+of the Spirit, as the Author of holiness; such were the grand truths
+which formed the theme of Whitefield's discourses, and which, in
+numerous instances, fell with startling power on ears unaccustomed to
+evangelical statements and appeals.  The preacher was a man of prayer
+as well as eloquence, and in his London visits poured out his heart in
+earnest supplication to God for the effusion of his Holy Spirit upon
+the vast masses of unconverted souls, slumbering around him in the arms
+of spiritual death.  Whitefield could not confine himself to churches,
+and his out-door preaching soon increased the interest which his former
+services had produced.  "I do not know," said the celebrated Countess
+of Hertford, in one of her letters, "whether you have heard of our new
+sect, who call themselves Methodists.  There is one Whitefield at the
+head of them, a young man of about five-and-twenty, who has for some
+months gone about preaching in the fields and market-places of the
+country, and in London at May Fair and Moorfields to ten or twelve
+thousand people at a time."  Larger multitudes still are said to have
+been sometimes convened; on Kennington Common, for example, the number
+of Whitefield's congregation has been computed at sixty thousand.
+
+The notice taken of the young preacher by this lady of fashion, is only
+a specimen of the interest felt in his proceedings by many persons in
+the same rank of life.  The nobility attended in the drawing-room of
+the Countess of Huntingdon to listen to his sermons, or accompanied her
+to the churches where he had engaged to officiate.  Long lists of these
+titled names have been preserved, in which some of the unlikeliest
+occur, such as Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, the Earl of Chesterfield,
+Lord Bolingbroke, Bubb Doddington, and George Selwyn.  Indeed, it seems
+to have been quite the fashion for the great ones of the land to
+cluster round this man of God.  He was the theme of their conversation.
+By all he was marveled at; by some he was censured or ridiculed; by
+more he was praised and caressed; by a few he was honored and blessed
+as the means of their spiritual renewal or edification.  Among the
+middle and lower classes in London, as elsewhere, did he reap his
+richest harvests.  How many hundreds and thousands were melted down
+under the power of the word which he proclaimed!  How many of that
+generation in our old city are now before the throne of the Lamb,
+adoring the gracious Providence which brought them within the sound of
+Whitefield's voice!
+
+A remarkable occurrence in London, in the year 1750, gave occasion for
+a singular display of this great preacher's holy zeal.  Shocks of an
+earthquake were felt in different parts of London and the vicinity,
+especially in the neighborhood of the river Thames.  Such visitations
+are sure to produce violent terror, and on this occasion the feeling
+reached its highest pitch.  The people, apprehending there was greater
+danger in their own houses, and in the streets lined with buildings,
+than in wide spaces open and unencumbered, rushed, in immense crowds,
+to Hyde Park, and there waited, in fearful foreboding of the judgments
+of the Almighty.  One night, when the excitement was overwhelming, and
+a dense multitude had congregated there under the dark arch of heaven,
+Whitefield, regarding it as a signal opportunity for preaching the
+gospel to his fellow-countrymen, hastened to the spot, and delivered
+one of his most powerful and pathetic discourses.  He called the
+attention of the throngs before him to the coming advent of the Son of
+God, to judge the world in righteousness, when not the inhabitants of
+one city only, but all of Adam's race, in every clime, would be
+gathered together, to receive from the lips of Eternal Justice their
+final and unalterable sentence.  Nor did he fail to point out the
+character of Christ in his relation to man as a Saviour as well as
+Judge, urging his hearers to flee from the wrath to come, and to lay
+hold on the hope set before them in the gospel.  "The awful manner in
+which he addressed the careless, Christless sinner, the sublimity of
+the discourse, and the appearance of the place, added to the gloom of
+night, continued to impress the mind with seriousness, and to render
+the event solemn and memorable in the highest degree."  While the
+shades of night rendered him invisible to his audience, his clear
+voice--which could be heard distinctly at the distance of a mile,
+passing through a marvelous variety of intonations, in which the very
+soul of the speaker seemed to burst out in gushes of terror or
+love--must, as it sounded over the park, and fell upon the eager
+listening thousands, have seemed to them like the utterance of some
+impalpable and unseen spirit, who, with unearthly powers of address,
+had come down from heaven to warn and invite.  "God," he observed, in
+writing to Lady Huntingdon, "has been terribly shaking the metropolis;
+I hope it is an earnest of his giving a shock to secure sinners, and
+making them to cry out, 'What shall we do to be saved?'  What can shake
+a soul whose hopes of happiness in time and in eternity are built upon
+the Rock of ages?  Winds may blow, rains may and will descend even upon
+persons of the most exalted stations, but they that trust in the Lord
+Jesus Christ never shall, never can be totally confounded."  Charles
+Wesley was in town during this dispensation of Providence, (which
+happily passed off without inflicting any serious injury,) and he also
+employed himself in faithful and earnest preaching.  So did Mr.
+Romaine, whose ministry will be noticed more particularly in the next
+chapter.  The only additional information we can give respecting this
+religious revival, is that the Rev. John Wesley, equally distinguished
+with Whitefield, but by gifts of a different order, began his course in
+London as the founder of the Methodist Connection, in 1740, and spent
+among the London citizens a large portion of his apostolic and
+self-denying labors, with unconquerable perseverance and eminent
+success.  He was accustomed, at the commencement of his career, to meet
+with the Moravians for religious exercises in their chapel in
+Fetter-lane; thus associating that edifice, which still remains, with
+the early history of Methodism.  "There the great leaders in this
+glorious warfare, with their zealous coadjutors--persons whose whole
+souls were consecrated to the cause of God our Saviour--often took
+sweet counsel together.  They have all long since gone to their rest,
+to meet in a better temple together, as they have often worshiped in
+the temple below, and to go out no more."
+
+In further illustration of the state of London at the time now under
+our review, we will turn to consider some other of its social aspects.
+Literary society presents some curious and amusing facts.  The
+booksellers before the fire were located, for the most part, in St.
+Paul's Church-yard.  It is stated that not less than £150,000 worth of
+books were consumed during that conflagration.  The calamity proved the
+ruin of many, and was the occasion of raising very enormously the price
+of old books.  Little Britain, near Duck-lane, became the rendezvous of
+the trade, which remained there for some years afterwards.  "It was,"
+says Roger North, "a plentiful and perpetual emporium of learned
+authors."  The shops were spacious, and the literati of the day gladly
+resorted thither, where they seldom failed to find agreeable
+conversation.  The booksellers themselves were intelligent persons,
+with whom, for the sake of their bookish knowledge, the most brilliant
+wits were pleased to converse.  Before 1750, the literary emporium of
+London was transferred to Paternoster-row.  Up to that time the
+activity in the publishing business was very great, especially in the
+pamphlet line; perhaps there were more publishers then than even now.
+Dunton, a famous member of the fraternity, wrote his own life, in which
+he enumerates a long list of his brethren, with particulars relating to
+their character and history.  The authors of London were computed by
+Swift to amount in number to some thousands.  While a Swift, a Pope, an
+Addison, a Steele, a Bolingbroke, a Johnson, and other world-known
+names in that Augustan age of letters, produced works of original
+genius, the bulk of the writers who supplied the trade were "mere
+drudges of the pen--manufacturers of literature."  A whole herd of
+these were dealers in ghosts, murders, and other marvels, published in
+periodical pamphlets, upon every half sheet of which the tax of a
+halfpenny was laid on in the reign of Queen Anne.  "Have you seen the
+red stamp the papers are marked with?" asks Dean Swift, in a letter to
+Mr. Dingley--"methinks the stamping is worth a half-penny."  These
+panderers to a vitiated taste, which is far from having disappeared in
+our own day, and other writers of the humbler class, were so numerous
+in Grub-street, that the name became the cognomen for the humblest
+brethren of the book craft.  There and elsewhere did they pour forth
+their lucubrations in lofty attics, which led Johnson to make the
+pompous remark, "that the professors of literature generally reside in
+the highest stories.  The wisdom of the ancients was well acquainted
+with the intellectual advantages of an elevated situation; why else
+were the muses stationed on Olympus or Parnassus, by those who could,
+with equal right, have raised them bowers in the vale of Tempe, or
+erected their altars among the flexures of Meander?"  The favorite
+places of resort for poets, wits, and authors, were the coffee-houses,
+especially Wills', in Russell-street, Convent Garden, where Dryden had
+long occupied the critics' throne, and swayed the sceptre over the
+kingdom of letters.  Thither went the aspirant after fame, to obtain
+subscribers for his forthcoming publication, or to secure the approving
+nod of some literary Jupiter; and there many an offspring of the muse
+was strangled in the birth, or if suffered to live, treated with
+merciless severity.  In the same street lived Davies, the bookseller,
+at whose house Boswell, the biographer of Johnson, became acquainted
+with his hero.  "The very place," he says, "where I was fortunate
+enough to be introduced to the illustrious subject of this work,
+deserves to be particularly marked.  It was No. 8.  I never pass by
+without feeling reverence and regret."
+
+Pope was the most successful author of his time, and realized £5,320 by
+his Iliad.  The keenness of his satire in the Dunciad threw literary
+London into convulsions.  On the day the book was first vended, a crowd
+of authors besieged the shop, threatening to prosecute the publisher,
+while hawkers crushed in to buy it up, with the hope of reaping a good
+harvest from the retailing of so caustic an article.  The dunces held
+weekly meetings to project hostilities against the satirical critic,
+whose keen weapon had cut them to the quick.  One wrote to the prime
+minister to inform him that Mr. Pope was an enemy to the government;
+another bought his image in clay to execute him in effigy.  A
+surreptitious edition was published, with an owl in the frontispiece,
+the genuine one exhibiting an ass laden with authors.  Hence arose a
+contest among the booksellers, some recommending the edition of the
+owl, and others the edition of the ass, by which names the two used to
+be distinguished.  In 1737, Dr. Johnson came up to the metropolis with
+two-pence halfpenny in his pocket--David Garrick, his companion, having
+one halfpenny more.  Toiling in the service of Cave, and writing for
+the Gentleman's Magazine, then a few years old, the former could but
+obtain a bare subsistence, which forced from him the well-known lines
+in his poem on London:--
+
+  "This mournful truth is everywhere confessed,
+  Slow rises worth by poverty depressed."
+
+He lodged at a stay-maker's, in Exeter-street, and dined at the Pine
+Apple, just by, for eight-pence.  An odd example of the intercourse
+between bookmakers and bookvenders, is preserved in the anecdote of
+Johnson beating Osborne, his publisher, for alleged impertinence.  Of
+the genial habits of literary men in London, we have an illustration in
+the clubs which he formed, or to which he belonged.  That which still
+continues to hold its meetings at the Thatched House, is the
+continuation of the famous one established at a later period than is
+embraced in this chapter, at the Turk's Head, where Johnson used to
+meet Reynolds, Burke, and Goldsmith.
+
+But it is time to glance at fashionable London.  As to its locality, it
+has been anything but stationary.  Gradually, however, it has been
+gliding westward for the last three centuries and more.  First breaking
+its way through Ludgate, and lining the Thames side of the Strand with
+noble houses, then pushing its course farther on, and spreading itself
+out over the favored parishes of St. James and St. George.  Here,
+during the first half of the last century, might be seen the increasing
+centralization of English patricians.  The city was deserted of
+aristocratic inhabitants, and Devonshire-square was the spot "on which
+lingered the last lady of rank who clung to her ancestral abode."  But
+this westward tendency, flowing wave on wave, was checked for awhile in
+Soho and Leicester-squares, which remained till within less than a
+hundred years ago, the abode or resort of the sons and daughters of
+fashion.  St. James's, Grosvenor, and Hanover-squares, were, however,
+of a more select and magnificent character.  The titled in Church and
+state loved to reside in the elegant mansions which lined and adorned
+them, so convenient for visits to court, which then migrated backwards
+and forwards between St. James's and Kensington.  Still, though these
+anti-plebeian regions were scenes of increasing convenience, comfort,
+and luxury, some of the nuisances of former days lingered amidst them;
+and as late as 1760, a great many hogs were seized by the overseers of
+St. George's, Hanover-square, because they were bred, or kept in the
+immediate neighborhood of these wealthy abodes.
+
+On the levee day of a prime minister, a couple of streets were
+sometimes lined with the coaches of political adherents, seeking power
+or place, when favored visitors were admitted to an audience in his
+bedchamber.  The royal levees were thronged with multitudes of
+courtiers, who thereby accomplished the double purpose of paying their
+respect to the sovereign and reviving their friendships with each
+other.  It is very melancholy to read in dean Swift's letters such a
+passage as the following, since it evinces so painful a disregard of
+the religious character and privileges of the Lord's-day, very common,
+it is feared, at the time to which it relates: "Did I never tell you,"
+he says, "that I go to court on Sundays, as to a coffee-house, to see
+acquaintances whom I should not otherwise see twice a year."
+
+"Drawing-rooms were first introduced in the reign of George II., and
+during the lifetime of the queen were held every evening, when the
+royal family played at cards, and all persons properly dressed were
+admitted.  After the demise of the queen in 1737, they were held but
+twice a week, and in a few years were wholly discontinued, the king
+holding his 'state' in the morning twice a week."--_Cunninghame_.
+
+Promenading in Pall Mall and the parks on foot was a favorite
+recreation of the lords and ladies of the first two Georges' reigns, at
+which they might be seen in court dresses, the former with bag wig and
+sword, the latter with hooped petticoats and high-heeled shoes,
+sweeping the gravel with their trains, and looking with immense
+contempt on the citizens east of Temple-bar who dared to invade the
+magic circle which fashion had drawn around itself.  These gathering
+places for the gay were often infested by persons who committed
+outrages, to us almost incredible.  Emulous of the name, as of the
+deeds of the savage, they took the title of Mohawks, the appellation of
+a well-known tribe of Indians.  Their sport was, sword in hand, to
+attack and wound the quiet wayfarer.  On one occasion, we find from
+Swift's letters, that he was terribly frightened by these inhuman
+wretches.  Even women did not escape their violence.  "I walked in the
+park this evening," says Swift, under date of March 9th, 1713, "and
+came home early to avoid the Mohawks."  Again, on the 16th, "Lord
+Winchelsea told me to-day at court, that two of the Mohawks caught a
+maid of old lady Winchelsea's at the door of their house in the park
+with a candle, who had just lighted out somebody.  They cut all her
+face, and beat her without any provocation."
+
+Another glimpse of the London of that day, which we catch while turning
+over its records, presents a further unfavorable illustration of the
+state of society, both in high and in low life.  In May Fair there
+stood a chapel, where a certain Dr. Keith, of infamous notoriety,
+performed the marriage service for couples who sought a clandestine
+union; and while the rich availed themselves of this provision, persons
+in humbler life found a similar place open to them in the Fleet prison.
+Parliament put down these enormities in 1753.
+
+Ranelagh and Vauxhall were places of frivolous amusement resorted to
+even by the higher classes.  From these and other haunts of folly,
+lumbering coaches or sedan chairs conveyed home the ladies through the
+dimly lighted or pitch dark streets, and the gentlemen picked their way
+over the ruggedly paved thoroughfares, glad of the proffered aid of the
+link boys, who crowded round the gates of such places of public
+entertainment or resort as were open at night, and who, arrived at the
+door to which they had escorted some fashionable foot passenger,
+quenched the blazing torch in the trumpet-looking ornament, which one
+now and then still sees lingering over the entrance to some house in an
+antiquated square or court, a characteristic relic of London in the
+olden time.  A walk along some of the more quiet and retired streets at
+the west end of the metropolis, which were scenes of fashion and gayety
+a hundred years ago, awaken in the mind, when it is in certain moods,
+trains of solemn and healthful reflection.  We think of the generations
+that once, with light or heavy hearts, passed and repassed along those
+ways, too many of them, we fear, however burdened with earthly
+solicitudes, sadly heedless of the high interests of the everlasting
+future.  Led away by the splendid attractions of this world, its
+wealth, power, praise, or pleasure, they too surely found at last that
+what they followed so eagerly, and thought so delightful, was only a
+delusion, like the gorgeous mirage of the desert.  Some few years
+hence, and we shall have ourselves gone the way of all the earth.
+Other feet will tread the pavement, and other eyes drink in the light,
+and look upon the works and ways of fellow-mortals; and other minds
+will call up recollections of the past, and moralize with sombre hues
+of feeling as we do now; and where then will the reader be?  It is no
+impertinent suggestion in a work like this, that he should make that
+grave inquiry--nor pause till, in the light which illumines the world
+to come, he has duly considered all the materials he possesses for
+supplying a probable answer.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LONDON DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+"In the latter half of the century few public buildings were erected,
+yet among them were two of the noblest which the city even now
+possesses, namely, the Excise Office and Newgate.  The end of the last
+century was, however, marked by the erection of the East India House,
+more decidedly Grecian than anything else which preceded it.  Compared
+with what it has since been, architecture then was rather at a low ebb,
+for although one or two of the buildings above mentioned are noble
+works, they must be taken as exceptions to the meagre, insipid, and
+monotonous style which stamps this period, and which such erections as
+the Adelphi and Portland-place rather confirm than contradict.  With
+the exception of St. Peter-le-poor, 1791, and St. Martin Outwich, 1796,
+not one church was built from the commencement of the reign of George
+III., till the regency."--_Penny Cyclopædia, art. London_.  This remark
+applies to the city.  Paddington church was built during that period,
+and opened in 1791.  The chief public buildings of the period, besides
+those noticed, are the Mansion House, finished in 1753; Middlesex
+Hospital, built 1756; Magdalen Hospital, 1769; Freemasons' Hall, 1775;
+Somerset House, in its present state, 1775; and Trinity House, 1793.
+Westminster bridge was finished in 1750, and Blackfriars begun ten
+years afterwards; these, with London bridge, were the only roadways
+over the Thames during the eighteenth century.
+
+The extremities of London continued to extend.  Grosvenor-place, Hyde
+Park Corner, was reared 1767; Marylebone-garden was leased out to
+builders 1778; Somers-town was commenced 1786.  "Though London
+increases every day," observes Horace Walpole in 1791, "and Mr.
+Herschel has just discovered a new square or circus, somewhere by the
+New-road, in the _via lactea_, where the cows used to feed; I believe
+you will think the town cannot hold all its inhabitants, so
+prodigiously the population is augmented."  "There will be one street
+from London to Brentford, ay, and from London to every village ten
+miles round; lord Camden has just let ground at Kentish-town for
+building 1,400 houses; nor do I wonder; London is, I am certain, much
+fuller than ever I saw it.  I have twice this spring been going to stop
+my coach in Piccadilly, to inquire what was the matter, thinking there
+was a mob; not at all, it was only passengers."
+
+The Westminster Paving Act, passed in 1762, was the commencement of a
+new system of improvement in the great thoroughfares.  The old signs,
+posts, water-spouts, and similar nuisances and obstructions, were
+removed, and a pavement laid down for foot passengers.
+
+But until the introduction of gas, in the present century, the streets
+continued to be dimly lighted, and the services of the link boy at
+night to be in general requisition.  In 1760, names began to be placed
+on people's doors, and four years subsequently, the plan of numbering
+houses originated.  Burlington-street was the first place in which this
+convenient arrangement was made.  In Lincoln's-inn-fields it was next
+followed.
+
+The history of London, during the latter half of the eighteenth
+century, was emphatically that of an age of public excitements, some of
+them specially pertaining to the city, while in others the whole
+country shared.  The removal of Mr. Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham,
+from the high ministerial position he had occupied--an event which
+occurred in 1757--produced very strong ebullitions of feeling in the
+hearts of his numerous admirers.  London largely participated in the
+popular admiration of that extraordinary man, and expressed a sense of
+his services by voting him the freedom of the city, which was presented
+to him in an elegant gold box.  The success of the British arms during
+the next year, in the taking of Louisbourg, led to great rejoicings,
+illuminations, and the presentation to the king of loyal congratulatory
+addresses.  In the year following, the wants of the army being found
+very urgent, and men being unwilling to enlist, a subscription was
+opened at Guildhall to meet the exigency by raising a fund, out of
+which the amount of premium on enlistment might be augmented.  The
+taking of Quebec, in 1759, again awakened enthusiastic joy; and the
+record of bonfires, ringing of bells, and kindred demonstrations, are
+conspicuous in the civic annals for that year.  The accession of George
+III., in 1760, was marked by the full payment to the young sovereign of
+all those loyal dues, which are tendered by the metropolitan
+authorities and community when such an important event occurs as the
+transfer of the sceptre into new hands.  But the public excitement in
+his favor was soon exchanged for feelings equally intense of an
+opposite character.  John Wilkes appeared on the stage of public life
+in 1754--a man utterly destitute of virtue and principle, but possessed
+of certain qualities likely to render him popular, especially an
+abundance of humor, and a wonderful degree of assurance.  By attacking
+Lord Bute, the favorite of the king, but no favorite with the people,
+he gained applause, and was set down as a patriot.  In No. 45 of the
+"North Briton," a newspaper which he edited, a violent attack on his
+majesty appeared; indeed, it went so far as to charge him with the
+utterance of a falsehood in his speech from the throne.  The house of
+Wilkes was searched, and his person seized for this political offence;
+but sheltering himself under his parliamentary privileges, he obtained
+his dismissal from custody.  Upon an information being filed against
+him by the attorney-general, he declined to appear, when the House of
+Commons took the matter in hand, and declared Wilkes's paper to be a
+false, seditious, and scandalous libel, and ordered it to be burned by
+the common hangman.  The sympathies of many in London being with
+Wilkes, a riot ensued upon the attempt which the sheriffs made to
+execute the parliamentary sentence.  Wilkes's disgrace was turned into
+a triumph, and the metropolis rang with the applause of this worthless
+individual.  Unhappily, the proceedings against him had involved
+unconstitutional acts, which are sure to produce the indignation of a
+free people, and to transform into a martyr a man who is really
+criminal.  He was next convicted of publishing an indecent poem; but
+again the improper means adopted to secure his conviction placed him
+before the people as a ministerial victim, and diverted attention from
+his flagrant vices.  But the reign of this demagogue in London,
+properly speaking, did not begin till 1768, when he returned to
+England, after a considerable absence, and offered himself as a
+candidate for the city.  Though exceedingly popular, he failed to
+obtain his election, but afterwards, with full success, he appealed to
+the Middlesex constituency.  Then came the tug of war between the
+electors and the House of Commons.  The latter invalidated the return,
+in which the former persisted.  Riots were the consequence.  One
+dreadful outbreak took place in St. George's-fields, when the military
+were ordered to fire, and some were killed or wounded.  Three times
+Wilkes was returned by the people to parliament, and three times the
+parliament returned him to the people.  This violation of popular
+rights was deeply resented in London, and throughout the country.  It
+also made Wilkes's fortune; £20,000 were raised for him; all kinds of
+presents were showered on the favorite; and his portrait, in every form
+of art, was in universal request.  In the Common Pleas, he afterwards
+obtained a verdict against Lord Halifax for false imprisonment and the
+illegal seizure of papers.  He was subsequently elected sheriff,
+alderman, and mayor of London; and finally, in 1779, sank down into
+neglect much more comfortably than he deserved, as chamberlain of the
+city.  His history singularly illustrates how illegal proceedings
+defeat their object, though it be right; and how a rash eagerness in
+pursuing the ends of justice overturns them.
+
+In connection with the Wilkes affair, there is a remarkable episode in
+the municipal history of the metropolis.  A most serious
+misunderstanding took place between the monarch and the corporation.
+The proceedings of ministers in reference to the Middlesex election,
+led the civic authorities to present to the king a very strong
+remonstrance, begging him to dissolve the parliament, and dismiss the
+ministry.  The monarch took time to consider what reply he should make
+to so formidable an application, and at length informed the corporation
+that he was always ready to receive the requests and listen to the
+complaints of his subjects, but it gave him concern to find that any
+should have been so far misled as to offer a remonstrance, the contents
+of which he considered disrespectful to himself, injurious to
+parliament, and irreconcilable with the principles of the constitution.
+Among the aldermen, there were some who disapproved of the
+remonstrance, and now strongly protested against it; but Beckford, who
+then, for the second time, filled the office of lord mayor, and
+strongly felt with the common council, livery, and popular party,
+earnestly resisted such opposition, and encouraged the citizens to
+maintain their stand against what was considered an exercise of
+arbitrary power on the part of government.  The mayor summoned the
+livery, and delivered a speech just adapted to the assembly.  Another
+remonstrance was drawn up, to be presented to his majesty by the lord
+mayor and sheriffs.  To this the king replied, that he should have been
+wanting to the public and himself, if he had not expressed his
+dissatisfaction at their address.  Beckford, who must have been a bold
+and eloquent man, breaking through all the rules of court etiquette,
+delivered an extempore speech to the sovereign, which he concluded by
+saying, "Permit me, sire, to observe, that whoever has already dared,
+or shall hereafter endeavor, by false insinuations and suggestions, to
+alienate your majesty's affections from your loyal subjects in general,
+and from the city of London in particular, and to withdraw your
+confidence in, and regard for, your people, is an enemy to your
+majesty's person and family, a violator of public peace, and a betrayer
+of our happy constitution, as it was established at the glorious and
+necessary revolution."  Of course, no reply was given to this impromptu
+address, but it seemed to have excited no little wonder among the
+courtiers present on the occasion.  On the birth of the princess
+Elizabeth, a short and loyal address of congratulation, avoiding all
+controversial topics, was presented by the same chief magistrate; to
+which his majesty answered, that so long as the citizens of London
+addressed him with such professions, they might be sure of his
+protection.  The stormy agitation was of brief continuance.  The
+ripples on the stream soon subsided.  With this interview the good
+understanding between the king and the city appears to have been
+restored, though the bold remonstrance the latter had presented
+produced no practical effect.  The popular lord mayor, who signalized
+himself especially by his speech in the royal closet, was removed by
+Divine Providence out of this life before the term of his mayoralty
+expired.  After his decease, the citizens, to mark their esteem for his
+character, erected a monument to him in Guildhall, and engraved on it
+the speech which had given him so much celebrity.
+
+The great dispute between the mother country and America, which began
+as early as 1765, could not fail to excite a deep interest in the
+capital of the empire.  "The sound of that mighty tempest," as it was
+termed by Burke, was heard with deep concern at first by the London
+merchants, as threatening to injure their commercial interests; and
+when the Stamp Act, so odious from its influence in that respect, was
+repealed soon after it was passed, the whole city beamed with gladness
+and satisfaction.  When, however, America asserted her independence,
+many in London, as well as in other parts of the country, felt their
+national pride so much wounded, that they encouraged the war, till
+finding the conflict with so distant and powerful a colony all in vain,
+they were willing to hear of peace, though at the expense of losing the
+chief part of the British territory in the western hemisphere.  But in
+the feelings that the protracted struggle awakened, the metropolis only
+shared in connection with the provinces; they must, therefore, be
+passed over with this cursory notice, that we may attend to what
+particularly constitutes the history of the city.
+
+This plunges us at once amidst scenes of excitement, much more serious
+and shocking than any others that have lately come under review.  In
+1779, the Protestant Association was formed, in consequence of some of
+the Roman Catholic disabilities being removed.  The society met at
+Coachmakers' Hall, Noble-street, Foster-lane, under the presidency of
+lord George Gordon, whose general eccentricity bordered upon madness,
+and whose professed abhorrence of Popery sank into fanaticism.  The
+association, in May, 1780, determined to petition for a repeal of the
+Act just passed, and it was resolved that the whole body should attend
+in St. George's-fields, on the second of June, to accompany lord George
+with the petition to the House of Commons.  His lordship enforced this
+motion with vehement earnestness, and said that if less than 20,000 of
+his fellow-citizens attended him, he would not present the document.
+At the time and place appointed, an immense multitude assembled,
+computed at 50,000 or 60,000, wearing blue ribbons in their hats,
+marshaled under standards displaying the words "No Popery."  In three
+divisions they marched six abreast, over Londonbridge, towards
+Westminster, being reinforced at Charing Cross by great numbers on
+horseback and in carriages.  The then narrow avenues to the houses of
+parliament were thronged by these crowds, and such members of the
+legislature as they disliked were treated with insult, as they made
+their way through the dense concourse.  The petition was presented; but
+when that business was finished for which the populace had been invited
+by the foolish nobleman, he found it impossible to disperse them.
+Harangues, so potent in convening the host, were utterly powerless when
+employed for their separation.  Nor did the magistracy attempt a timely
+interference; but the mob was left to its own wild will, and like a
+swollen torrent, which bursts its banks, it poured over the city with
+destructive havoc.  The chapels of the Bavarian and Sardinian embassy
+were pulled down that night.  On the next day, Saturday, they committed
+no violence; but on Sunday they assailed a popish chapel and some
+houses in Moorfields, within sight of the military, who stood by unable
+to do anything, because they had no commands from the chief magistrate,
+who alone could authorize them to act.  All that was done was to take a
+few of the rioters into custody, while the rest were left without any
+attempt at their dispersion.  Utterly unnerved, the lord mayor
+virtually surrendered the city at this momentous crisis into the hands
+of the mob.  Encouraged by the impunity with which they were left to
+pursue their own course, they attacked on the next day the house of Sir
+George Sackville, in Leicester-square, because he had moved the
+Catholic Relief Bill.  On Tuesday, waxing bolder than ever, they
+besieged the old prison of Newgate, where a few of their associates
+were confined.  Breaking the roof, and tearing away the rafters, they
+descended into the building by ladders, and rescued the prisoners.  Two
+eye-witnesses, the poet Crabbe and Dr. Johnson, have left their
+impressions of this extraordinary scene: "I stood and saw," says the
+former of these writers, "about twelve women and eight men ascend from
+their confinement to the open air, and conducted through the streets in
+their chains.  Three of them were to be hanged on Friday.  You have no
+conception of the frenzy of the multitude.  Newgate was at this time
+open to all; anyone might get in, and what was never the case before,
+anyone might get out."
+
+"On Wednesday," says Dr. Johnson, "I walked with Dr. Scott, (lord
+Stowell,) to look at Newgate, and found it in ruins, with the fire yet
+glowing.  As I went by, the Protestants were plundering the
+sessions-house at the Old Bailey.  There were not, I believe, a
+hundred, but they did their work at leisure, in full security, without
+sentinels, without trepidation, as men lawfully employed in full day."
+Besides Newgate, lord Mansfield's house in Bloomsbury-square was pulled
+down, and his valuable library burned.  The Fleet, King's Bench, the
+Marshalsea, Wood-street Compter, and Clerkenwell Bridewell, were all
+opened, and such a jail delivery effected as the citizens had never
+witnessed before.  A stop was put to business on the Wednesday; shops
+were closed; pieces of blue, the symbol of Protestant truth and zeal,
+were required to be hung out of the windows, and "No Popery" chalked on
+the doors.  Before night, even the Bank was assailed, but not without a
+dreadful and destructive repulse from the military who garrisoned it,
+and were ordered to act.  It is stated that the king, alarmed at the
+danger of his capital, and indignant at the inaction of the
+magistrates, took upon himself to command the services of the military
+for putting down the riot.  While thirty fires were blazing in the
+streets, and the inhabitants passed a sleepless night, full of anguish,
+a large body of soldiers was engaged in the terrible, though necessary
+work of suppressing the riot by force.  This was accomplished at the
+expense of not less than five hundred lives.  By Friday, quietude was
+restored.  Lord George Gordon was apprehended, but was acquitted upon
+trial, his conduct not coming within the limits of the statute of
+treason.  Sixty of the deluded creatures, who at first were excited by
+his mischievous agitation however, had to pay the extreme penalty of
+the law.  A happy contrast to this brutal kind of excitement has been
+recently (1850-51) displayed in the calm, deep, and, for the most part,
+intelligent resistance made to a far different measure--the papal
+aggression, in the creation of territorial bishoprics; one really
+calculated to excite far greater opposition.  The years 1780 and 1850,
+stand out at the extremes of a period which has witnessed, in London
+and elsewhere, a change in public thought and habit of the most
+gratifying kind; and to what can this be so fairly ascribed, under the
+providence and blessing of God, as to the increase of instruction,
+especially religious instruction, through the medium of Sabbath and
+other schools, together with the distribution of the Bible and tracts,
+as well as other meliorating agencies operating on society?
+
+Eight years after the anti-popery riots, another excitement, of a
+different kind, rolled its waves over the public mind in London; not,
+indeed, confined to the metropolis, but concentrating its force there,
+as the scene of the occurrence which produced it.  This was the trial
+of Warren Hastings, for his alleged mal-administration of Indian
+affairs.  But the great length to which it was extended wearied out the
+public patience, and ere the forensic business came to its close the
+court was forsaken, and the numerous London circles, at first thrown
+into a storm of feeling by the occurrence, resumed their former
+quietude, and almost forgot the whole matter.
+
+The same year that Hastings' trial commenced, the public sympathy and
+sorrow were aroused in London, and throughout the nation, by the
+melancholy mental illness of George III., but the next year his sudden
+recovery created universal joy, which was demonstrated in the
+metropolis, after the usual fashion.
+
+  Then loyalty, with all his lamps
+    New trimmed, a gallant show,
+  Chasing the darkness and the damps,
+    Set London in a glow.
+
+  It was a scene, in every part,
+    Like those in fable feigned,
+  And seemed by some magician's hand
+    Created and sustained.
+
+On the 23d of April, a general thanksgiving was held for the king's
+recovery, and on that account his majesty, accompanied by the royal
+family, went in procession to attend public worship in St. Paul's
+Cathedral; thus reminding us of the words of the Babylonish monarch,
+"Mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed the Most High, and
+I praised and honored him that liveth forever, whose dominion is an
+everlasting dominion, and his kingdom is from generation to generation."
+
+At the close of the eighteenth century, the proceedings of
+revolutionary France sent a fresh stream of excitement through the
+public mind of England.  On one side or the other, in sympathy with or
+in aversion to the measures adopted on the opposite side of the
+channel, most politicians, high and low, eagerly ranged themselves.
+The efforts of Mr. Pitt to prevent anything like the enactment here of
+what our neighbours were doing, were condemned or applauded by the two
+parties according to the principles they espoused.  "The trials of
+Hardy, Tooke, Thelwall, and others," says a minister, then a student
+near the metropolis, "which took place not long after my entrance on
+college life, agitated London to an extent which I have never seen
+equaled, though my life has fallen on times and events of the most
+prodigious and portentous character."--_Autobiography of the Rev. W.
+Walford_.  Clubs were formed of a more than questionable description,
+of which we remember to have received an illustrative anecdote from a
+citizen of London, now gray-headed, but then in the flower of his
+youth.  Invited by a person of about his own age to attend a meeting,
+held in some obscure street, he was surprised on entrance to find a
+number of men, ranged on either side a room, sitting beside long
+tables, with one at the upper end, where sat the president for the
+evening.  Several foaming tankards were brought in, when the president
+calling on the company to rise, took up one of the vessels, and
+striking off with his hand the foam that crested the porter, gave as a
+toast, "So let all ---- perish."  The blank was left to be filled up as
+each drinker pleased.  The avowed dislike to kings, entertained by the
+boon companions there assembled, suggested to the visitor the word
+intended for insertion, and he gladly left the place, not a little
+alarmed lest he should be suspected of sympathy in treasonable designs.
+
+Following political excitement came a monetary crisis, which struck a
+panic through the body of London merchants; for, in 1797, the Bank of
+England suspended its cash payments.  But after all these storms, which
+severely tested its strength, the vessel of the state, under the
+blessing of the Almighty, righted itself, and scenes of political calm
+again smiled, and tides of commercial prosperity flowed upon old London.
+
+In passing on to notice the general state of society in the metropolis
+during the last half of the eighteenth century, it is painful to notice
+the continuance of some of the revolting features which mark an earlier
+age.  The old-fashioned burglaries, with the robberies and rogueries of
+the highway, were still perpetrated.  A walk out of London after dark
+was by no means safe; and therefore, at the end of a bill of
+entertainment at Bellsize House, in the Hampstead-road, St.
+John's-wood, there was this postscript--"For the security of the
+guests, there are twelve stout fellows, completely armed, to patrol
+between London and Bellsize, to prevent the insults of highwaymen and
+footpads who infest the road."  To cross Hounslow-heath or
+Finchley-common after sunset was a daring enterprise; nor did travelers
+venture on it without being armed, and even ball-proof carriages were
+used by some.  At Kensington and other places in the vicinity of
+London, it was customary on Sunday evenings to ring a bell at
+intervals, to summon those who were returning to town to form
+themselves into a band, affording mutual protection, as they wended
+their way homewards.  Town itself did not afford security; for George
+IV. and the Duke of York, when very young men, were stopped one night
+in a hackney-coach and robbed on Hay-hill, Berkeley-square.  The state
+of the police, as these facts indicate, was most inefficient; but when
+the law seized on its transgressors, it was merciless in the penalty
+inflicted.  Long trains of prisoners, chained together, might be seen
+marching through the streets on the way to jail, where the treatment
+they received was cruel in the extreme, and much more calculated to
+harden than to correct.  The number of executions almost exceeds
+belief; and every approach to town exhibited a gibbet, with some
+miserable creature hanging in chains.  These public spectacles missed
+their professed object, and the frequent executions did anything but
+check the commission of crime.  The lowest classes constantly assembled
+to witness such spectacles, regarded them generally as mere matters of
+amusement, or as affording opportunities for the indulgence of their
+vices.
+
+Some startling revelations of the state of things among London
+tradesmen, as well as the lowest orders, were made before a select
+committee of the House of Commons in 1835, relative to the period fifty
+years earlier.  "The conduct of tradesmen," said one of the witnesses,
+"was exceedingly gross as compared with that of the same class at the
+present time.  Decency was a very different thing from what it is now;
+their manners were such as scarcely to be credited.  I made inquiries a
+few years ago, and found that between Temple-bar and Fleet-market,
+there were many houses in each of which there were more books than all
+the tradesmen's houses in the streets contained when I was a youth."
+He mentions, also, the open departure of thieves from certain
+public-houses, wishing one another success--"In Gray's-inn-lane," he
+remarks, "was the Blue Lion, commonly called the Blue Cat.  I have seen
+the landlord of this place come into the room with a large lump of
+silver in his hand, which he had melted for the thieves, and pay them
+for it.  There was no disguise about it.  It was done openly."  "At the
+time I am speaking of, there were scarcely any houses on the eastern
+side of Tottenham-court-road; there, and in the long fields, were
+several large ponds; the amusement here was duck-hunting and
+badger-baiting; they would throw a cat into the water, and set dogs at
+her; great cruelty was constantly practised, and the most abominable
+scenes used to take place.  It is almost impossible for any person to
+believe the atrocities of low life at that time, which were not, as
+now, confined to the worst paid and most ignorant of the populace."
+
+Turning to look for a moment at the opposite extreme of society, it is
+delightful to mark the improvement which had there taken place.  While
+drawing-rooms and levees were held as before, though less frequent, the
+former being confined to once a week; while equipages of similar
+fashion as formerly continued to roll through the parks, Piccadilly,
+and the Mall; while the costumes and habits of courtiers exhibited no
+great variation; while theatres, and other places of amusement, were
+frequented by the fashionables; while gossiping calls in the morning,
+and gay parties at night, were the common and every-day incidents of
+West-end life--a very obvious improvement arose in the morals and
+general tone of feeling of people about court, in consequence of the
+exemplary and virtuous character of George III. and Queen Caroline.
+Fond of quiet and domestic repose, retiring into the bosom of their
+family, surrounded by a few favorite dependents, encouraging a taste
+for reading and music, and ever frowning upon vice in all its forms,
+they exerted a powerful influence upon those around them, and turned
+the palace into a completely different abode from what it had been in
+the time of the earlier Georges.  Religion, too, if not in its earnest
+spirituality, yet in its decorous observances and its moral bearings,
+was maintained and promoted, both by royal precept and example.  The
+monarch and his family were accustomed to attend regularly upon the
+services in the chapel attached to St. James's Palace.
+
+The revival of religion in London, to which we adverted in a former
+chapter, produced permanent results.  During the last half of the
+century, Christian godliness continued to advance.  Whitefield's
+labors, as often as he visited the metropolis, produced a deep
+impression on the multitudes who, in chapels or the open air, were
+eager to hear him.  Whitefield died in America, but a monument is
+erected to his memory in Tottenham-court Chapel, the walls of which
+often echoed with his fervid oratory.  Wesley's exertions were
+prolonged till the year 1792.  After a life of most energetic effort in
+the cause of Christ, this remarkable man expired at his house in
+London, 1791, in the eighty-eighth year of his age.
+
+The countess of Huntingdon, Whitefield's early friend, exerted in
+London a powerful religious influence, "scattering the odors of the
+Saviour's name among mitres and coronets, and bearing a faithful
+testimony to her Divine Master in the presence of royalty itself."  She
+has left behind her in the metropolis two remarkable proofs of her
+religious liberality and zeal, in Zion and Spafields Chapels, both of
+which she was the means of transforming out of places of amusement into
+houses for the service and praise of God.
+
+The labors of Mr. Romaine, the minister of St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe
+and St. Anne, Blackfriars, claim special notice.  Previous to his
+induction to those parishes, he had preached at St. Dunstan's and St.
+George's, Hanover-square, exciting great attention, and, by the
+benediction of God, enjoying great success.  The parishioners in the
+latter church were sometimes incommoded by the vast concourse who came
+to hear this evangelical clergyman.  On one occasion, the Earl of
+Northampton rebuked them for complaining of the inconvenience,
+observing that they bore with patience the crowded ball-room or
+play-house.  "If," he said, "the power to attract be imputed as matter
+of admiration to Garrick, why should it be urged as a crime against
+Romaine?  Shall excellence be considered exceptionable only in Divine
+things?"  Mr. Romaine was strongly opposed by some who disapproved of
+his sentiments, and was soon turned out of St. George's Church; after
+which the countess of Huntingdon made him her chaplain for awhile, in
+which office he preached in her drawing-room to the nobility, in her
+kitchen to the poor.  Her house, where these services were performed,
+was in Park-street.  Settled, at length, as the rector of the two
+churches above-named, this eminent servant of Christ--of whom it has
+been said that he was a diamond, rough often, but very pointed, and the
+more he was broken by years the more he appeared to shine--pursued
+uninterruptedly his holy and edifying ministrations till the time of
+his death in 1795.  He was interred in St. Andrew's Church, where a
+monument, not devoid of artistic beauty, and executed by the elder
+Bacon, a well-known sculptor of that day, distinguishes the place of
+his remains.  In 1780, there came to minister in the parish of St. Mary
+Woolnoth another individual, whose praise is in all the churches.  This
+was John Newton, the friend of the poet Cowper.  He lies buried in the
+edifice where he loved to proclaim the glorious Gospel of the blessed
+God; and on the tablet raised as a memorial of his worth is inscribed
+the following succinct account of his eventful life and of his
+character, so illustrative of Divine grace, in words written by
+himself: "John Newton, clerk, once an infidel and libertine, a servant
+of slaves in Africa, was, by the rich mercy of our Lord and Saviour,
+Jesus Christ, preserved, restored, pardoned, and appointed to preach
+the faith he had long labored to destroy."
+
+Rowland Hill, originally a clergyman of the establishment, and never
+fully sympathizing with any dissenting denomination, though confessing
+to many clerical irregularities, occupies a distinguished place among
+the men who devoted themselves to the faithful preaching of the Gospel
+in the metropolis.  Surrey Chapel, which has proved a school in which
+many spirits have been trained for the celestial world, was erected by
+him in Blackfriars-road, 1782, and there till his death he continued to
+preach.
+
+Two very celebrated prelates filled the see of London during this
+eventful period in the history of religion: Dr. Lowth, the elegant
+scholar and able commentator, who was translated to London in 1777; and
+Dr. Porteus, who succeeded him on his death in 1786, and though
+inferior in talents and learning, earned for himself a considerable
+literary reputation as a Christian divine, and distinguished his
+episcopate, which lasted till 1808, by his pious diligence and catholic
+charity.
+
+Science, literature, and art, were promoted in London during the period
+before us, by the establishment of several well-known institutions.
+The British Museum was formed in 1753, in consequence of the will of
+Sir Hans Sloane, who bequeathed his large collection of curiosities to
+government for £20,000, which was £30,000 less than they cost him.  An
+act of parliament was passed for their purchase, and Montague House,
+Bloomsbury, was taken and fitted up for the reception of Sloane's
+treasures, and other collections, scientific and literary, upon which
+great sums of money were expended.  The Royal Academy, for the
+encouragement and improvement of British artists and sculptors, was
+constituted in 1768, and the first public exhibition was made at
+Somerset House in 1780.  The Royal Institution in Albemarle-street was
+opened in 1799.  The College of Surgeons was incorporated in 1800.
+
+Other institutions, sacred to humanity and benevolence, and fraught
+with great benefit to multitudes of our suffering race, were originated
+within the last fifty years of the eighteenth century.  In 1755,
+Middlesex Hospital was founded, the generous exertions which led to it
+having begun some years earlier.  Three years later, the Magdalen
+Hospital, for the reformation and relief of penitent females, was
+opened in Prescott-street, Goodman-fields, and afterwards transferred
+to an appropriate building, erected for the purpose in St.
+George's-fields, in 1709.  The foundation-stone of the Lying-in
+Hospital, on the Surrey side of Westminster-bridge, was laid in 1765;
+and a similar institution was begun in the City-road in 1770.  The
+Royal Humane Society, for the recovery of persons from drowning,
+commenced in 1774.  The Royal Literary Fund, for the relief of poor
+authors, was instituted in 1790.
+
+The religious societies of London, whose character adorns the English
+capital, eclipsing its artistic and commercial splendour, chiefly
+belong to the present century.  The London Missionary Society, however,
+for preaching the Gospel of Christ among the heathen, began as early as
+1795.  The declaration of the Society was signed at the Castle and
+Falcon, Aldersgate-street.  In the year 1709 was formed, also, the
+institution by which the present volume is issued--the Religious Tract
+Society.  Commencing with small beginnings, it has, through the
+prospering hand of God upon its labors, been privileged to proclaim the
+unsearchable riches of Christ in one hundred and ten languages and
+dialects; and, in the course of half a century, to circulate its varied
+messengers of mercy to the vast amount of five hundred millions of
+copies.
+
+Since the conclusion of the eighteenth century, London has undergone an
+unprecedented change, upon which the limits of this volume will not
+allow us to touch.  The city, which is still swelling every year, in a
+degree which, if Horace, Walpole were living, would fill him with
+greater surprise than ever, is really new London.  Few of the principal
+streets exhibit the appearance they did fifty years ago, and the
+architectural alteration is but a type of the social one.  The superior
+sanitary arrangements, the more efficient police, the better education
+of most classes of society, the augmented provision for religious
+instruction and worship, the more decidedly evangelical tone of
+preaching in the metropolitan pulpits, and the increase of real piety
+amongst the population, must strike everyone, on even a superficial
+comparison of the past and present; and when we consider the great
+change wrought in half a century, it inspires encouragement in relation
+to the future.  The impulse which things have received of late has been
+so mighty, that there is no calculating the acceleration of their
+future progress.  Thus the remembrance of the past yields advantage,
+and we pluck hopes, "like beautiful wild flowers from the ruined tombs
+that border the highways of antiquity, to make a garland for the living
+forehead."--_Coleridge_.  On taking a longer reach of comparison, an
+amount of wonder is inspired not to be adequately expressed.  Had some
+sage in the Roman senate, two thousand years ago, proclaimed that the
+day would come, when an obscure town, situated on the Thames, a river
+scarcely known then to the Latin geographer, would vie with the city in
+which they were assembled on the Tiber, nay, eclipse it, and wax in
+glory while the other waned, that prediction would have strangely
+crossed their pride, and would have been indignantly pronounced
+incredible.  Yet that day has come.  The British town, then a mere
+inclosure, containing a few huts, has swelled into a city teeming with
+a population of above two millions, crowded with public buildings and
+costly habitations, filled with commerce, wealth, and luxury, the
+mirror of modern civilization, the metropolis of a mighty empire, and
+the wonder of the world--while the Roman city, then the mightiest and
+most splendid on the face of the earth, and the mistress of the globe,
+so far as its regions were discovered, retains no traces of her glory,
+and is chiefly interesting on account of her ancient name and
+associations.
+
+Happily the genius of civilization in the two cities is completely
+diverse.  In the early days of the Roman kingdom and republic, the
+people fought in self-defence; in later times, from a pure thirst for
+glory and dominion.  In the best periods of its history, the virtues of
+the citizens were of the martial cast, and found a fostering influence
+in all the institutions of the state.  To Rome, which then cradled a
+warlike people, London presents a contrast on which we look with
+satisfaction.  London is the type of commercial civilization.  The
+merchant, not the soldier, is most prominent and influential.  The
+inhabitants of the English metropolis and country, it may be safely
+asserted, are looking not to armies as sources of greatness, and
+objects for gratulation, but to the busy thousands who are deepening
+and spreading the resources of national wealth by their commercial and
+manufacturing industry.  The spirit of mercantile enterprise is as
+strongly stamped upon the English character, in their metropolis of the
+nineteenth century, as the spirit of war was stamped upon the character
+of the Romans in their metropolis before the Christian era.  Rome had
+her trade as well as her army--her Ostia, whither her vessels brought
+for her use the luxuries of the East; but it was not there, but to the
+Campus Martius, where their legions performed their evolutions, that
+the stranger would have been taken to see the greatness of the
+republic.  So the metropolis of the British empire is the rendezvous of
+a great military establishment, as well as an emporium of merchandise;
+but it is to the scenes on the borders of the Thames, to her spacious
+docks, her crowded shipping, her stores and warehouses, with all the
+accompaniments of busy commerce, presenting a spectacle which perfectly
+overpowers the mind with wonder--it is to those scenes that we should
+take the stranger, to impress him with an idea of the greatness of our
+chief city.  The Hyde Park review, with cuirasses and swords glittering
+in the sun, and martial music floating through the air, affords a
+brilliant holiday entertainment, but all must feel that the English
+spirit of the nineteenth century is not there expressed.  It is very
+true that the love of war has not lost its hold entirely on the public
+mind; that there are many who still pant for the conflict, and for the
+honors and prizes which successful warfare brings; but, we repeat it,
+the spirit of the nineteenth century is not there expressed, but it
+finds its exponent in the earnest activity which is ever witnessed
+round the neighborhood of London-bridge and the Exchange.  The time is
+coming--is already come, when, as most intelligent men turn over the
+pages of the world's history, they award the palm of the noblest
+civilization to London, a city full of merchants and artisans, rather
+than to Rome, a city full of soldiers, flushed with the pride of
+victory, and drunk with the blood of the slain.
+
+In all that relates to the state of society, the genius of the people,
+public opinion, general intelligence, taste, feeling, character--the
+comparison is decidedly in favor of the English capital.  This is to be
+ascribed to many causes--to the intermingling of races, an insular
+position, political revolutions, enlarged experience, providential
+discoveries, and the creation of sentiments and opinions during
+centuries of mental activity; but, above all, it is to be ascribed to
+Christianity, which has long had a strong hold upon the hearts of
+multitudes, and which has indirectly exercised a most beneficial reflex
+influence upon the character of others, who have little regard for its
+doctrinal principles.  The richest forms of modern civilization in
+London are founded on our religion.  The elevation of woman to her
+proper rank, the improved character of the judicial code, the
+extinction of domestic slavery, the elevation of serfs of the soil to
+freemen having an estate in their own labor, the value set on life, the
+philanthropic institutions which abound--are all the results of
+evangelical light and principle.  Let any one walk through the streets
+of London, and compare the aspect of things with what was exhibited to
+the man who walked through the streets of ancient Rome--and with all
+the vice and misery which exist in the former, there are found elements
+of social welfare, the acknowledged creation of Christian morals, at
+work, unknown in the latter.  Indications of intelligence, peace,
+freedom, and charity, are found here, which were wanting there.  The
+power and permanence of London must depend upon her morality and
+religion.
+
+We look with intense interest to the young men of London.  With pain,
+such as we cannot describe, we regard the gay, the dissolute, the
+intemperate--those who drown the higher faculties of the soul in
+sensual indulgence, who degrade their mental, moral, and spiritual
+nature, and, forgetting their relationship to angels, sink to the level
+of the brutes that perish.  With pleasure, however, equally
+indescribable, we turn to the steady, the sober, the virtuous, the
+enlightened--those who labor after mental improvement, and especially
+those who seek spiritual excellence, who ask and practically answer the
+question, "While I am attending to the intellectual culture of the
+mind, ought I not to prepare for that eternity to which I am hastening,
+where moral and spiritual character will be all in all?" and who,
+repairing to the word of God, the source of all religious wisdom, have
+become the subjects of a discipline, which adorns the intellect with
+the beauties of sanctity, and prepares the soul for the vision and
+worship of heaven.  Of such, London may well say with the mother of the
+Gracchi, but in a far more important sense, "These are my jewels."
+
+Let it be the endeavor, as it is the duty of London citizens, to aid
+all wise schemes for its physical and intellectual amelioration, but
+especially such as relate to morals and religion.  With a clear eye, a
+loving heart, a steady hand, and a determined will, each must apply
+himself to pulling down the evil, and building up the good.  The moral
+health of a city should be the care of all its members.  The most
+precious object amidst the multitude of precious things in the chief
+city of England is the citizen himself.  Man, out of whose intellect,
+energy, and power, all the rest has grown--man, in whose capacities are
+found the germs of a greatness, the cultivation of which will a
+thousand times repay the toil it involves.  The noblest of enterprises,
+be it remembered, is to be found, not in commercial speculation, or
+political reform, or even literary and scientific knowledge, but in the
+promotion of Christ's holy and saving religion, and in the recovery and
+purification of the soul, through faith in him, and its preparation for
+other realms of being in the infinite Hereafter.  The enduring
+magnificence of such labor and its results exceeds all the doings of
+earthly ambition, even as the mighty Alps and Andes surpass the houses
+of ice and snow which children in their sports build up, and which are
+melting away before that sun in whose rays they glitter.
+
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS FOR SUNDAY-SCHOOLS.
+
+200 Mulberry-street, New York.
+
+
+LONDON IN MODERN TIMES;
+
+Or, Sketches of the English Metropolis during the Seventeenth and
+Eighteenth Centuries.  18mo., pp. 222.
+
+
+THE RODEN FAMILY;
+
+Or, the Sad End of Bad Ways.  Reminiscences of the West India Islands.
+Second Series, No. II.  Three Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 159.
+
+
+LEARNING TO FEEL.
+
+Illustrated.  Two volumes, 18mo., pp. 298.
+
+
+LEARNING TO ACT.
+
+Three Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 144.
+
+
+ROSA, THE WORK GIRL.
+
+By the Author of "The Irish Dove."  Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 138.
+
+
+THE FIERY FURNACE;
+
+Or, the Story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego.  By a Sunday-School
+Teacher.  Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 64.
+
+
+ELIZABETH BALES:
+
+A Pattern for Sunday-School Teachers and Tract Distributers.  By J. A.
+JAMES.  18mo., pp. 84.
+
+
+SOCIAL PROGRESS;
+
+Or, Business and Pleasure.  By the Author of "Nature's Wonders,"
+"Village Science," etc.  Sixteen Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 269.
+
+
+MINES AND MINING.
+
+18mo., pp. 212.
+
+
+BLOOMING HOPES AND WITHERED JOYS.
+
+By Rev. J. T. BARR, Author of "Recollections of a Minister,"
+"Merchant's Daughter," etc.  Five Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 286.
+
+
+NINEVEH AND THE RIVER TIGRIS.
+
+Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 210.
+
+
+MOUNTAINS OF THE PENTATEUCH.
+
+Conversations on the Mountains of the Pentateuch, and the Scenes and
+Circumstances connected with them in Holy Writ.  18mo., pp. 202.
+
+
+MEMOIR OF ELIZA M. BARKER.
+
+By A. C. ROSE.  Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 108.
+
+
+IDLE DICK AND THE POOR WATCHMAKER.
+
+Originally written in French, by Rev. CESAR MALAN, of Geneva.  With
+Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 82.
+
+
+MY GRANDFATHER GREGORY.
+
+With Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 118.
+
+
+LITTLE WATER-CRESS SELLERS.
+
+18mo., pp. 80.
+
+
+SUNDAY AMONG THE PURITANS;
+
+Or, the First Twenty Sabbaths of the Pilgrims of New England.  By DR.
+W. A. ALCOTT.  18mo., pp. 95.
+
+
+IRISH STORIES FOR THOUGHTFUL READERS.
+
+Five Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 285.
+
+
+UNCLE WILLIAM AND HIS NEPHEWS.
+
+Nine Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 64.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of London in Modern Times, by Unknown
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of London in Modern Times, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: London in Modern Times
+       or, Sketches of the English Metropolis during the
+              Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: January 26, 2011 [EBook #35084]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON IN MODERN TIMES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t1">
+LONDON
+<BR>
+IN MODERN TIMES;
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+Or, Sketches of
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+THE ENGLISH METROPOLIS
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+DURING THE
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+New York
+<BR>
+PUBLISHED BY CARLTON &amp; PORTER,
+<BR>
+SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, 200 MULBERRY-STREET.
+<BR><BR>
+1851
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t2">
+CONTENTS.
+</P>
+
+<TABLE ALIGN="center" WIDTH="100%">
+
+<TR>
+<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">Chap.</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
+<A HREF="#intro">INTRODUCTION</A></TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">I.&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
+<A HREF="#chap01">LONDON UNDER THE FIRST TWO MONARCHS OF THE STUART DYNASTY</A></TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">II.&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
+<A HREF="#chap02">LONDON DURING THE CIVIL WARS</A></TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">III.&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
+<A HREF="#chap03">THE PLAGUE YEAR IN LONDON</A></TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">IV.&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
+<A HREF="#chap04">THE FIRE OF LONDON</A></TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">V.&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
+<A HREF="#chap05">FROM THE RESTORATION OF THE CITY TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY</A></TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">VI.&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
+<A HREF="#chap06">LONDON DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY</A></TD>
+</TR>
+
+<TR>
+<TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top">VII.&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
+<A HREF="#chap07">LONDON DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY</A></TD>
+</TR>
+
+</TABLE>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="intro"></A>
+
+<H2 ALIGN="center">
+LONDON
+<BR>
+IN MODERN TIMES.
+</H2>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+INTRODUCTION.
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+This history of an old city opens many views into the realms of the
+past, crowded with the picturesque, the romantic, and the
+religious&mdash;with what is beautiful in intellect, sublime in feeling,
+noble in character&mdash;and with much, too, the reverse of all this.
+Buildings dingy and dilapidated, or tastelessly modernized, in which
+great geniuses were born, or lived, or died, become, in connection with
+the event, transformed into poetic bowers; and narrow dirty streets,
+where they are known often to have walked, change into green alleys,
+resounding with richer notes than ever trilled from bird on brake.
+Tales of valor and suffering, of heroism and patience, of virtue and
+piety, of the patriot's life and the martyr's death, crowd thickly on
+the memory.  Nor do opposite reminiscences, revealing the footprints of
+vice and crime, of evil passions and false principles, fail to arise,
+fraught with salutary warnings and cautions.  The broad thoroughfare is
+a channel, within whose banks there has been rolling for centuries a
+river of human life, now tranquil as the sky, now troubled as the
+clouds, gliding on in peace, or lashed into storms.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These dwelling-places of man are proofs and expressions of his
+ingenuity, skill, and toil, of his social instincts and habits.  Their
+varied architecture and style, the different circumstances under which
+they were built, the various motives and diversified purposes which led
+to their erection, are symbols and illustrations of the innumerable
+forms, the many colored hues, the strange gradations of men's
+condition, character, habits, tastes, and feelings.  Each house has its
+own history&mdash;a history which in some cases has been running on since an
+era when civilization wore a different aspect from what it does now.
+What changeful scenes has many a dwelling witnessed!&mdash;families have
+come and gone, people have been born and have died, obedient to the
+great law&mdash;"the fashion of this world passeth away."  Those rooms have
+witnessed the birth and departure of many, the death of the guilty
+sinner or pardoned believer, the gay wedding and the gloomy funeral,
+the welcome meeting of Christmas groups around the bright fireside, and
+the sad parting of loved ones called to separate into widely divergent
+paths.  Striking contrasts abound between the outward material aspect
+and the inward moral scenery of those habitations.  In this house,
+perhaps, which catches the passenger's eye by its splendor, through
+whose windows there flashes the gorgeous light of patrician luxury, at
+whose door lines of proud equipages drive up, on whose steps are
+marshaled obsequious footmen in gilded liveries, there are hearts
+pining away with ambition, envy, jealousy, fear, remorse, and agony.
+In that humble cottage-like abode, on the other hand, contentment,
+which with godliness is great gain, and piety, better than gold or
+rubies, have taken up their home, and transformed it into a terrestrial
+heaven.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+All this applies to London, and gives interest to our survey of it as
+we pass through its numerous streets; it clothes it with a poetic
+character in the eyes of all gifted with creative fancy.  The poetry of
+the city has its own charms as well as the poetry of the country.  The
+history of London supplies abundant materials of the character now
+described; indeed, they are so numerous and diversified that it is
+difficult to deal with them.  The memorials of the mother city are so
+intimately connected with the records of the empire, that to do justice
+to the former would be to sketch the outline, and to exhibit most of
+the stirring scenes and incidents of the latter.  London, too, is
+associated closely with many of the distinguished individuals that
+England has produced, with the progress of arts, of commerce and
+literature, politics and law, religion and civilization; so that, as we
+walk about it, we tread on classic ground, rich in a thousand
+associations.  Its history is the history of our architecture, both
+ecclesiastical and civil.  The old names and descriptions of its
+streets, houses, churches, and other public edifices, aided by the few
+vestiges of ancient buildings which have escaped the ravages of fire,
+time, and ever-advancing alterations, bring before us a series of
+views, exhibiting each order of design, from the Norman to the Tudor
+era.  In the streets of London, too, may be traced the progress of
+domestic building, from the plain single-storied house of the time of
+Fitzstephen, to the lofty and many-floored mansion of the fifteenth
+century, with its picturesque gables, ornamented front, and twisted
+chimneys.  Then these melt away before other forms of taste and art.
+In the days of Elizabeth, churches and dwellings become Italianized.
+The architects under the Stuart dynasty make fresh innovation, till,
+during the last century, skill and genius in this department reached
+their culminating point.  Since that period a recurrence to the study
+of old models has gradually been raising London to distinction, with
+regard to the elegance and beauty of its architectural appearance.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The history of London is the history of our commerce.  Here is seen
+gushing up, in very early times, that stream of industry, activity, and
+enterprise, which from a rill has swelled into a river, and has borne
+upon its bosom our wealth and our greatness, our civilization, and very
+much of our liberty.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The London guilds and companies; the London merchant princes; the
+London marts and markets; the London granaries for corn; the public
+exchanges, built for the accommodation of money-brokers and traders
+long before Gresham's time; the London port, wharfs, and docks, crowded
+with ships of all countries, laden with treasures from all climes; the
+London streets, many of which still bear the names of the trades to
+which they were allotted, and the mercantile purposes for which they
+were employed:&mdash;all these, which form so large a part of the materials,
+and supply so great a portion of the scenes of London history, are
+essentially commercial, and bring before us the progress of that
+industrial spirit, which, with all its failings and faults, has
+contributed so largely to the welfare and happiness of modern society.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The history of London is a history of English literature.  Time would
+fail to tell of all the memorials of genius with which London abounds;
+memorials of poets, philosophers, historians, and divines, who have
+there been born, and lived, and studied, and toiled, and suffered, and
+died.  No spot in the world, perhaps, is so rich in associations
+connected with the history of great minds.  There is scarcely one of
+the old streets through which you ramble, or one of the old churches
+which you enter, but forthwith there come crowding over the mind of the
+well-informed, recollections of departed genius, greatness, or
+excellence.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The history of London is the history of the British constitution and
+laws.  There thicken round it most of the great political conflicts
+between kings and barons, and lords and commons; between feudalism and
+modern liberty; between the love of ancient institutions and the spirit
+of progress, from which, under God, have sprung our civil government
+and social order.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The history of London is the history of our religion, both in its
+corrupted and in its purified forms.  Early was it a grand seat of
+Romish worship; numerous were its religious foundations in the latter
+part of the mediæval age.  Here councils have been held, convocations
+have assembled, controversies were waged, and truth exalted or
+depressed.  Smithfield and St. Paul's Churchyard are inseparably
+associated with the Reformation.  The principles proclaimed from the
+stone pulpit of the one could not be destroyed by the fires that blazed
+round the stakes of the other.  The history of the Protestant
+Establishment ever since is involved in that of our city; places
+connected with its grand events, its advocates, and its ornaments, are
+dear to the hearts of its attached children; while other spots in
+London, little known to fame, are linked to the memory of the Puritans,
+and while reverently traced out by those who love them, are regarded as
+hallowed ground.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In London, too, have flourished many of the excellent of the earth; men
+who, amidst the engrossing cares and distracting tumults of a large
+metropolis, have, like Enoch, walked with God, and leavened, by virtue
+of their piety and prayers, the masses around them.  Here also have
+flourished, and still flourish, those great religious institutions,
+which have made known to the remotest parts of the earth the glad
+tidings of the gospel, that "God so loved the world, that he gave his
+only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish,
+but have everlasting life"&mdash;truths more precious than the merchandise
+of silver, and the gain whereof is greater than pure gold.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some of the early chapters of London history we have already
+written;[<A NAME="chap00bfn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap00bfn1">1</A>] we have given some sketches of its scenes and fortunes,
+from the time when it was founded by the Romans to what are called,
+with more of fiction's coloring than history's faithfulness, "the
+golden days of good queen Bess."  We now resume the story, and proceed
+to give some account of London during the seventeenth and eighteenth
+centuries.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap00bfn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap00bfn1text">1</A>] See "London in the Olden Time," No. 492 Youth's Library.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap01"></A>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER I.
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+LONDON UNDER THE FIRST TWO MONARCHS OF THE STUART DYNASTY.
