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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/35375-h.zip b/35375-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..afa7f51 --- /dev/null +++ b/35375-h.zip diff --git a/35375-h/35375-h.htm b/35375-h/35375-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d0bb33 --- /dev/null +++ b/35375-h/35375-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1518 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<title>Canadian Eclipse Party 1869</title> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + .container { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + p, p.noindent { + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1em; + } + p.noindent { + text-indent: 0em; + } + p.caption { + text-align: center; + } + h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 { + font-weight: normal; + text-align: center; + } + h3.spaced { + letter-spacing: 0.2ex; + } + h4.bold { + font-weight: bold; + } + img { + display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + } + .smtext { + font-size: 75%; + } + .songtitle { + font-size: 75%; + font-variant: small-caps; + position: relative; + left: 20em; + } + .songlyrics { + font-size: 85%; + position: relative; + left: 10em; + } + .songchorus { + font-size: 85%; + position: relative; + left: 5.5em; + } + .smcaps { + font-variant: small-caps; + } + .smcapsc { + font-variant: small-caps; + text-align: center; + } + .smcapsr { + font-variant: small-caps; + text-align: right; + } + .textr { + text-align: right; + } + .textc { + text-align: center; + } + + hr, hr.narrow, hr.page { + width: 20%; + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + height: 1px; + border: 0; + color: #000000; + background-color: #333333; + } + hr.narrow { + width: 5%; + } + hr.page { + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + width: 100%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + right: 1%; + font-size: x-small; + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; + letter-spacing: normal; + padding-left: 0em; + text-align: right; + color: gray; + background-color: inherit; + } + + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Canadian Eclipse Party 1869, by Commander E. D. Ashe + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Canadian Eclipse Party 1869 + +Author: Commander E. D. Ashe + +Release Date: February 23, 2011 [EBook #35375] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADIAN ECLIPSE PARTY 1869 *** + + + + +Produced by Walter MacDonald II + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="container"> +<p> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + </p> +<h1>CANADIAN ECLIPSE PARTY</h1> +<h1>1869.</h1> +<p> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + <br /> + </p> +<hr class="page" /> + +<h2>THE PROCEEDINGS</h2> +<h5>OF THE</h5> +<h1>CANADIAN ECLIPSE PARTY</h1> +<h2>1869.</h2> +<hr width="10%" /> +<h3 class="spaced">BY COMMANDER ASHE.</h3> +<h4 class="bold">Director Observatory, Quebec.</h4> +<hr width="10%" /> +<h4> +Quebec:<br /> +PRINTED BY MIDDLETON & DAWSON, AT THE “GAZETTE”<br /> +GENERAL PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT.<br /> + <br /> +1870.</h4> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<h2>THE</h2> +<h1>CANADIAN ECLIPSE PARTY</h1> +<h1>1869.</h1> +<hr width="25%" /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +Before giving an account of my proceedings in reference to the +eclipse, I think it only right, in justice to our party, to state +that the arrangements were made very hastily, as it was not until +the last moment that would admit of my reaching the station allotted +to me by the American astronomers, viz., Jefferson City, that I was +informed that $400 had been appropriated for the purpose of taking +my telescope to Iowa.</p> +<p> +The party consisted of Mr. Douglas, Mr. Falconer, and myself.</p> +<p> +As we had only three days to get ready, there was much to be done, +dismounting the telescope and making cases for the several parts, +and carefully packing photographic materials. Instead of the stone +support for telescope (eight inches aperture and 9 feet focus) I +had one made of wood, but as the centre of gravity was raised so +high by using wood, I had to take great care in the formation of +the base; however, the stability was excellent. Our arrangements +were all complete by the 26th of July, and we started that evening +by the Montreal boat.</p> +<p> +For the benefit of those who may undertake an expedition of a similar +kind, it may be well to mention a few incidents that occurred during +our journey, which, although trifling in themselves, may prove useful +to future eclipse parties. I may mention that two of the cases, +containing parts of the telescope, were directed “Eclipse Expidition,” +with three i’s in Expedition. This was pointed out to me at Montreal, +but the mistake is excusable, for evidently the more eyes we have +in an astronomical expedition the better. With regard to original +spelling, I will relate the following anecdote, which would have +suited “Artemus Ward.”</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +The boatswain of a man-of-war has to keep a rough expense book of +the different stores that he uses, and this is checked by the master, +who on one occasion sent for Mr. Parks, and when lie came, he said: +“Oh, Mr. Parks, you have expended too much rope for those ‘jib guys;’ +it will surely be found fault with; you had better reduce the +quantity;” and on handing him the book, he said: “By the bye, b-l-o-x +is not the way to spell blocks.” The boatswain took the book very +sulkily; and after he had taken two steps towards the door, he turned +round, and said “Well, sir, if b-l-o-x don’t spell blocks, what do +it spell?”</p> +<p> +We started on our journey by the evening train. When we arrived at +Port Huron our first difficulty occurred; the Custom-House officers +would not pass our baggage, although we pointed out the great importance +of our party, and also, that the moon would not wait an instant for +us. They did not see it; so our baggage was locked up for the night. +We took rooms at a small inn, and then Mr. Douglas and I went by rail +to Huron, to see the head of the Customs. After going up two flights +of stairs, we were shewn into a room which two gentlemen occupied. +The chief was smoking, with the chair resting on its two hind legs +and his resting on the table. We told our story, and shewed him a +certificate from the American Consul at Quebec. He looked very hard +at me, took the cigar out of his mouth, wrote a pass which he handed +to me, and then resumed his cigar and former position. We began to +thank him, but as he hid himself in smoke, we retreated down stairs.</p> +<p> +I never was more struck with the kindness of our American cousins +than I was during this trip. On all occasions, they did all in their +power to promote our convenience. In the morning we had time to see +Mr. Muir, the director of the railway, who kindly gave us a free +passage over his line, a kindness that was shewn to us by all the +directors of the different lines that we travelled on. I may remark +that the cases with the heavier parts of the telescope were broken, +and I much feared that the instruments would be seriously damaged. +Mr. Muir very kindly had outside cases put on, and I carried the most +valuable part (the object glass) in my hand. After we left Chicago, +and before going to bed, we left word to be called before crossing +the Mississippi. It is not fair to judge of scenery from a view taken +through the window of a railway car, but I must say that I was +disappointed,—shallow, sluggish, and muddy; but then I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +ought to remember that I live on the banks of one of the finest and +most beautiful rivers in the world.</p> +<p> +In the morning we were on the prairie, which is not so flat as I had +expected to see it, but it is a beautiful undulating country, and if +there were trees upon it nothing more could be desired. It was +explained to me by a gentleman who was travelling with us, the +reason why trees do not grow on this beautiful land. It appears +that on the eastern bank of all rivers and streams only do trees +grow; now without entering into the cause of the prairies catching +fire, I will only say that in September, when the long grass is +quite dry, they do catch fire, and then burn until it is stopped +by a river, and as it always burns to windward, and as the wind +generally blows in one direction, we have a solution why the trees +only grow on one side of a river; and once the primeval forest is +removed, it never has a chance of growing again, as the young trees +are sure to be burnt, and the beautiful black soil of the prairie +is enriched by the deposit of burnt grass.</p> +<p> +At one station where we stopped to water our engine, I saw two +children of the soil; they have good reason to complain at their +lot. The buffalo and antelope driven away, and if they are hungry +they are told to go and dig; dig, how can they dig? let us reverse +the picture. Suppose that our cities and towns were by the Indians +turned into a prairie, and when we were hungry they told us to go +away and catch a buffalo, a pretty hand I should make of catching a +buffalo. The sooner the poor fellows are shot down or killed by +small-pox, the sooner they will go to their happy hunting grounds.</p> +<p> +As the Norway rat kills all other rats that it meets, so the savage +must disappear, and the Northern races of Europe will exterminate +them.</p> +<p> +There is one exception, the African negro, and no matter what you +do to him he thrives under the treatment; whether free or in slavery +he multiplies and is happy. Strange that rum which kills the Indian, +only makes him fat.</p> +<p> +But the king of savages—the New Zealander—has the fairest island, +in the most favored clime, taken from him, and civilization forced +upon him.</p> +<p> +There is no getting away from this civilization now. But I am +thankful to say that I was at San Francisco before it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +arrived there. +When out shooting I saw the fresh foot-prints of a grizzly bear, +and did not know how far the gentleman might have been from me at +that moment. Now, I should like to know how far you would have to +travel, and how much you would have to spend, before you could +experience the same delightful sensation.</p> +<p> +I have seen real Indians with real bows and arrows, in Vancouver’s +Island; and the place where I then saw them, now has become the +head-quarters of the Pacific squadron; and the Indians, instead of +flattening their heads, no doubt have put on the Grecian bend. Where +is all this to stop?</p> +<p> +It was pointed out to me that most of the telegraph-posts were +struck by lightning; no wonder; for that king of natural forces, +that for so many thousands of years has reigned supreme-splitting +the granite rock, and shivering the mighty oak at his will—now +to be brought into existence at the will of an apothecary boy, +placed in two cups and locked up in a cupboard, and then made travel +day and night, over hill and dale, and under the vast ocean, to +carry messages at the bidding of man,—no wonder, I say, that he +should try and knock the whole concern into a cocked hat!</p> +<p> +“Boonsboro! twenty minutes for dinner!!” Now, then, we shall have +something in keeping with the prairie,—I suppose a deer roasted +on a stake. Nothing of the sort. I went into a nice dining-room; +saw a quantity of pretty girls, or rather young ladies, with short +sleeves and low dresses. “Soup, sir! chicken, sir! peas, sir!” The +station at Rugby is nothing to it. After twenty minutes of capital +feeding, we heard, “all aboard! all aboard!” and as we left, the +father of these young ladies was standing at the door, and obliged +us by taking half-a-dollar, a great improvement on the English +system, where, on asking the waiter for your bill, he asks: “What +’ave you ’ad?” and begins to add accordingly. The next station was +Jefferson, 1,398 miles from Quebec. Here the boxes were again thrown +out, and the train left for San Francisco. The boxes were left at +the station, and we drove up to the hotel, about half-a-mile from +the station. As this was Saturday, July 31st, we had exactly a week +to select a site and to build an observatory—mount the telescope +and take preliminary observations. The American parties were several +weeks at their station before the day of the eclipse, and found it +not too long to prepare.</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +Jefferson city is three years old, has about eight thousand inhabitants, +and looks a thriving place. The next day, after church, Mr. Douglas +and I rode across the prairie to a station situated about eight miles +on the railway from Jefferson. As it was nearer to the central line +of eclipse, we wanted to see if it would do for the site of our +observatory.</p> +<p> +I forgot to mention that the day before I left Quebec, in pulling +off my boot I broke the tendon of the plantaris muscle, which made +me quite lame. However, the six days’ comparative rest made it much +better, but still it was far from well.