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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute, K.T., by 
+David Hunter Blair
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute, K.T.
+       A Memoir
+
+Author: David Hunter Blair
+
+Release Date: April 16, 2011 [EBook #35884]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN PATRICK, 3RD MARQUESS OF BUTE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: _John, third Marquess of Bute, with his Mother aet 9
+from a picture at Mount Stuart_]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN PATRICK
+
+THIRD MARQUESS OF
+
+BUTE, K.T.
+
+(1847-1900)
+
+
+A MEMOIR
+
+BY
+
+THE RIGHT REV. SIR DAVID HUNTER BLAIR
+
+BT., O.S.B.
+
+
+AUTHOR OF "A MEDLEY Of MEMORIES," ETC.
+
+
+
+
+WITH PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+
+LONDON
+
+JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
+
+1921
+
+
+
+
+All rights reserved
+
+
+
+
+TO THE MEMORY
+
+OF MY FRIEND
+
+
+
+
+{vii}
+
+PREFACE
+
+Just twenty years have passed away since the death, at the age of
+little more than fifty, of the subject of this memoir--a period of time
+not indeed inconsiderable, yet not so long as to render unreasonable
+the hope that others besides the members of his family (who have long
+desired that there should be some printed record of his life), and the
+sadly diminished numbers of his intimate friends, may be interested in
+learning something of the personality and the career of a man who may
+justly be regarded as one of the not least remarkable, if one of the
+least known, figures of the closing years of the nineteenth century.
+
+Disraeli, when he published fifty years ago his most popular romance,
+thought fit to place on the title-page a motto from old Terence: "Nosse
+omnia haec salus est adulescentulis."[1]  Was he really of opinion--it
+is difficult to credit it--that the welfare of the youth of his
+generation depended on their familiarising themselves with the wholly
+imaginary life-story of "Lothair"? the romantic, sentimental, and
+somewhat invertebrate youth who owed such {viii} fame as he achieved to
+the fact that he was popularly supposed to be modelled on the young
+Lord Bute--though never, in truth, did any hero of fiction bear less
+resemblance to his fancied prototype.
+
+The present biographer ventures to think that the motto of _Lothair_
+might with greater propriety figure on the title-page of this volume.
+For there is at least one feature in the life of John third Marquess of
+Bute which teaches a salutary lesson and points an undoubted moral to a
+pleasure-loving generation, such a lesson and moral as it would be vain
+to look for in the puppet of Disraeli's Oriental fancy.  If there is
+any characteristic which stands out in that life more saliently than
+another, it is surely the strong and compelling sense of duty--a sense,
+it is to be noticed, acquired rather than congenital, for Bute was by
+nature and constitution, as an acute observer early remarked,[2]
+inclined to indolence--which runs all through it like a silver thread.
+Other traits, and marked ones, he no doubt possessed--among them a
+penetrating sense of religion, a curious tenderness of heart, a
+singular tenacity of purpose, and a deep veneration for all that is
+good and beautiful in the natural and supernatural world; but these
+were for the most part below the surface, though the pages of this
+record are not without evidence of them all.  But in the whole external
+conduct of his life it may be said that the desire of doing his duty
+was paramount with him--his duty to God and to man; his duty, above
+all, to the innumerable human beings {ix} whose happiness and welfare
+his great position and manifold responsibilities rendered to some
+extent dependent on him; and, finally, his duty in such public offices
+as he was called on to fill, and from which his diffidence of character
+and aversion from anything like personal display would have naturally
+inclined him to shrink.  If the writer has succeeded in presenting in
+these pages something of this aspect of the life and character of his
+departed friend with anything like the vividness with which, at the end
+of twenty years, they still remain impressed on his own memory, he will
+be well content.
+
+"The true life of a man," wrote John Henry Newman nearly sixty years
+ago,[3] "is in his letters"; and no apology is needed for the inclusion
+in this volume of some, at least, of the large number of Lord Bute's
+letters which have been placed at the disposal of his biographer, and
+for the use of which he takes this opportunity of thanking the several
+owners.  Bute possessed in a high degree the essential qualities of a
+good letter-writer--a remarkable command of language, the power of
+clear and forcible expression, and (not least) a salutary sense of
+humour; and his voluminous correspondence, especially in connection
+with his literary work, was always and thoroughly characteristic of
+himself.
+
+{x}
+
+The writer desires, in conclusion, to express his gratitude not only
+for the loan of Lord Bute's letters, but for the kind help he has
+received from many quarters in the elucidation (especially) of details
+regarding his childhood and youth.  In this connection his thanks are
+particularly due to the late Earl of Galloway and his sisters for their
+interesting reminiscences of Bute's boyhood at Galloway House; and also
+to the family of the late Mr. Charles Scott Murray for some particulars
+of his life during the critical years of his early manhood.
+
++ DAVID OSWALD HUNTER BLAIR, O.S.B.
+
+CHRISTMAS, 1920.
+
+
+
+[1] "It is for the profit of young men to have known all these things."
+Terence, _Eunuchus_, v. 4, 18.
+
+[2] Mgr. Capel.  _Post_, p. 75.  See also p. 111.
+
+[3] "It has ever been a hobby of mine, though perhaps it is a truism,
+not a hobby, that the true life of a man is in his letters....  Not
+only for the interest of a biography, but for the arriving at the
+insides of things, the publication of letters is the true method.
+Biographers varnish, they conjecture feelings, they assign motives,
+they interpret Lord Burleigh's nods; but contemporary letters are
+facts." (_Newman to his sister, Mrs. John Mozley_, May 18, 1863.)
+
+
+
+
+{xi}
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER                                                          PAGE
+
+    I. EARLY LIFE. (1847-1861) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      1
+   II. HARROW AND CHRIST CHURCH. (1862-1866) . . . . . . . . .     18
+  III. RELIGIOUS INQUIRIES--RECEPTION POSTPONED--COMING
+           OF AGE. (1867, 1868)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     39
+   IV. DANESFIELD--RECEPTION INTO CATHOLIC CHURCH. (1867-1869)     60
+    V. THE _WESTERN MAIL_--ROME AND THE COUNCIL--RETURN
+           TO SCOTLAND. (1869-1871)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .     83
+   VI. MARRIAGE--HOME AND FAMILY LIFE--VISIT TO
+           MAJORCA. (1871-1874)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    102
+  VII. LITERARY WORK--THE _SCOTTISH REVIEW_. (1875-1886) . . .    117
+ VIII. LITERARY WORK--_continued_. (1886, 1887)  . . . . . . .    137
+   IX. FOREIGN TRAVEL--ST. JOHN'S LODGE--MAYOR OF
+           CARDIFF. (1888-1891)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    156
+    X. FREEDOM OF GLASGOW--WELSH BENEFACTIONS--ST. ANDREWS.
+          (1891-1894)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    179
+   XI. NOTES AND ANECDOTES--ST. ANDREWS (2)--PROVOST
+           OF ROTHESAY. (1894-1897)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .    198
+  XII. ARCHITECTURAL WORK--PSYCHICAL RESEARCH--CONCLUSION.
+           (1898-1900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    215
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+    I. PRIZE POEM (HARROW SCHOOL)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    231
+   II. HYMN ON ST. MAGNUS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    236
+  III. HYMN: "OUR LADY OF THE SNOWS" . . . . . . . . . . . . .    238
+   IV. A PROVOST'S PRAYER  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    240
+    V. RECOLLECTIONS.  BY SIR R. ROWAND ANDERSON . . . . . . .    241
+   VI. OBITUARY.  BY F. W. H. MYERS  . . . . . . . . . . . . .    245
+  VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    247
+
+       INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    249
+
+
+
+
+{xiii}
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+JOHN, THIRD MARQUESS OF BUTE ĘT 9, WITH HIS MOTHER    _Frontispiece_
+
+_From a Painting by Mountstuart.  Photo by F. C. Inglis, Edinburgh._
+
+
+                                                          FACING PAGE
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, ĘT 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     6
+  _From a Pencil Drawing by Ross at Cardiff Castle.  This
+  Drawing, executed for Lord Bute's great-grand-aunt (then
+  aged 92), daughter of the third Earl, George III's Prime
+  Minister, was left by her to her niece.  Lady Ann Damson,
+  whose great-niece, Mrs. Clark of Tal-y-Garn, gave it in
+  1906 to Augusta, wife of John, fourth Marquess of Bute._
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, ĘT 17  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    28
+
+THE COMMUNION OF ST. MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND . . . . . . .    48
+
+CARDIFF CASTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    56
+
+CASTELL COCH, GLAMORGAN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   118
+
+THE GREAT HALL, MOUNTSTUART  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   134
+    _Photo by Sweet, Rothesay._
+
+FALKLAND PALACE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   152
+    _Photo by Valentine, Dundee._
+
+FACSIMILE LETTER FROM THE MARQUESS OF BUTE TO MISS SKENE . . .   174
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE AS MAYOR OF CARDIFF . . . . . . . . . . .   176
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE AS LORD RECTOR OF ST. ANDREWS
+    UNIVERSITY. (1892-1897)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   202
+    _Photo by Rodger, St. Andrews._
+
+PLUSCARDEN PRIORY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   216
+
+
+
+
+{1}
+
+JOHN PATRICK
+
+THIRD MARQUESS OF BUTE, K.T.
+
+(1847-1900)
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+EARLY LIFE
+
+1847-1861
+
+John Patrick, third Marquess of Bute, Earl of Windsor, Mountjoy and
+Dumfries, holder of nine other titles in the peerages of Great Britain
+and of Scotland, and a baronet of Nova Scotia, was fifteenth in descent
+from Robert II., King of Scotland, who, towards the end of the
+fourteenth century, created his son John Stuart, or Steuart, hereditary
+sheriff of the newly-erected county of Bute, Arran and Cumbrae, making
+to him at the same time a grant of land in those islands.  His lineal
+descendant, the sixth sheriff of Bute, who adhered faithfully to the
+monarchy in the Civil Wars, and suffered considerably in the royal
+cause, was created a baronet in 1627; and his grandson, a stalwart
+opponent of the union of Scotland with England, was raised to the
+peerage of Scotland as Earl of Bute, with several subsidiary titles, in
+1702.  Lord Bute's grandson, the third earl, was the well-known Tory
+minister and favourite of the young king, George III., and his
+mother--a faithful servant of his sovereign, a man of culture and
+refinement, admirable as husband, father, and friend, and withal, by
+the irony of fate, unquestionably the most unpopular prime minister {2}
+who ever held office in England.  His heir and successor made a great
+match, marrying in 1766 the eldest daughter and co-heiress of the
+second and last Viscount Windsor; and thirty years later he was created
+Marquess of Bute, Earl of Windsor, and Viscount Mount joy.  Lord
+Mountstuart, his heir, who predeceased his father, married Penelope,
+only surviving child and heiress of the fifth Earl of Dumfries and
+Stair; and the former of those titles devolved on his son, together
+with valuable estates in Ayrshire.  The second marquess, who succeeded
+to the family honours the year before Waterloo, when he was just of age
+(he had already travelled extensively, and had paid a visit to Napoleon
+at Elba), earned the reputation of being one of the most enlightened
+and public-spirited noblemen of his generation.  During the thirty-four
+years that he owned and controlled the vast family estates in Wales and
+Scotland, he devoted his whole energies to their improvement, and to
+promoting the welfare of his tenantry and dependents.  His practical
+interest in agriculture was evinced by the fact that the arable land on
+his Buteshire property was trebled during his tenure of it; and
+foreseeing with remarkable prescience the great future in store for the
+port and docks of Cardiff, he spared neither labour nor means in their
+development.  He was Lord-Lieutenant both of Glamorgan and of Bute, and
+discharged with tact and success the office of Lord High Commissioner
+to the Church of Scotland in 1842, on the eve of the ecclesiastical
+crisis which ended in the secession of more than 400 ministers of the
+Establishment.  His political opinions were in the best sense liberal,
+and he was a consistent advocate of Catholic Emancipation, even when
+that {3} measure was opposed by the Duke of Wellington, whom he
+generally supported.  A few hours before his death, which occurred at
+Cardiff Castle with startling suddenness in March, 1848, he had
+expressed the confident hope that his successor, if not he himself,
+would live to see Cardiff rival Liverpool as a great commercial seaport.