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+London was hugely growing and swelling on all sides when Elizabeth was
+on the throne, as may be seen from John Stow, from royal orders and
+municipal regulations.  Desperately frightened were our fathers lest
+the population should increase beyond the means of support, lest it
+should breed pestilence or cause famine.  But their efforts to repress
+the size of the then infant leviathan, so far as they took effect, only
+kept crowded together, within far too narrow limits, the
+ever-increasing number of the inhabitants of the city, thus promoting
+disease, one of the greatest evils they wished to check.  In spite of
+all restrictions, however, the growth of population, together with the
+impulses of industry and enterprize, would have their own way, and
+building went on in the outskirts in all directions.  James imitated
+Elizabeth in her prohibitions, and the people imitated their
+predecessors in the disregard of them.  The king was soon obliged to
+give way, so far as to extend the liberties of the city; and in the
+fifth year of his reign he granted a new charter, embracing within the
+municipal circuit and jurisdiction the extra-mural parishes of Trinity,
+near Aldgate-street, St. Bartholomew, Little St. Bartholomew,
+Blackfriars, Whitefriars, and Cold Harbor, Thames-street.  These grants
+were confirmed by Charles I., whose charter also enclosed within the
+city boundaries both Moorfields and Smithfield.  These places rapidly
+lost more and more of their rural appearance, and became covered in the
+immediate vicinity of the old walls with a network of streets.  But
+London as it appears on the map of that day, was still a little affair,
+compared with its subsequent enormous bulk.  Pancras, Holloway,
+Islington, Kentish Town, Hampstead, St. John's Wood, Paddington,
+Kilburn, and Tottenham Court, were widely separated from town by rural
+walks; these "ways over the country," as a poet of the day describes
+them, not being always safe for travelers to cross.  St. Giles's was
+still "in the fields," and Charing Cross looked towards the west, upon
+the fair open parks of the royal domain.  But the Strand was becoming a
+place of increasing traffic, and the houses on both sides were
+multiplying fast.  So valuable did sites become, even in the beginning
+of the seventeenth century, that earls and bishops parted with portions
+of their domains in that locality for the erection of houses, and
+Durham Place changed its stables into an Exchange in 1608.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Of the architecture which came into fashion in the reign of James I.,
+three noble specimens remain in London and the neighborhood.
+Northumberland House, which stands on the spot once occupied by the
+hospital of St. Mary, finally dissolved at the Reformation, was erected
+by Henry Howard, earl of Northampton, son of the poet Surrey, and
+originally called from him Southampton House; he died in 1614.  It
+afterwards took the name of Suffolk House, from its coming into the
+possession of the earl of Suffolk; its present name was given on the
+marriage of the daughter of Suffolk with Algernon Percy, tenth earl of
+Northumberland.  It was built with three sides, forming with the river,
+which washed its court and garden, a magnificent quadrangle.  Jansen is
+the reputed architect, but the original front is considered to have
+been designed by Christmas, who rebuilt Aldersgate about the same time.
+The fourth side was afterwards built by the earl of Northumberland,
+from a design by Inigo Jones.  Holland House, at Kensington, now
+occupied by Lord Holland, belongs to the same period, being erected in
+1607 by Sir Walter Cope, and enlarged afterwards by the Earl of
+Holland, from plans prepared by the illustrious architect just named.
+These structures are worthy of examination.  They evince some lingering
+traits of the Tudor Gothic, which flourished in the middle of the
+former age, but exhibit the predominance of that Italian taste which
+had been introduced in the reign of Elizabeth, and which continued to
+prevail till it ended in the corrupt and debased style of the last
+century.  The Banqueting House at Whitehall is a more imposing and
+splendid relic, and presents an instance of the complete triumph of the
+Italian school of architecture over its predecessors.  It was designed
+by Inigo Jones in the maturity of his genius, and forms only a small
+part of a vast regal palace, of which the plans are still preserved.
+The exterior buildings were to have measured eight hundred and
+seventy-four feet on the east and west sides, and one thousand one
+hundred and fifty-two on the north and south.  The Banqueting House was
+finished in 1619, and cost £17,000.  It is curious to learn, that the
+great "architect's commission" amounted to no more than 8<I>s.</I> 1<I>d.</I> a
+day as surveyor, and £46 a year for house-rent, a clerk, and other
+expenses.  It may be added, that further specimens of this architecture
+and sculpture of that period can be seen in some parts of the Charter
+House.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Generally, it may be observed, London retained much of its ancient
+architectural appearance till it was destroyed by the fire.  Old public
+buildings were still in existence; Gothic churches lifted up their gray
+towers and spires, and vast numbers of the houses of the nobility and
+rich merchants of a former age displayed their picturesque fronts, and
+opened their capacious hospitable halls; while the new habitations of
+common citizens were usually built in the slightly modified style of
+previous times, with stories projecting one above another, adorned with
+oak carvings or plastic decorations.  Royal injunctions were repeatedly
+issued to discontinue this sort of building, and to erect houses of
+stone or brick.  A writer of the day affords many peeps into the state
+of London at the time we now refer to.  He describes ladies passing
+through the Strand in their coaches to the china houses or the
+Exchange.  He tells of 'a rare motion, or puppet-show,' to be seen in
+Fleet-street, and of one representing 'Nineveh, with Jonah and the
+whale,' at Fleet-bridge.  Indeed, this was the thoroughfare or the
+grand place for the quaint exhibitions of the age.  Cold Harbor is
+described as a resort for spendthrifts, Lothbury abounded with
+coppersmiths, Bridge-row was rich in rabbit-skins, and Panyer's-alley
+in tripe.  So nearly did the houses on opposite sides of the way
+approach together, that people could hold a <I>tête à tête</I> in a low
+whisper from each other's windows across the street.  From another
+source we learn that dealers in fish betook themselves to the Strand,
+and there blocked up the highway.  "For divers years of late certain
+fishmongers have erected and set up fish-stalls in the middle of the
+street in the Strand, almost over against Denmark House, all which were
+broken down by special commission this month of May, 1630&mdash;lest, in
+short space, they might grow from stalls to sheds, and then to
+dwelling-houses, as the like was in former times in Old Fish-street,
+and in St. Nicholas's shambles, and other places."[<A NAME="chap01fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap01fn1">1</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It may be added, that it was still, at this period, the custom for
+persons of a similar trade to occupy the same locality.  "Then," says
+Maitland, in his History of London, "it was beautiful to behold the
+glorious appearances of goldsmiths' shops on the south row of
+Cheapside, which in a continued course reached from Old Change to
+Bucklersbury, exclusive of four shops only of other trades in all that
+space."  This "unseemliness and deformity," as his majesty was pleased
+to call it in an order of council in 1629, greatly provoked the royal
+displeasure; yet in spite of efforts to the contrary from that high
+quarter, not only did the four obnoxious tradesmen keep their ground,
+but a few years after the king had to complain of greater
+irregularities.  Four and twenty houses, he affirmed, were inhabited by
+divers tradesmen, to the beclouding of the glory of the goldsmiths, and
+the disturbance of his majesty's love of order and uniformity.  He went
+so far as to threaten the imprisonment of the alderman of the ward, if
+he would not see to this matter, and remove the offenders.  It is said
+of Charles V., that after he resigned his crown, he amused himself by
+trying to make several clocks keep the same time, and on the failure of
+his experiment observed, that if he could not accomplish that, no
+wonder he had not succeeded in bringing his numerous subjects into a
+state of ecclesiastical conformity.  Charles I. might, from his
+inability to make men of the same trade live together in one row, have
+learned a similar lesson.  This trifling conflict exhibits no unapt
+similitude of one of the aspects of the great evil conflict, the edge
+of which he was then approaching.  Other street irregularities were
+loudly complained of by the lord mayor.  Notwithstanding the numerous
+laws made to restrain them from so doing, bakers, butchers, poulterers,
+and others, would persist in encumbering the public thoroughfares with
+their stalls and vendibles.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+London, during the reign of the first James and Charles, was a sphere
+of commercial activity.  Monopolies and patents did, it is true,
+greatly cripple the movements of trade.  Nothing scarcely could be done
+without royal permission, for which large sums of money had to be paid.
+It was complained of, that "every poor man that taketh in but a horse
+on a market-day, is presently sent up for to Westminster and sued,
+unless he compound with the patentees (of inns) and all ancient
+innkeepers; if they will not compound, they are presently sued at
+Westminster for enlargement of their house, if they but set up a post,
+or a little hovel, more than of ancient was there."  Yet the very
+patents sought and granted for exclusive trades and manufactures,
+though tending to diminish commerce by fettering it, are proofs of
+demand and consumption, and of the industrial energy of the age.  These
+monopolies were bestowed on courtiers and noblemen, but still, no
+doubt, some of the citizens of London were employed in their
+management.  Of the wealth yielded by commerce, in spite of these
+restrictions, ample proof was given in the supplies yielded repeatedly
+to the exorbitant demands of the crown.  Both James and Charles knew
+what it was to have an empty exchequer, and in their emergencies they
+usually repaired to the good city of London as to a perfect California.
+Loan on loan was obtained.  These demands, like leeches, sucked till
+one would have supposed they had drained the body municipal; but soon
+its veins appear to have refilled, and the circulation of wealth went
+briskly on.  One of the most remarkable enterprises in the reign of
+James I. was that of Sir Hugh Myddelton, who in 1608 began, and in 1613
+finished his project of providing London with water, by means of the
+canal commonly called the New River.  The importance of this laborious
+and expensive achievement, which reflects great honor on its
+originator, can be estimated sufficiently only after remembering how
+difficult, if not impossible almost, it was before to obtain a large
+supply of the indispensible element in a state at all approaching
+purity.  The opening of the river and the filling of the basin formed a
+very splendid gala scene, the laborers being clothed in goodly apparel,
+with green caps, and at a given signal opening the sluices, with the
+sound of drums and trumpets, and the acclamations of the people; the
+lord mayor and corporation being present to behold the ceremony.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the train of wealth came indulgence and luxury.  Sad lamentations
+were expressed on account of the extravagance of the upper classes, who
+spent their money in the city on "excess of apparel, provided from
+foreign parts to the enriching of other nations, and the unnecessary
+consumption of the treasures of the realm, and on other vain delights
+and expenses, even to the wasting of their estates."  London, during
+the sitting of the law courts, seems to have been deluged with people,
+who came up from the country, and vied with each other in their
+expensive mode of living; so that, at the Christmas of 1622, the
+monarch, with a very paternal care of his subjects, ordered the country
+nobility and gentry forthwith to leave the metropolis, and go home and
+keep hospitality in the several counties.  St. Paul's Cathedral was
+desecrated at this time, by its middle walk being made a lounging and
+loitering place for the exhibition of extravagant fashions, and for
+indulgence in all kinds of pursuits.  There the wealthy went to exhibit
+their riches, and the needy to make money, the dissolute to enjoy their
+pleasures, the mere idler to while away his time.  Bishop Earle, in his
+Microcosmographic, published in 1628, gives the following description
+of the place, and thereby throws light on the habits of the Londoners:
+"It is the land's epitome, or you may call it the lesser isle of Great
+Britain.  It is more than this; the world's map, which you may here
+discern in its perfectest motion justling and turning.  It is a heap of
+stones, and men with a vast confusion of languages; and, were the
+steeple not sanctified, nothing liker Babel.  The noise in it is like
+that of bees, a strange humming or buz mixed of walking, tongues, and
+feet.  It is a kind of still roar or loud whisper.  It is the great
+exchange of all discourse, and no business whatsoever but is here
+stirring and a-foot.  It is the synod of all pates politic, jointed and
+laid together in the most serious posture, and they are not half so
+busy at the parliament.  It is the market of young lecturers, whom you
+may cheapen here at all rates and sizes.  It is the general mint of all
+famous lies, which are here, like the legends of popery, first coined
+and stamped in the church.  All inventions are emptied here, and not
+few pockets.  The best sign of a temple in it is, that it is the
+thieves' sanctuary, which rob more safely in a crowd than a wilderness,
+while every searcher is a bush to hide them.  The visitants are all men
+without exception, but the principal inhabitants and possessors are
+state knights and captains out of service&mdash;men of long rapiers and
+breeches, which after all turn merchants here and traffic for news.
+Some make it a preface to their dinner, and travel for a stomach; but
+thrifty men make it their ordinary, and board here very cheap."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Riding about in coaches, as well as walking in smart array about St.
+Paul's, was a method of display which those who could afford it were
+very fond of.  Hackney coaches made their appearance in 1625, and so
+greatly did they multiply, that the king, the queen, and the nobility,
+could hardly get along; while, to add to the annoyance, the pavements
+were broken up, and provender much advanced in price.  "Wherefore,"
+says a proclamation, "we expressly command and forbid that no hackney
+or hired coaches be used or suffered in London, Westminster, or the
+suburbs thereof, except they be to travel at least three miles out of
+the same.  And also that no person shall go in a coach in the said
+streets, except the owner of the coach shall constantly keep up four
+able horses for our service when required."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The increasing wealth of the citizens made them covetous of honor, and
+king James, to replenish his exhausted coffers, was willing to sell
+them titles of knighthood.  The attainment of these distinctions led to
+some curious displays of human vanity, and excited those mean
+jealousies which our fallen and debase nature is so apt to cherish.  It
+was a question keenly agitated among the civic dignitaries and their
+ladies,&mdash;Whether a knight commoner should rank before an untitled
+alderman&mdash;whether a junior alderman just knighted should take
+precedence of a senior brother, without that distinction, who had long
+passed the chair?  A marshal's court was at length held to decide the
+matter, and it was arranged that precedence in the city should be
+attached to the aldermanic office, rather than the knightly name&mdash;an
+instance of flattering respect to municipal rank.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+While the wealthier classes were closely pressing on the heels of their
+more aristocratic neighbors, the humbler orders were, in their own way,
+seeking to imitate their superiors.  The pride of dress was generally
+indulged in, and manifested, as is always the case, in times and
+countries distinguished by mercantile activity.  To check extravagance
+in this respect, sumptuary laws were adopted, after the fashion of
+former ages, and with a like unsuccessful result.  With tailor-like
+minuteness, the dress of the inferior citizens was prescribed.  No
+apprentice was to wear a hat which cost more than five shillings, or a
+neck-band that was not plainly hemmed.  His doublet was to be made of
+Kersey fustian, sackcloth, canvas, or leather, of two shillings and
+sixpence a yard, and under; his stockings to be of woolen, and his hair
+to be cut short and decent.  Like minute directions were issued
+relative to the attire of servant maids.  Linen was to be their
+clothing, and that not to exceed five shillings an ell.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Pageants, which had been so common in the days of the Tudors, reached
+an unexampled stage of extravagant and absurd display under the first
+two monarchs of the house of Stuart.  Even grave lawyers, including the
+great Mr. Selden himself, took part in getting up these exhibitions;
+and a particular account is given of a masquerade of their devising,
+which was performed at the expense of the inns of court, before king
+Charles, in 1633.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Liveries, and dresses of gold and silver, glittering in the light of
+torches, horses richly caparisoned, and chariots sumptuously fitted up,
+were set off by contrast with beggars and cripples, who were introduced
+in the procession, riding on jaded hacks.  Very odd devices,
+illustrative of the taste of the period, and of the way in which
+satirical feelings found vent, through the medium of emblematical
+characters, were combined with the other quaint arrangements of this
+show, such as boys disguised as owls and other birds, and persons
+representing the patented monopolists, who were extremely unpopular.  A
+man was harnessed with a <I>bit</I> in his mouth, to denote a projector who
+wished to have the exclusive manufacture of that article; another, with
+a bunch of carrots on his head and a capon on his wrist, caricatured
+some one who wanted to engross the trade of fattening birds upon these
+vegetables.  The object was to convey to the king an idea of the
+ridiculous nature of many of the monopolies then conferred.  All sorts
+of pageants and shows, with a dramatic cast in them, were exhibited at
+Whitehall under royal patronage, and filled the edifice with revelry
+and riot at Christmas and other festivals.  The genius of Inigo Jones
+was for many years chained down to the invention of scenery and
+decoration for these trifles, while Ben Jonson exercised his muse in
+writing verses and dialogues for the masquerades.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At a later period of the reign of Charles I., the year 1638, there was
+much excitement produced in London by the grand entry of Mary
+de'Medici, mother of the queen Henrietta, upon which occasion a
+spectacle of unusual grandeur was exhibited.  A very full account of
+this was published by the Historiographer of France, the Sieur de la
+Sierre.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+After detailing the order of procession, reporting the speeches
+delivered, and describing the rooms and furniture of the palace, and
+the manner of the reception of the queen-mother by her daughter
+Henrietta, the author dwells with wonderful delight on the public
+illuminations and fireworks on the evening of the day: "For the
+splendor of an infinite number of fireworks, joined to that of as many
+stars, which shone forth at the same time, both the heavens and the
+earth seemed equally filled with light.  The smell had all its
+pleasures of the cinnamon and rosemary wood, which were burning in a
+thousand places, and the taste was gratified by the excellence of all
+sorts of wine, which the citizens vied with each other in presenting to
+passengers, in order to drink together to their majesties' health."
+"Represent to yourself that all the streets of this great city were so
+illuminated by an innumerable number of fires which were lighted, and
+by the same quantity of flambeaux with which they had dressed the
+balconies and windows, and from afar off to see all this light
+collected into one single object, one could not consider it but with
+great astonishment."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These festive transactions on the surface of London society little
+indicated the awful convulsion that was near at hand.  In the
+chronicles of London pageantry, the waters look calm and bright, and no
+stormy petrel flaps his wing as an omen of an approaching tempest.  But
+a time of controversy and confusion was near.  A great struggle was
+impending, both political and religious.  What has just been noticed of
+court and civic life was but
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"The torrent's smoothness ere it dash below."<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+In some departments of London history, however, premonitions might have
+been discovered of an approaching crisis.  The anti-papal feelings of
+the people had been aroused by the treaties between James and the king
+of Spain, and the projected marriage of prince Charles with the
+infanta.  So turbulent was popular emotion on this subject, that on one
+occasion the Spanish ambassador was assailed in the streets.  When, in
+the reign of Charles I., mass was celebrated in the ambassador's
+chapel, and English papists were allowed to join in the ceremony, an
+attack was made upon the house of the embassy, and the mob threatened
+to pull it down.  But a far deeper and stronger impression was produced
+upon the minds of sound Protestants by the proceedings of archbishop
+Laud and his friends.  The consecration of St. Catherine Cree church,
+on the north side of Leadenhall-street, was attended by ceremonies so
+closely approximating to those of Rome, as to awaken in a large portion
+of the clergy and laity most serious apprehension.  The excitements of
+later times on similar grounds find their adequate type and
+representation in the troubled thoughts and agitated bosoms of a
+multitude of Londoners in the early part of the year 1631.  It was a
+remarkable era in the ecclesiastical annals of London.  The church
+having been lately repaired, Laud, then bishop of London, came to
+consecrate it.  "At his approach to the west door," says Rushworth,
+"some that were prepared for it cried, with a loud voice, 'Open, open,
+ye ever-lasting doors, that the king of glory may enter in.'  And
+presently the doors were opened, and the bishop, with three doctors and
+many other principal men, went in, and immediately falling down upon
+his knees, with his eyes lifted up, and his arms spread abroad, uttered
+these words, 'This place is holy, this ground is holy&mdash;in the name of
+the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, I pronounce it holy.'  Then he took up
+some of the dust, and threw it up into the air several times, in his
+going up towards the church.  When they approached near to the rail and
+communion table, the bishop bowed towards it several times, and
+returning they went round the church in procession, saying the
+hundredth Psalm, after that the nineteenth."  Then cursing those who
+should profane the place, and blessing those who built it up and
+honored it, he consecrated, after sermon, the sacrament in the manner
+following: "As he approached the communion table, he made several lowly
+bowings, and coming up to the side of the table, where the bread and
+wine were covered, he bowed several times, and then, after the reading
+of many prayers, he came near the bread, and gently lifted up the
+corner of the napkin wherein the bread was laid; and when he beheld the
+bread he laid it down again, flew back a step or two, bowed three
+several times towards it, then he drew near again, and opened the
+napkin, and bowed as before.  Then he laid his hand on the cup which
+was full of wine, with a cover upon it, which he let go, went back, and
+bowed thrice toward it; then he came near again, and lifted up the
+cover of the cup, looked into it, and seeing the wine he let fall the
+cover again, retired back, and bowed as before: then he received the
+sacrament, and gave it to many principal men; after which many prayers
+being said, the solemnity of the consecration ended."  The bishop of
+London consecrated St. Giles's church in the same manner, and on his
+translation to Canterbury, studiously restored Lambeth chapel, with its
+Popish paintings and ornaments.  The displeasure awakened by these
+superstitious formalities and Popish tendencies was not confined to men
+of extreme opinions.  The moderate, amiable, but patriotic Lord
+Falkland, the brightest ornament on the royalist side in the civil war,
+sympathized with the popular displeasure, and thus pertinently
+expressed himself in a speech he made in the House of Commons: "Mr.
+Speaker, to go yet further, some of them have so industriously labored
+to deduce themselves from Rome, that they have given great suspicion
+that in gratitude they desire to return thither, or at least to meet it
+half-way; some have evidently labored to bring in an English, though
+not a Roman Popery.  I mean not only the outside and dress of it, but
+equally absolute, a blind dependence of the people on the clergy, and
+of the clergy on themselves; and have opposed the papacy beyond the
+seas, that they might settle one beyond the water, (<I>trans
+Thamesin</I>&mdash;beyond the Thames&mdash;at Lambeth.)  Nay, common fame is more
+than ordinarily false, if none of them have found a way to reconcile
+the opinions of Rome to the preferments of England, and be so
+absolutely, directly, and cordially Papists, that it is all that £1,500
+a year can do to keep them from confessing it."  This fondness for
+Romish ceremonies, and these notions of priestly supremacy, cherished
+and expressed by Laud and his party, were connected with the intolerant
+treatment of those ministers who were of the Puritan stamp.  Some of
+them were silenced and even imprisoned.  Mr. Burton, the minister of
+Friday-street, preached and published two sermons in the year 1633
+against the late innovations.  For this he was brought before the High
+Commission Court, and imprisoned.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+About the same time, Prynne, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, was
+imprisoned, and had his ears cut off, for writing against plays and
+masks; and Dr. Bastwick was also confined in jail for writing a book,
+in which he denied the divine right of the order of bishops above
+presbyters.  These men were charged with employing their hours of
+solitude in the composition of books against the bishops and the
+spiritual courts, and for this were afresh arraigned before the
+arbitrary tribunal of the Star Chamber.  "I had thought," said lord
+Finch, looking at the prisoner, "Mr. Prynne had no ears, but methinks
+he has ears."  This caused many of the lords to take a closer view of
+him, and for their better satisfaction the usher of the court turned up
+his hair, and showed his ears; upon the sight whereof the lords were
+displeased they had been no more cut off, and reproached him.  "I hope
+your honors will not be offended," said Mr. Prynne; "pray God give you
+ears to hear."[<A NAME="chap01fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap01fn2">2</A>]  The sentence passed was, that the accused should
+stand in the pillory, lose their ears, pay £5,000, and be imprisoned
+for life.  When the day for executing it came, an immense crowd
+assembled in Palace-yard, Westminster.  It was wished that the crowd
+should be kept off.  "Let them come," cried Burton, "and spare not that
+they may learn to suffer."  "Sir," cried a woman, "by this sermon God
+may convert many unto him."  "God is able to do it, indeed," he
+replied.  At the sight of the sufferer, a young man standing by turned
+pale.  "Son," said Burton, "what is the matter? you look so pale; I
+have as much comfort as my heart can hold, and if I had need of more, I
+should have it."  A bunch of flowers was given to Bastwick, and a bee
+settled on it.  "Do you not see this poor bee?" he said, "she hath
+found out this very place to suck sweet from these flowers, and cannot
+I suck sweetness in this very place from Christ?"  "Had we respected
+our liberties," said Prynne, "we had not stood here at this time; it
+was for the general good and liberties of you all, that we have now
+thus far engaged our own liberties in this cause.  For did you know how
+deeply they have encroached on your liberties, if you knew but into
+what times you are cast, it would make you look about, and see how far
+your liberty did lawfully extend, and so maintain it."  The knife, the
+saw, the branding-iron, were put to work.  Bastwick's wife received her
+husband's ears in her lap, and kissed them.  Prynne cried out to the
+man who hacked him, "Cut me, tear me, I fear not thee&mdash;I fear the fire
+of hell, not thee."  Burton fainting with heat and pain, cried out,
+"'Tis too hot to last."  It <I>was</I> too hot to last.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sympathy with the principles of these Puritan sufferers pervaded, to a
+great extent, the population of London.  Side by side with, but in
+stern contrast to, the gay merry-makings and pageants of the Stuart
+age, there lay a deep, earnest, religious spirit at work, mingling with
+political excitement, and strengthening it.  The Puritan preachers of a
+former age had been popular in London.  Their sentiments had tended
+greatly to mould into a corresponding form the opinions, habits, and
+feelings of a subsequent generation.  An anti-papal spirit, a love of
+evangelical truth, a desire for simplicity in worship, a deep reverence
+for the Lord's day, and a strict morality, characterized this
+remarkable race of men.  The strange doings of Archbishop Laud, the
+doctrines they heard in some of the parish churches, the profanation of
+the Sabbath, and the profligacy of the times, filled these worthies
+with deep dismay, and vexed their righteous souls.  Boldly did they
+testify against such things; and when the Book of Sports came out, the
+magistrates of London had so much of the Puritan spirit in them, that
+they decidedly set their faces against the infamous injunctions, and
+went so far as to stop the king's carriage while proceeding through the
+city during service-time.  King James, enraged at this, swore that "he
+had thought there had been no kings in England but himself," and sent a
+warrant to the mayor, commanding that the vehicle should pass; to which
+his lordship, with great firmness and dignity, replied, "While it was
+in my power I did my duty, but that being taken away by a higher power,
+it is my duty to obey."  In the reign of Charles, the chief magistrate
+issued very stringent orders in reference to the Sabbath.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The proceedings of the Star Chamber, its barbarous punishments and
+mutilations, with the accompaniments of fines and captivity, for
+conscientious adherence to what was considered the path of duty, galled
+the spirits and roused the indignation of many a Londoner.  The
+citizens went home from the public execution of iniquitous sentences,
+from the sight of victims pilloried and mangled for their adherence to
+virtuous principle, with a deep disquietude of soul, which swelled to
+bursting as they reflected on the tragedies they had witnessed.  The
+avenging hand of Providence on injustice and oppression was about to be
+manifested, visiting national iniquities with those internal calamities
+and convulsions which so long afflicted the land.  A significant scene,
+prophetic of the new order of things, took place in London in the year
+1640, just after the opening of the Long Parliament.  Prynne, Burton,
+and Bastwick, were restored to liberty.  Crowds went forth to meet
+them.  "When they came near London," says Clarendon, "multitudes of
+people of several conditions, some on horseback and others on foot, met
+them some miles from town, very many having been a day's journey; so
+they were brought about two o'clock of the afternoon in at Charing
+Cross, and carried into the city by above ten thousand persons, with
+boughs, and flowers, and herbs in the way as they passed, making great
+noise and expressions of joy for their deliverance and return; and in
+these acclamations mingling loud and virulent exclamations against
+those who had so cruelly persecuted such godly men."  The scarred
+faces, the mutilated ears of the personages thus honored, would tell a
+tale of suffering and heroism, sure to appeal to the popular sympathy,
+and turn it in a stream of violent indignation against the mad
+oppressors.  What followed we shall see in the next chapter.  Meanwhile
+we may remark, that much of what has now been detailed furnishes a
+singular historical parallel to the events of our own times, and
+illustrates the observation of Solomon of old: "Is there anything
+whereof it may be said, See, this is new? it hath been already of old
+time, which was before us."  Eccles. i, 10.  We have lived in the
+nineteenth century to witness the revival of superstitious mummeries
+and popish errors; and taught by the past, the true Christian will
+earnestly pray that they may be extirpated without the recurrence of
+those awful calamities, of which their introduction in former times
+proved the precursor.  Meanwhile may each reader remember, that an
+obligation is laid upon him to counteract these deviations from
+Scriptural truth by maintaining that unceremonial and spiritual
+religion which Christ taught the woman of Samaria, and by cultivating
+that vital faith which rests on Him alone for acceptance, while it
+works by love, purifies the heart, and overcomes the world!
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap01fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap01fn1text">1</A>] Howes, edit. 1631.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap01fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap01fn2text">2</A>] State Trials.  Guizot's English Revolution, page 64.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap02"></A>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER II.
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+LONDON DURING THE CIVIL WARS.
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+Charles I. unfurled his standard at Nottingham, in the month of August,
+1642, and staked his crown and life on the issue of battle; a high wind
+beat down the flag, an evil omen, as it was deemed by some who saw it,
+and a symbol, as it proved, of the result of the unnatural conflict.
+Sadly was England's royal standard stained before the fighting ended.
+London took part at the beginning with the parliament.  Its Puritan
+tendencies; its awakened indignation at the assaults made by misguided
+monarchs and their ministers on conscientious, religious, brave-hearted
+men; its long observation of Stafford's policy, which had roused the
+displeasure of the citizens, and led to riots; its jealousy of the
+constitution being violated and imperiled by the arbitrary proceedings
+of Charles, especially by his attempt to reign without parliaments;
+and, added to these, a selfish, but natural resentment at the
+exorbitant pecuniary fines and forfeitures with which it had been
+visited in the exercise of royal displeasure, contributed to fix London
+on the side of those who had taken their stand against the king.  One
+can easily imagine the busy political talk going on at that time in all
+kinds of dwellings and places of resort&mdash;the eager expectancy with
+which citizens waited for news&mdash;the haste with which reports, often
+exaggerated, passed from lip to lip&mdash;the sensation produced by decided
+acts on either side; as when, for example, Charles went down to the
+House of Commons, demanding the arrest of five obnoxious members, and
+when the House declared itself incapable of dissolution save by its own
+will&mdash;the hot and violent controversies that would be waged between
+citizens of opposite political and religious opinions&mdash;the separation
+of friends&mdash;the divisions in families&mdash;the reckless violence with which
+some plunged into the strife, and the hard and painful moral necessity
+which impelled others to take their side&mdash;the mean, low, selfish, or
+fanatical motives which influenced some, and the high, pure, and
+patriotic principles which moved the breasts of others&mdash;the godless
+zeal of multitudes, and the firm faith and wrestling prayer that
+sustained not a few.  These varied elements, grouped and arranged by
+the imagination upon the background of the scenery of old London, in
+the first half of the seventeenth century, form a picture of deep and
+solemn interest.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+After the battle of Edgehill, in October, Charles marched towards
+London, anxious to possess himself of that citadel of the empire.  So
+near did the royal army come, that many of the citizens were scared by
+the sound of Prince Rupert's cannon.  The horrors of a siege or
+invasion of a city, penned in by lines of threatening troops, expected
+every hour to burst the gates or scale the walls&mdash;the spectacle of
+soldiers scouring the streets, slaying the peaceful citizen, pillaging
+his property, and burning his dwelling&mdash;such were the anticipations
+that presented themselves before the eyes of the Londoners in that
+memorable October, creating an excitement in all ranks, which the
+leaders of the popular cause sought to turn to practical account.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Eight speeches spoken in Guildhall on Thursday night, October 27th,
+1642, have come down to us; and as we look on the old reports, which
+have rescued these utterances from the oblivion into which the earnest
+talking of many busy tongues at that time has fallen, we seem to stand
+within the walls of that civic gathering-place, amidst the dense mass
+of excited citizens assembled at eventide, their faces gleaming through
+the darkness, with the reflected light of torches and lamps, and to
+hear such sentences as the following from the lips of Lord Saye and
+Sele, whose words were applauded by the multitude, till the building
+rings again with the echo: "This is now not a time for men to think
+with themselves, that they will be in their shops and get a little
+money.  In common dangers let every one take his weapons in his hand;
+let every man, therefore, shut up his shop, let him take his musket,
+offer himself readily and willingly.  Let him not think with himself,
+Who shall pay me? but rather think this, I will come forth to save the
+kingdom, to serve my God, to maintain his true religion, to save the
+parliament, to save this noble city."  The speaker knew what kind of
+men he was appealing to; that their feelings were already enlisted in
+the cause; that they had already given proofs of earnest resolution to
+support it, and of a liberal and self-denying spirit.  While his
+majesty had been getting himself "an army by commission of array, by
+subscription of loyal plate, pawning of crown jewels, and the
+like&mdash;London citizens had subscribed horses and plate, every kind of
+plate, down to women's thimbles, to an unheard-of amount; and when it
+came to actual enlisting, London enlisted four thousand in one day."
+As might have been expected, therefore, the audience responded to Lord
+Saye and Sele, and prepared themselves to obey the summons of their
+leaders; so that a few days afterwards, on hearing that Prince Rupert
+with his army had come to Brentford, and on finding that the roar of
+his cannon had reached as far as the suburbs, the train bands, with
+amazing expedition, assembled under Major-General Skippon, and
+forthwith marched off to Turnham Green.  Besides enlistment of
+apprentices and others, and contributions of all kinds for raising
+parliament armies, measures were adopted for the permanent defence of
+London.  The city walls were repaired and mounted with artillery; the
+sheds and buildings which had clustered about the outside of the city
+boundaries in time of peace were swept away.  All avenues, except five,
+were shut up, and these were guarded with military works the most
+approved.  The first entrance, near the windmill, Whitechapel-road, was
+protected by a hornwork; two redoubts with four flanks were raised
+beside the second entrance, at Shoreditch; a battery and breastwork
+were placed at the third entrance, in St. John's street; a two-flanked
+redoubt and a small fort stood by the fourth entrance, at the end of
+Tyburn, St. Giles's Fields; and a large fort with bulwarks overlooked
+the fifth entrance, at Hyde Park Corner.  Other fortifications were
+situated here and there by the walls, so as to fit the city to stand a
+long siege.  A deep enthusiasm moved at least a considerable party in
+the performance of these works.  They were not left to engineers or
+artillerymen and the paid artificers, who in ordinary times raise
+bastions and the like.  "The example of gentlemen of the best quality,"
+says May, "knights and ladies going out with drums beating, and spades
+and mattocks in their hands, to assist in the work, put life into the
+drooping people."  While warlike harangues, enlistments, contributions,
+and the building of fortifications, were going on, and the bustle and
+music of military marches were heard in the street, while the walls and
+gates bristled with cannons and soldiery, there were those within that
+war-girdled city who sympathized indeed in the popular cause, but who
+were far differently employed in its defence and promotion.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There was at this time residing in London one
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"Whose soul was like a star, and dwelt apart;<BR>
+Who had a voice whose sound was like the sea."<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+His place of abode was in Aldersgate-street, in an humble house, with a
+small garden&mdash;"the muses' bower," as he called it; and there his
+marvelous mind was searching out the foundations of laws and
+governments, breathing after liberty, civil and religious, and
+picturing an ideal commonwealth of justice, order, truth, purity, and
+love, which he longed and hoped to see reduced to a reality in his own
+native land; he was preparing, also, for some high work, which should
+be "of power to imbreed and cherish in a great people the seeds of
+public virtue and public civility, to allay the perturbation of the
+mind, and set the affections in right tune&mdash;a work not to be raised
+from the heat of youth, or the vapors of wine, nor to be obtained by
+the invocation of dame Memory and her syren daughters, but by devout
+prayer to that eternal Spirit, who can enrich with all utterance and
+knowledge, and sends out his seraphim, with the hallowed fire of his
+altar, to touch and purify the lips of whom he pleases."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+John Milton, who thus describes his employment in grand and sonorous
+English, such as he alone could write, was by birth a Londoner, having
+first opened his eyes in one of the houses of old Bread-street, and
+received the elements of his vast and varied learning at St. Paul's
+School.  Antiquarian research has traced him through successive
+residences in St. Bride's Churchyard, Aldersgate-street, Barbican,
+Holborn, Petty France, Bartholomew-close, Jewin-street, Bunhill-fields,
+to his last resting-place in the upper end of the chancel of St.
+Giles's, Cripplegate.  (Knight's London, vol. ii, p. 97.)  In youth he
+had pursued his studies in his native city, after his removal from
+Cambridge,
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"I, well content, where Thames with refluent tide<BR>
+My native city laves, meantime reside,<BR>
+Nor zeal, nor duty, now my steps impel<BR>
+To reedy Cam, and my forbidden cell.<BR>
+If peaceful days in lettered leisure spent<BR>
+Beneath my father's roof be banishment,<BR>
+Then call me banished: I will ne'er refuse<BR>
+A name expressive of the lot I choose;<BR>
+For here I woo the muse, with no control;<BR>
+For here my books, my life, absorb me whole."<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+In the maturity of his manhood, at the outbreak of the civil war,
+Milton was pursuing his favorite studies at his house in
+Aldersgate-street, combining with his literary researches and sublime
+poetic flights, deep theological inquiries and lofty political
+speculations.  At a time when the rumors of invasion were afloat, and
+the inroads of an incensed enemy expected, he appealed to the
+chivalrous cavalier in his own classic style:&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"Lift not thy spear against the muse's bower.<BR>
+The great Emathian conqueror bid spare<BR>
+The house of Pindarus, when temple and tower<BR>
+Went to the ground; and the repeated air<BR>
+Of sad Elecha's poet had the power<BR>
+To save the Athenian walls from ruin bare."<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Relieved from the fears of invasion, he continued to occupy his pen in
+the production of those wonderful prose works, which, scarcely less
+than his poetry, are monuments of his enduring fame.  Probably it was
+in his house in Barbican&mdash;the queer old barbican of that day, with a
+portion of the Barbican, or tower, still standing, and picturesquely
+gabled and carved dwellings crowded close against it&mdash;that Milton,
+musing on his native city, wrote some of his most stirring political
+tracts.  He was the representative of a large class of London citizens,
+who, without taking up arms on either side, earnestly entered into the
+great struggle, and thought and talked, and worked and wrote, as men
+agitated and in travail for the restoration and welfare of their
+distracted and bleeding country.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is interesting, in connection with this illustrious man, to notice
+one of his London contemporaries, also distinguished in English
+literature, but in another way, presenting an opposite character, and
+the type of a different class.  While Milton was exercising his lofty
+intellect and plying his mighty pen on divinity and politics, Isaac
+Walton, so well known as the author of the Complete Angler, and the
+lives of Dr. Donne and others, was, besides pursuing his occupation as
+a Hamburgh merchant, busily amusing himself with his favorite sport,
+and preparing materials for his celebrated work, (which was published
+in 1653,) as well as writing two of his lives, that of Donne and
+Wotton, which appeared in 1640 and 1651.  When London was moved from
+one end to the other by storms of political excitement, Walton,
+undisturbed by the commotion in public affairs, quietly sought
+enjoyment on the banks of the Thames with his rod and line, below
+London Bridge, where he tells us "there were the largest and fattest
+roach in the nation;" or, taking a longer excursion, rambled by the Lea
+side, or went down as far as Windsor and Henley.  It is certainly
+(whatever opinion we may form of the pursuits which engrossed so large
+a portion of Walton's time) a relief, amidst scenes of strife, to catch
+a view of little corners in English society, which seem to have been
+sheltered from the sweeping tempest.  Curious it is also to observe how
+little some men are affected by the great changes witnessed in their
+country.  Moderation is frequently, however, nearly allied to
+selfishness, and Walton apparently belonged to a class of individuals,
+from whom society may in vain look for any improvements which involve
+the sacrifice of personal ease or comfort.  He could, to use the
+language of Dr. Arnold, "enjoy his angling undisturbed, in spite of
+Star Chamber, ship-money, High Commission Court, or popish ceremonies;
+what was the sacrifice to him of letting the public grievances take
+their own way, and enjoying the freshness of a May morning in the
+meadows on the banks of the Lea?"
+</P>
+
+<P>
+However the great conflict might be regarded or forgotten, it waxed
+hotter every day, and London became increasingly involved in the
+strife.  For a while the parliament and the army were united in their
+efforts against the king, and the city of London continued to lend them
+efficient aid.  But at length disagreements arose between the
+legislative and military powers, the former being in the main composed
+of Presbyterians, while the latter were strongly leavened by the
+Independents.  The rent became worse as time rolled on, till these two
+religious parties, diverging in different directions, tore the
+commonwealth asunder, and from having been allies became decided
+antagonists.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Presbyterians were strong in London; Presbyterians occupied the
+city pulpits&mdash;Presbyterians ruled in the corporation.  The Westminster
+Assembly, which began to sit in 1642, and continued their sessions
+through a period of six years, numbered a large majority of that
+denomination, and in the measures for the establishment of their own
+views of religion throughout the country, met with the sympathy and
+encouragement of a considerable portion of London citizens.  In the
+church of St. Margaret's, Westminster, under the shadow of the
+venerable abbey, the members of this assembly, with the Scots'
+commissioners, and representatives from both houses of parliament, met
+on the 25th of September, 1643, to take the Solemn League and Covenant,
+the chosen symbol and standard of the Presbyterian party.  It was
+certainly one of the most remarkable scenes in the ecclesiastical
+history of our country; and whatever opinion may be formed of the
+ecclesiastical principles which moved that memorable convocation, no
+person of unprejudiced mind can fail to admire the piety, the
+earnestness, zeal, and courage, which many of them evinced in the
+performance of their task.  Solemn prayers were offered, addresses were
+delivered in justification of the step they were taking, and then, as
+the articles of the Covenant were read out from the pulpit, distinctly
+one by one, each person standing uncovered, with his hand lifted bare
+to heaven, swore to maintain them.  On the Lord's-day following, the
+Covenant was tendered to all persons within the bills of mortality of
+the city of London, and was welcomed by a number of ministers and a
+great multitude of people.  Of the excitement which prevailed, some
+idea may be gathered from the narrative of a royalist historian.  We
+are informed by Clarendon, that the church of St. Antony, in Size-lane,
+Watling-street, being in the neighborhood of the residence of the
+Scotch commissioners, was appropriated to their use during their stay,
+and that Alexander Henderson, a celebrated preacher, and one of their
+chaplains, was accustomed to conduct service there.  "To hear these
+sermons," he says, "there was so great a conflux and resort by the
+citizens out of humor and faction, by others of all qualities out of
+curiosity, by some that they might the better justify the contempt they
+had of them, that from the first appearance of day in the morning of
+every Sunday to the shutting in of the light the church was never
+empty; they, especially the women, who had the happiness to get into
+the church in the morning, (those who could not hang upon or about the
+windows without, to be auditors or spectators,) keeping the places till
+the afternoon exercises were finished."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+As discussions arose between the parliament and the Presbyterians on
+the one side, and the army and Independents on the other, the city of
+London showed unequivocally its attachment to the former.  In addition
+to difficulties arising from an embargo laid by the king on the coal
+trade between Newcastle and London, difficulties met by parliamentary
+orders for supplying fuel in the shape of turf or peat out of commons
+and waste grounds, and also out of royal demesnes and bishops' lands;
+in addition to other difficulties, commercial, municipal, and social,
+springing from the disjointed state of public affairs&mdash;the Londoners
+were plunged into new difficulties, ecclesiastical and political, by an
+important step which they conceived it their duty to take.  The
+Presbyterian ministers of London, upheld by their flocks, were zealous
+for the full and unrestricted establishment of their own scheme of
+discipline through the length and breadth of the city.  In June, 1646,
+the ministers met at Zion College, contending for the Divine right of
+their form of government, and maintaining that the civil magistrate had
+no right to intermeddle with the censures of the Church.  The lord
+mayor and common council joined them in a petition to the parliament to
+that effect; but the political powers would not allow them that
+uncontrolled and supreme ecclesiastical constitution which they craved.
+However, they were authorized to carry out their Church polity
+according to the law enacted for the whole kingdom, and to have
+presbyteries in every parish, which parochial bodies should be
+represented in a higher assembly called the classes, the classes again
+in the provincial synod, and the synod in the general assembly.  London
+formed a province with twelve classes, each containing from eight to
+fifteen parishes.  Nowhere else but in London and in the county of
+Lancashire did the Presbyterian establishment come into full operation,
+and even in the metropolitan city, with all the zeal of the ministers
+to support it, and with the majority of the people which they could
+command, the success of the plan was very limited.  On the 19th of
+December, 1646, the lord mayor and his brethren went up to Westminster
+with a representation of grievances, including first the contempt that
+began to be put upon the Covenant; and secondly, the growth of heresy
+and schism, the pulpits being often usurped by preaching soldiers, who
+infected all places where they came with dangerous errors.  Of these
+grievances they desired redress.  In the next year, 1647, the synod at
+Zion College published their testimony to the truth, as it was termed,
+in which a passage occurs curiously illustrative of the opinions on the
+subject of toleration that were then prevalent.  The last error they
+witness against is called, they say, "the error of toleration,
+patronizing and promoting all other errors, heresies, and blasphemies,
+whatsoever, under the grossly-abused notion of liberty of conscience."
+The Independents, who, though a minority, were a considerable body in
+the city of London, being advocates for an extended toleration, as well
+as for the enjoyment of liberty themselves, greatly displeased the
+Presbyterian brethren, and materially thwarted the success of their
+plans.  On both sides, no doubt, there were sincere, earnest, and holy
+men, nor did they disagree as to the essential truths of our blessed
+religion.  They were worshipers of the same everlasting Father, through
+the same Divine Mediator, and trusted to the aid of the same gracious
+Spirit.  They looked not to any morality of their own, as the ground of
+their acceptance with their Creator, but, conscious of manifold sins,
+rested on the sacrifice of "the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin
+of the world."  Yet it is grievous to think, that in some instances a
+difference, which extended no further than to the outward polity of the
+Church, could dissever and almost alienate those whom grace had made
+one.  And yet more grievous is it that good men who had only just
+escaped from persecution themselves, should have been ready to fasten
+the yoke upon brethren who could not see as they did.  However, in this
+imperfect state of existence, such things have been and still are; but
+it is consoling to remember, that a state of being shall one day exist,
+when these sad anomalies will prevail no more.  Freed from prejudice,
+passion, and infirmity, souls united by the tie of a common faith in
+the essentials of the gospel, shall then rejoice in a perfect and
+unbroken unity.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+While the earlier stages of the struggle to which we have referred were
+going on, some distinguished men in London, on both sides, were removed
+from the scene of strife into the peaceful mansions of their Father's
+house.  Two in particular are worthy of mention here as of the gentler
+cast, who, though they differed, felt that charity had bonds to bind
+the souls of godly men together, stronger than any difference of
+ecclesiastical opinion could break.  Dr. Twiss, an eminent and learned
+Presbyterian clergyman, the prolocutor of the assembly of divines, died
+in London in 1646.  He had refused high preferment and flattering
+invitations to a foreign university.  Forced from his living at Newbury
+by the royalist party, and detained in London by his duties in the
+assembly, for which he received but a very small allowance, he had to
+struggle with poverty.  Indeed, he was so reduced, that when some of
+the assembly were deputed to visit him, they reported that he was very
+sick and in great straits.  He was buried in the Abbey, "near the upper
+end of the poor folk's table, next the vestry, July 24th; thence, after
+the Restoration, he was dug up and thrown into a hole in the churchyard
+of St. Margaret's, near the back door of one of the prebendaries'
+houses."  In the same year died Jeremiah Burroughs, of the Independent
+school, and preacher to two of the largest congregations about London,
+Stepney, and Cripplegate.  "He never gathered a separate congregation,
+nor accepted of a parochial living, but wore out his strength in
+continual preaching, and other services of the Church.  It was said the
+divisions of the time broke his heart.  One of the last subjects he
+preached upon and printed was his Irenicum, or attempt to heal
+divisions among Christians."  Under the ascendency of the Presbyterians
+in London, the old church ceremonies of course were abandoned&mdash;churches
+were accommodated to the simplicity of worship preferred by the party
+in power.  Superstitious monuments, images, and paintings, were
+removed; the crosses in Cheapside and Charing Cross pulled down.  Even
+St. Paul's Cross, because of its form and name, was not spared, though
+hallowed by the remembrance of the great Reformers, who had there so
+effectively preached.  Religious festivals were abolished, not
+excepting Christmas&mdash;a measure to which the citizens did not quietly
+submit, old habits and predilections being too strong to be overcome by
+law.  In 1647, on that day most people kept their shops shut, and many
+Presbyterian ministers occupied their pulpits.  Time, however, was
+allotted for recreation; and it was arranged "that all scholars,
+apprentices, and other servants should, with the leave of their
+masters, have such convenient reasonable relaxation every second
+Tuesday in the month, throughout the year, as formerly they used to
+have upon the festivals."  It may be added, that stage plays were
+forbidden, and the theatres in London closed; galleries, seats, and
+boxes, were removed by warrant from justices of the peace, and all
+actors convicted of offending against this law were sentenced to be
+publicly whipped.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In consequence of the excitement of the times, the parliament issued an
+order forbidding persons to appear in the streets of London armed, or
+to come out of doors after nine o'clock at night.  It was further
+enjoined, that all persons coming into the city should present
+themselves at Guildhall and produce their passes, and also enter into
+an engagement not to bear arms against the parliament.  The
+misunderstanding between the legislature and the army becoming more
+grave and ominous than ever, the city corporation besought the former
+to disband the latter&mdash;a thing more easily proposed than accomplished.
+The citizens desired to have a militia for their own defence, under
+officers to be nominated by the common council; and were likewise
+anxious that the king, now in the hands of the army, should be brought
+to London, and a personal treaty entered into with him.  Tumultuous
+assemblages, gathered from London, took place round the doors of the
+House of Commons, some of the mob thrusting in their heads, with their
+hats on, and shouting out, "Vote, vote;" and even forcing the speaker,
+when he was about to leave the chair, to remain at his post, violently
+demanding that their petition should be granted.  The army at the time
+lay coiled up near London with most threatening aspect, and to add to
+the terror of the city, the speaker of the Commons and a hundred
+members withdrew from the metropolis, and repaired to the camp.  Orders
+were now given by the common council to the train bands to repair the
+fortifications, and for all persons capable of bearing arms to appear
+at the appointed places of rendezvous.  Fairfax and Cromwell, the
+commanders of the army, wrote an expostulatory letter to the city,
+stating their grievances, and disavowing all desire to injure the
+place.  An answer was sent, very unsatisfactory to the parties
+addressed, and things wore an increasingly alarming appearance.  Still
+the citizens seemed determined to oppose the army, and entered into an
+engagement to promote the return of the king to London.  Shops were
+shut up, a stop was put to business, horses were forbidden to be sent
+beyond the walls, and whole nights were spent in anxious deliberation.
+The army, however, was pressing towards the gates on the Southwark
+side, and while the citizens were debating and planning, showed in an
+unmistakable manner that it at least was in action.  The peril being
+imminent, on the 4th of August the common council and committee
+assembled in Guildhall, vast multitudes of the people repairing thither
+to learn the result of the deliberations.  An express arrived, stating
+that Fairfax with the army had halted on their march.  "Let us go out
+and destroy them," cried a stentorian voice; but a second express, on
+the heels of the first, ran in to correct the mistake of his
+predecessor, and to assure them that Fairfax and his men were no
+halters, but were marching on with great energy.  This changed the tone
+of the assembly, and all exclaimed, "Treat! treat!"  The committee
+spent most of the night in consultation, and the next morning
+despatched a submissive letter to the general.  The inhabitants of
+Southwark not having sympathized with their brethren on the other side
+of the water in their opposition to the army, privately intimated to
+the general their willingness to admit him, and, accordingly, a brigade
+took possession of the borough about two o'clock in the morning, and
+thereby became masters of London Bridge.  Another letter was despatched
+from the city authorities, more submissive than the first, and
+commissioners were speedily despatched to Hammersmith to wait upon
+Fairfax, who had there taken up his quarters, and formally yield to him
+all the forts on the west side of the metropolis.  On the 6th of
+August, 1647, the general was received in state by the corporation at
+Hyde Park, and escorted in procession to the city, being the same day
+constituted constable of the Tower by the ordinance of parliament.
+Three days afterwards, he took possession of that old fortress, being
+attended by a deputation from the common council, who complimented him
+in the highest terms, and invited him and his principal officers to
+dinner.  After an interval of another three days, the city voted
+£1,200, to be spent on a gold basin and ewer, as a present to this
+distinguished officer.  The fortifications were dismantled, ports and
+chains taken away, and the army quartered in and about the city: many,
+we are told, in great houses, though the season was rigorous, were
+obliged to lie on the bare floor, with little or no firing.  Orders
+were issued to provide bedding for the cold and weary soldiers; and
+when the city failed to fulfil its promise to pay money to the army,
+troops were dispatched to Weavers', Haberdashers', and Goldsmiths'
+Halls, the first of which they lightened of its treasure to the amount
+of £20,000.  Strict injunctions, however, were given for the orderly
+and peaceable conduct of the military, on pain of death.  London was
+now reduced to dumb quietude, save that murmurings were heard from the
+Presbyterians, who still insisted upon making terms with the king; but
+it was all in vain.  The torrent rolled on, and swept away monarch and
+throne; of its devastations there are awful recollections associated
+with Charing Cross and Whitehall.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The latter was made the prison-house of the monarch during his trial.
+Hence he passed to the old orchard stair, to take boat for Westminster
+Hall.  A servant, whom he particularly noticed on these occasions, has
+become an object of interest to the religious portion of the English
+public, from his having been the father of the eminently holy Philip
+Henry, and the grandfather of Matthew Henry, the commentator.  When
+Charles returned to the palace after the absence of a few years, which,
+because of the sorrows that darkened them, seemed an age, he accosted
+his old attendant with the inquiry, "Art thou yet alive?"  "He
+continued," says Philip Henry, speaking of his father, "during all the
+war time in his house at Whitehall, though the profits of his place
+ceased.  The king passing by his door under a guard to take water, when
+he was going to Westminster to that which they called his trial,
+inquired for his old servant, Mr. John Henry, who was ready to pay his
+due respects to him, and prayed God to bless his majesty, and to
+deliver him out of the hands of his enemies, for which the guard had
+like to have been rough upon him."  The king was condemned by the court
+of justice instituted for the occasion, and on the 30th of January,
+1649, was publicly beheaded.  The place which had been the scene of
+many of his youthful revels with the Duke of Buckingham, and which had
+witnessed the early pomp and pageants of his reign, having been
+converted into his prison, now became the spot where his blood was to
+be spilt.  He had been removed to St. James's Palace, after his
+sentence, and there spent Saturday, Sunday, and Monday.  At ten o'clock
+on Tuesday, he crossed the park to Whitehall, under military guard,
+Juxon, bishop of London, walking on the right, and Colonel Tomlinson,
+who was his jailer, on the left.  Reaching the palace, he went up the
+stairs leading to the long gallery into his chamber, where he remained
+in prayer for an hour, and received the sacrament.  Two or three dishes
+of refreshments had been prepared, which he declined, and could only be
+prevailed on to take a piece of bread and a glass of claret.  All
+things being prepared, and the hour of one arrived, he passed into the
+Banqueting House, and thence proceeded, by a passage broken through the
+wall, to the scaffold.  It was covered with black, and exhibited the
+frightful apparatus of death.  There stood the block, and by it two
+executioners in sailor's clothes, with vizards and perukes.  Regiments
+of horse and foot were stationed round the spot, while a dense
+multitude crowded the neighboring avenues, and many a serious
+countenance looked down from the windows and the roofs of houses.  No
+shouts of insult met the unhappy prince as he stepped on the stage of
+death, but perfect and solemn silence pervaded the closely-pressed
+throng, as well as the soldiers on duty.  Pity for the fallen monarch
+in his misfortunes, prevailed even with some who had condemned his
+unconstitutional and arbitrary course; so completely do the gentler
+feelings of our nature at such times master the conclusions at which
+the judgment has before arrived.  Nor should it be forgotten, that very
+many there, who had regarded with alarm and indignation not a few of
+the acts which Charles had performed, shrank from the thought of the
+penalty to which he was doomed, as too severe, or decidedly impolitic.
+Others, also, were present, royalists in heart, whatever might be their
+caution at such a time in avowing their principles.  It was the king's
+wish to address the multitude; but not being able to make himself heard
+so far, he delivered a speech to those who were near him, in which he
+expressed his forgiveness of his enemies, and then proceeded to
+maintain those high notions of kingly power which had proved his ruin.
+At the suggestion of the bishop, he closed by declaring, "I die a
+Christian, according to the profession of the Church of England, as I
+found it left me by my father.  I have on my side a good cause and a
+gracious God."  "There is but one stage more," said Juxon: "it is
+turbulent and troublesome, but a short one.  It will carry you from
+earth to heaven, and there you will find joy and comfort."  "I go," he
+said, "from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown."  "You exchange,"
+rejoined the bishop, "an earthly for an eternal crown&mdash;a good
+exchange."  Taking off his cloak, he gave the insignia of the order of
+the garter to the prelate, adding significantly, "Remember!" then
+kneeling down by the block, his head was severed from his body at a
+blow.  Philip Henry, son of the old Whitehall servant, witnessed that
+mournful tragedy.  "There he was," says his son Matthew, "when the king
+was beheaded, and with a very heavy heart saw that tragical blow given.
+Two things he used to relate, that he took notice of himself that day,
+which I know not if any historians mention.  One was, that at the
+instant the blow was given, there was such a dismal universal groan
+among the thousands of people that were within sight of it, as it were
+with one consent, such as he had never heard before, and desired that
+he might never hear the like again, nor see such cause for it.  The
+other was, that immediately after the stroke was struck, there was,
+according to order, one troop marching from Charing Cross towards
+King-street, and another from King-street towards Charing Cross,
+purposely to disperse and scatter the people, and to divert the dismal
+thoughts with which they could not but be filled, by driving them to
+shift every one for his own safety."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A commonwealth was established, and London submitted in form, if not in
+heart, to the victorious Cromwell.  Returning from Worcester, where he
+fought his last great battle, he entered the city in triumph; speaker
+and parliament, lord president and council of state, mayor, sheriff,
+and corporation, with an innumerable multitude, rending the air with
+their shouts, accompanied by cannon salutes; in the midst of which,
+says Whitelock, "he carried himself with much affability, and now and
+afterwards, in all his discourses about Worcester, would seldom mention
+anything of himself, mentioned others only, and gave, as was due, the
+glory of the action to God."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the commonwealth had lasted four years, the government was changed
+into the form of a protectorate, and Cromwell was installed lord
+protector.  Of all the grand ceremonials that have taken place in
+London or Westminster, this was among the most remarkable, and
+certainly quite unique.  The coronation of princes within the walls of
+St. Peter's Abbey has been of frequent occurrence; but the installation
+of the chief of the English republic was without precedent, and without
+imitation.  On the 16th of December, 1653, soon after noon, Cromwell
+proceeded in his carriage to Westminster Hall, through lines of
+military, both horse and foot.  The aldermen of London, the judges, two
+commissioners of the great seal, and the lord mayor, went before, and
+the two councils of state, with the army, followed.  Entering the Court
+of Chancery, Cromwell, attired in a suit and cloak of black velvet,
+with long boots and a gold-banded hat, was conducted to a chair of
+state, placed on a rich carpet.  He took his place before the chair,
+between the commissioners; the judges formed a circle behind, the
+civilians standing on the right, the military on the left.  The clerk
+of the council read the instrument of government, consisting of
+forty-two articles, which the lord protector, raising his right hand to
+heaven, solemnly swore to maintain and observe.  General Lamberth,
+falling on his knees, offered him a civic sword in a scabbard, which he
+received, putting aside his military weapon, to indicate that he
+intended to govern by law and not by force.  Seating himself in the
+chair, he put on his hat, the rest remaining uncovered; then, receiving
+the seal from the commissioners, and the sword from the lord mayor of
+London, he immediately returned them to the same officers, and at the
+close of this ceremony proceeded again to the palace at Whitehall.  He
+was soon afterwards invited by the city to dine at Guildhall, where he
+was received with as much honor as had been formerly paid to
+sovereigns, the companies in their stands lining the streets through
+which he passed, attended by the lord mayor and aldermen on horseback.
+After the protector had been sumptuously entertained, he conferred the
+honor of knighthood on the chief magistrate of the city.  Standing in
+the Painted Chamber at Westminster, with his first parliament before
+him, he alludes with special satisfaction to this city visit.  "I would
+not forget," he says, "the honorable and civil entertainment I found in
+the great city of London.  Truly I do not think it folly to remember
+this; for it was very great and high, and very public, and included as
+numerous a body of those that are known by names and titles, the
+several corporations and societies of citizens in this city, as hath at
+any time been seen in England,&mdash;and not without some appearance of
+satisfaction also."  Cromwell returned the compliment paid him by the
+city, and invited the mayor and court of aldermen to dine with him.  A
+good understanding seems to have been maintained between the lord
+protector and the metropolitan authorities.  When plots were formed to
+take away his life, he called the corporation together, and gave them
+an extraordinary commission to preserve the peace, and invested them
+with the entire direction of the municipal militia.  He also relieved
+the citizens from some of their taxes, revived the artillery company,
+and granted a license for the free importation of four thousand
+chaldrons of coals from Newcastle for the use of the poor&mdash;measures
+which made his highness popular in London.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"Subsequently to the annihilation of the royal authority, or between
+that and the protectorate, the city became the grand focus of the
+parliamentary government, as is abundantly testified by the numerous
+tracts and other records of the period.  Guildhall was a second House
+of Commons, an auxiliary senate, and the companies' halls the
+meeting-places of those branches of it denominated committees.  All the
+newspapers of the day abound with notices of the occupation of the
+companies' premises by their committees.  Goldsmiths' Hall was their
+bank, Haberdashers' Hall their court for adjustment of claims,
+Clothworkers' Hall for sequestration, and all the other halls of the
+great companies were offices for the transaction of other government
+business.  Weavers' Hall might properly be denominated the exchequer.
+From this place parliament was accustomed to issue bills, about and
+before 1652, in the nature of exchequer bills, and which were commonly
+known under the name of Weaver-Hall bills."&mdash;<I>Herbert's Hist. of Livery
+Companies</I>, vol. i.  During the melancholy time that the civil war
+raged in England, the London companies were much oppressed, and spoiled
+of their resources by the arbitrary exactions made by those in power;
+but they seem to have enjoyed a better condition under the
+protectorate, when a season of comparative rest and quietude returned.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Cromwell's state residence in London was Whitehall.  With much less of
+splendor and show than had been exhibited by the former occupants of
+that palace, the protector maintained a degree of magnificence and
+dignity befitting the chief ruler of a great country.[<A NAME="chap02fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap02fn1">1</A>]  He had around
+him his court&mdash;composed of his family, some leading officers of the
+army, and a slight sprinkling of the nobility; but what interests
+posterity the most, it included Milton, Marvell, Waller, and Dryden.
+Foreign ambassadors and other distinguished personages were entertained
+at his table in sober state, the dinner being brought in by the
+gentlemen of his guard, clothed in gray coats, with black velvet
+collars and silver lace trimmings.  "His own diet was spare and not
+curious, except in public treatments, which were constantly given the
+Monday in every week to all the officers in the army not below a
+captain, when he used to dine with them.  A table was likewise spread
+every day of the week for such officers as should casually come to
+court.  Sometimes he would, for a frolic, before he had half dined,
+give order for the drum to beat, and call in his foot-guards, who were
+permitted to make booty of all they found on the table.  Sometimes he
+would be jocund with some of the nobility, and would tell them what
+company they had kept, when and where they had drunk the king's health
+and the royal family's, bidding them when they did it again to do it
+more privately; and this without any passion, and as festivous, droll
+discourse."[<A NAME="chap02fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap02fn2">2</A>]  In the neighboring parks, the protector was often seen
+taking the air in his sedan, on horseback, and in his coach.  On one
+occasion he turned coachman, with a rather disastrous result, which is
+amusingly told by Ludlow, whose genuine republicanism prejudiced him
+against Cromwell after he had assumed the supreme power.  "The duke of
+Holstein made Cromwell a present of a set of gray Friesland
+coach-horses, with which taking the air in the park, attended only by
+his secretary Thurloe and a guard of janizaries, he would needs take
+the place of the coachman, not doubting but the three pair of horses he
+was about to drive would prove as tame as the three nations which were
+ridden by him, and, therefore, not content with their ordinary pace, he
+lashed them very furiously; but they, unaccustomed to such a rough
+driver, ran away in a rage, and stopped not till they had thrown him
+out of the box, with which fall his pistol fired in his pocket, though
+without any hurt to himself: by which he might have been instructed how
+dangerous it was to meddle with those things wherein he had no
+experience."  In connection with these anecdotes of Cromwell may be
+introduced an extract from the Moderate Intelligencer, illustrative of
+the public amusements in London at that time:&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"Hyde Park, May 1, 1654.&mdash;This day there was a hurling of a great ball
+by fifty Cornish gentlemen of the one side, and fifty on the other; one
+party played in red caps and the other in white.  There was present,
+his highness the lord protector, many of his privy council, and divers
+eminent gentlemen, to whose view was presented great agility of body,
+and most neat and exquisite wrestling, at every meeting of one with
+another, which was ordered with such dexterity, that it was to show
+more the strength, vigor, and nimbleness of their bodies, than to
+endanger their persons.  The ball they played withal was silver, and
+was designed for that party which did win the goal."  Coach-racing was
+another amusement of the period, perhaps something of an imitation of
+the old chariot races; races on foot were also run.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The author of a book entitled, "A Character of England, as it was
+lately presented to a Nobleman of France," published in 1659, further
+describes Hyde Park in the manner following: "I did frequently in the
+spring accompany my lord N&mdash;&mdash; into a field near the town, which they
+call Hide Park; the place not unpleasant, and which they use as our
+course, but with nothing of that order, equipage, and splendor, being
+such an assembly of wretched jades and hackney coaches, as, next a
+regiment of carmen, there is nothing approaches the resemblance.  The
+park was, it seems, used by the late king and nobility for the
+freshness of the air and the goodly prospect; but it is that which now
+(besides all other exercises) they pay for here, in England, though it
+be free in all the world besides, every coach and horse which enters
+buying his mouthful, and permission of the publican who has purchased
+it, for which the entrance is guarded with porters and long staves."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+During the commonwealth, what may be called a drab-colored tint
+pervaded London life, absorbing the rich many-colored hues which
+sparkle in the early picturesque history of the old metropolis.  The
+pageantries of the Tudors and Stuarts were at an end; civic processions
+lost much of their glory; maskings and mummings were expelled from the
+inns of court; May-day became as prosaic as other days; Christmas was
+stripped of its holly decorations, and shorn from its holiday revels.