</p> +<p> +We started for our ride across the prairie about two o’clock, and +reached the station in about an hour and a-half. We crossed several +streams and some marshy ground, and started several prairie chickens. +After examining the place, and finding that it would be very inconvenient +to get the material there, we thought that it would be better to remain +at Jefferson, and we mounted to return. After we had left some time, +and as I was suffering from my leg, and could not ride fast, I +persuaded Mr. Douglas to ride on, and get back before sunset to +keep an appointment with a carpenter, and not to mind me, as I +could ride slowly back. He very reluctantly did so, and when I was +left alone, I felt quite at home, steering my horse across the +boundless prairie by the setting sun. Now, my horse had crossed +many streams, and soft wet places in going out, so I took it for +granted that he knew more about the prairie than I did, and would +not allow me to get into difficulties, and consequently steered a +straight course for that point of the compass in the direction of +Jefferson. The sun had just touched the horizon. I was crossing some +marshy ground with reeds up to my shoulders, when I saw my horse’s +nostrils distended, and his ears forward. I immediately put my helm +down and brought him round, and just as I had done so, down he sank; +I found myself up to my ankles in mud, and up to the calf of the leg +in water; the horse was fixed immovable, no struggling, but snorting +and dreadfully frightened. I have been in various situations of +difficulty; but when I looked up and saw the tall reeds far above +my head, and the sun setting, I must confess that I thought my case +a serious one. I remembered the fate of a young French officer of +the combined fleet that was at anchor at the entrance to the “Dardanelles,” +who went on shore to shoot, and as he did not return that night, we +landed in the morning to look for him, and not far from the ship, we +found him in a bog up to his waist, his gun a few feet in front of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +him, and he quite dead. I knew that if a man once gets up to his +waist, it would be impossible to extricate himself; however, when I +dismounted I sank up to my knees, and although that was not the place +to philosophize, still I did so, and I began to think what is the +reason that a man in struggling works himself down, and I immediately +discovered that on raising the heel I produced a vacuum, as the mud +prevents either water or air getting underneath the foot, and so +with 15 lbs. to the square inch, in addition to your weight you soon +disappear. That being the case, I did not attempt to raise the foot, +but moved it backwards and forwards in a horizontal position until I +made the hole so big, that water got under the foot, when I could lift +it up with the greatest ease. After extricating myself I tore down +some reeds and made a platform round my horse, then I patted his neck, +and spoke good-naturedly to him, and then went astern, and by means +of his tail worked him backwards and forwards with a rolling kind +of motion to let the water well round his feet, and lastly went ahead, +passed the bridle over his neck, and sat down with it in my hands +right ahead. Now, then, old boy, “up she rises,” the horse began to +struggle, I kept the head-rope taut, and he was freeing himself +bravely. If I let go the bridle too soon, he would go back; if I +held on too long, he would be upon me, and not only kill me but +bury me, so at the critical moment I let go, and rolled over and +over amongst the reeds, and the horse floundered past me. When I +got on my feet no horse was to be seen, but only the tops of the +reeds moving as he was making his way out. I thought I had not +improved my situation much, for with my leg I could not walk a mile, +and, of course, the horse had shaped his course for the stable. +However, when I emerged from the reeds, I saw the dear old fellow +standing as still as if he were in his stable. But now came another +difficulty with my lame leg, I could not put a foot into the stirrup, +perhaps he might have been in a circus and taught to lay down, so I +began kicking his forelegs and lifting up one and then the other—but +no—he had no idea of it: then I thought I would lash his feet +together with the bridle and throw him down, but there might be some +difficulty in my remaining on his back when he floundered to get up, +well, if the worst comes to the worst, I will lash myself to his +tail and make him tow me home; but an idea struck me, I lengthened +the near stirrup to about a foot and a-half of the ground, and then +lengthened the other and brought it over on the same side, and here +I had a nice little ladder to walk up which I did, and then knelt on +the saddle and dropped into +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +my seat. I could not help shaking hands +with myself, and patting my steed on the neck, I then commenced my +journey home, which I reached just before dark.</p> + +<hr class="page" /> +<img width="800" height="343" src="images/picture08.jpg" alt="VIEW OF JEFFERSON CITY, IOWA, FROM OBSERVATORY." /> +<p class="caption">VIEW OF JEFFERSON CITY, IOWA, FROM OBSERVATORY.</p> +<hr class="page" /> + +<p> +We had agreed to erect the observatory about half a mile from the +station, on a rising part of the prairie; carpenters were engaged, +and an arrangement made with a lumber merchant, who would supply +what I wanted and take it back when I had done with it, only charging +us for the damage done to the stuff. Early on Monday morning, the +instruments were carted out and unpacked; and at sunset the four +walls of the observatory were up. Now, as we thought it not advisable +to leave all these things open on the prairie, it was agreed that +some one should sleep there—and, of course, it was my duty to +remain. They sent down a mattrass, pillow, and blanket; there was +no wood to build a large fire outside, but I collected some chips, +and lit a small fire inside, and placed my mattrass alongside. A +little after sunset a musquito looked over the wall, and then +sounded the assembly; on they came, and I with my head in the smoke +kept blowing the fire, putting on wet grass to make a smoke; but, +after half an hour at this work, I found out the fact that man was +not intended for a pair of bellows, and although I assisted the +action by compressing my sides with my hands, still at the end of +the half hour that I blew I found that I was blown. When once my +head was out of the smoke, the musquitoes flew at me; I stood up +to fight them, but in so doing I had to fight myself also. Now an +army was drawn up in contiguous columns on my cheeks, the skirmishers +advancing through my eye-brows; at their first volley I felt as if I +was struck with a hackle. I really think that they work their stings +like the needle of a sewing machine. Maddened, I struck myself a +fearful blow with both hands in the face, and had the satisfaction +of making them “leave that,” and so I fought myself and the musquitoes +for some time: still they attacked me with an impetuosity truly +marvellous, and where one fell two took his place. I was getting +weak; a storming party had now taken possession of my right ear; +I clenched my fist, and with a swinging blow, cleared the ear, but +knocked myself down. Exhausted and worn out, I put my hands into my +pockets, and gave them my head. In that half-dreamy state, the +long, long hours were passed; and after they had breakfasted, +dined and supped, they began to discuss me. “Ah,” said one, “if +you want a good drink, strike between the corner of the eye and +the nose.” “No, no,” said a large party; “if you want a draught +of good sparkling astronomer, sink your pump +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +in his temple.” “You +are wrong,” said a dissipated old fellow with frayed wings; “just +creep up his cuff, and harpoon his wrist, and there you will drink +until you lift yourself off your legs.” Then they sung the following</p> +<p class="songtitle">SONG.</p> +<div class="songlyrics"> +“The blood of the Indian is dark and flat,<br /> +And that of the buffalo hard to come at<br /> +But the blood of the astronomer is clear and bright:<br /> +We will dance and we’ll drink the live-long night.<br /> + <br /> +</div> + +<span class="songchorus">Chorus:—“How jolly we are with flights so airy;</span><br /> +<span class="songlyrics">Happy is the mosquito that dwells on the prairie.”</span> + +<p> +And then they quarrelled and fought with each other, and made +speeches,—and so the dreary hours dragged along; but when the +eastern horizon was tinted with beams of light, they staggered +off to their respective marshes—some to die of apoplexy, others +of <i>delirium tremens</i>. Verdict—served them right. From dawn until +six, I had a refreshing sleep, and when my relief came, I awoke up, +and began to think whether I had heard all this, or only dreamt it. +I suppose I dreamt it.</p> +<p> +The work now made rapid progress: doors with locks, dark room settled, +platform for telescope support firmly laid. The next day, began to +mount the telescope, but when we came to screw in the object-glass, +we found out that the brass seat in the tube had been pressed into +an oval. What was to be done? No one in Jefferson that knew anything +about it; too late to send it anywhere; here was a great break-down. +However, a Mr. Kelly said he would try; and after some hours’ hard +work, he got the object-glass screwed home, but could not be unscrewed; +so the flats that hold the bolts that secure the object-glass to +the telescope could not be put on, but we secured it as well as we +could.</p> +<p> +It is important to mention that before arriving at Jefferson, we +made the acquaintance of a Mr. Vail, from Philadelphia, who was +going to Des Moines to observe the eclipse, and as I had a 42-inch +telescope by Dolland, without an observer, I asked him to join our +party and observe the eclipse with it, which he kindly consented +to do; and his report is of the very greatest consequence, as it +confirms, in a most striking manner, the details that are seen in the +negatives.</p> +<p> +By Friday night, all preparations were made, and we retired to rest +with great doubts about having a fine day.</p> + +<hr class="page" /> +<img width="800" height="588" src="images/picture10.jpg" alt="CLEAR FOR ACTION." /> +<p class="caption">CLEAR FOR ACTION.</p> +<hr class="page" /> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +However, Saturday came at last, and the morning was hazy and overcast; +but about eight, the clouds began to break and Mr. Vail and I took +some observations for “time.” The afternoon was cloudless; but still +a haze near the horizon. At half-past three, we “Beat to quarters.” +Mr. Douglas shut himself up in the dark room; I took charge of the +telescope; Mr. Stanton, with a light cloth, covered and uncovered +the “object glass;” Mr. Vail had his telescope nicely adjusted; +and Mr. Falconer was seated in a very good position to observe the +dark shadow crossing the country, and to note any other phenomena. +At 3h. 38m. 40s., local mean time, the first contact took place, +and the first photogram taken, shewing a slight indentation on the +sun’s limb. We took the partial eclipse with an eye-piece, giving a +3-inch picture but as it was hazy, I removed it before totality, +and took the photograms in the principal focus.</p> +<p> +I may remark that no one could have had a better view of the eclipse +than I had. As I stood in rear of the telescope, I had only to count +the double beats of the pendulum of the “Driving Clock,” which I did +without taking my eyes off the moon.</p> +<p> +I exposed the plates of totality for ten seconds, then withdrew the +holder, and handed it to Mr. Douglas. We took several photograms of +the partial eclipse before totality, four during totality, and two +after; but the weather had become so hazy, immediately after the sun +made its appearance, that we could hardly get a picture. As all the +reports are published, it only remains for the Jefferson party to +give theirs, and the eclipse of 1869 can be fully discussed. There +are one or two points that the negatives of our party will throw +a light upon.</p> +<p> +With regard to the bright band on the sun, bordering the moon, in +the pictures of the partial eclipse, it is well known that, there +is nothing surrounding the moon that could produce that effect; and +also, that the photograms taken at Burlington, shew, beyond a doubt, +that it is no optical illusion. Dr. Curtis has suggested that it is +caused by diffraction; still, I very much doubt if diffraction could +produce such a uniform dark broad band, so well defined, as is seen +in those photograms. One of the photograms of the partial eclipse +that we took before totality, shews the cusps and edge of the moon +to be double, giving the appearance of a band surrounding the moon. +This is caused by the reflection of the moon from the second or +underside of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +glass, which happens when the sun is not in the +centre of the field; and by holding the negative of a partial eclipse +so that the light will fall obliquely on it, you will see a dark +band surrounding the moon’s limb, from the same cause.</p> +<p class="smcapsc"> +“bailey’s beads.”