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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/35581-h.zip b/35581-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1bee594 --- /dev/null +++ b/35581-h.zip diff --git a/35581-h/35581-h.htm b/35581-h/35581-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a41e12f --- /dev/null +++ b/35581-h/35581-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1033 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Personal Recollections of Chickamauga, by James R. Carnahan. + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} + + .giant {font-size: 200%} + .big {font-size: 125%} + + .poem {margin-left:15%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Personal Recollections of Chickamauga, by +James R. Carnahan + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Personal Recollections of Chickamauga + A Paper Read before the Ohio Commandery of the Military + Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States + +Author: James R. Carnahan + +Release Date: March 15, 2011 [EBook #35581] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECOLLECTIONS OF CHICKAMAUGA *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p><p> </p> + +<p class="center"><span class="giant"><span class="smcap">Personal Recollections</span></span><br /><span class="big">of</span><br /><span class="giant">Chickamauga.</span></p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">A PAPER<br /> +—READ BEFORE—<br /> +The Ohio Commandery of the Military Order<br /> +—OF THE—<br /> +Loyal Legion of the United States,</p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">BY COMPANION<br /> +<span class="smcap">James R. Carnahan</span>,<br /> +<i>Late Captain 86th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry</i>,<br /> +January 6, 1886.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center">CINCINNATI:<br /><span class="smcap">H. C. Sherrick & Co.</span><br />1886.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="giant">Personal Recollections of Chickamauga.</span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Companions</span>:</p> + +<p>Said an eminent artist, as he stood and gazed on the picture his mind, +genius, and hand had wrought—a picture so wonderful in its grandeur, and +in the vividness with which the subject was portrayed, “I have painted for +eternity.” His picture was but the portrayal of his thoughts, his vision, +as the subject had impressed him, and by his act he gave it life, and it +spoke, and will ever speak to mankind. So have each of us painted in and +upon our minds, pictures of the exciting scenes through which each passed, +and of which he was a part, that transpired in our Country from April, +1861, to the close of the war in 1865. Wonderful, grand, heroic pictures +they were that were painted day by day through those years. On the brain, +the mind, the memory of each of us were they painted, not with the +graceful curves, the evenly drawn lines, and pleasing blending of colors +given by the professional artist in the quiet of his studio, but in the +alarm that came in the sudden midnight attack of armed hosts, the bursting +of the tempest of battle in the early dawn, or it was made in vivid +coloring as the sun went down and closed a day of carnage and death. The +lines are heavy and deep-shaded; the figures stand out as living, moving +men and horses; the guns, and cannon, and trappings seem to be real, not +painted things. Pictures these are that all time cannot efface, nor is +there one of us to-day that would, if he could, blot them out of +existence.</p> + +<p>The busy marts of trade may shut them out for a while, but ever and anon, +in the crowded thoroughfare and in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> rush and throng of men, a face +meets us that brings to the mind, like a sudden flash of light in the +darkness, scenes where that face met your gaze in the storm of battle, the +eye all ablaze in the excitement of the hour. A voice comes to your ears +out of the noise and turmoil of the crowded city. That voice arrests your +steps and causes the heart to leap and throb as it has not done for years. +There is a veil over the picture, or it has grown dim from the dust and +heat and rush of the great metropolis. But there is something in the tones +of that voice that sets you to brushing away the dust from the picture; +for you know there is a picture somewhere obscured, and at last it stands +out with wondrous vividness on the canvas of your memory, and you see, +back through more than a score of years that have passed since that +picture was painted, him whose voice you have just heard as he cheered on +his men to victory, or rallied his brave comrades for another daring +effort to stem the tide of battle that was going against us. And with that +voice and face in mind, you see, not the comrades, the companions that +gather about us to-night, with beard and hair grizzled and gray, with +steps that are halting and lame, but the boys and associates of our +boyhood days, with elastic step, and eyes bright with the vigor of young +manhood. If these pictures do not come to you with the sun at meridian, +they come to you at “low twelve,” as in your dreams you see the columns +move out with flying flags and waving banners. You see the dusty roads +over which you marched, the streams at which you slacked your thirst; +mountain and plain, river and forest, come and go. The scene changes, and +you see the lines set in battle array, and follow in your dream from the +first shot of the skirmishers on through the various figures of that +wondrously faithful battle picture, on and on, until in a shout of +victory, or a command for a charge in the heat of the contest, you +suddenly waken and realize that you were viewing the pictures you helped +to paint on the great canvas of our Nation’s history.</p> + +<p>It is said that no two persons see the same rainbow, and it is especially +true that each officer or soldier sees a different<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> picture of the same +battle. Each had his special duty to perform, each was to know nothing +except as conveyed to him in brief but forcible orders. Theirs only to +meet duty and perform it intelligently and bravely; theirs to see nothing +except such matters as might come within their observation in the narrow +compass of their duties with company, regiment, or command. Each, +according to his nature, painted or had painted on his mind each varying, +shifting scene through those battles—scenes of battles lost and battles +won.</p> + +<p>To-night I propose to give, not a detail of the orders that were issued, +nor to give minutely the various movements made, but only to give you the +impressions, pictures, if you will, that were made on my mind, and as +thoroughly engraven on the tablets of my memory as if written thereon with +an engraver’s pen, of that battle that took the Army of the Cumberland +into Chattanooga, and though by most considered a defeat and disaster, was +in fact the battle that made it possible for us to occupy Chattanooga and +hold it.</p> + +<p>Leaving Murfreesboro in June, 1863, we had marched to McMinville, Tenn., +and had there spent the summer as one of the out-posts of Gen. W. S. +Rosecrans’ army, while the remainder of his army advanced toward +Chattanooga. Leaving McMinville when the time had fully come for the final +advance, we marched to join the remainder of the army at Bridgeport. When +we reached Bridgeport, however, we found the army had crossed the +Tennessee River and was pushing on toward Chattanooga, and followed on. +Our first view of Chattanooga was had as our division, Van Cleve’s, of +Crittenden’s Corps—the 21st—passed around the point of Lookout Mountain, +where it touches the Tennessee River down below the town opposite Moccasin +Point. There seemed nothing specially inviting to us in the little old +town off to our left; in fact, the invitation came to us to go in another +direction. Obeying the order we there received, we hastened away up the +valley toward Rossville, and on toward Ringgold, in pursuit of Bragg, who +was at the time reported to be retreating before Rosecrans’ army. On we +pushed, joining<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> the remainder of our corps and the cavalry at Ringgold. +It was a delightful march; the roads were smooth, the weather was perfect, +the enemy kept out of our way, and, in fact, we felt as though now there +would be no more serious fighting. Had we not driven the Confederate army +out of Kentucky, had whipped it at Stone River, and driven it all the way +down from Murfreesboro, and out of their stronghold—Chattanooga—and were +yet in pursuit? Certainly the war would soon be over. So the men thought +and talked. When we reached Ringgold, we found, for some reason not +clearly defined in words, that we would not advance any further in that +particular direction. In fact, it was deemed advisable that our corps +should advance (?) over the same route by which we had come, back up into +Lookout Mountain valley. Two weeks in that pleasant early autumn of 1863 +we spent somewhat after the manner described in the old song, we</p> + +<p class="poem">“Marched up the hill, and then marched down again.”