+The companies' halls were divested of royal arms, and the churches
+purified from images and popish adornments.  But the preceding
+particulars show that the tinge of the times was not quite so drab as
+it seems on the pages of some partial and prejudiced writers.  London
+had not the sepulchral look, and commonwealthmen had not the
+funeral-like aspect commonly attributed to them.  They had, as we have
+seen, their cheerfulness and festivity, their banquets, recreations,
+and amusements; and, no doubt, in the mansions and houses of the city
+folk, both Presbyterian and Independent, there was comfort and taste,
+and pleasure, far different from what would be inferred from the
+accounts of them given by some, as if they were all starched
+precisians, a formal and woe-begone race.  There was a dash of humor in
+Cromwell, to many about him quite inconsistent with that lugubriousness
+so often described as the characteristic of the times.  With the
+suppression of the rude, boisterous, profligate, and vicious amusements
+of earlier times, there was certainly an improvement of the morals of
+the people.  London was purified from a good deal of pollution by the
+change.  The order, sobriety, and good behavior of the London citizens,
+during the period that regular government existed under Cromwell,
+appear in pleasing contrast to the confusion and riots of earlier
+times.  There was a general diffusion of religious instruction, an
+earnestness in preaching, and an example of reverence for religion,
+exhibited by those in authority, which could not but operate
+beneficially.  No doubt in London, as elsewhere, there were formalism
+and hypocrisy; the length of religious services had sometimes an
+unfavorable influence upon the young; severity and force, too, were
+unjustifiably employed in controlling public manners; but when all
+these drawbacks are made, and every other which historical impartiality
+may demand, there remains in the condition of London in those times, a
+large amount of genuine virtue and religion.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The night of the 2d of September, 1658, was one of the stormiest ever
+known.  The wind blew a hurricane, and swept with resistless violence
+over city and country; many a house that night was damaged, chimneys
+being thrown down, tiles torn off, and even roofs carried away.  Old
+trees in Hyde Park and elsewhere were wrenched from the soil.  Cromwell
+was lying that night on his death-bed, and the Londoners' attention was
+divided between the phenomena of the weather, and the great event
+impending in the history of the commonwealth.  The royalists said that
+evil angels were gathering in the storm round Whitehall, to seize on
+the departing spirit of the usurper; his friends interpreted it as a
+warning in providence of the loss the country was about to sustain.
+Amidst the storm and the two interpretations of it, both equally
+presumptuous, Cromwell lay in the arms of death, breathing out a
+prayer, which, whatever men may think of the character of him who
+uttered it, will be read with deep interest by all: "Lord, though a
+miserable and wretched creature, I am in covenant with thee, through
+thy grace, and may and will come to thee for thy people.  Thou hast
+made me a mean instrument to do them some good and thee service.  Many
+of them set too high a value upon me, though others would be glad of my
+death.  Lord, however thou disposest of me, continue and go on to do
+good for them.  Teach those who look too much upon thy instruments to
+depend more upon thyself, and pardon such as desire to trample upon the
+dust of a poor worm, for they are thy people too."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Cromwell was not by any means given to excessive state and ceremony,
+but after his death his friends evinced their fondness for it by the
+singularly pompous funeral which they appointed for him.  Somerset
+House was selected as the scene of the lying in state, and thither the
+whole city flocked to witness the spectacle of gorgeous gloom.  They
+passed through three ante-chambers, hung with mourning, to the funeral
+apartment.  A bed of state covered the coffin, upon which, surrounded
+by wax lights, lay Cromwell's effigy, attired in royal robes.  Pieces
+of his armor were arranged on each side, together with the symbols of
+majesty, the globe and sceptre.  Behind the head an imperial crown was
+exhibited on a chair of state.  Strikingly did the whole portray the
+fleeting and evanescent character of earthly pomp and power.  It being
+found necessary to inter the body before the conclusion of the public
+funereal pageant, the effigy was removed to another room, and placed in
+an erect instead of a recumbent position, with the emblems of kingship
+in its hands, and the crown royal on its head.  This exhibition
+continued for eight days, at the conclusion of which period there was a
+solemn procession to Westminster Abbey.  The streets were lined with
+military, and the principal functionaries of the city of London, the
+officers of the army, the ministers of state, the foreign ambassadors,
+and some members of Cromwell's family, composed the cortége, which
+conducted the funeral car bearing the effigy to the place where the
+body was interred.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The city of London acknowledged Richard Cromwell as lord high protector
+on his father's death.  Probably an address of congratulation from the
+metropolis on the event of his accession, was included among the
+contents of the old trunks, filled with such documents, to which
+Richard humorously referred when his short career of rulership reached
+its close.  "Take particular care of these trunks," he said to his
+servant, when giving some directions about them; "they contain no less
+than the lives and fortunes of all the good people of England."  The
+corporation of London having played a conspicuous part in all the
+changes of those changeful times, was particularly consulted by the
+parties who seized the reins of government when they had fallen from
+the hands of Oliver, and could not be held by his incompetent son.  So
+cordial seemed the understanding between the city magistrates and the
+ruling authorities&mdash;consisting of the rump parliament, the council of
+state, and the officers of the army&mdash;that an entertainment was given to
+the latter at Grocers' Hall, on the 6th of October, 1659, by the lord
+mayor and corporation, to celebrate Lambert's victory over Sir George
+Booth, who had raised an insurrection in the west of England.  At these
+festivities there was, on the part of the city, more of the semblance
+than the reality of friendship; for in the disjointed state of public
+affairs, and the manifest impotence of those who had undertaken to
+rule, London shared the general sentiments of dissatisfaction and
+alarm.  It was felt that the parliament was but a name, and the
+re-establishment of a military despotism by the army was the object of
+apprehension.  In the disagreement between parliament and army the city
+wished to stand neutral, though the apprentices rose in riotous
+opposition to the committee of safety, which was formed of republican
+officers.  The feelings of this youthful part of the community were
+sympathized in by many others, though they prudently desired to avoid
+any infraction of the public peace.  A general wish pervaded the city
+that a free parliament might be called; and when the rump parliament
+required the collection of the taxes, the citizens refused the impost,
+and objected to the power which had levied it.  General Monk was
+ordered to march on the refractory citizens, which he did.  He
+forthwith stationed guards at the gates of the city, and then broke
+them down, destroying the portcullises and removing the posts and
+chains.  While Monk was thus chastising the Londoners, he fell out with
+the parliament, in whose service he professed to act, and at once
+changing sides, sought the forgiveness of the city for his deeds of
+violence, which, as he alleged, had been done, not from his own
+inclination, but at the command of the parliament.  Mutual engagements
+and promises were now exchanged between the general and the citizens.
+Posts, gates, chains, portcullises, were replaced and repaired; and the
+corporation being let into the secret of Monk's design to promote the
+restoration of the monarchy, cordially acquiesced in the object.  When
+messengers from Charles, who was at Breda, reached the city, they were
+joyfully welcomed, and £10,000 was voted out of the civic coffers to
+assist his majesty.  While preparations for the king's return were
+proceeding prosperously, a solemn thanksgiving-day was held on the 10th
+of May, 1660, on which occasion the lord mayor and aldermen and the
+several companies assembled at St. Paul's Cathedral, when the good
+Richard Baxter preached to them on "Right Rejoicing: or, The Nature and
+Order of rational and warrantable Joy."  Feeling deeply as he did for
+the political welfare of the city and the country, and deeming the
+restoration of the monarch conducive to that end, yet the preacher,
+filled as he was with love to souls and zeal for God, would not let the
+occasion pass without wholly devoting it to the highest ends of the
+Christian ministry.  It was his compassion, he says, to the frantic
+merry world, and to the self-troubling melancholy Christian, and his
+desire methodically to help them in their rejoicing, which formed his
+exhortation, and prompted the selection of his subject.  No doubt men
+of all kinds thronged old St. Paul's to hear the Puritan preach on the
+king's return; and on reading over his wonderfully earnest and
+conscience-searching sermon, one cannot help feeling how many there
+must have been there to whom his warnings were as appropriate as they
+still are to multitudes in our own day, perhaps even to some person now
+perusing this sketch of the history of London.  "Were your joy," said
+he, "but reasonable, I would not discourage it.  But a madman's
+laughter is no very lovely spectacle to yourselves.  And I appeal to
+all the reason in the world, whether it be reasonable for a man to live
+in mirth that is yet unregenerate and under the curse and wrath of God,
+and can never say, in the midst of his greatest pomp and pleasure, that
+he is sure to be an hour out of hell, and may be sure he shall be there
+forever, if he die before he have a new, a holy, and a heavenly nature,
+though he should die with laughter in his face, or with a jest in his
+mouth, or in the boldest presumption that he shall be saved; yet, as
+sure as the word of God is true, he will find himself everlastingly
+undone, as soon as ever his soul is departed from his body, and he sees
+the things that he would not believe.  Sirs, is it rational to dance in
+Satan's fetters, at the brink of hell, when so many hundred diseases
+are all ready to mar the mirth, and snatch away the guilty soul, and
+cast it into endless desperation?  I exceedingly pity the ungodly in
+their unwarrantable melancholy griefs, and much more an ungodly man
+that is bleeding under the wounds of conscience.  But a man that is
+merry in the depth of misery is more to be pitied than he.  Methinks it
+is one of the most painful sights in all the world, to see a man ruffle
+it out in bravery, and spend his precious time in pleasure, and melt
+into sensual and foolish mirth, that is a stranger to God, and within a
+step of endless woe.  When I see their pomp, and feasting, and
+attendance, and hear their laughter and insipid jests, and the fiddlers
+at their doors or tables, and all things carried as if they made sure
+of heaven, it saddeneth my heart to think, alas! how little do these
+sinners know the state that they are in, the God that now beholdeth
+them, the change that they are near.  How little do they think of the
+flames that they are hastening to, and the outcries and lamentations
+that will next ensue."  Baxter knew that he would have, in all
+probability, many a light and careless mortal to hear him at St. Paul's
+that day, whose every thought and feeling would be engrossed in the
+anticipation of the gayeties that were about to return and supersede
+the strictness of Puritan times; he anticipated the presence of men
+who, like moths round a candle, were darting about in false security on
+the borders of everlasting fire, and thus he sent the arrows of his
+powerful eloquence direct at their consciences.  Imagination can
+scarcely refrain from picturing some dissipated merry-maker arrested by
+such appeals, trembling under such tremendous and startling truths,
+quailing with terror, pale with anguish, melted into repentance,
+fleeing to the Saviour for mercy, and going home to pour forth in
+secret tears and prayers before God.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On the 26th of May, King Charles II. landed at Dover, and on the 29th
+entered the metropolis.  He was met by the corporation in St. George's
+fields, Southwark, where a grand tent had been fitted up for receiving
+him.  A sumptuous collation was ready, and the lord mayor waited to
+place in the hands of the monarch the city sword.  Arrived and welcomed
+by his subjects, Charles conferred the honor of knighthood on the chief
+magistrate, and then proceeded to London, amidst a display of rejoicing
+such as brought back the remembrance of other days.  The streets were
+lined with the companies and train bands; the houses were adorned with
+tapestries and silks; windows, balconies, roofs, and scaffolds, were
+crowded with spectators; and the conduits ran with delicious wines.
+The procession was formed of a troop of gentlemen, arrayed in cloth of
+silver; two hundred gentlemen in velvet coats, with footmen in purple
+liveries; another troop in buff coats and green scarfs; two hundred in
+blue and silver, with footmen in sea-green and silver; two hundred and
+twenty, with thirty footmen in gray and silver, and four trumpeters;
+one hundred and five, with six trumpets; seventy, with five trumpets;
+two troops of three hundred, and one of one hundred, all mounted and
+richly habited.  Then followed his majesty's arms, carried by two
+trumpeters, together with the sheriff's men and six hundred members of
+the companies on horseback, in black velvet coats and gold chains.
+Kettle-drums and trumpets, twelve ministers at the head of the
+life-guards, the city marshal, sheriffs, aldermen, all in rich
+trappings, the lord mayor, and last of all, the king, riding between
+the Dukes of York and Gloucester.  The rear of the procession was
+composed of military.  An entertainment at Guildhall followed, on the
+5th of July.  Nothing could exceed the rapture of the old royalist
+party in London.  Cavaliers and their followers, restrained by the
+regulations and example of the governing powers during the
+commonwealth, and now freed from all restriction on their indulgence,
+were loud and extravagant in their demonstrations of joy.  London was
+transformed into a scene of carnival-like festivity.  There were
+bonfires and the roasting of oxen, while the rumps of beef divided
+among hungry citizens suggested many a joke on the rump parliament.
+Revelry and intemperance were the order of the day.  The taverns rang
+with the roundelay of the licentious and intemperate&mdash;"The king shall
+enjoy his own again."  At night, the riotous amusement continued,
+amidst illumination of the most brilliant kind which at that time could
+be supplied.  The whole was a fitting prelude to the reign that
+followed, and an affecting commentary on the moving exhortations of
+Baxter, to which we have before referred.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A band of wild and crazy enthusiasts, denominated Fifth Monarchy men,
+troubled the peace of the city in the beginning of the following year.
+Led on by a fanatic named Venner, they insisted on the overthrow of
+King Charles, and the establishment of the reign of King Jesus.  Though
+only between sixty and seventy in number, they were so feebly opposed
+by the authorities who had the safety of the city intrusted to them,
+that they marched from street to street, bearing down their opponents,
+and engaging in successful skirmishes, both with train-bands and
+horse-guards.  For two days this handful of misguided men kept up their
+insurrection, and at last intrenched themselves in an ale-house in
+Cripplegate, where, after severe fighting, the remnant of them were
+captured.  About twenty persons were killed on each side during the
+whole fray, and eleven of the rebels were afterwards executed.  Soon
+after this, on the 23d of April, the coronation took place, which
+occasioned another gala day for the citizens, who now, in addition to
+other demonstrations of joy, erected four triumphal arches&mdash;the first
+in Leadenhall-street, representing his majesty's arrival; the second in
+Cornhill, forming a naval representation; the third in Cheapside, in
+honor of Concord; and the fourth in Fleet-street, symbolical of Plenty.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The old national amusements were revived in London on the restoration.
+May-day and Christmas resumed their former appearance.  The May-pole in
+the Strand was erected in 1661.  The theatres were re-opened, pouring
+forth a flood of licentiousness.  The love of show and decoration was
+cherished afresh.  Dresses and equipages shone in more than their
+ancient splendor.  In 1661, it was thought necessary to repress the
+gilding of coaches and chariots, because of the great waste and expense
+of gold in their adorning.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+London also witnessed other accompaniments of the restoration.  The
+regicide trials took place soon after the king's return, and could not
+fail deeply to interest, in one way or the other, the mass of the
+citizens, many of them personally acquainted with the parties, and
+perhaps abettors of the acts for which they were now arraigned.
+Charing Cross was the scene of the execution of Harrison, Scrope,
+Jones, Hugh Peters, and others.  The spirit in which they met their
+deaths was very extraordinary.  "If I had ten thousand lives," said
+Scrope, "I could freely and cheerfully lay them down all to witness in
+this matter."  Jones, the night before he died, told a friend that he
+had no other temptation but this, lest he should be too much
+transported, and carried out to neglect and slight his life, so greatly
+was he satisfied to die in that cause.  Peters, whom Burke styles "a
+poor good man," said, as he was going to die, "What, flesh, art thou
+unwilling to go to God through the fire and jaws of death?  This is a
+good day; He is come that I have long looked for, and I shall be with
+him in glory; and so he smiled when he went away."  Others were
+executed at Tyburn; and there, too, the bodies of the protector Oliver
+Cromwell, Treton, and Bradshaw, were ignominiously exposed on a gibbet,
+having been dug out of their tombs in Westminster Abbey.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap02fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap02fn1text">1</A>] He loved paintings and music, and encouraged proficients in elegant
+art.  "I ventured," says Evelyn, in 1656, "to go to Whitehall, where of
+many years I have not been, and found it very glorious and well
+furnished."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap02fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap02fn2text">2</A>] Perfect Politician, quoted in "London," vol. i, p. 360.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap03"></A>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER III.
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+THE PLAGUE YEAR IN LONDON.
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+Terrific pestilence had often visited London, and swept into the
+eternal world multitudes of victims; but no calamity of this kind that
+ever befel the inhabitants can be compared with the awful visitation of
+the great plague year.  It broke out in Drury-lane, in the month of
+December, 1664.  For some time it had been raging in Holland, and
+apprehensions of its approach to the shores of England had for months
+agitated the minds of the people.  Remarkable appearances in the
+heavens were construed into Divine warnings of some impending
+catastrophe; and the common belief in astrology led many, in the
+excited state of feeling, to listen to the prognostications that issued
+from the press, in almanacs and other publications of the day.  Defoe,
+in his remarkable history of the plague, which, though in its form
+fictitious, is doubtless in substance a credible narrative, describes a
+man who, like Jonah, went through the streets, crying, "Yet forty days,
+and London shall be destroyed."  Another ran about, having only some
+slight clothing round his waist, exclaiming, with a voice and
+countenance full of horror, "O, the great and dreadful God!"  Yet the
+forebodings which were excited by reports from the continent, the
+traditions of former visitations of pestilences, the actual breaking
+out of the disease in a few instances, together with the superstitious
+aggravations just noticed, only shadowed forth, in light pale hues, the
+dark and intensely gloomy colors of the desolating providence which the
+sovereign Ruler of all events brought over the city of London.
+Head-ache, fever, a burning in the stomach, dimness of sight, and livid
+spots on the chest, were symptoms of the fatal disorder.  These signs
+became more numerous as the months of the year 1665 advanced; yet the
+cases of plague were comparatively few till the month of June.  "June
+the 7th," says an observant writer of that period in his diary, "the
+hottest day that ever I felt in my life.  This day, much against my
+will, I did see in Drury-lane two or three houses marked with a red
+cross upon the doors, and 'Lord, have mercy upon us!' writ there, which
+was a sad sight to me, being the first of that kind that to my
+remembrance I ever saw."  Again, on the 17th of June: "It struck me
+very deep this afternoon, going with a hackney coach down Holborn from
+the lord treasurer's, the coachman I found to drive easily, and easily,
+at last stood still, and came down hardly able to stand, and told me he
+was suddenly struck very sick, and almost blind he could not see; so I
+light, and went into another coach, with a sad heart for the poor man,
+and myself also, lest he should have been struck with the plague."
+This description of the first sight of the marked door, and the coach
+going more and more easily till it stood still, with its plague-struck
+driver, places the reader in the midst of the scene of disease and
+sorrow, awakening sympathetic emotions with those sufferers in a now
+distant age.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The alarm increased as the deaths multiplied, and people began to pack
+up and leave London with all possible haste.  The court and the
+nobility removed to a distance, and so also did vast numbers beside who
+had the means of doing so, and were not confined by business; yet the
+general terror was so great throughout the kingdom that friends were
+sometimes far from being welcomed by those whom they visited.  "It is
+scarcely possible," says Baxter, "for people who live in a time of
+health and security to apprehend the dreadful nature of that
+pestilence.  How fearful people were thirty or forty, if not a hundred
+miles from London, of anything they brought from mercers' or drapers'
+shops, or of goods that were brought to them, or of any persons who
+came to their houses.  How they would shut their doors against their
+friends; and if a man passed over the fields, how one would avoid
+another, how every man was a terror to another.  O, how sinfully
+unthankful are we for our quiet societies, habitations, and health!"
+But the bulk of the people, of course, were compelled to remain in the
+city, and, pent up in dirty, close, unventilated habitations, while the
+weather was burning hot, were exposed to the unmitigated fury of the
+contagion.  The weekly bills of mortality rose from hundreds to
+thousands, till, in the month of September, the disease reached its
+height, and no less than ten thousand souls were hurried into eternity.
+The operations of business were of course checked, and in many cases
+entirely suspended by the terrific progress of the calamity.  Several
+shops were closed in every street; dwellings were often left empty, the
+inmates having been smitten or driven away by the fatal scourge.  Some
+of the public thoroughfares were nearly deserted.  The markets being
+removed beyond the city walls, to prevent the people as much as
+possible from coming together in masses; the erection of houses also
+being unnecessary, and therefore discontinued for a while&mdash;carts and
+wagons, laden with provision, or with building materials, no longer
+frequented the highways, which, a few short months before, had been the
+scene of busy activity.  Coaches were seldom seen, except when parties
+were hurrying away from the city, or when some one, affected by the
+disorder, was being conveyed home, with the curtains of the vehicle
+closely drawn.  The grass growing in the streets, and the solemn
+stillness which pervaded many parts of the great city, in contrast with
+its previous state, are circumstances particularly mentioned in the
+descriptions of London in the plague year, and they powerfully serve to
+give the reader an affecting idea of the awful visitation.  Few
+passengers appeared, and those few hurried on, in manifest fear of each
+other, as if each was carrying to his neighbor the summons of death.[<A NAME="chap03fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn1">1</A>]
+The daughters of music were brought low; the din of business, and the
+murmur of pleasant talk, and the London cries were silenced.  The
+shrieks, however, of sufferers in agony, or of maniacs driven mad by
+disease, broke on the awful quietude.  People might be heard crying out
+of the windows for some to help them in their anguish&mdash;to assuage the
+burning fever, or to carry their dead away.  Occasionally, some rushed
+towards the Thames, with bitter cries, to seek relief from their
+torments by suicide.  The Rev. Thomas Vincent, who was residing in
+London at the time, describes some touching examples of sorrow, which
+were only specimens of what prevailed to an indescribable extent.
+"Amongst other sad spectacles," he says, "two, methought, were very
+affecting; one of a woman coming alone, and weeping by the door where I
+lived, (which was in the midst of the infection,) with <I>a little coffin
+under her arm</I>, carrying it to the new churchyard.  I did judge that it
+was the mother of the child, and that all the family besides were dead,
+and that she was forced to coffin up and to bury with her own hands
+this her last dead child!"  The second case to which this writer
+alludes is even more terrible than that now given, but out of regard to
+our readers' feelings we refrain from quoting it.  A passenger, the
+same eye-witness adds, could hardly go out without meeting coffins; and
+Defoe gives us a picture, as graphic as it is awful, of the mode of
+sepulture adopted when the plague was at its height.  He informs us
+that a great pit was dug in the churchyard of Aldgate parish, from
+fifteen to sixteen feet broad, and twenty feet deep; at night, the
+victims carried off in the day by death were brought in carts by
+torchlight to this receptacle, the bellman accompanying them, and
+calling on the inhabitants as they passed along to bring out their
+dead.  Sixteen or seventeen bodies, naked, or wrapped in sheets or
+rags, were thrown into one cart, and then huddled together into the
+common grave.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The king of terrors sweeping into the eternal world so many thousands,
+is a picture which must excite in the mind of the Christian solemn
+emotions.  It is pleasing, however, to learn from Vincent how
+tranquilly God's people departed in that season of Divine judgment.
+"They died with such comfort as Christians do not ordinarily arrive
+unto, except when they are called forth to suffer martyrdom for the
+testimony of Jesus Christ.  Some who have been full of doubts, and
+fears, and complaints, whilst they have lived and been well, have been
+filled with assurance, and comfort, and praise, and joyful expectations
+of glory, when they have been laid on their death-beds by this disease;
+and not only more growing Christians, who have been more ripe for
+glory, have had their comforts, but also some younger Christians, whose
+acquaintance with the Lord hath been of no long standing."  There were
+persons, however, who had lived through a course of profligacy, who, so
+far from being led to repentance by the awful dispensation they
+witnessed, only plunged into deeper excesses, driving away care by riot
+and intemperance, or availing themselves of the confusion of the times
+to commit robbery.  The immorality, daring presumption, and reckless
+wickedness of a portion of the people during the London plague, as in
+the plague at Florence in 1348, and the plague at Athens, described by
+Thucydides, prove the depravity of the human heart, and the inefficacy
+of afflictions or judgments, if unaccompanied by Divine grace, to melt
+or change it.  We learn, however, that by the preaching of the gospel
+some were graciously renewed and saved.  Baxter informs us, that
+"abundance were converted from their carelessness, impenitency, and
+youthful lusts and vanities, and religion took such a hold on many
+hearts as could never afterwards be loosed."  The parish churches were
+in several instances forsaken by their occupants, but many godly men
+who had been ejected by the Uniformity Act, now came forward, with
+their characteristic disinterestedness and zeal, to supply their
+brethren's lack of service.  Vincent, already mentioned, with Clarkson,
+Cradock, and Terry, distinguished themselves by holy efforts for the
+conversion of sinners at that dreadful time.  A broad sheet exists in
+the British Museum, containing "short instructions for the sick,
+especially those who, by contagion, or otherwise, are deprived of the
+presence of a faithful pastor, by Richard Baxter, written in the great
+plague year, 1665."  Preaching was the principal method of doing good.
+Large congregations assembled to hear the man of God faithfully
+proclaim his message.  The imagination readily restores the timeworn
+Gothic structure in the narrow street&mdash;the people coming along in
+groups&mdash;the crowded church doors, and the broad aisles, as well as the
+oaken pews and benches, filled with one dense mass&mdash;the anxious
+countenances looking up at the pulpit&mdash;the divine, in his plain black
+gown and cap&mdash;the reading of the Scriptures&mdash;the solemn prayer&mdash;the
+sermon, quaint indeed, but full of point and earnestness, and
+possessing that prime quality, adaptation&mdash;the thrilling appeals at the
+close of each division of the discourse&mdash;the breathless silence, broken
+now and then by half-suppressed sobs and lamentations&mdash;the hymn,
+swelling in dirge-like notes&mdash;and the benediction, which each would
+regard as possibly a dismissal to eternity; for who but must have felt
+his exposure to the infection while sitting amidst that promiscuous
+audience?  It is at times like these that the worth of the soul is
+appreciated, and a saving interest in Christ perceived to be more
+valuable than all the accumulated treasures of earth.  So far as their
+health was concerned, the prudence of the people in congregating
+together in such crowds, at such a season, has been often and fairly
+questioned; yet who that looks at the imminent spiritual peril in which
+multitudes were placed, but must commend the religious concern which
+they manifested; and who that takes into account the peculiar
+circumstances of the preachers, laboring without emolument at the
+hazard of their lives, but must applaud their apostolic
+zeal?&mdash;<I>Spiritual Heroes</I>, p. 289.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The plague reached its height in September&mdash;during one night of that
+month ten thousand persons died.  After this the pestilence gradually
+diminished, and by the end of the year it had ceased.  The visitation
+has acquired additional interest for us of late from the occurrence of
+cholera to an alarming extent.  The former, like the latter, was
+increased by poverty and filth, and to a much greater degree; for,
+badly as houses have been ventilated, of late, and defective as may be
+our drainage, our fathers were incomparably worse off than we are in
+these respects.  Houses were crowded together, and left in a state of
+impurity which would shock the least delicate and refined of the
+present day.  There were scarcely any under sewers.  Ditches were the
+channels for carrying off refuse; and as supplements to these imperfect
+methods of cleansing a great city, there were public dunghills.  The
+effluvia from such sources was, indeed, humanly speaking, enough to
+cause a pestilence, and at the time of the plague must have been
+intolerable from the heat of the weather; while some means, also,
+adopted by the authorities for stopping the ravages of mortality, only
+promoted the evil&mdash;such as the shutting up of houses, and the kindling
+fires in the streets.  The state of the metropolis then, and even now,
+may be assigned as an auxiliary cause of the spread of plague and
+cholera; but it must be confessed, there lies at the bottom of these
+visitations much of mystery, inexplicable by reference to mere human
+agencies.  There is a power at work in the universe deeper far than any
+of those which our poor natural philosophy can detect.  Not that these
+extraordinary occurrences show us the presence of a Divine providence
+which does not operate at other, and at all times; not as if the
+mysterious agency of God were sometimes in action, and sometimes in
+repose; not as if the Almighty visited the earth yesterday, and left it
+to-day; not as if his kingly rule over the world were broken by
+interregnums;&mdash;by no means; still these events are like the lifting up
+of the veil of second causes, and the disclosure of depths of power
+down which mortals ought to look with reverence.  They suggest to the
+devout solemn views of nature and man&mdash;of life and death&mdash;of God ruling
+over all.  Loudly, also, do they remind us of the malignity of sin, and
+the evils which it has brought on a fallen world.  Happy is he who,
+amidst desolations such as we have now described, can, through a living
+faith in Christ, exclaim, "The Lord is my refuge and fortress: my God;
+in him will I trust.  Surely he shall deliver me from the snare of the
+fowler, and from the noisome pestilence."
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn1text">1</A>] Judge Whitelock came up to London from Buckingham to sit in
+Westminster Hall.  He reached Hyde Park Corner on the morning of the
+2d, "where he and his retinue dined on the ground, with such meat and
+drink as they brought in the coach with them, and afterwards he drove
+fast through the streets, which were empty of people and overgrown with
+grass, to Westminster Hall, where he adjourned the court, returned to
+his coach, and drove away presently out of town."&mdash;<I>Whitelock</I>, p. 2.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap04"></A>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER IV.
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+THE FIRE OF LONDON.
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+"One woe is past, another woe cometh quickly."  Just a year after the
+plague was at its height, the great fire of London occurred.  On
+Sunday, September 3d, 1666, soon after midnight, the house of Farryner
+the king's baker, near London-bridge, was discovered to be in flames.
+Before breakfast time no less than three hundred houses were consumed.
+Such a rapid conflagration struck dismay throughout the neighborhood,
+and unnerved those who, in the first instance, by prompt measures might
+have stayed the mischief.  Charles II., as soon as he heard of what had
+happened, displayed a decision, firmness, and humanity, which relieve,
+in some degree, the dark shades Of his character and life; and gave
+orders to pull down the houses in the vicinity of the fire.  Soon
+afterwards he hastened to the scene of danger, in company with his
+brother, the duke of York, using prudent measures to check the
+conflagration, to help the sufferers, and inspire confidence in the
+minds of the people.  But the lord mayor was like one distracted,
+uttering hopeless exclamations on receiving the royal message, blaming
+the people for not obeying him, and leaving the scene of peril to seek
+repose; while the inhabitants ran about raving in despair, and the
+fire, which no proper means were employed to quench, went on its own
+way, devouring house after house, and street after street.  By Monday
+night, the fire had reached to the west as far as the Middle Temple,
+and to the east as far as Tower-street.  Fleet-street, Old Bailey,
+Ludgate-hill, Warwick-lane, Newgate, Paul's-chain, Watling-street,
+Thames-street, and Billingsgate, were destroyed or still wrapped in
+flame.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On Tuesday the fire reached the end of Fetter-lane and the entrance to
+Smithfield.  Around Cripplegate and the Tower, the devouring element
+violently raged, but in other directions it somewhat abated.  Engines
+had been employed in pulling down houses, but this process was too slow
+to overtake the mischief.  Gunpowder was then used to blow up
+buildings, so that large gaps were made, which cut off the edifices
+that were burning from those still untouched.  By these means, on the
+afternoon of Tuesday, the devastation was curbed.  The brick buildings
+of the Temple also checked its progress to the west.  Throughout
+Wednesday the efforts of the king and duke, and some of the lords of
+the council, were indefatigable.  Indeed, his majesty made the round of
+the fire twice a day, for many hours together, both on horseback and on
+foot, giving orders to the men who were pulling down houses, and
+repaying them on the spot for their toils out of a money-bag which he
+carried about with him.  On Thursday, the fire was thought to be quite
+extinguished, but in the evening it burst out afresh near the Temple.
+Renewed and vigorous efforts at that point, however, soon stayed its
+ravages, and in the course of a short time it was finally extinguished.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The space covered with ruins was four hundred and thirty-six acres in
+extent.  The boundaries of the conflagration were Temple-bar,
+Holborn-bridge, Pye-corner, Smithfield, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, near
+the end of Coleman-street, at the end of Basinghall-street, by the
+postern at the upper end of Bishopsgate-street, in Leadenhall-street,
+by the Standard in Cornhill, at the church in Fenchurch-street, by the
+Clothworkers' Hall, at the middle of Mark-lane, and at the Tower-dock.
+While four hundred and thirty-six acres were covered with ruins, only
+seventy-five remained with the property upon it uninjured.  Four
+hundred streets, thirteen thousand houses, eighty-seven parish
+churches, and six chapels; St. Paul's Cathedral, the Royal Exchange and
+Custom House, Guildhall and Newgate, and fifty-two halls of livery
+companies, besides other public buildings, were swept away.  Eleven
+millions' value of property the fire consumed, but, through the mercy
+of God, only eight lives were lost.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The rapid spread of the devastation may be easily accounted for in the
+absence of timely means to stop it.  The buildings were chiefly
+constructed of timber, and covered with thatch.  The materials were
+rendered even more than commonly combustible by a summer intensely hot
+and dry.  Many of the streets were so narrow that the houses facing
+each other almost touched at the top.  A strong east wind steadily blew
+for three days over the devoted spot, like the blast of a furnace, at
+once fanning the flame and scattering firebrands beyond it.  It was
+like a fire kindled in an old forest, feeding on all it touched,
+curling like a serpent round tree after tree, leaving ashes behind, and
+darting on with the speed of lightning to seize on the timber before.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Into the origin of the calamity the strictest investigation was made.
+Some ascribed it to incendiaries.  Party spirit led to the accusation
+of the papists, as perpetrators of the deed.  One poor man was
+executed, on his own confession, of having a hand in it, but under
+circumstances which pretty clearly prove that he was a madman, and was
+really innocent of the crime of which, through a strange, but not
+incredible hallucination of mind, he feigned himself guilty.  Other
+persons ascribed it to what would commonly be called an accidental
+circumstance&mdash;a great stock of fagots in the baker's shop being
+kindled, and carelessly left to burn in close contiguity with stores of
+pitch and rosin.  Many considered that the providence of Almighty God,
+who works out his own wonderful purposes of judgment and mercy by means
+which men call accidental, overruled the circumstances out of which the
+fire arose, as a source of terrific chastisement for the sins of a
+wicked and godless population, who had hardened their necks against
+Divine reproof administered to them in another form so shortly before.
+A religious sentiment in reference to the visitation took possession of
+many minds, habitually undevout; and even Charles himself was heard, we
+are told by Clarendon, to "speak with great piety and devotion of the
+displeasure that God was provoked to."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Eye-witnesses have left behind them graphic sketches of this spectacle
+of terror.  "The burning," says Vincent, in his tract called "God's
+Terrible Advice to the City by Plague and Fire,"&mdash;"the burning was in
+the fashion of a bow; a dreadful bow it was, such as mine eyes never
+before had seen&mdash;a bow which had God's arrow in it with a flaming
+point."  "The cloud of smoke was so great, that travelers did ride at
+noon-day some six miles together in the shadow of it, though there were
+no other clouds to be seen in the sky."  "The great fury of the fire
+was in the broader streets in the midst of the night; it was come down
+to Cornhill, and laid it in the dust, and runs along by the stocks, and
+there meets with another fire, which came down Threadneedle-street, a
+little farther with another which came up from Wallbrook, a little
+farther with another which came up from Bucklersbury, and all these
+four joining together break into one great flame, at the corner of
+Cheapside, with such a dazzling light and burning heat, and roaring
+noise by the fall of so many houses together, that was very amazing."
+One trembles at the thought of these blazing torrents rolling along the
+streets, and then uniting in a point, like the meeting of wild
+waters&mdash;floods of fire dashing into a common current.  Evelyn observes
+that the stones of St. Paul's Cathedral flew about like granadoes, and
+the melted lead ran down the pavements in a bright stream, "so that no
+horse or man was able to tread on them."  "I saw," he says in his
+Diary, "the whole south part of the city burning, from Cheapside to the
+Thames, and all along Cornhill, (for it likewise kindled back against
+the wind as well as forward,) Tower-street, Fenchurch-street,
+Gracechurch-street, and so along to Baynard's Castle, and was taking
+hold of St. Paul's Church, to which the scaffolds contributed
+exceedingly."  He saw the Thames covered with goods floating, all the
+barges and boats laden with such property as the inhabitants had time
+and courage to save; while on land the carts were carrying out
+furniture and other articles to the fields, which for many miles were
+strewed with movables of all sorts, and with tents erected to shelter
+the people.  "All the sky," he adds, "was of a fiery aspect, like the
+top of a burning oven, and the light seen for above forty miles around
+for many nights; the noise and cracking of the impetuous flames, the
+shrieking of women and children, the hurry of people, the fall of
+towers, houses, and churches, was like a hideous storm; and the air all
+about so hot and inflamed, that at last one was not able to approach
+it, so that they were forced to stand still, and let the flames burn
+on, which they did for nearly two miles in length and one in breadth.
+The clouds also of smoke were dismal, and reached upon computation
+nearly fifty miles in length."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A great fire is a most sublime, as well as appalling spectacle, and
+generally presents some features of the picturesquely terrible.
+Guildhall, built of oak, too solid and old to blaze, became so much
+red-hot charcoal, as if it had been a palace of gold, or a building of
+burnished brass.  There were circumstances, too, connected with the
+destruction of magnificent edifices, full of a sort of poetical
+interest.  The flame inwrapped St. Paul's Cathedral, and rent in pieces
+the noble portico recently erected, splitting the stones into flakes,
+and leaving nothing entire but the inscription on the architrave,
+which, without one defaced letter, continued amidst the ruins to
+proclaim the builder's name.  In remarkable coincidence with this, at
+the same time that the fire entered the Royal Exchange, ran round the
+galleries, descended the stairs, compassed the walks, filled the
+courts, and rolled down the royal statues from their niches, the figure
+of the founder, Sir Thomas Gresham, was left unharmed, as if calmly
+surveying the destruction of his own munificent donation to the old
+city, and anticipating the certainty of the re-edification of that
+monument of his fame, as well as the revival of that commerce, in the
+history of which his own is involved.  As we think of this, we call to
+mind another interesting incident, which occurred when the building was
+burned down a second time in 1838.  Some readers, perhaps, will
+remember, that the bells in the tower rang out their last chime to the
+tune of "There's na' luck about the house," just as they were on the
+point of coming down with a tremendous crash; as though uttering
+swanlike notes in death.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The area devastated by the fire may be estimated, if we fancy a line
+drawn from Temple Bar to the bottom of Holborn-hill, then through
+Smithfield across Aldersgate-street to the end of Coleman-street, then
+sweeping round by the end of Bishopsgate and Leadenhall-streets, and
+taking a curve till it touches the Tower, the river forming the
+southern boundary of this large space.  Within these limits, after the
+fire, there arose a new London, of nobler aspect, and formed for
+grander destinies than the old one, relieved by that very fire, under
+the blessing of Divine Providence, from liability to the recurrence of
+the dreadful plague, which had from time to time recruited its
+death-dealing energy from the filth of old crowded streets, with all
+their noxious exhalations.  If a panic seized the citizens when the
+first alarm of the conflagration spread among them, they redeemed their
+character by the self-possession and activity which they evinced in
+repairing the desolation.  Not desponding, but inspired with the hope
+of the future prosperity of their venerable city, they concurred with
+king and parliament in the zeal and diligence requisite for the
+emergency.  Scarcely were the flames extinguished, when they set to
+work planning the restoration.  "Everybody," observes Evelyn, "brings
+in his idea; amidst the rest, I presented his majesty my own
+conceptions, with a discourse annexed.  It was the second that was seen
+within two days after the conflagration, but Dr. Wren had got the start
+of me."  This Dr. Wren had been spoken of by the same writer, fourteen
+years before, as a miracle of a youth.  Having made wonderful
+attainments in science, he had devoted himself with enthusiasm to the
+study of architecture, and now, in the wide space in which at once a
+full-grown city was to appear, a field presented itself worthy of the
+exercise of the greatest powers of art&mdash;a field, indeed, which could
+rarely in the world's history be looked for.  Doubtless Wren's mind was
+all on fire with the grand occasion, and put forth all its marvelous
+ability to meet so unparalleled a crisis.  Before the architect's
+imagination there rose the view of a city, built with scientific
+proportions, with a broad street running in a perfect line from a
+magnificent piazza, placed where St. Dunstan's church stands, to
+another piazza on Tower-hill, with an intermediate piazza corresponding
+with these, from each of which streets should radiate.  Then, on the
+top of Ludgate-hill, over which the broad highway was to run, the new
+cathedral was to rise, in the midst of a wide open space, displaying to
+advantage its colossal form; and on its northern side there was to
+branch out, at a narrow angle with the other main thoroughfare, an
+avenue of like dimensions, leading to the Royal Exchange&mdash;the site, in
+fact, (but intended to cover a wider space,) of our present Cheapside.
+The Royal Exchange was to be an additional grand centre, adorned with
+piazzas, whence a third vast thoroughfare was to sweep along to
+Holborn.  All acute angles were to be avoided.  The great openings were
+to exhibit graceful curves, parochial edifices were to be conspicuous
+and insulated, the halls of the twelve great companies were to be
+ranged round Guildhall, and architecture was to do the utmost possible
+in every street.  A like vision dawned on the fancy of Sir John Evelyn,
+who in this respect was no unworthy compeer of Wren.  But, though the
+architect showed the practicability of the scheme, without any loss of
+the property, or infringement of the rights of the citizens, their
+obstinacy in not allowing the old foundations to be altered, and their
+determination not to give up the ground to commissioners for making out
+the new streets and sites of buildings, defeated the scheme; "and
+thus," writes Wren, (with a deep sigh one thinks he penned the words
+while his darling dream melted away,) "the opportunity, in a great
+degree, was lost, of making the new city the most magnificent, as well
+as commodious for health and trade, of any upon earth."  Sir
+Christopher Wren could do nothing as he wished.  The Monument was not
+what he meant it to be.  The churches were not placed as he would have
+had them, so as to exhibit to advantage their architectural character.
+Even St. Paul's was shorn of the glory with which it was enriched in
+the architect's mind.  It was narrowed and altered by incompetent
+judges, especially the Duke of York, who wished to preserve in it
+arrangements convenient for a popish cathedral, which he wildly hoped
+it would ultimately become.  When Wren was compelled to give way, he
+even shed tears in the bitterness of his disappointment and grief.  He
+finally had to do on a large scale, what common minds are ever doing in
+their little way&mdash;sacrifice some fondly cherished ideal to a stern
+necessity.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But, crippled as his genius was by the untoward position in which he
+was placed, he accomplished marvelous works of art in the churches so
+numerous and varied, built from his designs, and especially in the
+grand cathedral, which rises above the rich group of towers, domes,
+steeples, and spires, with a lordly air.  It is related, in connection
+with the building of St. Dunstan's church in the east, the steeple of
+which is constructed upon quadrangular columns, that so anxious was he
+respecting the result, that he placed himself on London-bridge,
+watching through a lens the effect of removing the temporary
+supporters, by the aid of which the building was reared.  The ascent of
+a rocket proclaimed the stability of the structure, and Sir Christopher
+smiled at the thought of his having for a moment hesitated to trust to
+the certainty of mathematical calculations.  Informed one night
+afterwards, that a hurricane had damaged all the steeples in London, he
+remarked, "Not St. Dunstan's, I am quite sure."  St. Stephen's,
+Wallbrook, is  generally considered the <I>chef-d'oeuvre</I> of Sir
+Christopher Wren.  "Had the materials and volume," to quote the opinion
+of two celebrated architects, "been so durable and extensive as those
+of St. Paul's Cathedral, he had consummated a much more efficient
+monument to his well-earned fame than that fabric affords."  But the
+beauty of the edifice is in the interior.  "Never was so sweet a kernel
+in so rough a shell&mdash;so rich a jewel in so poor a setting."  The cost
+of the fabric was only £7,652. 13<I>s.</I>  (Cunninghame's Handbook of
+London.)
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The first stone of St. Paul's was laid on the 21st of June, 1675, by
+the architect; and he notices in his Parentalia a little circumstance
+connected with the preparations, which was construed by those present
+into a favorable omen, and which evidently interested and pleased his
+own mind.  When the centre of the dimensions of the great dome was
+fixed upon, a man was ordered to bring a flat stone from the heap of
+rubbish, to be laid as a mark for the masons.  The piece he happened to
+take up for the purpose was the fragment of a grave-stone, with nothing
+of the inscription left but the words, "<I>Resurgam</I>," "I shall rise
+again."  And, true enough, St. Paul's did rise again, with a splendor
+which posterity has ever admired.  It is, undoubtedly, the second
+church in Christendom of that style of architecture, St. Peter's at
+Rome being the first.  Inferior in point of dimensions, and sadly
+begrimed with smoke, in contrast with St. Peter's comparatively
+untarnished freshness&mdash;destitute, too, of its marble linings, gilded
+arches, and splendid mosaics'&mdash;it is, on the whole, as Eustace, a
+critic prejudiced on the side of Rome, acknowledged, a most extensive
+and stately edifice: "It fixes the eye of the spectator as he passes
+by, and challenges his admiration, and, even next to the Vatican,
+though by a long interval, it claims superiority over all the
+transalpine churches, and furnishes a just subject of national pride
+and exultation."  It was not until 1710 that the building was complete,
+when the architect's son laid the topmost stone on the lantern of the
+cupola.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the prospectus published by Evelyn for the rebuilding of London, he
+observed, that if the citizens were permitted to gratify their own
+fancies, "it might possibly become, indeed, a new, but a very ugly
+city, when all was done."  The citizens were permitted to have their
+own way, and the result was very much what he anticipated.  The old
+sites of streets and public buildings were, to a great extent, adopted.
+The former remained narrow, winding, inconvenient&mdash;indeed, more
+inconvenient than ever; for what might be borne with when even ladies
+of quality traveled on horseback, became scarcely endurable when
+lumbering coaches were all the fashion.  Churches and other edifices of
+importance were planted in inappropriate situations, and were blocked
+up by houses and shops.  In Chamberlayne's <I>Angliæ Notitia</I> for 1692,
+he laments that within the city the spacious houses of noblemen, rich
+merchants, the halls of companies, and the fair taverns, were hidden
+from strangers, the room towards the street being reserved for
+tradesmen's shops; but from his account and that of others, it appears
+plain enough that the men of that day felt that London, as rebuilt
+after the fire, was far superior to what it had been in the times of
+their fathers.  The old wooden lath and plaster dwellings gave place to
+more substantial habitations of brick and stone, and the public
+structures appeared to those who were contemporary with their erection,
+proud trophies of skill, art, and wealth.  "Notwithstanding," exclaims
+the author just noticed, "all these huge losses by fire,
+notwithstanding the most devouring pestilence in the year immediately
+foregoing, and the then very chargeable war against three potent
+neighbors, the citizens, recovering in a few months their native
+courage, have since so cheerfully and unanimously set themselves to
+rebuild the city, that, (not to mention whole streets built and now
+building by others in the suburbs,) within the space of four years,
+they erected in the same streets ten thousand houses, and laid out
+three millions sterling.  Besides several large hospitals, divers very
+stately halls, nineteen fair solid stone churches were all at the same
+time erecting, and soon afterwards finished, and now, in the year 1691,
+above twenty churches more, of various beautiful and solid architecture
+are rebuilt.  Moreover, as if the late fire had only purged the city,
+the buildings are becoming infinitely more beautiful."  The author
+speaks with immense satisfaction of the new houses, churches, and
+halls, richly-adorned shops, chambers, balconies, and portals, carved
+work in stone and wood, with pictures and wainscot, not only of fir and
+oak, but some with sweet-smelling cedar, the streets paved with stone
+and guarded with posts; and ends by observing, that though the king
+might not say he found London of brick and left it of marble, he could
+say, "I found it wood and left it brick."
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap05"></A>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER V.
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+FROM THE RESTORATION OF THE CITY TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY.
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+Great as was the consternation described in the foregoing chapter,
+scarcely less terror was produced in the minds of the citizens by the
+apprehension of a Dutch invasion about the same time.  In 1666, even
+before the fire, this feeling was excited.  The ships of France and
+Holland approached the Thames, and engaged with the English fleet.
+"After dinner," says Lady Warwick, whose entry in her journal, under
+date, July 29, brings the occurrence home to us&mdash;"after dinner came the
+news of hearing the guns that our fleet was engaged.  My head was much
+afflicted by the consideration of the blood that was spilt, and of the
+many souls that would launch into eternity."  There is a fine passage,
+descriptive of the excitement at this time, in Dryden's Essay on
+Poesie: "The noise of the cannon from both navies reached our ears
+about the city, so that men being alarmed with it, and in dreadful
+suspense of the event, which we knew was then deciding, every one went
+following the sound as his fancy led him, and leaving the town almost
+empty, some took towards the park, some cross the river, others down
+it, all seeking the noise in the depth of the silence.  Taking, then, a
+barge, which the servant of Lisidenis had provided for them, they made
+haste to shoot the bridge, and left behind them that great fall of
+waters, which hindered them from hearing what they desired; after
+which, having disengaged themselves from many vessels which rode in
+anchor in the Thames, and almost blocked up the passage to Greenwich,
+they ordered the watermen to let fall their oars more gently; and then
+every one favoring his own curiosity with a strict silence, it was not
+long ere they perceived the air breaking about them, like the noise of
+distant thunder, or of swallows in the chimney, those little
+undulations of sound, though almost vanishing before they reached them,
+yet still seeming to retain somewhat of their first horror, which they
+had betwixt the fleets.  After they had listened till such time as the
+sound, by little and little, went from them, Eugenius, lifting up his
+head, and taking notice of it, was the first who congratulated to the
+rest that happy omen of our nation's victory, adding, we had but this
+to desire in confirmation of it, that we might hear no more of that
+noise, which was now leaving the English coast."  This passage, which
+Montgomery eulogizes most warmly in his Lectures on English Poetry, as
+one of the most magnificent in our language, places before us, with
+graphic force, the state of curiosity, suspense, and solicitude, which
+was experienced by multitudes of citizens at the period referred to.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the following year, fresh excitement from the same source arose.
+The monarch was wasting upon his pleasures a considerable portion of
+the money which parliament had voted for the defence of the kingdom.
+The national exchequer was empty, and the credit of the navy
+commissioners gone.  No loans could be obtained, yet ready money was
+demanded by the laborers required in the dockyards, by the sailors who
+were wanted to man the vessels, and by the merchants from whose stores
+the fleet needed its provisions.  Not a gun was mounted in Tilbury
+Fort, nor a ship of war was in the river ready to oppose the enemy,
+while crowds thronged about the Admiralty, demanding their pay, and
+justly upbraiding the government.  The Dutch ships, under De Ruyter,
+entered the Thames, sailed up the Medway, and seized the Royal Charles,
+besides three first-rate English vessels.  One can easily conceive the
+second panic which this event must have produced among the citizens;
+nor is it difficult to imagine the suspension of business, the general
+exchange of hasty inquiries in that hour of terror, and the flocking of
+the people to the river-side to learn tidings of the fleet.  Though the
+Dutch ships, unable to do further mischief on that occasion, returned
+to join the rest of the naval force anchored off the Nore; yet the
+citizens could not be relieved from their anxiety by this circumstance,
+for they knew that the foe would remain hovering about their coasts,
+and they could not tell but that in some unlooked-for moment the
+invaders might approach the very walls of their city.  Some weeks of
+painful apprehension followed, and twice again did the admiral threaten
+to remount the Thames.  An engagement between the English squadron and
+a portion of the invading armament of Holland prevented the
+accomplishment of that design, and saved London for the present from
+further fear.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Strong political excitement was produced in the city of London, at a
+later period of Charles II.'s reign, by another kind of invasion.  The
+monarch and court, finding themselves thwarted in their arbitrary
+system of government by the spirit of the citizens, who were jealous of
+their own liberties, ventured, in defiance of the national constitution
+and the charters of the city, to interfere in the municipal elections.
+They attempted to thrust on the people as sheriffs men whom they knew
+they could employ as tools for despotic purposes.  In 1681, a violent
+attempt of this sort was made, when the city returned in opposition to
+the wishes of king and court, two patriotic and popular men, Thomas
+Pilkington and Samuel Shaw.  The king could not conceal his chagrin at
+this election, and when invited to dine with the citizens, replied,
+"Mr. Recorder, an invitation from the lord mayor and the city is very
+acceptable to me, and to show that it is so, notwithstanding that it is
+brought by messengers so unwelcome to me as those two sheriffs are, yet
+I accept it."  Many of the citizens about the same time, influenced by
+fervent Protestant zeal, and by attachment to the civil and religious
+liberties of the country, were apprehensive of the consequences if the
+Duke of York, known to be a Roman Catholic, were allowed to ascend the
+British throne.  The anti-papal feelings of the nation had been
+increased by the belief of a deeply-laid popish plot, which the
+infamous Titus Oates pretended to reveal; and in London those
+sentiments had been rendered still more intense by the murder of Sir
+Edmondbury Godfery, the magistrate who received Oates's depositions.
+His death, over which a large amount of mystery still rests, was
+attributed to the revenge of the papists for the part he had taken in
+the prosecution against them.  The hatred of which, in general, Roman
+Catholics were the objects, centered on the prince, from whose
+succession to the crown the restoration of the old religion of the
+country was anticipated.  His name became odious, and it was difficult
+to shield it from popular indignity.  Some one cut and mangled a
+picture of him which hung in Guildhall.  The corporation, to prevent
+his royal highness from supposing that they countenanced or excused the
+insult, offered a large reward for the detection of the offender, and
+the Artillery Company invited the prince to a city banquet.  The party
+most active in opposing his succession determined to have a large
+meeting and entertainment of their own, to express their opinion on the
+vital point of the succession to the crown; but the proceeding was
+sternly forbidden by the court, a circumstance which only served to
+deepen the feelings of discontent already created to a serious extent
+in very many breasts.  This was followed up by the lord mayor
+nominating, in the year 1682, a sheriff favorable to the royal
+interests, and intimating to the citizens that they were to confirm his
+choice.  The uproar at the common hall on Midsummer-day was tremendous.
+The citizens contended for their right of election, and nominated both
+sheriffs themselves, selecting two persons of popular sentiments.
+Amidst the riot, the lord mayor was roughly treated, and consequently
+complained to his majesty, the result of which was, that the two
+sheriffs already in office, and obnoxious to the court, were committed
+to the Tower for not maintaining the peace.  Papillion and Dubois, the
+people's candidates, were elected.  The privy council annulled the
+election, and commanded another; when the lord mayor most arbitrarily
+declared North and Box, the court candidates, duly chosen.  Court and
+city were now pledged to open conflict; the former pursuing thoroughly
+despotic measures to bring the latter to submission.  One rich popular
+citizen was fined to the amount of £100,000, for an alleged scandal on
+the popish duke, and at length it was resolved to take away the city
+charter.  Forms of law were adopted for the purpose.  An information,
+technically entitled a <I>quo warranto</I>, was brought against the
+corporation in the court of King's Bench.  It was alleged, in support
+of this suit at the instance of the crown, that the common council had
+imposed certain tolls by an ordinance of their own, and had presented
+and published throughout the country an insolent petition to the king,
+in 1679, for the calling of parliament.  The court, swayed by a desire
+to please the king, pronounced judgment against the corporation, and
+declared their charter forfeited; yet only recorded that judgment, as
+if to inveigle the corporation into some kind of voluntary submission,
+as the price of preserving a portion of what they were now on the point
+of altogether losing.  Such an issue, of course, was regarded by the
+court as more desirable than an act of direct force, which was likely
+to irritate the citizens, and arouse wrath, which might be treasured up
+against another day.  The city, to save their estates, yielded to the
+law, and submitted to the conditions imposed by the king&mdash;namely, that
+no mayor, sheriff, recorder, or other chief officer, should be admitted
+until approved by the king; that in event of his majesty's twice
+disapproving the choice of the citizens, he should himself nominate a
+person to fill the office, without waiting for another election; that
+the court of aldermen might, with the king's permission, remove any one
+of their body, and that they should have a negative on the election of
+the common council, and, in case of disapproving a second choice on the
+part of the citizens, should themselves proceed to nominate such as
+they themselves approved.  "The city was of course absolutely
+subservient to the court from this time to the revolution."  (Hallam's
+Constitutional History, chap. ii, p. 146.)
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The unconstitutional proceedings of the king and court, of which the
+circumstances just related are a specimen, aroused some patriotic
+spirits in the country; but the power which inspired their indignation
+crushed their energies.  Two illustrious men, who fell victims to that
+power, were connected with the city of London as the place of their
+abode, and the scene where they sealed their principles by death.
+Russell and Sydney both perished there in 1683.  They were accused of
+participation in the notorious Rye House plot, and upon evidence, such
+as would convince no jury in the present day, were found guilty of
+treason.  Lord Russell was conveyed from Newgate on the 21st of July,
+1683, to be beheaded in Lincoln's-inn-fields.  The duke of York, who
+intensely hated the patriot, wished him to be executed in
+Southampton-square, before his own residence; but the king, says
+Burnet, "rejected that as indecent."  Lord Russell's behavior on the
+scaffold was in keeping with his previous piety and fortitude.  "His
+whole behavior looked like a triumph over death."  He said, the day
+before he died, that the sins of his youth lay heavy on his mind, but
+he hoped God had forgiven them, for he was sure he had forsaken them,
+and for many years had walked before God with a sincere heart.  The
+faithful lady Rachel, who had so nobly acted as his secretary on his
+trial, and had used her utmost efforts to save his life, attended him
+in prison, and sought to strengthen his mind with the hopes and
+consolations of the gospel of Christ.  Late the last night he spent on
+earth their final separation in this world took place; when, after
+tenderly embracing her several times, both magnanimously suppressing
+their indescribable emotions, he exclaimed, as she left the cell, "The
+bitterness of death is past."  Winding up his watch the next morning,
+he observed, "I have done with time, and am going to eternity."  He
+earnestly pressed upon Lord Cavendish the importance of religion, and
+declared how much comfort and support he derived from it in his
+extremity.  Some among the crowds that filled the streets wept, while
+others insulted; he was touched by the tenderness of the one party,
+without being provoked by the heartlessness of the other.  Turning into
+Little Queen-street, he said, "I have often turned to the other hand
+with great comfort, but now I turn to this with greater."  "A tear or
+two" fell from his eyes as he uttered the words.  He sang psalms a
+great part of the way, and said he hoped to sing better soon.  On being
+asked what he was singing, he said, the beginning of the 119th Psalm.
+On entering Lincoln's-inn-fields, the sins of his youth were brought to
+his remembrance, as he had there indulged in those vices which
+characterized the court of Charles II.  "This has been to me a place of
+sinning, and God now makes it the place of my punishment."  As he
+observed the great crowds assembled to witness his end, he remarked, "I
+hope I shall quickly see a better assembly."  He walked round the
+scaffold several times, and then delivered to the sheriffs a paper,
+which had been carefully prepared, declaring his innocence of the
+charge of treason, and his strong attachment to the Protestant faith.
+After this, he prayed by himself, and then Dr. Tillotson prayed with
+him.  Another private prayer, and the patriot, having calmly unrobed
+himself, as if about to lie down on his couch to sleep, placed his head
+upon the block, and with two strokes of the axe was hastened into the
+eternal world.  The faith, hope, patience, and love of his illustrious
+lady surpassed even his own, and her letters breathe a spirit redolent
+of heaven rather than earth.  After a severe illness, she wrote, in
+October, 1680: "I hope this has been a sorrow I shall profit by; I
+shall, if God will strengthen my faith, resolve to return him a
+constant praise, and make this the season to chase all secret murmurs
+from grieving my soul for what is past, letting it rejoice in what it
+should rejoice&mdash;His favor to me, in the blessings I have left, which
+many of my betters want, and yet have lost their chiefest friend also.
+But, O! the manner of my deprivation is yet astonishing."  Five years
+afterwards she says, "My friendships have made all the joys and
+troubles of my life, and yet who would live and not love?  Those who
+have tried the insipidness of it would, I believe, never choose it.
+Mr. Waller says&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+'What know we of the bless'd above.<BR>
+But that they sing, and that they love!'<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+And 'tis enough; for if there is so charming a delight in the love, and
+suitableness in humors, to creatures, what must it be to the clarified
+spirits to love in the presence of God!"
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Algernon Sydney was a man of very powerful mind and of great eloquence,
+in these respects utterly eclipsing his noble compatriot; but in his
+last days it is painful to miss that Christian faith, tenderness of
+heart, and beautiful religious hope, which shone with such serene
+brightness amidst the sorrows of his friend.  Sydney was a staunch
+republican, and his patriotism was cast in the hard and severe mould of
+ancient Rome.  He was another Brutus.  This distinguished man was
+executed on Tower-hill, December the 7th, 1683, and faced death with
+the utmost indifference, not seeking any aid from the ministers of
+religion in his last moments, nor addressing the assembled multitude,
+but only remarking to those who stood by that he had made his peace
+with God, and had nothing to say to man.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Another sufferer in the same cause, less known to history, but more
+closely connected with London, was alderman Cornish.  From his great
+zeal in the cause of Protestantism, he had become peculiarly odious to
+the reigning powers.  He was suddenly accused of treason, and hurried
+to Newgate on the 13th of October.  On the following Saturday he
+received notice of his indictment, and the next Monday was arraigned at
+the bar.  Having been denied time to prepare his defence, he was
+completely in the hands of his persecutors, who wreaked on him their
+vengeance with merciless intensity and haste.  On the 23d of the same
+month, he was hanged, drawn, and quartered, in front of his own house,
+at the end of King-street, Cheapside.  After his death his innocency
+was established, and it is said that James, who now occupied the
+throne, lamented the injustice he had done.  The duke of Monmouth, the
+king's nephew, perished on Tower-hill, July, 1685, for his rebellion in
+the western counties.  The awful tragedy of an execution, with which
+the citizens had become so familiar, was in this instance rendered
+additionally horrid by the circumstance that the headsman, after
+several ineffectual attempts to decapitate his victim, who, with the
+gashes in his neck, reproached him for his tardiness, flung down the
+axe, declaring he could not go on; forced by the sheriffs, the man at
+length fulfilled his bloody task.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The arbitrary and cruel government of the country for many years was
+now on the point of working out its remedy.  The trial and acquittal of
+the seven bishops at Westminster hastened on a crisis, and nothing
+could exceed the joy which the city evinced on that occasion.  On their
+way to the Tower by water, the most enthusiastic demonstrations of
+sympathy were evinced by the multitudes who lined the banks of the
+Thames, and on reaching the fortress itself, the garrison knelt and
+begged their blessing.  Their subsequent discharge on bail, and
+especially their final acquittal, excited boundless joy throughout the
+city, and were celebrated by bonfires and illuminations.  The king,
+observing the tide of popular feeling set in so decidedly against him,
+endeavored to reconcile the city of London by restoring to it the
+charter, which, in his brother's reign, had been so unjustly taken
+away.  But though this brought votes of thanks in return, it
+established no confidence towards the sovereign on the part of the
+people.  The prince of Orange, invited over by several distinguished
+persons, wearied by the long continuance of tyranny, landed at Torbay,
+when James, having committed the care of the metropolis to the lord
+mayor, marched forth to meet his formidable rival.  The result belongs
+to the history of England.  The lords spiritual and temporal held one
+of their important meetings, during the interregnum, at Guildhall, and
+summoned to it the chief magistrate and aldermen.  Judge Jeffreys, of
+infamous memory, was brought before the lord mayor, and committed to
+the Tower, where he died through excessive drinking.  Disturbances
+broke out in the city, and the populace plundered the houses of the
+papists.  The mayor, aldermen, and a deputation from the common
+council, were summoned to attend the convention parliament, which
+raised the prince of Orange to the throne.  These are the principal
+incidents in the history of London, as connected with the glorious
+revolution of 1688.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+William and Mary were soon welcomed by the citizens to a very splendid
+entertainment, the usual token of loyalty offered by them to new
+sovereigns; and no time was lost by their majesties in reversing the
+<I>quo warranto</I>, and fully restoring to the city its ancient charter.
+When a conspiracy against William was discovered, in 1692, the city
+train bands displayed their loyalty, and marched to Hyde Park to be
+reviewed by the queen; and again, when an assassination plot was
+detected, an association was formed among the citizens to defend his
+person.  These occurrences, with sundry rejoicings and entertainments
+upon the king's return to this country, after the Irish and foreign
+campaigns in which he engaged, are the principal civic events connected
+with the reign of William III.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On turning from the political history of London to look at the manners
+and morals of society during the latter part of the seventeenth
+century, our attention is immediately arrested by the scenes at
+Whitehall during the reign of Charles II.  There the monarch fixed his
+court, gathering around him some of the most profligate persons of the
+age, and freely indulging in the most criminal pleasures.  The palace
+was adorned with the greatest splendor, the ceilings and walls being
+decorated, and the furniture and other ornaments being fashioned
+according to the French taste, as it then prevailed under Louis XIV.
+Courtiers and idlers here flocked together from day to day, to lounge
+in the galleries, to talk over public news and private scandal, and to
+listen to the tales and jests of the king, whose presence was very
+accessible, and whose wit and familiarity with his courtiers made him a
+great favorite.  Banquets, balls, and gambling, formed the amusements
+of the evening, often disgraced by open licentiousness.  "I can never
+forget," says Evelyn, "the inexpressible luxury and profaneness, gaming
+and all dissoluteness, and as it were total forgetfulness of God, (it
+being Sunday evening,) which this day se'nnight I was witness of."
+This was at the close of the sovereign's wretched career.  "Six days
+after," adds the writer, "was all in the dust!"  This passage cannot
+but call up in the Christian mind, awful thoughts of the eternal
+condition of such as spend their days in the pleasures of sin, and then
+drop into that invisible world, on the brink of which they were all
+along "sporting themselves with their own deceivings."  Sinful
+practices, such as stained the court of Charles II., are too often
+attempted to be disguised under palliative terms; but the solemn
+warning of Scripture remains, "Let no man deceive you with vain words,
+for because of these things cometh the wrath of God on the children of
+disobedience."  It is pleasing here to remember, that among those whom
+their dignified station, or their duties towards the sovereign and
+royal family, brought more or less into contact with the court, there
+were persons of a very different character from the gay circle around
+them, and whose thoughts, amidst the most brilliant spectacles, were
+lifted up to objects that are beyond earthly vision.  "In the morning,"
+says lady Warwick, in her diary, April 23, 1667, "as soon as dressed,
+in a short prayer I committed my soul to God, then went to Whitehall,
+and dined at my lord chamberlain's, then went to see the celebration of
+St. George's feast, which was a very glorious sight.  Whilst I was in
+the Banqueting House, hearing the trumpets sounding, in the midst of
+all that great show God was pleased to put very mortifying thoughts
+into my mind, and to make me consider, what if the trump of God should
+now sound?&mdash;which thought did strike me with some seriousness, and made
+me consider in what glory I had in that very place seen the late king,
+and yet out of that very place he was brought to have his head cut off.
+And I had also many thoughts how soon all that glory might be laid in
+the dust, and I did in the midst of it consider how much greater glory
+was provided for a poor sincere child of God.  I found, blessed be God!
+that my heart was not at all taken with anything I saw, but esteemed it
+not worth the being taken with."&mdash;<I>Lady Warwick's Memoirs</I>.  Lady
+Godolphin was another beautiful instance of purity and piety amidst
+scenes of courtly splendor, and manifold temptations to worldliness and
+vice; and the more remarkable in this respect, that her duties required
+her frequent attendance at Whitehall, and brought her into close
+contact with the perils of the place.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The parks were favorite places of resort.  "Hyde Park," observes a
+cotemporary writer, "every one knows is the promenade of London;
+nothing was so much in fashion during the fine weather as that
+promenade, which was the rendezvous of magnificence and beauty; every
+one, therefore, who had a splendid equipage, constantly repaired
+thither, and the king seemed pleased with the place.  Coaches with
+glasses were then a late invention; the ladies were afraid of being
+shut up in them."  Charles was fond of walking in the parks, which he
+did with such rapidity, and for such a length of time as to wear out
+his courtiers.  He once said to prince George of Denmark, who was
+corpulent, "Walk with me, and hunt with my brother, and you will not
+long be distressed with growing fat."  Playing with dogs, feeding
+ducks, and chatting with people, were occupations the king was much
+addicted to, and were thought by his subjects to be so condescending,
+familiar, and kind, that they tended much to promote his personal
+popularity with the London citizens and others.  Along St. James's
+Park, at the back of what are now Carlton Gardens, there ran a wall,
+which formed the boundary of the king's garden.  On the north side of
+it was an avenue, with rows of elms on one side, and limes on the
+other, the one sheltering a carriage road, the other a foot-path.