</p> +<p> +In the eclipse of 1860, I had the honor of being attached to the +American Expedition that went to the coast of Labrador. Professor +Alexander, Dr. F. A. Barnard and myself, who were observing with +telescopes, all exclaimed at the same time, “Bailey’s Beads!” It +is very true, that at Otumwa a picture at the last instant, just +before totality, was taken, “shewing the sun’s edge cut by the peaks +of the lunar mountains into irregular spots;” but these were not the +Bailey Beads that I saw in Labrador, and I am confident that neither +Professor Alexander nor Dr. Barnard will accept that solution. In the +report of Mr. W. S. Gilman, junr., who observed the eclipse at Sioux +city, Mr. Farrel gives a description and drawing of Bailey’s Beads; +and what he saw in 1869, I saw in 1860, the film of light broken into +rectangular pieces, which appeared to swim along the edge of the +moon like drops of water.</p> +<p> +A crowd had followed us from the town, and took a position near the +observatory, as, no doubt, they thought that we would select the +best place for observing the eclipse.</p> +<p> +On the last glimpse of day-light vanishing, the crowd never fail to +give expression to their feelings with a noise that is unlike anything +else that I have ever heard. It is not like the noise that a crowd +makes on seeing a lovely rocket burst, or that which they make on +seeing some acrobat perform a wonderful feat. No; there is an +expression of terror in it. It is not a shout; it is a moan.</p> +<p> +Before giving a description of the photograms of the Total Eclipse, +it will be necessary to refute some opinions that have gratuitously +been given respecting them. After I had carefully examined the +negatives, and made drawings, I had the drawings and the negatives +compared by Mr. Langton, who expressed his opinion that they were +faithful copies; and when I found that it would be many months before +I could get funds to print my Report, it was agreed upon, after +consulting some friends, that the negatives of totality should be +sent to England. Unfortunately, I selected Mr. De la Rue +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +as the +fittest person to examine them. He never acknowledged the receipt +of them, and, after many months, Mr. Falconer, who had returned to +England, sent me a copy of a letter to him, from Mr. De la Rue:</p> + +<div class="smcapsc">“The Observatory, Cranford, Middlesex,</div> +<div class="textr">“Dec. 27th, 1869.</div> + +<p> +“My Dear Sir,—I am very sorry to have caused any uneasiness to +Commander Ashe; but one circumstance and another have delayed my +writing to him. I have received his papers, which I sent to the +Astronomical, and later on, the original negatives, which arrived +safely, although Commander Ashe had neglected the precaution of +protecting them with a covering of glass. There is evidence in these +negatives of the telescope having moved, or, perhaps, followed +irregularly, during the exposure of the plates, and this renders +the dealing with the negatives very difficult; moreover, it contradicts +the theory set forth by Commander Ashe in respect to a certain +terrace-like formation in the prominences, and also the rapid shooting +out of a certain prominence. The American photographs are very much +more perfect than those sent by Commander Ashe; in fact, they leave +nothing to be desired. To correct the defects of duplication in +Commander Ashe’s photographs, would entail some expense, [I understand +that Mr. De la Rue has spent 300 pounds, in patching up Major +Tennant’s photograms.] and much trouble; and it would be necessary +for hint to re-write his paper.</p> +<p> +“I have only returned to my house (after an absence of a year) a +few months ago, and have had Major Tennant’s paper to see through +the press; so that my correspondence has fallen greatly into arrears. +Wishing you the compliments of the season, I am, with best regards,</p> + +<div class="textc">“Yours sincerely,</div> +<div class="smcapsr">“WARREN DE LA RUE.</div> + +<p> +“Alexander Pytts Falconer, Esq.,<br /> +<span class="songchorus">“Bath.”</span></p> +<p> +Here is a very serious charge. I am accused of foisting on the +public a marvellous account of the eclipse, which my own negatives +contradict; but I shall have no difficulty in shewing conclusively +that Mr. De la Rue has made a blunder, when he says that “there is +evidence of the telescope having +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +moved, or, perhaps, followed +irregularly.” It would have been better had Mr. De la Rue produced +his evidence before he takes upon himself to assert that the negatives +contradict my statements.</p> +<p> +But the crimes I am charged with are, that on the 7th of August last, +some person or persons did, accidentally or maliciously, disturb +the telescope, during the exposure of plates Nos. III. and IV., and +that the said plates mislead, and are not faithful representations +of the phenomena seen and also, that they contradict the statements +of Commander Ashe, with regard to the “rapid shooting out of a certain +prominence.”</p> +<p> +In clearing myself of these heavy charges, I shall divide my evidence +into two parts—negative and positive.</p> +<p> +In the first place, the telescope was firmly placed upon a platform +made by the heavy sleepers borrowed from the railway station, and +surrounded by boards, as may be seen in the photograms; and Commander +Ashe has been too long at sea to travel 1398 miles with a heavy +telescope, and then not to be able to give it stability. There were +four persons inside the building—Mr. Falconer, seated some distance +from the telescope, observing the general appearance of the eclipse +with the naked eye; Mr. Stanton upon a platform, ready to uncover +and cover the object-glass with a light cloth; Mr. Douglas in the +dark room, and myself at the telescope, which was firmly clamped +in hour-angle, and declination. The people outside were at a distance +upon an elevation, and were quite still. The telescope, if it moved, +must have moved in hour-angle, or declination, or in both; if it +moved in hour-angle, the endless screw must have tripped upon the +driving-wheel, which it could not do without making a noise, which +would have been heard by me. If it moved in declination, Mr. Stanton +must have moved it in uncovering the object-glass; but in so doing, +he must have given the telescope a pretty hard blow, of which he must +have been aware. But neither Mr. Stanton nor myself are aware of any +disturbance of the telescope. There was no wind, which would only +have caused a vibration, and given a blurred image. In examining +Nos. I. and II. photograms, the limb of the moon may be clearly traced, +and there is not a shadow of suspicion of any relative motion in the +telescope. Here we have proof that the driving clock was performing +its duty well for the first half of totality; and no one will have +the hardihood to say that it altered its rate in the next +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +minute and +a-half. In looking at No. IV. photogram, we see that a point of +light is double. Now, we will suppose this duplication was caused +by the telescope receiving a smart blow; then, by drawing a line +through the two positions of the same object, we get the direction +of the motion. Now, look to the right and we see a protuberance +with a triplicate form. Here, then, the telescope must have received +two blows; and by drawing a line along the top of the three figures, +we get the direction of the motion, or disturbance; and on looking +at the different directions of the two motions, we see that the +telescope moved two ways at once, and also, that one part of the +plate was disturbed once, whilst another part of the same plate was +disturbed twice—which is absurd; and lastly, Mr. Vail who had not +seen the photograms when he wrote his report, gives a description of +certain lines and cracks that are to be seen in the negatives when +they are examined by a lens. How is it possible to get over this? +Here, an American gentleman sees with a telescope exactly what is +photographed. But this is negative testimony; I will now prove, +conclusively, giving geometrical evidence, that Mr. De la Rue has +made an egregious misstatement. The reader will have it in his power +to corroborate this testimony. Place a piece of paper behind the +photograms III. and IV. (taken in the principal focus), and with a +needle make holes in four or five different places, taking care not +to mark the bottom of a protuberance, which is a notch, but where +you can see distinctly the limb of the moon; then remove the paper +and find the centre of three holes, and draw a circle through them; +and if it passes over the other holes, you have positive proof that +the centre did not move during the exposure. Now, look at the +lithograph, and you will see a circle drawn through five marks made +upon the limb of the moon of No. III., and through four marks made +upon the limb of the moon of No. IV.—<i>Q. E. D.</i></p> + +<hr class="page" /> +<img width="512" height="600" src="images/picture14.jpg" alt="Eclipse photo IV." /> +<p class="caption">IV.</p> +<hr class="page" /> + +<p> +Having proved that the very remarkable photograms taken at Jefferson +are correct representations of the phenomena seen at that place, I +will proceed to describe the details of the four negatives that are +to be seen when examined with a lens.</p> +<p> +The moment the sun disappeared, out flashed the corona, which +resembled an aurora, and no doubt belongs to the sun, and not to the +moon. No. I. shews the continuous mass of red matter with the +flame-like appearance of the so-called “Ear of corn;” a little to +the left are seen two detached red +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +lumps, like glowing coals; and +underneath is seen the slightest trace of a prominence that is to +play a conspicuous part in the eclipse. No. II., the limb of the +moon, is seen completely round, and a little more is seen of the +prominence underneath. Now, it is time to remark that the flame-like +mass in No. I., and the detached prominences in Nos. I. and II., +appear to cut in upon the limb of the moon. Dr. Curtis, after trying +several experiments, is firmly convinced that this appearance is +entirely due to a photographic effect, by excessive overexposure +of the plates. I have to remark, that nothing was more conspicuous +than the indentations of the glowing masses upon the limb of the +moon. Remember that these protuberances were not dazzling lights, +but could be contemplated with the greatest comfort; and the eye is +so fastidious, that in running round the limb of the moon, it +immediately detects the sudden break in the circumference. But I +have a theory, and it is dangerous to trust the eye of a man with +a theory, without good support. Directly after the eclipse, some +of those outside joined us, and the conversation was upon the +extraordinary shooting-out of the prominence, which they were all +describing. In the midst of the conversation, a carpenter touched +me on the arm, and said: “But what were the notches on the moon?” Now, +this is conclusive evidence, and would be taken in any court of law. +Remember, the word “notches,” (the language of a carpenter) is his +own, and no other word do I think so applicable. I answered that +I did not know, and that nothing puzzled me more. On examining the +negatives with a lens, I saw the limb of the moon distinctly through +the prominence; and further, that the part on the moon was a similar +and inverted figure to the upper part, and I was convinced that the +“notch” was caused by reflection of the protuberance on the surface +of the moon.</p> +<p> +Let B F be the height of the protuberance, and L B the line of +sight, tangent to the point B, and let the lines of sight, both +direct and reflected, be considered parallel to each other; now, +through the point D draw a tangent, and let the incident ray, F D, +and the reflected ray, O D, make equal angles with it; then, the +exterior angle, O D C, is equal to the angles D AC and A C D; take +away the right angles, D and A, and we have the remaining angles, +O D E and C, equal; and B A (the depth of the notch) is equal to +the versine of the angle of reflection.</p> + +<hr class="page" /> +<img width="1024" height="1385" src="images/figures.jpg" alt="Figures 1, 2, 3." /> +<hr class="page" /> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +In measuring the enlarged photogram, B C was 1.87 inches, and B F, +0.07 inches; and as B C, the moon’s semi-diameter on the 7th August, +subtended an angle of 16′.29″ = <i>a</i>. Let C F subtend an angle = <i>y</i>.</p> +<pre> + + 1.87 cot. <i>a</i> ' " + Then cotan. <i>y</i> = ------------- = 17.54 = <i>y</i>. + 1.94 16.29 = <i>a</i>. + ' " + Angle subtended by protuberance = 1.25. +</pre> +<p> +As Mr. Douglas had no one to help him in the dark room, there was +some delay in getting No. III. plate; but whilst I was waiting for +it, out shot an enormous flame from the bright point before mentioned. +It shot out in about three seconds, not unlike a jet of gas from +a coal in the grate and when it reached its greatest height (about +one-third higher than that seen in photogram), it was blown off to +the left, just like a flame acted on by a “blow-pipe,” and came +to a point. The part blown off was a bright white flame. (See +lithograph.) Now, as my veracity, after Mr. De la Rue’s letter, is +doubtful, and as this phenomenon was not seen any where else besides +Jefferson, I must substantiate the fact, Mr. Falconer, in his report +to me, gives a drawing which is very similar to fig. No. 2; he says: +“It assumed the shape of a red-hot crooked bar of iron; this, resting +on the dazzling silvery coronal light, gave a strange and wonderous +addition to the glorious scene we now beheld.” But it was seen by +all, and can be attested to by hundreds.