+
+[Sidenote: 1847, Birth at Mountstuart]
+
+Lord Bute was twice married--first to Lady Maria North, of the Guilford
+family, by whom he had no issue; and secondly, three years before his
+death, to Lady Sophia Hastings, second daughter of the first Marquess
+of Hastings.  By this lady, who survived him eleven years, he had one
+child, John Patrick, the subject of this memoir, who was born on
+September 12, 1847, at Mountstuart House, the older mansion of that
+name in the Isle of Bute, which was burnt down in 1877 and replaced by
+the great Gothic pile designed by Sir Robert Rowand Anderson.  Old
+Mountstuart was an unpretending eighteenth-century house, built by
+James, second Earl of Bute (1690-1723), a few years before his early
+death.  It was the favourite residence of his son the third earl,
+George III.'s prime minister, who is commemorated by an obelisk in the
+grounds not far from the house.  The wings at the two extremities
+escaped the fire, and are incorporated in the modern mansion.
+
+Here, then, on the fair green island which had been the home of his
+race for nearly five centuries, opened the life of this child of many
+hopes, who within a year was by a cruel stroke of fate to be deprived
+of the guardianship and guidance of his amiable and excellent father.
+The second marquess died, as has been said, deeply regretted, in the
+spring following the birth of his heir; and the manifold {4} honours
+and possessions of the family devolved upon a baby six months old.  Up
+to his thirteenth year the fatherless boy was under the constant and
+unremitting care of a devoted mother, whose memory he cherished with
+veneration to the end of his life.  Sophia Lady Bute was a woman of
+warm heart and deep personal piety, tinged, however, with an
+uncompromising Protestantism commoner in that day than in ours.  One of
+her fondest hopes or dreams was the conversion to her own faith of the
+numerous Irish Catholics whom the development of the port of Cardiff,
+and the rapid growth of the mining industry, had attracted to South
+Wales; and the venerable Benedictine bishop who had at that time the
+spiritual charge of the district, and for whom Lord Bute had a sincere
+regard and respect, used to tell of the band of "colporteurs"
+(peripatetic purveyors of bibles and polemical tracts) whom the
+marchioness engaged to hawk their wares about the mining villages of
+Glamorgan.
+
+Lord Bute's upbringing as a child was, by the force of circumstances,
+under entirely feminine influences and surroundings; and to this fact
+was probably to some extent due the strain of shyness and sensitive
+diffidence which were among his life-long characteristics.  He seems to
+have been inclined sometimes to resent, even in his early boyhood, the
+strictness of the surveillance under which he lived.  His mother once
+took him from Dumfries House to call at Blairquhan Castle, driving
+thither in a carriage and four, as her custom was.  While the ladies
+were conversing in the drawing-room, a young married daughter of the
+house took the little boy out to see the gardens, ending with a call at
+the head gamekeeper's.  A day or two afterwards {5} the _chātelaine_ of
+Blairquhan received a letter from Lady Bute, expressing her dismay,
+indignation, and distress at learning that her precious boy had
+actually been taken to the kennels, and exposed to the risk of contact
+with half a dozen pointers and setters.  When reminded many years later
+of this incident (which he had quite forgotten), Lord Bute said, in his
+quiet way: "Yes, I was kept wrapped in cotton wool in those days, and I
+did not always like it.  The dogs would not have hurt me, and I am sure
+that I made friends with them."
+
+[Sidenote: 1859, Death of Lady Bute]
+
+Lady Bute died in 1859, leaving behind her, both in Scotland and in
+Wales, the memory of many deeds of kindness and benevolence.  Her
+husband had made no provision whatever in his will for the guardianship
+of his only son, who had been constituted a ward in Chancery two months
+after his father's death, his mother being nominated by the Lord
+Chancellor his sole guardian.  Lady Bute's will recommended the
+appointment as her son's guardian of Colonel (afterwards Major-General)
+Charles Stuart, Sir Francis Hastings Gilbert, and Lady Elizabeth Moore,
+who was distantly related to the Bute family through the Hastings', and
+had been one of Lady Bute's dearest friends.  Sir Francis Gilbert being
+at this time absent from England in the consular service, the Court of
+Chancery appointed as guardians the two other persons named by Lady
+Bute.
+
+It seems unnecessary to describe in detail the prolonged friction and
+regrettable litigation which were the result of this dual guardianship
+of the orphaned boy; yet they must be here referred to, for it is
+beyond question that they were not only detrimental to his happiness
+and welfare during his {6} early boyhood, but could not fail seriously
+to affect the development of his character in later years.  The child
+was deeply attached to Lady Elizabeth Moore, who had assumed the entire
+charge of him after his mother's death; and his letters written at this
+period give evidence not only of this attachment, but of his very
+strong reluctance to leave her for the care of General Stuart, who
+insisted that it was time that a boy of nearly thirteen should be
+removed from the exclusively female custody in which he had been kept
+from babyhood.  Lady Elizabeth, yielding partly to her own feelings,
+and partly to the earnest and repeated solicitations of her young ward,
+was ill-advised enough, instead of committing him as desired to the
+care of her co-guardian, to carry him off surreptitiously to Scotland,
+and to keep him concealed for some time in an obscure hotel in the
+suburbs of Edinburgh.  Here is the boy's own account of the affair,
+written from this hotel to a relation in India[1] (he was between
+twelve and thirteen years of age):--
+
+
+I prayed, I entreated, I agonised, I abused the general; I adjured her
+not to give me up to him.  She was shaken but not convinced.  So we
+went to Newcastle, to York, and to London, where I got a bad cold, my
+two teeth were pulled, etc., etc.  We were delayed some time there, and
+meanwhile my prayers and adjurations were trebled: Lady E. was
+convinced, and promised not to let me go.  She got one of the
+solicitors to the Bank of England in the City to write a letter to
+Genl. S. for her, as civil as possible, but declining to give me up; to
+which the general returned a furious answer, conveying his
+determination to appeal to the Vice-Chancellor about {7} the matter.
+After a month we became convinced that the Vice-Chancellor would decide
+against us; and on the night of April 16th Lady E. left the hotel
+secretly, and with her maid and me shot the moon to Edinburgh, where we
+arrived at 7 next morning.[2]
+
+[Illustration: _The Marquess of Bute ęt 2_ from a drawing by R. T. Ross
+at Cardiff Castle]
+
+[Sidenote: 1859, Rival guardians]
+
+For a boy of twelve this is a sufficiently remarkable letter; but an
+even more precocious document is a draft letter dated a fortnight
+before the flight to Edinburgh, and composed entirely by young Bute,
+who recommended Lady Elizabeth to copy it and send it to her
+co-guardian as from herself!
+
+
+DEAR GENERAL STUART,
+
+You will, I am afraid, be much surprised upon the reception of this
+letter, but I trust that your love for Bute will make you accede to the
+request which I am about to make.  B. has lately had much sorrow, and
+he has formed an attachment to me only to have it broken by separation,
+and in order to go among entire strangers to him--for in that light, I
+am sorry to say, I must regard you and Mrs. Stuart.  With your consent,
+then, dear Genl. Stuart, I shall be happy to keep him with me until he
+is 14, when he will of course choose for himself.  We could live with
+good Mr. Stacey very nicely at Dumfries House or Mountstuart, and I
+could occasionally bring him to England--or indeed you could come to
+see him at Mountstuart.  I trust, dear Gen. Stuart, you will be the
+more inclined to accede to my request when I tell you that he has {8}
+expressed to me the greatest reluctance at parting from me and going to
+you--a repugnance which I can only regard as very natural, for I was
+much grieved to see that you did not follow my advice in walking with
+him and consulting him (and believe me without so doing you will never
+gain his affections), while I have always done so, as was his poor
+mother's invariable custom.[3]
+
+
+It does not appear whether this letter, which is dated from 23 Dover
+Street, and is entirely in the boy's own handwriting, exactly as given
+above, was actually sent by Lady Elizabeth.  In any case General Stuart
+was not the man to submit to the compulsory separation from his ward
+which resulted from what the House of Lords afterwards characterised as
+the "clandestine, furtive, and fraudulent action" of Lady Elizabeth
+Moore.  He at once laid the case before the Court of Chancery, which
+directed that the boy was to be immediately handed over to his care,
+and sent without delay to an approved private school, and in due time
+to Eton or Harrow, and then to one of the English universities.  Lady
+Elizabeth absolutely refused to comply with the order of the Court, and
+was consequently removed in July, 1860, from the office of guardian.
+Meanwhile the case was complicated by the intervention of the Scottish
+tutor-at-law, Colonel {9} James Crichton Stuart, who had been since the
+death of Lord Bute's father manager and administrator of the family
+estates in Scotland.  Colonel Stuart obtained from the Scottish Courts
+an order that the boy should be sent to Loretto, a well-known school
+near Edinburgh, and that the Earl of Galloway should be the "custodier"
+of his person.  The Court of Chancery promptly issued an injunction
+forbidding the tutor-at-law to interfere in any way with the boy's
+education, whereupon both Colonel Stuart and the English guardian
+appealed to the House of Lords.  That tribunal gave its judgment on May
+17, 1861, censuring the Court of Session for its delay in dealing with
+this important matter, confirming General Stuart as sole guardian, and
+sanctioning his scheme for the boy's education.
+
+[Sidenote: 1861, Lords' decision]
+
+The House of Lords, in giving the decision which brought this long
+litigation to a close, had raised no objection to the continued
+residence of the young peer with the Earl of Galloway, an arrangement
+which had already been approved by the Court of Chancery.  Bute had, in
+fact, at the time the judgment was pronounced, been living for some
+months with Lord and Lady Galloway at their beautiful place on the
+Wigtownshire coast; and this was certainly, as it turned out, the most
+favourable and beneficial solution of the difficult question of
+providing a suitable and congenial home for one who, whilst the
+possessor of three or four splendid seats in England and Scotland, had
+yet, by a pathetic anomaly, never known what home life was since his
+mother's death in 1859.  At Galloway House he found himself for the
+first time the inmate of a large and cheerful family circle, including
+several young people of about his own age.  "I {10} am comfortably
+established here," he wrote to Lady Elizabeth Moore soon after his
+arrival in December, 1860.  "This house is like Dumfries House, but
+much prettier.  I have a charming room, not at all lonely.  Lord and
+Lady G. are so kind to me, and the little girls treat me like a
+brother."  "They are all very very kind to me," he wrote a week or two
+later, adding in the same letter that he had on the previous day
+attended two services in Lord Galloway's private chapel.  "It is very
+plain," was the comment of the thirteen-year-old critic; "but the
+chaplain's sermons were all about the saints and the Church.  Do you
+know what he called the Communion? a 'commemorative sacrifice!'  In a
+subsequent letter he says, "Mr. Wildman (the chaplain) says that Mary
+should be called the 'Holy Mother of God.'"
+
+[Sidenote: 1861, At Galloway House]
+
+These new religious impressions, contrasting sharply as they must have
+done with the narrow Evangelical teaching of his early days, are of
+interest in connection with his first schoolmaster's report of him some
+six months later, which will be mentioned in its proper place.  "He was
+very fond," writes one of his former playfellows at Galloway House in
+those far-off days, "of sketching with pen and pencil religious
+processions and ceremonies, and his thoughts seemed to be constantly
+turned on religion.  He liked having religious discussions with our
+family chaplain, who was a clever and well-read man."  "Our dear father
+and mother," writes another member of the same large family, "told us
+that we must be very kind to him, as he had lost both his parents and
+was almost alone in the world.  I remember seeing him in the library on
+the night of his arrival--a tall, dark, good-looking boy, {11} looking
+so shy and lonely, but with very nice manners."  "I recollect him,"
+says the son of a neighbouring laird, who was about two years his
+senior, and was often at Galloway House, "rather a pathetic figure
+among the swarm of joyous young things there, distinct among them from
+never seeming joyous himself."  This was doubtless the impression which
+his extreme diffidence generally made on strangers; and it is the
+pleasanter to read the further testimony of the playfellow already
+quoted: "His shyness soon wore off when he got away from the elders to
+play with us, and he entered with zest into all our amusements.  He was
+intensely earnest about everything he took up, whether serious things
+or games.  He was greatly attached to our brother Walter,[4] whose
+bright, cheery nature appealed to him.  Walter was always full of fun
+and spirits and mischief; and Bute was delighted at this, and soon
+joined in it all.  I remember our old housekeeper, after some great
+escapade, saying, "Yes, and the young marquis was as bad as any of
+you!"  One of his hobbies was collecting from the seashore the skulls
+and skeletons of rabbits, birds, etc.  I spent much time on the cliffs
+and rocks looking for these things, of which we collected boxes full.