</p> + +<p>We made a reconnoissance now here, now there, each time becoming more and +more convinced that Gen. Bragg was in no very great hurry to get away, and +speedily end the war; in fact, we became fully persuaded that he preferred +to remain in our immediate front; nay, more, we were fast making the +discovery that the enemy was for some reason becoming more and more +aggressive. The reconnoissance that was made by the Third Brigade of Van +Cleve’s Division on Sunday, September 13th, beyond Lee & Gordon’s mills, +developed the fact that the enemy’s lines were stronger than ever before, +and that all our efforts to dislodge him were in vain. That the +Confederates were receiving reinforcements could not be longer doubted, +and that a battle was imminent was now apparent to all; just where or +when, whether our army would make the attack or be attacked, were the +unsolved questions of the problem. Each day, as it came and passed, seemed +to bring to all a more certain conviction that the conflict, when or +wheresoever it should come, would be a most terrible one. In this +uncertainty, and with certain feverish restlessness that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> is always +engendered in anticipation of a battle, the 21st Corps lay about Crawfish +Springs and Lee & Gordon’s mills. Extra ammunition had been issued to the +troops as a precaution against any emergency that might arise. Each +company officer had received orders to keep his men in camp; the horses of +the artillery stood harnessed; everything seemed to be in readiness, come +what might. Such was the condition of affairs with our portion of the army +on Friday, the 18th of September, 1863. The forenoon of that day had been +spent in general talk, both among officers and among men, on the now +all-absorbing question as to the probabilities of a battle. Our brigade, +the Third, commanded by Col. Geo. F. Dick, of the 86th Indiana, lay near +Crawfish Springs. We had just finished our noon-day meal and pipes were +lighted, and we were preparing to spend the hours of the afternoon as best +we might, when we caught the sound of a distant artillery shot off toward +Ringgold. This proved to be the first shot of what was so soon to be the +battle of Chickamauga. The shots grew in number, and more and more +distinct. It required but little time for each officer and soldier to take +in the situation and realize the condition of affairs. We knew from the +sounds that were borne to us that the army of Gen. Bragg had ceased to +retreat and to act on the defensive, and was now advancing upon our army. +This action was proof that the enemy had been largely reinforced, and now +felt itself not only able to meet us in battle, but confident in its +ability to defeat and put us to rout, and to recover all they had lost.</p> + +<p>Not much time was given for thought or talk before our brigade was ordered +to “fall in,” and we were moved out down to the left, and past Lee & +Gordon’s mills, to the relief of our hard-pressed cavalry, now falling +back onto our main army. How urgent the need of assistance to our cavalry +we soon learned as we saw them coming in wounded and broken, riderless +horses, ambulances filled with wounded and dying—all coming together told +how fierce the onslaught that had been made on them, and they who were yet +unwounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> were contesting, with all the bravery and stubbornness that men +could, every part of the distance that lay between us and the enemy. Our +lines were formed, and we moved forward, checking the enemy’s advance for +the day. Our skirmish line and pickets were strengthened, and our brigade +remained on duty through the night, and listened to the ominous sounds +that came to us through the darkness, the distant rumbling of artillery +wheels, the sound now and then of axes, all telling us of the preparations +that were being made, and the perfecting of plans for the terrible contest +of the morrow.</p> + +<p>In the early morning of the 19th we were relieved from duty, and were sent +back toward Lee & Gordon’s mills, into an open field, there to prepare our +breakfasts and get such sleep and rest as we could, until such time as our +services would be demanded. The sun had scarcely appeared when a shot was +heard over on the right of our line; in a short time another, as if one +army or the other were feeling its way. Soon another shot, which brought +an answering shot; then came the opening artillery duel that seemed to +shake the very earth. From this, shots came from all along our lines, +showing that the enemy had got well into position along our entire front +during the night. Now the firing increases on our right, and between the +artillery shots we catch the sound of musketry; stronger and stronger the +contest grows, and nearer, too, for now comes one continuous roar of +artillery from the right, and volley after volley of musketry tells that +the two armies have come together in the first charges of the battle. The +contest gathers in strength, starting down from the right, on it comes to +the lines in our front, and on past us toward the left, until at length it +becomes one commingled roar of artillery and rattle of musketry from right +to left. We see none of the lines engaged, but it must be that the Union +army is holding its position against the furious charges that are being +made upon it. A lull for a few moments comes in the contest, and you hear +only scattering shots along the line; but looking off to our front, +through an opening in the trees, could be seen, crossing the ridge, the +marching columns of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> the enemy as they moved toward our left, preparatory +to the terrible work of that Saturday afternoon. Again the sound of the +contest begins to gather and grow in strength. It comes on like the blasts +of the tornado, sounding louder and louder, growing stronger and stronger +until it comes in a great rush and roar of sound, before which those who +hear and are not of it stand in awe and look each the other in the face, +but dare not speak. Over on the right it again breaks forth, and with +renewed strength rolls on down the lines, growing fiercer and fiercer, and +louder and louder, as additional forces are brought into the contest, +until it reaches the extreme left, when backward it would sweep again to +the right, only again to go rolling, and jarring, and crashing in its fury +as backward and forward it swept. It was as when the ocean is lashed to +fury by the tempest, when great rolling waves come chasing one the other +in their mighty rage, until they strike with a roar upon the mighty cliffs +of stone, only to be broken and driven back upon other incoming waves as +strong, or stronger, than they had been, so came to our ears the sound of +that mighty tempest of war—volley after volley of musketry rolling in +waves of dreadful sound, one upon the other, to which was added the deep +sounding crash of the artillery, like mighty thunder peals through the +roar of the tempest, making the ground under your feet tremble as it came +and went, each wave more terrible than the former.</p> + +<p>It was evident to those of us who listened that the enemy was making +desperate efforts to overwhelm and break our lines.</p> + +<p>Through that forenoon—and oh, how long it seemed—we waited outside the +contest, and heard that mighty, that terrible tornado of war as it raged +in our front and all about us, and saw the constantly moving columns of +the enemy’s infantry, with flying flags, and saw battery after battery as +they moved before us like a great panorama unfolding in the opening to +which I have referred. We had been sent back, as I have said, to rest +after a night on duty, but rest there was none. The guns were stacked in +line, and the battery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> attached to our brigade stood just in the rear of +us, with horses hitched to guns and caissons, ready to move any instant. +Now and then a stray shot or shell would fly over us, and strike in the +ground or burst in the air, to our rear.</p> + +<p>Our men grow restless, that restlessness that comes to men in that most +trying of all times in the life of a soldier, when he hears the battle +raging with all the might of the furies about him, when he can now and +then catch the sound of the distant shouts that tell that the charge is +being made, and can hear above the shouts the rattling, tearing, shrieking +sound of the volleys of musketry, and the shot and shell and canister of +the artillery that tells too well that the charge is met, and that great +gaps are being made in the lines; that men and comrades are being maimed, +and wounded, and killed. In such moments as these, when you see and hear, +but are not a part of the battle, men grow pale and lose their firmness, +their nerve; then it is they realize that war is terrible. They are +hungry, but they cannot eat; they are tired but they cannot sit down; they +lay prone upon the ground, but that is worse than standing, and they rise +again; you speak to them, and they answer you as one who is half asleep; +they laugh, but it is a laugh that has no joy in it. The infantrymen stay +close to their muskets; the artillerymen, drivers, and gunners stand close +to their posts of duty in a terrible, fearful state of nervous unrest. +These men whom you thus see on that fearful September afternoon are not +lacking in all true soldierly qualities; their bravery had been tested on +other fields—at Donelson, at Shiloh, at Perryville, and at Stone River +they met the enemy in the hottest of the battle with all the bravery and +firmness of the Roman, and now when the time shall come for them to be +ordered to the aid of their comrades, they will not be found wanting. Thus +hour after hour has passed for us in this fearful state of anxiety and +suspense. No tidings from the front; we only know that the battle is +fearful, is terrible.