+Between lay an open space, called Pall Mall, which designation was
+derived from a game played there, consisting of striking a ball through
+an iron hoop suspended on a lofty pole.  This was a favorite sport in
+the days of Charles, and many a gay young cavalier exercised himself,
+and displayed his dexterity among those green shades, where now piles
+of houses line the busy street, still retaining the name it bore nearly
+two centuries ago.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The pleasures of the parks and Whitehall, with all the licentious
+accompaniments of the latter, were not always enough to meet the
+vitiated appetite for amusement which then prevailed among the
+courtiers.  Lord Rochester&mdash;whose end formed such a striking contrast
+to his life; whose sorrow for his sins was so intense, and his desire
+for forgiveness and spiritual renewal so earnest&mdash;was prominent in
+these extravagances, and set himself up in Tower-street as an Italian
+mountebank, professing to effect extraordinary cures.  Sometimes, also,
+he went about in the attire of a porter or beggar.  This taste was
+cherished and indulged by the highest personages.  "At this time,"
+(1668,) says Burnet, "the court fell into much extravagance in
+masquerading; both the king and queen and all the court went about
+masked, and came into houses unknown, and danced there with a great
+deal of wild frolic.  In all this people were so disguised, that
+without being in the secret none could distinguish them.  They were
+carried about in hackney chairs.  Once the queen's chairman, not
+knowing who she was, went from her.  So she was alone, and was much
+disturbed, and came to Whitehall in a hackney coach; some say a cart."
+Scenes of dissipation at Whitehall, with occasional excesses of the
+kind just noticed, make up the history of the court at London during
+the reign of Charles II.  The palace, under his brother James, who,
+with all his popish zeal, was far from a pure and virtuous man, though
+cleansed from some of its pollution, was still the witness of lax
+morals.  The habits of William III. and his queen Mary, greatly changed
+the aspect of things at Whitehall, till its destruction by fire, (the
+Banqueting House excepted,) in the year 1691.  Afterwards the royal
+residence was either at Kensington or Hampton Court.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The riotous pleasures of Charles II. and his favorites, naturally
+encouraged imitation among the citizens of London, and during the whole
+reign of Charles it was full of scenes of revelry.  The excesses which
+had been restrained during the commonwealth, and the abandoned
+characters who, to escape the churchwardens and other censors of public
+morals, sought refuge in retired haunts of villany, now appeared in
+open day.  The restoration had introduced a sort of saturnalia; and no
+wonder, then, that the event was annually celebrated by the lovers of
+frivolous pleasure in London, with the gayest rejoicings, in which the
+garland and the dance bore a conspicuous part.  While habits of
+dissipation were too common among the inhabitants generally, vice and
+crime were encouraged among the abandoned classes, by the existence of
+privileged places, such as Whitefriars, the Savoy, Fuller's Rents, and
+the Minories, where men who had lost all character and credit took
+refuge, and carried on with impunity their nefarious practices.  Other
+persons, also, who ranked with decent London tradesmen, would sometimes
+avail themselves of these spots; and we are informed that even late in
+the seventeenth century, men in full credit used to buy all the goods
+they could lay their hands on, and carry them directly to Whitefriars,
+and then sending for their creditors, insult them with the exhibition
+of their property, and the offer of some miserable composition in
+return.  If they refused the compromise, they were set at defiance.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The flood of licentiousness which rolled through the city in the time
+of Charles II. happily proved insufficient to break down the religious
+character of a large number of persons, who had been trained under the
+faithful evangelical ministry of earlier times, or had been impressed
+by the teaching of earnest-minded preachers and pastors who still
+remained.  The fire, as well as the plague, in connection with the
+fidelity of some of God's servants, was, no doubt, instrumental, under
+the blessing of his Holy Spirit, in turning the hearts of many from
+darkness to light.  The black cloud, as Janeway calls it, which no wind
+could blow over, till it fell in such scalding drops, also folded up in
+its skirts treasures of mercy for some, whose souls had been
+unimpressed by milder means.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+By the Act of Uniformity many devoted ministers had been silenced in
+London&mdash;Richard Baxter, among the rest, whose sermons had attracted, as
+they well might, the most crowded auditories;[<A NAME="chap05fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn1">1</A>] but in private they
+continued to do the work of their heavenly Master; and when spaces of
+toleration occurred in the persecuting reigns of Charles and James II.,
+they opened places of worship, and discharged their holy functions with
+happy effects on their numerous auditories.  After the fire, they were
+for a little time in the enjoyment of this privilege; but, in 1670, an
+act was passed for the suppression of conventicles, and the buildings
+were forthwith converted into tabernacles, for the use of the
+establishment while the parish churches were rebuilding.  Eight places
+of this description are mentioned, of which may be noticed the
+meeting-house of the excellent Mr. Vincent, in Hand-alley,
+Bishopsgate-street, a large room, with three galleries, thirty large
+pews, and many benches and forms; and also Mr. Doolittle's
+meeting-house, built of brick, with three galleries, full of large pews
+below.  Dr. Manton, a celebrated Presbyterian divine, was apprehended
+on a Sunday afternoon, at the close of his sermon, and committed a
+prisoner to the Gate-house.  His meeting-house in White-yard was broken
+up, and a fine of £40 imposed on the people, and £20 on the minister.
+It is related of James Janeway, that as he was walking by the wall at
+Rotherhithe, a bullet was fired at him; and that a mob of soldiers once
+broke into his meeting house in Jamaica-row, and leaped upon the
+benches.  Amidst the confusion, some of his friends threw over him a
+colored coat, and placed a white hat on his head, to facilitate his
+escape.  Once, while preaching in a gardener's house, he was surprised
+by a band of troopers, when, throwing himself on the ground, some
+persons covered him with cabbage leaves, and so preserved him from his
+enemies.  (Spiritual Heroes, p. 313.)  In secresy the good people often
+met to worship, according to the dictates of their consciences; and
+until lately there remained in the ruins of the old priory of
+Bartholomew, in Smithfield, doors in the crypt, which tradition
+reported to have been used for admission into the gloomy subterranean
+recesses, where the persecuted ones, like the primitive Christians in
+the catacombs of Rome, worshiped the Father through Jesus Christ.  The
+Friends, or Quakers, as they were termed, at this time manifested great
+intrepidity, and continued their worship as before, not stirring at the
+approach of the officers who came to arrest them, but meekly going all
+together to prison, where they stayed till they were dismissed, for
+they would not pay the penalties imposed on them, nor even the jail
+fees.  On being discharged, they went to their meeting-houses as
+before, and finding them closed, crowded in the street around the door,
+saying "they would not be ashamed nor afraid to disown their meeting
+together in a peaceable manner to worship God, but in imitation of the
+prophet Daniel, they would do it more publicly because they were
+forbid."  <I>Neale's Puritans</I>, vol. iv, p. 433.  William Penn and
+William Mead, two distinguished members of the Society of Friends, were
+tried at the Old Bailey in 1670, and were cruelly insulted by the
+court.  The jury, not bringing in such a harsh verdict as was desired,
+were threatened with being locked up without "meat, drink, fire, or
+tobacco."  "We are a peaceable people, and cannot offer violence to any
+man," said Penn; adding, as he turned to the jury, "You are Englishmen,
+mind your privileges, give not away your rights."  They responded to
+the noble appeal, and acquitted the innocent prisoners.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When, in the next year, Charles exercised a dispensing power, and set
+aside the persecuting acts, wishing to give freedom to the papists,
+most of the London nonconformist ministers took out licences, and great
+numbers attended their meetings.  In 1672, the famous Merchants'
+Lecture was set up in Pinner's Hall, and the most learned and popular
+of the dissenting divines were appointed to deliver it.  Alderman Love,
+member for the city, in the name of such as agreed with him, stood up
+in the House of Commons, refusing to take the benefit of the dispensing
+power as unconstitutional.  He said, "he had rather go without his own
+desired liberty than have it in a way so destructive of the liberties
+of his country and the Protestant interest, and that this was the sense
+of the main body of dissenters."  The indulgence was withdrawn.
+Toleration bills failed in the House of Commons.  The Test Act was
+brought in; fruitless attempts were made for a comprehension; and
+London was once more a scene of persecution.  Informers went abroad,
+seeking out places where nonconformists were assembled, following them
+to their homes, taking down their names, ascertaining suspected
+parties, listening to private conversation, prying into domestic
+scenes, and then delivering over their prey into the hands of miscalled
+officers of justice, who exacted fines, and rifled their goods, or
+carried them off to prison.  Such proceedings occurred at several
+periods in the reigns of Charles and James II., after which the
+revolution of 1688 brought peace and freedom of worship to the
+long-oppressed nonconformists in London and throughout the country.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Popery lifted up its head in London on the restoration of Charles II.
+Many professors of it accompanied the king on his accession to the
+throne, and crowded round the court, being treated with conspicuous
+favor.  The queen-mother came from France, and took up her abode at
+Somerset House, where she gathered round her a number of Roman Catholic
+priests.  The foreign ambassadors' chapels were used by English
+papists, who thus obtained liberty of worship, while the London
+Protestant nonconformists were shamefully persecuted.  Jesuit schools
+and seminaries were established, under royal patronage, and popish
+bishops were consecrated in the royal chapel of St. James's.  At
+Whitehall, the ecclesiastics appeared in their canonical habits, and
+were encouraged in their attempts to proselyte the people to the
+unreformed faith.  A diarist of the times, under date January 23, 1667,
+records a visit he paid to the popish establishment in St. James's
+Palace, composed of the chaplains and priests connected with Catharine
+of Braganza, Charles II.'s queen: "I saw the dormitory and the cells of
+the priests, and we went into one&mdash;a very pretty little room, very
+clean, hung with pictures, and set with books.  The priest was in his
+cell, with his hair-clothes to his skin, barelegged, with a sandal only
+on, and his little bed without sheets, and no feather bed, but yet I
+thought soft enough, his cord about his middle; but in so good company,
+living with ease, I thought it a very good life.  A pretty library they
+have: and I was in the refectory where every man had his napkin, knife,
+cup of earth, and basin of the same; and a place for one to sit and
+read while the rest are at meals.  And into the kitchen I went, where a
+good neck of mutton at the fire, and other victuals boiling&mdash;I do not
+think they fared very hard.  Their windows all looking into a fine
+garden and the park, and mighty pretty rooms all.  I wished myself one
+of the Capuchins."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But it does not appear that the London commonalty were infected with
+the love of the Papal Church, whatever might be done at court to foster
+it.  On the contrary, a strong feeling was cherished by multitudes in
+opposition to all the popish proceedings of their superiors.
+Ebullitions of popular sentiment on the question frequently appeared,
+especially in the annual burning of the pope's effigy, on the 17th of
+November, at Temple Bar.  This was to celebrate the accession of Queen
+Elizabeth; and after the discovery of the so-called Meal Tub plot, in
+the reign of Charles II., it was performed with increased parade and
+ceremony.  The morning was ushered in with the ringing of bells, and in
+the evening a procession took place, by the light of flambeaux, to the
+number of some thousands.  The balconies, and windows, and tops of
+houses, were crowded with eager faces, reflecting the light that blazed
+up from the moving crowds along the streets.  Mock friars, bishops, and
+cardinals, with the pope, headed by a man on horseback, personating the
+dead body of Sir Edmondbury Godfery, composed the spectacle.  It
+started from Bishopsgate, and passing along Cheapside and Fleet-street
+terminated at Temple Bar, where the pope was cast into a bonfire, and
+the whole concluded with a display of fireworks.  While anti-popish
+proceedings of this description might be leavened with much of the
+ignorance and intolerance which mark the odious system thus assailed,
+and can, therefore, be regarded with little satisfaction, it must be
+remembered that there was abundant cause at that time for those who
+prized the liberties of their country, as well as those who valued the
+truths of religion, to regard with alarm and to resist with vigor the
+incursions of a political Church, which sought to crush those
+liberties, and to darken those truths.  The evils of Popery, inherent
+and unchangeable, obtruded themselves most offensively, and with a
+threatening aspect, at a period when they were defended and maintained
+in high places; and it was notorious that the successor to the English
+crown was plotting for the revival of Popish ascendency.  During the
+reign of James II., the grounds of excitement became stronger than
+before.  Everything dear to Englishmen as well as Protestants was at
+stake.  The destinies of Church and state, of religion and civil
+policy, were trembling in the balance.  Men's hearts might well fail
+them for fear, and only confidence in the power of truth, and the God
+of truth, with earnest prayer for his gracious succor and protection,
+could still and soothe their agitated bosoms.  Weapons of the right
+kind were employed.  The best divines of the Church of England manfully
+contended in argument against the baneful errors of Romanism.
+Dissenting divines, especially Baxter, threw their energies into the
+same conflict.  Political measures were also adopted vigorously and
+with decision&mdash;their nature we can neither criticise nor describe&mdash;and
+through the good providence of God our fathers were delivered from an
+impending curse, which we pray may neither in our times, nor in future
+ages, light on our beloved land.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In approaching the termination of this chapter, it is desirable to
+insert some account of the extent and state of buildings in London at
+the close of the seventeenth century, and a few notices of other
+matters relating to that period, which have not yet come under our
+consideration.  Chamberlayne, in his <I>Angliæ Notitia</I>, 1692, dwells
+with warm delight upon the description of the London squares, "those
+magnificent piazzas," as he terms them; and then enumerates
+Lincoln's-inn-fields, Convent Garden, St. James's-square,
+Leicester-fields, Southampton-square, Red Lion-square, Golden-square,
+Spitalfields-square, and "that excellent new structure, called the
+King's-square," now Soho.  These were all extramural, and beyond the
+liberties of the municipality, and they show how the metropolis was
+extending, especially in the western direction.  As early as 1662, an
+act was passed for paving Pall Mall, the Haymarket, and St.
+James's-street.  Clarendon, in 1604, built his splendid mansion in
+Piccadilly, called in reproach Dunkirk House by the common people, who
+"were of opinion that he had a good bribe for the selling of that
+town."  Others, says Burnet, called it Holland House, because he was
+believed to be no friend to the war.  It was much praised for its
+magnificence, and for the beautiful country prospect it commanded.
+Evelyn's record of an interview with the builder of the proud palace,
+is an affecting illustration of the vanity of this world's grandeur,
+and of the disappointments and mortifications that follow ambition.
+Clarendon had lost the favor of his sovereign, and the confidence of
+the public.  "I found him in his garden," says Evelyn, "at his
+new-built palace, sitting in his gout wheel-chair, and seeing the gates
+set up towards the north and the fields.  He looked and spake very
+disconsolately.  After some while, deploring his condition to me, I
+took my leave.  Next morning, I heard he was gone." The house was
+afterwards pulled down.  In 1668, Burlington House was finished, placed
+where it is because it was at the time of its erection thought certain
+that no one would build beyond it.  "In London," says Sir William
+Chambers, "many of our noblemen's palaces towards the streets look like
+convents; nothing appears but a high wall, with one or two large gates,
+in which there is a hole for those who are privileged to go in and out.
+If a coach arrives, the whole gate is open indeed, but this is an
+operation that requires time, and the porter is very careful to shut it
+up again immediately, for reasons to him very weighty.  Few in this
+vast city suspect, I believe, that behind an old brick wall in
+Piccadilly there is one of the finest pieces of architecture in
+Europe."  All to the west and north of Burlington House was park and
+country, where huntsmen followed the chase, or fowlers plied their
+toils with gun and net, or anglers wielded rod and line on the margin
+of fair ponds of water.  "We should greatly err," observes Mr.
+Macaulay, "if we were to suppose that any of the streets and squares
+then wore the same appearance as at present.  The great majority of the
+houses, indeed, have since that time been wholly or in part rebuilt.
+If the most fashionable parts of the capital could be placed before us,
+such as they then were, we should be disgusted with their squalid
+appearance, and poisoned by their noisome atmosphere.  In Convent
+Garden a filthy and noisy market was held, close to the dwellings of
+the great.  Fruit women screamed, carters fought, cabbage stalks and
+rotten apples accumulated in heaps, at the thresholds of the countess
+of Berkshire and of the bishop of Durham."  Shops in those days did not
+present the bravery of plate glass and bold inscriptions, with all
+sorts of devices, but exhibited small windows, with huge frames which
+concealed rather than displayed the wares within; while all manner of
+signs, including Saracens' heads, blue bears, golden lambs, and
+terrific griffins, with other wonders, swung on projecting irons across
+the street, an humble resemblance of the row of banners lining the
+chapels of the Garter and the Bath, at Windsor and Westminster.  Though
+a general paving and cleansing act for the streets of London was passed
+in 1671, they continued long afterwards in a deplorably filthy
+condition, the inconvenience occasioned by day being greatly increased
+at night by the dense darkness, at best but miserably alleviated by the
+few candles set up in compliance with the watchman's appeal, "Hang out
+your lights."  Glass lamps, known by the name of convex lights, were
+introduced into use in 1694, and continued to be employed for
+twenty-one years, after which there was a relapse into the old system.
+It was dangerous to go abroad after dark without a lantern, and the
+streets, with a few wayfarers, guided by this humble illumination, must
+have presented a spectacle not unlike some gloomy country path, with
+here and there a traveler.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Inns, of course, which still wore the appearance of the old hotels, and
+have left a relic for example in the yard of the Spread Eagle, and a
+more notable one in that of the Talbot, Southwark, had their
+conspicuous signs, including animals known and unknown, and heads
+without end.  From their huge and hospitable gateways all the public
+conveyances of London took their departure; and in an alphabetical list
+of these, in 1684, the daily outgoings average forty-one, but the
+numbers in one day are very unequal to those in another, seventy-one
+departing on a Thursday, and only nine on a Tuesday.  As there was only
+one conveyance at a time to the same place, we have a remarkable
+illustration in this record of the public provision for traveling, as
+well as the stay-at-home habits of our good forefathers of the middle
+class, about a century and a half ago.  The gentry and nobility were
+the chief travelers, and they performed their expeditions on horseback,
+or in their own coaches.  As to the number of the inhabitants in
+London, at the close of the century, only an approximation to the fact
+can be made, for no census of the population was taken.  According to
+the number of deaths, it is computed there were about half a million of
+souls&mdash;a population seventeen times larger than that of the second town
+in the kingdom, three times greater than that of Amsterdam, and more
+than those of Paris and Rome, or Paris and Rouen put together.  Though
+the amount of trade was small compared with what it is now, yet the sum
+of more than thirty thousand a year, in the shape of customs, (it is
+more than eleven millions now,) filled our ancestors with astonishment.
+Writers of that day speak of the masts of the ships in the river as
+resembling a forest, and of the wealth of the merchants, according to
+the notions of the day, as princelike.  More men, wrote Sir Josiah
+Child in 1688, were to be found upon the Exchange of London, worth ten
+thousand pounds than thirty years before there were worth one thousand.
+He adds, there were one hundred coaches kept now for one formerly; and
+remarks, that a serge gown, once worn by a gentlewoman, was now
+discarded by a chambermaid.  The manufactures of the country were
+greatly increased and wonderfully improved by the arrival of multitudes
+of French artisans in 1685, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes.
+"An entire suburb of London," says Voltaire, in his <I>Siècle de Louis
+XIV.</I>, "was peopled with French manufacturers of silk; others carried
+thither the art of making crystal in perfection, which has been since
+this epoch lost in France."  Spitalfields is the suburb alluded to;
+thousands besides were located in Soho and St. Giles's.  "London,"
+observes Chamberlayne, in 1692, "is a large magazine of men, money,
+ships, horses, and ammunition; of all sorts of commodities, necessary
+or expedient for the use or pleasure of mankind.  It is the mighty
+rendezvous of nobility, gentry, courtiers, divines, lawyers,
+physicians, merchants, seamen, and all kinds of excellent artificers of
+the most refined arts, and most excellent beauties; for it is observed,
+that in most families of England, if there be any son or daughter that
+excels the rest in beauty or wit, or perhaps courage or industry, or
+any other rare quality, London is their north star, and they are never
+at rest till they point directly thither."
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn1text">1</A>] He mentions his preaching once at St. Dunstan's church, when an
+accident occurred, which alarmed the vast concourse, and was likely to
+have occasioned much mischief.  He relates the odd circumstance of an
+old woman, squeezed in the crowd, asking forgiveness of God at the
+church door, and promising, if he would deliver her that time she would
+never come to the place again.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap06"></A>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER VI.
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+LONDON DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+From Maitland, who published his History of London in 1739, we learn
+that there were at that time, within the bills of mortality, 5,099
+streets, 95,968 houses, 207 inns, 447 taverns, and 551 coffee-houses.
+In 1681, the bills included 132 parishes; 147 are found in those for
+the year 1744.  Judging from the bills of mortality, which however
+cannot be trusted as accurate, population considerably increased in
+that portion of the century included in Maitland's history.  During the
+seventeen years from 1703 to 1721, the total number of burials was
+393,034.  During the next seventeen years, to 1738, they amounted to
+457,779.  The extension of London was still towards the west.  In the
+Weekly Journal of 1717 it is stated, the new buildings between
+Bond-street and Marylebone go on with all possible diligence, and the
+houses even let and sell before they are built.  In 1723, the duke of
+Grafton and the earl of Grantham purchased the waste ground at the
+upper end of Albemarle and Dover-streets for gardens, and turned a road
+leading into May Fair another way.  (London, vol. i, p. 310.)
+Devonshire House remained for some time the boundary of the buildings
+in Piccadilly, though farther on, by the Hyde Park Corner, there were
+several habitations.  Lanesborough House stood there by the top of
+Constitution-hill, and was, in 1773, converted into an infirmary, since
+rebuilt, and now known as St. George's Hospital.  It may be added, that
+Westminster Hospital, the first institution of the kind supported by
+voluntary contributions, was founded in 1719.  Several churches were
+erected in the early part of the eighteenth century.  In the year 1711,
+an act was passed for the erection of no less than fifty, but only ten
+had been built on new foundations when Maitland published his work.
+These ecclesiastical edifices exhibit the architectural taste of the
+age.  The finest specimen of the period is the church of St.
+Martin-in-the-fields, built by Gibbs.  It was commenced in 1721, and
+finished in 1726, at a cost of nearly £37,000.  In spite of the
+drawback in the ill-placed steeple over the portico, without any
+basement tower, the building strikes the beholder with an emotion of
+delight.  St. George's, Hanover-square, and St. George's, Bloomsbury,
+(the latter exhibiting a remarkable campanile,) were also built about
+the same time, the one in 1724, the other in 1731.  Almost all the
+churches built after the fire are in the modern style, imported from
+Italy.  In its colonnades, porticoes, architraves, and columns, this
+style presents elements of the Greek school of design, but differently
+arranged, more complicated in composition, more florid and ambitious in
+detail.  Taste must assign the palm of superiority to the Grecian
+temple, with its severe beauty and chastened sublimity.  The one style
+indicates the era of original genius, and exhibits the fruits of
+masterminds in that line of invention, while the other marks an epoch
+of mere imitation, supplying only the degenerate produce of
+transplanted taste.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Feeble attempts were made to improve the state of the streets, but they
+remained pretty much in their former condition till the Paving Act of
+1762.  Stalls, sheds, and sign-posts obstructed the path, and the
+pavement was left to the inhabitants, to be made "in such a manner, and
+with such materials, as pride, poverty, or caprice might suggest.  Curb
+stones were unknown, and the footway was exposed to the carriage-way,
+except in some of the principal streets, where a line of posts and
+chains, or wooden paling, afforded occasional protection.  It was a
+matter of moment to go near the wall; and Gay, in his Trivia, supplies
+directions to whom to yield it, and to whom to refuse it."&mdash;<I>Handbook</I>,
+by Cunninghame, xxxi.  "In the last age," says Johnson, "when my mother
+lived in London, there were two sets of people&mdash;those who gave the wall
+and those who took it, the peaceable and the quarrelsome.  Now it is
+fixed that every man keeps to the right; and if one is taking the wall
+another yields it, and it is never a dispute."  The lighting, drainage,
+and police, were all in a wretched condition.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+To attempt to give anything like a detailed chronological account of
+events in London during the first half of the eighteenth century, is
+neither possible nor desirable in a work like this.  Indeed, the far
+greater part of the incidents recorded in the city chronicles relates
+to royal visits, city feasts, celebration of victories, local tumults,
+and remarkable storms and frosts.  All that can be done, or expected,
+in this small volume, is to fix upon a few leading and important scenes
+and events, illustrative of the times.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the reign of queen Anne, the chief matter of interest in connection
+with London was the political excitement which prevailed.  It turned
+upon questions relating to the Church and the toleration of dissenters.
+Dean Swift, in a letter dated London, December, 1703, tells a friend,
+that the occasional Conformity Bill, intended to nullify the Toleration
+Act, was then the subject of everybody's conversation.  "It was so
+universal," observes the witty dean, "that I observed the dogs in the
+street much more contumelious and quarrelsome than usual; and the very
+night before the bill went up, a committee of Whig and Tory cats had a
+very warm debate upon the roof of our house."  Defoe, the well-known
+author of Robinson Crusoe, and a London citizen, rendered himself very
+conspicuous by his advocacy of the rights of conscience; and in
+consequence of writing an ironical work, which then created great
+excitement, entitled, "The Shortest Way with the Dissenters," he was
+doomed to stand three successive days in the pillory, at the Royal
+Exchange by the Cheapside Conduit, and near Temple Bar.  Immense crowds
+gathered to gaze on the sufferer; but "the people, who were expected to
+treat him ill, on the contrary pitied him, and wished those who set him
+there were placed in his room, and expressed their affections by loud
+shouts and acclamations when he was taken down."&mdash;<I>Life of Defoe</I>, by
+Chalmers, p. 28.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The political excitement of London reached its height during the trial
+of Dr. Sacheverell.  He had preached two sermons, one of which was
+delivered in St. Paul's Cathedral, on the 5th of November, 1709, in
+which he inculcated the doctrine of passive obedience and
+non-resistance, and inveighed with great bitterness against all
+nonconformists.  The drift of his sermon was to undermine the
+principles of the Revolution, though he professed to approve of that
+event, pretending to consider it as by no means a case of resistance to
+the supreme power.  The ministry, considering that his doctrine struck
+a fatal blow at the constitution, as established in 1688, prosecuted
+him accordingly.  With Sacheverell numbers of the clergy sympathized,
+especially Atterbury, the leader of his party.  It was supposed that
+the queen was not unfriendly to the arraigned divine.  He was escorted
+to Westminster Hall, the place of his trial, by immense crowds of
+people, who rent the air with their huzzas.  The queen herself attended
+at the proceedings, and was hailed with deafening shouts, as she
+stepped from her carriage, "God bless your majesty; we hope your
+majesty is for Dr. Sacheverell."  The spacious building in which he was
+tried, the scene of so many state trials, was fitted up for the
+occasion, benches and galleries being provided for peers and commoners,
+peeresses and gentlewomen, who crowded every seat; the lower classes
+squeezing themselves to suffocation into the part of the old building
+allotted to their use.  The London rabble were so much excited by what
+took place, or were so completely swayed by more influential
+malcontents, that on the evening of the second day of the trial they
+attacked a meeting-house in New-Court, tearing away doors and
+casements, pews and pulpit, and proceeding with the spoil to
+Lincoln's-inn-fields.  In the open space&mdash;where was then no fair garden
+inclosed with palisades, it being a rendezvous for mountebanks, dancing
+bears, and baited bulls&mdash;the populace kindled a bonfire, and consumed
+the ruins of the conventicle.  They went forth in quest of the
+minister, Mr. Burgess, in order to burn him and his pulpit together.
+Happily disappointed of their victim, they wreaked their vengeance upon
+six other dissenting places of worship.  An episcopal church in
+Clerkenwell shared the same fate, being mistaken for one of the hated
+structures through want of a steeple; for steeple and no steeple
+probably constituted the only difference in religion appreciable by
+these infatuated mortals.  The advocates of toleration, even though
+they might be good Churchmen, as Bishop Burnet for example, were also
+in danger.  Indeed, the tumult became of such grave importance, that
+queen and magistrates, court and city, felt it a duty to combine in
+order to quell the disgraceful outbreak.  A few sword cuts, and the
+capture of several prisoners, put down the insurrection; but
+ecclesiastical politics still ran high in London, and whigs and
+dissenters were in low estimation in many quarters, till the Hanoverian
+succession brightened the prospects of the liberal party.  While Queen
+Anne lay ill, deep anxiety pervaded the political circles in London.
+It is not generally known, but it is stated on the authority of
+tradition, that the first place in which the decease of Anne was
+publicly announced, and the accession of George I. proclaimed, was the
+very meeting-house in New Court which had been formerly attacked by the
+mob.  The day on which the queen died was a Sunday; and as Bishop
+Burnet was riding in his coach through Smithfield, he met Mr. Bradbury,
+then the minister of the chapel, and told him that immediately upon the
+royal demise, then momentarily expected, he would send a messenger to
+give tidings of the event.  Before the morning service was over a man
+appeared in the gallery, and dropped a handkerchief, being the
+preconcerted signal; whereupon the preacher, in his last prayer,
+alluded to the removal of her majesty, and implored a blessing on King
+George and the house of Hanover.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The most striking feature in the history of London in the reign of
+George I., was the extraordinary spirit of speculation which then
+existed.  The moderate gains of trade and commerce did not satisfy the
+cupidity of the human breast, which then, as it has done since, burst
+out into a fever, that consumed all reason, prudence, and principle.
+Men made haste to be rich, and consequently fell into temptation and a
+snare.  In 1717, an unprecedented excitement pervaded the money market.
+Every one familiar with the city knows the plain-looking edifice of
+brick and stone which stands in Threadneedle-street, not far from the
+Flower-pot, and which is so well described by one whose youth was
+passed within it, as "deserted or thinly peopled, with few or no traces
+of comers-in or goers-out, like what Ossian describes, when he says, I
+passed by the walls of Balclutha, and they were desolate."  That
+grave-looking edifice, now like some respectable citizen retired from
+business, was at one time the busiest place in the world.  A scheme was
+planned and formed for making fortunes by the South Sea trade.  A
+company was incorporated by government for the purpose, and the house
+in Threadneedle-street was the scene of business.  Stock rapidly
+doubled in value, and went on till it reached a premium of nine hundred
+per cent.  People of all ranks flocked to Change-alley, and crowded the
+courts in riotous eagerness to purchase shares.  The nobleman drove
+from the West-end, the squire came up from the country, ladies of
+fashion, and people of no fashion, swarmed round the new El Dorado, to
+dig up the sparkling treasure.  Swift compares these crowds of human
+beings to the waters of the South Sea Gulf, from which their
+imagination was drawing such abundant draughts of wealth.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"Subscribers here by thousands float,<BR>
+<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1em">And jostle one another down,</SPAN><BR>
+Each paddling in her leaky boat,<BR>
+<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1em">And here they fish for gold, and drown.</SPAN><BR>
+Now buried in the depths below,<BR>
+<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1em">Now mounted up to heaven again;</SPAN><BR>
+They reel and stagger to and fro,<BR>
+<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1em">At their wits' end like drunken men."</SPAN><BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The mania spread so that the South Sea scheme itself could not satisfy
+the lust for money.  Maitland enumerates one hundred and fifty-six
+companies formed at this time.  Among some which look feasible, there
+were the following characterized by extravagant absurdities:&mdash;An
+association for discovering gold mines, for bleaching hair, for making
+flying engines, for feeding hogs, for erecting salt-pans in Holy
+Island, for making butter from beech trees, for making deal boards out
+of saw-dust, for extracting silver from lead, and finally, (which seems
+to have been much needed to exhaust the maddening vapors that had made
+their way into it,) for manufacturing an air pump for the brain.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some of them were surely mere satires on the rest; yet Maitland says,
+after giving his long list, "Besides these bubbles, there were
+innumerable more that perished in embryo; however, the sums intended to
+be raised by the above airy projects amounted to about three hundred
+million pounds.  Yet the lowest of the shares in any of them advanced
+above cent. per cent., most above four hundred per cent., and some to
+twenty times the price of subscription."  The bulk of these speculators
+must clearly have been bereft of their senses, and the madness was too
+violent to last long.  The evil worked its own cure.  The golden bubble
+was blown larger, and larger, till it burst.  Then came indescribable
+misery.  Thousands were ruined.  Revenge against the inventors now took
+the place of cupidity, and indignation aroused those who had looked
+patiently on during the rage of the <I>money</I> mania.  One nobleman in
+parliament proposed that the contrivers of the South Sea scheme should,
+after the manner of the Roman parricide, be sown up alive in sacks, and
+flung into the Thames.  A more moderate punishment was inflicted in the
+confiscation of all the estates belonging to the directors of the
+company, amounting to above two millions, which sum was divided among
+the sufferers.  The railway speculation in our own time was a display
+of avarice of the same order; and all such indulgence in the inordinate
+lust of gain is sure to be overtaken, in the end, by its righteous
+penalty.  The laws of Divine providence provide for the punishment of
+those who thus, under the influence of an impetuous selfishness, grasp
+at immoderate possessions.  Covetousness overreaches itself in such
+cases, and misses its mark.  How many instances have occurred in the
+present day illustrative of that wise saying in Holy Scripture: "As the
+partridge sitteth on eggs and hatcheth them not, so he that getteth
+riches and not by right, shall leave them in the midst of his days, and
+at the end shall be a fool!"  The solemn lessons thus suggested should
+be practically studied by the man of business, and while he is taught
+to moderate his desires after the things of this world, he is also
+instructed to turn the main current of his thoughts and feelings into a
+far different channel, to seek durable riches and righteousness&mdash;bags
+which wax not old&mdash;treasures which thieves cannot break through and
+steal; and to "so pass through things temporal, as not to lose the
+things which are eternal."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The history of London in the reign of George II. is remarkable for the
+excitement which was produced by the northern rebellion, and for a far
+different excitement, which we shall presently notice with great
+delight.  The progress of the arms of Prince Edward, the pretender, in
+the year 1745, created much alarm in all parts of the country,
+especially in London, the seat of government.  When the invading army
+was found to have proceeded as far as Derby, it was generally expected
+it would advance to the metropolis.  The loyalty of the citizens was
+called forth by the impending peril, and all classes hastened to
+express their attachment to the sovereign, and their readiness to
+support the house of Hanover in this great emergency.  The corporation,
+the clergy, and the dissenting ministers, presented dutiful addresses.
+Several corps of volunteers were raised, large sums of money were
+contributed, and even the peace-loving body of Friends came forward to
+furnish the troops with woolen waistcoats to be worn under their
+clothing.  As the cause of Popery was identified with that of the
+pretender, the Papists in London were regarded with great apprehension.
+A proclamation was issued for putting the laws in force against them
+and all non-jurors.  Romanists and reputed Romanists were required to
+remove out of the city, to at least ten miles off.  All Jesuits and
+priests who, after a certain time, should be found within that distance
+were to be brought to trial.  The pretender was defeated at Culloden,
+and the news took off a heavy burden of fear from the minds of the
+London citizens.  Many prisoners were brought to the metropolis, and
+among them the Earl of Kilmarnock, Lord Balmerino, and Lord Lovat, who
+were all executed for treason on Tower-hill.  The beheading of the last
+of these brought to a close the long series of sanguinary spectacles of
+that nature, which had gathered from time to time such a vast concourse
+of citizens, on the hill by the Tower gates.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The other kind of excitement in London, hinted at above, relates to the
+most important of all subjects.  Spiritual religion had been at a low
+ebb for a considerable period among the different denominations of
+Christians.  A cold formalism was but too common.  It is not, however,
+to be inferred that men of sound and earnest piety did not exist, both
+among Churchmen and dissenters.  One beautiful specimen of religious
+fervor and consistency may be mentioned in connection with the earlier
+part of this century.  Sir Thomas Abney, who filled the office of lord
+mayor in 1701, and also represented the city in parliament, is
+described as having been an eminent blessing to his country and the
+Church of God.  He died in 1722, deeply regretted, not only by his
+religious friends, but by his fellow-citizens in general.  We have seen
+or heard it stated respecting him, that during his mayoralty he
+habitually maintained family worship, without suffering it to be
+interrupted by any parties or banquets.  On such occasions prayer was
+introduced, or he retired to present it in the bosom of his family.
+Many other beautiful instances of a devout spirit, of faith in Christ,
+and of love to God, were, no doubt, open at that time to the eye of Him
+who seeth in secret; but neither then, nor for some time afterwards,
+were any vigorous efforts made to bring religion home with power to the
+mass of the London population.  That distinguished man, the Rev. George
+Whitefield, was an instrument in the hand of God of effecting in the
+metropolis, before the close of the first half of the century, an
+unprecedented religious awakening.  He came up to officiate in the
+Tower in 1737, but his first sermon in London was delivered in
+Bishopsgate church.  On his second visit, crowds climbed the leads, and
+hung on the rails of the buildings in which he was engaged to minister,
+while multitudes went away because not able to get anywhere within the
+sound of his voice.  Nothing had been seen like it since the days of
+such men as Baxter and Vincent.  When collections were needed,
+Whitefield was eagerly sought, as the man capable above all others of
+replenishing the exhausted coffers of Christian beneficence.  The
+people sat or stood densely wedged together, with eyes riveted on the
+speaker, and many a tear rolled down the cheeks of citizen and
+apprentice, matron and maiden, as the instructions and appeals of that
+wonderful preacher, expressed in stirring words and phrases, fell upon
+their ears, in tones marvelously rich, varied, and musical.  With an
+eloquence, which now flashed and rolled like the elements in a
+thunder-storm, and then tenderly beamed forth like the sun-ray on the
+flower whose head the storm had drenched and made to droop, did he
+enforce on the people truths which he had gathered out of God's
+precious word, and the power of which he had evidently himself realized
+in all the divinity of their origin, the sublimity of their import, the
+directness of their application, and the unutterable solemnity of their
+results.  As a man dwelling amidst eternal things, with heaven and hell
+before him, the eye of God upon him, and immortal souls around him,
+hastening to their account,&mdash;in short, as every minister of Christ's
+holy gospel ought to deliver his message, did he do so.  The holiness
+of God, as a Being of purer eyes than to behold iniquity; the perfect
+excellence of the Divine law; its demand of entire obedience; its
+adaptation, if observed, to promote the happiness of man; its
+spirituality, reaching to the most secret thoughts and affections of
+the heart; the corruption of human nature; the alienation of man from
+God, and his moral inability to keep the Divine law; the sentence of
+everlasting condemnation, which, as the awful, but righteous
+consequence, falls upon our race; the marvelous kindness of God in so
+commending his love to us, "that while we were yet sinners Christ died
+for us;" the Saviour's fulfillment of the law in his gracious
+representative character; the perfect satisfaction for sin rendered by
+his atoning sacrifice; the unutterable condescension and infinite love
+with which he receiveth sinners; the grace of the Holy Spirit; the
+necessity of an entire regeneration of the soul by his Divine agency;
+the full and free invitations of the gospel to mankind at large;
+forgiveness through the blood of Christ offered to all who believe; the
+universal obligation of repentance; the requirement of holiness of
+heart and life, as the evidence of love to Christ, and the indwelling
+of the Spirit, as the Author of holiness; such were the grand truths
+which formed the theme of Whitefield's discourses, and which, in
+numerous instances, fell with startling power on ears unaccustomed to
+evangelical statements and appeals.  The preacher was a man of prayer
+as well as eloquence, and in his London visits poured out his heart in
+earnest supplication to God for the effusion of his Holy Spirit upon
+the vast masses of unconverted souls, slumbering around him in the arms
+of spiritual death.  Whitefield could not confine himself to churches,
+and his out-door preaching soon increased the interest which his former
+services had produced.  "I do not know," said the celebrated Countess
+of Hertford, in one of her letters, "whether you have heard of our new
+sect, who call themselves Methodists.  There is one Whitefield at the
+head of them, a young man of about five-and-twenty, who has for some
+months gone about preaching in the fields and market-places of the
+country, and in London at May Fair and Moorfields to ten or twelve
+thousand people at a time."  Larger multitudes still are said to have
+been sometimes convened; on Kennington Common, for example, the number
+of Whitefield's congregation has been computed at sixty thousand.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The notice taken of the young preacher by this lady of fashion, is only
+a specimen of the interest felt in his proceedings by many persons in
+the same rank of life.  The nobility attended in the drawing-room of
+the Countess of Huntingdon to listen to his sermons, or accompanied her
+to the churches where he had engaged to officiate.  Long lists of these
+titled names have been preserved, in which some of the unlikeliest
+occur, such as Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, the Earl of Chesterfield,
+Lord Bolingbroke, Bubb Doddington, and George Selwyn.  Indeed, it seems
+to have been quite the fashion for the great ones of the land to
+cluster round this man of God.  He was the theme of their conversation.
+By all he was marveled at; by some he was censured or ridiculed; by
+more he was praised and caressed; by a few he was honored and blessed
+as the means of their spiritual renewal or edification.  Among the
+middle and lower classes in London, as elsewhere, did he reap his
+richest harvests.  How many hundreds and thousands were melted down
+under the power of the word which he proclaimed!  How many of that
+generation in our old city are now before the throne of the Lamb,
+adoring the gracious Providence which brought them within the sound of
+Whitefield's voice!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A remarkable occurrence in London, in the year 1750, gave occasion for
+a singular display of this great preacher's holy zeal.  Shocks of an
+earthquake were felt in different parts of London and the vicinity,
+especially in the neighborhood of the river Thames.  Such visitations
+are sure to produce violent terror, and on this occasion the feeling
+reached its highest pitch.  The people, apprehending there was greater
+danger in their own houses, and in the streets lined with buildings,
+than in wide spaces open and unencumbered, rushed, in immense crowds,
+to Hyde Park, and there waited, in fearful foreboding of the judgments
+of the Almighty.  One night, when the excitement was overwhelming, and
+a dense multitude had congregated there under the dark arch of heaven,
+Whitefield, regarding it as a signal opportunity for preaching the
+gospel to his fellow-countrymen, hastened to the spot, and delivered
+one of his most powerful and pathetic discourses.  He called the
+attention of the throngs before him to the coming advent of the Son of
+God, to judge the world in righteousness, when not the inhabitants of
+one city only, but all of Adam's race, in every clime, would be
+gathered together, to receive from the lips of Eternal Justice their
+final and unalterable sentence.  Nor did he fail to point out the
+character of Christ in his relation to man as a Saviour as well as
+Judge, urging his hearers to flee from the wrath to come, and to lay
+hold on the hope set before them in the gospel.  "The awful manner in
+which he addressed the careless, Christless sinner, the sublimity of
+the discourse, and the appearance of the place, added to the gloom of
+night, continued to impress the mind with seriousness, and to render
+the event solemn and memorable in the highest degree."  While the
+shades of night rendered him invisible to his audience, his clear
+voice&mdash;which could be heard distinctly at the distance of a mile,
+passing through a marvelous variety of intonations, in which the very
+soul of the speaker seemed to burst out in gushes of terror or
+love&mdash;must, as it sounded over the park, and fell upon the eager
+listening thousands, have seemed to them like the utterance of some
+impalpable and unseen spirit, who, with unearthly powers of address,
+had come down from heaven to warn and invite.  "God," he observed, in
+writing to Lady Huntingdon, "has been terribly shaking the metropolis;
+I hope it is an earnest of his giving a shock to secure sinners, and
+making them to cry out, 'What shall we do to be saved?'  What can shake
+a soul whose hopes of happiness in time and in eternity are built upon
+the Rock of ages?  Winds may blow, rains may and will descend even upon
+persons of the most exalted stations, but they that trust in the Lord
+Jesus Christ never shall, never can be totally confounded."  Charles
+Wesley was in town during this dispensation of Providence, (which
+happily passed off without inflicting any serious injury,) and he also
+employed himself in faithful and earnest preaching.  So did Mr.
+Romaine, whose ministry will be noticed more particularly in the next
+chapter.  The only additional information we can give respecting this
+religious revival, is that the Rev. John Wesley, equally distinguished
+with Whitefield, but by gifts of a different order, began his course in
+London as the founder of the Methodist Connection, in 1740, and spent
+among the London citizens a large portion of his apostolic and
+self-denying labors, with unconquerable perseverance and eminent
+success.  He was accustomed, at the commencement of his career, to meet
+with the Moravians for religious exercises in their chapel in
+Fetter-lane; thus associating that edifice, which still remains, with
+the early history of Methodism.  "There the great leaders in this
+glorious warfare, with their zealous coadjutors&mdash;persons whose whole
+souls were consecrated to the cause of God our Saviour&mdash;often took
+sweet counsel together.  They have all long since gone to their rest,
+to meet in a better temple together, as they have often worshiped in
+the temple below, and to go out no more."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In further illustration of the state of London at the time now under
+our review, we will turn to consider some other of its social aspects.
+Literary society presents some curious and amusing facts.  The
+booksellers before the fire were located, for the most part, in St.
+Paul's Church-yard.  It is stated that not less than £150,000 worth of
+books were consumed during that conflagration.  The calamity proved the
+ruin of many, and was the occasion of raising very enormously the price
+of old books.  Little Britain, near Duck-lane, became the rendezvous of
+the trade, which remained there for some years afterwards.  "It was,"
+says Roger North, "a plentiful and perpetual emporium of learned
+authors."  The shops were spacious, and the literati of the day gladly
+resorted thither, where they seldom failed to find agreeable
+conversation.  The booksellers themselves were intelligent persons,
+with whom, for the sake of their bookish knowledge, the most brilliant
+wits were pleased to converse.  Before 1750, the literary emporium of
+London was transferred to Paternoster-row.  Up to that time the
+activity in the publishing business was very great, especially in the
+pamphlet line; perhaps there were more publishers then than even now.
+Dunton, a famous member of the fraternity, wrote his own life, in which
+he enumerates a long list of his brethren, with particulars relating to
+their character and history.  The authors of London were computed by
+Swift to amount in number to some thousands.  While a Swift, a Pope, an
+Addison, a Steele, a Bolingbroke, a Johnson, and other world-known
+names in that Augustan age of letters, produced works of original
+genius, the bulk of the writers who supplied the trade were "mere
+drudges of the pen&mdash;manufacturers of literature."  A whole herd of
+these were dealers in ghosts, murders, and other marvels, published in
+periodical pamphlets, upon every half sheet of which the tax of a
+halfpenny was laid on in the reign of Queen Anne.  "Have you seen the
+red stamp the papers are marked with?" asks Dean Swift, in a letter to
+Mr. Dingley&mdash;"methinks the stamping is worth a half-penny."  These
+panderers to a vitiated taste, which is far from having disappeared in
+our own day, and other writers of the humbler class, were so numerous
+in Grub-street, that the name became the cognomen for the humblest
+brethren of the book craft.  There and elsewhere did they pour forth
+their lucubrations in lofty attics, which led Johnson to make the
+pompous remark, "that the professors of literature generally reside in
+the highest stories.  The wisdom of the ancients was well acquainted
+with the intellectual advantages of an elevated situation; why else
+were the muses stationed on Olympus or Parnassus, by those who could,
+with equal right, have raised them bowers in the vale of Tempe, or
+erected their altars among the flexures of Meander?"  The favorite
+places of resort for poets, wits, and authors, were the coffee-houses,
+especially Wills', in Russell-street, Convent Garden, where Dryden had
+long occupied the critics' throne, and swayed the sceptre over the
+kingdom of letters.  Thither went the aspirant after fame, to obtain
+subscribers for his forthcoming publication, or to secure the approving
+nod of some literary Jupiter; and there many an offspring of the muse
+was strangled in the birth, or if suffered to live, treated with
+merciless severity.  In the same street lived Davies, the bookseller,
+at whose house Boswell, the biographer of Johnson, became acquainted
+with his hero.  "The very place," he says, "where I was fortunate
+enough to be introduced to the illustrious subject of this work,
+deserves to be particularly marked.  It was No. 8.  I never pass by
+without feeling reverence and regret."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Pope was the most successful author of his time, and realized £5,320 by
+his Iliad.  The keenness of his satire in the Dunciad threw literary
+London into convulsions.  On the day the book was first vended, a crowd
+of authors besieged the shop, threatening to prosecute the publisher,
+while hawkers crushed in to buy it up, with the hope of reaping a good
+harvest from the retailing of so caustic an article.  The dunces held
+weekly meetings to project hostilities against the satirical critic,
+whose keen weapon had cut them to the quick.  One wrote to the prime
+minister to inform him that Mr. Pope was an enemy to the government;
+another bought his image in clay to execute him in effigy.  A
+surreptitious edition was published, with an owl in the frontispiece,
+the genuine one exhibiting an ass laden with authors.  Hence arose a
+contest among the booksellers, some recommending the edition of the
+owl, and others the edition of the ass, by which names the two used to
+be distinguished.  In 1737, Dr. Johnson came up to the metropolis with
+two-pence halfpenny in his pocket&mdash;David Garrick, his companion, having
+one halfpenny more.  Toiling in the service of Cave, and writing for
+the Gentleman's Magazine, then a few years old, the former could but
+obtain a bare subsistence, which forced from him the well-known lines
+in his poem on London:&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"This mournful truth is everywhere confessed,<BR>
+Slow rises worth by poverty depressed."<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+He lodged at a stay-maker's, in Exeter-street, and dined at the Pine
+Apple, just by, for eight-pence.  An odd example of the intercourse
+between bookmakers and bookvenders, is preserved in the anecdote of
+Johnson beating Osborne, his publisher, for alleged impertinence.  Of
+the genial habits of literary men in London, we have an illustration in
+the clubs which he formed, or to which he belonged.  That which still
+continues to hold its meetings at the Thatched House, is the
+continuation of the famous one established at a later period than is
+embraced in this chapter, at the Turk's Head, where Johnson used to
+meet Reynolds, Burke, and Goldsmith.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But it is time to glance at fashionable London.  As to its locality, it
+has been anything but stationary.  Gradually, however, it has been
+gliding westward for the last three centuries and more.  First breaking
+its way through Ludgate, and lining the Thames side of the Strand with
+noble houses, then pushing its course farther on, and spreading itself
+out over the favored parishes of St. James and St. George.  Here,
+during the first half of the last century, might be seen the increasing
+centralization of English patricians.  The city was deserted of
+aristocratic inhabitants, and Devonshire-square was the spot "on which
+lingered the last lady of rank who clung to her ancestral abode."  But
+this westward tendency, flowing wave on wave, was checked for awhile in
+Soho and Leicester-squares, which remained till within less than a
+hundred years ago, the abode or resort of the sons and daughters of
+fashion.  St. James's, Grosvenor, and Hanover-squares, were, however,
+of a more select and magnificent character.  The titled in Church and
+state loved to reside in the elegant mansions which lined and adorned
+them, so convenient for visits to court, which then migrated backwards
+and forwards between St. James's and Kensington.  Still, though these
+anti-plebeian regions were scenes of increasing convenience, comfort,
+and luxury, some of the nuisances of former days lingered amidst them;
+and as late as 1760, a great many hogs were seized by the overseers of
+St. George's, Hanover-square, because they were bred, or kept in the
+immediate neighborhood of these wealthy abodes.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On the levee day of a prime minister, a couple of streets were
+sometimes lined with the coaches of political adherents, seeking power
+or place, when favored visitors were admitted to an audience in his
+bedchamber.  The royal levees were thronged with multitudes of
+courtiers, who thereby accomplished the double purpose of paying their
+respect to the sovereign and reviving their friendships with each
+other.  It is very melancholy to read in dean Swift's letters such a
+passage as the following, since it evinces so painful a disregard of
+the religious character and privileges of the Lord's-day, very common,
+it is feared, at the time to which it relates: "Did I never tell you,"
+he says, "that I go to court on Sundays, as to a coffee-house, to see
+acquaintances whom I should not otherwise see twice a year."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"Drawing-rooms were first introduced in the reign of George II., and
+during the lifetime of the queen were held every evening, when the
+royal family played at cards, and all persons properly dressed were
+admitted.  After the demise of the queen in 1737, they were held but
+twice a week, and in a few years were wholly discontinued, the king
+holding his 'state' in the morning twice a week."&mdash;<I>Cunninghame</I>.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Promenading in Pall Mall and the parks on foot was a favorite
+recreation of the lords and ladies of the first two Georges' reigns, at
+which they might be seen in court dresses, the former with bag wig and
+sword, the latter with hooped petticoats and high-heeled shoes,
+sweeping the gravel with their trains, and looking with immense
+contempt on the citizens east of Temple-bar who dared to invade the
+magic circle which fashion had drawn around itself.  These gathering
+places for the gay were often infested by persons who committed
+outrages, to us almost incredible.  Emulous of the name, as of the
+deeds of the savage, they took the title of Mohawks, the appellation of
+a well-known tribe of Indians.  Their sport was, sword in hand, to
+attack and wound the quiet wayfarer.  On one occasion, we find from
+Swift's letters, that he was terribly frightened by these inhuman
+wretches.  Even women did not escape their violence.  "I walked in the
+park this evening," says Swift, under date of March 9th, 1713, "and
+came home early to avoid the Mohawks."  Again, on the 16th, "Lord
+Winchelsea told me to-day at court, that two of the Mohawks caught a
+maid of old lady Winchelsea's at the door of their house in the park
+with a candle, who had just lighted out somebody.  They cut all her
+face, and beat her without any provocation."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Another glimpse of the London of that day, which we catch while turning
+over its records, presents a further unfavorable illustration of the
+state of society, both in high and in low life.  In May Fair there
+stood a chapel, where a certain Dr. Keith, of infamous notoriety,
+performed the marriage service for couples who sought a clandestine
+union; and while the rich availed themselves of this provision, persons
+in humbler life found a similar place open to them in the Fleet prison.
+Parliament put down these enormities in 1753.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Ranelagh and Vauxhall were places of frivolous amusement resorted to
+even by the higher classes.  From these and other haunts of folly,
+lumbering coaches or sedan chairs conveyed home the ladies through the
+dimly lighted or pitch dark streets, and the gentlemen picked their way
+over the ruggedly paved thoroughfares, glad of the proffered aid of the
+link boys, who crowded round the gates of such places of public
+entertainment or resort as were open at night, and who, arrived at the
+door to which they had escorted some fashionable foot passenger,
+quenched the blazing torch in the trumpet-looking ornament, which one
+now and then still sees lingering over the entrance to some house in an
+antiquated square or court, a characteristic relic of London in the
+olden time.  A walk along some of the more quiet and retired streets at
+the west end of the metropolis, which were scenes of fashion and gayety
+a hundred years ago, awaken in the mind, when it is in certain moods,
+trains of solemn and healthful reflection.  We think of the generations
+that once, with light or heavy hearts, passed and repassed along those
+ways, too many of them, we fear, however burdened with earthly
+solicitudes, sadly heedless of the high interests of the everlasting
+future.  Led away by the splendid attractions of this world, its
+wealth, power, praise, or pleasure, they too surely found at last that
+what they followed so eagerly, and thought so delightful, was only a
+delusion, like the gorgeous mirage of the desert.  Some few years
+hence, and we shall have ourselves gone the way of all the earth.
+Other feet will tread the pavement, and other eyes drink in the light,
+and look upon the works and ways of fellow-mortals; and other minds
+will call up recollections of the past, and moralize with sombre hues
+of feeling as we do now; and where then will the reader be?  It is no
+impertinent suggestion in a work like this, that he should make that
+grave inquiry&mdash;nor pause till, in the light which illumines the world
+to come, he has duly considered all the materials he possesses for
+supplying a probable answer.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap07"></A>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER VII.
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+LONDON DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+"In the latter half of the century few public buildings were erected,
+yet among them were two of the noblest which the city even now
+possesses, namely, the Excise Office and Newgate.  The end of the last
+century was, however, marked by the erection of the East India House,
+more decidedly Grecian than anything else which preceded it.  Compared
+with what it has since been, architecture then was rather at a low ebb,
+for although one or two of the buildings above mentioned are noble
+works, they must be taken as exceptions to the meagre, insipid, and
+monotonous style which stamps this period, and which such erections as
+the Adelphi and Portland-place rather confirm than contradict.  With
+the exception of St. Peter-le-poor, 1791, and St. Martin Outwich, 1796,
+not one church was built from the commencement of the reign of George
+III., till the regency."&mdash;<I>Penny Cyclopædia, art. London</I>.  This remark
+applies to the city.  Paddington church was built during that period,
+and opened in 1791.  The chief public buildings of the period, besides
+those noticed, are the Mansion House, finished in 1753; Middlesex
+Hospital, built 1756; Magdalen Hospital, 1769; Freemasons' Hall, 1775;
+Somerset House, in its present state, 1775; and Trinity House, 1793.
+Westminster bridge was finished in 1750, and Blackfriars begun ten
+years afterwards; these, with London bridge, were the only roadways
+over the Thames during the eighteenth century.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The extremities of London continued to extend.  Grosvenor-place, Hyde
+Park Corner, was reared 1767; Marylebone-garden was leased out to
+builders 1778; Somers-town was commenced 1786.  "Though London
+increases every day," observes Horace Walpole in 1791, "and Mr.
+Herschel has just discovered a new square or circus, somewhere by the
+New-road, in the <I>via lactea</I>, where the cows used to feed; I believe
+you will think the town cannot hold all its inhabitants, so
+prodigiously the population is augmented."  "There will be one street
+from London to Brentford, ay, and from London to every village ten
+miles round; lord Camden has just let ground at Kentish-town for
+building 1,400 houses; nor do I wonder; London is, I am certain, much
+fuller than ever I saw it.  I have twice this spring been going to stop
+my coach in Piccadilly, to inquire what was the matter, thinking there
+was a mob; not at all, it was only passengers."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Westminster Paving Act, passed in 1762, was the commencement of a
+new system of improvement in the great thoroughfares.  The old signs,
+posts, water-spouts, and similar nuisances and obstructions, were
+removed, and a pavement laid down for foot passengers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But until the introduction of gas, in the present century, the streets
+continued to be dimly lighted, and the services of the link boy at
+night to be in general requisition.  In 1760, names began to be placed
+on people's doors, and four years subsequently, the plan of numbering
+houses originated.  Burlington-street was the first place in which this
+convenient arrangement was made.  In Lincoln's-inn-fields it was next
+followed.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The history of London, during the latter half of the eighteenth
+century, was emphatically that of an age of public excitements, some of
+them specially pertaining to the city, while in others the whole
+country shared.  The removal of Mr. Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham,
+from the high ministerial position he had occupied&mdash;an event which
+occurred in 1757&mdash;produced very strong ebullitions of feeling in the
+hearts of his numerous admirers.  London largely participated in the
+popular admiration of that extraordinary man, and expressed a sense of
+his services by voting him the freedom of the city, which was presented
+to him in an elegant gold box.  The success of the British arms during
+the next year, in the taking of Louisbourg, led to great rejoicings,
+illuminations, and the presentation to the king of loyal congratulatory
+addresses.  In the year following, the wants of the army being found
+very urgent, and men being unwilling to enlist, a subscription was
+opened at Guildhall to meet the exigency by raising a fund, out of
+which the amount of premium on enlistment might be augmented.  The
+taking of Quebec, in 1759, again awakened enthusiastic joy; and the
+record of bonfires, ringing of bells, and kindred demonstrations, are
+conspicuous in the civic annals for that year.  The accession of George
+III., in 1760, was marked by the full payment to the young sovereign of
+all those loyal dues, which are tendered by the metropolitan
+authorities and community when such an important event occurs as the
+transfer of the sceptre into new hands.  But the public excitement in
+his favor was soon exchanged for feelings equally intense of an
+opposite character.  John Wilkes appeared on the stage of public life
+in 1754&mdash;a man utterly destitute of virtue and principle, but possessed
+of certain qualities likely to render him popular, especially an
+abundance of humor, and a wonderful degree of assurance.  By attacking
+Lord Bute, the favorite of the king, but no favorite with the people,
+he gained applause, and was set down as a patriot.  In No. 45 of the
+"North Briton," a newspaper which he edited, a violent attack on his
+majesty appeared; indeed, it went so far as to charge him with the
+utterance of a falsehood in his speech from the throne.  The house of
+Wilkes was searched, and his person seized for this political offence;
+but sheltering himself under his parliamentary privileges, he obtained
+his dismissal from custody.  Upon an information being filed against
+him by the attorney-general, he declined to appear, when the House of
+Commons took the matter in hand, and declared Wilkes's paper to be a
+false, seditious, and scandalous libel, and ordered it to be burned by
+the common hangman.  The sympathies of many in London being with
+Wilkes, a riot ensued upon the attempt which the sheriffs made to
+execute the parliamentary sentence.  Wilkes's disgrace was turned into
+a triumph, and the metropolis rang with the applause of this worthless
+individual.  Unhappily, the proceedings against him had involved
+unconstitutional acts, which are sure to produce the indignation of a
+free people, and to transform into a martyr a man who is really
+criminal.  He was next convicted of publishing an indecent poem; but
+again the improper means adopted to secure his conviction placed him
+before the people as a ministerial victim, and diverted attention from
+his flagrant vices.  But the reign of this demagogue in London,
+properly speaking, did not begin till 1768, when he returned to
+England, after a considerable absence, and offered himself as a
+candidate for the city.  Though exceedingly popular, he failed to
+obtain his election, but afterwards, with full success, he appealed to
+the Middlesex constituency.  Then came the tug of war between the
+electors and the House of Commons.  The latter invalidated the return,
+in which the former persisted.  Riots were the consequence.  One
+dreadful outbreak took place in St. George's-fields, when the military
+were ordered to fire, and some were killed or wounded.  Three times
+Wilkes was returned by the people to parliament, and three times the
+parliament returned him to the people.  This violation of popular
+rights was deeply resented in London, and throughout the country.  It
+also made Wilkes's fortune; £20,000 were raised for him; all kinds of
+presents were showered on the favorite; and his portrait, in every form
+of art, was in universal request.  In the Common Pleas, he afterwards
+obtained a verdict against Lord Halifax for false imprisonment and the
+illegal seizure of papers.  He was subsequently elected sheriff,
+alderman, and mayor of London; and finally, in 1779, sank down into
+neglect much more comfortably than he deserved, as chamberlain of the
+city.  His history singularly illustrates how illegal proceedings
+defeat their object, though it be right; and how a rash eagerness in
+pursuing the ends of justice overturns them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In connection with the Wilkes affair, there is a remarkable episode in
+the municipal history of the metropolis.  A most serious
+misunderstanding took place between the monarch and the corporation.
+The proceedings of ministers in reference to the Middlesex election,
+led the civic authorities to present to the king a very strong
+remonstrance, begging him to dissolve the parliament, and dismiss the
+ministry.  The monarch took time to consider what reply he should make
+to so formidable an application, and at length informed the corporation
+that he was always ready to receive the requests and listen to the
+complaints of his subjects, but it gave him concern to find that any
+should have been so far misled as to offer a remonstrance, the contents
+of which he considered disrespectful to himself, injurious to
+parliament, and irreconcilable with the principles of the constitution.
+Among the aldermen, there were some who disapproved of the
+remonstrance, and now strongly protested against it; but Beckford, who
+then, for the second time, filled the office of lord mayor, and
+strongly felt with the common council, livery, and popular party,
+earnestly resisted such opposition, and encouraged the citizens to
+maintain their stand against what was considered an exercise of
+arbitrary power on the part of government.  The mayor summoned the
+livery, and delivered a speech just adapted to the assembly.  Another
+remonstrance was drawn up, to be presented to his majesty by the lord
+mayor and sheriffs.  To this the king replied, that he should have been
+wanting to the public and himself, if he had not expressed his
+dissatisfaction at their address.  Beckford, who must have been a bold
+and eloquent man, breaking through all the rules of court etiquette,
+delivered an extempore speech to the sovereign, which he concluded by
+saying, "Permit me, sire, to observe, that whoever has already dared,
+or shall hereafter endeavor, by false insinuations and suggestions, to
+alienate your majesty's affections from your loyal subjects in general,
+and from the city of London in particular, and to withdraw your
+confidence in, and regard for, your people, is an enemy to your
+majesty's person and family, a violator of public peace, and a betrayer
+of our happy constitution, as it was established at the glorious and
+necessary revolution."  Of course, no reply was given to this impromptu
+address, but it seemed to have excited no little wonder among the
+courtiers present on the occasion.  On the birth of the princess
+Elizabeth, a short and loyal address of congratulation, avoiding all
+controversial topics, was presented by the same chief magistrate; to
+which his majesty answered, that so long as the citizens of London
+addressed him with such professions, they might be sure of his
+protection.  The stormy agitation was of brief continuance.  The
+ripples on the stream soon subsided.  With this interview the good
+understanding between the king and the city appears to have been
+restored, though the bold remonstrance the latter had presented
+produced no practical effect.  The popular lord mayor, who signalized
+himself especially by his speech in the royal closet, was removed by
+Divine Providence out of this life before the term of his mayoralty
+expired.  After his decease, the citizens, to mark their esteem for his
+character, erected a monument to him in Guildhall, and engraved on it
+the speech which had given him so much celebrity.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The great dispute between the mother country and America, which began
+as early as 1765, could not fail to excite a deep interest in the
+capital of the empire.  "The sound of that mighty tempest," as it was
+termed by Burke, was heard with deep concern at first by the London
+merchants, as threatening to injure their commercial interests; and
+when the Stamp Act, so odious from its influence in that respect, was
+repealed soon after it was passed, the whole city beamed with gladness
+and satisfaction.  When, however, America asserted her independence,
+many in London, as well as in other parts of the country, felt their
+national pride so much wounded, that they encouraged the war, till
+finding the conflict with so distant and powerful a colony all in vain,
+they were willing to hear of peace, though at the expense of losing the
+chief part of the British territory in the western hemisphere.  But in
+the feelings that the protracted struggle awakened, the metropolis only
+shared in connection with the provinces; they must, therefore, be
+passed over with this cursory notice, that we may attend to what
+particularly constitutes the history of the city.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This plunges us at once amidst scenes of excitement, much more serious
+and shocking than any others that have lately come under review.  In
+1779, the Protestant Association was formed, in consequence of some of
+the Roman Catholic disabilities being removed.  The society met at
+Coachmakers' Hall, Noble-street, Foster-lane, under the presidency of
+lord George Gordon, whose general eccentricity bordered upon madness,
+and whose professed abhorrence of Popery sank into fanaticism.  The
+association, in May, 1780, determined to petition for a repeal of the
+Act just passed, and it was resolved that the whole body should attend
+in St. George's-fields, on the second of June, to accompany lord George
+with the petition to the House of Commons.  His lordship enforced this
+motion with vehement earnestness, and said that if less than 20,000 of
+his fellow-citizens attended him, he would not present the document.