+With his curious psychic turn of mind he liked to conduct some kind of
+ceremonies over these remains after dark, inviting us children to take
+part, sometimes dressed in white sheets.  He loved legends of all
+kinds, and used often to tell them to us: I was very fond of hearing
+him, he told them so well.  History, too, especially Scottish history,
+{12} he liked very much.  He wrote a delightful little history of
+Scotland for my youngest brother,[5] of whom he was very fond--a tiny
+boy then.  It was all written in capital letters, with delightful and
+clever pen-and-ink sketches, one on every page."
+
+These recollections of happy home life in a Scottish country house,
+nearly sixty years ago, call up a pretty picture of the orphan boy,
+whose childhood had been so strangely lonely and isolated, contented
+and at home in this charming family circle.  That he was truly so is
+further testified by letters that passed about this time between him
+and his tutor-at-law, Colonel Crichton Stuart.  In reply to a letter
+from Colonel Stuart, expressing a desire to hear from Bute himself
+whether he was comfortably settled at Galloway House, the boy wrote:
+"In answer to your request, I write to confirm Mr. A.'s statement
+regarding my happiness here.  Lord and Lady Galloway did indeed receive
+me as a child of their own, which I felt deeply."
+
+That these words were a sincere expression of the young writer's
+sentiments there is no reason to doubt; but thoughtful and advanced as
+he was in some ways for his years, he was too young to realise
+then---possibly he did later on, though he very seldom spoke of his
+boyhood's days--how much more he owed to the Galloway family than mere
+kindness.  It seemed, indeed, a special providence which had brought
+the orphaned marquis at this critical moment under influence so
+salutary and so much needed as that of the admirable and excellent
+family which had welcomed him to their beautiful home as one of
+themselves.  The numerous letters {13} written by Bute at this period,
+of which many have been preserved, are marked indeed by propriety of
+expression and a command of language remarkable in a boy of his age;
+but they also reveal very clearly a self-centred view of life even more
+extraordinary in so young a boy, and due, it cannot be doubted, to the
+singularity of his upbringing.  Surrounded from babyhood by a circle of
+adoring females, in whose eyes the fatherless infant was the most
+precious and priceless thing on earth, he had grown up to boyhood
+penetrated, no doubt almost unconsciously, with an exaggerated and
+overweening sense of his own importance in the scale of creation, to
+which the wholesome influence of Galloway House provided the best
+possible corrective.  Distinguished, high-principled, exemplary in
+every relation of life, Lord and Lady Galloway held up to their
+children, by precept and example, a constant ideal of duty,
+unselfishness and simplicity of life; and the young stranger within
+their gates was fortunate in being able to profit by that teaching.  If
+his future life was to be marked by generous impulses and noble
+ambitions--if one of his most notable characteristics was to be a
+personal simplicity of taste and an utter antipathy to that ostentation
+which is not always dissociated from high rank and almost unbounded
+wealth--if he was to realise something of the supreme joy and
+satisfaction of working for others rather than for oneself; for all
+this he owed a debt of gratitude (can it be doubted?) to the kindly and
+gracious influences which were brought to bear on his sensitive nature
+during these years of his boyhood.  He was received at Galloway House
+as a child of the family; and his companions spoke their minds to him
+with fraternal freedom.  "You {14} will never find your level, Bute,"
+the eldest son of the house (whom he greatly liked and respected) once
+said to him, "until you get to a public school."  He did not resent the
+remark, for his good sense told him that it was true.  Harrow was the
+public school of the Galloway family; but it was not so much for that
+reason that Harrow was chosen for him rather than Eton, as because his
+wise and kind guardians believed, rightly or wrongly, that a boy in his
+peculiar position would be less exposed to adulation and flattery at
+the more democratic school on the Hill than at its great rival on
+Thames-side.
+
+Meanwhile a preparatory school had to be selected; and the choice fell
+on May Place, the well-known school conducted by Mr. Thomas Essex at
+Malvern Wells, where one of Lord Galloway's sons was just finishing his
+course.  It was locally known as the "House of Lords" from its
+connection with the peerage; and the pupils included members of the
+ducal houses of Sutherland, Argyll, Manchester, and Leinster, as well
+as of many other well-known families.  One who well remembers the first
+arrival at May Place of the young Scottish peer, then aged thirteen and
+a half, has described him as a slight tall lad, reserved and gentle in
+manner, and particularly courteous to every one.  The shyness and also
+the reverence for sacred things which always distinguished him as a man
+were equally noticeable in him as a boy; and it is remembered that when
+he revisited the school three or four years later, during the Harrow
+holidays, and was asked where he would like to drive to, he chose to go
+and inspect an interesting old church in the neighbourhood.  A school
+contemporary with whom he occasionally squabbled was William Sinclair,
+the future Archdeacon of London; and there was {15} once nearly a
+pitched battle between them, in consequence of some caricatures which
+Sinclair drew, purporting to represent Bute's near relatives, but for
+which he afterwards handsomely apologised.
+
+[Sidenote: 1861, First school report]
+
+Towards the end of Bute's first term at Malvern Wells, his master wrote
+to Lord Galloway the following account of his young pupil.  The
+concluding sentence is of curious interest in view of what the future
+held in store.  It seems to show that the reaction in his mind--a mind
+already thoughtful beyond his years--against the one-sided view of
+religion and religious history which had been impressed upon him from
+childhood had already begun.
+
+
+May Place,
+  Malvern Wells,
+    July 14, 1861.
+
+Lord Bute is going on more comfortably than I could have expected.  He
+is on excellent terms with his schoolfellows; and though he prefers
+"romps" to cricket or gymnastics, yet I am glad to see him making
+himself happy with the others.  More manly tastes will, I think, come
+in time.  His obedience and his desire to please are very pleasing;
+while his strong religious principles and gentlemanly tone are
+everything one could desire.  His opinions on things in general are
+rather an inexplicable mixture.  I was not surprised to find in him an
+admiration of the Covenanters and a hatred of Archbishop Sharpe; but I
+was certainly startled to discover, on the other hand, a liking for the
+Romish priesthood and ceremonial.  I shall, of course, do my best to
+bring him to sounder views.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1861, At May Place]
+
+We have no evidence as to what methods were employed, or what arguments
+adduced, by the excellent preceptor in order to carry out the purpose
+{16} indicated in the concluding lines of his letter.  Bute himself
+never referred to the matter afterwards, but the result was in all
+probability nugatory.  It is not within the recollection of the present
+writer, who was an inmate of May Place a year or two later, that any
+serious effort was ever made there to impress religious truths on the
+minds of the pupils, or indeed to impart to them any definite religious
+teaching at all.  The views and opinions of the young Scot, although
+only in his fourteenth year, were probably already a great deal more
+formed on these and kindred subjects than those of his worthy
+schoolmaster.  In any case the time available for detaching his
+sympathies from the "Romish" priesthood and ritual was short.  The boy
+had come to school very poorly equipped in the matter of general
+education, as the term was then understood.  In the correspondence
+between his rival guardians, when he was just entering his 'teens,
+allusion is made to the boy's "precocious intellect," also to the fact
+that he knew little Latin, no Greek, and (what was considered worse)
+hardly any French.  Mathematics he always cordially disliked; and it is
+on record that all the counting he did in those early years was
+invariably on his fingers.  His natural intelligence, however, and his
+aptitude for study soon enabled him to make up for much that had been
+lost owing to the haphazard and interrupted education of his childhood;
+and it was not long before he was pronounced intellectually equal to
+the not very exacting standard of the entrance examination at Harrow.
+A final reminiscence of his connection with May Place may here be
+recorded.  He revisited his old school not long after his momentous
+change of creed; and being left alone awhile in {17} the study took up
+a blank report that lay on the table, and filled it up as follows[6]:--
+
+  MONTHLY REPORT OF THE MARQUESS OF BUTE.
+
+  LATIN CONSTRUING . . . . . .  Partially preserved.
+  LATIN WRITING  . . . . . . .  Ditto.
+  GREEK CONSTRUING . . . . . .  Getting very bad from disuse.
+  GREEK WRITING  . . . . . . .  Ditto.
+  ARITHMETIC . . . . . . . . .  Entirely abandoned.
+  HISTORY  . . . . . . . . . .  So-so.
+  GEOGRAPHY  . . . . . . . . .  Improved by foreign travel.
+  DICTATION  . . . . . . . . .  Ditto by business letters.
+  FRENCH . . . . . . . . . . .  Ditto by travelling.
+  DRAWING  . . . . . . . . . .  Grown rather rusty.
+  RELIGION . . . . . . . . . .  Unhappily not to the taste
+                                  of the British public.
+  CONDUCT  . . . . . . . . . .  Not so bad as it is painted.
+
+
+
+[1] Charles MacLean, to whom he referred more than thirty years later,
+in his Rectorial address at St. Andrews (p. 188).
+
+[2] During Bute's travels with Lady Elizabeth Moore, in the course of
+her efforts to retain the custody of her little ward, his most trusted
+retainer was one Jack Wilson.  The pertinacity with which the child was
+pursued, and the extent of Wilson's devotion, are attested by the known
+fact that on one occasion he knocked a writ-server down the stairs of a
+Rothesay hotel where Bute was staying with Lady Elizabeth.  Wilson was
+accustomed always to sleep outside his young master's door.  He rose
+later to be head-keeper at Mountstuart, and died there on May 23, 1912.
+
+[3] It seems right to mention that Bute had another reason, apart from
+his attachment to Lady Elizabeth Moore, for his apparently unreasonable
+hostility to his other guardian.  One of his strongest feelings at this
+time was his almost passionate devotion to the memory of his mother;
+and he never forgot what he called General Stuart's "gross disrespect"
+in not accompanying her remains from Edinburgh, where she died, to
+Bute, where she was buried.  "He left her body," wrote Bute to an
+intimate friend from Christ Church, Oxford, "to be attended on that
+long and troublesome journey, in the depth of winter, only by women,
+servants, and myself, a child of twelve."
+
+[4] Hon. Walter Stewart, afterwards colonel commanding 12th Lancers
+(died 1908).  He was about eighteen months younger than Bute.
+
+[5] Hon. Fitzroy Stewart (died 1914).  He was at this time just five
+years old.
+
+[6] This anecdote was communicated to a weekly journal (_M.A.P._) soon
+after Lord Bute's death, by the son of the master of his old school.
+
+
+
+
+{18}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+HARROW AND CHRIST CHURCH
+
+1862-1866
+
+In September, 1861, Lord Bute completed his fourteenth year, attaining
+the age of "minority" (as it is called in Scots law), which put him in
+possession of certain important rights as regarded his property in the
+northern kingdom.  The young peer had from his childhood, as is shown
+by his early correspondence with Lady Elizabeth Moore, been aware that
+he would be entitled at the age of fourteen to exercise certain powers
+of nomination in respect to the management of his Scottish estates.
+Most of the members of the Lords' tribunal which had adjudicated on his
+position in May, 1861, had evinced a curious ignorance of the nature,
+if not of the very existence, of these prospective rights, and even
+when informed of them had been inclined to question the expediency of
+their being acted upon.  Bute himself, however, was not only perfectly
+aware of these rights, but resolved to exercise them; and we
+accordingly find him, a few weeks after his fourteenth birthday,
+writing as follows, from his private school, to his guardian, General
+Stuart:--
+
+
+May Place,
+  _November_ 25, 1861.
+
+DEAR GEN. STUART,
+
+I wish the necessary steps to be taken in the Court of Session for the
+appointment of Curators {19} of my property in Scotland.  The Curators
+whom I wish to appoint are Sir James Fergusson, Sir Hastings Gilbert,
+Lt.-Col. William Stuart, Mr. David Mure, Mr. Archibald Boyle, and
+yourself.