</p> + +<p>Noonday has passed, when suddenly from out the woods to our front and left +onto the open field, dashes an officer, his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> horse urged to its greatest +speed toward our command. The men see him coming, and in an instant they +are aroused to the greatest interest. “There comes orders” are the words +that pass from lip to lip along that line. Without commands the lines are +formed behind the gun stacks; the cannoneers stand by their guns; the +drivers stand with hand on rein and foot in stirrup, ready to mount. How +quick, how great the change at the prospect of freedom from the suspense +of the day. The eye lights up, the arm again grows strong, and the nerves +are again growing steady; every head is bent forward to catch, if +possible, the first news from the front, and to hear the orders that are +to be given. All now are roused: there is to be no more suspense; it is to +be action from now and on until the battle shall close. Nearer and nearer +comes the rider; now you catch his features, and can see the fearful +earnestness that is written in every line of the face. He bends forward as +he rides, in such haste he is. The horse he rides seems to have caught the +spirit of the rider, and horse and rider tell to the experienced soldier +that there is to be work for us; that the urgency is great, and that the +peril is imminent.</p> + +<p>How much there is of life, of the soldier’s life, that cannot be painted +on canvas or described in words; it is the inexpressible part—the face, +the eye, the swaying of the body, the gesture of the hand, the movement of +the head, as the officer, the soldier, feels that his comrades are in +deepest peril, and that unless help comes, and comes quickly, all hope is +gone. He speaks not a word, but his appearance speaks in thunder tones. +Companions, you, and each of you, have seen just such times and such +faces. Such was the face, and such the action of that staff officer that +afternoon of September 19, 1863; and every soldier, as he saw him, read +that face and form as though it were an open book—yes, and read it in all +its awful, dreadful meaning—and, reading, realized their full duty. He +reaches our line, and is met by our brigade commander, Col. Geo. F. Dick, +as anxious to receive the orders as he is to give them. The command comes +in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> quick, sharp words: “The General presents his compliments, and directs +that you move your brigade at once to the support of Gen. Beard. Take the +road, moving by the flank in ‘double quick’ to the left and into the +woods, and go into line on the left of Gen. Beatty’s brigade. I am to +direct you. Our men are hard pressed.” The last sentence was all that was +said in words as to the condition of our troops, but it told that we had +read aright before he had spoken.</p> + +<p>Scarce had the order been delivered when the command to “take arms” is +heard along the line, and to drivers and cannoneers to mount. It scarcely +took the time required to tell it for our brigade to get in motion, moving +off the field, the artillery taking the wagon road, the infantry +alongside. It was a grand scene as we moved quickly into place, closing up +the column and waiting but a moment for the command. The guns are at a +right shoulder, and all have grown eager for the order, “Forward.” The +bugle sounds the first note of the command. Now look along that column; +the men are leaning forward for the start; you see the drivers on the +artillery teams tighten the rein in the left hand, and, with the whip in +the uplifted right arm, rise in their stirups; and as the last note of the +bugle is sounded, the crack of the whips of thirty-six drivers over the +backs of as many horses, and the stroke of the spurs, sends that battery +of six guns and its caissons rattling and bounding over that road, while +the infantry alongside are straining every nerve as they hasten to the +relief of the comrades so hard pressed. The spirits of the men grow higher +and higher with each moment of the advance. The rattling of the artillery +and the hoof beats of the horses add to the excitement of the onward rush, +infantry and artillery thus side by side vieing each with the other which +shall best do his part. Now, as we come nearer, the storm of the battle +seems to grow greater and greater. On and yet on we press, until reaching +the designated point, the artillery is turned off to the left on to a +ridge, and go into position along its crest, while the lines of the +infantry are being formed to the right of the road over which we have +just<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> been hurrying. Our lines are scarcely formed, and the command to +move forward given, when the lines which are in advance of us are broken +by a terrific charge of the enemy, and are driven back in confusion onto +our line—friend and foe so intermingled that we cannot fire a shot +without inflicting as much injury on our men as upon the enemy.</p> + +<p>Our artillery, on the crest of the ridge back of us, have unlimbered and +gone into action, and their shell are now flying over our heads into the +woods, where the enemy’s lines had been. Confusion seems to have taken +possession of our lines, and, to add to it, the lines to our right have +been broken and the enemy are sweeping past our flank. The order is given +to fall back on line with the artillery. Out of the wood, under the fire +of our cannon, the men hasten. Now on the crest of that ridge, without +works of any kind to shelter them, our troops are again hastily formed, +and none too soon. Down the gentle slope of that ridge, and away to our +right and left and front stretches an open field, without tree or shrub to +break the force of the balls. In our front, and at the edge of the field, +two hundred yards away, runs the road parallel with our lines; beyond the +road the heavy timber where the Confederate lines are formed, and well +protected in their preparations for their charge. Scarce had our lines +been formed when the sharp crack of the rifles along our front, and the +whistling of the balls over our heads, give us warning that the advance of +the enemy has begun, and in an instant the shots of the skirmishers are +drowned by the shout that goes up from the charging column as it starts +down in the woods. Our men are ready. The 7th Indiana Battery—six +guns—is on the right of my regiment; Battery M, 4th U. S. Artillery, is +on our left. The gunners and every man of those two batteries are at their +posts of duty, the tightly drawn lines in their faces showing their +purpose there to stand for duty or die. Officers pass the familiar command +of caution along the line—“Steady, men, steady.” The shout of the +charging foe comes rapidly on; now they burst out of the woods and onto +the road. As if touched by an electric<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> cord, so quick and so in unison +was it, the rifles leap to the shoulder along the ridge where waves the +stars and stripes. Now the enemy are in plain view along the road covering +our entire front; you can see them, as with cap visors drawn well down +over their eyes, the gun at the charge, with short, shrill shout they +come, and we see the colors of Longstreet’s corps, flushed with victory, +confronting us. Our men recognize the gallantry of their foe, and their +pride is touched as well. All this is but the work of an instant, when, +just as that long line of gray has crossed the road, quick and sharp rings +out along our line the command “Ready,” “Fire!” It seems to come to +infantry and artillery at the same instant, and out from the rifles of the +men and the mouths of those cannons leap the death-dealing bullet and +canister; again and again, with almost lightning rapidity, they pour in +their deadly, merciless fire, until along that entire ridge it has become +almost one continuous volley. Now that Corps that had known little of +defeat begins to waver; their men had fallen thick and fast about them. +Again and yet again the volleys are poured into them, and the artillery on +our right and left have not ceased their deadly work. No troops can long +withstand such fire; their lines waver, another volley and they are broken +and now fall back in confusion. The charge was not long in point of time, +but was terrible in its results to the foe.</p> + +<p>Along the entire line to our right and left we can hear the battle raging +with increased fury. We are now on the defensive; and all can judge that +the lull in our front is only the stillness that forbodes the more +terrible storm that is to come. A few logs and rails are hastily gathered +together to form a slight breastwork. Soon the scattering shots that began +to fall about us gave us warning that our foe was again moving on us. +Again we are ready, now laying behind our hastily-prepared works. Again we +hear the shout as on they come with more determination than before; but +with even greater courage do our men determine to hold their lines. The +artillery is double shotted with canister. Again the command, “Fire!” and +hotter, fiercer than before the battle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> rages along our front. Shout is +answered with shout, shot by shots tenfold, until again our assailants +break before our fire and are again forced back. But why repeat further +the story of that Saturday afternoon. Again and again were those charges +repeated along our line, only to be hurled back—broken and shattered. It +did seem as though our men were more than human. The artillerymen worked +as never before. Their guns—double shotted—had scarce delivered their +charges, and before the gun could complete its recoil, was caught by +strong arms, made doubly strong in that fever heat of battle; was again in +position, again double shotted, and again fired into the face of the foe. +The arms bared, the veins standing out in great strong lines, the hat or +cap gone from the head, the eye starting almost from the socket, the teeth +set, the face beaded with perspiration, balls falling all about them, +those men of the 7th Indiana Battery and