</p> +<p> +When No. III. plate was ready, it had lost about one-third of its +height, and its flame-like appearance.</p> +<p> +When No. III, plate is examined with a lens, all the lines that are +shewn in fig. 3 are seen; and here I must make an extract from the +report of Mr. Vail, who was observing the eclipse with an excellent +42-inch telescope, by Dolland, and who made his report long before +I had examined the negatives with a lens. In speaking of this +protuberance, he says: “Its outlines were perfectly well defined, and +were not curves, but rather irregularly broken straight lines, and +throughout it seemed marked by similar lines. It reminded me of the +appearance one sometimes sees on the face of a cliff, where the +rock is broken by horizontal and vertical lines.” Now, it is most +evident that Mr. Vail saw with a telescope what I photographed; and +further, it would be impossible to have these delicate lines in a +photogram, if there was any +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +relative motion. Without entering into +any discussion about what the protuberances are, or are not, I will +only say that when the flame burnt out, the residium was a cinder, and +which is shewn in photogram No. III.; this quickly tumbled down into +a great heap, as seen in No. IV.</p> +<p> +But the fault of the Canadian party consists in not having photograms +similar to those of the American astronomers, which all more or +less agree with each other. This is extremely hard, and although +I congratulate those gentlemen on their well earned reputation, +still I trust that our photograms, instead of contradicting one +another, will be found consistent.</p> +<p> +I believe that Jefferson City was the most westerly place where +photograms of the eclipse were taken, and directly totality finished +with us, it commenced at Des Moines, so that the photograms taken +there must be compared with ours.</p> +<p> +There is a general belief that the protuberances do not change +their form, at least but slowly, so it is of great consequence +to substantiate my statement, which is, that whilst waiting for No. +III. plate this protuberance shot out, and when No. III. photogram +was taken it had lost its flamelike appearance, and about one-third +its height. No IV. photogram shews the great prominence much reduced +in height and increased in breadth, as if it had tumbled into a +heap of burning matter. I cannot say whether all prominences are +formed by the shooting-out of a flame, and then tumbling into a +heap, but I do say that the great protuberance was formed in that +manner. In looking at the Des Moines photogram, taken near the end +of the eclipse, (I don’t mean the engraving,) you see a great heap, +not very unlike that seen in No. IV.; and Dr. Curtis remarks “that +there is the same appearance of vast volumes of matter tossed up +into an irregular heap by the ejecting force, and sinking back again. +on all sides in long vertical rolls.” This is a very good description +of what actually took place. Unfortunately, the long exposure of +sixty-six seconds gives a softened appearance, and what should +have appeared as a heap of cinders, now looks like a fluid.</p> + +<hr class="page" /> +<img width="524" height="600" src="images/picture18.jpg" alt="Photographs I, II, II, IV." /> +<hr class="page" /> + +<p> +I now come to the most remarkable photogram that has ever been +taken of an eclipse. No. IV. was taken as near +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +the limb of the sun +as it is possible to take one, for on shutting down the slide, out +burst the sun. In this photogram you can see two luminous concentric +bands running from A to E, separated by a dark space, or rather a +dark band, which takes its origin on a part of the protuberance A. +(See fig. 3.) These bands are crossed by numerous bright rays, all +parallel to themselves and to the protuberances A and E. There are +two bright beams, and both, together with the bright rays, are +divided by this dark band. At E is seen the protuberance with a +triplicate form, and appears to be three parallel planes of light; +upon the upper one there appears a dark line, similar to those +seen upon fig. 3. Now, on looking at the Des Moines photogram, you +actually see the stumps of these three parallel planes; could +anything be more satisfactory? I will leave it to others to discuss +these various phenomena, which will throw much light on the physical +constitution of the sun, but will recapitulate some of the facts +deduced from our observations. The corona belongs to the sun, and not +to the moon. Some of the protuberances are formed by the shooting +of a flame, which burns out, leaving something that looks like a +cinder, which crumbles into a heap, and then retains that form for +some time; that there are luminous gases that surround the sun in +concentric strata divided by a non-luminous layer; that the notches +on the limb of the moon are the reflections of the upper part of the +protuberances from the surface of the moon; that at a great distance +from the sun there is a violent current of gas in an opposite +direction to the motion of the sun upon its axis; that the light +band surrounding the moon’s limb in photograms of the partial +eclipse, may be caused by the reflection from the second or under +side of the plate.</p> +<p> +In conclusion, I congratulate those gentlemen who so kindly assisted +me on our complete success, especially my dear friend and old +ship-mate, Professor Stephen Alexander, without whose assistance +no Canadian party would have been formed; and also, Mr. Vail, of +Philadelphia, who kindly joined our party, and whose annexed report +gives such ample proof of the value of our negatives.</p> + +<div class="textc">E. D. <span class="smcaps">Ashe</span>,</div> +<div class="textc">Commander, Royal Navy,</div> +<div class="textr">Director Observatory, Quebec.</div> + +<blockquote> +June 22nd, 1870.</blockquote> +<hr class="page" /> + +<p class="smcapsc"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +report of mr. vail.</p> +<div class="textr">“<span class="smcaps">Boston</span>, August 21, 1869.</div> +<p class="noindent"> +“<i>Commander</i> <span class="smcaps">ashe</span>, <i>Quebec Observatory</i>.</p> +<p> +“<span class="smcaps">Dear Sir</span>,—I owe you an apology for not writing earlier, +and communicating my observations on the eclipse; but since I parted +from you at Detroit, I have been so constantly on the move, as to +seem to have no opportunity. I will now state briefly a few phenomena +that I noticed at the time of the eclipse, most of which I think +were communicated to you verbally before.</p> +<p> +“After the clouds that partially obscured the sari on the morning of +the 7th had passed away, I observed that though the atmosphere was +hazy, and the sky by no meansblue, there was an unusual stillness +and freedom from agitation in the air, so that the outlines of the +spots on the sun were clearly defined in the small Dolland telescope +that I had under my charge, and this satisfactory condition of the +air for telescopic observation continued until after the end of +totality. The first contact was at 3h. 38m. 10s local time. It was +probably about 3s. after this, before you were notified that the +eclipse had begun, two or three seconds being lost in determining +whether it was the limb of the moon, indenting the edge of the sun, +or not. Your first photograph was therefore probably five or six +seconds after the beginning. The passage of the edge of the moon +over the larger spot on the sun, I noted as follows:—</p> +<pre> + H. M. S. + Contact with the Penumbra............. 4 3 34 + " " " Umbra................ 4 3 56 + Complete obscuration of Umbra......... 4 4 34 +</pre> +<p> +“The time both of the beginning and end of totality, for reasons +verbally stated to you, I failed to note. Of the phenomena during +totality, those which I most noted were, first, the disappearance +of the last rays of the sun in an irregular broken line of light, +succeeded at or near this point by a band or corona of a silvery +white light almost as bright as the face of full moon. This though +much wider at this point than elsewhere, was soon observed to extend +in an entire ring around the dark body of the moon; from this luminous +ring, rays of light seemed to shoot out at right angles on every +side, diverging as it were from the centre of it. In some places +they seemed to extend out nearly half the diameter of the moon +from the bright ring; in others, not one +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +fourth so far. But the +most remarkable appearance of all, and that which attracted the +attention of every one who witnessed the eclipse, whether seen +with the naked eye or with the telescope, were the red protuberances +that shot up immediately on the disappearance of the sun, from various +places, on the edge of the moon; their position your photograph will +fix better than I describe. The largest was on the lower edge of +the moon, and was by my estimate, when highest, not less than two +minutes in altitude from the edge of the moon, or about 55,000 miles. +Its colour was a bright <i>pinkish red</i>, its outlines were well defined, +and were not curves, but rather irregularly-broken straight lines, +and throughout it seemed marked by similar lines. It reminded me of +the appearance one sometimes sees on the face of a cliff where the +rock is broken by horizontal and vertical lines. The same or nearly +the same appearance would be presented if one were to view columnal +basaltic rocks, from a point where the rocks in the rear would rise +above those in front. I would therefore suggest whether these lines +may not have a similar origin, and each be the outline of a vast +column of luminous matter thrown up above the atmosphere of the sun. +There was a constant fluctuation in the height of these coloured +protuberances during the total eclipse; the large one was the only +one that was seen throughout the whole time, and that remained +visible for some time after the edge of the sun appeared.</p> +<p> +The general phenomena, such as the darkness, the shining of the +stars, &c, I had less opportunity of noticing than yourself and +others, who were without a telescope, and will therefore say nothing +about them. I have made no attempt to put my observations into any +regular form, but have hastily written such as I thought might be +of use to you, leaving it entirely to you to make any use of them.</p> + +<div class="textc">“Very truly yours,</div> +<div class="smcapsr">“Hugh D. Vail.”</div> +<hr class="narrow" /> + +<p class="smcapsc">mr. falconer’s observations.</p> +<p> +“<i>To Captain</i> <span class="smcaps">Ashe</span>, <i>R.N., &c., Observatory, Quebec:</i></p> +<p> +“Dear Sir,—As requested by you, I now give you the results of such +observations as were made by me on the 7th of August last, during +the progress of the eclipse.</p> +<p> +The limbs of the moon could be clearly defined beyond the S. and S.E. +limbs of the sun. Shortly before totality, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +there appeared on the +sun’s northern limb several watery-looking globules, which merged into +each other as they passed from West to East, and then disappeared. +At this instant, also, appeared distinct long, brilliant, yellow, +rays of light, running East and West, and far away, and as straight +as if ruled; others again ran North and South, and reminded me of +the glory ancient painters depict around the heads of Saints. On the +Southern limb appeared, just at totality, a large circular opening, +or ring of bright silvery light, which assumed the shape of a red-hot +crooked bar of iron. This, resting on the dazzling silvery coronal +light, gave a strange and wondrous addition to the glorious scene +we now beheld. Several constellations shone brightly fourth, and a +star or two low down on the Western horizon. I must not omit the +strange protuberances seen at this moment: on the Eastern side was +one like a tongue bent upwards, with streaks of a reddish hue; the +others the shape of knobs, dark and colorless, and rugged in outline.</p> +<p> +“I now come to the general appearance of the land and sky, and the +changes that took place over the vast prairie, stretching far and +wide, upon which you had erected your observatory. It was long +before any appearance of gloom or darkness occurred, not till 4h. +29m., when a hazy gloom gradually spread over the broad expanse +which surrounded us. At 4h. 34m. was seen a dense cloud approaching +from the N.W. and S.W., rolling along in its course and obscuring +everything around. Indeed, it had the appearance of a coming storm, +and seemed in part to issue from the prairie. It did not reach or +envelope the observatory. In front of this was a lurid, unearthly +glare, clear and bright, of a greenish tinge; the dense prairie +grass around might have contributed to this effect. Presently, +when totality took place, all became comparatively dark; every +tongue was hushed amongst the groups of persons who had come out +on foot, or were seated in their waggons, from Jefferson and the +country around.