+
+I wish the Solicitor-General of Scotland to be employed as my legal
+adviser in this buisness (_sic_).
+
+I remain,
+  Your affectionate cousin,
+    BUTE AND DUMFRIES.
+
+
+Bute was now entitled to choose from the number of these curators any
+one to whose personal guardianship he was willing to be entrusted
+during the seven years of his minority.  His choice fell on Sir James
+Fergusson of Kilkerran, M.P. for Ayrshire, who had recently married the
+daughter of Lord Dalhousie, Governor-General of India; but he did not
+immediately take up his residence with Sir James, as it was thought
+best that he should continue, at any rate during the earlier part of
+his public school life, to spend his holidays at Galloway House, where
+he had become thoroughly at home.  Lord Galloway's younger son Walter
+was destined for Harrow School; and thither Bute preceded him after
+spending two terms at May Place.
+
+[Sidenote: 1862, Entrance at Harrow]
+
+It was in the first term of 1862 that Bute entered the school at
+Harrow, then under the headmastership of Montagu Butler.  His position
+was at first that of a "home boarder," and he was under the charge of
+one of the masters, Mr. John Smith, known to and beloved by several
+generations of Harrovians.
+
+
+There was a rather well-known and self-important Mr. Winkley, quite a
+figure among Harrow tradesmen (writes a school contemporary of Bute's,
+son of a famous Harrow master, and himself afterwards {20} headmaster
+of Charterhouse), a mutton-chop-whiskered individual who collected
+rates, acted as estate agent, published (I think) the Bill Book, sold
+books to the School, &c.  He occupied the house beyond Westcott's, on
+the same side of High Street, between Westcott's and the Park.  There
+John Smith resided with the Marquess of Bute.
+
+
+Mr. Smith, whose mother lived at Pinner, used to visit her there every
+Saturday, and to take over with him on these occasions one or two of
+his pupils, who enjoyed what was then a pretty rural walk of three
+miles, as well as the quaint racy talk of their master, and the
+excellent tea provided by his kind old mother.
+
+Another of his schoolfellows, Sir Henry Bellingham, writes:
+
+
+I remember first meeting Bute on one of these little excursions.  Mr.
+Smith had told me that the tall, shy, quiet boy (he was a year younger
+than me, but much bigger) had neither father, mother, brother nor
+sister, and was therefore much to be pitied.  I wondered why he did not
+come more forward, and said so little either to Smith himself or to
+Mrs. Smith; for Smith was a man who had great capabilities for drawing
+people out, and was a general favourite with every one.  The impression
+I had of Bute during all our time at Harrow was always the same--that
+of his very shy and quiet manner.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1862, A real palm branch]
+
+Undemonstrative as he was by nature, Bute never forgot those who had
+shown him any kindness, and he always preserved a grateful affection
+for John Smith, who accompanied him more than once during the summer
+holidays to Glentrool, Lord Galloway's lodge among the Wigtownshire
+hills, and enjoyed some capital fishing there.  Bute wrote to him in
+{21} later years from time to time, and during the sadly clouded
+closing period of the old man's life, when he was an inmate of St.
+Luke's Hospital, he gave him much pleasure by sending him annually a
+palm branch which had been blessed in his private chapel.  More than
+twenty years after Bute's Harrow days, he received this appreciative
+letter from his former master:
+
+
+St. Luke's Hospital,
+  Old Street, E.C.,
+    _Easter Tuesday_, 1887.
+
+DEAR LORD BUTE,
+
+I must try and write a few lines, asking you to pardon all defects.
+
+The real Palm Branch was most welcome, with its special blessing: it is
+behind me as I write, and many happy thoughts and messages does it
+bring.  God bless you for your most kind thought.  I intend to forward
+it in due time to Gerald Rendall (late head of Harrow, then Fellow of
+Trin. Coll., Cambridge, now Principal of University College,
+Liverpool), as my share in furnishing his new home: he was married this
+vacation.  The students, male and female, will be glad to see what a
+real Palm Branch is like.  Your gift of last year is now in the valued
+keeping of Mrs. Edward Bradby, whose husband was a master of Harrow in
+your day, and, after fifteen years of hard and successful work at
+Haileybury, has taken up his abode at St. Katherine's Dock House, Tower
+Hill, with wife and children, to live among the poor and brighten their
+dull existence with music and pictures and dancing; besides inviting
+them, in times of real necessity, to dine with himself and his wife, in
+batches of eight and ten.
+
+I look forward to the _Review_[1] with great interest.  {22} I show it
+to the Medical Gentlemen here, read what I can, and then forward it to
+my sister at Harrow for friends there.
+
+I try to realise the old chapel on the beach, in which the branches
+were consecrated,[2] but fail utterly to do so.  _Whereabouts is it_?
+I suppose you have a chapel in the house also, for invalids, &c., in
+bad weather.
+
+God bless you all: Lady Bute and the children, especially the maiden
+who is working at Greek.[3]
+
+Ever your grateful
+  J. S.
+
+
+From John Smith's _quasi_-parental care, Bute passed in due time into
+the house of Mr. Westcott (afterwards Bishop of Durham), who occupied
+"Moretons," on the top of West Hill (now in the possession of Mr. M. C.
+Kemp).  The future bishop, with all his attainments, had not the
+reputation of a very successful teacher in class, nor of a good
+disciplinarian; but as a house-master he had many admirable qualities,
+and was greatly beloved by his pupils.  For him also Bute preserved a
+warm and lifelong sentiment of regard and gratitude; and to him, as to
+John Smith, he was accustomed to send every Easter a blessed palm from
+his private chapel, which Dr. Westcott preserved carefully in his own
+chapel at Auckland Castle.  "See that the Bishop of Durham gets his
+palm," were Lord Bute's whispered words as he was lying stricken by his
+last illness in the Holy Week of 1900.  The tribute of affectionate
+{23} remembrance had been an annual one for more than thirty years.
+
+[Sidenote: 1863, School friendships]
+
+Of all Bute's contemporaries at the great school, there were perhaps
+only two with whom he struck up a real and close friendship.  One was
+Adam Hay Gordon of Avochie (a cadet of the Tweeddale family), who was
+with him afterwards at Christ Church, and was one of his few intimate
+associates there.  The intimacy was not continued into later years, but
+the memory of it remained.  "I heard with sorrow," Bute recorded in his
+diary on July 12, 1894, "of the death of one of my dearest friends,
+Addle Hay Gordon.  Though at Harrow together, and very intimate at
+college, we had not met for many years.  In my Oxford days I several
+times stayed in Edinburgh with him and his parents, in Rutland Square.
+We were as brothers."[4]
+
+An even more intimate, and more lasting, friendship was that with
+George E. Sneyd, who was at Westcott's house with Bute, and who
+afterwards became his private secretary, married his cousin, Miss
+Elizabeth Stuart (granddaughter of Admiral Lord George Stuart) in 1880,
+and died in the same year as Adam Hay Gordon.  "It is difficult to
+say," wrote Bute in January, 1894, "what this loss is to me.  He had
+been an intimate friend ever since we were at Westcott's big house at
+Harrow--one of my few at all, the most intimate (unless Addle Hay
+Gordon) and the most trusted I ever had.  He had a very important place
+in my will.  For these two I had prayed by name regularly at every Mass
+I have heard for many, many years."
+
+{24}
+
+A school contemporary, who records Bute's close friendship with George
+Sneyd, mentions (as do others) his fancy for keeping Ligurian bees in
+his tiny study-bedroom.  "My only recollection of his room at Harrow,
+where I once visited him," writes Sir Herbert Maxwell, "is of an
+arrangement whereby bees entered from without into a hive within the
+room, where their proceedings could be watched."  A brother of Sir
+Redvers Buller, who boarded in the adjoining house, has recorded that
+"Bute's bees" were a perfect nuisance to him, as they had a way of
+flying in at his window instead of their own, and disturbing him at his
+studies or other employments.
+
+[Sidenote: 1863, Harrow school prizes]
+
+"At Harrow," said one of Bute's obituary notices, "the young Scottish
+peer was as poetical as Byron."  This rather absurd remark is perhaps
+to some extent justified by one episode in Bute's school career.  "I
+have a general recollection of him," writes a correspondent already
+quoted, "as a very amiable, though reserved, boy, not given to games,
+who astonished us all by securing the English Prize Poem.  He won this
+distinction (the assigned subject was 'Edward the Black Prince') in the
+summer of 1863, when only fifteen years of age."  "His winning this
+prize in 1863, when quite young," writes the Archbishop of Canterbury,
+who was in the same form as Bute at Harrow and knew him well, "was his
+most notable exploit.  There is a special passage about ocean waves and
+their 'decuman,' which has often been quoted as a remarkable effort on
+the part of a young boy.[5] {25} He was very quiet and unassuming in
+all his ways."
+
+A further honour gained by Bute in the same year (1863) was one of the
+headmaster's Fifth Form prizes for Latin Verse; but the text of this
+composition (it was a translation from English verse) has not been
+preserved.  The fact of his winning these two important prizes is a
+sufficient proof that, if not "as poetical as Byron," he had a distinct
+feeling for poetry, and that generally his industry and ability had
+enabled him to make up much, if not all, of the leeway caused by the
+imperfect and desultory character of his early education.  In other
+words he passed through his school course with credit and even
+distinction; and that he preserved a kindly memory of his Harrow days
+is sufficiently shown by the fact that he took the unusual
+step--unusual, that is, in the case of the head of a great Roman
+Catholic family--of sending all his three sons to be educated at the
+famous school on the Hill.
+
+Bute's career at Harrow, like his private school course, was an
+unusually short one, extending over only three years.  He left the
+school in the first term of 1865, presenting to the Vaughan Library at
+his departure a small collection of books, which it may be of some
+interest to enumerate.  They were Pierotti's _Jerusalem Explained_, 2
+vols. folio; {26} Digby's _Broadstone of Honour_, 3 vols.; Victor
+Hugo's _Les Miserables_, 3 vols.; Miss Proctor's _Legends and Lyrics_;
+Gil Blas, 2 vols. (illustrated); _Don Quixote_; Napier's _Memoirs of
+Montrose_, 3 vols.; and _Memoirs of Dundee_, 2 vols.
+
+He further evinced his interest in his old school by presenting to it,
+five years after leaving, a portrait of John first Marquess of Bute
+(then Lord Mountstuart), wearing the dress of the school Archery Corps
+of that day (1759).  This portrait (which is a copy of a well-known
+painting by Allan Ramsay) now hangs in the Vaughan Library.
+
+[Sidenote: 1865, Pilgrimage to Palestine]
+
+It was characteristic of the young Harrovian that, his school-days
+over, he took the very first opportunity to turn his steps towards the
+East, in which from his earliest boyhood he had always been curiously
+interested.  It was not the first occasion of his leaving England, for
+he had visited Brussels and other cities several times with his mother
+during his childhood, and used in later years to note in his diary the
+half-forgotten recollections of places which he had seen in those early
+and happy days.  But his visit to Palestine in the spring of 1865--the
+first of many journeys to the Holy Land--was an entirely new
+experience; and to this youth of seventeen, thoughtful and
+religious-minded beyond his years, it was no mere pleasure trip, but a
+veritable pilgrimage.  "I am sending you a copy," he wrote to a friend
+at Oxford in the autumn of this year, "of a document which I value more
+than anything I have ever received in my life: the certificate of my
+visit to the Holy Places of Jerusalem given to me by the Father
+Guardian of the Franciscan convent on Mount Sion.  Here it is:
+
+
+{27}
+
+[Illustration: Emblem]
+
+In Dei Nomine.  Amen.  Omnibus et singulis praesentes literas
+inspecturis, lecturis, vel legi audituris, fidem notumque facimus Nos
+Terrae Sanctę Custos, devotum Peregrinum Illustrissimum Dominum Dominum
+Joannem, Marchionem de Bute in Scotia, Jerusalem feliciter pervenisse
+die 10 Mensis Maii anni 1865; inde subsequentibus diebus pręcipua
+Sanctuaria in quibus Mundi Salvator dilectum populum Suum, immo et
+totius generis humani perditam congeriem ab inferi servitute
+misericorditer liberavit, utpote Calvarium ... SS. Sepulchrum ... ac
+tandem ea omnia sacra Palestinę loca gressibus Domini ac Beatissimę
+ejus Matris Marię consecrata, ą Religiosis nostris et Peregrinis
+visitari solita, visitasse.