Battery M seemed to be +supernaturally endowed with strength. Their comrades of the infantry vied +with them in acts of heroism, and daring, and endurance. They shouted +defiance at the foe with every shot; with face and hands begrimed in the +smoke and dust and heat of the battle; with comrades falling about them, +the survivors thought only of vengeance. All the horses on two of the guns +of the 7th Indiana Battery are shot down; another charge is beginning; +those two guns might be lost; they must be gotten back. Quick as thought a +company of infantry spring to the guns, one hand holding the rifle, the +other on the cannon, and with the shot falling thick and fast in and about +them, drag the guns over the brow of the ridge and down into the woods, +just in the rear of our lines, and hasten back again to take their places +in line, ready to meet the on-coming charge. An artilleryman is shot down; +a man from the infantry takes his place and obeys orders as best he can. +When the charge begins our men are lying down. Now, in the midst of it, so +great has become the excitement, so intense the anxiety, all fear and +prudence vanishes, and the men leap to their feet, and fire and load, and +fire and load, in the wildest frenzy of desperation. They have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> lost all +ideas of danger, or the strength of the assailants. It was this absolute +<i>desperation</i> of our men that held our lines. A soldier or officer is +wounded; unless the wound was mortal or caused the fracture of a limb, +they had the wound tied or bandaged as best they could, some tearing up +their blouses for bandages, and again took their places in the lines +beside their more fortunate comrades. Each man feels the terrible weight +of responsibility that rests on him personally for the results that shall +be achieved that day. It is this thought, this decision, this purpose and +grand courage that comes only to the American Citizen Soldier, who +voluntarily and with unselfish patriotism stands in defense of principle +and country, that makes such soldiers as those who fought in our ranks +that day. On through the afternoon until nightfall did that furious storm +beat against and rage about us.</p> + +<p>Near night, Gen. J. J. Reynolds, who commanded that portion of the line +immediately on our left, informed us that the lines to our right and left +had been broken, and directed that we should fall back to the range of +hills in our rear; and so, reluctantly, our men fell back after an +afternoon in which they had helped to hold at bay the flower of the “Army +of Northern Virginia” and of the Confederacy; and though suffering +terribly in loss of men, our portion of the line had not lost a flag nor a +gun.</p> + +<p>A night of pinching cold with but little sleep illy fitted us for the duty +that was to be ours after the Sabbath morning’s sun should rise. With the +morning and our hastily prepared breakfast came the question, everything +then being so still, “Will there be fighting to-day? This is Sunday.” If +there had been a faint hope that the army would rest on its arms that +bright Sabbath morning, it was of short life, for soon the order came for +an advance; and when it came there were no laggards found. Soldiers never +obeyed more promptly, nor with more ready spirit than was that order +obeyed. We had learned during the evening and night from various sources +that the battle of Saturday had gone hard with some portions of our lines +where the enemy had massed his troops most heavily,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> and our men joined in +the desire to retrieve all that had been lost. We moved out in line of +battle with our skirmishers advanced, passing over a portion of the field +that had been so hotly contested the day before. Soon the shots of the +skirmishers warn us that work is before us; nor is it long until the +skirmishers have pushed to their furtherest limit, and the line of battle +joins them. The command for the charge is given, and, with a shout that +might have come from ever-victorious troops, we dash upon their lines. +Stubborn is the resistance, but impetuous and determined is the charge, +comrade cheering comrade on—on with a fury that cannot be withstood; the +air filled with leaden hail; men falling about us on every side; but on +and on they push until at last the enemy’s lines are broken, and we follow +in hot pursuit, driving them back until they reach a line of +reinforcements. Again the battle rages; now with redoubled lines they +charge upon us, and the very earth shakes under our feet from the terrible +discharge that comes from artillery massed in our front. Shells are +shrieking in the air and bursting over our heads; great limbs are torn +from the trees and fall with the broken shells about us. Soon our lines +are weighed down with the terrible onslaught, and we are driven back over +the same ground over which we had just come. Again our lines are rallied, +and reformed, and strengthened; and again we charge to recover the lost +ground. Four times that Sunday forenoon did our lines sweep down over that +ground, and as many times were we driven back, until the ground was almost +covered with friend and foe—the blue and the gray lying side by side, +wounded, dying, and dead. Coming to us even in the heat and excitement of +the battle, it was a terrible and sickening sight to see that battle field +that day. As often as our lines were broken and driven back, so often did +they rally and renew the attack, until again broken and forced back, +turning and firing into the face of the foe as they went, until some +soldier or officer would stop, and, with a brave and determined purpose, +swear that there he would stand or die, as he turned his face once more to +the enemy; and from that stand, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> desperately and fearlessly made, +calling on his comrades to “fall in,” our lines would, almost as if by +magic, be built out to right and left. Those coming back would of their +own volition halt and face about, and those who had passed beyond would, +as soon as they found the line was reforming, hasten to rejoin it. But +words would fail to tell of the many acts of heroism displayed on that +field that day. How men fought singly from behind trees, in groops of from +two to a dozen, desperately fighting, hoping against hope. The very +desperation and fury with which these scattered few would fight—checking +the enemy, detaining him, and giving us time to reform our broken +lines—surpassed the stories of Napoleon’s old guard. Flanked by the +enemy, our lines would change front under the murderous fire of a foe +greatly superior in numbers, and again confront him in the new direction. +From hastily constructed breastworks we fought now on this side, now on +that. No man was there who did not realize that we were greatly +outnumbered; yet no one thought of ultimate defeat. Chickamauga was a +battle where officers and men were all and each alike—heroes of the +noblest type. If never before, on that battle field of Chickamauga, men of +the North and men of the South, Union and Confederate, learned that no +imaginary lines separating North from South, or marking the boundary of +States, make any difference in the spirit of courage, bravery, and daring +of the American soldier, once he believes he is fighting for a principle, +be that principle right or wrong. If one is more impetuous, the other will +endure longer; if one is proud of his section, the other loves his whole +country more. The two, united as they should be and will be, combine the +elements and qualities of an army on whose banners might be emblazoned the +one word “Invincible.”</p> + +<p>On and on through all the morning and late into the afternoon had the +battle raged, now advancing, now retreating, so evenly did the honors +rest, that now both armies seemed willing to rest on their arms. Gradually +the firing began to die away, and soon almost ceased on our portion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +the line. Late in the afternoon we commenced a movement by the flank, but +so confused had we become in our bearings that we did not realize that it +was to be anything more than a mere change of position for a renewal of +the conflict, when after a short while we found ourselves out of the noise +and din of the battle field on the road filled with our troops, and +marching with them down past Rossville toward Chattanooga. Then it was +that we learned that Chickamauga was, <i>not a defeat</i>, but what seemed at +the time a great disaster to the Union Army. And such it really was in +point of munitions of war that were lost, and the great numbers of Union +soldiers that fell wounded or dead. But a defeat it was not; and had the +battle been fought at Chattanooga instead of Chickamauga, Chattanooga +would have been lost to us, and disaster overwhelming and crushing would +have been the fate of the Army of the Cumberland. Had we halted at +Chattanooga instead of marching out to Chickamauga, even though McCook had +been with us, we might have had Vicksburg reversed.</p> + +<p>I do not believe there was a man who remained in the front fighting on the +Sunday of Chickamauga who thought of defeat, so little do they who are in +the line know of the actual state of affairs in active army life.