+At the time and place appointed, an immense multitude assembled,
+computed at 50,000 or 60,000, wearing blue ribbons in their hats,
+marshaled under standards displaying the words "No Popery."  In three
+divisions they marched six abreast, over Londonbridge, towards
+Westminster, being reinforced at Charing Cross by great numbers on
+horseback and in carriages.  The then narrow avenues to the houses of
+parliament were thronged by these crowds, and such members of the
+legislature as they disliked were treated with insult, as they made
+their way through the dense concourse.  The petition was presented; but
+when that business was finished for which the populace had been invited
+by the foolish nobleman, he found it impossible to disperse them.
+Harangues, so potent in convening the host, were utterly powerless when
+employed for their separation.  Nor did the magistracy attempt a timely
+interference; but the mob was left to its own wild will, and like a
+swollen torrent, which bursts its banks, it poured over the city with
+destructive havoc.  The chapels of the Bavarian and Sardinian embassy
+were pulled down that night.  On the next day, Saturday, they committed
+no violence; but on Sunday they assailed a popish chapel and some
+houses in Moorfields, within sight of the military, who stood by unable
+to do anything, because they had no commands from the chief magistrate,
+who alone could authorize them to act.  All that was done was to take a
+few of the rioters into custody, while the rest were left without any
+attempt at their dispersion.  Utterly unnerved, the lord mayor
+virtually surrendered the city at this momentous crisis into the hands
+of the mob.  Encouraged by the impunity with which they were left to
+pursue their own course, they attacked on the next day the house of Sir
+George Sackville, in Leicester-square, because he had moved the
+Catholic Relief Bill.  On Tuesday, waxing bolder than ever, they
+besieged the old prison of Newgate, where a few of their associates
+were confined.  Breaking the roof, and tearing away the rafters, they
+descended into the building by ladders, and rescued the prisoners.  Two
+eye-witnesses, the poet Crabbe and Dr. Johnson, have left their
+impressions of this extraordinary scene: "I stood and saw," says the
+former of these writers, "about twelve women and eight men ascend from
+their confinement to the open air, and conducted through the streets in
+their chains.  Three of them were to be hanged on Friday.  You have no
+conception of the frenzy of the multitude.  Newgate was at this time
+open to all; anyone might get in, and what was never the case before,
+anyone might get out."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"On Wednesday," says Dr. Johnson, "I walked with Dr. Scott, (lord
+Stowell,) to look at Newgate, and found it in ruins, with the fire yet
+glowing.  As I went by, the Protestants were plundering the
+sessions-house at the Old Bailey.  There were not, I believe, a
+hundred, but they did their work at leisure, in full security, without
+sentinels, without trepidation, as men lawfully employed in full day."
+Besides Newgate, lord Mansfield's house in Bloomsbury-square was pulled
+down, and his valuable library burned.  The Fleet, King's Bench, the
+Marshalsea, Wood-street Compter, and Clerkenwell Bridewell, were all
+opened, and such a jail delivery effected as the citizens had never
+witnessed before.  A stop was put to business on the Wednesday; shops
+were closed; pieces of blue, the symbol of Protestant truth and zeal,
+were required to be hung out of the windows, and "No Popery" chalked on
+the doors.  Before night, even the Bank was assailed, but not without a
+dreadful and destructive repulse from the military who garrisoned it,
+and were ordered to act.  It is stated that the king, alarmed at the
+danger of his capital, and indignant at the inaction of the
+magistrates, took upon himself to command the services of the military
+for putting down the riot.  While thirty fires were blazing in the
+streets, and the inhabitants passed a sleepless night, full of anguish,
+a large body of soldiers was engaged in the terrible, though necessary
+work of suppressing the riot by force.  This was accomplished at the
+expense of not less than five hundred lives.  By Friday, quietude was
+restored.  Lord George Gordon was apprehended, but was acquitted upon
+trial, his conduct not coming within the limits of the statute of
+treason.  Sixty of the deluded creatures, who at first were excited by
+his mischievous agitation however, had to pay the extreme penalty of
+the law.  A happy contrast to this brutal kind of excitement has been
+recently (1850-51) displayed in the calm, deep, and, for the most part,
+intelligent resistance made to a far different measure&mdash;the papal
+aggression, in the creation of territorial bishoprics; one really
+calculated to excite far greater opposition.  The years 1780 and 1850,
+stand out at the extremes of a period which has witnessed, in London
+and elsewhere, a change in public thought and habit of the most
+gratifying kind; and to what can this be so fairly ascribed, under the
+providence and blessing of God, as to the increase of instruction,
+especially religious instruction, through the medium of Sabbath and
+other schools, together with the distribution of the Bible and tracts,
+as well as other meliorating agencies operating on society?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Eight years after the anti-popery riots, another excitement, of a
+different kind, rolled its waves over the public mind in London; not,
+indeed, confined to the metropolis, but concentrating its force there,
+as the scene of the occurrence which produced it.  This was the trial
+of Warren Hastings, for his alleged mal-administration of Indian
+affairs.  But the great length to which it was extended wearied out the
+public patience, and ere the forensic business came to its close the
+court was forsaken, and the numerous London circles, at first thrown
+into a storm of feeling by the occurrence, resumed their former
+quietude, and almost forgot the whole matter.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The same year that Hastings' trial commenced, the public sympathy and
+sorrow were aroused in London, and throughout the nation, by the
+melancholy mental illness of George III., but the next year his sudden
+recovery created universal joy, which was demonstrated in the
+metropolis, after the usual fashion.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+Then loyalty, with all his lamps<BR>
+<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1em">New trimmed, a gallant show,</SPAN><BR>
+Chasing the darkness and the damps,<BR>
+<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1em">Set London in a glow.</SPAN><BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+It was a scene, in every part,<BR>
+<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1em">Like those in fable feigned,</SPAN><BR>
+And seemed by some magician's hand<BR>
+<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1em">Created and sustained.</SPAN><BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+On the 23d of April, a general thanksgiving was held for the king's
+recovery, and on that account his majesty, accompanied by the royal
+family, went in procession to attend public worship in St. Paul's
+Cathedral; thus reminding us of the words of the Babylonish monarch,
+"Mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed the Most High, and
+I praised and honored him that liveth forever, whose dominion is an
+everlasting dominion, and his kingdom is from generation to generation."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At the close of the eighteenth century, the proceedings of
+revolutionary France sent a fresh stream of excitement through the
+public mind of England.  On one side or the other, in sympathy with or
+in aversion to the measures adopted on the opposite side of the
+channel, most politicians, high and low, eagerly ranged themselves.
+The efforts of Mr. Pitt to prevent anything like the enactment here of
+what our neighbours were doing, were condemned or applauded by the two
+parties according to the principles they espoused.  "The trials of
+Hardy, Tooke, Thelwall, and others," says a minister, then a student
+near the metropolis, "which took place not long after my entrance on
+college life, agitated London to an extent which I have never seen
+equaled, though my life has fallen on times and events of the most
+prodigious and portentous character."&mdash;<I>Autobiography of the Rev. W.
+Walford</I>.  Clubs were formed of a more than questionable description,
+of which we remember to have received an illustrative anecdote from a
+citizen of London, now gray-headed, but then in the flower of his
+youth.  Invited by a person of about his own age to attend a meeting,
+held in some obscure street, he was surprised on entrance to find a
+number of men, ranged on either side a room, sitting beside long
+tables, with one at the upper end, where sat the president for the
+evening.  Several foaming tankards were brought in, when the president
+calling on the company to rise, took up one of the vessels, and
+striking off with his hand the foam that crested the porter, gave as a
+toast, "So let all &mdash;&mdash; perish."  The blank was left to be filled up as
+each drinker pleased.  The avowed dislike to kings, entertained by the
+boon companions there assembled, suggested to the visitor the word
+intended for insertion, and he gladly left the place, not a little
+alarmed lest he should be suspected of sympathy in treasonable designs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Following political excitement came a monetary crisis, which struck a
+panic through the body of London merchants; for, in 1797, the Bank of
+England suspended its cash payments.  But after all these storms, which
+severely tested its strength, the vessel of the state, under the
+blessing of the Almighty, righted itself, and scenes of political calm
+again smiled, and tides of commercial prosperity flowed upon old London.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In passing on to notice the general state of society in the metropolis
+during the last half of the eighteenth century, it is painful to notice
+the continuance of some of the revolting features which mark an earlier
+age.  The old-fashioned burglaries, with the robberies and rogueries of
+the highway, were still perpetrated.  A walk out of London after dark
+was by no means safe; and therefore, at the end of a bill of
+entertainment at Bellsize House, in the Hampstead-road, St.
+John's-wood, there was this postscript&mdash;"For the security of the
+guests, there are twelve stout fellows, completely armed, to patrol
+between London and Bellsize, to prevent the insults of highwaymen and
+footpads who infest the road."  To cross Hounslow-heath or
+Finchley-common after sunset was a daring enterprise; nor did travelers
+venture on it without being armed, and even ball-proof carriages were
+used by some.  At Kensington and other places in the vicinity of
+London, it was customary on Sunday evenings to ring a bell at
+intervals, to summon those who were returning to town to form
+themselves into a band, affording mutual protection, as they wended
+their way homewards.  Town itself did not afford security; for George
+IV. and the Duke of York, when very young men, were stopped one night
+in a hackney-coach and robbed on Hay-hill, Berkeley-square.  The state
+of the police, as these facts indicate, was most inefficient; but when
+the law seized on its transgressors, it was merciless in the penalty
+inflicted.  Long trains of prisoners, chained together, might be seen
+marching through the streets on the way to jail, where the treatment
+they received was cruel in the extreme, and much more calculated to
+harden than to correct.  The number of executions almost exceeds
+belief; and every approach to town exhibited a gibbet, with some
+miserable creature hanging in chains.  These public spectacles missed
+their professed object, and the frequent executions did anything but
+check the commission of crime.  The lowest classes constantly assembled
+to witness such spectacles, regarded them generally as mere matters of
+amusement, or as affording opportunities for the indulgence of their
+vices.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some startling revelations of the state of things among London
+tradesmen, as well as the lowest orders, were made before a select
+committee of the House of Commons in 1835, relative to the period fifty
+years earlier.  "The conduct of tradesmen," said one of the witnesses,
+"was exceedingly gross as compared with that of the same class at the
+present time.  Decency was a very different thing from what it is now;
+their manners were such as scarcely to be credited.  I made inquiries a
+few years ago, and found that between Temple-bar and Fleet-market,
+there were many houses in each of which there were more books than all
+the tradesmen's houses in the streets contained when I was a youth."
+He mentions, also, the open departure of thieves from certain
+public-houses, wishing one another success&mdash;"In Gray's-inn-lane," he
+remarks, "was the Blue Lion, commonly called the Blue Cat.  I have seen
+the landlord of this place come into the room with a large lump of
+silver in his hand, which he had melted for the thieves, and pay them
+for it.  There was no disguise about it.  It was done openly."  "At the
+time I am speaking of, there were scarcely any houses on the eastern
+side of Tottenham-court-road; there, and in the long fields, were
+several large ponds; the amusement here was duck-hunting and
+badger-baiting; they would throw a cat into the water, and set dogs at
+her; great cruelty was constantly practised, and the most abominable
+scenes used to take place.  It is almost impossible for any person to
+believe the atrocities of low life at that time, which were not, as
+now, confined to the worst paid and most ignorant of the populace."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Turning to look for a moment at the opposite extreme of society, it is
+delightful to mark the improvement which had there taken place.  While
+drawing-rooms and levees were held as before, though less frequent, the
+former being confined to once a week; while equipages of similar
+fashion as formerly continued to roll through the parks, Piccadilly,
+and the Mall; while the costumes and habits of courtiers exhibited no
+great variation; while theatres, and other places of amusement, were
+frequented by the fashionables; while gossiping calls in the morning,
+and gay parties at night, were the common and every-day incidents of
+West-end life&mdash;a very obvious improvement arose in the morals and
+general tone of feeling of people about court, in consequence of the
+exemplary and virtuous character of George III. and Queen Caroline.
+Fond of quiet and domestic repose, retiring into the bosom of their
+family, surrounded by a few favorite dependents, encouraging a taste
+for reading and music, and ever frowning upon vice in all its forms,
+they exerted a powerful influence upon those around them, and turned
+the palace into a completely different abode from what it had been in
+the time of the earlier Georges.  Religion, too, if not in its earnest
+spirituality, yet in its decorous observances and its moral bearings,
+was maintained and promoted, both by royal precept and example.  The
+monarch and his family were accustomed to attend regularly upon the
+services in the chapel attached to St. James's Palace.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The revival of religion in London, to which we adverted in a former
+chapter, produced permanent results.  During the last half of the
+century, Christian godliness continued to advance.  Whitefield's
+labors, as often as he visited the metropolis, produced a deep
+impression on the multitudes who, in chapels or the open air, were
+eager to hear him.  Whitefield died in America, but a monument is
+erected to his memory in Tottenham-court Chapel, the walls of which
+often echoed with his fervid oratory.  Wesley's exertions were
+prolonged till the year 1792.  After a life of most energetic effort in
+the cause of Christ, this remarkable man expired at his house in
+London, 1791, in the eighty-eighth year of his age.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The countess of Huntingdon, Whitefield's early friend, exerted in
+London a powerful religious influence, "scattering the odors of the
+Saviour's name among mitres and coronets, and bearing a faithful
+testimony to her Divine Master in the presence of royalty itself."  She
+has left behind her in the metropolis two remarkable proofs of her
+religious liberality and zeal, in Zion and Spafields Chapels, both of
+which she was the means of transforming out of places of amusement into
+houses for the service and praise of God.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The labors of Mr. Romaine, the minister of St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe
+and St. Anne, Blackfriars, claim special notice.  Previous to his
+induction to those parishes, he had preached at St. Dunstan's and St.
+George's, Hanover-square, exciting great attention, and, by the
+benediction of God, enjoying great success.  The parishioners in the
+latter church were sometimes incommoded by the vast concourse who came
+to hear this evangelical clergyman.  On one occasion, the Earl of
+Northampton rebuked them for complaining of the inconvenience,
+observing that they bore with patience the crowded ball-room or
+play-house.  "If," he said, "the power to attract be imputed as matter
+of admiration to Garrick, why should it be urged as a crime against
+Romaine?  Shall excellence be considered exceptionable only in Divine
+things?"  Mr. Romaine was strongly opposed by some who disapproved of
+his sentiments, and was soon turned out of St. George's Church; after
+which the countess of Huntingdon made him her chaplain for awhile, in
+which office he preached in her drawing-room to the nobility, in her
+kitchen to the poor.  Her house, where these services were performed,
+was in Park-street.  Settled, at length, as the rector of the two
+churches above-named, this eminent servant of Christ&mdash;of whom it has
+been said that he was a diamond, rough often, but very pointed, and the
+more he was broken by years the more he appeared to shine&mdash;pursued
+uninterruptedly his holy and edifying ministrations till the time of
+his death in 1795.  He was interred in St. Andrew's Church, where a
+monument, not devoid of artistic beauty, and executed by the elder
+Bacon, a well-known sculptor of that day, distinguishes the place of
+his remains.  In 1780, there came to minister in the parish of St. Mary
+Woolnoth another individual, whose praise is in all the churches.  This
+was John Newton, the friend of the poet Cowper.  He lies buried in the
+edifice where he loved to proclaim the glorious Gospel of the blessed
+God; and on the tablet raised as a memorial of his worth is inscribed
+the following succinct account of his eventful life and of his
+character, so illustrative of Divine grace, in words written by
+himself: "John Newton, clerk, once an infidel and libertine, a servant
+of slaves in Africa, was, by the rich mercy of our Lord and Saviour,
+Jesus Christ, preserved, restored, pardoned, and appointed to preach
+the faith he had long labored to destroy."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Rowland Hill, originally a clergyman of the establishment, and never
+fully sympathizing with any dissenting denomination, though confessing
+to many clerical irregularities, occupies a distinguished place among
+the men who devoted themselves to the faithful preaching of the Gospel
+in the metropolis.  Surrey Chapel, which has proved a school in which
+many spirits have been trained for the celestial world, was erected by
+him in Blackfriars-road, 1782, and there till his death he continued to
+preach.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Two very celebrated prelates filled the see of London during this
+eventful period in the history of religion: Dr. Lowth, the elegant
+scholar and able commentator, who was translated to London in 1777; and
+Dr. Porteus, who succeeded him on his death in 1786, and though
+inferior in talents and learning, earned for himself a considerable
+literary reputation as a Christian divine, and distinguished his
+episcopate, which lasted till 1808, by his pious diligence and catholic
+charity.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Science, literature, and art, were promoted in London during the period
+before us, by the establishment of several well-known institutions.
+The British Museum was formed in 1753, in consequence of the will of
+Sir Hans Sloane, who bequeathed his large collection of curiosities to
+government for £20,000, which was £30,000 less than they cost him.  An
+act of parliament was passed for their purchase, and Montague House,
+Bloomsbury, was taken and fitted up for the reception of Sloane's
+treasures, and other collections, scientific and literary, upon which
+great sums of money were expended.  The Royal Academy, for the
+encouragement and improvement of British artists and sculptors, was
+constituted in 1768, and the first public exhibition was made at
+Somerset House in 1780.  The Royal Institution in Albemarle-street was
+opened in 1799.  The College of Surgeons was incorporated in 1800.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Other institutions, sacred to humanity and benevolence, and fraught
+with great benefit to multitudes of our suffering race, were originated
+within the last fifty years of the eighteenth century.  In 1755,
+Middlesex Hospital was founded, the generous exertions which led to it
+having begun some years earlier.  Three years later, the Magdalen
+Hospital, for the reformation and relief of penitent females, was
+opened in Prescott-street, Goodman-fields, and afterwards transferred
+to an appropriate building, erected for the purpose in St.
+George's-fields, in 1709.  The foundation-stone of the Lying-in
+Hospital, on the Surrey side of Westminster-bridge, was laid in 1765;
+and a similar institution was begun in the City-road in 1770.  The
+Royal Humane Society, for the recovery of persons from drowning,
+commenced in 1774.  The Royal Literary Fund, for the relief of poor
+authors, was instituted in 1790.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The religious societies of London, whose character adorns the English
+capital, eclipsing its artistic and commercial splendour, chiefly
+belong to the present century.  The London Missionary Society, however,
+for preaching the Gospel of Christ among the heathen, began as early as
+1795.  The declaration of the Society was signed at the Castle and
+Falcon, Aldersgate-street.  In the year 1709 was formed, also, the
+institution by which the present volume is issued&mdash;the Religious Tract
+Society.  Commencing with small beginnings, it has, through the
+prospering hand of God upon its labors, been privileged to proclaim the
+unsearchable riches of Christ in one hundred and ten languages and
+dialects; and, in the course of half a century, to circulate its varied
+messengers of mercy to the vast amount of five hundred millions of
+copies.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Since the conclusion of the eighteenth century, London has undergone an
+unprecedented change, upon which the limits of this volume will not
+allow us to touch.  The city, which is still swelling every year, in a
+degree which, if Horace, Walpole were living, would fill him with
+greater surprise than ever, is really new London.  Few of the principal
+streets exhibit the appearance they did fifty years ago, and the
+architectural alteration is but a type of the social one.  The superior
+sanitary arrangements, the more efficient police, the better education
+of most classes of society, the augmented provision for religious
+instruction and worship, the more decidedly evangelical tone of
+preaching in the metropolitan pulpits, and the increase of real piety
+amongst the population, must strike everyone, on even a superficial
+comparison of the past and present; and when we consider the great
+change wrought in half a century, it inspires encouragement in relation
+to the future.  The impulse which things have received of late has been
+so mighty, that there is no calculating the acceleration of their
+future progress.  Thus the remembrance of the past yields advantage,
+and we pluck hopes, "like beautiful wild flowers from the ruined tombs
+that border the highways of antiquity, to make a garland for the living
+forehead."&mdash;<I>Coleridge</I>.  On taking a longer reach of comparison, an
+amount of wonder is inspired not to be adequately expressed.  Had some
+sage in the Roman senate, two thousand years ago, proclaimed that the
+day would come, when an obscure town, situated on the Thames, a river
+scarcely known then to the Latin geographer, would vie with the city in
+which they were assembled on the Tiber, nay, eclipse it, and wax in
+glory while the other waned, that prediction would have strangely
+crossed their pride, and would have been indignantly pronounced
+incredible.  Yet that day has come.  The British town, then a mere
+inclosure, containing a few huts, has swelled into a city teeming with
+a population of above two millions, crowded with public buildings and
+costly habitations, filled with commerce, wealth, and luxury, the
+mirror of modern civilization, the metropolis of a mighty empire, and
+the wonder of the world&mdash;while the Roman city, then the mightiest and
+most splendid on the face of the earth, and the mistress of the globe,
+so far as its regions were discovered, retains no traces of her glory,
+and is chiefly interesting on account of her ancient name and
+associations.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Happily the genius of civilization in the two cities is completely
+diverse.  In the early days of the Roman kingdom and republic, the
+people fought in self-defence; in later times, from a pure thirst for
+glory and dominion.  In the best periods of its history, the virtues of
+the citizens were of the martial cast, and found a fostering influence
+in all the institutions of the state.  To Rome, which then cradled a
+warlike people, London presents a contrast on which we look with
+satisfaction.  London is the type of commercial civilization.  The
+merchant, not the soldier, is most prominent and influential.  The
+inhabitants of the English metropolis and country, it may be safely
+asserted, are looking not to armies as sources of greatness, and
+objects for gratulation, but to the busy thousands who are deepening
+and spreading the resources of national wealth by their commercial and
+manufacturing industry.  The spirit of mercantile enterprise is as
+strongly stamped upon the English character, in their metropolis of the
+nineteenth century, as the spirit of war was stamped upon the character
+of the Romans in their metropolis before the Christian era.  Rome had
+her trade as well as her army&mdash;her Ostia, whither her vessels brought
+for her use the luxuries of the East; but it was not there, but to the
+Campus Martius, where their legions performed their evolutions, that
+the stranger would have been taken to see the greatness of the
+republic.  So the metropolis of the British empire is the rendezvous of
+a great military establishment, as well as an emporium of merchandise;
+but it is to the scenes on the borders of the Thames, to her spacious
+docks, her crowded shipping, her stores and warehouses, with all the
+accompaniments of busy commerce, presenting a spectacle which perfectly
+overpowers the mind with wonder&mdash;it is to those scenes that we should
+take the stranger, to impress him with an idea of the greatness of our
+chief city.  The Hyde Park review, with cuirasses and swords glittering
+in the sun, and martial music floating through the air, affords a
+brilliant holiday entertainment, but all must feel that the English
+spirit of the nineteenth century is not there expressed.  It is very
+true that the love of war has not lost its hold entirely on the public
+mind; that there are many who still pant for the conflict, and for the
+honors and prizes which successful warfare brings; but, we repeat it,
+the spirit of the nineteenth century is not there expressed, but it
+finds its exponent in the earnest activity which is ever witnessed
+round the neighborhood of London-bridge and the Exchange.  The time is
+coming&mdash;is already come, when, as most intelligent men turn over the
+pages of the world's history, they award the palm of the noblest
+civilization to London, a city full of merchants and artisans, rather
+than to Rome, a city full of soldiers, flushed with the pride of
+victory, and drunk with the blood of the slain.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In all that relates to the state of society, the genius of the people,
+public opinion, general intelligence, taste, feeling, character&mdash;the
+comparison is decidedly in favor of the English capital.  This is to be
+ascribed to many causes&mdash;to the intermingling of races, an insular
+position, political revolutions, enlarged experience, providential
+discoveries, and the creation of sentiments and opinions during
+centuries of mental activity; but, above all, it is to be ascribed to
+Christianity, which has long had a strong hold upon the hearts of
+multitudes, and which has indirectly exercised a most beneficial reflex
+influence upon the character of others, who have little regard for its
+doctrinal principles.  The richest forms of modern civilization in
+London are founded on our religion.  The elevation of woman to her
+proper rank, the improved character of the judicial code, the
+extinction of domestic slavery, the elevation of serfs of the soil to
+freemen having an estate in their own labor, the value set on life, the
+philanthropic institutions which abound&mdash;are all the results of
+evangelical light and principle.  Let any one walk through the streets
+of London, and compare the aspect of things with what was exhibited to
+the man who walked through the streets of ancient Rome&mdash;and with all
+the vice and misery which exist in the former, there are found elements
+of social welfare, the acknowledged creation of Christian morals, at
+work, unknown in the latter.  Indications of intelligence, peace,
+freedom, and charity, are found here, which were wanting there.  The
+power and permanence of London must depend upon her morality and
+religion.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We look with intense interest to the young men of London.  With pain,
+such as we cannot describe, we regard the gay, the dissolute, the
+intemperate&mdash;those who drown the higher faculties of the soul in
+sensual indulgence, who degrade their mental, moral, and spiritual
+nature, and, forgetting their relationship to angels, sink to the level
+of the brutes that perish.  With pleasure, however, equally
+indescribable, we turn to the steady, the sober, the virtuous, the
+enlightened&mdash;those who labor after mental improvement, and especially
+those who seek spiritual excellence, who ask and practically answer the
+question, "While I am attending to the intellectual culture of the
+mind, ought I not to prepare for that eternity to which I am hastening,
+where moral and spiritual character will be all in all?" and who,
+repairing to the word of God, the source of all religious wisdom, have
+become the subjects of a discipline, which adorns the intellect with
+the beauties of sanctity, and prepares the soul for the vision and
+worship of heaven.  Of such, London may well say with the mother of the
+Gracchi, but in a far more important sense, "These are my jewels."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Let it be the endeavor, as it is the duty of London citizens, to aid
+all wise schemes for its physical and intellectual amelioration, but
+especially such as relate to morals and religion.  With a clear eye, a
+loving heart, a steady hand, and a determined will, each must apply
+himself to pulling down the evil, and building up the good.  The moral
+health of a city should be the care of all its members.  The most
+precious object amidst the multitude of precious things in the chief
+city of England is the citizen himself.  Man, out of whose intellect,
+energy, and power, all the rest has grown&mdash;man, in whose capacities are
+found the germs of a greatness, the cultivation of which will a
+thousand times repay the toil it involves.  The noblest of enterprises,
+be it remembered, is to be found, not in commercial speculation, or
+political reform, or even literary and scientific knowledge, but in the
+promotion of Christ's holy and saving religion, and in the recovery and
+purification of the soul, through faith in him, and its preparation for
+other realms of being in the infinite Hereafter.  The enduring
+magnificence of such labor and its results exceeds all the doings of
+earthly ambition, even as the mighty Alps and Andes surpass the houses
+of ice and snow which children in their sports build up, and which are
+melting away before that sun in whose rays they glitter.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="finis">
+THE END.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<HR>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+
+
+<A NAME="chap08"></A>
+
+<P CLASS="t2">
+BOOKS FOR SUNDAY-SCHOOLS.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+200 Mulberry-street, New York.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+LONDON IN MODERN TIMES;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Or, Sketches of the English Metropolis during the Seventeenth and
+Eighteenth Centuries.  18mo., pp. 222.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+THE RODEN FAMILY;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Or, the Sad End of Bad Ways.  Reminiscences of the West India Islands.
+Second Series, No. II.  Three Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 159.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+LEARNING TO FEEL.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Illustrated.  Two volumes, 18mo., pp. 298.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+LEARNING TO ACT.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Three Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 144.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+ROSA, THE WORK GIRL.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+By the Author of "The Irish Dove."  Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 138.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+THE FIERY FURNACE;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Or, the Story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego.  By a Sunday-School
+Teacher.  Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 64.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+ELIZABETH BALES:
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+A Pattern for Sunday-School Teachers and Tract Distributers.  By J. A.
+JAMES.  18mo., pp. 84.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+SOCIAL PROGRESS;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Or, Business and Pleasure.  By the Author of "Nature's Wonders,"
+"Village Science," etc.  Sixteen Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 269.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MINES AND MINING.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+18mo., pp. 212.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+BLOOMING HOPES AND WITHERED JOYS.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+By Rev. J. T. BARR, Author of "Recollections of a Minister,"
+"Merchant's Daughter," etc.  Five Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 286.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+NINEVEH AND THE RIVER TIGRIS.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 210.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MOUNTAINS OF THE PENTATEUCH.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Conversations on the Mountains of the Pentateuch, and the Scenes and
+Circumstances connected with them in Holy Writ.  18mo., pp. 202.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MEMOIR OF ELIZA M. BARKER.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+By A. C. ROSE.  Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 108.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+IDLE DICK AND THE POOR WATCHMAKER.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Originally written in French, by Rev. CESAR MALAN, of Geneva.  With
+Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 82.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY GRANDFATHER GREGORY.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+With Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 118.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+LITTLE WATER-CRESS SELLERS.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+18mo., pp. 80.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+SUNDAY AMONG THE PURITANS;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Or, the First Twenty Sabbaths of the Pilgrims of New England.  By DR.
+W. A. ALCOTT.  18mo., pp. 95.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+IRISH STORIES FOR THOUGHTFUL READERS.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Five Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 285.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+UNCLE WILLIAM AND HIS NEPHEWS.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Nine Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 64.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR><BR>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of London in Modern Times, by Unknown
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of London in Modern Times, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: London in Modern Times
+       or, Sketches of the English Metropolis during the
+       Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: January 26, 2011 [EBook #35084]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON IN MODERN TIMES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LONDON
+
+IN MODERN TIMES;
+
+
+Or, Sketches of
+
+THE ENGLISH METROPOLIS
+
+DURING THE
+
+SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES.
+
+
+
+
+New York
+
+PUBLISHED BY CARLTON & PORTER,
+
+SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, 200 MULBERRY-STREET.
+
+
+1851
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+Chap.
+
+       INTRODUCTION
+   I.--LONDON UNDER THE FIRST TWO MONARCHS OF THE STUART DYNASTY
+  II.--LONDON DURING THE CIVIL WARS
+ III.--THE PLAGUE YEAR IN LONDON
+  IV.--THE FIRE OF LONDON
+   V.--FROM THE RESTORATION OF THE CITY TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY
+  VI.--LONDON DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
+ VII.--LONDON DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
+
+
+
+
+LONDON
+
+IN MODERN TIMES.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+This history of an old city opens many views into the realms of the
+past, crowded with the picturesque, the romantic, and the
+religious--with what is beautiful in intellect, sublime in feeling,
+noble in character--and with much, too, the reverse of all this.
+Buildings dingy and dilapidated, or tastelessly modernized, in which
+great geniuses were born, or lived, or died, become, in connection with
+the event, transformed into poetic bowers; and narrow dirty streets,
+where they are known often to have walked, change into green alleys,
+resounding with richer notes than ever trilled from bird on brake.
+Tales of valor and suffering, of heroism and patience, of virtue and
+piety, of the patriot's life and the martyr's death, crowd thickly on
+the memory.  Nor do opposite reminiscences, revealing the footprints of
+vice and crime, of evil passions and false principles, fail to arise,
+fraught with salutary warnings and cautions.  The broad thoroughfare is
+a channel, within whose banks there has been rolling for centuries a
+river of human life, now tranquil as the sky, now troubled as the
+clouds, gliding on in peace, or lashed into storms.
+
+These dwelling-places of man are proofs and expressions of his
+ingenuity, skill, and toil, of his social instincts and habits.  Their
+varied architecture and style, the different circumstances under which
+they were built, the various motives and diversified purposes which led
+to their erection, are symbols and illustrations of the innumerable
+forms, the many colored hues, the strange gradations of men's
+condition, character, habits, tastes, and feelings.  Each house has its
+own history--a history which in some cases has been running on since an
+era when civilization wore a different aspect from what it does now.
+What changeful scenes has many a dwelling witnessed!--families have
+come and gone, people have been born and have died, obedient to the
+great law--"the fashion of this world passeth away."  Those rooms have
+witnessed the birth and departure of many, the death of the guilty
+sinner or pardoned believer, the gay wedding and the gloomy funeral,
+the welcome meeting of Christmas groups around the bright fireside, and
+the sad parting of loved ones called to separate into widely divergent
+paths.  Striking contrasts abound between the outward material aspect
+and the inward moral scenery of those habitations.  In this house,
+perhaps, which catches the passenger's eye by its splendor, through
+whose windows there flashes the gorgeous light of patrician luxury, at
+whose door lines of proud equipages drive up, on whose steps are
+marshaled obsequious footmen in gilded liveries, there are hearts
+pining away with ambition, envy, jealousy, fear, remorse, and agony.
+In that humble cottage-like abode, on the other hand, contentment,
+which with godliness is great gain, and piety, better than gold or
+rubies, have taken up their home, and transformed it into a terrestrial
+heaven.
+
+All this applies to London, and gives interest to our survey of it as
+we pass through its numerous streets; it clothes it with a poetic
+character in the eyes of all gifted with creative fancy.  The poetry of
+the city has its own charms as well as the poetry of the country.  The
+history of London supplies abundant materials of the character now
+described; indeed, they are so numerous and diversified that it is
+difficult to deal with them.  The memorials of the mother city are so
+intimately connected with the records of the empire, that to do justice
+to the former would be to sketch the outline, and to exhibit most of
+the stirring scenes and incidents of the latter.  London, too, is
+associated closely with many of the distinguished individuals that
+England has produced, with the progress of arts, of commerce and
+literature, politics and law, religion and civilization; so that, as we
+walk about it, we tread on classic ground, rich in a thousand
+associations.  Its history is the history of our architecture, both
+ecclesiastical and civil.  The old names and descriptions of its
+streets, houses, churches, and other public edifices, aided by the few
+vestiges of ancient buildings which have escaped the ravages of fire,
+time, and ever-advancing alterations, bring before us a series of
+views, exhibiting each order of design, from the Norman to the Tudor
+era.  In the streets of London, too, may be traced the progress of
+domestic building, from the plain single-storied house of the time of
+Fitzstephen, to the lofty and many-floored mansion of the fifteenth
+century, with its picturesque gables, ornamented front, and twisted
+chimneys.  Then these melt away before other forms of taste and art.
+In the days of Elizabeth, churches and dwellings become Italianized.
+The architects under the Stuart dynasty make fresh innovation, till,
+during the last century, skill and genius in this department reached
+their culminating point.  Since that period a recurrence to the study
+of old models has gradually been raising London to distinction, with
+regard to the elegance and beauty of its architectural appearance.
+
+The history of London is the history of our commerce.  Here is seen
+gushing up, in very early times, that stream of industry, activity, and
+enterprise, which from a rill has swelled into a river, and has borne
+upon its bosom our wealth and our greatness, our civilization, and very
+much of our liberty.
+
+The London guilds and companies; the London merchant princes; the
+London marts and markets; the London granaries for corn; the public
+exchanges, built for the accommodation of money-brokers and traders
+long before Gresham's time; the London port, wharfs, and docks, crowded
+with ships of all countries, laden with treasures from all climes; the
+London streets, many of which still bear the names of the trades to
+which they were allotted, and the mercantile purposes for which they
+were employed:--all these, which form so large a part of the materials,
+and supply so great a portion of the scenes of London history, are
+essentially commercial, and bring before us the progress of that
+industrial spirit, which, with all its failings and faults, has
+contributed so largely to the welfare and happiness of modern society.
+
+The history of London is a history of English literature.  Time would
+fail to tell of all the memorials of genius with which London abounds;
+memorials of poets, philosophers, historians, and divines, who have
+there been born, and lived, and studied, and toiled, and suffered, and
+died.  No spot in the world, perhaps, is so rich in associations
+connected with the history of great minds.  There is scarcely one of
+the old streets through which you ramble, or one of the old churches
+which you enter, but forthwith there come crowding over the mind of the
+well-informed, recollections of departed genius, greatness, or
+excellence.
+
+The history of London is the history of the British constitution and
+laws.  There thicken round it most of the great political conflicts
+between kings and barons, and lords and commons; between feudalism and
+modern liberty; between the love of ancient institutions and the spirit
+of progress, from which, under God, have sprung our civil government
+and social order.
+
+The history of London is the history of our religion, both in its
+corrupted and in its purified forms.  Early was it a grand seat of
+Romish worship; numerous were its religious foundations in the latter
+part of the mediaeval age.  Here councils have been held, convocations
+have assembled, controversies were waged, and truth exalted or
+depressed.  Smithfield and St. Paul's Churchyard are inseparably
+associated with the Reformation.  The principles proclaimed from the
+stone pulpit of the one could not be destroyed by the fires that blazed
+round the stakes of the other.  The history of the Protestant
+Establishment ever since is involved in that of our city; places
+connected with its grand events, its advocates, and its ornaments, are
+dear to the hearts of its attached children; while other spots in
+London, little known to fame, are linked to the memory of the Puritans,
+and while reverently traced out by those who love them, are regarded as
+hallowed ground.
+
+In London, too, have flourished many of the excellent of the earth; men
+who, amidst the engrossing cares and distracting tumults of a large
+metropolis, have, like Enoch, walked with God, and leavened, by virtue
+of their piety and prayers, the masses around them.  Here also have
+flourished, and still flourish, those great religious institutions,
+which have made known to the remotest parts of the earth the glad
+tidings of the gospel, that "God so loved the world, that he gave his
+only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish,
+but have everlasting life"--truths more precious than the merchandise
+of silver, and the gain whereof is greater than pure gold.
+
+Some of the early chapters of London history we have already
+written;[1] we have given some sketches of its scenes and fortunes,
+from the time when it was founded by the Romans to what are called,
+with more of fiction's coloring than history's faithfulness, "the
+golden days of good queen Bess."  We now resume the story, and proceed
+to give some account of London during the seventeenth and eighteenth
+centuries.
+
+
+
+[1] See "London in the Olden Time," No. 492 Youth's Library.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+LONDON UNDER THE FIRST TWO MONARCHS OF THE STUART DYNASTY.
+
+London was hugely growing and swelling on all sides when Elizabeth was
+on the throne, as may be seen from John Stow, from royal orders and
+municipal regulations.  Desperately frightened were our fathers lest
+the population should increase beyond the means of support, lest it
+should breed pestilence or cause famine.  But their efforts to repress
+the size of the then infant leviathan, so far as they took effect, only
+kept crowded together, within far too narrow limits, the
+ever-increasing number of the inhabitants of the city, thus promoting
+disease, one of the greatest evils they wished to check.  In spite of
+all restrictions, however, the growth of population, together with the
+impulses of industry and enterprize, would have their own way, and
+building went on in the outskirts in all directions.  James imitated
+Elizabeth in her prohibitions, and the people imitated their
+predecessors in the disregard of them.  The king was soon obliged to
+give way, so far as to extend the liberties of the city; and in the
+fifth year of his reign he granted a new charter, embracing within the
+municipal circuit and jurisdiction the extra-mural parishes of Trinity,
+near Aldgate-street, St. Bartholomew, Little St. Bartholomew,
+Blackfriars, Whitefriars, and Cold Harbor, Thames-street.  These grants
+were confirmed by Charles I., whose charter also enclosed within the
+city boundaries both Moorfields and Smithfield.  These places rapidly
+lost more and more of their rural appearance, and became covered in the
+immediate vicinity of the old walls with a network of streets.  But
+London as it appears on the map of that day, was still a little affair,
+compared with its subsequent enormous bulk.  Pancras, Holloway,
+Islington, Kentish Town, Hampstead, St. John's Wood, Paddington,
+Kilburn, and Tottenham Court, were widely separated from town by rural
+walks; these "ways over the country," as a poet of the day describes
+them, not being always safe for travelers to cross.  St. Giles's was
+still "in the fields," and Charing Cross looked towards the west, upon
+the fair open parks of the royal domain.  But the Strand was becoming a
+place of increasing traffic, and the houses on both sides were
+multiplying fast.  So valuable did sites become, even in the beginning
+of the seventeenth century, that earls and bishops parted with portions
+of their domains in that locality for the erection of houses, and
+Durham Place changed its stables into an Exchange in 1608.
+
+Of the architecture which came into fashion in the reign of James I.,
+three noble specimens remain in London and the neighborhood.
+Northumberland House, which stands on the spot once occupied by the
+hospital of St. Mary, finally dissolved at the Reformation, was erected
+by Henry Howard, earl of Northampton, son of the poet Surrey, and
+originally called from him Southampton House; he died in 1614.  It
+afterwards took the name of Suffolk House, from its coming into the
+possession of the earl of Suffolk; its present name was given on the
+marriage of the daughter of Suffolk with Algernon Percy, tenth earl of
+Northumberland.  It was built with three sides, forming with the river,
+which washed its court and garden, a magnificent quadrangle.  Jansen is
+the reputed architect, but the original front is considered to have
+been designed by Christmas, who rebuilt Aldersgate about the same time.
+The fourth side was afterwards built by the earl of Northumberland,
+from a design by Inigo Jones.  Holland House, at Kensington, now
+occupied by Lord Holland, belongs to the same period, being erected in
+1607 by Sir Walter Cope, and enlarged afterwards by the Earl of
+Holland, from plans prepared by the illustrious architect just named.
+These structures are worthy of examination.  They evince some lingering
+traits of the Tudor Gothic, which flourished in the middle of the
+former age, but exhibit the predominance of that Italian taste which
+had been introduced in the reign of Elizabeth, and which continued to
+prevail till it ended in the corrupt and debased style of the last
+century.  The Banqueting House at Whitehall is a more imposing and
+splendid relic, and presents an instance of the complete triumph of the
+Italian school of architecture over its predecessors.  It was designed
+by Inigo Jones in the maturity of his genius, and forms only a small
+part of a vast regal palace, of which the plans are still preserved.
+The exterior buildings were to have measured eight hundred and
+seventy-four feet on the east and west sides, and one thousand one
+hundred and fifty-two on the north and south.  The Banqueting House was
+finished in 1619, and cost L17,000.  It is curious to learn, that the
+great "architect's commission" amounted to no more than 8_s._ 1_d._ a
+day as surveyor, and L46 a year for house-rent, a clerk, and other
+expenses.  It may be added, that further specimens of this architecture
+and sculpture of that period can be seen in some parts of the Charter
+House.
+
+Generally, it may be observed, London retained much of its ancient
+architectural appearance till it was destroyed by the fire.  Old public
+buildings were still in existence; Gothic churches lifted up their gray
+towers and spires, and vast numbers of the houses of the nobility and
+rich merchants of a former age displayed their picturesque fronts, and
+opened their capacious hospitable halls; while the new habitations of
+common citizens were usually built in the slightly modified style of
+previous times, with stories projecting one above another, adorned with
+oak carvings or plastic decorations.  Royal injunctions were repeatedly
+issued to discontinue this sort of building, and to erect houses of
+stone or brick.  A writer of the day affords many peeps into the state
+of London at the time we now refer to.  He describes ladies passing
+through the Strand in their coaches to the china houses or the
+Exchange.  He tells of 'a rare motion, or puppet-show,' to be seen in
+Fleet-street, and of one representing 'Nineveh, with Jonah and the
+whale,' at Fleet-bridge.  Indeed, this was the thoroughfare or the
+grand place for the quaint exhibitions of the age.  Cold Harbor is
+described as a resort for spendthrifts, Lothbury abounded with
+coppersmiths, Bridge-row was rich in rabbit-skins, and Panyer's-alley
+in tripe.  So nearly did the houses on opposite sides of the way
+approach together, that people could hold a _tete a tete_ in a low
+whisper from each other's windows across the street.  From another
+source we learn that dealers in fish betook themselves to the Strand,
+and there blocked up the highway.  "For divers years of late certain
+fishmongers have erected and set up fish-stalls in the middle of the
+street in the Strand, almost over against Denmark House, all which were
+broken down by special commission this month of May, 1630--lest, in
+short space, they might grow from stalls to sheds, and then to
+dwelling-houses, as the like was in former times in Old Fish-street,
+and in St. Nicholas's shambles, and other places."[1]
+
+It may be added, that it was still, at this period, the custom for
+persons of a similar trade to occupy the same locality.  "Then," says
+Maitland, in his History of London, "it was beautiful to behold the
+glorious appearances of goldsmiths' shops on the south row of
+Cheapside, which in a continued course reached from Old Change to
+Bucklersbury, exclusive of four shops only of other trades in all that
+space."  This "unseemliness and deformity," as his majesty was pleased
+to call it in an order of council in 1629, greatly provoked the royal
+displeasure; yet in spite of efforts to the contrary from that high
+quarter, not only did the four obnoxious tradesmen keep their ground,
+but a few years after the king had to complain of greater
+irregularities.  Four and twenty houses, he affirmed, were inhabited by
+divers tradesmen, to the beclouding of the glory of the goldsmiths, and
+the disturbance of his majesty's love of order and uniformity.  He went
+so far as to threaten the imprisonment of the alderman of the ward, if
+he would not see to this matter, and remove the offenders.  It is said
+of Charles V., that after he resigned his crown, he amused himself by
+trying to make several clocks keep the same time, and on the failure of
+his experiment observed, that if he could not accomplish that, no
+wonder he had not succeeded in bringing his numerous subjects into a
+state of ecclesiastical conformity.  Charles I. might, from his
+inability to make men of the same trade live together in one row, have
+learned a similar lesson.  This trifling conflict exhibits no unapt
+similitude of one of the aspects of the great evil conflict, the edge
+of which he was then approaching.  Other street irregularities were
+loudly complained of by the lord mayor.  Notwithstanding the numerous
+laws made to restrain them from so doing, bakers, butchers, poulterers,
+and others, would persist in encumbering the public thoroughfares with
+their stalls and vendibles.
+
+London, during the reign of the first James and Charles, was a sphere
+of commercial activity.  Monopolies and patents did, it is true,
+greatly cripple the movements of trade.  Nothing scarcely could be done
+without royal permission, for which large sums of money had to be paid.
+It was complained of, that "every poor man that taketh in but a horse
+on a market-day, is presently sent up for to Westminster and sued,
+unless he compound with the patentees (of inns) and all ancient
+innkeepers; if they will not compound, they are presently sued at
+Westminster for enlargement of their house, if they but set up a post,
+or a little hovel, more than of ancient was there."  Yet the very
+patents sought and granted for exclusive trades and manufactures,
+though tending to diminish commerce by fettering it, are proofs of
+demand and consumption, and of the industrial energy of the age.  These
+monopolies were bestowed on courtiers and noblemen, but still, no
+doubt, some of the citizens of London were employed in their
+management.  Of the wealth yielded by commerce, in spite of these
+restrictions, ample proof was given in the supplies yielded repeatedly
+to the exorbitant demands of the crown.  Both James and Charles knew
+what it was to have an empty exchequer, and in their emergencies they
+usually repaired to the good city of London as to a perfect California.
+Loan on loan was obtained.  These demands, like leeches, sucked till
+one would have supposed they had drained the body municipal; but soon
+its veins appear to have refilled, and the circulation of wealth went
+briskly on.  One of the most remarkable enterprises in the reign of
+James I. was that of Sir Hugh Myddelton, who in 1608 began, and in 1613
+finished his project of providing London with water, by means of the
+canal commonly called the New River.  The importance of this laborious
+and expensive achievement, which reflects great honor on its
+originator, can be estimated sufficiently only after remembering how
+difficult, if not impossible almost, it was before to obtain a large
+supply of the indispensible element in a state at all approaching
+purity.  The opening of the river and the filling of the basin formed a
+very splendid gala scene, the laborers being clothed in goodly apparel,
+with green caps, and at a given signal opening the sluices, with the
+sound of drums and trumpets, and the acclamations of the people; the
+lord mayor and corporation being present to behold the ceremony.
+
+In the train of wealth came indulgence and luxury.  Sad lamentations
+were expressed on account of the extravagance of the upper classes, who
+spent their money in the city on "excess of apparel, provided from
+foreign parts to the enriching of other nations, and the unnecessary
+consumption of the treasures of the realm, and on other vain delights
+and expenses, even to the wasting of their estates."  London, during
+the sitting of the law courts, seems to have been deluged with people,
+who came up from the country, and vied with each other in their
+expensive mode of living; so that, at the Christmas of 1622, the
+monarch, with a very paternal care of his subjects, ordered the country
+nobility and gentry forthwith to leave the metropolis, and go home and
+keep hospitality in the several counties.  St. Paul's Cathedral was
+desecrated at this time, by its middle walk being made a lounging and
+loitering place for the exhibition of extravagant fashions, and for
+indulgence in all kinds of pursuits.  There the wealthy went to exhibit
+their riches, and the needy to make money, the dissolute to enjoy their
+pleasures, the mere idler to while away his time.  Bishop Earle, in his
+Microcosmographic, published in 1628, gives the following description
+of the place, and thereby throws light on the habits of the Londoners:
+"It is the land's epitome, or you may call it the lesser isle of Great
+Britain.  It is more than this; the world's map, which you may here
+discern in its perfectest motion justling and turning.  It is a heap of
+stones, and men with a vast confusion of languages; and, were the
+steeple not sanctified, nothing liker Babel.  The noise in it is like
+that of bees, a strange humming or buz mixed of walking, tongues, and
+feet.  It is a kind of still roar or loud whisper.  It is the great
+exchange of all discourse, and no business whatsoever but is here
+stirring and a-foot.  It is the synod of all pates politic, jointed and
+laid together in the most serious posture, and they are not half so
+busy at the parliament.  It is the market of young lecturers, whom you
+may cheapen here at all rates and sizes.  It is the general mint of all
+famous lies, which are here, like the legends of popery, first coined
+and stamped in the church.  All inventions are emptied here, and not
+few pockets.  The best sign of a temple in it is, that it is the
+thieves' sanctuary, which rob more safely in a crowd than a wilderness,
+while every searcher is a bush to hide them.  The visitants are all men
+without exception, but the principal inhabitants and possessors are
+state knights and captains out of service--men of long rapiers and
+breeches, which after all turn merchants here and traffic for news.
+Some make it a preface to their dinner, and travel for a stomach; but
+thrifty men make it their ordinary, and board here very cheap."
+
+Riding about in coaches, as well as walking in smart array about St.
+Paul's, was a method of display which those who could afford it were
+very fond of.  Hackney coaches made their appearance in 1625, and so
+greatly did they multiply, that the king, the queen, and the nobility,
+could hardly get along; while, to add to the annoyance, the pavements
+were broken up, and provender much advanced in price.  "Wherefore,"
+says a proclamation, "we expressly command and forbid that no hackney
+or hired coaches be used or suffered in London, Westminster, or the
+suburbs thereof, except they be to travel at least three miles out of
+the same.  And also that no person shall go in a coach in the said
+streets, except the owner of the coach shall constantly keep up four
+able horses for our service when required."
+
+The increasing wealth of the citizens made them covetous of honor, and
+king James, to replenish his exhausted coffers, was willing to sell
+them titles of knighthood.  The attainment of these distinctions led to
+some curious displays of human vanity, and excited those mean
+jealousies which our fallen and debase nature is so apt to cherish.  It
+was a question keenly agitated among the civic dignitaries and their
+ladies,--Whether a knight commoner should rank before an untitled
+alderman--whether a junior alderman just knighted should take
+precedence of a senior brother, without that distinction, who had long
+passed the chair?  A marshal's court was at length held to decide the
+matter, and it was arranged that precedence in the city should be
+attached to the aldermanic office, rather than the knightly name--an
+instance of flattering respect to municipal rank.
+
+While the wealthier classes were closely pressing on the heels of their
+more aristocratic neighbors, the humbler orders were, in their own way,
+seeking to imitate their superiors.  The pride of dress was generally
+indulged in, and manifested, as is always the case, in times and
+countries distinguished by mercantile activity.  To check extravagance
+in this respect, sumptuary laws were adopted, after the fashion of
+former ages, and with a like unsuccessful result.  With tailor-like
+minuteness, the dress of the inferior citizens was prescribed.  No
+apprentice was to wear a hat which cost more than five shillings, or a
+neck-band that was not plainly hemmed.  His doublet was to be made of
+Kersey fustian, sackcloth, canvas, or leather, of two shillings and
+sixpence a yard, and under; his stockings to be of woolen, and his hair
+to be cut short and decent.  Like minute directions were issued
+relative to the attire of servant maids.  Linen was to be their
+clothing, and that not to exceed five shillings an ell.
+
+Pageants, which had been so common in the days of the Tudors, reached
+an unexampled stage of extravagant and absurd display under the first
+two monarchs of the house of Stuart.  Even grave lawyers, including the
+great Mr. Selden himself, took part in getting up these exhibitions;
+and a particular account is given of a masquerade of their devising,
+which was performed at the expense of the inns of court, before king
+Charles, in 1633.
+
+Liveries, and dresses of gold and silver, glittering in the light of
+torches, horses richly caparisoned, and chariots sumptuously fitted up,
+were set off by contrast with beggars and cripples, who were introduced
+in the procession, riding on jaded hacks.  Very odd devices,
+illustrative of the taste of the period, and of the way in which
+satirical feelings found vent, through the medium of emblematical
+characters, were combined with the other quaint arrangements of this
+show, such as boys disguised as owls and other birds, and persons
+representing the patented monopolists, who were extremely unpopular.  A
+man was harnessed with a _bit_ in his mouth, to denote a projector who
+wished to have the exclusive manufacture of that article; another, with
+a bunch of carrots on his head and a capon on his wrist, caricatured
+some one who wanted to engross the trade of fattening birds upon these
+vegetables.  The object was to convey to the king an idea of the
+ridiculous nature of many of the monopolies then conferred.  All sorts
+of pageants and shows, with a dramatic cast in them, were exhibited at
+Whitehall under royal patronage, and filled the edifice with revelry
+and riot at Christmas and other festivals.  The genius of Inigo Jones
+was for many years chained down to the invention of scenery and
+decoration for these trifles, while Ben Jonson exercised his muse in
+writing verses and dialogues for the masquerades.
+
+At a later period of the reign of Charles I., the year 1638, there was
+much excitement produced in London by the grand entry of Mary
+de'Medici, mother of the queen Henrietta, upon which occasion a
+spectacle of unusual grandeur was exhibited.  A very full account of
+this was published by the Historiographer of France, the Sieur de la
+Sierre.
+
+After detailing the order of procession, reporting the speeches
+delivered, and describing the rooms and furniture of the palace, and
+the manner of the reception of the queen-mother by her daughter
+Henrietta, the author dwells with wonderful delight on the public
+illuminations and fireworks on the evening of the day: "For the
+splendor of an infinite number of fireworks, joined to that of as many
+stars, which shone forth at the same time, both the heavens and the
+earth seemed equally filled with light.  The smell had all its
+pleasures of the cinnamon and rosemary wood, which were burning in a
+thousand places, and the taste was gratified by the excellence of all
+sorts of wine, which the citizens vied with each other in presenting to
+passengers, in order to drink together to their majesties' health."
+"Represent to yourself that all the streets of this great city were so
+illuminated by an innumerable number of fires which were lighted, and
+by the same quantity of flambeaux with which they had dressed the
+balconies and windows, and from afar off to see all this light
+collected into one single object, one could not consider it but with
+great astonishment."
+
+These festive transactions on the surface of London society little
+indicated the awful convulsion that was near at hand.  In the
+chronicles of London pageantry, the waters look calm and bright, and no
+stormy petrel flaps his wing as an omen of an approaching tempest.  But
+a time of controversy and confusion was near.  A great struggle was
+impending, both political and religious.  What has just been noticed of
+court and civic life was but
+
+  "The torrent's smoothness ere it dash below."
+
+
+In some departments of London history, however, premonitions might have
+been discovered of an approaching crisis.  The anti-papal feelings of
+the people had been aroused by the treaties between James and the king
+of Spain, and the projected marriage of prince Charles with the
+infanta.  So turbulent was popular emotion on this subject, that on one
+occasion the Spanish ambassador was assailed in the streets.  When, in
+the reign of Charles I., mass was celebrated in the ambassador's
+chapel, and English papists were allowed to join in the ceremony, an
+attack was made upon the house of the embassy, and the mob threatened
+to pull it down.  But a far deeper and stronger impression was produced
+upon the minds of sound Protestants by the proceedings of archbishop
+Laud and his friends.  The consecration of St. Catherine Cree church,
+on the north side of Leadenhall-street, was attended by ceremonies so
+closely approximating to those of Rome, as to awaken in a large portion
+of the clergy and laity most serious apprehension.  The excitements of
+later times on similar grounds find their adequate type and
+representation in the troubled thoughts and agitated bosoms of a
+multitude of Londoners in the early part of the year 1631.  It was a
+remarkable era in the ecclesiastical annals of London.  The church
+having been lately repaired, Laud, then bishop of London, came to
+consecrate it.  "At his approach to the west door," says Rushworth,
+"some that were prepared for it cried, with a loud voice, 'Open, open,
+ye ever-lasting doors, that the king of glory may enter in.'  And
+presently the doors were opened, and the bishop, with three doctors and
+many other principal men, went in, and immediately falling down upon
+his knees, with his eyes lifted up, and his arms spread abroad, uttered
+these words, 'This place is holy, this ground is holy--in the name of
+the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, I pronounce it holy.'  Then he took up
+some of the dust, and threw it up into the air several times, in his
+going up towards the church.  When they approached near to the rail and
+communion table, the bishop bowed towards it several times, and
+returning they went round the church in procession, saying the
+hundredth Psalm, after that the nineteenth."  Then cursing those who
+should profane the place, and blessing those who built it up and
+honored it, he consecrated, after sermon, the sacrament in the manner
+following: "As he approached the communion table, he made several lowly
+bowings, and coming up to the side of the table, where the bread and
+wine were covered, he bowed several times, and then, after the reading
+of many prayers, he came near the bread, and gently lifted up the
+corner of the napkin wherein the bread was laid; and when he beheld the
+bread he laid it down again, flew back a step or two, bowed three
+several times towards it, then he drew near again, and opened the
+napkin, and bowed as before.  Then he laid his hand on the cup which
+was full of wine, with a cover upon it, which he let go, went back, and
+bowed thrice toward it; then he came near again, and lifted up the
+cover of the cup, looked into it, and seeing the wine he let fall the
+cover again, retired back, and bowed as before: then he received the
+sacrament, and gave it to many principal men; after which many prayers
+being said, the solemnity of the consecration ended."  The bishop of
+London consecrated St. Giles's church in the same manner, and on his
+translation to Canterbury, studiously restored Lambeth chapel, with its
+Popish paintings and ornaments.  The displeasure awakened by these
+superstitious formalities and Popish tendencies was not confined to men
+of extreme opinions.  The moderate, amiable, but patriotic Lord
+Falkland, the brightest ornament on the royalist side in the civil war,
+sympathized with the popular displeasure, and thus pertinently
+expressed himself in a speech he made in the House of Commons: "Mr.
+Speaker, to go yet further, some of them have so industriously labored
+to deduce themselves from Rome, that they have given great suspicion
+that in gratitude they desire to return thither, or at least to meet it
+half-way; some have evidently labored to bring in an English, though
+not a Roman Popery.  I mean not only the outside and dress of it, but
+equally absolute, a blind dependence of the people on the clergy, and
+of the clergy on themselves; and have opposed the papacy beyond the
+seas, that they might settle one beyond the water, (_trans
+Thamesin_--beyond the Thames--at Lambeth.)  Nay, common fame is more
+than ordinarily false, if none of them have found a way to reconcile
+the opinions of Rome to the preferments of England, and be so
+absolutely, directly, and cordially Papists, that it is all that L1,500
+a year can do to keep them from confessing it."  This fondness for
+Romish ceremonies, and these notions of priestly supremacy, cherished
+and expressed by Laud and his party, were connected with the intolerant
+treatment of those ministers who were of the Puritan stamp.  Some of
+them were silenced and even imprisoned.  Mr. Burton, the minister of
+Friday-street, preached and published two sermons in the year 1633
+against the late innovations.  For this he was brought before the High
+Commission Court, and imprisoned.
+
+About the same time, Prynne, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, was
+imprisoned, and had his ears cut off, for writing against plays and
+masks; and Dr. Bastwick was also confined in jail for writing a book,
+in which he denied the divine right of the order of bishops above
+presbyters.  These men were charged with employing their hours of
+solitude in the composition of books against the bishops and the
+spiritual courts, and for this were afresh arraigned before the
+arbitrary tribunal of the Star Chamber.  "I had thought," said lord
+Finch, looking at the prisoner, "Mr. Prynne had no ears, but methinks
+he has ears."  This caused many of the lords to take a closer view of
+him, and for their better satisfaction the usher of the court turned up
+his hair, and showed his ears; upon the sight whereof the lords were
+displeased they had been no more cut off, and reproached him.  "I hope
+your honors will not be offended," said Mr. Prynne; "pray God give you
+ears to hear."[2]  The sentence passed was, that the accused should
+stand in the pillory, lose their ears, pay L5,000, and be imprisoned
+for life.  When the day for executing it came, an immense crowd
+assembled in Palace-yard, Westminster.  It was wished that the crowd
+should be kept off.  "Let them come," cried Burton, "and spare not that
+they may learn to suffer."  "Sir," cried a woman, "by this sermon God
+may convert many unto him."  "God is able to do it, indeed," he
+replied.  At the sight of the sufferer, a young man standing by turned
+pale.  "Son," said Burton, "what is the matter? you look so pale; I
+have as much comfort as my heart can hold, and if I had need of more, I
+should have it."  A bunch of flowers was given to Bastwick, and a bee
+settled on it.  "Do you not see this poor bee?" he said, "she hath
+found out this very place to suck sweet from these flowers, and cannot
+I suck sweetness in this very place from Christ?"  "Had we respected
+our liberties," said Prynne, "we had not stood here at this time; it
+was for the general good and liberties of you all, that we have now
+thus far engaged our own liberties in this cause.  For did you know how
+deeply they have encroached on your liberties, if you knew but into
+what times you are cast, it would make you look about, and see how far
+your liberty did lawfully extend, and so maintain it."  The knife, the
+saw, the branding-iron, were put to work.  Bastwick's wife received her
+husband's ears in her lap, and kissed them.  Prynne cried out to the
+man who hacked him, "Cut me, tear me, I fear not thee--I fear the fire
+of hell, not thee."  Burton fainting with heat and pain, cried out,
+"'Tis too hot to last."  It _was_ too hot to last.
+
+Sympathy with the principles of these Puritan sufferers pervaded, to a
+great extent, the population of London.  Side by side with, but in
+stern contrast to, the gay merry-makings and pageants of the Stuart
+age, there lay a deep, earnest, religious spirit at work, mingling with
+political excitement, and strengthening it.  The Puritan preachers of a
+former age had been popular in London.  Their sentiments had tended
+greatly to mould into a corresponding form the opinions, habits, and
+feelings of a subsequent generation.  An anti-papal spirit, a love of
+evangelical truth, a desire for simplicity in worship, a deep reverence
+for the Lord's day, and a strict morality, characterized this
+remarkable race of men.  The strange doings of Archbishop Laud, the
+doctrines they heard in some of the parish churches, the profanation of
+the Sabbath, and the profligacy of the times, filled these worthies
+with deep dismay, and vexed their righteous souls.  Boldly did they
+testify against such things; and when the Book of Sports came out, the
+magistrates of London had so much of the Puritan spirit in them, that
+they decidedly set their faces against the infamous injunctions, and
+went so far as to stop the king's carriage while proceeding through the
+city during service-time.  King James, enraged at this, swore that "he
+had thought there had been no kings in England but himself," and sent a
+warrant to the mayor, commanding that the vehicle should pass; to which
+his lordship, with great firmness and dignity, replied, "While it was
+in my power I did my duty, but that being taken away by a higher power,
+it is my duty to obey."  In the reign of Charles, the chief magistrate
+issued very stringent orders in reference to the Sabbath.
+
+The proceedings of the Star Chamber, its barbarous punishments and
+mutilations, with the accompaniments of fines and captivity, for
+conscientious adherence to what was considered the path of duty, galled
+the spirits and roused the indignation of many a Londoner.  The
+citizens went home from the public execution of iniquitous sentences,
+from the sight of victims pilloried and mangled for their adherence to
+virtuous principle, with a deep disquietude of soul, which swelled to
+bursting as they reflected on the tragedies they had witnessed.  The
+avenging hand of Providence on injustice and oppression was about to be
+manifested, visiting national iniquities with those internal calamities
+and convulsions which so long afflicted the land.  A significant scene,
+prophetic of the new order of things, took place in London in the year
+1640, just after the opening of the Long Parliament.  Prynne, Burton,
+and Bastwick, were restored to liberty.  Crowds went forth to meet
+them.  "When they came near London," says Clarendon, "multitudes of
+people of several conditions, some on horseback and others on foot, met
+them some miles from town, very many having been a day's journey; so
+they were brought about two o'clock of the afternoon in at Charing
+Cross, and carried into the city by above ten thousand persons, with
+boughs, and flowers, and herbs in the way as they passed, making great
+noise and expressions of joy for their deliverance and return; and in
+these acclamations mingling loud and virulent exclamations against
+those who had so cruelly persecuted such godly men."  The scarred
+faces, the mutilated ears of the personages thus honored, would tell a
+tale of suffering and heroism, sure to appeal to the popular sympathy,
+and turn it in a stream of violent indignation against the mad
+oppressors.  What followed we shall see in the next chapter.  Meanwhile
+we may remark, that much of what has now been detailed furnishes a
+singular historical parallel to the events of our own times, and
+illustrates the observation of Solomon of old: "Is there anything
+whereof it may be said, See, this is new? it hath been already of old
+time, which was before us."  Eccles. i, 10.  We have lived in the
+nineteenth century to witness the revival of superstitious mummeries
+and popish errors; and taught by the past, the true Christian will
+earnestly pray that they may be extirpated without the recurrence of
+those awful calamities, of which their introduction in former times
+proved the precursor.  Meanwhile may each reader remember, that an
+obligation is laid upon him to counteract these deviations from
+Scriptural truth by maintaining that unceremonial and spiritual
+religion which Christ taught the woman of Samaria, and by cultivating
+that vital faith which rests on Him alone for acceptance, while it
+works by love, purifies the heart, and overcomes the world!
+
+
+
+[1] Howes, edit. 1631.
+
+[2] State Trials.  Guizot's English Revolution, page 64.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+LONDON DURING THE CIVIL WARS.
+
+Charles I. unfurled his standard at Nottingham, in the month of August,
+1642, and staked his crown and life on the issue of battle; a high wind
+beat down the flag, an evil omen, as it was deemed by some who saw it,
+and a symbol, as it proved, of the result of the unnatural conflict.
+Sadly was England's royal standard stained before the fighting ended.