</p> +<p> +And what did they behold? A wondrous sight! At the moment of totality, +burst forth the beautiful coronal light of the brightness of burnished +silver! Upon the Southern portion of this ring of light, rested that +curved, elongated protuberance, of a fiery redness, rendered more +ruddy in contrast with the dazzling silvery light of the corona.</p> +<p> +“Several constellations shone bright and clear; several stars also +were observed above the Western horizon. All these gave the scene +a magnificence and grandeur. Wonder +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +and admiration sat upon every +face uplifted to the sky. Every voice was hushed. Sublime, indeed, +was the scene presented. In reverential awe the groups stood mute. +Each one seemed to ponder within himself over the glorious scene +in front of him.</p> +<p> +“Presently, the light of the sun suddenly bursts forth; the clouds +which covered the vast prairie lift, and gradually roll away. Then +along the Western horizon are displayed long bright streaks of light, +as seen at the approach of coming day. The purple hue upon the distant +prairie vanishes. The stars also disappear, and the momentary night +is turned into day!</p> +<p> +“A murmur is now heard, and voices arise, proclaiming the sublimity +of the scene they had just witnessed, one of the most wondrous and +imposing sights presented to the human eye, in the firmament of +heaven! The words of the Psalmist involuntarily fell from the lips: +‘The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament sheweth his +handiwork.’</p> +<p> +“At the approach of totality, the station-master informed me his +poultry quietly went to roost. In Jefferson City, the swallows flew +down upon the ground, amidst the granite boulders, and remained +till the light returned, when they arose and flew wildly about.</p> +<p> +“It remains only for me, in conclusion, to thank you and Mr. Douglas +for inviting me to join this highly-interesting expedition, and to +congratulate you and Mr. Douglas upon the great success which +attended your photographic operations.</p> +<p> +“I have to thank you for beholding the wondrous and vast prairies +west of the Mississippi. ‘Haec olim meminisse juvabit.’</p> +<p> +“I remain, dear Capt. Ashe, yours very faithfully,</p> +<p class="smcapsr"> +“Alex. Pytts Falconer.</p> +<p> +“<span class="smcaps">Glenalla, Quebec</span>, <i>August</i> 28<i>th</i>, 1869.”</p> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Canadian Eclipse Party 1869, by +Commander E. D. 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D. Ashe + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Canadian Eclipse Party 1869 + +Author: Commander E. D. Ashe + +Release Date: February 23, 2011 [EBook #35375] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADIAN ECLIPSE PARTY 1869 *** + + + + +Produced by Walter MacDonald II + + + + + + + + + CANADIAN ECLIPSE PARTY + + 1869. + + + + + + THE PROCEEDINGS + + OF THE + + + CANADIAN ECLIPSE PARTY + + + 1869. + + + + + + + BY COMMANDER ASHE. + + Director Observatory, Quebec. + + + + + Quebec: + PRINTED BY MIDDLETON & DAWSON, AT THE "GAZETTE" + GENERAL PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT. + + 1870. + + + + + THE + + CANADIAN ECLIPSE PARTY + + 1869. + + __________ + +Before giving an account of my proceedings in reference to the +eclipse, I think it only right, in justice to our party, to state +that the arrangements were made very hastily, as it was not until +the last moment that would admit of my reaching the station allotted +to me by the American astronomers, viz., Jefferson City, that I was +informed that $400 had been appropriated for the purpose of taking +my telescope to Iowa. + +The party consisted of Mr. Douglas, Mr. Falconer, and myself. + +As we had only three days to get ready, there was much to be done, +dismounting the telescope and making cases for the several parts, +and carefully packing photographic materials. Instead of the stone +support for telescope (eight inches aperture and 9 feet focus) I +had one made of wood, but as the centre of gravity was raised so +high by using wood, I had to take great care in the formation of +the base; however, the stability was excellent. Our arrangements +were all complete by the 26th of July, and we started that evening +by the Montreal boat. + +For the benefit of those who may undertake an expedition of a similar +kind, it may be well to mention a few incidents that occurred during +our journey, which, although trifling in themselves, may prove useful +to future eclipse parties. I may mention that two of the cases, +containing parts of the telescope, were directed "Eclipse Expidition," +with three i's in Expedition. This was pointed out to me at Montreal, +but the mistake is excusable, for evidently the more eyes we have +in an astronomical expedition the better. With regard to original +spelling, I will relate the following anecdote, which would have +suited "Artemus Ward." + +The boatswain of a man-of-war has to keep a rough expense book of +the different stores that he uses, and this is checked by the master, +who on one occasion sent for Mr. Parks, and when lie came, he said: +"Oh, Mr. Parks, you have expended too much rope for those 'jib guys;' +it will surely be found fault with; you had better reduce the +quantity;" and on handing him the book, he said: "By the bye, b-l-o-x +is not the way to spell blocks." The boatswain took the book very +sulkily; and after he had taken two steps towards the door, he turned +round, and said "Well, sir, if b-l-o-x don't spell blocks, what do +it spell?" + +We started on our journey by the evening train. When we arrived at +Port Huron our first difficulty occurred; the Custom-House officers +would not pass our baggage, although we pointed out the great importance +of our party, and also, that the moon would not wait an instant for +us. They did not see it; so our baggage was locked up for the night. +We took rooms at a small inn, and then Mr. Douglas and I went by rail +to Huron, to see the head of the Customs. After going up two flights +of stairs, we were shewn into a room which two gentlemen occupied. +The chief was smoking, with the chair resting on its two hind legs +and his resting on the table. We told our story, and shewed him a +certificate from the American Consul at Quebec. He looked very hard +at me, took the cigar out of his mouth, wrote a pass which he handed +to me, and then resumed his cigar and former position. We began to +thank him, but as he hid himself in smoke, we retreated down stairs. + +I never was more struck with the kindness of our American cousins +than I was during this trip. On all occasions, they did all in their +power to promote our convenience. In the morning we had time to see +Mr. Muir, the director of the railway, who kindly gave us a free +passage over his line, a kindness that was shewn to us by all the +directors of the different lines that we travelled on. I may remark +that the cases with the heavier parts of the telescope were broken, +and I much feared that the instruments would be seriously damaged. +Mr. Muir very kindly had outside cases put on, and I carried the most +valuable part (the object glass) in my hand. After we left Chicago, +and before going to bed, we left word to be called before crossing +the Mississippi. It is not fair to judge of scenery from a view taken +through the window of a railway car, but I must say that I was +disappointed,--shallow, sluggish, and muddy; but then I ought to +remember that I live on the banks of one of the finest and most +beautiful rivers in the world. + +In the morning we were on the prairie, which is not so flat as I had +expected to see it, but it is a beautiful undulating country, and if +there were trees upon it nothing more could be desired. It was +explained to me by a gentleman who was travelling with us, the +reason why trees do not grow on this beautiful land. It appears +that on the eastern bank of all rivers and streams only do trees +grow; now without entering into the cause of the prairies catching +fire, I will only say that in September, when the long grass is +quite dry, they do catch fire, and then burn until it is stopped +by a river, and as it always burns to windward, and as the wind +generally blows in one direction, we have a solution why the trees +only grow on one side of a river; and once the primeval forest is +removed, it never has a chance of growing again, as the young trees +are sure to be burnt, and the beautiful black soil of the prairie +is enriched by the deposit of burnt grass. + +At one station where we stopped to water our engine, I saw two +children of the soil; they have good reason to complain at their +lot. The buffalo and antelope driven away, and if they are hungry +they are told to go and dig; dig, how can they dig? let us reverse +the picture. Suppose that our cities and towns were by the Indians +turned into a prairie, and when we were hungry they told us to go +away and catch a buffalo, a pretty hand I should make of catching a +buffalo. The sooner the poor fellows are shot down or killed by +small-pox, the sooner they will go to their happy hunting grounds. + +As the Norway rat kills all other rats that it meets, so the savage +must disappear, and the Northern races of Europe will exterminate +them. + +There is one exception, the African negro, and no matter what you +do to him he thrives under the treatment; whether free or in slavery +he multiplies and is happy. Strange that rum which kills the Indian, +only makes him fat. + +But the king of savages--the New Zealander--has the fairest island, +in the most favored clime, taken from him, and civilization forced +upon him. + +There is no getting away from this civilization now. But I am +thankful to say that I was at San Francisco before it arrived there. +When out shooting I saw the fresh foot-prints of a grizzly bear, +and did not know how far the gentleman might have been from me at +that moment. Now, I should like to know how far you would have to +travel, and how much you would have to spend, before you could +experience the same delightful sensation. + +I have seen real Indians with real bows and arrows, in Vancouver's +Island; and the place where I then saw them, now has become the +head-quarters of the Pacific squadron; and the Indians, instead of +flattening their heads, no doubt have put on the Grecian bend. Where +is all this to stop? + +It was pointed out to me that most of the telegraph-posts were +struck by lightning; no wonder; for that king of natural forces, +that for so many thousands of years has reigned supreme-splitting +the granite rock, and shivering the mighty oak at his will--now +to be brought into existence at the will of an apothecary boy, +placed in two cups and locked up in a cupboard, and then made travel +day and night, over hill and dale, and under the vast ocean, to +carry messages at the bidding of man,--no wonder, I say, that he +should try and knock the whole concern into a cocked hat! + +"Boonsboro! twenty minutes for dinner!!" Now, then, we shall have +something in keeping with the prairie,--I suppose a deer roasted +on a stake. Nothing of the sort. I went into a nice dining-room; +saw a quantity of pretty girls, or rather young ladies, with short +sleeves and low dresses. "Soup, sir! chicken, sir! peas, sir!" The +station at Rugby is nothing to it. After twenty minutes of capital +feeding, we heard, "all aboard! all aboard!" and as we left, the +father of these young ladies was standing at the door, and obliged +us by taking half-a-dollar, a great improvement on the English +system, where, on asking the waiter for your bill, he asks: "What +'ave you 'ad?" and begins to add accordingly. The next station was +Jefferson, 1,398 miles from Quebec. Here the boxes were again thrown +out, and the train left for San Francisco. The boxes were left at +the station, and we drove up to the hotel, about half-a-mile from +the station. As this was Saturday, July 31st, we had exactly a week +to select a site and to build an observatory-mount the telescope +and take preliminary observations. The American parties were several +weeks at their station before the day of the eclipse, and found it +not too long to prepare. + +Jefferson city is three years old, has about eight thousand inhabitants, +and looks a thriving place. The next day, after church, Mr. Douglas +and I rode across the prairie to a station situated about eight miles +on the railway from Jefferson. As it was nearer to the central line +of eclipse, we wanted to see if it would do for the site of our +observatory. + +I forgot to mention that the day before I left Quebec, in pulling +off my boot I broke the tendon of the plantaris muscle, which made +me quite lame. However, the six days' comparative rest made it much +better, but still it was far from well. + +"We started for our ride across the prairie about two o'clock, and +reached the station in about an hour and a-half. We crossed several +streams and some marshy ground, and started several prairie chickens. +After examining the place, and finding that it would be very inconvenient +to get the material