</p> + +<p>We bivouacked around Rossville on Sunday night, and as we gathered in +groops about our camp-fires that night, we talked of the scenes of the day +or mourned the loss of the comrades who had fallen, and all discussed the +probabilities of the morrow on another field, confident of ultimate +success. The morning found our portion of the army moving back toward +Chattanooga, our campanies and regiments intact, except for the actual +losses of the battle field. Through the afternoon of that day we listened +to the distant rumble and roar of the guns of the 14th Army Corps, +sounding like the last mutterings of a great storm that had spent its +strength, and was drawing to a close from shere exhaustion. As proof of +the fact that Chickamauga was not a defeat, we have the fact that Gen. +Geo. H. Thomas, one of the grandest heroes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> and noblest men developed by +the war, was able with a single corps to hold the entire army of Bragg at +bay until our lines were established in and about Chattanooga. Nor was +Bragg’s army able to follow up the advantage gained at Chickamauga. He had +been able only to check our further advance, but not to drive us back from +Chattanooga. The bravery of our men at Chickamauga was fully equaled by +their patience and endurance of the siege of Chattanooga—a siege for two +long months that were full of all that goes to make the soldier’s life +something to be dreaded, except for a noble and holy cause.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Personal Recollections of Chickamauga, by +James R. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Personal Recollections of Chickamauga + A Paper Read before the Ohio Commandery of the Military + Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States + +Author: James R. Carnahan + +Release Date: March 15, 2011 [EBook #35581] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECOLLECTIONS OF CHICKAMAUGA *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS + OF + CHICKAMAUGA. + + A PAPER + --READ BEFORE-- + The Ohio Commandery of the Military Order + --OF THE-- + Loyal Legion of the United States, + + + BY COMPANION + JAMES R. CARNAHAN, + _Late Captain 86th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry_, + January 6, 1886. + + + CINCINNATI: + H. C. SHERRICK & CO. + 1886. + + + + +Personal Recollections of Chickamauga. + + +COMPANIONS: + +Said an eminent artist, as he stood and gazed on the picture his mind, +genius, and hand had wrought--a picture so wonderful in its grandeur, and +in the vividness with which the subject was portrayed, "I have painted for +eternity." His picture was but the portrayal of his thoughts, his vision, +as the subject had impressed him, and by his act he gave it life, and it +spoke, and will ever speak to mankind. So have each of us painted in and +upon our minds, pictures of the exciting scenes through which each passed, +and of which he was a part, that transpired in our Country from April, +1861, to the close of the war in 1865. Wonderful, grand, heroic pictures +they were that were painted day by day through those years. On the brain, +the mind, the memory of each of us were they painted, not with the +graceful curves, the evenly drawn lines, and pleasing blending of colors +given by the professional artist in the quiet of his studio, but in the +alarm that came in the sudden midnight attack of armed hosts, the bursting +of the tempest of battle in the early dawn, or it was made in vivid +coloring as the sun went down and closed a day of carnage and death. The +lines are heavy and deep-shaded; the figures stand out as living, moving +men and horses; the guns, and cannon, and trappings seem to be real, not +painted things. Pictures these are that all time cannot efface, nor is +there one of us to-day that would, if he could, blot them out of +existence. + +The busy marts of trade may shut them out for a while, but ever and anon, +in the crowded thoroughfare and in the rush and throng of men, a face +meets us that brings to the mind, like a sudden flash of light in the +darkness, scenes where that face met your gaze in the storm of battle, the +eye all ablaze in the excitement of the hour. A voice comes to your ears +out of the noise and turmoil of the crowded city. That voice arrests your +steps and causes the heart to leap and throb as it has not done for years. +There is a veil over the picture, or it has grown dim from the dust and +heat and rush of the great metropolis. But there is something in the tones +of that voice that sets you to brushing away the dust from the picture; +for you know there is a picture somewhere obscured, and at last it stands +out with wondrous vividness on the canvas of your memory, and you see, +back through more than a score of years that have passed since that +picture was painted, him whose voice you have just heard as he cheered on +his men to victory, or rallied his brave comrades for another daring +effort to stem the tide of battle that was going against us. And with that +voice and face in mind, you see, not the comrades, the companions that +gather about us to-night, with beard and hair grizzled and gray, with +steps that are halting and lame, but the boys and associates of our +boyhood days, with elastic step, and eyes bright with the vigor of young +manhood. If these pictures do not come to you with the sun at meridian, +they come to you at "low twelve," as in your dreams you see the columns +move out with flying flags and waving banners. You see the dusty roads +over which you marched, the streams at which you slacked your thirst; +mountain and plain, river and forest, come and go. The scene changes, and +you see the lines set in battle array, and follow in your dream from the +first shot of the skirmishers on through the various figures of that +wondrously faithful battle picture, on and on, until in a shout of +victory, or a command for a charge in the heat of the contest, you +suddenly waken and realize that you were viewing the pictures you helped +to paint on the great canvas of our Nation's history. + +It is said that no two persons see the same rainbow, and it is especially +true that each officer or soldier sees a different picture of the same +battle. Each had his special duty to perform, each was to know nothing +except as conveyed to him in brief but forcible orders. Theirs only to +meet duty and perform it intelligently and bravely; theirs to see nothing +except such matters as might come within their observation in the narrow +compass of their duties with company, regiment, or command. Each, +according to his nature, painted or had painted on his mind each varying, +shifting scene through those battles--scenes of battles lost and battles +won. + +To-night I propose to give, not a detail of the orders that were issued, +nor to give minutely the various movements made, but only to give you the +impressions, pictures, if you will, that were made on my mind, and as +thoroughly engraven on the tablets of my memory as if written thereon with +an engraver's pen, of that battle that took the Army of the Cumberland +into Chattanooga, and though by most considered a defeat and disaster, was +in fact the battle that made it possible for us to occupy Chattanooga and +hold it. + +Leaving Murfreesboro in June, 1863, we had marched to McMinville, Tenn., +and had there spent the summer as one of the out-posts of Gen. W. S. +Rosecrans' army, while the remainder of his army advanced toward +Chattanooga. Leaving McMinville when the time had fully come for the final +advance, we marched to join the remainder of the army at Bridgeport. When +we reached Bridgeport, however, we found the army had crossed the +Tennessee River and was pushing on toward Chattanooga, and followed on. +Our first view of Chattanooga was had as our division, Van Cleve's, of +Crittenden's Corps--the 21st--passed around the point of Lookout Mountain, +where it touches the Tennessee River down below the town opposite Moccasin +Point. There seemed nothing specially inviting to us in the little old +town off to our left; in fact, the invitation came to us to go in another +direction. Obeying the order we there received, we hastened away up the +valley toward Rossville, and on toward Ringgold, in pursuit of Bragg, who +was at the time reported to be retreating before Rosecrans' army. On we +pushed, joining the remainder of our corps and the cavalry at Ringgold. +It was a delightful march; the roads were smooth, the weather was perfect, +the enemy kept out of our way, and, in fact, we felt as though now there +would be no more serious fighting. Had we not driven the Confederate army +out of Kentucky, had whipped it at Stone River, and driven it all the way +down from Murfreesboro, and out of their stronghold--Chattanooga--and were +yet in pursuit? Certainly the war would soon be over. So the men thought +and talked. When we reached Ringgold, we found, for some reason not +clearly defined in words, that we would not advance any further in that +particular direction. In fact, it was deemed advisable that our corps +should advance (?) over the same route by which we had come, back up into +Lookout Mountain valley. Two weeks in that pleasant early autumn of 1863 +we spent somewhat after the manner described in the old song, we + + "Marched up the hill, and then marched down again." + +We made a reconnoissance now here, now there, each time becoming more and +more convinced that Gen. Bragg was in no very great hurry to get away, and +speedily end the war; in fact, we became fully persuaded that he preferred +to remain in our immediate front; nay, more, we were fast making the +discovery that the enemy was for some reason becoming more and more +aggressive. The reconnoissance that was made by the Third Brigade of Van +Cleve's Division on Sunday, September 13th, beyond Lee & Gordon's mills, +developed the fact that the enemy's lines were stronger than ever before, +and that all our efforts to dislodge him were in vain. That the +Confederates were receiving reinforcements could not be longer doubted, +and that a battle was imminent was now apparent to all; just where or +when, whether our army would make the attack or be attacked, were the +unsolved questions of the problem. Each