+
+In quorum fidem has scripturas Officii Nostri sigillo munitas per
+Secretarium expediri mandavimus.
+
+Datis apud S. Civitatem Jerusalem, ex venerabili Nostro Conventu SS.
+Salvatoris, die 29 Maii, 1865.
+
+L.S. De mandato Reverendiss. in Christo Patris
+
+F. REMIGIUS BUSELLI, S.T.L., secret.
+
++ Sigillum Guardiani Montis Sion.
+
+(There is an image of the Descent of the H. Spirit, and of the
+_Mandatum_.)
+
+
+"It touched and interested me extremely," Bute said many years later,
+"to find myself described in this document as 'devotus Peregrinus,' and
+this for more than one reason.  The phrase, in the first place, seemed
+to link me, a mere schoolboy, with the myriads of devout and holy men,
+saints and warriors, who had made the pilgrimage before me.  'Illuc
+enim ascenderunt tribus, tribus Domini.'  And then I remembered that I
+descended lineally through my mother's family, the Hastings', from a
+very famous pilgrim, the 'Pilgrim of Treves,' the Hebrew who went to
+Rome during the great Papal Schism, sat himself down on one of the
+Seven Hills, and dubbed himself Pope.  When Martin V. (Colonna) was
+recognised as lawful Pope, {28} my ancestor returned to Rome and, I
+believe, reverted to the Judaism from which he had temporarily lapsed.
+But this celebrated journey earned him the title, _par excellence_, of
+the Pilgrim of Treves; and the name of Peregrine has been borne since,
+all through the centuries, by many of his descendants, of whom I am
+one."  All this is so curiously characteristic of Lord Bute's half
+serious, half whimsical (and always original) manner of regarding
+out-of-the-way corners of history and genealogy, that it seems worth
+reproducing in this place.
+
+[Illustration: THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, ĘT. 17.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1866, Steeplechasing at Oxford]
+
+Soon after his return from his Palestine journey, Bute was duly
+matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, and he went into residence in
+the October term.  He was one of the last batch of peers who entered
+the university on the technical footing of "noblemen," with the
+privilege of wearing a distinctive dress, sitting at a special table in
+hall, and paying double for everything.  Among his contemporaries at
+the House were the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Rosebery, the seventh Duke of
+Northumberland, and Lords Cawdor, Doune, and Willoughby de Broke.  His
+cousin, the fourth and last Marquess of Hastings, who was five years
+his senior, had not long before gone down from the university, had been
+married for a year, and was at the height of the meteoric career which
+came to a premature and inglorious end just when Bute attained his
+majority.  The latter had that strong sense of family attachment which
+is so marked a characteristic of Scotsmen; and _noblesse oblige_ was a
+maxim which for him had a very real and serious meaning.  It is certain
+that the contemplation of his cousin's wasted life not only distressed
+him deeply, but tended to confirm in him an almost exaggerated {29}
+antipathy to the extravagant craze for racing, gambling and betting,
+which was the form of "sport" most prevalent among the young men of
+family and fashion who were his contemporaries at Oxford.  Bute's
+entire want of sympathy with such pursuits and such ideals thus
+inevitably cut him off from anything like intimate intercourse with the
+predominant members of the undergraduate society of his college.  He
+would not be persuaded to frequent their clubs or share in their
+amusements, which to him would have been no amusements at all; although
+he was elected a member of "Loders," to which the noblemen and
+gentlemen-commoners of the House as a matter of course belonged.  He
+was, however, induced, on the representations of one of his friends
+(probably Hay Gordon) to own and nominate a horse in the university
+steeplechases (or "grinds," as they were called).  "Some one, I do not
+know who," writes one of his contemporaries, "had informed him that I
+was the proper person to ride his horse.  When I interviewed him on the
+subject (which I did with some trepidation, as he was exceedingly shy
+and stiff with strangers), he evinced not the slightest interest either
+in his horse or the contest in which it was to take part.  The animal
+came in only third, but Bute showed neither disappointment nor pleasure
+in anything it did or failed to do either on this or on subsequent
+occasions."  Another anecdote in connection with this episode of
+"Bute's steeplechaser" is related by one of his fellow-undergraduates,
+who was charged, or had charged himself, with the duty of informing the
+owner of this unprofitable horse (for which, by the way, he had paid a
+good round sum) that it was among the "Also Rans" in the Christ Church
+{30} grinds.  "Ah! indeed?" was his only comment; "but now I want to
+know," he continued eagerly, "if you can help me to solve a much more
+important question.  What real claim had the [Greek: kremastoķ kźpoi]
+(the hanging gardens) of Semiramis at Babylon, to be classified, as
+they were in ancient times, among the Seven Wonders of the World?"
+
+Whilst on the subject of Bute's diversions at Christ Church (though
+steeplechasing, even vicariously, can hardly be said to have been one
+of them), reference may appropriately be made to a rather remarkable
+entertainment which he gave by way of repaying the hospitalities
+extended to him by his companions, including some of his former
+school-fellows at Harrow.  It took the form of a fancy-dress ball,
+which came off in the fine suite of rooms which he occupied in the
+north-west corner of Tom Quad (since subdivided).  Here is the
+invitation card, surmounted with the emblazoned arms of the House,
+which was sent out:
+
+
+            MARQUESS OF BUTE
+                AT HOME
+
+  La Morgue               Bal Masqué
+    IV. I. Tom.            R.S.V.P.
+
+"La Morgue" was the room, adjacent to his own, which was, as a matter
+of fact, used as a mortuary when any death occurred within the college.
+The young host received his guests at the entrance to this apartment in
+the character of his Satanic Majesty, attired in a close-fitting
+garment of scarlet and black, with wings, horn, and tail; and most of
+the guests figured as dons, eminent churchmen, and other well-known
+personages in the university, the stately dean being, of course,
+represented, as well as {31} Mrs. Liddell, who afterwards expressed
+regret that she had not been present in person.  A fracas in the
+refreshment room resulted in a jockey (the Hon. H. Needham) being
+arrested by a policeman, who conducted him to the police-office before
+the culprit discovered that the supposed constable was one of his
+fellow-revellers.  The affair was altogether so successful that Bute
+designed to repeat it a year later; but the authorities of the House,
+who had given no permission for the original entertainment,
+peremptorily forbade its repetition.[6]
+
+[Sidenote: 1865, Oxford friends]
+
+Bute had come into residence at Oxford a few weeks after his eighteenth
+birthday; and the above reminiscences show that with all his
+serious-mindedness he possessed, as indeed might have been expected,
+something also, at that period, of what Disraeli called "the
+irresponsible frivolity of immature manhood."  His amiability of
+character and remarkable personal courtesy prevented him from being in
+any degree unpopular; but his intimate friends at Oxford were
+undoubtedly very few; and it is curious that the most intimate of them
+all was not an undergraduate, or an Oxford man at all, but a lady much
+his senior, Miss Felicia Skene, daughter of a well-known man of letters
+and friend of Walter Scott, long resident in Oxford.  Miss Skene was
+herself a person of remarkable attainments and qualities, one of them
+being a rare gift of sympathy, which seems to have won the heart of the
+solitary young Scotsman from the first {32} day of their acquaintance.
+Bute corresponded with her constantly and regularly, not only during
+his undergraduate days, but for many years subsequently; and his
+letters show to how large a degree he gave her his confidence in
+matters of the most intimate interest to himself.  One of the earliest
+of these is dated from Dumfries House, Ayrshire, in the Christmas
+vacation following his first term at Oxford.
+
+
+Dumfries House,
+  Cumnock,
+    _Christmas Day_ [1865].
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+A happy Xmas to you.  Mine is comfortable, if not merry nor ideal.  Let
+me say in black and white that I mean to pay for the meat and wine
+ordered by the doctor for the poor woman you mention....  Money I
+cannot send.  I have little more than £100 to spend myself.  My
+allowance is £2000, and I have overdrawn £1630, with a draft for £1000
+coming due.  I am trying to raise the wind here: it seems absurd that I
+should be "hard up," but it is a long story.  I am only sorry that the
+offerings I should make at this time to the "Little Child of Bethlehem"
+are not procurable.
+
+Ever yours most truly,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1865, At Dumfries House]
+
+Bute had now finally left Galloway House, which had been his holiday
+residence during his Harrow days; and his home when not at Oxford was
+at Dumfries House, his Ayrshire seat, then in the occupation of Sir
+James and Lady Edith Fergusson.  "I saw a good deal of him when he was
+living at Dumfries House under the tutelage of Sir James Fergusson,"
+writes one who had known him from {33} childhood.  "He used to come
+down to the smoking-room at night arrayed in a gorgeous garment of pale
+blue and gold: I think he said he had had it made on the pattern of a
+saintly bishop's vestment in a stained glass window of the Harrow
+Chapel.  Sir James was anxious to make a sportsman of Bute, and bought
+a hunter or two for him.  I remember his coming out one day with Lord
+Eglinton's hounds, but I never saw him take the field again."  The
+tyro, as a matter of fact, got a toss in essaying to jump a hedge; and
+so mortified was he by this public discomfiture that he not only never
+again appeared in the hunting-field, but he never quite forgave Sir
+James for being the indirect cause of the misadventure.
+
+Miss Skene not only acted to some extent as Bute's almoner during his
+Oxford days (it is fair to say that the "hard-up" condition alluded to
+in the above letter was due at least as much to his lavish almsgiving
+as to any personal extravagance), but was his adviser in regard to
+other matters.  "Mrs. Leighton [wife of the Warden of All Souls] has
+invited me," runs one of his notes, "to come and meet a Scottish bishop
+(St. Andrews) at dinner, and asks me in the same letter to give 'out of
+my abundance' a cheque to enlarge the Penitentiary chapel.  Now I
+dislike Scots Episcopalian bishops (not individually but officially),
+their genesis having been unblushingly Erastian, and their present
+status in Scotland being schismatic and dissenting; and my 'abundance'
+at present consists of a heavy overdraft at the bank.  Read and forward
+the enclosed reply, unless you think the lady will take offence, which
+can hardly be."
+
+He often copied for his friend extracts which {34} struck him from
+books he was reading.  "I have transcribed for you," he wrote a few
+weeks after his nineteenth birthday, "the account of the death of
+Krishna from the Vishnu Purįna.  A hunter by accident shot him in the
+foot with an arrow.  When he saw what he had done he prostrated himself
+and implored pardon.  Krishna granted it and translated him at once to
+heaven.  'Then the illustrious Krishna, having united himself with his
+own pure, spiritual, inexhaustible, inconceivable, unborn, undecaying,
+imperishable and universal spirit, which is one with Vįsundera,
+abandoned his mortal body and the condition of the threefold
+qualities.'  To my mind this description of the great Saviour becoming
+one with universal spirit approaches the sublime."
+
+At the end of his first summer term (June, 1866) Bute made his second
+tour in the East--a more extended one this time, visiting not only
+Constantinople and Palestine, but Kurdistan and Armenia.  His tutor,
+the Rev. S. Williams, accompanied him, as well as one or two friends,
+including Harman Grisewood, one of his associates at the House, and one
+of the few with whom he maintained an intimacy after their Oxford days.
+A diary kept by Bute of the first portion of this tour has been
+preserved: it describes his doings with great minuteness, and is a
+remarkable record for a youth of eighteen to have written.  In Paris
+nothing seems to have much interested him except the churches, and long
+antiquarian conversations with the Vicomte de Vogüé and others.  "I
+again visited the Comte de V.,"[7] {35} runs one entry.  "We got into
+the Cities of Bashan, and stayed there three or four hours."  Many
+pages are devoted to a detailed description of Avignon, and later of
+St. John's Church at Malta, of Syracuse, Catania, and Messina.  At
+Malta he visited the tomb of his grandfather (the first Marquess of
+Hastings, who died when governor of Malta in 1826), and "was much
+pleased with it."  Describing the high mass in the Benedictine Church
+at Catania, he says, "At the end, during the Gospel of St. John, the
+organist (the organ is one of the finest in the world) played a
+military march so well that I, at least, could hardly be persuaded that
+the loud clear clash, the roll of the drums, the ring of the triangle,
+and the roar of the brass instruments were false.  It seemed to me that
+this passage, which was admirably executed, harmonised wonderfully well
+with the awful words of the part of the Mass which it accompanied."