+London took part at the beginning with the parliament.  Its Puritan
+tendencies; its awakened indignation at the assaults made by misguided
+monarchs and their ministers on conscientious, religious, brave-hearted
+men; its long observation of Stafford's policy, which had roused the
+displeasure of the citizens, and led to riots; its jealousy of the
+constitution being violated and imperiled by the arbitrary proceedings
+of Charles, especially by his attempt to reign without parliaments;
+and, added to these, a selfish, but natural resentment at the
+exorbitant pecuniary fines and forfeitures with which it had been
+visited in the exercise of royal displeasure, contributed to fix London
+on the side of those who had taken their stand against the king.  One
+can easily imagine the busy political talk going on at that time in all
+kinds of dwellings and places of resort--the eager expectancy with
+which citizens waited for news--the haste with which reports, often
+exaggerated, passed from lip to lip--the sensation produced by decided
+acts on either side; as when, for example, Charles went down to the
+House of Commons, demanding the arrest of five obnoxious members, and
+when the House declared itself incapable of dissolution save by its own
+will--the hot and violent controversies that would be waged between
+citizens of opposite political and religious opinions--the separation
+of friends--the divisions in families--the reckless violence with which
+some plunged into the strife, and the hard and painful moral necessity
+which impelled others to take their side--the mean, low, selfish, or
+fanatical motives which influenced some, and the high, pure, and
+patriotic principles which moved the breasts of others--the godless
+zeal of multitudes, and the firm faith and wrestling prayer that
+sustained not a few.  These varied elements, grouped and arranged by
+the imagination upon the background of the scenery of old London, in
+the first half of the seventeenth century, form a picture of deep and
+solemn interest.
+
+After the battle of Edgehill, in October, Charles marched towards
+London, anxious to possess himself of that citadel of the empire.  So
+near did the royal army come, that many of the citizens were scared by
+the sound of Prince Rupert's cannon.  The horrors of a siege or
+invasion of a city, penned in by lines of threatening troops, expected
+every hour to burst the gates or scale the walls--the spectacle of
+soldiers scouring the streets, slaying the peaceful citizen, pillaging
+his property, and burning his dwelling--such were the anticipations
+that presented themselves before the eyes of the Londoners in that
+memorable October, creating an excitement in all ranks, which the
+leaders of the popular cause sought to turn to practical account.
+
+Eight speeches spoken in Guildhall on Thursday night, October 27th,
+1642, have come down to us; and as we look on the old reports, which
+have rescued these utterances from the oblivion into which the earnest
+talking of many busy tongues at that time has fallen, we seem to stand
+within the walls of that civic gathering-place, amidst the dense mass
+of excited citizens assembled at eventide, their faces gleaming through
+the darkness, with the reflected light of torches and lamps, and to
+hear such sentences as the following from the lips of Lord Saye and
+Sele, whose words were applauded by the multitude, till the building
+rings again with the echo: "This is now not a time for men to think
+with themselves, that they will be in their shops and get a little
+money.  In common dangers let every one take his weapons in his hand;
+let every man, therefore, shut up his shop, let him take his musket,
+offer himself readily and willingly.  Let him not think with himself,
+Who shall pay me? but rather think this, I will come forth to save the
+kingdom, to serve my God, to maintain his true religion, to save the
+parliament, to save this noble city."  The speaker knew what kind of
+men he was appealing to; that their feelings were already enlisted in
+the cause; that they had already given proofs of earnest resolution to
+support it, and of a liberal and self-denying spirit.  While his
+majesty had been getting himself "an army by commission of array, by
+subscription of loyal plate, pawning of crown jewels, and the
+like--London citizens had subscribed horses and plate, every kind of
+plate, down to women's thimbles, to an unheard-of amount; and when it
+came to actual enlisting, London enlisted four thousand in one day."
+As might have been expected, therefore, the audience responded to Lord
+Saye and Sele, and prepared themselves to obey the summons of their
+leaders; so that a few days afterwards, on hearing that Prince Rupert
+with his army had come to Brentford, and on finding that the roar of
+his cannon had reached as far as the suburbs, the train bands, with
+amazing expedition, assembled under Major-General Skippon, and
+forthwith marched off to Turnham Green.  Besides enlistment of
+apprentices and others, and contributions of all kinds for raising
+parliament armies, measures were adopted for the permanent defence of
+London.  The city walls were repaired and mounted with artillery; the
+sheds and buildings which had clustered about the outside of the city
+boundaries in time of peace were swept away.  All avenues, except five,
+were shut up, and these were guarded with military works the most
+approved.  The first entrance, near the windmill, Whitechapel-road, was
+protected by a hornwork; two redoubts with four flanks were raised
+beside the second entrance, at Shoreditch; a battery and breastwork
+were placed at the third entrance, in St. John's street; a two-flanked
+redoubt and a small fort stood by the fourth entrance, at the end of
+Tyburn, St. Giles's Fields; and a large fort with bulwarks overlooked
+the fifth entrance, at Hyde Park Corner.  Other fortifications were
+situated here and there by the walls, so as to fit the city to stand a
+long siege.  A deep enthusiasm moved at least a considerable party in
+the performance of these works.  They were not left to engineers or
+artillerymen and the paid artificers, who in ordinary times raise
+bastions and the like.  "The example of gentlemen of the best quality,"
+says May, "knights and ladies going out with drums beating, and spades
+and mattocks in their hands, to assist in the work, put life into the
+drooping people."  While warlike harangues, enlistments, contributions,
+and the building of fortifications, were going on, and the bustle and
+music of military marches were heard in the street, while the walls and
+gates bristled with cannons and soldiery, there were those within that
+war-girdled city who sympathized indeed in the popular cause, but who
+were far differently employed in its defence and promotion.
+
+There was at this time residing in London one
+
+  "Whose soul was like a star, and dwelt apart;
+  Who had a voice whose sound was like the sea."
+
+His place of abode was in Aldersgate-street, in an humble house, with a
+small garden--"the muses' bower," as he called it; and there his
+marvelous mind was searching out the foundations of laws and
+governments, breathing after liberty, civil and religious, and
+picturing an ideal commonwealth of justice, order, truth, purity, and
+love, which he longed and hoped to see reduced to a reality in his own
+native land; he was preparing, also, for some high work, which should
+be "of power to imbreed and cherish in a great people the seeds of
+public virtue and public civility, to allay the perturbation of the
+mind, and set the affections in right tune--a work not to be raised
+from the heat of youth, or the vapors of wine, nor to be obtained by
+the invocation of dame Memory and her syren daughters, but by devout
+prayer to that eternal Spirit, who can enrich with all utterance and
+knowledge, and sends out his seraphim, with the hallowed fire of his
+altar, to touch and purify the lips of whom he pleases."
+
+John Milton, who thus describes his employment in grand and sonorous
+English, such as he alone could write, was by birth a Londoner, having
+first opened his eyes in one of the houses of old Bread-street, and
+received the elements of his vast and varied learning at St. Paul's
+School.  Antiquarian research has traced him through successive
+residences in St. Bride's Churchyard, Aldersgate-street, Barbican,
+Holborn, Petty France, Bartholomew-close, Jewin-street, Bunhill-fields,
+to his last resting-place in the upper end of the chancel of St.
+Giles's, Cripplegate.  (Knight's London, vol. ii, p. 97.)  In youth he
+had pursued his studies in his native city, after his removal from
+Cambridge,
+
+  "I, well content, where Thames with refluent tide
+  My native city laves, meantime reside,
+  Nor zeal, nor duty, now my steps impel
+  To reedy Cam, and my forbidden cell.
+  If peaceful days in lettered leisure spent
+  Beneath my father's roof be banishment,
+  Then call me banished: I will ne'er refuse
+  A name expressive of the lot I choose;
+  For here I woo the muse, with no control;
+  For here my books, my life, absorb me whole."
+
+
+In the maturity of his manhood, at the outbreak of the civil war,
+Milton was pursuing his favorite studies at his house in
+Aldersgate-street, combining with his literary researches and sublime
+poetic flights, deep theological inquiries and lofty political
+speculations.  At a time when the rumors of invasion were afloat, and
+the inroads of an incensed enemy expected, he appealed to the
+chivalrous cavalier in his own classic style:--
+
+  "Lift not thy spear against the muse's bower.
+  The great Emathian conqueror bid spare
+  The house of Pindarus, when temple and tower
+  Went to the ground; and the repeated air
+  Of sad Elecha's poet had the power
+  To save the Athenian walls from ruin bare."
+
+Relieved from the fears of invasion, he continued to occupy his pen in
+the production of those wonderful prose works, which, scarcely less
+than his poetry, are monuments of his enduring fame.  Probably it was
+in his house in Barbican--the queer old barbican of that day, with a
+portion of the Barbican, or tower, still standing, and picturesquely
+gabled and carved dwellings crowded close against it--that Milton,
+musing on his native city, wrote some of his most stirring political
+tracts.  He was the representative of a large class of London citizens,
+who, without taking up arms on either side, earnestly entered into the
+great struggle, and thought and talked, and worked and wrote, as men
+agitated and in travail for the restoration and welfare of their
+distracted and bleeding country.
+
+It is interesting, in connection with this illustrious man, to notice
+one of his London contemporaries, also distinguished in English
+literature, but in another way, presenting an opposite character, and
+the type of a different class.  While Milton was exercising his lofty
+intellect and plying his mighty pen on divinity and politics, Isaac
+Walton, so well known as the author of the Complete Angler, and the
+lives of Dr. Donne and others, was, besides pursuing his occupation as
+a Hamburgh merchant, busily amusing himself with his favorite sport,
+and preparing materials for his celebrated work, (which was published
+in 1653,) as well as writing two of his lives, that of Donne and
+Wotton, which appeared in 1640 and 1651.  When London was moved from
+one end to the other by storms of political excitement, Walton,
+undisturbed by the commotion in public affairs, quietly sought
+enjoyment on the banks of the Thames with his rod and line, below
+London Bridge, where he tells us "there were the largest and fattest
+roach in the nation;" or, taking a longer excursion, rambled by the Lea
+side, or went down as far as Windsor and Henley.  It is certainly
+(whatever opinion we may form of the pursuits which engrossed so large
+a portion of Walton's time) a relief, amidst scenes of strife, to catch
+a view of little corners in English society, which seem to have been
+sheltered from the sweeping tempest.  Curious it is also to observe how
+little some men are affected by the great changes witnessed in their
+country.  Moderation is frequently, however, nearly allied to
+selfishness, and Walton apparently belonged to a class of individuals,
+from whom society may in vain look for any improvements which involve
+the sacrifice of personal ease or comfort.  He could, to use the
+language of Dr. Arnold, "enjoy his angling undisturbed, in spite of
+Star Chamber, ship-money, High Commission Court, or popish ceremonies;
+what was the sacrifice to him of letting the public grievances take
+their own way, and enjoying the freshness of a May morning in the
+meadows on the banks of the Lea?"
+
+However the great conflict might be regarded or forgotten, it waxed
+hotter every day, and London became increasingly involved in the
+strife.  For a while the parliament and the army were united in their
+efforts against the king, and the city of London continued to lend them
+efficient aid.  But at length disagreements arose between the
+legislative and military powers, the former being in the main composed
+of Presbyterians, while the latter were strongly leavened by the
+Independents.  The rent became worse as time rolled on, till these two
+religious parties, diverging in different directions, tore the
+commonwealth asunder, and from having been allies became decided
+antagonists.
+
+The Presbyterians were strong in London; Presbyterians occupied the
+city pulpits--Presbyterians ruled in the corporation.  The Westminster
+Assembly, which began to sit in 1642, and continued their sessions
+through a period of six years, numbered a large majority of that
+denomination, and in the measures for the establishment of their own
+views of religion throughout the country, met with the sympathy and
+encouragement of a considerable portion of London citizens.  In the
+church of St. Margaret's, Westminster, under the shadow of the
+venerable abbey, the members of this assembly, with the Scots'
+commissioners, and representatives from both houses of parliament, met
+on the 25th of September, 1643, to take the Solemn League and Covenant,
+the chosen symbol and standard of the Presbyterian party.  It was
+certainly one of the most remarkable scenes in the ecclesiastical
+history of our country; and whatever opinion may be formed of the
+ecclesiastical principles which moved that memorable convocation, no
+person of unprejudiced mind can fail to admire the piety, the
+earnestness, zeal, and courage, which many of them evinced in the
+performance of their task.  Solemn prayers were offered, addresses were
+delivered in justification of the step they were taking, and then, as
+the articles of the Covenant were read out from the pulpit, distinctly
+one by one, each person standing uncovered, with his hand lifted bare
+to heaven, swore to maintain them.  On the Lord's-day following, the
+Covenant was tendered to all persons within the bills of mortality of
+the city of London, and was welcomed by a number of ministers and a
+great multitude of people.  Of the excitement which prevailed, some
+idea may be gathered from the narrative of a royalist historian.  We
+are informed by Clarendon, that the church of St. Antony, in Size-lane,
+Watling-street, being in the neighborhood of the residence of the
+Scotch commissioners, was appropriated to their use during their stay,
+and that Alexander Henderson, a celebrated preacher, and one of their
+chaplains, was accustomed to conduct service there.  "To hear these
+sermons," he says, "there was so great a conflux and resort by the
+citizens out of humor and faction, by others of all qualities out of
+curiosity, by some that they might the better justify the contempt they
+had of them, that from the first appearance of day in the morning of
+every Sunday to the shutting in of the light the church was never
+empty; they, especially the women, who had the happiness to get into
+the church in the morning, (those who could not hang upon or about the
+windows without, to be auditors or spectators,) keeping the places till
+the afternoon exercises were finished."
+
+As discussions arose between the parliament and the Presbyterians on
+the one side, and the army and Independents on the other, the city of
+London showed unequivocally its attachment to the former.  In addition
+to difficulties arising from an embargo laid by the king on the coal
+trade between Newcastle and London, difficulties met by parliamentary
+orders for supplying fuel in the shape of turf or peat out of commons
+and waste grounds, and also out of royal demesnes and bishops' lands;
+in addition to other difficulties, commercial, municipal, and social,
+springing from the disjointed state of public affairs--the Londoners
+were plunged into new difficulties, ecclesiastical and political, by an
+important step which they conceived it their duty to take.  The
+Presbyterian ministers of London, upheld by their flocks, were zealous
+for the full and unrestricted establishment of their own scheme of
+discipline through the length and breadth of the city.  In June, 1646,
+the ministers met at Zion College, contending for the Divine right of
+their form of government, and maintaining that the civil magistrate had
+no right to intermeddle with the censures of the Church.  The lord
+mayor and common council joined them in a petition to the parliament to
+that effect; but the political powers would not allow them that
+uncontrolled and supreme ecclesiastical constitution which they craved.
+However, they were authorized to carry out their Church polity
+according to the law enacted for the whole kingdom, and to have
+presbyteries in every parish, which parochial bodies should be
+represented in a higher assembly called the classes, the classes again
+in the provincial synod, and the synod in the general assembly.  London
+formed a province with twelve classes, each containing from eight to
+fifteen parishes.  Nowhere else but in London and in the county of
+Lancashire did the Presbyterian establishment come into full operation,
+and even in the metropolitan city, with all the zeal of the ministers
+to support it, and with the majority of the people which they could
+command, the success of the plan was very limited.  On the 19th of
+December, 1646, the lord mayor and his brethren went up to Westminster
+with a representation of grievances, including first the contempt that
+began to be put upon the Covenant; and secondly, the growth of heresy
+and schism, the pulpits being often usurped by preaching soldiers, who
+infected all places where they came with dangerous errors.  Of these
+grievances they desired redress.  In the next year, 1647, the synod at
+Zion College published their testimony to the truth, as it was termed,
+in which a passage occurs curiously illustrative of the opinions on the
+subject of toleration that were then prevalent.  The last error they
+witness against is called, they say, "the error of toleration,
+patronizing and promoting all other errors, heresies, and blasphemies,
+whatsoever, under the grossly-abused notion of liberty of conscience."
+The Independents, who, though a minority, were a considerable body in
+the city of London, being advocates for an extended toleration, as well
+as for the enjoyment of liberty themselves, greatly displeased the
+Presbyterian brethren, and materially thwarted the success of their
+plans.  On both sides, no doubt, there were sincere, earnest, and holy
+men, nor did they disagree as to the essential truths of our blessed
+religion.  They were worshipers of the same everlasting Father, through
+the same Divine Mediator, and trusted to the aid of the same gracious
+Spirit.  They looked not to any morality of their own, as the ground of
+their acceptance with their Creator, but, conscious of manifold sins,
+rested on the sacrifice of "the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin
+of the world."  Yet it is grievous to think, that in some instances a
+difference, which extended no further than to the outward polity of the
+Church, could dissever and almost alienate those whom grace had made
+one.  And yet more grievous is it that good men who had only just
+escaped from persecution themselves, should have been ready to fasten
+the yoke upon brethren who could not see as they did.  However, in this
+imperfect state of existence, such things have been and still are; but
+it is consoling to remember, that a state of being shall one day exist,
+when these sad anomalies will prevail no more.  Freed from prejudice,
+passion, and infirmity, souls united by the tie of a common faith in
+the essentials of the gospel, shall then rejoice in a perfect and
+unbroken unity.
+
+While the earlier stages of the struggle to which we have referred were
+going on, some distinguished men in London, on both sides, were removed
+from the scene of strife into the peaceful mansions of their Father's
+house.  Two in particular are worthy of mention here as of the gentler
+cast, who, though they differed, felt that charity had bonds to bind
+the souls of godly men together, stronger than any difference of
+ecclesiastical opinion could break.  Dr. Twiss, an eminent and learned
+Presbyterian clergyman, the prolocutor of the assembly of divines, died
+in London in 1646.  He had refused high preferment and flattering
+invitations to a foreign university.  Forced from his living at Newbury
+by the royalist party, and detained in London by his duties in the
+assembly, for which he received but a very small allowance, he had to
+struggle with poverty.  Indeed, he was so reduced, that when some of
+the assembly were deputed to visit him, they reported that he was very
+sick and in great straits.  He was buried in the Abbey, "near the upper
+end of the poor folk's table, next the vestry, July 24th; thence, after
+the Restoration, he was dug up and thrown into a hole in the churchyard
+of St. Margaret's, near the back door of one of the prebendaries'
+houses."  In the same year died Jeremiah Burroughs, of the Independent
+school, and preacher to two of the largest congregations about London,
+Stepney, and Cripplegate.  "He never gathered a separate congregation,
+nor accepted of a parochial living, but wore out his strength in
+continual preaching, and other services of the Church.  It was said the
+divisions of the time broke his heart.  One of the last subjects he
+preached upon and printed was his Irenicum, or attempt to heal
+divisions among Christians."  Under the ascendency of the Presbyterians
+in London, the old church ceremonies of course were abandoned--churches
+were accommodated to the simplicity of worship preferred by the party
+in power.  Superstitious monuments, images, and paintings, were
+removed; the crosses in Cheapside and Charing Cross pulled down.  Even
+St. Paul's Cross, because of its form and name, was not spared, though
+hallowed by the remembrance of the great Reformers, who had there so
+effectively preached.  Religious festivals were abolished, not
+excepting Christmas--a measure to which the citizens did not quietly
+submit, old habits and predilections being too strong to be overcome by
+law.  In 1647, on that day most people kept their shops shut, and many
+Presbyterian ministers occupied their pulpits.  Time, however, was
+allotted for recreation; and it was arranged "that all scholars,
+apprentices, and other servants should, with the leave of their
+masters, have such convenient reasonable relaxation every second
+Tuesday in the month, throughout the year, as formerly they used to
+have upon the festivals."  It may be added, that stage plays were
+forbidden, and the theatres in London closed; galleries, seats, and
+boxes, were removed by warrant from justices of the peace, and all
+actors convicted of offending against this law were sentenced to be
+publicly whipped.
+
+In consequence of the excitement of the times, the parliament issued an
+order forbidding persons to appear in the streets of London armed, or
+to come out of doors after nine o'clock at night.  It was further
+enjoined, that all persons coming into the city should present
+themselves at Guildhall and produce their passes, and also enter into
+an engagement not to bear arms against the parliament.  The
+misunderstanding between the legislature and the army becoming more
+grave and ominous than ever, the city corporation besought the former
+to disband the latter--a thing more easily proposed than accomplished.
+The citizens desired to have a militia for their own defence, under
+officers to be nominated by the common council; and were likewise
+anxious that the king, now in the hands of the army, should be brought
+to London, and a personal treaty entered into with him.  Tumultuous
+assemblages, gathered from London, took place round the doors of the
+House of Commons, some of the mob thrusting in their heads, with their
+hats on, and shouting out, "Vote, vote;" and even forcing the speaker,
+when he was about to leave the chair, to remain at his post, violently
+demanding that their petition should be granted.  The army at the time
+lay coiled up near London with most threatening aspect, and to add to
+the terror of the city, the speaker of the Commons and a hundred
+members withdrew from the metropolis, and repaired to the camp.  Orders
+were now given by the common council to the train bands to repair the
+fortifications, and for all persons capable of bearing arms to appear
+at the appointed places of rendezvous.  Fairfax and Cromwell, the
+commanders of the army, wrote an expostulatory letter to the city,
+stating their grievances, and disavowing all desire to injure the
+place.  An answer was sent, very unsatisfactory to the parties
+addressed, and things wore an increasingly alarming appearance.  Still
+the citizens seemed determined to oppose the army, and entered into an
+engagement to promote the return of the king to London.  Shops were
+shut up, a stop was put to business, horses were forbidden to be sent
+beyond the walls, and whole nights were spent in anxious deliberation.
+The army, however, was pressing towards the gates on the Southwark
+side, and while the citizens were debating and planning, showed in an
+unmistakable manner that it at least was in action.  The peril being
+imminent, on the 4th of August the common council and committee
+assembled in Guildhall, vast multitudes of the people repairing thither
+to learn the result of the deliberations.  An express arrived, stating
+that Fairfax with the army had halted on their march.  "Let us go out
+and destroy them," cried a stentorian voice; but a second express, on
+the heels of the first, ran in to correct the mistake of his
+predecessor, and to assure them that Fairfax and his men were no
+halters, but were marching on with great energy.  This changed the tone
+of the assembly, and all exclaimed, "Treat! treat!"  The committee
+spent most of the night in consultation, and the next morning
+despatched a submissive letter to the general.  The inhabitants of
+Southwark not having sympathized with their brethren on the other side
+of the water in their opposition to the army, privately intimated to
+the general their willingness to admit him, and, accordingly, a brigade
+took possession of the borough about two o'clock in the morning, and
+thereby became masters of London Bridge.  Another letter was despatched
+from the city authorities, more submissive than the first, and
+commissioners were speedily despatched to Hammersmith to wait upon
+Fairfax, who had there taken up his quarters, and formally yield to him
+all the forts on the west side of the metropolis.  On the 6th of
+August, 1647, the general was received in state by the corporation at
+Hyde Park, and escorted in procession to the city, being the same day
+constituted constable of the Tower by the ordinance of parliament.
+Three days afterwards, he took possession of that old fortress, being
+attended by a deputation from the common council, who complimented him
+in the highest terms, and invited him and his principal officers to
+dinner.  After an interval of another three days, the city voted
+L1,200, to be spent on a gold basin and ewer, as a present to this
+distinguished officer.  The fortifications were dismantled, ports and
+chains taken away, and the army quartered in and about the city: many,
+we are told, in great houses, though the season was rigorous, were
+obliged to lie on the bare floor, with little or no firing.  Orders
+were issued to provide bedding for the cold and weary soldiers; and
+when the city failed to fulfil its promise to pay money to the army,
+troops were dispatched to Weavers', Haberdashers', and Goldsmiths'
+Halls, the first of which they lightened of its treasure to the amount
+of L20,000.  Strict injunctions, however, were given for the orderly
+and peaceable conduct of the military, on pain of death.  London was
+now reduced to dumb quietude, save that murmurings were heard from the
+Presbyterians, who still insisted upon making terms with the king; but
+it was all in vain.  The torrent rolled on, and swept away monarch and
+throne; of its devastations there are awful recollections associated
+with Charing Cross and Whitehall.
+
+The latter was made the prison-house of the monarch during his trial.
+Hence he passed to the old orchard stair, to take boat for Westminster
+Hall.  A servant, whom he particularly noticed on these occasions, has
+become an object of interest to the religious portion of the English
+public, from his having been the father of the eminently holy Philip
+Henry, and the grandfather of Matthew Henry, the commentator.  When
+Charles returned to the palace after the absence of a few years, which,
+because of the sorrows that darkened them, seemed an age, he accosted
+his old attendant with the inquiry, "Art thou yet alive?"  "He
+continued," says Philip Henry, speaking of his father, "during all the
+war time in his house at Whitehall, though the profits of his place
+ceased.  The king passing by his door under a guard to take water, when
+he was going to Westminster to that which they called his trial,
+inquired for his old servant, Mr. John Henry, who was ready to pay his
+due respects to him, and prayed God to bless his majesty, and to
+deliver him out of the hands of his enemies, for which the guard had
+like to have been rough upon him."  The king was condemned by the court
+of justice instituted for the occasion, and on the 30th of January,
+1649, was publicly beheaded.  The place which had been the scene of
+many of his youthful revels with the Duke of Buckingham, and which had
+witnessed the early pomp and pageants of his reign, having been
+converted into his prison, now became the spot where his blood was to
+be spilt.  He had been removed to St. James's Palace, after his
+sentence, and there spent Saturday, Sunday, and Monday.  At ten o'clock
+on Tuesday, he crossed the park to Whitehall, under military guard,
+Juxon, bishop of London, walking on the right, and Colonel Tomlinson,
+who was his jailer, on the left.  Reaching the palace, he went up the
+stairs leading to the long gallery into his chamber, where he remained
+in prayer for an hour, and received the sacrament.  Two or three dishes
+of refreshments had been prepared, which he declined, and could only be
+prevailed on to take a piece of bread and a glass of claret.  All
+things being prepared, and the hour of one arrived, he passed into the
+Banqueting House, and thence proceeded, by a passage broken through the
+wall, to the scaffold.  It was covered with black, and exhibited the
+frightful apparatus of death.  There stood the block, and by it two
+executioners in sailor's clothes, with vizards and perukes.  Regiments
+of horse and foot were stationed round the spot, while a dense
+multitude crowded the neighboring avenues, and many a serious
+countenance looked down from the windows and the roofs of houses.  No
+shouts of insult met the unhappy prince as he stepped on the stage of
+death, but perfect and solemn silence pervaded the closely-pressed
+throng, as well as the soldiers on duty.  Pity for the fallen monarch
+in his misfortunes, prevailed even with some who had condemned his
+unconstitutional and arbitrary course; so completely do the gentler
+feelings of our nature at such times master the conclusions at which
+the judgment has before arrived.  Nor should it be forgotten, that very
+many there, who had regarded with alarm and indignation not a few of
+the acts which Charles had performed, shrank from the thought of the
+penalty to which he was doomed, as too severe, or decidedly impolitic.
+Others, also, were present, royalists in heart, whatever might be their
+caution at such a time in avowing their principles.  It was the king's
+wish to address the multitude; but not being able to make himself heard
+so far, he delivered a speech to those who were near him, in which he
+expressed his forgiveness of his enemies, and then proceeded to
+maintain those high notions of kingly power which had proved his ruin.
+At the suggestion of the bishop, he closed by declaring, "I die a
+Christian, according to the profession of the Church of England, as I
+found it left me by my father.  I have on my side a good cause and a
+gracious God."  "There is but one stage more," said Juxon: "it is
+turbulent and troublesome, but a short one.  It will carry you from
+earth to heaven, and there you will find joy and comfort."  "I go," he
+said, "from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown."  "You exchange,"
+rejoined the bishop, "an earthly for an eternal crown--a good
+exchange."  Taking off his cloak, he gave the insignia of the order of
+the garter to the prelate, adding significantly, "Remember!" then
+kneeling down by the block, his head was severed from his body at a
+blow.  Philip Henry, son of the old Whitehall servant, witnessed that
+mournful tragedy.  "There he was," says his son Matthew, "when the king
+was beheaded, and with a very heavy heart saw that tragical blow given.
+Two things he used to relate, that he took notice of himself that day,
+which I know not if any historians mention.  One was, that at the
+instant the blow was given, there was such a dismal universal groan
+among the thousands of people that were within sight of it, as it were
+with one consent, such as he had never heard before, and desired that
+he might never hear the like again, nor see such cause for it.  The
+other was, that immediately after the stroke was struck, there was,
+according to order, one troop marching from Charing Cross towards
+King-street, and another from King-street towards Charing Cross,
+purposely to disperse and scatter the people, and to divert the dismal
+thoughts with which they could not but be filled, by driving them to
+shift every one for his own safety."
+
+A commonwealth was established, and London submitted in form, if not in
+heart, to the victorious Cromwell.  Returning from Worcester, where he
+fought his last great battle, he entered the city in triumph; speaker
+and parliament, lord president and council of state, mayor, sheriff,
+and corporation, with an innumerable multitude, rending the air with
+their shouts, accompanied by cannon salutes; in the midst of which,
+says Whitelock, "he carried himself with much affability, and now and
+afterwards, in all his discourses about Worcester, would seldom mention
+anything of himself, mentioned others only, and gave, as was due, the
+glory of the action to God."
+
+When the commonwealth had lasted four years, the government was changed
+into the form of a protectorate, and Cromwell was installed lord
+protector.  Of all the grand ceremonials that have taken place in
+London or Westminster, this was among the most remarkable, and
+certainly quite unique.  The coronation of princes within the walls of
+St. Peter's Abbey has been of frequent occurrence; but the installation
+of the chief of the English republic was without precedent, and without
+imitation.  On the 16th of December, 1653, soon after noon, Cromwell
+proceeded in his carriage to Westminster Hall, through lines of
+military, both horse and foot.  The aldermen of London, the judges, two
+commissioners of the great seal, and the lord mayor, went before, and
+the two councils of state, with the army, followed.  Entering the Court
+of Chancery, Cromwell, attired in a suit and cloak of black velvet,
+with long boots and a gold-banded hat, was conducted to a chair of
+state, placed on a rich carpet.  He took his place before the chair,
+between the commissioners; the judges formed a circle behind, the
+civilians standing on the right, the military on the left.  The clerk
+of the council read the instrument of government, consisting of
+forty-two articles, which the lord protector, raising his right hand to
+heaven, solemnly swore to maintain and observe.  General Lamberth,
+falling on his knees, offered him a civic sword in a scabbard, which he
+received, putting aside his military weapon, to indicate that he
+intended to govern by law and not by force.  Seating himself in the
+chair, he put on his hat, the rest remaining uncovered; then, receiving
+the seal from the commissioners, and the sword from the lord mayor of
+London, he immediately returned them to the same officers, and at the
+close of this ceremony proceeded again to the palace at Whitehall.  He
+was soon afterwards invited by the city to dine at Guildhall, where he
+was received with as much honor as had been formerly paid to
+sovereigns, the companies in their stands lining the streets through
+which he passed, attended by the lord mayor and aldermen on horseback.
+After the protector had been sumptuously entertained, he conferred the
+honor of knighthood on the chief magistrate of the city.  Standing in
+the Painted Chamber at Westminster, with his first parliament before
+him, he alludes with special satisfaction to this city visit.  "I would
+not forget," he says, "the honorable and civil entertainment I found in
+the great city of London.  Truly I do not think it folly to remember
+this; for it was very great and high, and very public, and included as
+numerous a body of those that are known by names and titles, the
+several corporations and societies of citizens in this city, as hath at
+any time been seen in England,--and not without some appearance of
+satisfaction also."  Cromwell returned the compliment paid him by the
+city, and invited the mayor and court of aldermen to dine with him.  A
+good understanding seems to have been maintained between the lord
+protector and the metropolitan authorities.  When plots were formed to
+take away his life, he called the corporation together, and gave them
+an extraordinary commission to preserve the peace, and invested them
+with the entire direction of the municipal militia.  He also relieved
+the citizens from some of their taxes, revived the artillery company,
+and granted a license for the free importation of four thousand
+chaldrons of coals from Newcastle for the use of the poor--measures
+which made his highness popular in London.
+
+"Subsequently to the annihilation of the royal authority, or between
+that and the protectorate, the city became the grand focus of the
+parliamentary government, as is abundantly testified by the numerous
+tracts and other records of the period.  Guildhall was a second House
+of Commons, an auxiliary senate, and the companies' halls the
+meeting-places of those branches of it denominated committees.  All the
+newspapers of the day abound with notices of the occupation of the
+companies' premises by their committees.  Goldsmiths' Hall was their
+bank, Haberdashers' Hall their court for adjustment of claims,
+Clothworkers' Hall for sequestration, and all the other halls of the
+great companies were offices for the transaction of other government
+business.  Weavers' Hall might properly be denominated the exchequer.
+From this place parliament was accustomed to issue bills, about and
+before 1652, in the nature of exchequer bills, and which were commonly
+known under the name of Weaver-Hall bills."--_Herbert's Hist. of Livery
+Companies_, vol. i.  During the melancholy time that the civil war
+raged in England, the London companies were much oppressed, and spoiled
+of their resources by the arbitrary exactions made by those in power;
+but they seem to have enjoyed a better condition under the
+protectorate, when a season of comparative rest and quietude returned.
+
+Cromwell's state residence in London was Whitehall.  With much less of
+splendor and show than had been exhibited by the former occupants of
+that palace, the protector maintained a degree of magnificence and
+dignity befitting the chief ruler of a great country.[1]  He had around
+him his court--composed of his family, some leading officers of the
+army, and a slight sprinkling of the nobility; but what interests
+posterity the most, it included Milton, Marvell, Waller, and Dryden.
+Foreign ambassadors and other distinguished personages were entertained
+at his table in sober state, the dinner being brought in by the
+gentlemen of his guard, clothed in gray coats, with black velvet
+collars and silver lace trimmings.  "His own diet was spare and not
+curious, except in public treatments, which were constantly given the
+Monday in every week to all the officers in the army not below a
+captain, when he used to dine with them.  A table was likewise spread
+every day of the week for such officers as should casually come to
+court.  Sometimes he would, for a frolic, before he had half dined,
+give order for the drum to beat, and call in his foot-guards, who were
+permitted to make booty of all they found on the table.  Sometimes he
+would be jocund with some of the nobility, and would tell them what
+company they had kept, when and where they had drunk the king's health
+and the royal family's, bidding them when they did it again to do it
+more privately; and this without any passion, and as festivous, droll
+discourse."[2]  In the neighboring parks, the protector was often seen
+taking the air in his sedan, on horseback, and in his coach.  On one
+occasion he turned coachman, with a rather disastrous result, which is
+amusingly told by Ludlow, whose genuine republicanism prejudiced him
+against Cromwell after he had assumed the supreme power.  "The duke of
+Holstein made Cromwell a present of a set of gray Friesland
+coach-horses, with which taking the air in the park, attended only by
+his secretary Thurloe and a guard of janizaries, he would needs take
+the place of the coachman, not doubting but the three pair of horses he
+was about to drive would prove as tame as the three nations which were
+ridden by him, and, therefore, not content with their ordinary pace, he
+lashed them very furiously; but they, unaccustomed to such a rough
+driver, ran away in a rage, and stopped not till they had thrown him
+out of the box, with which fall his pistol fired in his pocket, though
+without any hurt to himself: by which he might have been instructed how
+dangerous it was to meddle with those things wherein he had no
+experience."  In connection with these anecdotes of Cromwell may be
+introduced an extract from the Moderate Intelligencer, illustrative of
+the public amusements in London at that time:--
+
+"Hyde Park, May 1, 1654.--This day there was a hurling of a great ball
+by fifty Cornish gentlemen of the one side, and fifty on the other; one
+party played in red caps and the other in white.  There was present,
+his highness the lord protector, many of his privy council, and divers
+eminent gentlemen, to whose view was presented great agility of body,
+and most neat and exquisite wrestling, at every meeting of one with
+another, which was ordered with such dexterity, that it was to show
+more the strength, vigor, and nimbleness of their bodies, than to
+endanger their persons.  The ball they played withal was silver, and
+was designed for that party which did win the goal."  Coach-racing was
+another amusement of the period, perhaps something of an imitation of
+the old chariot races; races on foot were also run.
+
+The author of a book entitled, "A Character of England, as it was
+lately presented to a Nobleman of France," published in 1659, further
+describes Hyde Park in the manner following: "I did frequently in the
+spring accompany my lord N---- into a field near the town, which they
+call Hide Park; the place not unpleasant, and which they use as our
+course, but with nothing of that order, equipage, and splendor, being
+such an assembly of wretched jades and hackney coaches, as, next a
+regiment of carmen, there is nothing approaches the resemblance.  The
+park was, it seems, used by the late king and nobility for the
+freshness of the air and the goodly prospect; but it is that which now
+(besides all other exercises) they pay for here, in England, though it
+be free in all the world besides, every coach and horse which enters
+buying his mouthful, and permission of the publican who has purchased
+it, for which the entrance is guarded with porters and long staves."
+
+During the commonwealth, what may be called a drab-colored tint
+pervaded London life, absorbing the rich many-colored hues which
+sparkle in the early picturesque history of the old metropolis.  The
+pageantries of the Tudors and Stuarts were at an end; civic processions
+lost much of their glory; maskings and mummings were expelled from the
+inns of court; May-day became as prosaic as other days; Christmas was
+stripped of its holly decorations, and shorn from its holiday revels.
+The companies' halls were divested of royal arms, and the churches
+purified from images and popish adornments.  But the preceding
+particulars show that the tinge of the times was not quite so drab as
+it seems on the pages of some partial and prejudiced writers.  London
+had not the sepulchral look, and commonwealthmen had not the
+funeral-like aspect commonly attributed to them.  They had, as we have
+seen, their cheerfulness and festivity, their banquets, recreations,
+and amusements; and, no doubt, in the mansions and houses of the city
+folk, both Presbyterian and Independent, there was comfort and taste,
+and pleasure, far different from what would be inferred from the
+accounts of them given by some, as if they were all starched
+precisians, a formal and woe-begone race.  There was a dash of humor in
+Cromwell, to many about him quite inconsistent with that lugubriousness
+so often described as the characteristic of the times.  With the
+suppression of the rude, boisterous, profligate, and vicious amusements
+of earlier times, there was certainly an improvement of the morals of
+the people.  London was purified from a good deal of pollution by the
+change.  The order, sobriety, and good behavior of the London citizens,
+during the period that regular government existed under Cromwell,
+appear in pleasing contrast to the confusion and riots of earlier
+times.  There was a general diffusion of religious instruction, an
+earnestness in preaching, and an example of reverence for religion,
+exhibited by those in authority, which could not but operate
+beneficially.  No doubt in London, as elsewhere, there were formalism
+and hypocrisy; the length of religious services had sometimes an
+unfavorable influence upon the young; severity and force, too, were
+unjustifiably employed in controlling public manners; but when all
+these drawbacks are made, and every other which historical impartiality
+may demand, there remains in the condition of London in those times, a
+large amount of genuine virtue and religion.
+
+The night of the 2d of September, 1658, was one of the stormiest ever
+known.  The wind blew a hurricane, and swept with resistless violence
+over city and country; many a house that night was damaged, chimneys
+being thrown down, tiles torn off, and even roofs carried away.  Old
+trees in Hyde Park and elsewhere were wrenched from the soil.  Cromwell
+was lying that night on his death-bed, and the Londoners' attention was
+divided between the phenomena of the weather, and the great event
+impending in the history of the commonwealth.  The royalists said that
+evil angels were gathering in the storm round Whitehall, to seize on
+the departing spirit of the usurper; his friends interpreted it as a
+warning in providence of the loss the country was about to sustain.
+Amidst the storm and the two interpretations of it, both equally
+presumptuous, Cromwell lay in the arms of death, breathing out a
+prayer, which, whatever men may think of the character of him who
+uttered it, will be read with deep interest by all: "Lord, though a
+miserable and wretched creature, I am in covenant with thee, through
+thy grace, and may and will come to thee for thy people.  Thou hast
+made me a mean instrument to do them some good and thee service.  Many
+of them set too high a value upon me, though others would be glad of my
+death.  Lord, however thou disposest of me, continue and go on to do
+good for them.  Teach those who look too much upon thy instruments to
+depend more upon thyself, and pardon such as desire to trample upon the
+dust of a poor worm, for they are thy people too."
+
+Cromwell was not by any means given to excessive state and ceremony,
+but after his death his friends evinced their fondness for it by the
+singularly pompous funeral which they appointed for him.  Somerset
+House was selected as the scene of the lying in state, and thither the
+whole city flocked to witness the spectacle of gorgeous gloom.  They
+passed through three ante-chambers, hung with mourning, to the funeral
+apartment.  A bed of state covered the coffin, upon which, surrounded
+by wax lights, lay Cromwell's effigy, attired in royal robes.  Pieces
+of his armor were arranged on each side, together with the symbols of
+majesty, the globe and sceptre.  Behind the head an imperial crown was
+exhibited on a chair of state.  Strikingly did the whole portray the
+fleeting and evanescent character of earthly pomp and power.  It being
+found necessary to inter the body before the conclusion of the public
+funereal pageant, the effigy was removed to another room, and placed in
+an erect instead of a recumbent position, with the emblems of kingship
+in its hands, and the crown royal on its head.  This exhibition
+continued for eight days, at the conclusion of which period there was a
+solemn procession to Westminster Abbey.  The streets were lined with
+military, and the principal functionaries of the city of London, the
+officers of the army, the ministers of state, the foreign ambassadors,
+and some members of Cromwell's family, composed the cortege, which
+conducted the funeral car bearing the effigy to the place where the
+body was interred.
+
+The city of London acknowledged Richard Cromwell as lord high protector
+on his father's death.  Probably an address of congratulation from the
+metropolis on the event of his accession, was included among the
+contents of the old trunks, filled with such documents, to which
+Richard humorously referred when his short career of rulership reached
+its close.  "Take particular care of these trunks," he said to his
+servant, when giving some directions about them; "they contain no less
+than the lives and fortunes of all the good people of England."  The
+corporation of London having played a conspicuous part in all the
+changes of those changeful times, was particularly consulted by the
+parties who seized the reins of government when they had fallen from
+the hands of Oliver, and could not be held by his incompetent son.  So
+cordial seemed the understanding between the city magistrates and the
+ruling authorities--consisting of the rump parliament, the council of
+state, and the officers of the army--that an entertainment was given to
+the latter at Grocers' Hall, on the 6th of October, 1659, by the lord
+mayor and corporation, to celebrate Lambert's victory over Sir George
+Booth, who had raised an insurrection in the west of England.  At these
+festivities there was, on the part of the city, more of the semblance
+than the reality of friendship; for in the disjointed state of public
+affairs, and the manifest impotence of those who had undertaken to
+rule, London shared the general sentiments of dissatisfaction and
+alarm.  It was felt that the parliament was but a name, and the
+re-establishment of a military despotism by the army was the object of
+apprehension.  In the disagreement between parliament and army the city
+wished to stand neutral, though the apprentices rose in riotous
+opposition to the committee of safety, which was formed of republican
+officers.  The feelings of this youthful part of the community were
+sympathized in by many others, though they prudently desired to avoid
+any infraction of the public peace.  A general wish pervaded the city
+that a free parliament might be called; and when the rump parliament
+required the collection of the taxes, the citizens refused the impost,
+and objected to the power which had levied it.  General Monk was
+ordered to march on the refractory citizens, which he did.  He
+forthwith stationed guards at the gates of the city, and then broke
+them down, destroying the portcullises and removing the posts and
+chains.  While Monk was thus chastising the Londoners, he fell out with
+the parliament, in whose service he professed to act, and at once
+changing sides, sought the forgiveness of the city for his deeds of
+violence, which, as he alleged, had been done, not from his own
+inclination, but at the command of the parliament.  Mutual engagements
+and promises were now exchanged between the general and the citizens.
+Posts, gates, chains, portcullises, were replaced and repaired; and the
+corporation being let into the secret of Monk's design to promote the
+restoration of the monarchy, cordially acquiesced in the object.  When
+messengers from Charles, who was at Breda, reached the city, they were
+joyfully welcomed, and L10,000 was voted out of the civic coffers to
+assist his majesty.  While preparations for the king's return were
+proceeding prosperously, a solemn thanksgiving-day was held on the 10th
+of May, 1660, on which occasion the lord mayor and aldermen and the
+several companies assembled at St. Paul's Cathedral, when the good
+Richard Baxter preached to them on "Right Rejoicing: or, The Nature and
+Order of rational and warrantable Joy."  Feeling deeply as he did for
+the political welfare of the city and the country, and deeming the
+restoration of the monarch conducive to that end, yet the preacher,
+filled as he was with love to souls and zeal for God, would not let the
+occasion pass without wholly devoting it to the highest ends of the
+Christian ministry.  It was his compassion, he says, to the frantic
+merry world, and to the self-troubling melancholy Christian, and his
+desire methodically to help them in their rejoicing, which formed his
+exhortation, and prompted the selection of his subject.  No doubt men
+of all kinds thronged old St. Paul's to hear the Puritan preach on the
+king's return; and on reading over his wonderfully earnest and
+conscience-searching sermon, one cannot help feeling how many there
+must have been there to whom his warnings were as appropriate as they
+still are to multitudes in our own day, perhaps even to some person now
+perusing this sketch of the history of London.  "Were your joy," said
+he, "but reasonable, I would not discourage it.  But a madman's
+laughter is no very lovely spectacle to yourselves.  And I appeal to
+all the reason in the world, whether it be reasonable for a man to live
+in mirth that is yet unregenerate and under the curse and wrath of God,
+and can never say, in the midst of his greatest pomp and pleasure, that
+he is sure to be an hour out of hell, and may be sure he shall be there
+forever, if he die before he have a new, a holy, and a heavenly nature,
+though he should die with laughter in his face, or with a jest in his
+mouth, or in the boldest presumption that he shall be saved; yet, as
+sure as the word of God is true, he will find himself everlastingly
+undone, as soon as ever his soul is departed from his body, and he sees
+the things that he would not believe.  Sirs, is it rational to dance in
+Satan's fetters, at the brink of hell, when so many hundred diseases
+are all ready to mar the mirth, and snatch away the guilty soul, and
+cast it into endless desperation?  I exceedingly pity the ungodly in
+their unwarrantable melancholy griefs, and much more an ungodly man
+that is bleeding under the wounds of conscience.  But a man that is
+merry in the depth of misery is more to be pitied than he.  Methinks it
+is one of the most painful sights in all the world, to see a man ruffle
+it out in bravery, and spend his precious time in pleasure, and melt
+into sensual and foolish mirth, that is a stranger to God, and within a
+step of endless woe.  When I see their pomp, and feasting, and
+attendance, and hear their laughter and insipid jests, and the fiddlers
+at their doors or tables, and all things carried as if they made sure
+of heaven, it saddeneth my heart to think, alas! how little do these
+sinners know the state that they are in, the God that now beholdeth
+them, the change that they are near.  How little do they think of the
+flames that they are hastening to, and the outcries and lamentations
+that will next ensue."  Baxter knew that he would have, in all
+probability, many a light and careless mortal to hear him at St. Paul's
+that day, whose every thought and feeling would be engrossed in the
+anticipation of the gayeties that were about to return and supersede
+the strictness of Puritan times; he anticipated the presence of men
+who, like moths round a candle, were darting about in false security on
+the borders of everlasting fire, and thus he sent the arrows of his
+powerful eloquence direct at their consciences.  Imagination can
+scarcely refrain from picturing some dissipated merry-maker arrested by
+such appeals, trembling under such tremendous and startling truths,
+quailing with terror, pale with anguish, melted into repentance,
+fleeing to the Saviour for mercy, and going home to pour forth in
+secret tears and prayers before God.
+
+On the 26th of May, King Charles II. landed at Dover, and on the 29th
+entered the metropolis.  He was met by the corporation in St. George's
+fields, Southwark, where a grand tent had been fitted up for receiving
+him.  A sumptuous collation was ready, and the lord mayor waited to
+place in the hands of the monarch the city sword.  Arrived and welcomed
+by his subjects, Charles conferred the honor of knighthood on the chief
+magistrate, and then proceeded to London, amidst a display of rejoicing
+such as brought back the remembrance of other days.  The streets were
+lined with the companies and train bands; the houses were adorned with
+tapestries and silks; windows, balconies, roofs, and scaffolds, were
+crowded with spectators; and the conduits ran with delicious wines.
+The procession was formed of a troop of gentlemen, arrayed in cloth of
+silver; two hundred gentlemen in velvet coats, with footmen in purple
+liveries; another troop in buff coats and green scarfs; two hundred in
+blue and silver, with footmen in sea-green and silver; two hundred and
+twenty, with thirty footmen in gray and silver, and four trumpeters;
+one hundred and five, with six trumpets; seventy, with five trumpets;
+two troops of three hundred, and one of one hundred, all mounted and
+richly habited.  Then followed his majesty's arms, carried by two
+trumpeters, together with the sheriff's men and six hundred members of
+the companies on horseback, in black velvet coats and gold chains.
+Kettle-drums and trumpets, twelve ministers at the head of the
+life-guards, the city marshal, sheriffs, aldermen, all in rich
+trappings, the lord mayor, and last of all, the king, riding between
+the Dukes of York and Gloucester.  The rear of the procession was
+composed of military.  An entertainment at Guildhall followed, on the
+5th of July.  Nothing could exceed the rapture of the old royalist
+party in London.  Cavaliers and their followers, restrained by the
+regulations and example of the governing powers during the
+commonwealth, and now freed from all restriction on their indulgence,
+were loud and extravagant in their demonstrations of joy.  London was
+transformed into a scene of carnival-like festivity.  There were
+bonfires and the roasting of oxen, while the rumps of beef divided
+among hungry citizens suggested many a joke on the rump parliament.
+Revelry and intemperance were the order of the day.  The taverns rang
+with the roundelay of the licentious and intemperate--"The king shall
+enjoy his own again."  At night, the riotous amusement continued,
+amidst illumination of the most brilliant kind which at that time could
+be supplied.  The whole was a fitting prelude to the reign that
+followed, and an affecting commentary on the moving exhortations of
+Baxter, to which we have before referred.
+
+A band of wild and crazy enthusiasts, denominated Fifth Monarchy men,
+troubled the peace of the city in the beginning of the following year.
+Led on by a fanatic named Venner, they insisted on the overthrow of
+King Charles, and the establishment of the reign of King Jesus.  Though
+only between sixty and seventy in number, they were so feebly opposed
+by the authorities who had the safety of the city intrusted to them,
+that they marched from street to street, bearing down their opponents,
+and engaging in successful skirmishes, both with train-bands and
+horse-guards.  For two days this handful of misguided men kept up their
+insurrection, and at last intrenched themselves in an ale-house in
+Cripplegate, where, after severe fighting, the remnant of them were
+captured.  About twenty persons were killed on each side during the
+whole fray, and eleven of the rebels were afterwards executed.  Soon
+after this, on the 23d of April, the coronation took place, which
+occasioned another gala day for the citizens, who now, in addition to
+other demonstrations of joy, erected four triumphal arches--the first
+in Leadenhall-street, representing his majesty's arrival; the second in
+Cornhill, forming a naval representation; the third in Cheapside, in
+honor of Concord; and the fourth in Fleet-street, symbolical of Plenty.
+
+The old national amusements were revived in London on the restoration.
+May-day and Christmas resumed their former appearance.  The May-pole in
+the Strand was erected in 1661.  The theatres were re-opened, pouring
+forth a flood of licentiousness.  The love of show and decoration was
+cherished afresh.  Dresses and equipages shone in more than their
+ancient splendor.  In 1661, it was thought necessary to repress the
+gilding of coaches and chariots, because of the great waste and expense
+of gold in their adorning.
+
+London also witnessed other accompaniments of the restoration.  The
+regicide trials took place soon after the king's return, and could not
+fail deeply to interest, in one way or the other, the mass of the
+citizens, many of them personally acquainted with the parties, and
+perhaps abettors of the acts for which they were now arraigned.
+Charing Cross was the scene of the execution of Harrison, Scrope,
+Jones, Hugh Peters, and others.  The spirit in which they met their
+deaths was very extraordinary.  "If I had ten thousand lives," said
+Scrope, "I could freely and cheerfully lay them down all to witness in
+this matter."  Jones, the night before he died, told a friend that he
+had no other temptation but this, lest he should be too much
+transported, and carried out to neglect and slight his life, so greatly
+was he satisfied to die in that cause.  Peters, whom Burke styles "a
+poor good man," said, as he was going to die, "What, flesh, art thou
+unwilling to go to God through the fire and jaws of death?  This is a
+good day; He is come that I have long looked for, and I shall be with
+him in glory; and so he smiled when he went away."  Others were
+executed at Tyburn; and there, too, the bodies of the protector Oliver
+Cromwell, Treton, and Bradshaw, were ignominiously exposed on a gibbet,
+having been dug out of their tombs in Westminster Abbey.
+
+
+
+[1] He loved paintings and music, and encouraged proficients in elegant
+art.  "I ventured," says Evelyn, in 1656, "to go to Whitehall, where of
+many years I have not been, and found it very glorious and well
+furnished."
+
+[2] Perfect Politician, quoted in "London," vol. i, p. 360.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE PLAGUE YEAR IN LONDON.
+
+Terrific pestilence had often visited London, and swept into the
+eternal world multitudes of victims; but no calamity of this kind that
+ever befel the inhabitants can be compared with the awful visitation of
+the great plague year.  It broke out in Drury-lane, in the month of
+December, 1664.  For some time it had been raging in Holland, and
+apprehensions of its approach to the shores of England had for months
+agitated the minds of the people.  Remarkable appearances in the
+heavens were construed into Divine warnings of some impending
+catastrophe; and the common belief in astrology led many, in the
+excited state of feeling, to listen to the prognostications that issued
+from the press, in almanacs and other publications of the day.  Defoe,
+in his remarkable history of the plague, which, though in its form
+fictitious, is doubtless in substance a credible narrative, describes a
+man who, like Jonah, went through the streets, crying, "Yet forty days,
+and London shall be destroyed."  Another ran about, having only some
+slight clothing round his waist, exclaiming, with a voice and
+countenance full of horror, "O, the great and dreadful God!"  Yet the
+forebodings which were excited by reports from the continent, the
+traditions of former visitations of pestilences, the actual breaking
+out of the disease in a few instances, together with the superstitious
+aggravations just noticed, only shadowed forth, in light pale hues, the
+dark and intensely gloomy colors of the desolating providence which the
+sovereign Ruler of all events brought over the city of London.
+Head-ache, fever, a burning in the stomach, dimness of sight, and livid
+spots on the chest, were symptoms of the fatal disorder.  These signs
+became more numerous as the months of the year 1665 advanced; yet the
+cases of plague were comparatively few till the month of June.  "June
+the 7th," says an observant writer of that period in his diary, "the
+hottest day that ever I felt in my life.  This day, much against my
+will, I did see in Drury-lane two or three houses marked with a red
+cross upon the doors, and 'Lord, have mercy upon us!' writ there, which
+was a sad sight to me, being the first of that kind that to my
+remembrance I ever saw."  Again, on the 17th of June: "It struck me
+very deep this afternoon, going with a hackney coach down Holborn from
+the lord treasurer's, the coachman I found to drive easily, and easily,
+at last stood still, and came down hardly able to stand, and told me he
+was suddenly struck very sick, and almost blind he could not see; so I
+light, and went into another coach, with a sad heart for the poor man,
+and myself also, lest he should have been struck with the plague."
+This description of the first sight of the marked door, and the coach
+going more and more easily till it stood still, with its plague-struck
+driver, places the reader in the midst of the scene of disease and
+sorrow, awakening sympathetic emotions with those sufferers in a now
+distant age.
+
+The alarm increased as the deaths multiplied, and people began to pack
+up and leave London with all possible haste.  The court and the
+nobility removed to a distance, and so also did vast numbers beside who
+had the means of doing so, and were not confined by business; yet the
+general terror was so great throughout the kingdom that friends were
+sometimes far from being welcomed by those whom they visited.  "It is
+scarcely possible," says Baxter, "for people who live in a time of
+health and security to apprehend the dreadful nature of that
+pestilence.  How fearful people were thirty or forty, if not a hundred
+miles from London, of anything they brought from mercers' or drapers'
+shops, or of goods that were brought to them, or of any persons who
+came to their houses.  How they would shut their doors against their
+friends; and if a man passed over the fields, how one would avoid
+another, how every man was a terror to another.  O, how sinfully
+unthankful are we for our quiet societies, habitations, and health!"
+But the bulk of the people, of course, were compelled to remain in the
+city, and, pent up in dirty, close, unventilated habitations, while the
+weather was burning hot, were exposed to the unmitigated fury of the
+contagion.  The weekly bills of mortality rose from hundreds to
+thousands, till, in the month of September, the disease reached its
+height, and no less than ten thousand souls were hurried into eternity.
+The operations of business were of course checked, and in many cases
+entirely suspended by the terrific progress of the calamity.  Several
+shops were closed in every street; dwellings were often left empty, the
+inmates having been smitten or driven away by the fatal scourge.  Some
+of the public thoroughfares were nearly deserted.  The markets being
+removed beyond the city walls, to prevent the people as much as
+possible from coming together in masses; the erection of houses also
+being unnecessary, and therefore discontinued for a while--carts and
+wagons, laden with provision, or with building materials, no longer
+frequented the highways, which, a few short months before, had been the
+scene of busy activity.  Coaches were seldom seen, except when parties
+were hurrying away from the city, or when some one, affected by the
+disorder, was being conveyed home, with the curtains of the vehicle
+closely drawn.  The grass growing in the streets, and the solemn
+stillness which pervaded many parts of the great city, in contrast with
+its previous state, are circumstances particularly mentioned in the
+descriptions of London in the plague year, and they powerfully serve to
+give the reader an affecting idea of the awful visitation.  Few
+passengers appeared, and those few hurried on, in manifest fear of each
+other, as if each was carrying to his neighbor the summons of death.[1]
+The daughters of music were brought low; the din of business, and the
+murmur of pleasant talk, and the London cries were silenced.  The
+shrieks, however, of sufferers in agony, or of maniacs driven mad by
+disease, broke on the awful quietude.  People might be heard crying out
+of the windows for some to help them in their anguish--to assuage the
+burning fever, or to carry their dead away.  Occasionally, some rushed
+towards the Thames, with bitter cries, to seek relief from their
+torments by suicide.  The Rev. Thomas Vincent, who was residing in
+London at the time, describes some touching examples of sorrow, which
+were only specimens of what prevailed to an indescribable extent.
+"Amongst other sad spectacles," he says, "two, methought, were very
+affecting; one of a woman coming alone, and weeping by the door where I
+lived, (which was in the midst of the infection,) with _a little coffin
+under her arm_, carrying it to the new churchyard.  I did judge that it
+was the mother of the child, and that all the family besides were dead,
+and that she was forced to coffin up and to bury with her own hands
+this her last dead child!"  The second case to which this writer
+alludes is even more terrible than that now given, but out of regard to
+our readers' feelings we refrain from quoting it.  A passenger, the
+same eye-witness adds, could hardly go out without meeting coffins; and
+Defoe gives us a picture, as graphic as it is awful, of the mode of
+sepulture adopted when the plague was at its height.  He informs us
+that a great pit was dug in the churchyard of Aldgate parish, from
+fifteen to sixteen feet broad, and twenty feet deep; at night, the
+victims carried off in the day by death were brought in carts by
+torchlight to this receptacle, the bellman accompanying them, and
+calling on the inhabitants as they passed along to bring out their
+dead.  Sixteen or seventeen bodies, naked, or wrapped in sheets or
+rags, were thrown into one cart, and then huddled together into the
+common grave.
+
+The king of terrors sweeping into the eternal world so many thousands,
+is a picture which must excite in the mind of the Christian solemn
+emotions.  It is pleasing, however, to learn from Vincent how
+tranquilly God's people departed in that season of Divine judgment.
+"They died with such comfort as Christians do not ordinarily arrive
+unto, except when they are called forth to suffer martyrdom for the
+testimony of Jesus Christ.  Some who have been full of doubts, and
+fears, and complaints, whilst they have lived and been well, have been
+filled with assurance, and comfort, and praise, and joyful expectations
+of glory, when they have been laid on their death-beds by this disease;
+and not only more growing Christians, who have been more ripe for
+glory, have had their comforts, but also some younger Christians, whose
+acquaintance with the Lord hath been of no long standing."  There were
+persons, however, who had lived through a course of profligacy, who, so
+far from being led to repentance by the awful dispensation they
+witnessed, only plunged into deeper excesses, driving away care by riot
+and intemperance, or availing themselves of the confusion of the times
+to commit robbery.  The immorality, daring presumption, and reckless
+wickedness of a portion of the people during the London plague, as in
+the plague at Florence in 1348, and the plague at Athens, described by
+Thucydides, prove the depravity of the human heart, and the inefficacy
+of afflictions or judgments, if unaccompanied by Divine grace, to melt
+or change it.  We learn, however, that by the preaching of the gospel
+some were graciously renewed and saved.  Baxter informs us, that
+"abundance were converted from their carelessness, impenitency, and
+youthful lusts and vanities, and religion took such a hold on many
+hearts as could never afterwards be loosed."  The parish churches were
+in several instances forsaken by their occupants, but many godly men
+who had been ejected by the Uniformity Act, now came forward, with
+their characteristic disinterestedness and zeal, to supply their
+brethren's lack of service.  Vincent, already mentioned, with Clarkson,
+Cradock, and Terry, distinguished themselves by holy efforts for the
+conversion of sinners at that dreadful time.  A broad sheet exists in
+the British Museum, containing "short instructions for the sick,
+especially those who, by contagion, or otherwise, are deprived of the
+presence of a faithful pastor, by Richard Baxter, written in the great
+plague year, 1665."  Preaching was the principal method of doing good.
+Large congregations assembled to hear the man of God faithfully
+proclaim his message.  The imagination readily restores the timeworn
+Gothic structure in the narrow street--the people coming along in
+groups--the crowded church doors, and the broad aisles, as well as the
+oaken pews and benches, filled with one dense mass--the anxious
+countenances looking up at the pulpit--the divine, in his plain black
+gown and cap--the reading of the Scriptures--the solemn prayer--the
+sermon, quaint indeed, but full of point and earnestness, and
+possessing that prime quality, adaptation--the thrilling appeals at the
+close of each division of the discourse--the breathless silence, broken
+now and then by half-suppressed sobs and lamentations--the hymn,
+swelling in dirge-like notes--and the benediction, which each would
+regard as possibly a dismissal to eternity; for who but must have felt
+his exposure to the infection while sitting amidst that promiscuous
+audience?  It is at times like these that the worth of the soul is
+appreciated, and a saving interest in Christ perceived to be more
+valuable than all the accumulated treasures of earth.  So far as their
+health was concerned, the prudence of the people in congregating
+together in such crowds, at such a season, has been often and fairly
+questioned; yet who that looks at the imminent spiritual peril in which
+multitudes were placed, but must commend the religious concern which
+they manifested; and who that takes into account the peculiar
+circumstances of the preachers, laboring without emolument at the
+hazard of their lives, but must applaud their apostolic
+zeal?--_Spiritual Heroes_, p. 289.
+
+The plague reached its height in September--during one night of that
+month ten thousand persons died.  After this the pestilence gradually
+diminished, and by the end of the year it had ceased.  The visitation
+has acquired additional interest for us of late from the occurrence of
+cholera to an alarming extent.  The former, like the latter, was
+increased by poverty and filth, and to a much greater degree; for,
+badly as houses have been ventilated, of late, and defective as may be
+our drainage, our fathers were incomparably worse off than we are in
+these respects.  Houses were crowded together, and left in a state of
+impurity which would shock the least delicate and refined of the
+present day.  There were scarcely any under sewers.  Ditches were the
+channels for carrying off refuse; and as supplements to these imperfect
+methods of cleansing a great city, there were public dunghills.  The
+effluvia from such sources was, indeed, humanly speaking, enough to
+cause a pestilence, and at the time of the plague must have been
+intolerable from the heat of the weather; while some means, also,
+adopted by the authorities for stopping the ravages of mortality, only
+promoted the evil--such as the shutting up of houses, and the kindling
+fires in the streets.  The state of the metropolis then, and even now,
+may be assigned as an auxiliary cause of the spread of plague and
+cholera; but it must be confessed, there lies at the bottom of these
+visitations much of mystery, inexplicable by reference to mere human
+agencies.  There is a power at work in the universe deeper far than any
+of those which our poor natural philosophy can detect.  Not that these
+extraordinary occurrences show us the presence of a Divine providence
+which does not operate at other, and at all times; not as if the
+mysterious agency of God were sometimes in action, and sometimes in
+repose; not as if the Almighty visited the earth yesterday, and left it
+to-day; not as if his kingly rule over the world were broken by
+interregnums;--by no means; still these events are like the lifting up
+of the veil of second causes, and the disclosure of depths of power
+down which mortals ought to look with reverence.  They suggest to the
+devout solemn views of nature and man--of life and death--of God ruling
+over all.  Loudly, also, do they remind us of the malignity of sin, and
+the evils which it has brought on a fallen world.  Happy is he who,
+amidst desolations such as we have now described, can, through a living
+faith in Christ, exclaim, "The Lord is my refuge and fortress: my God;
+in him will I trust.  Surely he shall deliver me from the snare of the
+fowler, and from the noisome pestilence."
+
+
+
+[1] Judge Whitelock came up to London from Buckingham to sit in
+Westminster Hall.  He reached Hyde Park Corner on the morning of the
+2d, "where he and his retinue dined on the ground, with such meat and
+drink as they brought in the coach with them, and afterwards he drove
+fast through the streets, which were empty of people and overgrown with
+grass, to Westminster Hall, where he adjourned the court, returned to
+his coach, and drove away presently out of town."--_Whitelock_, p. 2.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE FIRE OF LONDON.
+
+"One woe is past, another woe cometh quickly."  Just a year after the
+plague was at its height, the great fire of London occurred.  On
+Sunday, September 3d, 1666, soon after midnight, the house of Farryner
+the king's baker, near London-bridge, was discovered to be in flames.
+Before breakfast time no less than three hundred houses were consumed.
+Such a rapid conflagration struck dismay throughout the neighborhood,
+and unnerved those who, in the first instance, by prompt measures might
+have stayed the mischief.  Charles II., as soon as he heard of what had
+happened, displayed a decision, firmness, and humanity, which relieve,
+in some degree, the dark shades Of his character and life; and gave
+orders to pull down the houses in the vicinity of the fire.  Soon
+afterwards he hastened to the scene of danger, in company with his
+brother, the duke of York, using prudent measures to check the
+conflagration, to help the sufferers, and inspire confidence in the
+minds of the people.  But the lord mayor was like one distracted,
+uttering hopeless exclamations on receiving the royal message, blaming
+the people for not obeying him, and leaving the scene of peril to seek
+repose; while the inhabitants ran about raving in despair, and the
+fire, which no proper means were employed to quench, went on its own
+way, devouring house after house, and street after street.  By Monday
+night, the fire had reached to the west as far as the Middle Temple,
+and to the east as far as Tower-street.  Fleet-street, Old Bailey,
+Ludgate-hill, Warwick-lane, Newgate, Paul's-chain, Watling-street,
+Thames-street, and Billingsgate, were destroyed or still wrapped in
+flame.