day, as it came and passed, seemed +to bring to all a more certain conviction that the conflict, when or +wheresoever it should come, would be a most terrible one. In this +uncertainty, and with certain feverish restlessness that is always +engendered in anticipation of a battle, the 21st Corps lay about Crawfish +Springs and Lee & Gordon's mills. Extra ammunition had been issued to the +troops as a precaution against any emergency that might arise. Each +company officer had received orders to keep his men in camp; the horses of +the artillery stood harnessed; everything seemed to be in readiness, come +what might. Such was the condition of affairs with our portion of the army +on Friday, the 18th of September, 1863. The forenoon of that day had been +spent in general talk, both among officers and among men, on the now +all-absorbing question as to the probabilities of a battle. Our brigade, +the Third, commanded by Col. Geo. F. Dick, of the 86th Indiana, lay near +Crawfish Springs. We had just finished our noon-day meal and pipes were +lighted, and we were preparing to spend the hours of the afternoon as best +we might, when we caught the sound of a distant artillery shot off toward +Ringgold. This proved to be the first shot of what was so soon to be the +battle of Chickamauga. The shots grew in number, and more and more +distinct. It required but little time for each officer and soldier to take +in the situation and realize the condition of affairs. We knew from the +sounds that were borne to us that the army of Gen. Bragg had ceased to +retreat and to act on the defensive, and was now advancing upon our army. +This action was proof that the enemy had been largely reinforced, and now +felt itself not only able to meet us in battle, but confident in its +ability to defeat and put us to rout, and to recover all they had lost. + +Not much time was given for thought or talk before our brigade was ordered +to "fall in," and we were moved out down to the left, and past Lee & +Gordon's mills, to the relief of our hard-pressed cavalry, now falling +back onto our main army. How urgent the need of assistance to our cavalry +we soon learned as we saw them coming in wounded and broken, riderless +horses, ambulances filled with wounded and dying--all coming together told +how fierce the onslaught that had been made on them, and they who were yet +unwounded were contesting, with all the bravery and stubbornness that men +could, every part of the distance that lay between us and the enemy. Our +lines were formed, and we moved forward, checking the enemy's advance for +the day. Our skirmish line and pickets were strengthened, and our brigade +remained on duty through the night, and listened to the ominous sounds +that came to us through the darkness, the distant rumbling of artillery +wheels, the sound now and then of axes, all telling us of the preparations +that were being made, and the perfecting of plans for the terrible contest +of the morrow. + +In the early morning of the 19th we were relieved from duty, and were sent +back toward Lee & Gordon's mills, into an open field, there to prepare our +breakfasts and get such sleep and rest as we could, until such time as our +services would be demanded. The sun had scarcely appeared when a shot was +heard over on the right of our line; in a short time another, as if one +army or the other were feeling its way. Soon another shot, which brought +an answering shot; then came the opening artillery duel that seemed to +shake the very earth. From this, shots came from all along our lines, +showing that the enemy had got well into position along our entire front +during the night. Now the firing increases on our right, and between the +artillery shots we catch the sound of musketry; stronger and stronger the +contest grows, and nearer, too, for now comes one continuous roar of +artillery from the right, and volley after volley of musketry tells that +the two armies have come together in the first charges of the battle. The +contest gathers in strength, starting down from the right, on it comes to +the lines in our front, and on past us toward the left, until at length it +becomes one commingled roar of artillery and rattle of musketry from right +to left. We see none of the lines engaged, but it must be that the Union +army is holding its position against the furious charges that are being +made upon it. A lull for a few moments comes in the contest, and you hear +only scattering shots along the line; but looking off to our front, +through an opening in the trees, could be seen, crossing the ridge, the +marching columns of the enemy as they moved toward our left, preparatory +to the terrible work of that Saturday afternoon. Again the sound of the +contest begins to gather and grow in strength. It comes on like the blasts +of the tornado, sounding louder and louder, growing stronger and stronger +until it comes in a great rush and roar of sound, before which those who +hear and are not of it stand in awe and look each the other in the face, +but dare not speak. Over on the right it again breaks forth, and with +renewed strength rolls on down the lines, growing fiercer and fiercer, and +louder and louder, as additional forces are brought into the contest, +until it reaches the extreme left, when backward it would sweep again to +the right, only again to go rolling, and jarring, and crashing in its fury +as backward and forward it swept. It was as when the ocean is lashed to +fury by the tempest, when great rolling waves come chasing one the other +in their mighty rage, until they strike with a roar upon the mighty cliffs +of stone, only to be broken and driven back upon other incoming waves as +strong, or stronger, than they had been, so came to our ears the sound of +that mighty tempest of war--volley after volley of musketry rolling in +waves of dreadful sound, one upon the other, to which was added the deep +sounding crash of the artillery, like mighty thunder peals through the +roar of the tempest, making the ground under your feet tremble as it came +and went, each wave more terrible than the former. + +It was evident to those of us who listened that the enemy was making +desperate efforts to overwhelm and break our lines. + +Through that forenoon--and oh, how long it seemed--we waited outside the +contest, and heard that mighty, that terrible tornado of war as it raged +in our front and all about us, and saw the constantly moving columns of +the enemy's infantry, with flying flags, and saw battery after battery as +they moved before us like a great panorama unfolding in the opening to +which I have referred. We had been sent back, as I have said, to rest +after a night on duty, but rest there was none. The guns were stacked in +line, and the battery attached to our brigade stood just in the rear of +us, with horses hitched to guns and caissons, ready to move any instant. +Now and then a stray shot or shell would fly over us, and strike in the +ground or burst in the air, to our rear. + +Our men grow restless, that restlessness that comes to men in that most +trying of all times in the life of a soldier, when he hears the battle +raging with all the might of the furies about him, when he can now and +then catch the sound of the distant shouts that tell that the charge is +being made, and can hear above the shouts the rattling, tearing, shrieking +sound of the volleys of musketry, and the shot and shell and canister of +the artillery that tells too well that the charge is met, and that great +gaps are being made in the lines; that men and comrades are being maimed, +and wounded, and killed. In such moments as these, when you see and hear, +but are not a part of the battle, men grow pale and lose their firmness, +their nerve; then it is they realize that war is terrible. They are +hungry, but they cannot eat; they are tired but they cannot sit down; they +lay prone upon the ground, but that is worse than standing, and they rise +again; you speak to them, and they answer you as one who is half asleep; +they laugh, but it is a laugh that has no joy in it. The infantrymen stay +close to their muskets; the artillerymen, drivers, and gunners stand close +to their posts of duty in a terrible, fearful state of nervous unrest. +These men whom you thus see on that fearful September afternoon are not +lacking in all true soldierly qualities; their bravery had been tested on +other fields--at Donelson, at Shiloh, at Perryville, and at Stone River +they met the enemy in the hottest of the battle with all the bravery and +firmness of the Roman, and now when the time shall come for them to be +ordered to the aid of their comrades, they will not be found wanting. Thus +hour after hour has passed for us in this fearful state of anxiety and +suspense. No tidings from the front; we only know that the battle is +fearful, is terrible. + +Noonday has passed, when suddenly from out the woods to our front and left +onto the open field, dashes an officer, his horse urged to its greatest +speed toward our command. The men see him coming, and in an instant they +are aroused to the greatest interest. "There comes orders" are the words +that pass from lip to lip along that line. Without commands the lines are +formed behind the gun stacks; the cannoneers stand by their guns; the +drivers stand with hand on rein and foot in stirrup, ready to mount. How +quick, how great the change at the prospect of freedom from the suspense +of the day. The eye lights up, the arm again grows strong, and the nerves +are again growing steady; every head is bent forward to catch, if +possible, the first news from the front, and to hear the orders that are +to be given. All now are roused: there is to be no more suspense; it is to +be action from now and on until the battle shall close. Nearer and nearer +comes the rider; now you