+
+[Sidenote: 1866, Ascent of Mount Etna]
+
+The young diarist's vivid descriptive powers are well shown in his
+narrative of the ascent of Etna, and the impression it made on him:
+
+We dined [at Nicolosi] on omelet, bread, and figs, and the nastiest
+wine, and at about 7 p.m. started on mules.  These beasts had saddles
+more uncomfortable than words can describe.  Their pace was about 2-½
+miles per hour, which it was too easy to reduce, but quite impossible
+to accelerate.  Mine had for bridle a cord three feet long, tied to one
+of several large rings on one side of its head.  The journey lasted
+till 1.30 a.m. or later....  About {36} 1 in the morning, Mr. W. and
+one guide having long dropped far behind, where their shrieks and yells
+(now growing hoarse from despair) could be faintly heard in the
+darkness far down the mountain, we emerged upon the summit between the
+peaks; and at the same time the full moon, silver, intense, rose from
+behind the lower summit, and shed a flood of light over the tremendous
+scene of desolation.  As far as the eye could reach, there was nothing
+visible but cinders and sky.  At every step we sank eighteen inches
+into the black dust as we stumbled on in single file in perfect
+silence.  A couple of miles ahead rose the great crater peak, with
+patches of snow at its foot and the eternal white cloud emanating and
+writhing from the summit.  After an hour's rest at the Casa Inglese, a
+miserable hovel at the foot of the Cone, we started, wrapped in plaids,
+the cold being intense.  Mr. W. had now rejoined us.  The Cone is a
+hill about the size of Arthur's Seat, covered with rolling friable
+cinders, from which rise clouds of white sulphureous dust.  The ascent
+took rather more than an hour.  Mr. W. gave out half-way up, declaring
+he should faint.  The pungent sulphur-smoke came sweeping down the
+hill-side, choking and blinding one.  Eyes were smarting, lungs loaded,
+throat burnt, mouth dry and nostrils choked.  On we struggled till the
+very ground gave forth curling clouds of smoke from every cranny.  A
+few more steps and we were on the summit, at the very edge of the
+crater, which yawned into perdition within a few inches of one's foot.
+It is an immense glen, surrounded by a chain of heights, with
+tremendously precipitous sides, bright yellow in the depths, whence
+rises continually the cloud of smoke.  The whole scene is exactly like
+Doré's illustrations of the Inferno....  The sun rose over Italy as we
+sat with our heads wrapped up and handkerchiefs in our mouths; but
+there was no view at all, the height is too stupendous.  The {37}
+horror of the whole place cannot be depicted.  We were delighted to get
+back to the Casa Inglese, where we remounted our mules and crept away.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1866, Impressions of Eastern travel]
+
+From Sicily the travellers visited Smyrna and Chios on their way to
+Constantinople.  Pages of the diary are taken up with descriptions of
+churches, and functions attended in them, and it is of interest to note
+that, profoundly interested as Bute was in the Greek churches and the
+Greek liturgy, his religious sympathies were entirely with the Latin
+communion.  The "spiritual deadness," as he calls it, of the schismatic
+churches of the East, repelled and dismayed him.  "It strikes me as
+essentially dreadful," he writes of a visit to the Church of the
+Transfiguration at Syra, "that the Photian Tabernacle everywhere
+enshrines a deserted Saviour.  The daily sacrifice is not offered; the
+churches are closed and cold, save for a few hours on Sunday and
+festivals; visits to the B. Sacrament are unknown.  Pictures are
+exposed to receive an exaggerated homage, unknown and undreamt of in
+the West.  But it is absolutely true to say that the Perpetual Presence
+(to which no reverence at all is offered, by genuflection or otherwise)
+receives less respect than one ordinarily pays to any place of worship
+whatever, even a meeting-house or synagogue."  Later, recording a visit
+to the Greek cathedral at Pera, he describes the service there as "the
+most disagreeable function I ever attended: the church crammed with
+people in a state of restlessness and irreverence characteristic of
+Photian schismatics; and the whole service as much spoiled as slurring,
+drawling, utter irreverence, bad music, and bad taste could spoil it.
+After breakfast I {38} attended the High Mass at the Church of the
+Franciscans--a different thing indeed from the Photian Cathedral; and I
+went back there in the afternoon for Vespers and Benediction."
+
+It has been sometimes said that Bute, during the period immediately
+preceding his reception into the Catholic Church, was even more drawn
+towards the "Orthodox" form of belief than he was to the prevailing
+religion of Western Christendom.  The above extracts show that the very
+reverse was the case.  Genuine and earnest worship stirred and
+impressed him everywhere: thus he writes, after witnessing an elaborate
+ceremonial (including the dance of the dervishes) in a mosque at
+Constantinople: "I left the mosque very much wrought up and excited.
+There are those who are not impressed by this.  There are those also
+who laugh at a service in a language they do not know: there are those
+who see nothing august or awful even in the Holy Mass."  Slovenliness,
+irreverence, tepidity in religion were what pained and repelled him;
+and finding those characteristics everywhere in the liturgical services
+of those whom he called the Photians, he was so far from being
+attracted towards any idea of joining their communion, that he returned
+to England, and to Oxford, after this Eastern journey, with the whole
+bent of his religious aspirations set more and more in the direction of
+the Catholic and Roman Church.  His conversion was, in fact,
+accomplished before the end of this year, although circumstances, as
+will be seen, compelled the postponement for a considerable time of the
+public and formal profession of his faith.
+
+
+
+[1] The _Scottish Review_, which Lord Bute controlled at this time, and
+to which he contributed many articles.
+
+[2] This was the chapel on the edge of the sea, among the Mountstuart
+woods, which had been built for the convenience of the people living
+and working near the house.  Lord Bute used it as a domestic chapel
+until the new chapel at Mountstuart was opened.  He was buried there in
+1900.
+
+[3] Lord Bute's only daughter, Lady Margaret Crichton-Stuart, then in
+her twelfth year, and under the tutelage of a Greek governess.
+
+[4] Adam Hay Gordon married in 1873 the beautiful granddaughter of Sir
+Robert Dalrymple Horn Elphinstone, and died without issue, as above
+recorded, in July, 1894.
+
+[5] "'Tis said that when upon a rocky shore
+    The salt sea billows break with muffled roar,
+    And, launched in mad career, the thundering wave
+    Leaps booming through the weedy ocean cave;
+    Each tenth is grander than the nine before.
+    And breaks with tenfold thunder on the shore.
+    Alas! it is so on the sounding sea;
+    But so, O England, it is not with thee!
+    Thy decuman is broken on the shore:
+    A peer to him shall lave thee never more!"
+
+The text of the whole poem is given in Appendix I.
+
+[6] The particulars of this whimsical incident in Bute's university
+career have been kindly furnished by Mr. Algernon Turnor, C.B., who was
+his contemporary at Christ Church.  It was he who rode--though not to
+victory--the steeplechaser mentioned in the text.  Mr. Turner married
+in 1880 Lady Henrietta Stewart, one of Bute's early playmates and
+companions at Galloway House.
+
+[7] Eugene Vicomte de Vogüé, whom Bute wrongly styles "Comte" in his
+diary, was a few months his junior.  One of the most brilliant and
+charming men of his generation, he was in turn soldier, diplomatist,
+politician, and _littérateur_.  He became a member of the Academy in
+1888 and died in 1910.  He published books and articles on a great
+variety of subjects, all marked with the profoundly religious feeling
+which characterised him.
+
+
+
+
+{39}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+RELIGIOUS INQUIRIES--RECEPTION POSTPONED--COMING OF AGE
+
+1867, 1868
+
+A well-meaning person thought well to compile and publish, some years
+ago, a volume in which a few distinguished Roman Catholics, and a great
+number of mediocrities, were invited to describe the process and
+motives which led them "to abandon" (as some cynic once expressed it)
+"the errors of the Church of England for those of the Church of Rome."
+Lord Bute, who was among the many more or less eminent people who
+received and declined invitations to contribute to this symposium, was
+certainly the last man likely to consent to recount his own religious
+experiences for the benefit of a curious public.  It is, therefore, all
+the more interesting that in a copy of the book above referred to,
+belonging to one of his most intimate friends,[1] was preserved a
+memorandum in Bute's writing, which throws an interesting light on
+some, at least, of the causes which were contributory to his own
+submission to the Roman Church.
+
+
+I came to see very clearly indeed that the Reformation was in England
+and Scotland--I had not studied it elsewhere--the work neither of God
+nor of the people, its real authors being, in the former country, {40}
+a lustful and tyrannical King, and in the latter a pack of greedy,
+time-serving and unpatriotic nobles.  (Almost the only real patriots in
+Scotland at that period were bishops like Elphinstone, Reid, and
+Dunbar.)
+
+I also convinced myself (1) that while the disorders rampant in the
+Church during the sixteenth century clamoured loudly for reform, they
+in no way justified apostacy and schism; and (2) that were I personally
+to continue, under that or any other pretext, to remain outside the
+Catholic and Roman Church, I should be making myself an accomplice
+after the fact in a great national crime and the most indefensible act
+in history.  And I refused to accept any such responsibility.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1860, Attraction to Roman Church]
+
+The late Jesuit historian, Father Joseph Stevenson, who spent a great
+number of years in laborious study (for his work in the Record Office)
+of the original documents and papers of the Reformation period, frankly
+avowed that it was what he learned in these researches, and no other
+considerations whatever, which convinced him--an elderly Anglican
+clergyman of the old school--that the Catholic Church was the Church of
+God, and the so-called Reformation the work of His enemies.  It was one
+of his colleagues in the Society of Jesus[2] who quoted this to Lord
+Bute, and his emphatic comment was, "That is a point of view which I
+thoroughly appreciate."  As to Bute himself, there were undoubtedly
+many sides of his character to which the appeal of the ancient Church
+would be strong and insistent.  Her august and venerable ritual, the
+ordered splendour of her ceremonial, the deep significance of her
+liturgy and worship, {41} could not fail to attract one who had learned
+to see in them far more than the mere outward pomp and beauty which are
+but symbols of their inward meaning.  The love and tenderness and
+compassion with which she is ever ready to minister to the least of her
+children would touch the heart of one who beneath a somewhat cold
+exterior had himself a very tender feeling for the stricken and the
+sorrowful.  The marvellous roll of her saints, the story of their
+lives, the record of their miracles, would stir the imagination and
+kindle the enthusiasm of one who loved to remember, as we have seen,
+that the blood of pilgrims flowed in his veins, and found one of his
+greatest joys in visiting the shrines, following in the footsteps,
+venerating the remains, and verifying the acts of the saints of God in
+many lands, even in the remotest corners of Christendom.  His mind and
+heart and soul found satisfaction in all these things; but most of all
+it was the historic sense which he possessed in so peculiar a degree,
+the craving for an exact and accurate presentment of the facts of
+history, which was one of his most marked characteristics--it was these
+which, during his many hours of painful and laborious searching into
+the records of the past, were the most direct and immediate factors in
+convincing his intellect, as his heart was already convinced, that the
+Catholic and Roman Church, and no other, was the Church founded by
+Christ on earth, and that to remain outside it was, for him, to incur
+the danger of spiritual shipwreck.
+
+Dr. Liddon, who was at this time a Senior Student of Christ Church, and
+resident in the college (he became Ireland Professor of Exegesis four
+years later, and a Canon of St. Paul's in the same year), {42} was wont
+to say that Bute was far too busy, during his undergraduate career, in
+"reconsidering and reconstructing his religious position," to give more
+than a secondary place to his regular academic studies.  His reading,
+which, undistracted by any of the ordinary dissipations of university
+life, he pursued with unflagging ardour, sitting at his books often far
+into the night, ranged over the whole field of comparative religion.