+
+On Tuesday the fire reached the end of Fetter-lane and the entrance to
+Smithfield.  Around Cripplegate and the Tower, the devouring element
+violently raged, but in other directions it somewhat abated.  Engines
+had been employed in pulling down houses, but this process was too slow
+to overtake the mischief.  Gunpowder was then used to blow up
+buildings, so that large gaps were made, which cut off the edifices
+that were burning from those still untouched.  By these means, on the
+afternoon of Tuesday, the devastation was curbed.  The brick buildings
+of the Temple also checked its progress to the west.  Throughout
+Wednesday the efforts of the king and duke, and some of the lords of
+the council, were indefatigable.  Indeed, his majesty made the round of
+the fire twice a day, for many hours together, both on horseback and on
+foot, giving orders to the men who were pulling down houses, and
+repaying them on the spot for their toils out of a money-bag which he
+carried about with him.  On Thursday, the fire was thought to be quite
+extinguished, but in the evening it burst out afresh near the Temple.
+Renewed and vigorous efforts at that point, however, soon stayed its
+ravages, and in the course of a short time it was finally extinguished.
+
+The space covered with ruins was four hundred and thirty-six acres in
+extent.  The boundaries of the conflagration were Temple-bar,
+Holborn-bridge, Pye-corner, Smithfield, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, near
+the end of Coleman-street, at the end of Basinghall-street, by the
+postern at the upper end of Bishopsgate-street, in Leadenhall-street,
+by the Standard in Cornhill, at the church in Fenchurch-street, by the
+Clothworkers' Hall, at the middle of Mark-lane, and at the Tower-dock.
+While four hundred and thirty-six acres were covered with ruins, only
+seventy-five remained with the property upon it uninjured.  Four
+hundred streets, thirteen thousand houses, eighty-seven parish
+churches, and six chapels; St. Paul's Cathedral, the Royal Exchange and
+Custom House, Guildhall and Newgate, and fifty-two halls of livery
+companies, besides other public buildings, were swept away.  Eleven
+millions' value of property the fire consumed, but, through the mercy
+of God, only eight lives were lost.
+
+The rapid spread of the devastation may be easily accounted for in the
+absence of timely means to stop it.  The buildings were chiefly
+constructed of timber, and covered with thatch.  The materials were
+rendered even more than commonly combustible by a summer intensely hot
+and dry.  Many of the streets were so narrow that the houses facing
+each other almost touched at the top.  A strong east wind steadily blew
+for three days over the devoted spot, like the blast of a furnace, at
+once fanning the flame and scattering firebrands beyond it.  It was
+like a fire kindled in an old forest, feeding on all it touched,
+curling like a serpent round tree after tree, leaving ashes behind, and
+darting on with the speed of lightning to seize on the timber before.
+
+Into the origin of the calamity the strictest investigation was made.
+Some ascribed it to incendiaries.  Party spirit led to the accusation
+of the papists, as perpetrators of the deed.  One poor man was
+executed, on his own confession, of having a hand in it, but under
+circumstances which pretty clearly prove that he was a madman, and was
+really innocent of the crime of which, through a strange, but not
+incredible hallucination of mind, he feigned himself guilty.  Other
+persons ascribed it to what would commonly be called an accidental
+circumstance--a great stock of fagots in the baker's shop being
+kindled, and carelessly left to burn in close contiguity with stores of
+pitch and rosin.  Many considered that the providence of Almighty God,
+who works out his own wonderful purposes of judgment and mercy by means
+which men call accidental, overruled the circumstances out of which the
+fire arose, as a source of terrific chastisement for the sins of a
+wicked and godless population, who had hardened their necks against
+Divine reproof administered to them in another form so shortly before.
+A religious sentiment in reference to the visitation took possession of
+many minds, habitually undevout; and even Charles himself was heard, we
+are told by Clarendon, to "speak with great piety and devotion of the
+displeasure that God was provoked to."
+
+Eye-witnesses have left behind them graphic sketches of this spectacle
+of terror.  "The burning," says Vincent, in his tract called "God's
+Terrible Advice to the City by Plague and Fire,"--"the burning was in
+the fashion of a bow; a dreadful bow it was, such as mine eyes never
+before had seen--a bow which had God's arrow in it with a flaming
+point."  "The cloud of smoke was so great, that travelers did ride at
+noon-day some six miles together in the shadow of it, though there were
+no other clouds to be seen in the sky."  "The great fury of the fire
+was in the broader streets in the midst of the night; it was come down
+to Cornhill, and laid it in the dust, and runs along by the stocks, and
+there meets with another fire, which came down Threadneedle-street, a
+little farther with another which came up from Wallbrook, a little
+farther with another which came up from Bucklersbury, and all these
+four joining together break into one great flame, at the corner of
+Cheapside, with such a dazzling light and burning heat, and roaring
+noise by the fall of so many houses together, that was very amazing."
+One trembles at the thought of these blazing torrents rolling along the
+streets, and then uniting in a point, like the meeting of wild
+waters--floods of fire dashing into a common current.  Evelyn observes
+that the stones of St. Paul's Cathedral flew about like granadoes, and
+the melted lead ran down the pavements in a bright stream, "so that no
+horse or man was able to tread on them."  "I saw," he says in his
+Diary, "the whole south part of the city burning, from Cheapside to the
+Thames, and all along Cornhill, (for it likewise kindled back against
+the wind as well as forward,) Tower-street, Fenchurch-street,
+Gracechurch-street, and so along to Baynard's Castle, and was taking
+hold of St. Paul's Church, to which the scaffolds contributed
+exceedingly."  He saw the Thames covered with goods floating, all the
+barges and boats laden with such property as the inhabitants had time
+and courage to save; while on land the carts were carrying out
+furniture and other articles to the fields, which for many miles were
+strewed with movables of all sorts, and with tents erected to shelter
+the people.  "All the sky," he adds, "was of a fiery aspect, like the
+top of a burning oven, and the light seen for above forty miles around
+for many nights; the noise and cracking of the impetuous flames, the
+shrieking of women and children, the hurry of people, the fall of
+towers, houses, and churches, was like a hideous storm; and the air all
+about so hot and inflamed, that at last one was not able to approach
+it, so that they were forced to stand still, and let the flames burn
+on, which they did for nearly two miles in length and one in breadth.
+The clouds also of smoke were dismal, and reached upon computation
+nearly fifty miles in length."
+
+A great fire is a most sublime, as well as appalling spectacle, and
+generally presents some features of the picturesquely terrible.
+Guildhall, built of oak, too solid and old to blaze, became so much
+red-hot charcoal, as if it had been a palace of gold, or a building of
+burnished brass.  There were circumstances, too, connected with the
+destruction of magnificent edifices, full of a sort of poetical
+interest.  The flame inwrapped St. Paul's Cathedral, and rent in pieces
+the noble portico recently erected, splitting the stones into flakes,
+and leaving nothing entire but the inscription on the architrave,
+which, without one defaced letter, continued amidst the ruins to
+proclaim the builder's name.  In remarkable coincidence with this, at
+the same time that the fire entered the Royal Exchange, ran round the
+galleries, descended the stairs, compassed the walks, filled the
+courts, and rolled down the royal statues from their niches, the figure
+of the founder, Sir Thomas Gresham, was left unharmed, as if calmly
+surveying the destruction of his own munificent donation to the old
+city, and anticipating the certainty of the re-edification of that
+monument of his fame, as well as the revival of that commerce, in the
+history of which his own is involved.  As we think of this, we call to
+mind another interesting incident, which occurred when the building was
+burned down a second time in 1838.  Some readers, perhaps, will
+remember, that the bells in the tower rang out their last chime to the
+tune of "There's na' luck about the house," just as they were on the
+point of coming down with a tremendous crash; as though uttering
+swanlike notes in death.
+
+The area devastated by the fire may be estimated, if we fancy a line
+drawn from Temple Bar to the bottom of Holborn-hill, then through
+Smithfield across Aldersgate-street to the end of Coleman-street, then
+sweeping round by the end of Bishopsgate and Leadenhall-streets, and
+taking a curve till it touches the Tower, the river forming the
+southern boundary of this large space.  Within these limits, after the
+fire, there arose a new London, of nobler aspect, and formed for
+grander destinies than the old one, relieved by that very fire, under
+the blessing of Divine Providence, from liability to the recurrence of
+the dreadful plague, which had from time to time recruited its
+death-dealing energy from the filth of old crowded streets, with all
+their noxious exhalations.  If a panic seized the citizens when the
+first alarm of the conflagration spread among them, they redeemed their
+character by the self-possession and activity which they evinced in
+repairing the desolation.  Not desponding, but inspired with the hope
+of the future prosperity of their venerable city, they concurred with
+king and parliament in the zeal and diligence requisite for the
+emergency.  Scarcely were the flames extinguished, when they set to
+work planning the restoration.  "Everybody," observes Evelyn, "brings
+in his idea; amidst the rest, I presented his majesty my own
+conceptions, with a discourse annexed.  It was the second that was seen
+within two days after the conflagration, but Dr. Wren had got the start
+of me."  This Dr. Wren had been spoken of by the same writer, fourteen
+years before, as a miracle of a youth.  Having made wonderful
+attainments in science, he had devoted himself with enthusiasm to the
+study of architecture, and now, in the wide space in which at once a
+full-grown city was to appear, a field presented itself worthy of the
+exercise of the greatest powers of art--a field, indeed, which could
+rarely in the world's history be looked for.  Doubtless Wren's mind was
+all on fire with the grand occasion, and put forth all its marvelous
+ability to meet so unparalleled a crisis.  Before the architect's
+imagination there rose the view of a city, built with scientific
+proportions, with a broad street running in a perfect line from a
+magnificent piazza, placed where St. Dunstan's church stands, to
+another piazza on Tower-hill, with an intermediate piazza corresponding
+with these, from each of which streets should radiate.  Then, on the
+top of Ludgate-hill, over which the broad highway was to run, the new
+cathedral was to rise, in the midst of a wide open space, displaying to
+advantage its colossal form; and on its northern side there was to
+branch out, at a narrow angle with the other main thoroughfare, an
+avenue of like dimensions, leading to the Royal Exchange--the site, in
+fact, (but intended to cover a wider space,) of our present Cheapside.
+The Royal Exchange was to be an additional grand centre, adorned with
+piazzas, whence a third vast thoroughfare was to sweep along to
+Holborn.  All acute angles were to be avoided.  The great openings were
+to exhibit graceful curves, parochial edifices were to be conspicuous
+and insulated, the halls of the twelve great companies were to be
+ranged round Guildhall, and architecture was to do the utmost possible
+in every street.  A like vision dawned on the fancy of Sir John Evelyn,
+who in this respect was no unworthy compeer of Wren.  But, though the
+architect showed the practicability of the scheme, without any loss of
+the property, or infringement of the rights of the citizens, their
+obstinacy in not allowing the old foundations to be altered, and their
+determination not to give up the ground to commissioners for making out
+the new streets and sites of buildings, defeated the scheme; "and
+thus," writes Wren, (with a deep sigh one thinks he penned the words
+while his darling dream melted away,) "the opportunity, in a great
+degree, was lost, of making the new city the most magnificent, as well
+as commodious for health and trade, of any upon earth."  Sir
+Christopher Wren could do nothing as he wished.  The Monument was not
+what he meant it to be.  The churches were not placed as he would have
+had them, so as to exhibit to advantage their architectural character.
+Even St. Paul's was shorn of the glory with which it was enriched in
+the architect's mind.  It was narrowed and altered by incompetent
+judges, especially the Duke of York, who wished to preserve in it
+arrangements convenient for a popish cathedral, which he wildly hoped
+it would ultimately become.  When Wren was compelled to give way, he
+even shed tears in the bitterness of his disappointment and grief.  He
+finally had to do on a large scale, what common minds are ever doing in
+their little way--sacrifice some fondly cherished ideal to a stern
+necessity.
+
+But, crippled as his genius was by the untoward position in which he
+was placed, he accomplished marvelous works of art in the churches so
+numerous and varied, built from his designs, and especially in the
+grand cathedral, which rises above the rich group of towers, domes,
+steeples, and spires, with a lordly air.  It is related, in connection
+with the building of St. Dunstan's church in the east, the steeple of
+which is constructed upon quadrangular columns, that so anxious was he
+respecting the result, that he placed himself on London-bridge,
+watching through a lens the effect of removing the temporary
+supporters, by the aid of which the building was reared.  The ascent of
+a rocket proclaimed the stability of the structure, and Sir Christopher
+smiled at the thought of his having for a moment hesitated to trust to
+the certainty of mathematical calculations.  Informed one night
+afterwards, that a hurricane had damaged all the steeples in London, he
+remarked, "Not St. Dunstan's, I am quite sure."  St. Stephen's,
+Wallbrook, is  generally considered the _chef-d'oeuvre_ of Sir
+Christopher Wren.  "Had the materials and volume," to quote the opinion
+of two celebrated architects, "been so durable and extensive as those
+of St. Paul's Cathedral, he had consummated a much more efficient
+monument to his well-earned fame than that fabric affords."  But the
+beauty of the edifice is in the interior.  "Never was so sweet a kernel
+in so rough a shell--so rich a jewel in so poor a setting."  The cost
+of the fabric was only L7,652. 13_s._  (Cunninghame's Handbook of
+London.)
+
+The first stone of St. Paul's was laid on the 21st of June, 1675, by
+the architect; and he notices in his Parentalia a little circumstance
+connected with the preparations, which was construed by those present
+into a favorable omen, and which evidently interested and pleased his
+own mind.  When the centre of the dimensions of the great dome was
+fixed upon, a man was ordered to bring a flat stone from the heap of
+rubbish, to be laid as a mark for the masons.  The piece he happened to
+take up for the purpose was the fragment of a grave-stone, with nothing
+of the inscription left but the words, "_Resurgam_," "I shall rise
+again."  And, true enough, St. Paul's did rise again, with a splendor
+which posterity has ever admired.  It is, undoubtedly, the second
+church in Christendom of that style of architecture, St. Peter's at
+Rome being the first.  Inferior in point of dimensions, and sadly
+begrimed with smoke, in contrast with St. Peter's comparatively
+untarnished freshness--destitute, too, of its marble linings, gilded
+arches, and splendid mosaics'--it is, on the whole, as Eustace, a
+critic prejudiced on the side of Rome, acknowledged, a most extensive
+and stately edifice: "It fixes the eye of the spectator as he passes
+by, and challenges his admiration, and, even next to the Vatican,
+though by a long interval, it claims superiority over all the
+transalpine churches, and furnishes a just subject of national pride
+and exultation."  It was not until 1710 that the building was complete,
+when the architect's son laid the topmost stone on the lantern of the
+cupola.
+
+In the prospectus published by Evelyn for the rebuilding of London, he
+observed, that if the citizens were permitted to gratify their own
+fancies, "it might possibly become, indeed, a new, but a very ugly
+city, when all was done."  The citizens were permitted to have their
+own way, and the result was very much what he anticipated.  The old
+sites of streets and public buildings were, to a great extent, adopted.
+The former remained narrow, winding, inconvenient--indeed, more
+inconvenient than ever; for what might be borne with when even ladies
+of quality traveled on horseback, became scarcely endurable when
+lumbering coaches were all the fashion.  Churches and other edifices of
+importance were planted in inappropriate situations, and were blocked
+up by houses and shops.  In Chamberlayne's _Angliae Notitia_ for 1692,
+he laments that within the city the spacious houses of noblemen, rich
+merchants, the halls of companies, and the fair taverns, were hidden
+from strangers, the room towards the street being reserved for
+tradesmen's shops; but from his account and that of others, it appears
+plain enough that the men of that day felt that London, as rebuilt
+after the fire, was far superior to what it had been in the times of
+their fathers.  The old wooden lath and plaster dwellings gave place to
+more substantial habitations of brick and stone, and the public
+structures appeared to those who were contemporary with their erection,
+proud trophies of skill, art, and wealth.  "Notwithstanding," exclaims
+the author just noticed, "all these huge losses by fire,
+notwithstanding the most devouring pestilence in the year immediately
+foregoing, and the then very chargeable war against three potent
+neighbors, the citizens, recovering in a few months their native
+courage, have since so cheerfully and unanimously set themselves to
+rebuild the city, that, (not to mention whole streets built and now
+building by others in the suburbs,) within the space of four years,
+they erected in the same streets ten thousand houses, and laid out
+three millions sterling.  Besides several large hospitals, divers very
+stately halls, nineteen fair solid stone churches were all at the same
+time erecting, and soon afterwards finished, and now, in the year 1691,
+above twenty churches more, of various beautiful and solid architecture
+are rebuilt.  Moreover, as if the late fire had only purged the city,
+the buildings are becoming infinitely more beautiful."  The author
+speaks with immense satisfaction of the new houses, churches, and
+halls, richly-adorned shops, chambers, balconies, and portals, carved
+work in stone and wood, with pictures and wainscot, not only of fir and
+oak, but some with sweet-smelling cedar, the streets paved with stone
+and guarded with posts; and ends by observing, that though the king
+might not say he found London of brick and left it of marble, he could
+say, "I found it wood and left it brick."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+FROM THE RESTORATION OF THE CITY TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY.
+
+Great as was the consternation described in the foregoing chapter,
+scarcely less terror was produced in the minds of the citizens by the
+apprehension of a Dutch invasion about the same time.  In 1666, even
+before the fire, this feeling was excited.  The ships of France and
+Holland approached the Thames, and engaged with the English fleet.
+"After dinner," says Lady Warwick, whose entry in her journal, under
+date, July 29, brings the occurrence home to us--"after dinner came the
+news of hearing the guns that our fleet was engaged.  My head was much
+afflicted by the consideration of the blood that was spilt, and of the
+many souls that would launch into eternity."  There is a fine passage,
+descriptive of the excitement at this time, in Dryden's Essay on
+Poesie: "The noise of the cannon from both navies reached our ears
+about the city, so that men being alarmed with it, and in dreadful
+suspense of the event, which we knew was then deciding, every one went
+following the sound as his fancy led him, and leaving the town almost
+empty, some took towards the park, some cross the river, others down
+it, all seeking the noise in the depth of the silence.  Taking, then, a
+barge, which the servant of Lisidenis had provided for them, they made
+haste to shoot the bridge, and left behind them that great fall of
+waters, which hindered them from hearing what they desired; after
+which, having disengaged themselves from many vessels which rode in
+anchor in the Thames, and almost blocked up the passage to Greenwich,
+they ordered the watermen to let fall their oars more gently; and then
+every one favoring his own curiosity with a strict silence, it was not
+long ere they perceived the air breaking about them, like the noise of
+distant thunder, or of swallows in the chimney, those little
+undulations of sound, though almost vanishing before they reached them,
+yet still seeming to retain somewhat of their first horror, which they
+had betwixt the fleets.  After they had listened till such time as the
+sound, by little and little, went from them, Eugenius, lifting up his
+head, and taking notice of it, was the first who congratulated to the
+rest that happy omen of our nation's victory, adding, we had but this
+to desire in confirmation of it, that we might hear no more of that
+noise, which was now leaving the English coast."  This passage, which
+Montgomery eulogizes most warmly in his Lectures on English Poetry, as
+one of the most magnificent in our language, places before us, with
+graphic force, the state of curiosity, suspense, and solicitude, which
+was experienced by multitudes of citizens at the period referred to.
+
+In the following year, fresh excitement from the same source arose.
+The monarch was wasting upon his pleasures a considerable portion of
+the money which parliament had voted for the defence of the kingdom.
+The national exchequer was empty, and the credit of the navy
+commissioners gone.  No loans could be obtained, yet ready money was
+demanded by the laborers required in the dockyards, by the sailors who
+were wanted to man the vessels, and by the merchants from whose stores
+the fleet needed its provisions.  Not a gun was mounted in Tilbury
+Fort, nor a ship of war was in the river ready to oppose the enemy,
+while crowds thronged about the Admiralty, demanding their pay, and
+justly upbraiding the government.  The Dutch ships, under De Ruyter,
+entered the Thames, sailed up the Medway, and seized the Royal Charles,
+besides three first-rate English vessels.  One can easily conceive the
+second panic which this event must have produced among the citizens;
+nor is it difficult to imagine the suspension of business, the general
+exchange of hasty inquiries in that hour of terror, and the flocking of
+the people to the river-side to learn tidings of the fleet.  Though the
+Dutch ships, unable to do further mischief on that occasion, returned
+to join the rest of the naval force anchored off the Nore; yet the
+citizens could not be relieved from their anxiety by this circumstance,
+for they knew that the foe would remain hovering about their coasts,
+and they could not tell but that in some unlooked-for moment the
+invaders might approach the very walls of their city.  Some weeks of
+painful apprehension followed, and twice again did the admiral threaten
+to remount the Thames.  An engagement between the English squadron and
+a portion of the invading armament of Holland prevented the
+accomplishment of that design, and saved London for the present from
+further fear.
+
+Strong political excitement was produced in the city of London, at a
+later period of Charles II.'s reign, by another kind of invasion.  The
+monarch and court, finding themselves thwarted in their arbitrary
+system of government by the spirit of the citizens, who were jealous of
+their own liberties, ventured, in defiance of the national constitution
+and the charters of the city, to interfere in the municipal elections.
+They attempted to thrust on the people as sheriffs men whom they knew
+they could employ as tools for despotic purposes.  In 1681, a violent
+attempt of this sort was made, when the city returned in opposition to
+the wishes of king and court, two patriotic and popular men, Thomas
+Pilkington and Samuel Shaw.  The king could not conceal his chagrin at
+this election, and when invited to dine with the citizens, replied,
+"Mr. Recorder, an invitation from the lord mayor and the city is very
+acceptable to me, and to show that it is so, notwithstanding that it is
+brought by messengers so unwelcome to me as those two sheriffs are, yet
+I accept it."  Many of the citizens about the same time, influenced by
+fervent Protestant zeal, and by attachment to the civil and religious
+liberties of the country, were apprehensive of the consequences if the
+Duke of York, known to be a Roman Catholic, were allowed to ascend the
+British throne.  The anti-papal feelings of the nation had been
+increased by the belief of a deeply-laid popish plot, which the
+infamous Titus Oates pretended to reveal; and in London those
+sentiments had been rendered still more intense by the murder of Sir
+Edmondbury Godfery, the magistrate who received Oates's depositions.
+His death, over which a large amount of mystery still rests, was
+attributed to the revenge of the papists for the part he had taken in
+the prosecution against them.  The hatred of which, in general, Roman
+Catholics were the objects, centered on the prince, from whose
+succession to the crown the restoration of the old religion of the
+country was anticipated.  His name became odious, and it was difficult
+to shield it from popular indignity.  Some one cut and mangled a
+picture of him which hung in Guildhall.  The corporation, to prevent
+his royal highness from supposing that they countenanced or excused the
+insult, offered a large reward for the detection of the offender, and
+the Artillery Company invited the prince to a city banquet.  The party
+most active in opposing his succession determined to have a large
+meeting and entertainment of their own, to express their opinion on the
+vital point of the succession to the crown; but the proceeding was
+sternly forbidden by the court, a circumstance which only served to
+deepen the feelings of discontent already created to a serious extent
+in very many breasts.  This was followed up by the lord mayor
+nominating, in the year 1682, a sheriff favorable to the royal
+interests, and intimating to the citizens that they were to confirm his
+choice.  The uproar at the common hall on Midsummer-day was tremendous.
+The citizens contended for their right of election, and nominated both
+sheriffs themselves, selecting two persons of popular sentiments.
+Amidst the riot, the lord mayor was roughly treated, and consequently
+complained to his majesty, the result of which was, that the two
+sheriffs already in office, and obnoxious to the court, were committed
+to the Tower for not maintaining the peace.  Papillion and Dubois, the
+people's candidates, were elected.  The privy council annulled the
+election, and commanded another; when the lord mayor most arbitrarily
+declared North and Box, the court candidates, duly chosen.  Court and
+city were now pledged to open conflict; the former pursuing thoroughly
+despotic measures to bring the latter to submission.  One rich popular
+citizen was fined to the amount of L100,000, for an alleged scandal on
+the popish duke, and at length it was resolved to take away the city
+charter.  Forms of law were adopted for the purpose.  An information,
+technically entitled a _quo warranto_, was brought against the
+corporation in the court of King's Bench.  It was alleged, in support
+of this suit at the instance of the crown, that the common council had
+imposed certain tolls by an ordinance of their own, and had presented
+and published throughout the country an insolent petition to the king,
+in 1679, for the calling of parliament.  The court, swayed by a desire
+to please the king, pronounced judgment against the corporation, and
+declared their charter forfeited; yet only recorded that judgment, as
+if to inveigle the corporation into some kind of voluntary submission,
+as the price of preserving a portion of what they were now on the point
+of altogether losing.  Such an issue, of course, was regarded by the
+court as more desirable than an act of direct force, which was likely
+to irritate the citizens, and arouse wrath, which might be treasured up
+against another day.  The city, to save their estates, yielded to the
+law, and submitted to the conditions imposed by the king--namely, that
+no mayor, sheriff, recorder, or other chief officer, should be admitted
+until approved by the king; that in event of his majesty's twice
+disapproving the choice of the citizens, he should himself nominate a
+person to fill the office, without waiting for another election; that
+the court of aldermen might, with the king's permission, remove any one
+of their body, and that they should have a negative on the election of
+the common council, and, in case of disapproving a second choice on the
+part of the citizens, should themselves proceed to nominate such as
+they themselves approved.  "The city was of course absolutely
+subservient to the court from this time to the revolution."  (Hallam's
+Constitutional History, chap. ii, p. 146.)
+
+The unconstitutional proceedings of the king and court, of which the
+circumstances just related are a specimen, aroused some patriotic
+spirits in the country; but the power which inspired their indignation
+crushed their energies.  Two illustrious men, who fell victims to that
+power, were connected with the city of London as the place of their
+abode, and the scene where they sealed their principles by death.
+Russell and Sydney both perished there in 1683.  They were accused of
+participation in the notorious Rye House plot, and upon evidence, such
+as would convince no jury in the present day, were found guilty of
+treason.  Lord Russell was conveyed from Newgate on the 21st of July,
+1683, to be beheaded in Lincoln's-inn-fields.  The duke of York, who
+intensely hated the patriot, wished him to be executed in
+Southampton-square, before his own residence; but the king, says
+Burnet, "rejected that as indecent."  Lord Russell's behavior on the
+scaffold was in keeping with his previous piety and fortitude.  "His
+whole behavior looked like a triumph over death."  He said, the day
+before he died, that the sins of his youth lay heavy on his mind, but
+he hoped God had forgiven them, for he was sure he had forsaken them,
+and for many years had walked before God with a sincere heart.  The
+faithful lady Rachel, who had so nobly acted as his secretary on his
+trial, and had used her utmost efforts to save his life, attended him
+in prison, and sought to strengthen his mind with the hopes and
+consolations of the gospel of Christ.  Late the last night he spent on
+earth their final separation in this world took place; when, after
+tenderly embracing her several times, both magnanimously suppressing
+their indescribable emotions, he exclaimed, as she left the cell, "The
+bitterness of death is past."  Winding up his watch the next morning,
+he observed, "I have done with time, and am going to eternity."  He
+earnestly pressed upon Lord Cavendish the importance of religion, and
+declared how much comfort and support he derived from it in his
+extremity.  Some among the crowds that filled the streets wept, while
+others insulted; he was touched by the tenderness of the one party,
+without being provoked by the heartlessness of the other.  Turning into
+Little Queen-street, he said, "I have often turned to the other hand
+with great comfort, but now I turn to this with greater."  "A tear or
+two" fell from his eyes as he uttered the words.  He sang psalms a
+great part of the way, and said he hoped to sing better soon.  On being
+asked what he was singing, he said, the beginning of the 119th Psalm.
+On entering Lincoln's-inn-fields, the sins of his youth were brought to
+his remembrance, as he had there indulged in those vices which
+characterized the court of Charles II.  "This has been to me a place of
+sinning, and God now makes it the place of my punishment."  As he
+observed the great crowds assembled to witness his end, he remarked, "I
+hope I shall quickly see a better assembly."  He walked round the
+scaffold several times, and then delivered to the sheriffs a paper,
+which had been carefully prepared, declaring his innocence of the
+charge of treason, and his strong attachment to the Protestant faith.
+After this, he prayed by himself, and then Dr. Tillotson prayed with
+him.  Another private prayer, and the patriot, having calmly unrobed
+himself, as if about to lie down on his couch to sleep, placed his head
+upon the block, and with two strokes of the axe was hastened into the
+eternal world.  The faith, hope, patience, and love of his illustrious
+lady surpassed even his own, and her letters breathe a spirit redolent
+of heaven rather than earth.  After a severe illness, she wrote, in
+October, 1680: "I hope this has been a sorrow I shall profit by; I
+shall, if God will strengthen my faith, resolve to return him a
+constant praise, and make this the season to chase all secret murmurs
+from grieving my soul for what is past, letting it rejoice in what it
+should rejoice--His favor to me, in the blessings I have left, which
+many of my betters want, and yet have lost their chiefest friend also.
+But, O! the manner of my deprivation is yet astonishing."  Five years
+afterwards she says, "My friendships have made all the joys and
+troubles of my life, and yet who would live and not love?  Those who
+have tried the insipidness of it would, I believe, never choose it.
+Mr. Waller says--
+
+  'What know we of the bless'd above.
+  But that they sing, and that they love!'
+
+And 'tis enough; for if there is so charming a delight in the love, and
+suitableness in humors, to creatures, what must it be to the clarified
+spirits to love in the presence of God!"
+
+Algernon Sydney was a man of very powerful mind and of great eloquence,
+in these respects utterly eclipsing his noble compatriot; but in his
+last days it is painful to miss that Christian faith, tenderness of
+heart, and beautiful religious hope, which shone with such serene
+brightness amidst the sorrows of his friend.  Sydney was a staunch
+republican, and his patriotism was cast in the hard and severe mould of
+ancient Rome.  He was another Brutus.  This distinguished man was
+executed on Tower-hill, December the 7th, 1683, and faced death with
+the utmost indifference, not seeking any aid from the ministers of
+religion in his last moments, nor addressing the assembled multitude,
+but only remarking to those who stood by that he had made his peace
+with God, and had nothing to say to man.
+
+Another sufferer in the same cause, less known to history, but more
+closely connected with London, was alderman Cornish.  From his great
+zeal in the cause of Protestantism, he had become peculiarly odious to
+the reigning powers.  He was suddenly accused of treason, and hurried
+to Newgate on the 13th of October.  On the following Saturday he
+received notice of his indictment, and the next Monday was arraigned at
+the bar.  Having been denied time to prepare his defence, he was
+completely in the hands of his persecutors, who wreaked on him their
+vengeance with merciless intensity and haste.  On the 23d of the same
+month, he was hanged, drawn, and quartered, in front of his own house,
+at the end of King-street, Cheapside.  After his death his innocency
+was established, and it is said that James, who now occupied the
+throne, lamented the injustice he had done.  The duke of Monmouth, the
+king's nephew, perished on Tower-hill, July, 1685, for his rebellion in
+the western counties.  The awful tragedy of an execution, with which
+the citizens had become so familiar, was in this instance rendered
+additionally horrid by the circumstance that the headsman, after
+several ineffectual attempts to decapitate his victim, who, with the
+gashes in his neck, reproached him for his tardiness, flung down the
+axe, declaring he could not go on; forced by the sheriffs, the man at
+length fulfilled his bloody task.
+
+The arbitrary and cruel government of the country for many years was
+now on the point of working out its remedy.  The trial and acquittal of
+the seven bishops at Westminster hastened on a crisis, and nothing
+could exceed the joy which the city evinced on that occasion.  On their
+way to the Tower by water, the most enthusiastic demonstrations of
+sympathy were evinced by the multitudes who lined the banks of the
+Thames, and on reaching the fortress itself, the garrison knelt and
+begged their blessing.  Their subsequent discharge on bail, and
+especially their final acquittal, excited boundless joy throughout the
+city, and were celebrated by bonfires and illuminations.  The king,
+observing the tide of popular feeling set in so decidedly against him,
+endeavored to reconcile the city of London by restoring to it the
+charter, which, in his brother's reign, had been so unjustly taken
+away.  But though this brought votes of thanks in return, it
+established no confidence towards the sovereign on the part of the
+people.  The prince of Orange, invited over by several distinguished
+persons, wearied by the long continuance of tyranny, landed at Torbay,
+when James, having committed the care of the metropolis to the lord
+mayor, marched forth to meet his formidable rival.  The result belongs
+to the history of England.  The lords spiritual and temporal held one
+of their important meetings, during the interregnum, at Guildhall, and
+summoned to it the chief magistrate and aldermen.  Judge Jeffreys, of
+infamous memory, was brought before the lord mayor, and committed to
+the Tower, where he died through excessive drinking.  Disturbances
+broke out in the city, and the populace plundered the houses of the
+papists.  The mayor, aldermen, and a deputation from the common
+council, were summoned to attend the convention parliament, which
+raised the prince of Orange to the throne.  These are the principal
+incidents in the history of London, as connected with the glorious
+revolution of 1688.
+
+William and Mary were soon welcomed by the citizens to a very splendid
+entertainment, the usual token of loyalty offered by them to new
+sovereigns; and no time was lost by their majesties in reversing the
+_quo warranto_, and fully restoring to the city its ancient charter.
+When a conspiracy against William was discovered, in 1692, the city
+train bands displayed their loyalty, and marched to Hyde Park to be
+reviewed by the queen; and again, when an assassination plot was
+detected, an association was formed among the citizens to defend his
+person.  These occurrences, with sundry rejoicings and entertainments
+upon the king's return to this country, after the Irish and foreign
+campaigns in which he engaged, are the principal civic events connected
+with the reign of William III.
+
+On turning from the political history of London to look at the manners
+and morals of society during the latter part of the seventeenth
+century, our attention is immediately arrested by the scenes at
+Whitehall during the reign of Charles II.  There the monarch fixed his
+court, gathering around him some of the most profligate persons of the
+age, and freely indulging in the most criminal pleasures.  The palace
+was adorned with the greatest splendor, the ceilings and walls being
+decorated, and the furniture and other ornaments being fashioned
+according to the French taste, as it then prevailed under Louis XIV.
+Courtiers and idlers here flocked together from day to day, to lounge
+in the galleries, to talk over public news and private scandal, and to
+listen to the tales and jests of the king, whose presence was very
+accessible, and whose wit and familiarity with his courtiers made him a
+great favorite.  Banquets, balls, and gambling, formed the amusements
+of the evening, often disgraced by open licentiousness.  "I can never
+forget," says Evelyn, "the inexpressible luxury and profaneness, gaming
+and all dissoluteness, and as it were total forgetfulness of God, (it
+being Sunday evening,) which this day se'nnight I was witness of."
+This was at the close of the sovereign's wretched career.  "Six days
+after," adds the writer, "was all in the dust!"  This passage cannot
+but call up in the Christian mind, awful thoughts of the eternal
+condition of such as spend their days in the pleasures of sin, and then
+drop into that invisible world, on the brink of which they were all
+along "sporting themselves with their own deceivings."  Sinful
+practices, such as stained the court of Charles II., are too often
+attempted to be disguised under palliative terms; but the solemn
+warning of Scripture remains, "Let no man deceive you with vain words,
+for because of these things cometh the wrath of God on the children of
+disobedience."  It is pleasing here to remember, that among those whom
+their dignified station, or their duties towards the sovereign and
+royal family, brought more or less into contact with the court, there
+were persons of a very different character from the gay circle around
+them, and whose thoughts, amidst the most brilliant spectacles, were
+lifted up to objects that are beyond earthly vision.  "In the morning,"
+says lady Warwick, in her diary, April 23, 1667, "as soon as dressed,
+in a short prayer I committed my soul to God, then went to Whitehall,
+and dined at my lord chamberlain's, then went to see the celebration of
+St. George's feast, which was a very glorious sight.  Whilst I was in
+the Banqueting House, hearing the trumpets sounding, in the midst of
+all that great show God was pleased to put very mortifying thoughts
+into my mind, and to make me consider, what if the trump of God should
+now sound?--which thought did strike me with some seriousness, and made
+me consider in what glory I had in that very place seen the late king,
+and yet out of that very place he was brought to have his head cut off.
+And I had also many thoughts how soon all that glory might be laid in
+the dust, and I did in the midst of it consider how much greater glory
+was provided for a poor sincere child of God.  I found, blessed be God!
+that my heart was not at all taken with anything I saw, but esteemed it
+not worth the being taken with."--_Lady Warwick's Memoirs_.  Lady
+Godolphin was another beautiful instance of purity and piety amidst
+scenes of courtly splendor, and manifold temptations to worldliness and
+vice; and the more remarkable in this respect, that her duties required
+her frequent attendance at Whitehall, and brought her into close
+contact with the perils of the place.
+
+The parks were favorite places of resort.  "Hyde Park," observes a
+cotemporary writer, "every one knows is the promenade of London;
+nothing was so much in fashion during the fine weather as that
+promenade, which was the rendezvous of magnificence and beauty; every
+one, therefore, who had a splendid equipage, constantly repaired
+thither, and the king seemed pleased with the place.  Coaches with
+glasses were then a late invention; the ladies were afraid of being
+shut up in them."  Charles was fond of walking in the parks, which he
+did with such rapidity, and for such a length of time as to wear out
+his courtiers.  He once said to prince George of Denmark, who was
+corpulent, "Walk with me, and hunt with my brother, and you will not
+long be distressed with growing fat."  Playing with dogs, feeding
+ducks, and chatting with people, were occupations the king was much
+addicted to, and were thought by his subjects to be so condescending,
+familiar, and kind, that they tended much to promote his personal
+popularity with the London citizens and others.  Along St. James's
+Park, at the back of what are now Carlton Gardens, there ran a wall,
+which formed the boundary of the king's garden.  On the north side of
+it was an avenue, with rows of elms on one side, and limes on the
+other, the one sheltering a carriage road, the other a foot-path.
+Between lay an open space, called Pall Mall, which designation was
+derived from a game played there, consisting of striking a ball through
+an iron hoop suspended on a lofty pole.  This was a favorite sport in
+the days of Charles, and many a gay young cavalier exercised himself,
+and displayed his dexterity among those green shades, where now piles
+of houses line the busy street, still retaining the name it bore nearly
+two centuries ago.
+
+The pleasures of the parks and Whitehall, with all the licentious
+accompaniments of the latter, were not always enough to meet the
+vitiated appetite for amusement which then prevailed among the
+courtiers.  Lord Rochester--whose end formed such a striking contrast
+to his life; whose sorrow for his sins was so intense, and his desire
+for forgiveness and spiritual renewal so earnest--was prominent in
+these extravagances, and set himself up in Tower-street as an Italian
+mountebank, professing to effect extraordinary cures.  Sometimes, also,
+he went about in the attire of a porter or beggar.  This taste was
+cherished and indulged by the highest personages.  "At this time,"
+(1668,) says Burnet, "the court fell into much extravagance in
+masquerading; both the king and queen and all the court went about
+masked, and came into houses unknown, and danced there with a great
+deal of wild frolic.  In all this people were so disguised, that
+without being in the secret none could distinguish them.  They were
+carried about in hackney chairs.  Once the queen's chairman, not
+knowing who she was, went from her.  So she was alone, and was much
+disturbed, and came to Whitehall in a hackney coach; some say a cart."
+Scenes of dissipation at Whitehall, with occasional excesses of the
+kind just noticed, make up the history of the court at London during
+the reign of Charles II.  The palace, under his brother James, who,
+with all his popish zeal, was far from a pure and virtuous man, though
+cleansed from some of its pollution, was still the witness of lax
+morals.  The habits of William III. and his queen Mary, greatly changed
+the aspect of things at Whitehall, till its destruction by fire, (the
+Banqueting House excepted,) in the year 1691.  Afterwards the royal
+residence was either at Kensington or Hampton Court.
+
+The riotous pleasures of Charles II. and his favorites, naturally
+encouraged imitation among the citizens of London, and during the whole
+reign of Charles it was full of scenes of revelry.  The excesses which
+had been restrained during the commonwealth, and the abandoned
+characters who, to escape the churchwardens and other censors of public
+morals, sought refuge in retired haunts of villany, now appeared in
+open day.  The restoration had introduced a sort of saturnalia; and no
+wonder, then, that the event was annually celebrated by the lovers of
+frivolous pleasure in London, with the gayest rejoicings, in which the
+garland and the dance bore a conspicuous part.  While habits of
+dissipation were too common among the inhabitants generally, vice and
+crime were encouraged among the abandoned classes, by the existence of
+privileged places, such as Whitefriars, the Savoy, Fuller's Rents, and
+the Minories, where men who had lost all character and credit took
+refuge, and carried on with impunity their nefarious practices.  Other
+persons, also, who ranked with decent London tradesmen, would sometimes
+avail themselves of these spots; and we are informed that even late in
+the seventeenth century, men in full credit used to buy all the goods
+they could lay their hands on, and carry them directly to Whitefriars,
+and then sending for their creditors, insult them with the exhibition
+of their property, and the offer of some miserable composition in
+return.  If they refused the compromise, they were set at defiance.
+
+The flood of licentiousness which rolled through the city in the time
+of Charles II. happily proved insufficient to break down the religious
+character of a large number of persons, who had been trained under the
+faithful evangelical ministry of earlier times, or had been impressed
+by the teaching of earnest-minded preachers and pastors who still
+remained.  The fire, as well as the plague, in connection with the
+fidelity of some of God's servants, was, no doubt, instrumental, under
+the blessing of his Holy Spirit, in turning the hearts of many from
+darkness to light.  The black cloud, as Janeway calls it, which no wind
+could blow over, till it fell in such scalding drops, also folded up in
+its skirts treasures of mercy for some, whose souls had been
+unimpressed by milder means.
+
+By the Act of Uniformity many devoted ministers had been silenced in
+London--Richard Baxter, among the rest, whose sermons had attracted, as
+they well might, the most crowded auditories;[1] but in private they
+continued to do the work of their heavenly Master; and when spaces of
+toleration occurred in the persecuting reigns of Charles and James II.,
+they opened places of worship, and discharged their holy functions with
+happy effects on their numerous auditories.  After the fire, they were
+for a little time in the enjoyment of this privilege; but, in 1670, an
+act was passed for the suppression of conventicles, and the buildings
+were forthwith converted into tabernacles, for the use of the
+establishment while the parish churches were rebuilding.  Eight places
+of this description are mentioned, of which may be noticed the
+meeting-house of the excellent Mr. Vincent, in Hand-alley,
+Bishopsgate-street, a large room, with three galleries, thirty large
+pews, and many benches and forms; and also Mr. Doolittle's
+meeting-house, built of brick, with three galleries, full of large pews
+below.  Dr. Manton, a celebrated Presbyterian divine, was apprehended
+on a Sunday afternoon, at the close of his sermon, and committed a
+prisoner to the Gate-house.  His meeting-house in White-yard was broken
+up, and a fine of L40 imposed on the people, and L20 on the minister.
+It is related of James Janeway, that as he was walking by the wall at
+Rotherhithe, a bullet was fired at him; and that a mob of soldiers once
+broke into his meeting house in Jamaica-row, and leaped upon the
+benches.  Amidst the confusion, some of his friends threw over him a
+colored coat, and placed a white hat on his head, to facilitate his
+escape.  Once, while preaching in a gardener's house, he was surprised
+by a band of troopers, when, throwing himself on the ground, some
+persons covered him with cabbage leaves, and so preserved him from his
+enemies.  (Spiritual Heroes, p. 313.)  In secresy the good people often
+met to worship, according to the dictates of their consciences; and
+until lately there remained in the ruins of the old priory of
+Bartholomew, in Smithfield, doors in the crypt, which tradition
+reported to have been used for admission into the gloomy subterranean
+recesses, where the persecuted ones, like the primitive Christians in
+the catacombs of Rome, worshiped the Father through Jesus Christ.  The
+Friends, or Quakers, as they were termed, at this time manifested great
+intrepidity, and continued their worship as before, not stirring at the
+approach of the officers who came to arrest them, but meekly going all
+together to prison, where they stayed till they were dismissed, for
+they would not pay the penalties imposed on them, nor even the jail
+fees.  On being discharged, they went to their meeting-houses as
+before, and finding them closed, crowded in the street around the door,
+saying "they would not be ashamed nor afraid to disown their meeting
+together in a peaceable manner to worship God, but in imitation of the
+prophet Daniel, they would do it more publicly because they were
+forbid."  _Neale's Puritans_, vol. iv, p. 433.  William Penn and
+William Mead, two distinguished members of the Society of Friends, were
+tried at the Old Bailey in 1670, and were cruelly insulted by the
+court.  The jury, not bringing in such a harsh verdict as was desired,
+were threatened with being locked up without "meat, drink, fire, or
+tobacco."  "We are a peaceable people, and cannot offer violence to any
+man," said Penn; adding, as he turned to the jury, "You are Englishmen,
+mind your privileges, give not away your rights."  They responded to
+the noble appeal, and acquitted the innocent prisoners.
+
+When, in the next year, Charles exercised a dispensing power, and set
+aside the persecuting acts, wishing to give freedom to the papists,
+most of the London nonconformist ministers took out licences, and great
+numbers attended their meetings.  In 1672, the famous Merchants'
+Lecture was set up in Pinner's Hall, and the most learned and popular
+of the dissenting divines were appointed to deliver it.  Alderman Love,
+member for the city, in the name of such as agreed with him, stood up
+in the House of Commons, refusing to take the benefit of the dispensing
+power as unconstitutional.  He said, "he had rather go without his own
+desired liberty than have it in a way so destructive of the liberties
+of his country and the Protestant interest, and that this was the sense
+of the main body of dissenters."  The indulgence was withdrawn.
+Toleration bills failed in the House of Commons.  The Test Act was
+brought in; fruitless attempts were made for a comprehension; and
+London was once more a scene of persecution.  Informers went abroad,
+seeking out places where nonconformists were assembled, following them
+to their homes, taking down their names, ascertaining suspected
+parties, listening to private conversation, prying into domestic
+scenes, and then delivering over their prey into the hands of miscalled
+officers of justice, who exacted fines, and rifled their goods, or
+carried them off to prison.  Such proceedings occurred at several
+periods in the reigns of Charles and James II., after which the
+revolution of 1688 brought peace and freedom of worship to the
+long-oppressed nonconformists in London and throughout the country.
+
+Popery lifted up its head in London on the restoration of Charles II.
+Many professors of it accompanied the king on his accession to the
+throne, and crowded round the court, being treated with conspicuous
+favor.  The queen-mother came from France, and took up her abode at
+Somerset House, where she gathered round her a number of Roman Catholic
+priests.  The foreign ambassadors' chapels were used by English
+papists, who thus obtained liberty of worship, while the London
+Protestant nonconformists were shamefully persecuted.  Jesuit schools
+and seminaries were established, under royal patronage, and popish
+bishops were consecrated in the royal chapel of St. James's.  At
+Whitehall, the ecclesiastics appeared in their canonical habits, and
+were encouraged in their attempts to proselyte the people to the
+unreformed faith.  A diarist of the times, under date January 23, 1667,
+records a visit he paid to the popish establishment in St. James's
+Palace, composed of the chaplains and priests connected with Catharine
+of Braganza, Charles II.'s queen: "I saw the dormitory and the cells of
+the priests, and we went into one--a very pretty little room, very
+clean, hung with pictures, and set with books.  The priest was in his
+cell, with his hair-clothes to his skin, barelegged, with a sandal only
+on, and his little bed without sheets, and no feather bed, but yet I
+thought soft enough, his cord about his middle; but in so good company,
+living with ease, I thought it a very good life.  A pretty library they
+have: and I was in the refectory where every man had his napkin, knife,
+cup of earth, and basin of the same; and a place for one to sit and
+read while the rest are at meals.  And into the kitchen I went, where a
+good neck of mutton at the fire, and other victuals boiling--I do not
+think they fared very hard.  Their windows all looking into a fine
+garden and the park, and mighty pretty rooms all.  I wished myself one
+of the Capuchins."
+
+But it does not appear that the London commonalty were infected with
+the love of the Papal Church, whatever might be done at court to foster
+it.  On the contrary, a strong feeling was cherished by multitudes in
+opposition to all the popish proceedings of their superiors.
+Ebullitions of popular sentiment on the question frequently appeared,
+especially in the annual burning of the pope's effigy, on the 17th of
+November, at Temple Bar.  This was to celebrate the accession of Queen
+Elizabeth; and after the discovery of the so-called Meal Tub plot, in
+the reign of Charles II., it was performed with increased parade and
+ceremony.  The morning was ushered in with the ringing of bells, and in
+the evening a procession took place, by the light of flambeaux, to the
+number of some thousands.  The balconies, and windows, and tops of
+houses, were crowded with eager faces, reflecting the light that blazed
+up from the moving crowds along the streets.  Mock friars, bishops, and
+cardinals, with the pope, headed by a man on horseback, personating the
+dead body of Sir Edmondbury Godfery, composed the spectacle.  It
+started from Bishopsgate, and passing along Cheapside and Fleet-street
+terminated at Temple Bar, where the pope was cast into a bonfire, and
+the whole concluded with a display of fireworks.  While anti-popish
+proceedings of this description might be leavened with much of the
+ignorance and intolerance which mark the odious system thus assailed,
+and can, therefore, be regarded with little satisfaction, it must be
+remembered that there was abundant cause at that time for those who
+prized the liberties of their country, as well as those who valued the
+truths of religion, to regard with alarm and to resist with vigor the
+incursions of a political Church, which sought to crush those
+liberties, and to darken those truths.  The evils of Popery, inherent
+and unchangeable, obtruded themselves most offensively, and with a
+threatening aspect, at a period when they were defended and maintained
+in high places; and it was notorious that the successor to the English
+crown was plotting for the revival of Popish ascendency.  During the
+reign of James II., the grounds of excitement became stronger than
+before.  Everything dear to Englishmen as well as Protestants was at
+stake.  The destinies of Church and state, of religion and civil
+policy, were trembling in the balance.  Men's hearts might well fail
+them for fear, and only confidence in the power of truth, and the God
+of truth, with earnest prayer for his gracious succor and protection,
+could still and soothe their agitated bosoms.  Weapons of the right
+kind were employed.  The best divines of the Church of England manfully
+contended in argument against the baneful errors of Romanism.
+Dissenting divines, especially Baxter, threw their energies into the
+same conflict.  Political measures were also adopted vigorously and
+with decision--their nature we can neither criticise nor describe--and
+through the good providence of God our fathers were delivered from an
+impending curse, which we pray may neither in our times, nor in future
+ages, light on our beloved land.
+
+In approaching the termination of this chapter, it is desirable to
+insert some account of the extent and state of buildings in London at
+the close of the seventeenth century, and a few notices of other
+matters relating to that period, which have not yet come under our
+consideration.  Chamberlayne, in his _Angliae Notitia_, 1692, dwells
+with warm delight upon the description of the London squares, "those
+magnificent piazzas," as he terms them; and then enumerates
+Lincoln's-inn-fields, Convent Garden, St. James's-square,
+Leicester-fields, Southampton-square, Red Lion-square, Golden-square,
+Spitalfields-square, and "that excellent new structure, called the
+King's-square," now Soho.  These were all extramural, and beyond the
+liberties of the municipality, and they show how the metropolis was
+extending, especially in the western direction.  As early as 1662, an
+act was passed for paving Pall Mall, the Haymarket, and St.
+James's-street.  Clarendon, in 1604, built his splendid mansion in
+Piccadilly, called in reproach Dunkirk House by the common people, who
+"were of opinion that he had a good bribe for the selling of that
+town."  Others, says Burnet, called it Holland House, because he was
+believed to be no friend to the war.  It was much praised for its
+magnificence, and for the beautiful country prospect it commanded.
+Evelyn's record of an interview with the builder of the proud palace,
+is an affecting illustration of the vanity of this world's grandeur,
+and of the disappointments and mortifications that follow ambition.
+Clarendon had lost the favor of his sovereign, and the confidence of
+the public.  "I found him in his garden," says Evelyn, "at his
+new-built palace, sitting in his gout wheel-chair, and seeing the gates
+set up towards the north and the fields.  He looked and spake very
+disconsolately.  After some while, deploring his condition to me, I
+took my leave.  Next morning, I heard he was gone." The house was
+afterwards pulled down.  In 1668, Burlington House was finished, placed
+where it is because it was at the time of its erection thought certain
+that no one would build beyond it.  "In London," says Sir William
+Chambers, "many of our noblemen's palaces towards the streets look like
+convents; nothing appears but a high wall, with one or two large gates,
+in which there is a hole for those who are privileged to go in and out.
+If a coach arrives, the whole gate is open indeed, but this is an
+operation that requires time, and the porter is very careful to shut it
+up again immediately, for reasons to him very weighty.  Few in this
+vast city suspect, I believe, that behind an old brick wall in
+Piccadilly there is one of the finest pieces of architecture in
+Europe."  All to the west and north of Burlington House was park and
+country, where huntsmen followed the chase, or fowlers plied their
+toils with gun and net, or anglers wielded rod and line on the margin
+of fair ponds of water.  "We should greatly err," observes Mr.
+Macaulay, "if we were to suppose that any of the streets and squares
+then wore the same appearance as at present.  The great majority of the
+houses, indeed, have since that time been wholly or in part rebuilt.
+If the most fashionable parts of the capital could be placed before us,
+such as they then were, we should be disgusted with their squalid
+appearance, and poisoned by their noisome atmosphere.  In Convent
+Garden a filthy and noisy market was held, close to the dwellings of
+the great.  Fruit women screamed, carters fought, cabbage stalks and
+rotten apples accumulated in heaps, at the thresholds of the countess
+of Berkshire and of the bishop of Durham."  Shops in those days did not
+present the bravery of plate glass and bold inscriptions, with all
+sorts of devices, but exhibited small windows, with huge frames which
+concealed rather than displayed the wares within; while all manner of
+signs, including Saracens' heads, blue bears, golden lambs, and
+terrific griffins, with other wonders, swung on projecting irons across
+the street, an humble resemblance of the row of banners lining the
+chapels of the Garter and the Bath, at Windsor and Westminster.  Though
+a general paving and cleansing act for the streets of London was passed
+in 1671, they continued long afterwards in a deplorably filthy
+condition, the inconvenience occasioned by day being greatly increased
+at night by the dense darkness, at best but miserably alleviated by the
+few candles set up in compliance with the watchman's appeal, "Hang out
+your lights."  Glass lamps, known by the name of convex lights, were
+introduced into use in 1694, and continued to be employed for
+twenty-one years, after which there was a relapse into the old system.
+It was dangerous to go abroad after dark without a lantern, and the
+streets, with a few wayfarers, guided by this humble illumination, must
+have presented a spectacle not unlike some gloomy country path, with
+here and there a traveler.
+
+Inns, of course, which still wore the appearance of the old hotels, and
+have left a relic for example in the yard of the Spread Eagle, and a
+more notable one in that of the Talbot, Southwark, had their
+conspicuous signs, including animals known and unknown, and heads
+without end.  From their huge and hospitable gateways all the public
+conveyances of London took their departure; and in an alphabetical list
+of these, in 1684, the daily outgoings average forty-one, but the
+numbers in one day are very unequal to those in another, seventy-one
+departing on a Thursday, and only nine on a Tuesday.  As there was only
+one conveyance at a time to the same place, we have a remarkable
+illustration in this record of the public provision for traveling, as
+well as the stay-at-home habits of our good forefathers of the middle
+class, about a century and a half ago.  The gentry and nobility were
+the chief travelers, and they performed their expeditions on horseback,
+or in their own coaches.  As to the number of the inhabitants in
+London, at the close of the century, only an approximation to the fact
+can be made, for no census of the population was taken.  According to
+the number of deaths, it is computed there were about half a million of
+souls--a population seventeen times larger than that of the second town
+in the kingdom, three times greater than that of Amsterdam, and more
+than those of Paris and Rome, or Paris and Rouen put together.  Though
+the amount of trade was small compared with what it is now, yet the sum
+of more than thirty thousand a year, in the shape of customs, (it is
+more than eleven millions now,) filled our ancestors with astonishment.
+Writers of that day speak of the masts of the ships in the river as
+resembling a forest, and of the wealth of the merchants, according to
+the notions of the day, as princelike.  More men, wrote Sir Josiah
+Child in 1688, were to be found upon the Exchange of London, worth ten
+thousand pounds than thirty years before there were worth one thousand.
+He adds, there were one hundred coaches kept now for one formerly; and
+remarks, that a serge gown, once worn by a gentlewoman, was now
+discarded by a chambermaid.  The manufactures of the country were
+greatly increased and wonderfully improved by the arrival of multitudes
+of French artisans in 1685, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes.
+"An entire suburb of London," says Voltaire, in his _Siecle de Louis
+XIV._, "was peopled with French manufacturers of silk; others carried
+thither the art of making crystal in perfection, which has been since
+this epoch lost in France."  Spitalfields is the suburb alluded to;
+thousands besides were located in Soho and St. Giles's.  "London,"
+observes Chamberlayne, in 1692, "is a large magazine of men, money,
+ships, horses, and ammunition; of all sorts of commodities, necessary
+or expedient for the use or pleasure of mankind.  It is the mighty
+rendezvous of nobility, gentry, courtiers, divines, lawyers,
+physicians, merchants, seamen, and all kinds of excellent artificers of
+the most refined arts, and most excellent beauties; for it is observed,
+that in most families of England, if there be any son or daughter that
+excels the rest in beauty or wit, or perhaps courage or industry, or
+any other rare quality, London is their north star, and they are never
+at rest till they point directly thither."
+
+
+
+[1] He mentions his preaching once at St. Dunstan's church, when an
+accident occurred, which alarmed the vast concourse, and was likely to
+have occasioned much mischief.  He relates the odd circumstance of an
+old woman, squeezed in the crowd, asking forgiveness of God at the
+church door, and promising, if he would deliver her that time she would
+never come to the place again.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+LONDON DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+From Maitland, who published his History of London in 1739, we learn
+that there were at that time, within the bills of mortality, 5,099
+streets, 95,968 houses, 207 inns, 447 taverns, and 551 coffee-houses.
+In 1681, the bills included 132 parishes; 147 are found in those for
+the year 1744.  Judging from the bills of mortality, which however
+cannot be trusted as accurate, population considerably increased in
+that portion of the century included in Maitland's history.  During the
+seventeen years from 1703 to 1721, the total number of burials was
+393,034.  During the next seventeen years, to 1738, they amounted to
+457,779.  The extension of London was still towards the west.  In the
+Weekly Journal of 1717 it is stated, the new buildings between
+Bond-street and Marylebone go on with all possible diligence, and the
+houses even let and sell before they are built.  In 1723, the duke of
+Grafton and the earl of Grantham purchased the waste ground at the
+upper end of Albemarle and Dover-streets for gardens, and turned a road
+leading into May Fair another way.  (London, vol. i, p. 310.)
+Devonshire House remained for some time the boundary of the buildings
+in Piccadilly, though farther on, by the Hyde Park Corner, there were
+several habitations.  Lanesborough House stood there by the top of
+Constitution-hill, and was, in 1773, converted into an infirmary, since
+rebuilt, and now known as St. George's Hospital.  It may be added, that
+Westminster Hospital, the first institution of the kind supported by
+voluntary contributions, was founded in 1719.  Several churches were
+erected in the early part of the eighteenth century.  In the year 1711,
+an act was passed for the erection of no less than fifty, but only ten
+had been built on new foundations when Maitland published his work.
+These ecclesiastical edifices exhibit the architectural taste of the
+age.  The finest specimen of the period is the church of St.
+Martin-in-the-fields, built by Gibbs.  It was commenced in 1721, and
+finished in 1726, at a cost of nearly L37,000.  In spite of the
+drawback in the ill-placed steeple over the portico, without any
+basement tower, the building strikes the beholder with an emotion of
+delight.  St. George's, Hanover-square, and St. George's, Bloomsbury,
+(the latter exhibiting a remarkable campanile,) were also built about
+the same time, the one in 1724, the other in 1731.  Almost all the
+churches built after the fire are in the modern style, imported from
+Italy.  In its colonnades, porticoes, architraves, and columns, this
+style presents elements of the Greek school of design, but differently
+arranged, more complicated in composition, more florid and ambitious in
+detail.  Taste must assign the palm of superiority to the Grecian
+temple, with its severe beauty and chastened sublimity.  The one style
+indicates the era of original genius, and exhibits the fruits of
+masterminds in that line of invention, while the other marks an epoch
+of mere imitation, supplying only the degenerate produce of
+transplanted taste.
+
+Feeble attempts were made to improve the state of the streets, but they
+remained pretty much in their former condition till the Paving Act of
+1762.  Stalls, sheds, and sign-posts obstructed the path, and the
+pavement was left to the inhabitants, to be made "in such a manner, and
+with such materials, as pride, poverty, or caprice might suggest.  Curb
+stones were unknown, and the footway was exposed to the carriage-way,
+except in some of the principal streets, where a line of posts and
+chains, or wooden paling, afforded occasional protection.  It was a
+matter of moment to go near the wall; and Gay, in his Trivia, supplies
+directions to whom to yield it, and to whom to refuse it."--_Handbook_,
+by Cunninghame, xxxi.  "In the last age," says Johnson, "when my mother
+lived in London, there were two sets of people--those who gave the wall
+and those who took it, the peaceable and the quarrelsome.  Now it is
+fixed that every man keeps to the right; and if one is taking the wall
+another yields it, and it is never a dispute."  The lighting, drainage,
+and police, were all in a wretched condition.
+
+To attempt to give anything like a detailed chronological account of
+events in London during the first half of the eighteenth century, is
+neither possible nor desirable in a work like this.  Indeed, the far
+greater part of the incidents recorded in the city chronicles relates
+to royal visits, city feasts, celebration of victories, local tumults,
+and remarkable storms and frosts.  All that can be done, or expected,
+in this small volume, is to fix upon a few leading and important scenes
+and events, illustrative of the times.
+
+In the reign of queen Anne, the chief matter of interest in connection
+with London was the political excitement which prevailed.  It turned
+upon questions relating to the Church and the toleration of dissenters.
+Dean Swift, in a letter dated London, December, 1703, tells a friend,
+that the occasional Conformity Bill, intended to nullify the Toleration
+Act, was then the subject of everybody's conversation.  "It was so
+universal," observes the witty dean, "that I observed the dogs in the
+street much more contumelious and quarrelsome than usual; and the very
+night before the bill went up, a committee of Whig and Tory cats had a
+very warm debate upon the roof of our house."  Defoe, the well-known
+author of Robinson Crusoe, and a London citizen, rendered himself very
+conspicuous by his advocacy of the rights of conscience; and in
+consequence of writing an ironical work, which then created great
+excitement, entitled, "The Shortest Way with the Dissenters," he was
+doomed to stand three successive days in the pillory, at the Royal
+Exchange by the Cheapside Conduit, and near Temple Bar.  Immense crowds
+gathered to gaze on the sufferer; but "the people, who were expected to
+treat him ill, on the contrary pitied him, and wished those who set him
+there were placed in his room, and expressed their affections by loud
+shouts and acclamations when he was taken down."--_Life of Defoe_, by
+Chalmers, p. 28.
+
+The political excitement of London reached its height during the trial
+of Dr. Sacheverell.  He had preached two sermons, one of which was
+delivered in St. Paul's Cathedral, on the 5th of November, 1709, in
+which he inculcated the doctrine of passive obedience and
+non-resistance, and inveighed with great bitterness against all
+nonconformists.  The drift of his sermon was to undermine the
+principles of the Revolution, though he professed to approve of that
+event, pretending to consider it as by no means a case of resistance to
+the supreme power.  The ministry, considering that his doctrine struck
+a fatal blow at the constitution, as established in 1688, prosecuted
+him accordingly.  With Sacheverell numbers of the clergy sympathized,
+especially Atterbury, the leader of his party.  It was supposed that
+the queen was not unfriendly to the arraigned divine.  He was escorted
+to Westminster Hall, the place of his trial, by immense crowds of
+people, who rent the air with their huzzas.  The queen herself attended
+at the proceedings, and was hailed with deafening shouts, as she
+stepped from her carriage, "God bless your majesty; we hope your
+majesty is for Dr. Sacheverell."  The spacious building in which he was
+tried, the scene of so many state trials, was fitted up for the
+occasion, benches and galleries being provided for peers and commoners,
+peeresses and gentlewomen, who crowded every seat; the lower classes
+squeezing themselves to suffocation into the part of the old building
+allotted to their use.  The London rabble were so much excited by what
+took place, or were so completely swayed by more influential
+malcontents, that on the evening of the second day of the trial they
+attacked a meeting-house in New-Court, tearing away doors and
+casements, pews and pulpit, and proceeding with the spoil to
+Lincoln's-inn-fields.  In the open space--where was then no fair garden
+inclosed with palisades, it being a rendezvous for mountebanks, dancing
+bears, and baited bulls--the populace kindled a bonfire, and consumed
+the ruins of the conventicle.  They went forth in quest of the
+minister, Mr. Burgess, in order to burn him and his pulpit together.
+Happily disappointed of their victim, they wreaked their vengeance upon
+six other dissenting places of worship.  An episcopal church in
+Clerkenwell shared the same fate, being mistaken for one of the hated
+structures through want of a steeple; for steeple and no steeple
+probably constituted the only difference in religion appreciable by
+these infatuated mortals.  The advocates of toleration, even though
+they might be good Churchmen, as Bishop Burnet for example, were also
+in danger.  Indeed, the tumult became of such grave importance, that
+queen and magistrates, court and city, felt it a duty to combine in
+order to quell the disgraceful outbreak.  A few sword cuts, and the
+capture of several prisoners, put down the insurrection; but
+ecclesiastical politics still ran high in London, and whigs and
+dissenters were in low estimation in many quarters, till the Hanoverian
+succession brightened the prospects of the liberal party.  While Queen
+Anne lay ill, deep anxiety pervaded the political circles in London.