catch his features, and can see the fearful +earnestness that is written in every line of the face. He bends forward as +he rides, in such haste he is. The horse he rides seems to have caught the +spirit of the rider, and horse and rider tell to the experienced soldier +that there is to be work for us; that the urgency is great, and that the +peril is imminent. + +How much there is of life, of the soldier's life, that cannot be painted +on canvas or described in words; it is the inexpressible part--the face, +the eye, the swaying of the body, the gesture of the hand, the movement of +the head, as the officer, the soldier, feels that his comrades are in +deepest peril, and that unless help comes, and comes quickly, all hope is +gone. He speaks not a word, but his appearance speaks in thunder tones. +Companions, you, and each of you, have seen just such times and such +faces. Such was the face, and such the action of that staff officer that +afternoon of September 19, 1863; and every soldier, as he saw him, read +that face and form as though it were an open book--yes, and read it in all +its awful, dreadful meaning--and, reading, realized their full duty. He +reaches our line, and is met by our brigade commander, Col. Geo. F. Dick, +as anxious to receive the orders as he is to give them. The command comes +in quick, sharp words: "The General presents his compliments, and directs +that you move your brigade at once to the support of Gen. Beard. Take the +road, moving by the flank in 'double quick' to the left and into the +woods, and go into line on the left of Gen. Beatty's brigade. I am to +direct you. Our men are hard pressed." The last sentence was all that was +said in words as to the condition of our troops, but it told that we had +read aright before he had spoken. + +Scarce had the order been delivered when the command to "take arms" is +heard along the line, and to drivers and cannoneers to mount. It scarcely +took the time required to tell it for our brigade to get in motion, moving +off the field, the artillery taking the wagon road, the infantry +alongside. It was a grand scene as we moved quickly into place, closing up +the column and waiting but a moment for the command. The guns are at a +right shoulder, and all have grown eager for the order, "Forward." The +bugle sounds the first note of the command. Now look along that column; +the men are leaning forward for the start; you see the drivers on the +artillery teams tighten the rein in the left hand, and, with the whip in +the uplifted right arm, rise in their stirups; and as the last note of the +bugle is sounded, the crack of the whips of thirty-six drivers over the +backs of as many horses, and the stroke of the spurs, sends that battery +of six guns and its caissons rattling and bounding over that road, while +the infantry alongside are straining every nerve as they hasten to the +relief of the comrades so hard pressed. The spirits of the men grow higher +and higher with each moment of the advance. The rattling of the artillery +and the hoof beats of the horses add to the excitement of the onward rush, +infantry and artillery thus side by side vieing each with the other which +shall best do his part. Now, as we come nearer, the storm of the battle +seems to grow greater and greater. On and yet on we press, until reaching +the designated point, the artillery is turned off to the left on to a +ridge, and go into position along its crest, while the lines of the +infantry are being formed to the right of the road over which we have +just been hurrying. Our lines are scarcely formed, and the command to +move forward given, when the lines which are in advance of us are broken +by a terrific charge of the enemy, and are driven back in confusion onto +our line--friend and foe so intermingled that we cannot fire a shot +without inflicting as much injury on our men as upon the enemy. + +Our artillery, on the crest of the ridge back of us, have unlimbered and +gone into action, and their shell are now flying over our heads into the +woods, where the enemy's lines had been. Confusion seems to have taken +possession of our lines, and, to add to it, the lines to our right have +been broken and the enemy are sweeping past our flank. The order is given +to fall back on line with the artillery. Out of the wood, under the fire +of our cannon, the men hasten. Now on the crest of that ridge, without +works of any kind to shelter them, our troops are again hastily formed, +and none too soon. Down the gentle slope of that ridge, and away to our +right and left and front stretches an open field, without tree or shrub to +break the force of the balls. In our front, and at the edge of the field, +two hundred yards away, runs the road parallel with our lines; beyond the +road the heavy timber where the Confederate lines are formed, and well +protected in their preparations for their charge. Scarce had our lines +been formed when the sharp crack of the rifles along our front, and the +whistling of the balls over our heads, give us warning that the advance of +the enemy has begun, and in an instant the shots of the skirmishers are +drowned by the shout that goes up from the charging column as it starts +down in the woods. Our men are ready. The 7th Indiana Battery--six +guns--is on the right of my regiment; Battery M, 4th U. S. Artillery, is +on our left. The gunners and every man of those two batteries are at their +posts of duty, the tightly drawn lines in their faces showing their +purpose there to stand for duty or die. Officers pass the familiar command +of caution along the line--"Steady, men, steady." The shout of the +charging foe comes rapidly on; now they burst out of the woods and onto +the road. As if touched by an electric cord, so quick and so in unison +was it, the rifles leap to the shoulder along the ridge where waves the +stars and stripes. Now the enemy are in plain view along the road covering +our entire front; you can see them, as with cap visors drawn well down +over their eyes, the gun at the charge, with short, shrill shout they +come, and we see the colors of Longstreet's corps, flushed with victory, +confronting us. Our men recognize the gallantry of their foe, and their +pride is touched as well. All this is but the work of an instant, when, +just as that long line of gray has crossed the road, quick and sharp rings +out along our line the command "Ready," "Fire!" It seems to come to +infantry and artillery at the same instant, and out from the rifles of the +men and the mouths of those cannons leap the death-dealing bullet and +canister; again and again, with almost lightning rapidity, they pour in +their deadly, merciless fire, until along that entire ridge it has become +almost one continuous volley. Now that Corps that had known little of +defeat begins to waver; their men had fallen thick and fast about them. +Again and yet again the volleys are poured into them, and the artillery on +our right and left have not ceased their deadly work. No troops can long +withstand such fire; their lines waver, another volley and they are broken +and now fall back in confusion. The charge was not long in point of time, +but was terrible in its results to the foe. + +Along the entire line to our right and left we can hear the battle raging +with increased fury. We are now on the defensive; and all can judge that +the lull in our front is only the stillness that forbodes the more +terrible storm that is to come. A few logs and rails are hastily gathered +together to form a slight breastwork. Soon the scattering shots that began +to fall about us gave us warning that our foe was again moving on us. +Again we are ready, now laying behind our hastily-prepared works. Again we +hear the shout as on they come with more determination than before; but +with even greater courage do our men determine to hold their lines. The +artillery is double shotted with canister. Again the command, "Fire!" and +hotter, fiercer than before the battle rages along our front. Shout is +answered with shout, shot by shots tenfold, until again our assailants +break before our fire and are again forced back. But why repeat further +the story of that Saturday afternoon. Again and again were those charges +repeated along our line, only to be hurled back--broken and shattered. It +did seem as though our men were more than human. The artillerymen worked +as never before. Their guns--double shotted--had scarce delivered their +charges, and before the gun could complete its recoil, was caught by +strong arms, made doubly strong in that fever heat of battle; was again in +position, again double shotted, and again fired into the face of the foe. +The arms bared, the veins standing out in great strong lines, the hat or +cap gone from the head, the eye starting almost from the socket, the teeth +set, the face beaded with perspiration, balls falling all about them, +those men of the 7th Indiana Battery and Battery M seemed to be +supernaturally endowed with strength. Their comrades of the infantry vied +with them in acts of heroism, and daring, and endurance. They shouted +defiance at the foe with every shot; with face and hands begrimed in the +smoke and dust and heat of the battle; with comrades falling about them, +the survivors thought only of vengeance. All the horses on two of the guns +of the 7th Indiana Battery are shot down; another charge is beginning; +those two guns might be lost; they must be gotten back. Quick as thought a +company of infantry spring to the guns, one hand holding the rifle, the +other on the cannon, and with the shot falling thick and fast in and about +them, drag the guns over the brow of the ridge and down into the woods, +just in the rear of our lines, and hasten back again to take their places +in line, ready to meet the on-coming charge. An artilleryman is shot