+Every form of ancient faith, Judaism, Buddhism, Islamism, the beliefs
+of old Egypt, Greece and Rome, as well as the creeds and worship of
+Eastern and Western Christendom, were the subject of his studies and
+his thoughts; and the more he read and pondered, the more clear became
+his conviction that in the Roman Church alone could his mind, his
+heart, and his imagination find rest and satisfaction.  No external
+influence of any kind helped to bring him to that conclusion.  In the
+conduct of his studies and the arrangement of his reading he freely
+sought and obtained the advice and assistance of tutors and professors,
+both belonging to the House and outside it.  But from no Roman Catholic
+source did he ask or receive counsel or direction at this time; and he
+once said that during the first year of his Oxford course he was not
+even aware of the existence of a Roman Catholic church in the
+university city.  Two or three Catholic undergraduates were in
+residence at Christ Church in his time, but he was not intimate with
+any of them.  He was fond of taking long walks, then, as always, almost
+the only form of bodily exercise he favoured, though he was a good
+swimmer and fencer; and it was in company with his most intimate
+friend, Adam Hay Gordon, that he once, after a visit to Wantage (the
+associations {43} of which with King Alfred greatly interested him),
+penetrated to the ancient Catholic chapel of East Hendred, not far
+distant.  He was greatly moved at learning that this venerable
+sanctuary was one of the very few in England in which, it was said, the
+lamp before the tabernacle had never been extinguished, and Mass had
+been celebrated all through the darkest days of penal times; and he
+knelt so long in prayer before the altar that he had twice to be
+reminded by his companion of the long walk home they had in prospect.
+This pilgrimage--Bute always considered it as such, and spoke of it
+with emotion long years afterwards--took place in the autumn of 1866;
+and before he left Oxford for the Christmas vacation of that year he
+had made up his mind to seek admission without delay into the Catholic
+fold, and (as he hoped) to make his first communion as a Catholic
+before the Easter festival of the following year.
+
+[Sidenote: 1866, Decision taken]
+
+Absorbed in his studies, and cheered and encouraged by the dawn of
+religious certainty, and his growing confidence in the sureness of the
+ground on which his feet were placed, Bute had, it is probable,
+reckoned little, if at all, on the storm of opposition, protest, and
+resentment which was bound to break out the moment his proposed change
+of religion became known.  Lady Edith Fergusson, his guardian's wife,
+for whom he had a sincere affection, first learned his intention from
+himself during his Christmas sojourn at Dumfries House.  The news came
+as a great blow to Sir James, who, with all his good qualities, had no
+intellectual equipment adequate to meeting the reasoned arguments of
+his young ward; and he fled up to London to take counsel with Bute's
+English guardians.  The tidings caused consternation in the {44} Lord
+Chancellor's Court, and (it was said) in a Court even more august; and
+the cry was for a scapegoat to bear the brunt of the general wrath.
+Who and where was the subtle Jesuit, the secret emissary of Rome, who
+had hatched the dark plot, had "got hold of" the guileless youth, and
+inveigled him away from the simple faith of his childhood?  Public
+indignation was heightened rather than allayed by the impossibility of
+identifying this sinister conspirator.  _Non est inventus_.  He had, in
+fact, no more existence than Mrs. Harris.  The circumstances of the
+case were patent and simple.  A young man of strong religious
+instincts, good parts, and studious habits, had, after much reading,
+grave consideration (and, it might be added, earnest prayer, but that
+was outside the public ken), come to the conclusion that the religion
+of the greater part of Christendom was right and that of the British
+minority wrong.  And what made matters worse was that he had in his
+constitution so large a share of native Scottish tenacity, that there
+seemed no possibility of inducing him to change his mind.  The obvious,
+and only alternative, policy was delay.  Get him to put off the evil
+day, and all might yet be well.  The _mot d'ordre_ was accordingly
+given; and a united crusade was entered on by kinsfolk and
+acquaintance, guardians, curators, and tutors-at-law, the Chancellor
+and his myrmidons, the family solicitors, and finally the dons and
+tutors at Oxford, to extract from the prospective convert, at whatever
+cost, a promise not to act on his convictions at least until after
+attaining his majority.  After that--well, anything might happen; and
+if during the interval of nearly two years he were to take to drink or
+gambling, to waste his substance on riotous living (like his {45}
+unfortunate cousin), or generally to go to the devil--it would be of
+course very regrettable, but anyhow he would be rescued from Popery,
+and that was the only thing that really mattered.
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, Oxford alarmed]
+
+In the midst of these alarums and excursions the young peer returned to
+Christ Church for the Lent term of 1867, and found himself the object
+of much more public attention and solicitude than he at all
+appreciated.  "Life is odious here at present," he wrote to the always
+faithful friend of whose sympathy he was sure, "and I am having a worse
+time even than I had during all the rows about my guardianship.
+Luckily I am better able to bear it, and nothing will ever change my
+resolution."
+
+Dr. Liddon concerned himself very actively with the project of getting
+Bute to agree to delay in carrying out his purpose; and with him was
+associated Dr. Mansel, at that time a Fellow of St. John's and
+Professor of Church History (he became Dean of St. Paul's in 1868).
+There were some advanced churchmen among the Senior Students[3] of that
+day, including the Rev. R. Benson, first superior of the Cowley
+brotherhood, and the Rev. T. Chamberlain of St. Thomas's, who claimed
+to be the first clergyman to have worn a chasuble in his parish church
+since the Reformation.[4]  Such men as these would naturally {46} point
+out that Bute could get all that he wanted in their section of the
+Anglican Church; but by another of the Students, Mr. Septimus Andrews,
+who afterwards followed Bute into the Catholic Church and became an
+Oblate of St. Charles, he was encouraged to remain faithful to his
+convictions, in spite of the strong pressure brought to bear on him
+from all quarters.  It was even said that Dr. Pusey (who seems to have
+taken no part in the agitation of the time) was to be asked to approach
+Dr. Newman in his retirement at Edgbaston, and beg him to use his
+influence to secure the delay which was all that was now hoped for.
+There is no evidence that this step was actually taken; but the
+success, such as it was, of these reiterated appeals for postponement
+of the final and definitive step is attested by the following deeply
+interesting letter, written by Bute to his friend at Oxford at the
+beginning of the Easter vacation of 1867.
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, A sad letter]
+
+
+122, George St.,
+  Edinburgh,
+    _Maundy Thursday_, 1867.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+On this day, which was to have seen my First Communion, I do not
+believe I should have the heart to write and tell you that it has all
+failed, if it were not for a sort of hard, cold, listless feeling of
+utter apathy to everything Divine which is new to me, but which has, as
+it were, petrified me since my fall.
+
+The long and short is that the Protestants--_i.e._ the Lord Chancellor
+and his Court; my Guardians; my friends and relations; and Mansel,
+Liddon, and Co. have extorted from me a promise not to become a
+Catholic till I am of age.  They are {47} jubilant with the jubilation
+of devils over a lost soul; but I am hopeless and weary to a degree.
+
+There remains nothing to say now, except that I am utterly wrecked.  I
+have not dared to pray since.  I have heard Mass twice, but I looked on
+with an indifference greater than if I had been at a play.  I feel no
+moral principle either.  It is simply all up.  Instead of feeling these
+holy days, the thought of the suffering of Christ simply haunts me like
+a nightmare.  I try to drown it and drive it away.
+
+There is no use in going on this way.  It is a triumph for which
+Mansel, etc., are _thanking God_ (_!_).  I know what my own position
+is.  It is hopeless, and graceless, and godless.
+
+Most sincerely yours,
+  BUTE AND DUMFRIES.
+
+
+If the well-meaning divines and others who had wrung from Bute, under
+the severest moral pressure, the much-desired promise, had had an
+opportunity of perusing the above letter, the "jubilation" of which he
+speaks would surely have been considerably modified.  It is a sad
+enough document to have been written by a youth in his twentieth year,
+to whom his opening manhood seemed to offer, from a worldly point of
+view, everything that was most brilliant and most desirable.  The day
+on which it was dated, and the thought of all that day was to have been
+to him, and yet was not, naturally deepened the depression under which
+it was penned, and led him perhaps to exaggerate the condition of
+spiritual dereliction which he so pathetically described.  But if his
+life was not in reality wrecked, if he had not in truth (and we know
+that he had not) lost all sense of moral principles, it is impossible
+to avoid the reflection that no thanks for this are due {48} to those
+who seem utterly to have misapprehended the strength and sincerity of
+his religious convictions, and the very grave responsibility they
+incurred (to say nothing of the risk to himself) in persuading him to
+stifle them, even for a time.  It was their hope, doubtless, that the
+delay they had secured would ultimately lead to the abandonment of his
+purpose; but nothing is more certain that while resolved to abide
+faithfully by his promise, he was inflexibly determined to follow his
+conscience and carry out his declared intention at the very moment that
+he was free to do so.  This resolution taken, his wonted tranquillity
+returned, and he went back to Christ Church for the summer term to
+resume undisturbed, and with a mind at rest, his quiet life of study
+and other congenial occupations.  Reproduced here is a rough sketch
+from his pen, dated at this time (May 13, 1867), but not otherwise
+described.  The drawing, which is not devoid of charm and power,
+depicts apparently the Communion of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland.
+On the same sheet is another sketch which seems to be a design for a
+stained glass window representing Scottish Saints.
+
+[Illustration: THE COMMUNION OF ST. MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND]
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, A long vacation cruise]
+
+A great part of the Long Vacation of 1867 was spent by Bute in a cruise
+to the north of Scotland and to Iceland, in the yacht _Ladybird_, which
+he had recently purchased.  "On Sundays in my yacht," he writes to a
+friend from Edinburgh on July 13, 1867, "I am to conduct Presbyterian
+services.  There is a book of prayers approved by the Church of
+Scotland for the purpose: instead of sermon, some immense bit of
+Scripture, _e.g._ the whole Epistle to the Romans."  This letter, by
+the way, is dated "Feast of S. Anicete"--a rare instance of
+hagiographical inaccuracy on the writer's part.  {49} July 13 is not
+the festival of St. Anicetus, P.M. (who is commemorated on April 17),
+but of an earlier Pope and Martyr, St. Anacletus.
+
+Bute visited St. Andrews during this cruise--a fact to which he made
+interesting reference on a memorable occasion many years
+subsequently.[5] It {50} was, however, in quest of the relics of
+another ancient saint and martyr, dear for centuries to Scottish
+Christians under the title of St. Magnus of Orkney, that Bute spent
+much time in far northern waters during the summer of 1867.  Magnus
+Earl of Orkney, if not a martyr in the technical sense any more than
+St. Oswald (called King and Martyr) and some others of the early
+English Saints, was yet a Christian hero who died a violent death at
+the hands of his enemies.  It was in the little island of Egilshay that
+he was slain in A.D. 1116 by his treacherous cousin Haco; and there
+Bute landed from his yacht, kissing (as he records) the sacred ground
+as he touched the land, and recommending--he does not say with what
+result--his companion, Mr. George Petrie, F.S.A., to do the same.
+After visiting the ancient church, dedicated to the saint, though its
+round tower is probably far older than the time of St. Magnus, Bute
+spent a long time at Kirkwall in the study of its noble cathedral,
+where he obtained leave to take the reputed bones of the saint from
+their resting-place in the great pier on the north side of the choir.
+A minute inspection of these bones, conducted by himself, Mr. Petrie,
+two local doctors, and an apothecary, convinced him that the skull (an
+unusually large one, of a very degenerate type, with an old sword-cut
+in it over which there was a new growth of bone) was not in the least
+likely to be that of St. Magnus; and there were other remains in the
+cavity, clearly those of a different person.  This conclusion was
+confirmed by subsequent investigations (nineteen {51} years later)
+which Bute made in Orkney, and to which reference is made on a later
+page.[6]  These details are worth mention, as testifying to the
+scrupulous care with which he was always anxious to examine any
+supposed relic of antiquity (whether the remains of a saint or anything
+else) before giving credence to its authenticity.