there, we thought that it would be better to remain +at Jefferson, and we mounted to return. After we had left some time, +and as I was suffering from my leg, and could not ride fast, I +persuaded Mr. Douglas to ride on, and get back before sunset to +keep an appointment with a carpenter, and not to mind me, as I +could ride slowly back. He very reluctantly did so, and when I was +left alone, I felt quite at home, steering my horse across the +boundless prairie by the setting sun. Now, my horse had crossed +many streams, and soft wet places in going out, so I took it for +granted that he knew more about the prairie than I did, and would +not allow me to get into difficulties, and consequently steered a +straight course for that point of the compass in the direction of +Jefferson. The sun had just touched the horizon. I was crossing some +marshy ground with reeds up to my shoulders, when I saw my horse's +nostrils distended, and his ears forward. I immediately put my helm +down and brought him round, and just as I had done so, down he sank; +I found myself up to my ankles in mud, and up to the calf of the leg +in water; the horse was fixed immovable, no struggling, but snorting +and dreadfully frightened. I have been in various situations of +difficulty; but when I looked up and saw the tall reeds far above +my head, and the sun setting, I must confess that I thought my case +a serious one. I remembered the fate of a young French officer of +the combined fleet that was at anchor at the entrance to the "Dardanelles," +who went on shore to shoot, and as he did not return that night, we +landed in the morning to look for him, and not far from the ship, we +found him in a bog up to his waist, his gun a few feet in front of +him, and he quite dead. I knew that if a man once gets up to his +waist, it would be impossible to extricate himself; however, when I +dismounted I sank up to my knees, and although that was not the place +to philosophize, still I did so, and I began to think what is the +reason that a man in struggling works himself down, and I immediately +discovered that on raising the heel I produced a vacuum, as the mud +prevents either water or air getting underneath the foot, and so +with 15 lbs. to the square inch, in addition to your weight you soon +disappear. That being the case, I did not attempt to raise the foot, +but moved it backwards and forwards in a horizontal position until I +made the hole so big, that water got under the foot, when I could lift +it up with the greatest ease. After extricating myself I tore down +some reeds and made a platform round my horse, then I patted his neck, +and spoke good-naturedly to him, and then went astern, and by means +of his tail worked him backwards and forwards with a rolling kind +of motion to let the water well round his feet, and lastly went ahead, +passed the bridle over his neck, and sat down with it in my hands +right ahead. Now, then, old boy, "up she rises," the horse began to +struggle, I kept the head-rope taut, and he was freeing himself +bravely. If I let go the bridle too soon, he would go back; if I +held on too long, he would be upon me, and not only kill me but +bury me, so at the critical moment I let go, and rolled over and +over amongst the reeds, and the horse floundered past me. When I +got on my feet no horse was to be seen, but only the tops of the +reeds moving as he was making his way out. I thought I had not +improved my situation much, for with my leg I could not walk a mile, +and, of course, the horse had shaped his course for the stable. +However, when I emerged from the reeds, I saw the dear old fellow +standing as still as if he were in his stable. But now came another +difficulty with my lame leg, I could not put a foot into the stirrup, +perhaps he might have been in a circus and taught to lay down, so I +began kicking his forelegs and lifting up one and then the other--but +no--he had no idea of it: then I thought I would lash his feet +together with the bridle and throw him down, but there might be some +difficulty in my remaining on his back when he floundered to get up, +well, if the worst comes to the worst, I will lash myself to his +tail and make him tow me home; but an idea struck me, I lengthened +the near stirrup to about a foot and a-half of the ground, and then +lengthened the other and brought it over on the same side, and here +I had a nice little ladder to walk up which I did, and then knelt on +the saddle and dropped into my seat. I could not help shaking hands +with myself, and patting my steed on the neck, I then commenced my +journey home, which I reached just before dark. + +[Photograph: VIEW OF JEFFERSON CITY, IOWA, FROM OBSERVATORY.] + +We had agreed to erect the observatory about half a mile from the +station, on a rising part of the prairie; carpenters were engaged, +and an arrangement made with a lumber merchant, who would supply +what I wanted and take it back when I had done with it, only charging +us for the damage done to the stuff. Early on Monday morning, the +instruments were carted out and unpacked; and at sunset the four +walls of the observatory were up. Now, as we thought it not advisable +to leave all these things open on the prairie, it was agreed that +some one should sleep there--and, of course, it was my duty to +remain. They sent down a mattrass, pillow, and blanket; there was +no wood to build a large fire outside, but I collected some chips, +and lit a small fire inside, and placed my mattrass alongside. A +little after sunset a musquito looked over the wall, and then +sounded the assembly; on they came, and I with my head in the smoke +kept blowing the fire, putting on wet grass to make a smoke; but, +after half an hour at this work, I found out the fact that man was +not intended for a pair of bellows, and although I assisted the +action by compressing my sides with my hands, still at the end of +the half hour that I blew I found that I was blown. When once my +head was out of the smoke, the musquitoes flew at me; I stood up +to fight them, but in so doing I had to fight myself also. Now an +army was drawn up in contiguous columns on my cheeks, the skirmishers +advancing through my eye-brows; at their first volley I felt as if I +was struck with a hackle. I really think that they work their stings +like the needle of a sewing machine. Maddened, I struck myself a +fearful blow with both hands in the face, and had the satisfaction +of making them "leave that," and so I fought myself and the musquitoes +for some time: still they attacked me with an impetuosity truly +marvellous, and where one fell two took his place. I was getting +weak; a storming party had now taken possession of my right ear; +I clenched my fist, and with a swinging blow, cleared the ear, but +knocked myself down. Exhausted and worn out, I put my hands into my +pockets, and gave them my head. In that half-dreamy state, the +long, long hours were passed; and after they had breakfasted, +dined and supped, they began to discuss me. "Ah," said one, "if +you want a good drink, strike between the corner of the eye and +the nose." "No, no," said a large party; "if you want a draught +of good sparkling astronomer, sink your pump in his temple." "You +are wrong," said a dissipated old fellow with frayed wings; "just +creep up his cuff, and harpoon his wrist, and there you will drink +until you lift yourself off your legs." Then they sung the following + + SONG. + + "The blood of the Indian is dark and flat, + And that of the buffalo hard to come at + But the blood of the astronomer is clear and bright: + We will dance and we'll drink the live-long night. + + Chorus:-"How jolly we are with flights so airy; + Happy is the mosquito that dwells on the prairie." + +And then they quarrelled and fought with each other, and made +speeches,--and so the dreary hours dragged along; but when the +eastern horizon was tinted with beams of light, they staggered +off to their respective marshes-some to die of apoplexy, others +of _delirium tremens_. Verdict--served them right. From dawn until +six, I had a refreshing sleep, and when my relief came, I awoke up, +and began to think whether I had heard all this, or only dreamt it. +I suppose I dreamt it. + +The work now made rapid progress: doors with locks, dark room settled, +platform for telescope support firmly laid. The next day, began to +mount the telescope, but when we came to screw in the object-glass, +we found out that the brass seat in the tube had been pressed into +an oval. What was to be done? No one in Jefferson that knew anything +about it; too late to send it anywhere; here was a great break-down. +However, a Mr. Kelly said he would try; and after some hours' hard +work, he got the object-glass screwed home, but could not be unscrewed; +so the flats that hold the bolts that secure the object-glass to +the telescope could not be put on, but we secured it as well as we +could. + +It is important to mention that before arriving at Jefferson, we +made the acquaintance of a Mr. Vail, from Philadelphia, who was +going to Des Moines to observe the eclipse, and as I had a 42-inch +telescope by Dolland, without an observer, I asked him to join our +party and observe the eclipse with it, which he kindly consented +to do; and his report is of the very greatest consequence, as it +confirms, in a most striking manner, the details that are seen in the +negatives. + +By Friday night, all preparations were made, and we retired to rest +with great doubts about having a fine day. + +[Photograph: CLEAR FOR ACTION.] + +However, Saturday came at last, and the morning was hazy and overcast; +but about eight, the clouds began to break and Mr. Vail and I took +some observations for "time." The afternoon was cloudless; but still +a haze near the horizon. At half-past three, we "Beat to quarters." +Mr. Douglas shut himself up in the dark room; I took charge of the +telescope; Mr. Stanton, with a light cloth, covered and uncovered +the "object glass;" Mr. Vail had his telescope nicely adjusted; +and Mr. Falconer was seated in a very good position to observe the +dark shadow crossing the country, and to note any other phenomena. +At 3h. 38m. 40s., local mean time, the first contact took place, +and the first photogram taken, shewing a slight indentation on the +sun's limb. We took the partial eclipse with an eye-piece, giving a +3-inch picture but as it was hazy, I removed it before totality, +and took the photograms in the principal focus. + +I may remark that no one could have had a better view of the eclipse +than I had. As I stood in rear of the telescope, I had only to count +the double beats of the pendulum of the "Driving Clock," which I did +without taking my eyes off the moon. + +I exposed the plates of totality for ten seconds, then withdrew the +holder, and handed it to Mr. Douglas. We took several photograms of +the partial eclipse before totality, four during totality, and two +after; but the weather had become so hazy, immediately after the sun +made its appearance, that we could hardly get a picture. As all the +reports are published, it only remains for the Jefferson party to +give theirs, and the eclipse of 1869 can be fully discussed. There +are one or two points that the negatives of our party will throw +a light upon. + +With regard to the bright band on the sun, bordering the moon, in +the pictures of the partial eclipse, it is well known that, there +is nothing surrounding the moon that could produce that effect; and +also, that the photograms taken at Burlington, shew, beyond a doubt, +that it is no optical illusion. Dr. Curtis has suggested that it is +caused by diffraction; still, I very much doubt if diffraction could +produce such a uniform dark broad band, so well defined, as is seen +in those photograms. One of the photograms of the partial eclipse +that we took before totality, shews the cusps and edge of the moon +to be double, giving the appearance of a band surrounding the moon. +This is caused by the reflection of the moon from the second or +underside of the glass, which happens when the sun is not in the +centre of the field; and by holding the negative of a partial eclipse +so that the light will fall obliquely on it, you will see a dark +band surrounding the moon's limb, from the same cause. + + "BAILEY'S BEADS." + +In the eclipse of 1860, I had the honor of being attached to the +American Expedition that went to the coast of Labrador. Professor +Alexander, Dr. F. A. Barnard and myself, who were observing with +telescopes, all exclaimed at the same time, "Bailey's Beads!" It +is very true, that at Otumwa a picture at the last instant, just +before totality, was taken, "shewing the sun's edge cut by the peaks +of the lunar mountains into irregular spots;" but these were not the +Bailey Beads that I saw in Labrador, and I am confident that neither +Professor Alexander nor Dr. Barnard will accept that solution. In the +report of Mr. W. S. Gilman, junr., who observed the eclipse at Sioux +city, Mr. Farrel gives a description and drawing of Bailey's Beads; +and what he saw in 1869, I saw in 1860, the film of light broken into +rectangular pieces, which appeared to swim along the edge of the +moon like drops of water. + +A crowd had followed us from the town, and took a position near the +observatory, as, no doubt, they thought that we would select the +best place for observing the eclipse. + +On