down; +a man from the infantry takes his place and obeys orders as best he can. +When the charge begins our men are lying down. Now, in the midst of it, so +great has become the excitement, so intense the anxiety, all fear and +prudence vanishes, and the men leap to their feet, and fire and load, and +fire and load, in the wildest frenzy of desperation. They have lost all +ideas of danger, or the strength of the assailants. It was this absolute +_desperation_ of our men that held our lines. A soldier or officer is +wounded; unless the wound was mortal or caused the fracture of a limb, +they had the wound tied or bandaged as best they could, some tearing up +their blouses for bandages, and again took their places in the lines +beside their more fortunate comrades. Each man feels the terrible weight +of responsibility that rests on him personally for the results that shall +be achieved that day. It is this thought, this decision, this purpose and +grand courage that comes only to the American Citizen Soldier, who +voluntarily and with unselfish patriotism stands in defense of principle +and country, that makes such soldiers as those who fought in our ranks +that day. On through the afternoon until nightfall did that furious storm +beat against and rage about us. + +Near night, Gen. J. J. Reynolds, who commanded that portion of the line +immediately on our left, informed us that the lines to our right and left +had been broken, and directed that we should fall back to the range of +hills in our rear; and so, reluctantly, our men fell back after an +afternoon in which they had helped to hold at bay the flower of the "Army +of Northern Virginia" and of the Confederacy; and though suffering +terribly in loss of men, our portion of the line had not lost a flag nor a +gun. + +A night of pinching cold with but little sleep illy fitted us for the duty +that was to be ours after the Sabbath morning's sun should rise. With the +morning and our hastily prepared breakfast came the question, everything +then being so still, "Will there be fighting to-day? This is Sunday." If +there had been a faint hope that the army would rest on its arms that +bright Sabbath morning, it was of short life, for soon the order came for +an advance; and when it came there were no laggards found. Soldiers never +obeyed more promptly, nor with more ready spirit than was that order +obeyed. We had learned during the evening and night from various sources +that the battle of Saturday had gone hard with some portions of our lines +where the enemy had massed his troops most heavily, and our men joined in +the desire to retrieve all that had been lost. We moved out in line of +battle with our skirmishers advanced, passing over a portion of the field +that had been so hotly contested the day before. Soon the shots of the +skirmishers warn us that work is before us; nor is it long until the +skirmishers have pushed to their furtherest limit, and the line of battle +joins them. The command for the charge is given, and, with a shout that +might have come from ever-victorious troops, we dash upon their lines. +Stubborn is the resistance, but impetuous and determined is the charge, +comrade cheering comrade on--on with a fury that cannot be withstood; the +air filled with leaden hail; men falling about us on every side; but on +and on they push until at last the enemy's lines are broken, and we follow +in hot pursuit, driving them back until they reach a line of +reinforcements. Again the battle rages; now with redoubled lines they +charge upon us, and the very earth shakes under our feet from the terrible +discharge that comes from artillery massed in our front. Shells are +shrieking in the air and bursting over our heads; great limbs are torn +from the trees and fall with the broken shells about us. Soon our lines +are weighed down with the terrible onslaught, and we are driven back over +the same ground over which we had just come. Again our lines are rallied, +and reformed, and strengthened; and again we charge to recover the lost +ground. Four times that Sunday forenoon did our lines sweep down over that +ground, and as many times were we driven back, until the ground was almost +covered with friend and foe--the blue and the gray lying side by side, +wounded, dying, and dead. Coming to us even in the heat and excitement of +the battle, it was a terrible and sickening sight to see that battle field +that day. As often as our lines were broken and driven back, so often did +they rally and renew the attack, until again broken and forced back, +turning and firing into the face of the foe as they went, until some +soldier or officer would stop, and, with a brave and determined purpose, +swear that there he would stand or die, as he turned his face once more to +the enemy; and from that stand, so desperately and fearlessly made, +calling on his comrades to "fall in," our lines would, almost as if by +magic, be built out to right and left. Those coming back would of their +own volition halt and face about, and those who had passed beyond would, +as soon as they found the line was reforming, hasten to rejoin it. But +words would fail to tell of the many acts of heroism displayed on that +field that day. How men fought singly from behind trees, in groops of from +two to a dozen, desperately fighting, hoping against hope. The very +desperation and fury with which these scattered few would fight--checking +the enemy, detaining him, and giving us time to reform our broken +lines--surpassed the stories of Napoleon's old guard. Flanked by the +enemy, our lines would change front under the murderous fire of a foe +greatly superior in numbers, and again confront him in the new direction. +From hastily constructed breastworks we fought now on this side, now on +that. No man was there who did not realize that we were greatly +outnumbered; yet no one thought of ultimate defeat. Chickamauga was a +battle where officers and men were all and each alike--heroes of the +noblest type. If never before, on that battle field of Chickamauga, men of +the North and men of the South, Union and Confederate, learned that no +imaginary lines separating North from South, or marking the boundary of +States, make any difference in the spirit of courage, bravery, and daring +of the American soldier, once he believes he is fighting for a principle, +be that principle right or wrong. If one is more impetuous, the other will +endure longer; if one is proud of his section, the other loves his whole +country more. The two, united as they should be and will be, combine the +elements and qualities of an army on whose banners might be emblazoned the +one word "Invincible." + +On and on through all the morning and late into the afternoon had the +battle raged, now advancing, now retreating, so evenly did the honors +rest, that now both armies seemed willing to rest on their arms. Gradually +the firing began to die away, and soon almost ceased on our portion of +the line. Late in the afternoon we commenced a movement by the flank, but +so confused had we become in our bearings that we did not realize that it +was to be anything more than a mere change of position for a renewal of +the conflict, when after a short while we found ourselves out of the noise +and din of the battle field on the road filled with our troops, and +marching with them down past Rossville toward Chattanooga. Then it was +that we learned that Chickamauga was, _not a defeat_, but what seemed at +the time a great disaster to the Union Army. And such it really was in +point of munitions of war that were lost, and the great numbers of Union +soldiers that fell wounded or dead. But a defeat it was not; and had the +battle been fought at Chattanooga instead of Chickamauga, Chattanooga +would have been lost to us, and disaster overwhelming and crushing would +have been the fate of the Army of the Cumberland. Had we halted at +Chattanooga instead of marching out to Chickamauga, even though McCook had +been with us, we might have had Vicksburg reversed. + +I do not believe there was a man who remained in the front fighting on the +Sunday of Chickamauga who thought of defeat, so little do they who are in +the line know of the actual state of affairs in active army life. + +We bivouacked around Rossville on Sunday night, and as we gathered in +groops about our camp-fires that night, we talked of the scenes of the day +or mourned the loss of the comrades who had fallen, and all discussed the +probabilities of the morrow on another field, confident of ultimate +success. The morning found our portion of the army moving back toward +Chattanooga, our campanies and regiments intact, except for the actual +losses of the battle field. Through the afternoon of that day we listened +to the distant rumble and roar of the guns of the 14th Army Corps, +sounding like the last mutterings of a great storm that had spent its +strength, and was drawing to a close from shere exhaustion. As proof of +the fact that Chickamauga was not a defeat, we have the fact that Gen. +Geo. H. Thomas, one of the grandest heroes and noblest men developed by +the war, was able with a single corps to hold the entire army of Bragg at +bay until our lines were established in and about Chattanooga. Nor was +Bragg's army able to follow up the advantage gained at Chickamauga. He had +been able only to check our further advance, but not to drive us back from +Chattanooga. The bravery of our men at Chickamauga was fully equaled by +their patience and endurance of the siege of Chattanooga--a siege for two +long months that were full of all that goes to make the soldier's life +something to be dreaded, except for a noble and holy cause. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Personal Recollections of Chickamauga, by +James R. 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