+It is not generally known, but it is stated on the authority of
+tradition, that the first place in which the decease of Anne was
+publicly announced, and the accession of George I. proclaimed, was the
+very meeting-house in New Court which had been formerly attacked by the
+mob.  The day on which the queen died was a Sunday; and as Bishop
+Burnet was riding in his coach through Smithfield, he met Mr. Bradbury,
+then the minister of the chapel, and told him that immediately upon the
+royal demise, then momentarily expected, he would send a messenger to
+give tidings of the event.  Before the morning service was over a man
+appeared in the gallery, and dropped a handkerchief, being the
+preconcerted signal; whereupon the preacher, in his last prayer,
+alluded to the removal of her majesty, and implored a blessing on King
+George and the house of Hanover.
+
+The most striking feature in the history of London in the reign of
+George I., was the extraordinary spirit of speculation which then
+existed.  The moderate gains of trade and commerce did not satisfy the
+cupidity of the human breast, which then, as it has done since, burst
+out into a fever, that consumed all reason, prudence, and principle.
+Men made haste to be rich, and consequently fell into temptation and a
+snare.  In 1717, an unprecedented excitement pervaded the money market.
+Every one familiar with the city knows the plain-looking edifice of
+brick and stone which stands in Threadneedle-street, not far from the
+Flower-pot, and which is so well described by one whose youth was
+passed within it, as "deserted or thinly peopled, with few or no traces
+of comers-in or goers-out, like what Ossian describes, when he says, I
+passed by the walls of Balclutha, and they were desolate."  That
+grave-looking edifice, now like some respectable citizen retired from
+business, was at one time the busiest place in the world.  A scheme was
+planned and formed for making fortunes by the South Sea trade.  A
+company was incorporated by government for the purpose, and the house
+in Threadneedle-street was the scene of business.  Stock rapidly
+doubled in value, and went on till it reached a premium of nine hundred
+per cent.  People of all ranks flocked to Change-alley, and crowded the
+courts in riotous eagerness to purchase shares.  The nobleman drove
+from the West-end, the squire came up from the country, ladies of
+fashion, and people of no fashion, swarmed round the new El Dorado, to
+dig up the sparkling treasure.  Swift compares these crowds of human
+beings to the waters of the South Sea Gulf, from which their
+imagination was drawing such abundant draughts of wealth.
+
+  "Subscribers here by thousands float,
+    And jostle one another down,
+  Each paddling in her leaky boat,
+    And here they fish for gold, and drown.
+  Now buried in the depths below,
+    Now mounted up to heaven again;
+  They reel and stagger to and fro,
+    At their wits' end like drunken men."
+
+
+The mania spread so that the South Sea scheme itself could not satisfy
+the lust for money.  Maitland enumerates one hundred and fifty-six
+companies formed at this time.  Among some which look feasible, there
+were the following characterized by extravagant absurdities:--An
+association for discovering gold mines, for bleaching hair, for making
+flying engines, for feeding hogs, for erecting salt-pans in Holy
+Island, for making butter from beech trees, for making deal boards out
+of saw-dust, for extracting silver from lead, and finally, (which seems
+to have been much needed to exhaust the maddening vapors that had made
+their way into it,) for manufacturing an air pump for the brain.
+
+Some of them were surely mere satires on the rest; yet Maitland says,
+after giving his long list, "Besides these bubbles, there were
+innumerable more that perished in embryo; however, the sums intended to
+be raised by the above airy projects amounted to about three hundred
+million pounds.  Yet the lowest of the shares in any of them advanced
+above cent. per cent., most above four hundred per cent., and some to
+twenty times the price of subscription."  The bulk of these speculators
+must clearly have been bereft of their senses, and the madness was too
+violent to last long.  The evil worked its own cure.  The golden bubble
+was blown larger, and larger, till it burst.  Then came indescribable
+misery.  Thousands were ruined.  Revenge against the inventors now took
+the place of cupidity, and indignation aroused those who had looked
+patiently on during the rage of the _money_ mania.  One nobleman in
+parliament proposed that the contrivers of the South Sea scheme should,
+after the manner of the Roman parricide, be sown up alive in sacks, and
+flung into the Thames.  A more moderate punishment was inflicted in the
+confiscation of all the estates belonging to the directors of the
+company, amounting to above two millions, which sum was divided among
+the sufferers.  The railway speculation in our own time was a display
+of avarice of the same order; and all such indulgence in the inordinate
+lust of gain is sure to be overtaken, in the end, by its righteous
+penalty.  The laws of Divine providence provide for the punishment of
+those who thus, under the influence of an impetuous selfishness, grasp
+at immoderate possessions.  Covetousness overreaches itself in such
+cases, and misses its mark.  How many instances have occurred in the
+present day illustrative of that wise saying in Holy Scripture: "As the
+partridge sitteth on eggs and hatcheth them not, so he that getteth
+riches and not by right, shall leave them in the midst of his days, and
+at the end shall be a fool!"  The solemn lessons thus suggested should
+be practically studied by the man of business, and while he is taught
+to moderate his desires after the things of this world, he is also
+instructed to turn the main current of his thoughts and feelings into a
+far different channel, to seek durable riches and righteousness--bags
+which wax not old--treasures which thieves cannot break through and
+steal; and to "so pass through things temporal, as not to lose the
+things which are eternal."
+
+The history of London in the reign of George II. is remarkable for the
+excitement which was produced by the northern rebellion, and for a far
+different excitement, which we shall presently notice with great
+delight.  The progress of the arms of Prince Edward, the pretender, in
+the year 1745, created much alarm in all parts of the country,
+especially in London, the seat of government.  When the invading army
+was found to have proceeded as far as Derby, it was generally expected
+it would advance to the metropolis.  The loyalty of the citizens was
+called forth by the impending peril, and all classes hastened to
+express their attachment to the sovereign, and their readiness to
+support the house of Hanover in this great emergency.  The corporation,
+the clergy, and the dissenting ministers, presented dutiful addresses.
+Several corps of volunteers were raised, large sums of money were
+contributed, and even the peace-loving body of Friends came forward to
+furnish the troops with woolen waistcoats to be worn under their
+clothing.  As the cause of Popery was identified with that of the
+pretender, the Papists in London were regarded with great apprehension.
+A proclamation was issued for putting the laws in force against them
+and all non-jurors.  Romanists and reputed Romanists were required to
+remove out of the city, to at least ten miles off.  All Jesuits and
+priests who, after a certain time, should be found within that distance
+were to be brought to trial.  The pretender was defeated at Culloden,
+and the news took off a heavy burden of fear from the minds of the
+London citizens.  Many prisoners were brought to the metropolis, and
+among them the Earl of Kilmarnock, Lord Balmerino, and Lord Lovat, who
+were all executed for treason on Tower-hill.  The beheading of the last
+of these brought to a close the long series of sanguinary spectacles of
+that nature, which had gathered from time to time such a vast concourse
+of citizens, on the hill by the Tower gates.
+
+The other kind of excitement in London, hinted at above, relates to the
+most important of all subjects.  Spiritual religion had been at a low
+ebb for a considerable period among the different denominations of
+Christians.  A cold formalism was but too common.  It is not, however,
+to be inferred that men of sound and earnest piety did not exist, both
+among Churchmen and dissenters.  One beautiful specimen of religious
+fervor and consistency may be mentioned in connection with the earlier
+part of this century.  Sir Thomas Abney, who filled the office of lord
+mayor in 1701, and also represented the city in parliament, is
+described as having been an eminent blessing to his country and the
+Church of God.  He died in 1722, deeply regretted, not only by his
+religious friends, but by his fellow-citizens in general.  We have seen
+or heard it stated respecting him, that during his mayoralty he
+habitually maintained family worship, without suffering it to be
+interrupted by any parties or banquets.  On such occasions prayer was
+introduced, or he retired to present it in the bosom of his family.
+Many other beautiful instances of a devout spirit, of faith in Christ,
+and of love to God, were, no doubt, open at that time to the eye of Him
+who seeth in secret; but neither then, nor for some time afterwards,
+were any vigorous efforts made to bring religion home with power to the
+mass of the London population.  That distinguished man, the Rev. George
+Whitefield, was an instrument in the hand of God of effecting in the
+metropolis, before the close of the first half of the century, an
+unprecedented religious awakening.  He came up to officiate in the
+Tower in 1737, but his first sermon in London was delivered in
+Bishopsgate church.  On his second visit, crowds climbed the leads, and
+hung on the rails of the buildings in which he was engaged to minister,
+while multitudes went away because not able to get anywhere within the
+sound of his voice.  Nothing had been seen like it since the days of
+such men as Baxter and Vincent.  When collections were needed,
+Whitefield was eagerly sought, as the man capable above all others of
+replenishing the exhausted coffers of Christian beneficence.  The
+people sat or stood densely wedged together, with eyes riveted on the
+speaker, and many a tear rolled down the cheeks of citizen and
+apprentice, matron and maiden, as the instructions and appeals of that
+wonderful preacher, expressed in stirring words and phrases, fell upon
+their ears, in tones marvelously rich, varied, and musical.  With an
+eloquence, which now flashed and rolled like the elements in a
+thunder-storm, and then tenderly beamed forth like the sun-ray on the
+flower whose head the storm had drenched and made to droop, did he
+enforce on the people truths which he had gathered out of God's
+precious word, and the power of which he had evidently himself realized
+in all the divinity of their origin, the sublimity of their import, the
+directness of their application, and the unutterable solemnity of their
+results.  As a man dwelling amidst eternal things, with heaven and hell
+before him, the eye of God upon him, and immortal souls around him,
+hastening to their account,--in short, as every minister of Christ's
+holy gospel ought to deliver his message, did he do so.  The holiness
+of God, as a Being of purer eyes than to behold iniquity; the perfect
+excellence of the Divine law; its demand of entire obedience; its
+adaptation, if observed, to promote the happiness of man; its
+spirituality, reaching to the most secret thoughts and affections of
+the heart; the corruption of human nature; the alienation of man from
+God, and his moral inability to keep the Divine law; the sentence of
+everlasting condemnation, which, as the awful, but righteous
+consequence, falls upon our race; the marvelous kindness of God in so
+commending his love to us, "that while we were yet sinners Christ died
+for us;" the Saviour's fulfillment of the law in his gracious
+representative character; the perfect satisfaction for sin rendered by
+his atoning sacrifice; the unutterable condescension and infinite love
+with which he receiveth sinners; the grace of the Holy Spirit; the
+necessity of an entire regeneration of the soul by his Divine agency;
+the full and free invitations of the gospel to mankind at large;
+forgiveness through the blood of Christ offered to all who believe; the
+universal obligation of repentance; the requirement of holiness of
+heart and life, as the evidence of love to Christ, and the indwelling
+of the Spirit, as the Author of holiness; such were the grand truths
+which formed the theme of Whitefield's discourses, and which, in
+numerous instances, fell with startling power on ears unaccustomed to
+evangelical statements and appeals.  The preacher was a man of prayer
+as well as eloquence, and in his London visits poured out his heart in
+earnest supplication to God for the effusion of his Holy Spirit upon
+the vast masses of unconverted souls, slumbering around him in the arms
+of spiritual death.  Whitefield could not confine himself to churches,
+and his out-door preaching soon increased the interest which his former
+services had produced.  "I do not know," said the celebrated Countess
+of Hertford, in one of her letters, "whether you have heard of our new
+sect, who call themselves Methodists.  There is one Whitefield at the
+head of them, a young man of about five-and-twenty, who has for some
+months gone about preaching in the fields and market-places of the
+country, and in London at May Fair and Moorfields to ten or twelve
+thousand people at a time."  Larger multitudes still are said to have
+been sometimes convened; on Kennington Common, for example, the number
+of Whitefield's congregation has been computed at sixty thousand.
+
+The notice taken of the young preacher by this lady of fashion, is only
+a specimen of the interest felt in his proceedings by many persons in
+the same rank of life.  The nobility attended in the drawing-room of
+the Countess of Huntingdon to listen to his sermons, or accompanied her
+to the churches where he had engaged to officiate.  Long lists of these
+titled names have been preserved, in which some of the unlikeliest
+occur, such as Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, the Earl of Chesterfield,
+Lord Bolingbroke, Bubb Doddington, and George Selwyn.  Indeed, it seems
+to have been quite the fashion for the great ones of the land to
+cluster round this man of God.  He was the theme of their conversation.
+By all he was marveled at; by some he was censured or ridiculed; by
+more he was praised and caressed; by a few he was honored and blessed
+as the means of their spiritual renewal or edification.  Among the
+middle and lower classes in London, as elsewhere, did he reap his
+richest harvests.  How many hundreds and thousands were melted down
+under the power of the word which he proclaimed!  How many of that
+generation in our old city are now before the throne of the Lamb,
+adoring the gracious Providence which brought them within the sound of
+Whitefield's voice!
+
+A remarkable occurrence in London, in the year 1750, gave occasion for
+a singular display of this great preacher's holy zeal.  Shocks of an
+earthquake were felt in different parts of London and the vicinity,
+especially in the neighborhood of the river Thames.  Such visitations
+are sure to produce violent terror, and on this occasion the feeling
+reached its highest pitch.  The people, apprehending there was greater
+danger in their own houses, and in the streets lined with buildings,
+than in wide spaces open and unencumbered, rushed, in immense crowds,
+to Hyde Park, and there waited, in fearful foreboding of the judgments
+of the Almighty.  One night, when the excitement was overwhelming, and
+a dense multitude had congregated there under the dark arch of heaven,
+Whitefield, regarding it as a signal opportunity for preaching the
+gospel to his fellow-countrymen, hastened to the spot, and delivered
+one of his most powerful and pathetic discourses.  He called the
+attention of the throngs before him to the coming advent of the Son of
+God, to judge the world in righteousness, when not the inhabitants of
+one city only, but all of Adam's race, in every clime, would be
+gathered together, to receive from the lips of Eternal Justice their
+final and unalterable sentence.  Nor did he fail to point out the
+character of Christ in his relation to man as a Saviour as well as
+Judge, urging his hearers to flee from the wrath to come, and to lay
+hold on the hope set before them in the gospel.  "The awful manner in
+which he addressed the careless, Christless sinner, the sublimity of
+the discourse, and the appearance of the place, added to the gloom of
+night, continued to impress the mind with seriousness, and to render
+the event solemn and memorable in the highest degree."  While the
+shades of night rendered him invisible to his audience, his clear
+voice--which could be heard distinctly at the distance of a mile,
+passing through a marvelous variety of intonations, in which the very
+soul of the speaker seemed to burst out in gushes of terror or
+love--must, as it sounded over the park, and fell upon the eager
+listening thousands, have seemed to them like the utterance of some
+impalpable and unseen spirit, who, with unearthly powers of address,
+had come down from heaven to warn and invite.  "God," he observed, in
+writing to Lady Huntingdon, "has been terribly shaking the metropolis;
+I hope it is an earnest of his giving a shock to secure sinners, and
+making them to cry out, 'What shall we do to be saved?'  What can shake
+a soul whose hopes of happiness in time and in eternity are built upon
+the Rock of ages?  Winds may blow, rains may and will descend even upon
+persons of the most exalted stations, but they that trust in the Lord
+Jesus Christ never shall, never can be totally confounded."  Charles
+Wesley was in town during this dispensation of Providence, (which
+happily passed off without inflicting any serious injury,) and he also
+employed himself in faithful and earnest preaching.  So did Mr.
+Romaine, whose ministry will be noticed more particularly in the next
+chapter.  The only additional information we can give respecting this
+religious revival, is that the Rev. John Wesley, equally distinguished
+with Whitefield, but by gifts of a different order, began his course in
+London as the founder of the Methodist Connection, in 1740, and spent
+among the London citizens a large portion of his apostolic and
+self-denying labors, with unconquerable perseverance and eminent
+success.  He was accustomed, at the commencement of his career, to meet
+with the Moravians for religious exercises in their chapel in
+Fetter-lane; thus associating that edifice, which still remains, with
+the early history of Methodism.  "There the great leaders in this
+glorious warfare, with their zealous coadjutors--persons whose whole
+souls were consecrated to the cause of God our Saviour--often took
+sweet counsel together.  They have all long since gone to their rest,
+to meet in a better temple together, as they have often worshiped in
+the temple below, and to go out no more."
+
+In further illustration of the state of London at the time now under
+our review, we will turn to consider some other of its social aspects.
+Literary society presents some curious and amusing facts.  The
+booksellers before the fire were located, for the most part, in St.
+Paul's Church-yard.  It is stated that not less than L150,000 worth of
+books were consumed during that conflagration.  The calamity proved the
+ruin of many, and was the occasion of raising very enormously the price
+of old books.  Little Britain, near Duck-lane, became the rendezvous of
+the trade, which remained there for some years afterwards.  "It was,"
+says Roger North, "a plentiful and perpetual emporium of learned
+authors."  The shops were spacious, and the literati of the day gladly
+resorted thither, where they seldom failed to find agreeable
+conversation.  The booksellers themselves were intelligent persons,
+with whom, for the sake of their bookish knowledge, the most brilliant
+wits were pleased to converse.  Before 1750, the literary emporium of
+London was transferred to Paternoster-row.  Up to that time the
+activity in the publishing business was very great, especially in the
+pamphlet line; perhaps there were more publishers then than even now.
+Dunton, a famous member of the fraternity, wrote his own life, in which
+he enumerates a long list of his brethren, with particulars relating to
+their character and history.  The authors of London were computed by
+Swift to amount in number to some thousands.  While a Swift, a Pope, an
+Addison, a Steele, a Bolingbroke, a Johnson, and other world-known
+names in that Augustan age of letters, produced works of original
+genius, the bulk of the writers who supplied the trade were "mere
+drudges of the pen--manufacturers of literature."  A whole herd of
+these were dealers in ghosts, murders, and other marvels, published in
+periodical pamphlets, upon every half sheet of which the tax of a
+halfpenny was laid on in the reign of Queen Anne.  "Have you seen the
+red stamp the papers are marked with?" asks Dean Swift, in a letter to
+Mr. Dingley--"methinks the stamping is worth a half-penny."  These
+panderers to a vitiated taste, which is far from having disappeared in
+our own day, and other writers of the humbler class, were so numerous
+in Grub-street, that the name became the cognomen for the humblest
+brethren of the book craft.  There and elsewhere did they pour forth
+their lucubrations in lofty attics, which led Johnson to make the
+pompous remark, "that the professors of literature generally reside in
+the highest stories.  The wisdom of the ancients was well acquainted
+with the intellectual advantages of an elevated situation; why else
+were the muses stationed on Olympus or Parnassus, by those who could,
+with equal right, have raised them bowers in the vale of Tempe, or
+erected their altars among the flexures of Meander?"  The favorite
+places of resort for poets, wits, and authors, were the coffee-houses,
+especially Wills', in Russell-street, Convent Garden, where Dryden had
+long occupied the critics' throne, and swayed the sceptre over the
+kingdom of letters.  Thither went the aspirant after fame, to obtain
+subscribers for his forthcoming publication, or to secure the approving
+nod of some literary Jupiter; and there many an offspring of the muse
+was strangled in the birth, or if suffered to live, treated with
+merciless severity.  In the same street lived Davies, the bookseller,
+at whose house Boswell, the biographer of Johnson, became acquainted
+with his hero.  "The very place," he says, "where I was fortunate
+enough to be introduced to the illustrious subject of this work,
+deserves to be particularly marked.  It was No. 8.  I never pass by
+without feeling reverence and regret."
+
+Pope was the most successful author of his time, and realized L5,320 by
+his Iliad.  The keenness of his satire in the Dunciad threw literary
+London into convulsions.  On the day the book was first vended, a crowd
+of authors besieged the shop, threatening to prosecute the publisher,
+while hawkers crushed in to buy it up, with the hope of reaping a good
+harvest from the retailing of so caustic an article.  The dunces held
+weekly meetings to project hostilities against the satirical critic,
+whose keen weapon had cut them to the quick.  One wrote to the prime
+minister to inform him that Mr. Pope was an enemy to the government;
+another bought his image in clay to execute him in effigy.  A
+surreptitious edition was published, with an owl in the frontispiece,
+the genuine one exhibiting an ass laden with authors.  Hence arose a
+contest among the booksellers, some recommending the edition of the
+owl, and others the edition of the ass, by which names the two used to
+be distinguished.  In 1737, Dr. Johnson came up to the metropolis with
+two-pence halfpenny in his pocket--David Garrick, his companion, having
+one halfpenny more.  Toiling in the service of Cave, and writing for
+the Gentleman's Magazine, then a few years old, the former could but
+obtain a bare subsistence, which forced from him the well-known lines
+in his poem on London:--
+
+  "This mournful truth is everywhere confessed,
+  Slow rises worth by poverty depressed."
+
+He lodged at a stay-maker's, in Exeter-street, and dined at the Pine
+Apple, just by, for eight-pence.  An odd example of the intercourse
+between bookmakers and bookvenders, is preserved in the anecdote of
+Johnson beating Osborne, his publisher, for alleged impertinence.  Of
+the genial habits of literary men in London, we have an illustration in
+the clubs which he formed, or to which he belonged.  That which still
+continues to hold its meetings at the Thatched House, is the
+continuation of the famous one established at a later period than is
+embraced in this chapter, at the Turk's Head, where Johnson used to
+meet Reynolds, Burke, and Goldsmith.
+
+But it is time to glance at fashionable London.  As to its locality, it
+has been anything but stationary.  Gradually, however, it has been
+gliding westward for the last three centuries and more.  First breaking
+its way through Ludgate, and lining the Thames side of the Strand with
+noble houses, then pushing its course farther on, and spreading itself
+out over the favored parishes of St. James and St. George.  Here,
+during the first half of the last century, might be seen the increasing
+centralization of English patricians.  The city was deserted of
+aristocratic inhabitants, and Devonshire-square was the spot "on which
+lingered the last lady of rank who clung to her ancestral abode."  But
+this westward tendency, flowing wave on wave, was checked for awhile in
+Soho and Leicester-squares, which remained till within less than a
+hundred years ago, the abode or resort of the sons and daughters of
+fashion.  St. James's, Grosvenor, and Hanover-squares, were, however,
+of a more select and magnificent character.  The titled in Church and
+state loved to reside in the elegant mansions which lined and adorned
+them, so convenient for visits to court, which then migrated backwards
+and forwards between St. James's and Kensington.  Still, though these
+anti-plebeian regions were scenes of increasing convenience, comfort,
+and luxury, some of the nuisances of former days lingered amidst them;
+and as late as 1760, a great many hogs were seized by the overseers of
+St. George's, Hanover-square, because they were bred, or kept in the
+immediate neighborhood of these wealthy abodes.
+
+On the levee day of a prime minister, a couple of streets were
+sometimes lined with the coaches of political adherents, seeking power
+or place, when favored visitors were admitted to an audience in his
+bedchamber.  The royal levees were thronged with multitudes of
+courtiers, who thereby accomplished the double purpose of paying their
+respect to the sovereign and reviving their friendships with each
+other.  It is very melancholy to read in dean Swift's letters such a
+passage as the following, since it evinces so painful a disregard of
+the religious character and privileges of the Lord's-day, very common,
+it is feared, at the time to which it relates: "Did I never tell you,"
+he says, "that I go to court on Sundays, as to a coffee-house, to see
+acquaintances whom I should not otherwise see twice a year."
+
+"Drawing-rooms were first introduced in the reign of George II., and
+during the lifetime of the queen were held every evening, when the
+royal family played at cards, and all persons properly dressed were
+admitted.  After the demise of the queen in 1737, they were held but
+twice a week, and in a few years were wholly discontinued, the king
+holding his 'state' in the morning twice a week."--_Cunninghame_.
+
+Promenading in Pall Mall and the parks on foot was a favorite
+recreation of the lords and ladies of the first two Georges' reigns, at
+which they might be seen in court dresses, the former with bag wig and
+sword, the latter with hooped petticoats and high-heeled shoes,
+sweeping the gravel with their trains, and looking with immense
+contempt on the citizens east of Temple-bar who dared to invade the
+magic circle which fashion had drawn around itself.  These gathering
+places for the gay were often infested by persons who committed
+outrages, to us almost incredible.  Emulous of the name, as of the
+deeds of the savage, they took the title of Mohawks, the appellation of
+a well-known tribe of Indians.  Their sport was, sword in hand, to
+attack and wound the quiet wayfarer.  On one occasion, we find from
+Swift's letters, that he was terribly frightened by these inhuman
+wretches.  Even women did not escape their violence.  "I walked in the
+park this evening," says Swift, under date of March 9th, 1713, "and
+came home early to avoid the Mohawks."  Again, on the 16th, "Lord
+Winchelsea told me to-day at court, that two of the Mohawks caught a
+maid of old lady Winchelsea's at the door of their house in the park
+with a candle, who had just lighted out somebody.  They cut all her
+face, and beat her without any provocation."
+
+Another glimpse of the London of that day, which we catch while turning
+over its records, presents a further unfavorable illustration of the
+state of society, both in high and in low life.  In May Fair there
+stood a chapel, where a certain Dr. Keith, of infamous notoriety,
+performed the marriage service for couples who sought a clandestine
+union; and while the rich availed themselves of this provision, persons
+in humbler life found a similar place open to them in the Fleet prison.
+Parliament put down these enormities in 1753.
+
+Ranelagh and Vauxhall were places of frivolous amusement resorted to
+even by the higher classes.  From these and other haunts of folly,
+lumbering coaches or sedan chairs conveyed home the ladies through the
+dimly lighted or pitch dark streets, and the gentlemen picked their way
+over the ruggedly paved thoroughfares, glad of the proffered aid of the
+link boys, who crowded round the gates of such places of public
+entertainment or resort as were open at night, and who, arrived at the
+door to which they had escorted some fashionable foot passenger,
+quenched the blazing torch in the trumpet-looking ornament, which one
+now and then still sees lingering over the entrance to some house in an
+antiquated square or court, a characteristic relic of London in the
+olden time.  A walk along some of the more quiet and retired streets at
+the west end of the metropolis, which were scenes of fashion and gayety
+a hundred years ago, awaken in the mind, when it is in certain moods,
+trains of solemn and healthful reflection.  We think of the generations
+that once, with light or heavy hearts, passed and repassed along those
+ways, too many of them, we fear, however burdened with earthly
+solicitudes, sadly heedless of the high interests of the everlasting
+future.  Led away by the splendid attractions of this world, its
+wealth, power, praise, or pleasure, they too surely found at last that
+what they followed so eagerly, and thought so delightful, was only a
+delusion, like the gorgeous mirage of the desert.  Some few years
+hence, and we shall have ourselves gone the way of all the earth.
+Other feet will tread the pavement, and other eyes drink in the light,
+and look upon the works and ways of fellow-mortals; and other minds
+will call up recollections of the past, and moralize with sombre hues
+of feeling as we do now; and where then will the reader be?  It is no
+impertinent suggestion in a work like this, that he should make that
+grave inquiry--nor pause till, in the light which illumines the world
+to come, he has duly considered all the materials he possesses for
+supplying a probable answer.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LONDON DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+"In the latter half of the century few public buildings were erected,
+yet among them were two of the noblest which the city even now
+possesses, namely, the Excise Office and Newgate.  The end of the last
+century was, however, marked by the erection of the East India House,
+more decidedly Grecian than anything else which preceded it.  Compared
+with what it has since been, architecture then was rather at a low ebb,
+for although one or two of the buildings above mentioned are noble
+works, they must be taken as exceptions to the meagre, insipid, and
+monotonous style which stamps this period, and which such erections as
+the Adelphi and Portland-place rather confirm than contradict.  With
+the exception of St. Peter-le-poor, 1791, and St. Martin Outwich, 1796,
+not one church was built from the commencement of the reign of George
+III., till the regency."--_Penny Cyclopaedia, art. London_.  This remark
+applies to the city.  Paddington church was built during that period,
+and opened in 1791.  The chief public buildings of the period, besides
+those noticed, are the Mansion House, finished in 1753; Middlesex
+Hospital, built 1756; Magdalen Hospital, 1769; Freemasons' Hall, 1775;
+Somerset House, in its present state, 1775; and Trinity House, 1793.
+Westminster bridge was finished in 1750, and Blackfriars begun ten
+years afterwards; these, with London bridge, were the only roadways
+over the Thames during the eighteenth century.
+
+The extremities of London continued to extend.  Grosvenor-place, Hyde
+Park Corner, was reared 1767; Marylebone-garden was leased out to
+builders 1778; Somers-town was commenced 1786.  "Though London
+increases every day," observes Horace Walpole in 1791, "and Mr.
+Herschel has just discovered a new square or circus, somewhere by the
+New-road, in the _via lactea_, where the cows used to feed; I believe
+you will think the town cannot hold all its inhabitants, so
+prodigiously the population is augmented."  "There will be one street
+from London to Brentford, ay, and from London to every village ten
+miles round; lord Camden has just let ground at Kentish-town for
+building 1,400 houses; nor do I wonder; London is, I am certain, much
+fuller than ever I saw it.  I have twice this spring been going to stop
+my coach in Piccadilly, to inquire what was the matter, thinking there
+was a mob; not at all, it was only passengers."
+
+The Westminster Paving Act, passed in 1762, was the commencement of a
+new system of improvement in the great thoroughfares.  The old signs,
+posts, water-spouts, and similar nuisances and obstructions, were
+removed, and a pavement laid down for foot passengers.
+
+But until the introduction of gas, in the present century, the streets
+continued to be dimly lighted, and the services of the link boy at
+night to be in general requisition.  In 1760, names began to be placed
+on people's doors, and four years subsequently, the plan of numbering
+houses originated.  Burlington-street was the first place in which this
+convenient arrangement was made.  In Lincoln's-inn-fields it was next
+followed.
+
+The history of London, during the latter half of the eighteenth
+century, was emphatically that of an age of public excitements, some of
+them specially pertaining to the city, while in others the whole
+country shared.  The removal of Mr. Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham,
+from the high ministerial position he had occupied--an event which
+occurred in 1757--produced very strong ebullitions of feeling in the
+hearts of his numerous admirers.  London largely participated in the
+popular admiration of that extraordinary man, and expressed a sense of
+his services by voting him the freedom of the city, which was presented
+to him in an elegant gold box.  The success of the British arms during
+the next year, in the taking of Louisbourg, led to great rejoicings,
+illuminations, and the presentation to the king of loyal congratulatory
+addresses.  In the year following, the wants of the army being found
+very urgent, and men being unwilling to enlist, a subscription was
+opened at Guildhall to meet the exigency by raising a fund, out of
+which the amount of premium on enlistment might be augmented.  The
+taking of Quebec, in 1759, again awakened enthusiastic joy; and the
+record of bonfires, ringing of bells, and kindred demonstrations, are
+conspicuous in the civic annals for that year.  The accession of George
+III., in 1760, was marked by the full payment to the young sovereign of
+all those loyal dues, which are tendered by the metropolitan
+authorities and community when such an important event occurs as the
+transfer of the sceptre into new hands.  But the public excitement in
+his favor was soon exchanged for feelings equally intense of an
+opposite character.  John Wilkes appeared on the stage of public life
+in 1754--a man utterly destitute of virtue and principle, but possessed
+of certain qualities likely to render him popular, especially an
+abundance of humor, and a wonderful degree of assurance.  By attacking
+Lord Bute, the favorite of the king, but no favorite with the people,
+he gained applause, and was set down as a patriot.  In No. 45 of the
+"North Briton," a newspaper which he edited, a violent attack on his
+majesty appeared; indeed, it went so far as to charge him with the
+utterance of a falsehood in his speech from the throne.  The house of
+Wilkes was searched, and his person seized for this political offence;
+but sheltering himself under his parliamentary privileges, he obtained
+his dismissal from custody.  Upon an information being filed against
+him by the attorney-general, he declined to appear, when the House of
+Commons took the matter in hand, and declared Wilkes's paper to be a
+false, seditious, and scandalous libel, and ordered it to be burned by
+the common hangman.  The sympathies of many in London being with
+Wilkes, a riot ensued upon the attempt which the sheriffs made to
+execute the parliamentary sentence.  Wilkes's disgrace was turned into
+a triumph, and the metropolis rang with the applause of this worthless
+individual.  Unhappily, the proceedings against him had involved
+unconstitutional acts, which are sure to produce the indignation of a
+free people, and to transform into a martyr a man who is really
+criminal.  He was next convicted of publishing an indecent poem; but
+again the improper means adopted to secure his conviction placed him
+before the people as a ministerial victim, and diverted attention from
+his flagrant vices.  But the reign of this demagogue in London,
+properly speaking, did not begin till 1768, when he returned to
+England, after a considerable absence, and offered himself as a
+candidate for the city.  Though exceedingly popular, he failed to
+obtain his election, but afterwards, with full success, he appealed to
+the Middlesex constituency.  Then came the tug of war between the
+electors and the House of Commons.  The latter invalidated the return,
+in which the former persisted.  Riots were the consequence.  One
+dreadful outbreak took place in St. George's-fields, when the military
+were ordered to fire, and some were killed or wounded.  Three times
+Wilkes was returned by the people to parliament, and three times the
+parliament returned him to the people.  This violation of popular
+rights was deeply resented in London, and throughout the country.  It
+also made Wilkes's fortune; L20,000 were raised for him; all kinds of
+presents were showered on the favorite; and his portrait, in every form
+of art, was in universal request.  In the Common Pleas, he afterwards
+obtained a verdict against Lord Halifax for false imprisonment and the
+illegal seizure of papers.  He was subsequently elected sheriff,
+alderman, and mayor of London; and finally, in 1779, sank down into
+neglect much more comfortably than he deserved, as chamberlain of the
+city.  His history singularly illustrates how illegal proceedings
+defeat their object, though it be right; and how a rash eagerness in
+pursuing the ends of justice overturns them.
+
+In connection with the Wilkes affair, there is a remarkable episode in
+the municipal history of the metropolis.  A most serious
+misunderstanding took place between the monarch and the corporation.
+The proceedings of ministers in reference to the Middlesex election,
+led the civic authorities to present to the king a very strong
+remonstrance, begging him to dissolve the parliament, and dismiss the
+ministry.  The monarch took time to consider what reply he should make
+to so formidable an application, and at length informed the corporation
+that he was always ready to receive the requests and listen to the
+complaints of his subjects, but it gave him concern to find that any
+should have been so far misled as to offer a remonstrance, the contents
+of which he considered disrespectful to himself, injurious to
+parliament, and irreconcilable with the principles of the constitution.
+Among the aldermen, there were some who disapproved of the
+remonstrance, and now strongly protested against it; but Beckford, who
+then, for the second time, filled the office of lord mayor, and
+strongly felt with the common council, livery, and popular party,
+earnestly resisted such opposition, and encouraged the citizens to
+maintain their stand against what was considered an exercise of
+arbitrary power on the part of government.  The mayor summoned the
+livery, and delivered a speech just adapted to the assembly.  Another
+remonstrance was drawn up, to be presented to his majesty by the lord
+mayor and sheriffs.  To this the king replied, that he should have been
+wanting to the public and himself, if he had not expressed his
+dissatisfaction at their address.  Beckford, who must have been a bold
+and eloquent man, breaking through all the rules of court etiquette,
+delivered an extempore speech to the sovereign, which he concluded by
+saying, "Permit me, sire, to observe, that whoever has already dared,
+or shall hereafter endeavor, by false insinuations and suggestions, to
+alienate your majesty's affections from your loyal subjects in general,
+and from the city of London in particular, and to withdraw your
+confidence in, and regard for, your people, is an enemy to your
+majesty's person and family, a violator of public peace, and a betrayer
+of our happy constitution, as it was established at the glorious and
+necessary revolution."  Of course, no reply was given to this impromptu
+address, but it seemed to have excited no little wonder among the
+courtiers present on the occasion.  On the birth of the princess
+Elizabeth, a short and loyal address of congratulation, avoiding all
+controversial topics, was presented by the same chief magistrate; to
+which his majesty answered, that so long as the citizens of London
+addressed him with such professions, they might be sure of his
+protection.  The stormy agitation was of brief continuance.  The
+ripples on the stream soon subsided.  With this interview the good
+understanding between the king and the city appears to have been
+restored, though the bold remonstrance the latter had presented
+produced no practical effect.  The popular lord mayor, who signalized
+himself especially by his speech in the royal closet, was removed by
+Divine Providence out of this life before the term of his mayoralty
+expired.  After his decease, the citizens, to mark their esteem for his
+character, erected a monument to him in Guildhall, and engraved on it
+the speech which had given him so much celebrity.
+
+The great dispute between the mother country and America, which began
+as early as 1765, could not fail to excite a deep interest in the
+capital of the empire.  "The sound of that mighty tempest," as it was
+termed by Burke, was heard with deep concern at first by the London
+merchants, as threatening to injure their commercial interests; and
+when the Stamp Act, so odious from its influence in that respect, was
+repealed soon after it was passed, the whole city beamed with gladness
+and satisfaction.  When, however, America asserted her independence,
+many in London, as well as in other parts of the country, felt their
+national pride so much wounded, that they encouraged the war, till
+finding the conflict with so distant and powerful a colony all in vain,
+they were willing to hear of peace, though at the expense of losing the
+chief part of the British territory in the western hemisphere.  But in
+the feelings that the protracted struggle awakened, the metropolis only
+shared in connection with the provinces; they must, therefore, be
+passed over with this cursory notice, that we may attend to what
+particularly constitutes the history of the city.
+
+This plunges us at once amidst scenes of excitement, much more serious
+and shocking than any others that have lately come under review.  In
+1779, the Protestant Association was formed, in consequence of some of
+the Roman Catholic disabilities being removed.  The society met at
+Coachmakers' Hall, Noble-street, Foster-lane, under the presidency of
+lord George Gordon, whose general eccentricity bordered upon madness,
+and whose professed abhorrence of Popery sank into fanaticism.  The
+association, in May, 1780, determined to petition for a repeal of the
+Act just passed, and it was resolved that the whole body should attend
+in St. George's-fields, on the second of June, to accompany lord George
+with the petition to the House of Commons.  His lordship enforced this
+motion with vehement earnestness, and said that if less than 20,000 of
+his fellow-citizens attended him, he would not present the document.
+At the time and place appointed, an immense multitude assembled,
+computed at 50,000 or 60,000, wearing blue ribbons in their hats,
+marshaled under standards displaying the words "No Popery."  In three
+divisions they marched six abreast, over Londonbridge, towards
+Westminster, being reinforced at Charing Cross by great numbers on
+horseback and in carriages.  The then narrow avenues to the houses of
+parliament were thronged by these crowds, and such members of the
+legislature as they disliked were treated with insult, as they made
+their way through the dense concourse.  The petition was presented; but
+when that business was finished for which the populace had been invited
+by the foolish nobleman, he found it impossible to disperse them.
+Harangues, so potent in convening the host, were utterly powerless when
+employed for their separation.  Nor did the magistracy attempt a timely
+interference; but the mob was left to its own wild will, and like a
+swollen torrent, which bursts its banks, it poured over the city with
+destructive havoc.  The chapels of the Bavarian and Sardinian embassy
+were pulled down that night.  On the next day, Saturday, they committed
+no violence; but on Sunday they assailed a popish chapel and some
+houses in Moorfields, within sight of the military, who stood by unable
+to do anything, because they had no commands from the chief magistrate,
+who alone could authorize them to act.  All that was done was to take a
+few of the rioters into custody, while the rest were left without any
+attempt at their dispersion.  Utterly unnerved, the lord mayor
+virtually surrendered the city at this momentous crisis into the hands
+of the mob.  Encouraged by the impunity with which they were left to
+pursue their own course, they attacked on the next day the house of Sir
+George Sackville, in Leicester-square, because he had moved the
+Catholic Relief Bill.  On Tuesday, waxing bolder than ever, they
+besieged the old prison of Newgate, where a few of their associates
+were confined.  Breaking the roof, and tearing away the rafters, they
+descended into the building by ladders, and rescued the prisoners.  Two
+eye-witnesses, the poet Crabbe and Dr. Johnson, have left their
+impressions of this extraordinary scene: "I stood and saw," says the
+former of these writers, "about twelve women and eight men ascend from
+their confinement to the open air, and conducted through the streets in
+their chains.  Three of them were to be hanged on Friday.  You have no
+conception of the frenzy of the multitude.  Newgate was at this time
+open to all; anyone might get in, and what was never the case before,
+anyone might get out."
+
+"On Wednesday," says Dr. Johnson, "I walked with Dr. Scott, (lord
+Stowell,) to look at Newgate, and found it in ruins, with the fire yet
+glowing.  As I went by, the Protestants were plundering the
+sessions-house at the Old Bailey.  There were not, I believe, a
+hundred, but they did their work at leisure, in full security, without
+sentinels, without trepidation, as men lawfully employed in full day."
+Besides Newgate, lord Mansfield's house in Bloomsbury-square was pulled
+down, and his valuable library burned.  The Fleet, King's Bench, the
+Marshalsea, Wood-street Compter, and Clerkenwell Bridewell, were all
+opened, and such a jail delivery effected as the citizens had never
+witnessed before.  A stop was put to business on the Wednesday; shops
+were closed; pieces of blue, the symbol of Protestant truth and zeal,
+were required to be hung out of the windows, and "No Popery" chalked on
+the doors.  Before night, even the Bank was assailed, but not without a
+dreadful and destructive repulse from the military who garrisoned it,
+and were ordered to act.  It is stated that the king, alarmed at the
+danger of his capital, and indignant at the inaction of the
+magistrates, took upon himself to command the services of the military
+for putting down the riot.  While thirty fires were blazing in the
+streets, and the inhabitants passed a sleepless night, full of anguish,
+a large body of soldiers was engaged in the terrible, though necessary
+work of suppressing the riot by force.  This was accomplished at the
+expense of not less than five hundred lives.  By Friday, quietude was
+restored.  Lord George Gordon was apprehended, but was acquitted upon
+trial, his conduct not coming within the limits of the statute of
+treason.  Sixty of the deluded creatures, who at first were excited by
+his mischievous agitation however, had to pay the extreme penalty of
+the law.  A happy contrast to this brutal kind of excitement has been
+recently (1850-51) displayed in the calm, deep, and, for the most part,
+intelligent resistance made to a far different measure--the papal
+aggression, in the creation of territorial bishoprics; one really
+calculated to excite far greater opposition.  The years 1780 and 1850,
+stand out at the extremes of a period which has witnessed, in London
+and elsewhere, a change in public thought and habit of the most
+gratifying kind; and to what can this be so fairly ascribed, under the
+providence and blessing of God, as to the increase of instruction,
+especially religious instruction, through the medium of Sabbath and
+other schools, together with the distribution of the Bible and tracts,
+as well as other meliorating agencies operating on society?
+
+Eight years after the anti-popery riots, another excitement, of a
+different kind, rolled its waves over the public mind in London; not,
+indeed, confined to the metropolis, but concentrating its force there,
+as the scene of the occurrence which produced it.  This was the trial
+of Warren Hastings, for his alleged mal-administration of Indian
+affairs.  But the great length to which it was extended wearied out the
+public patience, and ere the forensic business came to its close the
+court was forsaken, and the numerous London circles, at first thrown
+into a storm of feeling by the occurrence, resumed their former
+quietude, and almost forgot the whole matter.
+
+The same year that Hastings' trial commenced, the public sympathy and
+sorrow were aroused in London, and throughout the nation, by the
+melancholy mental illness of George III., but the next year his sudden
+recovery created universal joy, which was demonstrated in the
+metropolis, after the usual fashion.
+
+  Then loyalty, with all his lamps
+    New trimmed, a gallant show,
+  Chasing the darkness and the damps,
+    Set London in a glow.
+
+  It was a scene, in every part,
+    Like those in fable feigned,
+  And seemed by some magician's hand
+    Created and sustained.
+
+On the 23d of April, a general thanksgiving was held for the king's
+recovery, and on that account his majesty, accompanied by the royal
+family, went in procession to attend public worship in St. Paul's
+Cathedral; thus reminding us of the words of the Babylonish monarch,
+"Mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed the Most High, and
+I praised and honored him that liveth forever, whose dominion is an
+everlasting dominion, and his kingdom is from generation to generation."
+
+At the close of the eighteenth century, the proceedings of
+revolutionary France sent a fresh stream of excitement through the
+public mind of England.  On one side or the other, in sympathy with or
+in aversion to the measures adopted on the opposite side of the
+channel, most politicians, high and low, eagerly ranged themselves.
+The efforts of Mr. Pitt to prevent anything like the enactment here of
+what our neighbours were doing, were condemned or applauded by the two
+parties according to the principles they espoused.  "The trials of
+Hardy, Tooke, Thelwall, and others," says a minister, then a student
+near the metropolis, "which took place not long after my entrance on
+college life, agitated London to an extent which I have never seen
+equaled, though my life has fallen on times and events of the most
+prodigious and portentous character."--_Autobiography of the Rev. W.
+Walford_.  Clubs were formed of a more than questionable description,
+of which we remember to have received an illustrative anecdote from a
+citizen of London, now gray-headed, but then in the flower of his
+youth.  Invited by a person of about his own age to attend a meeting,
+held in some obscure street, he was surprised on entrance to find a
+number of men, ranged on either side a room, sitting beside long
+tables, with one at the upper end, where sat the president for the
+evening.  Several foaming tankards were brought in, when the president
+calling on the company to rise, took up one of the vessels, and
+striking off with his hand the foam that crested the porter, gave as a
+toast, "So let all ---- perish."  The blank was left to be filled up as
+each drinker pleased.  The avowed dislike to kings, entertained by the
+boon companions there assembled, suggested to the visitor the word
+intended for insertion, and he gladly left the place, not a little
+alarmed lest he should be suspected of sympathy in treasonable designs.
+
+Following political excitement came a monetary crisis, which struck a
+panic through the body of London merchants; for, in 1797, the Bank of
+England suspended its cash payments.  But after all these storms, which
+severely tested its strength, the vessel of the state, under the
+blessing of the Almighty, righted itself, and scenes of political calm
+again smiled, and tides of commercial prosperity flowed upon old London.
+
+In passing on to notice the general state of society in the metropolis
+during the last half of the eighteenth century, it is painful to notice
+the continuance of some of the revolting features which mark an earlier
+age.  The old-fashioned burglaries, with the robberies and rogueries of
+the highway, were still perpetrated.  A walk out of London after dark
+was by no means safe; and therefore, at the end of a bill of
+entertainment at Bellsize House, in the Hampstead-road, St.
+John's-wood, there was this postscript--"For the security of the
+guests, there are twelve stout fellows, completely armed, to patrol
+between London and Bellsize, to prevent the insults of highwaymen and
+footpads who infest the road."  To cross Hounslow-heath or
+Finchley-common after sunset was a daring enterprise; nor did travelers
+venture on it without being armed, and even ball-proof carriages were
+used by some.  At Kensington and other places in the vicinity of
+London, it was customary on Sunday evenings to ring a bell at
+intervals, to summon those who were returning to town to form
+themselves into a band, affording mutual protection, as they wended
+their way homewards.  Town itself did not afford security; for George
+IV. and the Duke of York, when very young men, were stopped one night
+in a hackney-coach and robbed on Hay-hill, Berkeley-square.  The state
+of the police, as these facts indicate, was most inefficient; but when
+the law seized on its transgressors, it was merciless in the penalty
+inflicted.  Long trains of prisoners, chained together, might be seen
+marching through the streets on the way to jail, where the treatment
+they received was cruel in the extreme, and much more calculated to
+harden than to correct.  The number of executions almost exceeds
+belief; and every approach to town exhibited a gibbet, with some
+miserable creature hanging in chains.  These public spectacles missed
+their professed object, and the frequent executions did anything but
+check the commission of crime.  The lowest classes constantly assembled
+to witness such spectacles, regarded them generally as mere matters of
+amusement, or as affording opportunities for the indulgence of their
+vices.
+
+Some startling revelations of the state of things among London
+tradesmen, as well as the lowest orders, were made before a select
+committee of the House of Commons in 1835, relative to the period fifty
+years earlier.  "The conduct of tradesmen," said one of the witnesses,
+"was exceedingly gross as compared with that of the same class at the
+present time.  Decency was a very different thing from what it is now;
+their manners were such as scarcely to be credited.  I made inquiries a
+few years ago, and found that between Temple-bar and Fleet-market,
+there were many houses in each of which there were more books than all
+the tradesmen's houses in the streets contained when I was a youth."
+He mentions, also, the open departure of thieves from certain
+public-houses, wishing one another success--"In Gray's-inn-lane," he
+remarks, "was the Blue Lion, commonly called the Blue Cat.  I have seen
+the landlord of this place come into the room with a large lump of
+silver in his hand, which he had melted for the thieves, and pay them
+for it.  There was no disguise about it.  It was done openly."  "At the
+time I am speaking of, there were scarcely any houses on the eastern
+side of Tottenham-court-road; there, and in the long fields, were
+several large ponds; the amusement here was duck-hunting and
+badger-baiting; they would throw a cat into the water, and set dogs at
+her; great cruelty was constantly practised, and the most abominable
+scenes used to take place.  It is almost impossible for any person to
+believe the atrocities of low life at that time, which were not, as
+now, confined to the worst paid and most ignorant of the populace."
+
+Turning to look for a moment at the opposite extreme of society, it is
+delightful to mark the improvement which had there taken place.  While
+drawing-rooms and levees were held as before, though less frequent, the
+former being confined to once a week; while equipages of similar
+fashion as formerly continued to roll through the parks, Piccadilly,
+and the Mall; while the costumes and habits of courtiers exhibited no
+great variation; while theatres, and other places of amusement, were
+frequented by the fashionables; while gossiping calls in the morning,
+and gay parties at night, were the common and every-day incidents of
+West-end life--a very obvious improvement arose in the morals and
+general tone of feeling of people about court, in consequence of the
+exemplary and virtuous character of George III. and Queen Caroline.
+Fond of quiet and domestic repose, retiring into the bosom of their
+family, surrounded by a few favorite dependents, encouraging a taste
+for reading and music, and ever frowning upon vice in all its forms,
+they exerted a powerful influence upon those around them, and turned
+the palace into a completely different abode from what it had been in
+the time of the earlier Georges.  Religion, too, if not in its earnest
+spirituality, yet in its decorous observances and its moral bearings,
+was maintained and promoted, both by royal precept and example.  The
+monarch and his family were accustomed to attend regularly upon the
+services in the chapel attached to St. James's Palace.
+
+The revival of religion in London, to which we adverted in a former
+chapter, produced permanent results.  During the last half of the
+century, Christian godliness continued to advance.  Whitefield's
+labors, as often as he visited the metropolis, produced a deep
+impression on the multitudes who, in chapels or the open air, were
+eager to hear him.  Whitefield died in America, but a monument is
+erected to his memory in Tottenham-court Chapel, the walls of which
+often echoed with his fervid oratory.  Wesley's exertions were
+prolonged till the year 1792.  After a life of most energetic effort in
+the cause of Christ, this remarkable man expired at his house in
+London, 1791, in the eighty-eighth year of his age.
+
+The countess of Huntingdon, Whitefield's early friend, exerted in
+London a powerful religious influence, "scattering the odors of the
+Saviour's name among mitres and coronets, and bearing a faithful
+testimony to her Divine Master in the presence of royalty itself."  She
+has left behind her in the metropolis two remarkable proofs of her
+religious liberality and zeal, in Zion and Spafields Chapels, both of
+which she was the means of transforming out of places of amusement into
+houses for the service and praise of God.
+
+The labors of Mr. Romaine, the minister of St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe
+and St. Anne, Blackfriars, claim special notice.  Previous to his
+induction to those parishes, he had preached at St. Dunstan's and St.
+George's, Hanover-square, exciting great attention, and, by the
+benediction of God, enjoying great success.  The parishioners in the
+latter church were sometimes incommoded by the vast concourse who came
+to hear this evangelical clergyman.  On one occasion, the Earl of
+Northampton rebuked them for complaining of the inconvenience,
+observing that they bore with patience the crowded ball-room or
+play-house.  "If," he said, "the power to attract be imputed as matter
+of admiration to Garrick, why should it be urged as a crime against
+Romaine?  Shall excellence be considered exceptionable only in Divine
+things?"  Mr. Romaine was strongly opposed by some who disapproved of
+his sentiments, and was soon turned out of St. George's Church; after
+which the countess of Huntingdon made him her chaplain for awhile, in
+which office he preached in her drawing-room to the nobility, in her
+kitchen to the poor.  Her house, where these services were performed,
+was in Park-street.  Settled, at length, as the rector of the two
+churches above-named, this eminent servant of Christ--of whom it has
+been said that he was a diamond, rough often, but very pointed, and the
+more he was broken by years the more he appeared to shine--pursued
+uninterruptedly his holy and edifying ministrations till the time of
+his death in 1795.  He was interred in St. Andrew's Church, where a
+monument, not devoid of artistic beauty, and executed by the elder
+Bacon, a well-known sculptor of that day, distinguishes the place of
+his remains.  In 1780, there came to minister in the parish of St. Mary
+Woolnoth another individual, whose praise is in all the churches.  This
+was John Newton, the friend of the poet Cowper.  He lies buried in the
+edifice where he loved to proclaim the glorious Gospel of the blessed
+God; and on the tablet raised as a memorial of his worth is inscribed
+the following succinct account of his eventful life and of his
+character, so illustrative of Divine grace, in words written by
+himself: "John Newton, clerk, once an infidel and libertine, a servant
+of slaves in Africa, was, by the rich mercy of our Lord and Saviour,
+Jesus Christ, preserved, restored, pardoned, and appointed to preach
+the faith he had long labored to destroy."
+
+Rowland Hill, originally a clergyman of the establishment, and never
+fully sympathizing with any dissenting denomination, though confessing
+to many clerical irregularities, occupies a distinguished place among
+the men who devoted themselves to the faithful preaching of the Gospel
+in the metropolis.  Surrey Chapel, which has proved a school in which
+many spirits have been trained for the celestial world, was erected by
+him in Blackfriars-road, 1782, and there till his death he continued to
+preach.
+
+Two very celebrated prelates filled the see of London during this
+eventful period in the history of religion: Dr. Lowth, the elegant
+scholar and able commentator, who was translated to London in 1777; and
+Dr. Porteus, who succeeded him on his death in 1786, and though
+inferior in talents and learning, earned for himself a considerable
+literary reputation as a Christian divine, and distinguished his
+episcopate, which lasted till 1808, by his pious diligence and catholic
+charity.
+
+Science, literature, and art, were promoted in London during the period
+before us, by the establishment of several well-known institutions.
+The British Museum was formed in 1753, in consequence of the will of
+Sir Hans Sloane, who bequeathed his large collection of curiosities to
+government for L20,000, which was L30,000 less than they cost him.  An
+act of parliament was passed for their purchase, and Montague House,
+Bloomsbury, was taken and fitted up for the reception of Sloane's
+treasures, and other collections, scientific and literary, upon which
+great sums of money were expended.  The Royal Academy, for the
+encouragement and improvement of British artists and sculptors, was
+constituted in 1768, and the first public exhibition was made at
+Somerset House in 1780.  The Royal Institution in Albemarle-street was
+opened in 1799.  The College of Surgeons was incorporated in 1800.
+
+Other institutions, sacred to humanity and benevolence, and fraught
+with great benefit to multitudes of our suffering race, were originated
+within the last fifty years of the eighteenth century.  In 1755,
+Middlesex Hospital was founded, the generous exertions which led to it
+having begun some years earlier.  Three years later, the Magdalen
+Hospital, for the reformation and relief of penitent females, was
+opened in Prescott-street, Goodman-fields, and afterwards transferred
+to an appropriate building, erected for the purpose in St.
+George's-fields, in 1709.  The foundation-stone of the Lying-in
+Hospital, on the Surrey side of Westminster-bridge, was laid in 1765;
+and a similar institution was begun in the City-road in 1770.  The
+Royal Humane Society, for the recovery of persons from drowning,
+commenced in 1774.  The Royal Literary Fund, for the relief of poor
+authors, was instituted in 1790.
+
+The religious societies of London, whose character adorns the English
+capital, eclipsing its artistic and commercial splendour, chiefly
+belong to the present century.  The London Missionary Society, however,
+for preaching the Gospel of Christ among the heathen, began as early as
+1795.  The declaration of the Society was signed at the Castle and
+Falcon, Aldersgate-street.  In the year 1709 was formed, also, the
+institution by which the present volume is issued--the Religious Tract
+Society.  Commencing with small beginnings, it has, through the
+prospering hand of God upon its labors, been privileged to proclaim the
+unsearchable riches of Christ in one hundred and ten languages and
+dialects; and, in the course of half a century, to circulate its varied
+messengers of mercy to the vast amount of five hundred millions of
+copies.
+
+Since the conclusion of the eighteenth century, London has undergone an
+unprecedented change, upon which the limits of this volume will not
+allow us to touch.  The city, which is still swelling every year, in a
+degree which, if Horace, Walpole were living, would fill him with
+greater surprise than ever, is really new London.  Few of the principal
+streets exhibit the appearance they did fifty years ago, and the
+architectural alteration is but a type of the social one.  The superior
+sanitary arrangements, the more efficient police, the better education
+of most classes of society, the augmented provision for religious
+instruction and worship, the more decidedly evangelical tone of
+preaching in the metropolitan pulpits, and the increase of real piety
+amongst the population, must strike everyone, on even a superficial
+comparison of the past and present; and when we consider the great
+change wrought in half a century, it inspires encouragement in relation
+to the future.  The impulse which things have received of late has been
+so mighty, that there is no calculating the acceleration of their
+future progress.  Thus the remembrance of the past yields advantage,
+and we pluck hopes, "like beautiful wild flowers from the ruined tombs
+that border the highways of antiquity, to make a garland for the living
+forehead."--_Coleridge_.  On taking a longer reach of comparison, an
+amount of wonder is inspired not to be adequately expressed.  Had some
+sage in the Roman senate, two thousand years ago, proclaimed that the
+day would come, when an obscure town, situated on the Thames, a river
+scarcely known then to the Latin geographer, would vie with the city in
+which they were assembled on the Tiber, nay, eclipse it, and wax in
+glory while the other waned, that prediction would have strangely
+crossed their pride, and would have been indignantly pronounced
+incredible.  Yet that day has come.  The British town, then a mere
+inclosure, containing a few huts, has swelled into a city teeming with
+a population of above two millions, crowded with public buildings and
+costly habitations, filled with commerce, wealth, and luxury, the
+mirror of modern civilization, the metropolis of a mighty empire, and
+the wonder of the world--while the Roman city, then the mightiest and
+most splendid on the face of the earth, and the mistress of the globe,
+so far as its regions were discovered, retains no traces of her glory,
+and is chiefly interesting on account of her ancient name and
+associations.
+
+Happily the genius of civilization in the two cities is completely
+diverse.  In the early days of the Roman kingdom and republic, the
+people fought in self-defence; in later times, from a pure thirst for
+glory and dominion.  In the best periods of its history, the virtues of
+the citizens were of the martial cast, and found a fostering influence
+in all the institutions of the state.  To Rome, which then cradled a
+warlike people, London presents a contrast on which we look with
+satisfaction.  London is the type of commercial civilization.  The
+merchant, not the soldier, is most prominent and influential.  The
+inhabitants of the English metropolis and country, it may be safely
+asserted, are looking not to armies as sources of greatness, and
+objects for gratulation, but to the busy thousands who are deepening
+and spreading the resources of national wealth by their commercial and
+manufacturing industry.  The spirit of mercantile enterprise is as
+strongly stamped upon the English character, in their metropolis of the
+nineteenth century, as the spirit of war was stamped upon the character
+of the Romans in their metropolis before the Christian era.  Rome had
+her trade as well as her army--her Ostia, whither her vessels brought
+for her use the luxuries of the East; but it was not there, but to the
+Campus Martius, where their legions performed their evolutions, that
+the stranger would have been taken to see the greatness of the
+republic.  So the metropolis of the British empire is the rendezvous of
+a great military establishment, as well as an emporium of merchandise;
+but it is to the scenes on the borders of the Thames, to her spacious
+docks, her crowded shipping, her stores and warehouses, with all the
+accompaniments of busy commerce, presenting a spectacle which perfectly
+overpowers the mind with wonder--it is to those scenes that we should
+take the stranger, to impress him with an idea of the greatness of our
+chief city.  The Hyde Park review, with cuirasses and swords glittering
+in the sun, and martial music floating through the air, affords a
+brilliant holiday entertainment, but all must feel that the English
+spirit of the nineteenth century is not there expressed.  It is very
+true that the love of war has not lost its hold entirely on the public
+mind; that there are many who still pant for the conflict, and for the
+honors and prizes which successful warfare brings; but, we repeat it,
+the spirit of the nineteenth century is not there expressed, but it
+finds its exponent in the earnest activity which is ever witnessed
+round the neighborhood of London-bridge and the Exchange.  The time is
+coming--is already come, when, as most intelligent men turn over the
+pages of the world's history, they award the palm of the noblest
+civilization to London, a city full of merchants and artisans, rather
+than to Rome, a city full of soldiers, flushed with the pride of
+victory, and drunk with the blood of the slain.
+
+In all that relates to the state of society, the genius of the people,
+public opinion, general intelligence, taste, feeling, character--the
+comparison is decidedly in favor of the English capital.  This is to be
+ascribed to many causes--to the intermingling of races, an insular
+position, political revolutions, enlarged experience, providential
+discoveries, and the creation of sentiments and opinions during
+centuries of mental activity; but, above all, it is to be ascribed to
+Christianity, which has long had a strong hold upon the hearts of
+multitudes, and which has indirectly exercised a most beneficial reflex
+influence upon the character of others, who have little regard for its
+doctrinal principles.  The richest forms of modern civilization in
+London are founded on our religion.  The elevation of woman to her
+proper rank, the improved character of the judicial code, the
+extinction of domestic slavery, the elevation of serfs of the soil to
+freemen having an estate in their own labor, the value set on life, the
+philanthropic institutions which abound--are all the results of
+evangelical light and principle.  Let any one walk through the streets
+of London, and compare the aspect of things with what was exhibited to
+the man who walked through the streets of ancient Rome--and with all
+the vice and misery which exist in the former, there are found elements
+of social welfare, the acknowledged creation of Christian morals, at
+work, unknown in the latter.  Indications of intelligence, peace,
+freedom, and charity, are found here, which were wanting there.  The
+power and permanence of London must depend upon her morality and
+religion.
+
+We look with intense interest to the young men of London.  With pain,
+such as we cannot describe, we regard the gay, the dissolute, the
+intemperate--those who drown the higher faculties of the soul in
+sensual indulgence, who degrade their mental, moral, and spiritual
+nature, and, forgetting their relationship to angels, sink to the level
+of the brutes that perish.  With pleasure, however, equally
+indescribable, we turn to the steady, the sober, the virtuous, the
+enlightened--those who labor after mental improvement, and especially
+those who seek spiritual excellence, who ask and practically answer the
+question, "While I am attending to the intellectual culture of the
+mind, ought I not to prepare for that eternity to which I am hastening,
+where moral and spiritual character will be all in all?" and who,
+repairing to the word of God, the source of all religious wisdom, have
+become the subjects of a discipline, which adorns the intellect with
+the beauties of sanctity, and prepares the soul for the vision and
+worship of heaven.  Of such, London may well say with the mother of the
+Gracchi, but in a far more important sense, "These are my jewels."
+
+Let it be the endeavor, as it is the duty of London citizens, to aid
+all wise schemes for its physical and intellectual amelioration, but
+especially such as relate to morals and religion.  With a clear eye, a
+loving heart, a steady hand, and a determined will, each must apply
+himself to pulling down the evil, and building up the good.  The moral
+health of a city should be the care of all its members.  The most
+precious object amidst the multitude of precious things in the chief
+city of England is the citizen himself.  Man, out of whose intellect,
+energy, and power, all the rest has grown--man, in whose capacities are
+found the germs of a greatness, the cultivation of which will a
+thousand times repay the toil it involves.  The noblest of enterprises,
+be it remembered, is to be found, not in commercial speculation, or
+political reform, or even literary and scientific knowledge, but in the
+promotion of Christ's holy and saving religion, and in the recovery and
+purification of the soul, through faith in him, and its preparation for
+other realms of being in the infinite Hereafter.  The enduring
+magnificence of such labor and its results exceeds all the doings of
+earthly ambition, even as the mighty Alps and Andes surpass the houses
+of ice and snow which children in their sports build up, and which are
+melting away before that sun in whose rays they glitter.
+
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS FOR SUNDAY-SCHOOLS.
+
+200 Mulberry-street, New York.
+
+
+LONDON IN MODERN TIMES;
+
+Or, Sketches of the English Metropolis during the Seventeenth and
+Eighteenth Centuries.  18mo., pp. 222.
+
+
+THE RODEN FAMILY;
+
+Or, the Sad End of Bad Ways.  Reminiscences of the West India Islands.
+Second Series, No. II.  Three Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 159.
+
+
+LEARNING TO FEEL.
+
+Illustrated.  Two volumes, 18mo., pp. 298.
+
+
+LEARNING TO ACT.
+
+Three Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 144.
+
+
+ROSA, THE WORK GIRL.
+
+By the Author of "The Irish Dove."  Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 138.
+
+
+THE FIERY FURNACE;
+
+Or, the Story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego.  By a Sunday-School
+Teacher.  Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 64.
+
+
+ELIZABETH BALES:
+
+A Pattern for Sunday-School Teachers and Tract Distributers.  By J. A.
+JAMES.  18mo., pp. 84.
+
+
+SOCIAL PROGRESS;
+
+Or, Business and Pleasure.  By the Author of "Nature's Wonders,"
+"Village Science," etc.  Sixteen Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 269.
+
+
+MINES AND MINING.
+
+18mo., pp. 212.
+
+
+BLOOMING HOPES AND WITHERED JOYS.
+
+By Rev. J. T. BARR, Author of "Recollections of a Minister,"
+"Merchant's Daughter," etc.  Five Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 286.
+
+
+NINEVEH AND THE RIVER TIGRIS.
+
+Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 210.
+
+
+MOUNTAINS OF THE PENTATEUCH.
+
+Conversations on the Mountains of the Pentateuch, and the Scenes and
+Circumstances connected with them in Holy Writ.  18mo., pp. 202.
+
+
+MEMOIR OF ELIZA M. BARKER.
+
+By A. C. ROSE.  Two Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 108.
+
+
+IDLE DICK AND THE POOR WATCHMAKER.
+
+Originally written in French, by Rev. CESAR MALAN, of Geneva.  With
+Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 82.
+
+
+MY GRANDFATHER GREGORY.
+
+With Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 118.
+
+
+LITTLE WATER-CRESS SELLERS.
+
+18mo., pp. 80.
+
+
+SUNDAY AMONG THE PURITANS;
+
+Or, the First Twenty Sabbaths of the Pilgrims of New England.  By DR.
+W. A. ALCOTT.  18mo., pp. 95.
+
+
+IRISH STORIES FOR THOUGHTFUL READERS.
+
+Five Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 285.
+
+
+UNCLE WILLIAM AND HIS NEPHEWS.
+
+Nine Illustrations.  18mo., pp. 64.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of London in Modern Times, by Unknown
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