the last glimpse of day-light vanishing, the crowd never fail to +give expression to their feelings with a noise that is unlike anything +else that I have ever heard. It is not like the noise that a crowd +makes on seeing a lovely rocket burst, or that which they make on +seeing some acrobat perform a wonderful feat. No; there is an +expression of terror in it. It is not a shout; it is a moan. + +Before giving a description of the photograms of the Total Eclipse, +it will be necessary to refute some opinions that have gratuitously +been given respecting them. After I had carefully examined the +negatives, and made drawings, I had the drawings and the negatives +compared by Mr. Langton, who expressed his opinion that they were +faithful copies; and when I found that it would be many months before +I could get funds to print my Report, it was agreed upon, after +consulting some friends, that the negatives of totality should be +sent to England. Unfortunately, I selected Mr. De la Rue as the +fittest person to examine them. He never acknowledged the receipt +of them, and, after many months, Mr. Falconer, who had returned to +England, sent me a copy of a letter to him, from Mr. De la Rue: + + "THE OBSERVATORY, CRANFORD, MIDDLESEX, + "Dec. 27th, 1869. + +"My Dear Sir,-I am very sorry to have caused any uneasiness to +Commander Ashe; but one circumstance and another have delayed my +writing to him. I have received his papers, which I sent to the +Astronomical, and later on, the original negatives, which arrived +safely, although Commander Ashe had neglected the precaution of +protecting them with a covering of glass. There is evidence in these +negatives of the telescope having moved, or, perhaps, followed +irregularly, during the exposure of the plates, and this renders +the dealing with the negatives very difficult; moreover, it contradicts +the theory set forth by Commander Ashe in respect to a certain +terrace-like formation in the prominences, and also the rapid shooting +out of a certain prominence. The American photographs are very much +more perfect than those sent by Commander Ashe; in fact, they leave +nothing to be desired. To correct the defects of duplication in +Commander Ashe's photographs, would entail some expense, [I understand +that Mr. De la Rue has spent 300 pounds, in patching up Major +Tennant's photograms.] and much trouble; and it would be necessary +for hint to re-write his paper. + +"I have only returned to my house (after an absence of a year) a +few months ago, and have had Major Tennant's paper to see through +the press; so that my correspondence has fallen greatly into arrears. +Wishing you the compliments of the season, I am, with best regards, + + "Yours sincerely, + "WARREN DE LA RUE. + + +"Alexander Pytts Falconer, Esq., + "Bath." + +Here is a very serious charge. I am accused of foisting on the +public a marvellous account of the eclipse, which my own negatives +contradict; but I shall have no difficulty in shewing conclusively +that Mr. De la Rue has made a blunder, when he says that "there is +evidence of the telescope having moved, or, perhaps, followed +irregularly." It would have been better had Mr. De la Rue produced +his evidence before he takes upon himself to assert that the negatives +contradict my statements. + +But the crimes I am charged with are, that on the 7th of August last, +some person or persons did, accidentally or maliciously, disturb +the telescope, during the exposure of plates Nos. III. and IV., and +that the said plates mislead, and are not faithful representations +of the phenomena seen and also, that they contradict the statements +of Commander Ashe, with regard to the "rapid shooting out of a certain +prominence." + +In clearing myself of these heavy charges, I shall divide my evidence +into two parts-negative and positive. + +In the first place, the telescope was firmly placed upon a platform +made by the heavy sleepers borrowed from the railway station, and +surrounded by boards, as may be seen in the photograms; and Commander +Ashe has been too long at sea to travel 1398 miles with a heavy +telescope, and then not to be able to give it stability. There were +four persons inside the building--Mr. Falconer, seated some distance +from the telescope, observing the general appearance of the eclipse +with the naked eye; Mr. Stanton upon a platform, ready to uncover +and cover the object-glass with a light cloth; Mr. Douglas in the +dark room, and myself at the telescope, which was firmly clamped +in hour-angle, and declination. The people outside were at a distance +upon an elevation, and were quite still. The telescope, if it moved, +must have moved in hour-angle, or declination, or in both; if it +moved in hour-angle, the endless screw must have tripped upon the +driving-wheel, which it could not do without making a noise, which +would have been heard by me. If it moved in declination, Mr. Stanton +must have moved it in uncovering the object-glass; but in so doing, +he must have given the telescope a pretty hard blow, of which he must +have been aware. But neither Mr. Stanton nor myself are aware of any +disturbance of the telescope. There was no wind, which would only +have caused a vibration, and given a blurred image. In examining +Nos. I. and II. photograms, the limb of the moon may be clearly traced, +and there is not a shadow of suspicion of any relative motion in the +telescope. Here we have proof that the driving clock was performing +its duty well for the first half of totality; and no one will have +the hardihood to say that it altered its rate in the next minute and +a-half. In looking at No. IV. photogram, we see that a point of +light is double. Now, we will suppose this duplication was caused +by the telescope receiving a smart blow; then, by drawing a line +through the two positions of the same object, we get the direction +of the motion. Now, look to the right and we see a protuberance +with a triplicate form. Here, then, the telescope must have received +two blows; and by drawing a line along the top of the three figures, +we get the direction of the motion, or disturbance; and on looking +at the different directions of the two motions, we see that the +telescope moved two ways at once, and also, that one part of the +plate was disturbed once, whilst another part of the same plate was +disturbed twice--which is absurd; and lastly, Mr. Vail who had not +seen the photograms when he wrote his report, gives a description of +certain lines and cracks that are to be seen in the negatives when +they are examined by a lens. How is it possible to get over this? +Here, an American gentleman sees with a telescope exactly what is +photographed. But this is negative testimony; I will now prove, +conclusively, giving geometrical evidence, that Mr. De la Rue has +made an egregious misstatement. The reader will have it in his power +to corroborate this testimony. Place a piece of paper behind the +photograms III. and IV. (taken in the principal focus), and with a +needle make holes in four or five different places, taking care not +to mark the bottom of a protuberance, which is a notch, but where +you can see distinctly the limb of the moon; then remove the paper +and find the centre of three holes, and draw a circle through them; +and if it passes over the other holes, you have positive proof that +the centre did not move during the exposure. Now, look at the +lithograph, and you will see a circle drawn through five marks made +upon the limb of the moon of No. III., and through four marks made +upon the limb of the moon of No. IV.--_Q. E. D._ + +[Photograph: IV.] + +Having proved that the very remarkable photograms taken at Jefferson +are correct representations of the phenomena seen at that place, I +will proceed to describe the details of the four negatives that are +to be seen when examined with a lens. + +The moment the sun disappeared, out flashed the corona, which +resembled an aurora, and no doubt belongs to the sun, and not to the +moon. No. I. shews the continuous mass of red matter with the +flame-like appearance of the so-called "Ear of corn;" a little to +the left are seen two detached red lumps, like glowing coals; and +underneath is seen the slightest trace of a prominence that is to +play a conspicuous part in the eclipse. No. II., the limb of the +moon, is seen completely round, and a little more is seen of the +prominence underneath. Now, it is time to remark that the flame-like +mass in No. I., and the detached prominences in Nos. I. and II., +appear to cut in upon the limb of the moon. Dr. Curtis, after trying +several experiments, is firmly convinced that this appearance is +entirely due to a photographic effect, by excessive overexposure +of the plates. I have to remark, that nothing was more conspicuous +than the indentations of the glowing masses upon the limb of the +moon. Remember that these protuberances were not dazzling lights, +but could be contemplated with the greatest comfort; and the eye is +so fastidious, that in running round the limb of the moon, it +immediately detects the sudden break in the circumference. But I +have a theory, and it is dangerous to trust the eye of a man with +a theory, without good support. Directly after the eclipse, some +of those outside joined us, and the conversation was upon the +extraordinary shooting-out of the prominence, which they were all +describing. In the midst of the conversation, a carpenter touched +me on the arm, and said: "But what were the notches on the moon?" Now, +this is conclusive evidence, and would be taken in any court of law. +Remember, the word "notches," (the language of a carpenter) is his +own, and no other word do I think so applicable. I answered that +I did not know, and that nothing puzzled me more. On examining the +negatives with a lens, I saw the limb of the moon distinctly through +the prominence; and further, that the part on the moon was a similar +and inverted figure to the upper part, and I was convinced that the +"notch" was caused by reflection of the protuberance on the surface +of the moon. + +Let B F be the height of the protuberance, and L B the line of +sight, tangent to the point B, and let the lines of sight, both +direct and reflected, be considered parallel to each other; now, +through the point D draw a tangent, and let the incident ray, F D, +and the reflected ray, O D, make equal angles with it; then, the +exterior angle, O D C, is equal to the angles D AC and A C D; take +away the right angles, D and A, and we have the remaining angles, +O D E and C, equal; and B A (the depth of the notch) is equal to +the versine of the angle of reflection. + +[Illustration: Fig 1, Fig 2, Fig 3] + +In measuring the enlarged photogram, B C was 1.87 inches, and B F, +0.07 inches; and as B C, the moon's semi-diameter on the 7th August, +subtended an angle of 16'.29" = _a_. Let C F subtend an angle = _y_. + + 1.87 cot. _a_ ' " + Then cotan. _y_ = ------------- = 17.54 = _y_. + 1.94 16.29 = _a_. + ' " + Angle subtended by protuberance = 1.25. + +As Mr. Douglas had no one to help him in the dark room, there was +some delay in getting No. III. plate; but whilst I was waiting for +it, out shot an enormous flame from the bright point before mentioned. +It shot out in about three seconds, not unlike a jet of gas from +a coal in the grate and when it reached its greatest height (about +one-third higher than that seen in photogram), it was blown off to +the left, just like a flame acted on by a "blow-pipe," and came +to a point. The part blown off was a bright white flame. (See +lithograph.) Now, as my veracity, after Mr. De la Rue's letter, is +doubtful, and as this phenomenon was not seen any where else besides +Jefferson, I must substantiate the fact, Mr. Falconer, in his report +to me, gives a drawing which is very similar to fig. No. 2; he says: +"It assumed the shape of a red-hot crooked bar of iron; this, resting +on the dazzling silvery coronal light, gave a strange and wonderous +addition to the glorious scene we now beheld." But it was seen by +all, and can be attested to by hundreds. + +When No. III. plate was ready, it had lost about one-third of its +height, and its flame-like appearance. + +When No. III, plate is examined with a lens, all the lines that are +shewn in fig. 3 are seen; and here I must make an extract from the +report of Mr. Vail, who was observing the eclipse with an excellent +42-inch telescope, by Dolland, and who made his report long before +I had examined the negatives with a lens. In speaking of this +protuberance, he says: "Its outlines were perfectly well defined, and +were not curves, but rather irregularly broken straight lines, and +throughout it seemed marked by similar lines. It reminded me of the +appearance one sometimes sees on the face of a cliff, where the +rock is broken by horizontal and vertical lines." Now, it is most +evident that Mr. Vail saw with a telescope what I photographed; and +further, it would be impossible to have these delicate lines in a +photogram, if there was any relative motion. Without entering into +any discussion about what the protuberances are, or are not, I will +only say that when the flame burnt out, the residium was a cinder, and +which is shewn in photogram No. III.; this quickly tumbled down into +a great heap, as seen in No. IV. + +But the fault of the Canadian party consists in not having photograms +similar to those of the American astronomers, which all more or +less agree with each other. This is extremely hard, and although +I congratulate those gentlemen on their well earned reputation, +still I trust that our photograms, instead of contradicting one +another, will be found consistent. + +I believe that Jefferson City was the most westerly place where +photograms of the eclipse were taken, and directly totality finished +with us, it commenced at Des Moines, so that the photograms taken +there must be compared with ours. + +There is a general belief that the protuberances do not change +their form, at least but slowly, so it is of great consequence +to substantiate my statement, which is, that whilst waiting for No. +III. plate this protuberance shot out, and when No. III. photogram +was taken it had lost its flamelike appearance, and about one-third +its height. No IV. photogram shews the great prominence much reduced +in height and increased in breadth, as if it had tumbled into a +heap of burning matter. I cannot say whether all prominences are +formed by the shooting-out of a flame, and then tumbling into a +heap, but I do say that the great protuberance was formed in that +manner. In looking at the Des Moines photogram, taken near the end +of the eclipse, (I don't mean the engraving,) you see a great heap, +not very unlike that seen in No. IV.; and Dr. Curtis remarks "that +there is the same appearance of vast volumes of matter tossed up +into an irregular heap by the ejecting force, and sinking back again. +on all sides in long vertical rolls." This is a very good description +of what actually took place. Unfortunately, the long exposure of +sixty-six seconds gives a softened appearance, and what should +have appeared as a heap of cinders, now looks like a fluid. + +[Photographs: II, I, IV, III] + +I now come to the most remarkable photogram that has ever been +taken of an eclipse. No. IV. was taken as near the limb of the sun +as it is possible to take one, for on shutting down the slide, out +burst the sun. In this photogram you can see two luminous concentric +bands running from A to E, separated by a dark space, or rather a +dark band, which takes its origin on a part of the protuberance A. +(See fig. 3.) These bands are crossed by numerous bright rays, all +parallel to themselves and to the protuberances A and E. There are +two bright beams, and both, together with the bright rays, are +divided by this dark band. At E is seen the protuberance with a +triplicate form, and appears to be three parallel planes of light; +upon the upper one there appears a dark line, similar to those +seen upon fig. 3. Now, on looking at the Des Moines photogram, you +actually see the stumps of these three parallel planes; could +anything be more satisfactory? I will leave it to others to discuss +these various phenomena, which will throw much light on the physical +constitution of the sun, but will recapitulate some of the facts +deduced from our observations. The corona belongs to the sun, and not +to the moon. Some of the protuberances are formed by the shooting +of a flame, which burns out, leaving something that looks like a +cinder, which crumbles into a heap, and then retains that form for +some time; that there are luminous gases that surround the sun in +concentric strata divided by a non-luminous layer; that the notches +on the limb of the moon are the reflections of the upper part of the +protuberances from the surface of the moon; that at a great distance +from the sun there is a violent current of gas in an opposite +direction to the motion of the sun upon its axis; that the light +band surrounding the moon's limb in photograms of the partial +eclipse, may be caused by the reflection from the second or under +side of the plate. + +In conclusion, I congratulate those gentlemen who so kindly assisted +me on our complete success, especially my dear friend and old +ship-mate, Professor Stephen Alexander, without whose assistance +no Canadian party would have been formed; and also, Mr. Vail, of +Philadelphia, who kindly joined our party, and whose annexed report +gives such ample proof of the value of our negatives. + + E. D. ASHE, + Commander, Royal Navy, + Director Observatory, Quebec. + + June 22nd, 1870. + + + + + + + REPORT OF MR. VAIL. + + "BOSTON, August 21, 1869. + +"Commander ASHE, _Quebec Observatory_. + +"DEAR SIR,--I owe you an apology for not writing earlier, and +communicating my observations on the eclipse; but since I parted +from you at Detroit, I have been so constantly on the move, as to +seem to have no opportunity. I will now state briefly a few phenomena +that I noticed at the time of the eclipse, most of which I think +were communicated to you verbally before. + +"After the clouds that partially obscured the sari on the morning of +the 7th had passed away, I observed that though the atmosphere was +hazy, and the sky by no means blue, there was an unusual stillness +and freedom from agitation in the air, so that the outlines of the +spots on the sun were clearly defined in the small Dolland telescope +that I had under my charge, and this satisfactory condition of the +air for telescopic observation continued until after the end of +totality. The first contact was at 3h. 38m. 10s local time. It was +probably about 3s. after this, before you were notified that the +eclipse had begun, two or three seconds being lost in determining +whether it was the limb of the moon, indenting the edge of the sun, +or not. Your first photograph was therefore probably five or six +seconds after the beginning. The passage of the edge of the moon +over the larger spot on the sun, I noted as follows:-- + + H. M. S. + Contact with the Penumbra................. 4 3 34 + " " " Umbra.................... 4 3 56 + Complete obscuration of Umbra............. 4 4 34 + +"The time both of the beginning and end of totality, for reasons +verbally stated to you, I failed to note. Of the phenomena during +totality, those which I most noted were, first, the disappearance +of the last rays of the sun in an irregular broken line of light, +succeeded at or near this point by a band or corona of a silvery +white light almost as bright as the face of full moon. This though +much wider at this point than elsewhere, was soon observed to extend +in an entire ring around the dark body of the moon; from this luminous +ring, rays of light seemed to shoot out at right angles on every +side, diverging as it were from the centre of it. In some places +they seemed to extend out nearly half the diameter of the moon +from the bright ring; in others, not one fourth so far. But the +most remarkable appearance of all, and that which attracted the +attention of every one who witnessed the eclipse, whether seen +with the naked eye or with the telescope, were the red protuberances +that shot up immediately on the disappearance of the sun, from various +places, on the edge of the moon; their position your photograph will +fix better than I describe. The largest was on the lower edge of +the moon, and was by my estimate, when highest, not less than two +minutes in altitude from the edge of the moon, or about 55,000 miles. +Its colour was a bright _pinkish red_, its outlines were well defined, +and were not curves, but rather irregularly-broken straight lines, +and throughout it seemed marked by similar lines. It reminded me of +the appearance one sometimes sees on the face of a cliff where the +rock is broken by horizontal and vertical lines. The same or nearly +the same appearance would be presented if one were to view columnal +basaltic rocks, from a point where the rocks in the rear would rise +above those in front. I would therefore suggest whether these lines +may not have a similar origin, and each be the outline of a vast +column of luminous matter thrown up above the atmosphere of the sun. +There was a constant fluctuation in the height of these coloured +protuberances during the total eclipse; the large one was the only +one that was seen throughout the whole time, and that remained +visible for some time after the edge of the sun appeared. + +The general phenomena, such as the darkness, the shining of the +stars, &c, I had less opportunity of noticing than yourself and +others, who were without a telescope, and will therefore say nothing +about them. I have made no attempt to put my observations into any +regular form, but have hastily written such as I thought might be +of use to you, leaving it entirely to you to make any use of them. + + "Very truly yours, + "HUGH D. VAIL." + _________ + + MR. FALCONER'S OBSERVATIONS. + +"_To Captain_ ASHE, _R.N., &c., Observatory, Quebec:_ + +"Dear Sir,--As requested by you, I now give you the results of such +observations as were made by me on the 7th of August last, during +the progress of the eclipse. + +The limbs of the moon could be clearly defined beyond the S. and S.E. +limbs of the sun. Shortly before totality, there appeared on the +sun's northern limb several watery-looking globules, which merged into +each other as they passed from West to East, and then disappeared. +At this instant, also, appeared distinct long, brilliant, yellow, +rays of light, running East and West, and far away, and as straight +as if ruled; others again ran North and South, and reminded me of +the glory ancient painters depict around the heads of Saints. On the +Southern limb appeared, just at totality, a large circular opening, +or ring of bright silvery light, which assumed the shape of a red-hot +crooked bar of iron. This, resting on the dazzling silvery coronal +light, gave a strange and wondrous addition to the glorious scene +we now beheld. Several constellations shone brightly fourth, and a +star or two low down on the Western horizon. I must not omit the +strange protuberances seen at this moment: on the Eastern side was +one like a tongue bent upwards, with streaks of a reddish hue; the +others the shape of knobs, dark and colorless, and rugged in outline. + +"I now come to the general appearance of the land and sky, and the +changes that took place over the vast prairie, stretching far and +wide, upon which you had erected your observatory. It was long +before any appearance of gloom or darkness occurred, not till 4h. +29m., when a hazy gloom gradually spread over the broad expanse +which surrounded us. At 4h. 34m. was seen a dense cloud approaching +from the N.W. and S.W., rolling along in its course and obscuring +everything around. Indeed, it had the appearance of a coming storm, +and seemed in part to issue from the prairie. It did not reach or +envelope the observatory. In front of this was a lurid, unearthly +glare, clear and bright, of a greenish tinge; the dense prairie +grass around might have contributed to this effect. Presently, +when totality took place, all became comparatively dark; every +tongue was hushed amongst the groups of persons who had come out +on foot, or were seated in their waggons, from Jefferson and the +country around. + +And what did they behold? A wondrous sight! At the moment of totality, +burst forth the beautiful coronal light of the brightness of burnished +silver! Upon the Southern portion of this ring of light, rested that +curved, elongated protuberance, of a fiery redness, rendered more +ruddy in contrast with the dazzling silvery light of the corona. + +"Several constellations shone bright and clear; several stars also +were observed above the Western horizon. All these gave the scene +a magnificence and grandeur. Wonder and admiration sat upon every +face uplifted to the sky. Every voice was hushed. Sublime, indeed, +was the scene presented. In reverential awe the groups stood mute. +Each one seemed to ponder within himself over the glorious scene +in front of him. + +"Presently, the light of the sun suddenly bursts forth; the clouds +which covered the vast prairie lift, and gradually roll away. Then +along the Western horizon are displayed long bright streaks of light, +as seen at the approach of coming day. The purple hue upon the distant +prairie vanishes. The stars also disappear, and the momentary night +is turned into day! + +"A murmur is now heard, and voices arise, proclaiming the sublimity +of the scene they had just witnessed, one of the most wondrous and +imposing sights presented to the human eye, in the firmament of +heaven! The words of the Psalmist involuntarily fell from the lips: +'The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament sheweth his +handiwork.' + +"At the approach of totality, the station-master informed me his +poultry quietly went to roost. In Jefferson City, the swallows flew +down upon the ground, amidst the granite boulders, and remained +till the light returned, when they arose and flew wildly about. + +"It remains only for me, in conclusion, to thank you and Mr. Douglas +for inviting me to join this highly-interesting expedition, and to +congratulate you and Mr. Douglas upon the great success which +attended your photographic operations. + +"I have to thank you for beholding the wondrous and vast prairies +west of the Mississippi. 'Haec olim meminisse juvabit.' + +"I remain, dear Capt. Ashe, yours very faithfully, + + "ALEX. PYTTS FALCONER. + +"GLENALLA, QUEBEC, _August_ 28_th_, 1869." + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Canadian Eclipse Party 1869, by +Commander E. D. 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