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, St. Magnus of Orkney]
+
+To the memory, and for the personality, of St. Magnus himself, Bute
+always cherished a lively devotion and veneration,[7] which was shown
+not only in some of his later writings, but in a hymn of seven stanzas
+which he composed at this time in honour of the saint, and which was
+printed in the _Orcadian_ over the signature "Oxonian."  It is a free
+paraphrase of the Latin vesper hymn assigned to St. Magnus in the
+Aberdeen Breviary on his feast day (April 16), and has more merit than
+was claimed for it by its author, who described it in a letter to Mr.
+Petrie as "a very indifferent attempt."  Another poetical composition
+of his dating from this period was a pretty set of verses entitled "Our
+Lady of the Snows," which was published anonymously this year in the
+_Union Review_ (then edited by Dr. F. J. Lee) after being declined by
+the editor of the _Month_.[8]  He wrote to Miss Skene from Thurso on
+July 16, 1867:
+
+
+{52}
+
+I am tickled pleasurably by the opinion of the editor of the _Union_
+about my little poem.  Are we to conclude that the standard of the
+_Month_ is the higher of the two, as it rejects what the Union admits,
+and even describes as "feeling and beautiful"?  I confess that till now
+that had not been the result produced on my mind by a comparison of
+their respective "Poet's Corners."
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, Lady Elizabeth Moore]
+
+Bute continued his yachting cruise from Orkney to Iceland, and spent
+there his twentieth birthday, viewing the volcano of Hecla in full
+eruption, as he had seen Etna a year previously.  One of his birthday
+letters was from Lady Elizabeth Moore, with whom he had renewed a
+regular correspondence, and who was now happy in the belief that her
+former ward's secession from Protestantism was postponed _sine die_.
+Her letters are always characteristically kind and affectionate, if
+every phrase is not altogether judicious.
+
+
+MY VERY DEAR COUSIN,
+
+You are much in my thoughts this day....  My most affectionate good
+wishes on your entering your twenty-first year.  May the Almighty bless
+and protect you.  May you be preserved from evil doings and _erroneous
+opinions_, and prove a bright example of good to others in the elevated
+position of life in which God has placed you.  Ten years ago I spent
+September 12 at St. Andrews with a little boy, the cherished object of
+his mother's deepest affection.  We little thought how soon he would be
+deprived of that excellent parent, and how cruel would be the
+consequences that followed her sad loss.  You have wonderfully escaped
+the dangers and survived the difficulties of your too eventful life in
+early youth.  May the future be more calm, more happy! ... Your
+mother's _bequest_ to me has {53} been a source of more anxiety than
+you can ever know.  My consolation is that I firmly did my duty towards
+my cousin who trusted me, and towards her orphan child.
+
+
+Lady Elizabeth wrote a week later:
+
+
+MY DEAREST BUTE,
+
+I was charmed to receive your letter of the 16th, _with most
+interesting details_.  I pass it on to-day to Sir James Fergusson, who
+merits that attention.  I am thankful you are safe out of cold, dreary,
+_dangerous_ Iceland, though in after times it will be amusing to talk
+of your travels in such a curious unvisited country.  You are a dear
+good Boy for writing so often, and I thank you _very very_ much; only
+it vexed me to be forced to remain so long silent.  On your birthday we
+drank your health "with a sentiment," and the servants had a bottle of
+wine for the festive occasion, and Mungo [Bute's dog] was decorated
+with a new ribbon....  Mr. Henry Stuart has been extremely civil in
+sending me boxes of game and fruit from Mountstuart.  There were great
+doings on the 12th at Rothesay, from which I gather _you_ are now
+considered Somebody, instead of being Nobody (which I always felt you
+were wrong in ever permitting).  If Sir J. F. had been Guardian long
+ago, such a state of things would not have existed.
+
+
+Bute was called away from Oxford, soon after his return for the October
+term, to attend the funeral at Cheltenham of his last surviving aunt,
+Lady Selina Henry.  His mother had had three sisters, but he had never
+been intimate with any of them, although he appreciated their personal
+piety more, perhaps, than they did his.  "When I return," he wrote from
+Cheltenham to his Oxford {54} friend, "I shall be able, perhaps, to add
+to your knowledge of the ultra-Protestant school, as I have already
+added to my own.  It is wonderful how holy some people are in spite of
+everything."  Bute always recalled with pleasure the extreme piety of
+some of his Protestant forbears, notably that of his
+great-great-grandmother, Selina ninth Countess of Huntingdon,[9] after
+whom Lady Selina Henry was named.  He gave an old engraved portrait of
+this esteemed ancestress, who was as homely-looking as she was pious,
+to an intimate friend, with these words written under it by himself:
+"Fallax est gratia et vana pulchritudo: mulier timens Dominum ipsa
+laudabitur."[10]
+
+Not only tolerant of, but conspicuously fair-minded towards, the
+religious views of others, Bute gave evidence of this, as well as of
+his deep interest in theological questions, in a letter written early
+in 1868 on the subject of the _Filioque_ clause in the Creed, which
+divides East from West.  Himself persuaded of the truth of the doctrine
+on this, as on all other points, held in the Latin Church, he could not
+pass unchallenged defective or disingenuous arguments even on the right
+side.
+
+
+It is really breaking a fly on the wheel to attack the argument of the
+writer in the _Rock_.
+
+What he says is this: If the Spirit proceeds from the Father only, and
+not from the Father and the Son, then the Father, by this attribute of
+emitting {55} the Spirit, which the Son has not, is of a nature so
+different from that of the Son that they cannot be of one substance.
+
+This visibly ludicrous position can be shown to be an absurdity thus:
+The Son is by generation, the Spirit by procession, which is a much
+greater difference between them than there is between the Father and
+the Son by the Father's being Spirit-emitting and the Son not.
+Therefore, if this difference between the Father and the Son be
+sufficient to make them of different substances, how much more shall
+the Son and the Spirit be of different substances!
+
+Which is absurd.
+
+
+His characteristic reverence in approaching such subjects is shown in
+the postscript of this letter, dated from Christ Church, March 26, 1868:
+
+
+I have a great shrinking from writing or speaking upon this awful
+matter.  But as you wanted it, here it is.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, To Russia with Lord Rosebery]
+
+In the Long Vacation of this year--his last as an Oxford
+undergraduate--Bute again spent some weeks in a yachting cruise, not
+this time in Eastern waters, but in the North Sea and the Baltic, his
+companion being Lord Rosebery, who was just his own age, and had
+matriculated at Christ Church in the same term as himself.  At the end
+of August he returned home in view of his impending majority, which was
+celebrated in September all over his extensive estates with much
+rejoicing, the principal festivities being held at Cardiff.  "It will
+be a great ordeal," he wrote a few days previously, "and one which I
+wish it were possible to avoid."  It was in truth only the strong sense
+of duty by which he was {56} ever actuated that enabled him to overcome
+his natural repugnance to appearing as the principal figure in such
+demonstrations; but when the time came he enacted his part with dignity
+and success, and won golden opinions everywhere.  His personal
+appearance, hitherto unknown to thousands of those who acclaimed him in
+the streets, prepossessed them in his favour.  "His well-knit and
+stalwart form," writes one of those present, "and the combined
+expression of amiability and decision of character stamped upon his
+countenance, struck all present."  And the same observer commends in
+the young peer's speeches on this occasion, the "simplicity of style,
+conciseness of expression and depth of sentiment which showed him to be
+a man of thought and reflection, and one thoroughly alive to the great
+responsibility entailed on him by the heritage of wealth."  His
+principal speech was delivered at a great dinner given him by more than
+three thousand of the tradesmen and workers of Cardiff, and it very
+favourably impressed all who heard it.  In reply to the toast of his
+health, he said:
+
+
+I tell you that when I come into this great and growing town, and see
+the vast number of men who are nourished by its growing prosperity, and
+when I feel the ties of duty which bind me to them; when I consider the
+hopes which they fix on me and the affectionate and precious regard
+with which for my father's sake they look on me; when it comes home to
+me that I must perforce do great good or great evil to them; and when,
+on the other hand, my self-knowledge sets before me my own few years,
+my inexperience, my weakness, my many faults, my limited ability, my
+loneliness, the weight of responsibility which lies on me seems
+sometimes absolutely crushing.  But it will not do to be {57} crushed
+by it, and I do not mean to be.  I mean to try to do my best for this
+place to the end of my life, and to do this I would ask you to help me.
+
+
+[Illustration: CARDIFF CASTLE.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Rejoicings at Cardiff]
+
+The rejoicings at Cardiff, which lasted a full week, included the
+public roasting of two oxen, one in the old river-bed, the other at the
+head of the west dock.  The Corporation also entertained Bute to a
+banquet, of which the bill of fare is worth reproducing, as a specimen
+of the Gargantuan scale on which such things were done in mid-Victorian
+days:
+
+_Soups_.--Mock turtle, ox-tail, Julienne, vermicelli.
+
+_Fish_.--Turbot and lobster sauce, mullet _ą la cardinal_, crimped cod
+and oyster sauce, filets de sole.
+
+_Removes_.--Haunch venison, boiled leg of lamb, roast beef, green
+goose, rouleau of veal, ragout sausages, roast chicken, boiled turkey
+(Bechamel), braised rump beef, saddle mutton, turkey _ą la royale_,
+forced calves' head, ducks, rouleau of venison, boiled chicken,
+tongues, hams.
+
+_Entrées_.--Sweetbreads _ą la Princesse_, lamb-cutlets au Jersey,
+compōt of pigeons, fillet of chicken _ą la royale_, filet de boeuf,
+kidneys au champagne, pork cutlets and tomato sauce, vol-au-vent.
+
+_Game_.--Partridges, hares, grouse.
+
+_Sweets_.--Ice pudding, Snowdon pudding, plum pie and cream, macaroni
+au gratin, Charlotte Russe, cabinet pudding, Italian cream, pastries
+(various), jellies (various).
+
+The dinner, it was reported, "gave great satisfaction"; and it is only
+to be hoped that those of the guests who worked conscientiously through
+the _menu_ did not live to repent it.
+
+Bute spent the rest of the autumn, after coming of age, quietly at
+Cardiff, reading much, and preparing {58} himself for the important
+step--his reception into the Catholic Church--which he now felt himself
+free to take.  He had already begun to obey the dietary rules
+prescribed to the faithful (he found them always extremely trying,
+though he observed them strictly all his life).
+
+
+My chief news [he wrote on October 24, 1868] is that I have begun to
+keep the laws of the Church about fasting and abstinence, and had my
+first fish dinner yesterday.  The series of messes, fish and eggs and
+puddings, nearly made me sick.
+
+
+In the same letter he refers to a more important matter, the breaking
+off of his projected marriage.  He had formed an attachment to the
+sixth of the seven beautiful daughters of a well-known peer; but the
+rumours of his conversion, which was now known to be certainly
+impending, had caused the lady's parents to withdraw their sanction to
+the proposed engagement.
+
+
+To-day's post [he writes] brings me a long letter from the Duchess of
+----.  It is very disheartening.  Unless the woman _lies_, she will do
+everything in her power to prevent the marriage.  She is, I think, too
+upright a woman to deceive.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, A ghostly warning]
+
+This autumn was overshadowed for Bute by an event which he felt much
+for several reasons, the death (on November 10), when only in his
+twenty-seventh year, of his cousin the fourth and last Marquess of
+Hastings, to whose unfortunate career reference has already been made.
+Bute had gone up to Scotland a few days previously, leaving at Cardiff
+Castle Mr. John Boyle (the brother of one of his former curators and a
+trustee of his father's {59} will), who on November 10 was expecting a
+friend to dinner.  Seated in the library, he heard a carriage roll
+through the great courtyard and stop at the door.  After an interval,
+thinking the bell must be broken, he came into the hall, but the
+butler, who was waiting there, assured him that no carriage had come.
+Next morning he received a telegram announcing that Lord Hastings had
+died suddenly the night before.  He only heard later, for the first
+time, that the arrival of a spectral carriage was said always to
+foretell the death of some member of the Hastings family.[11]
+
+
+
+[1] Hartwell Grissell, M.A., of Brasenose, and for many years attached
+to the Papal Court.
+
+[2] The late Father James MacSweeney, Bute's principal collaborator in
+his opus magnum, the translation of the Roman Breviary.
+
+[3] The Senior Students (now called "Students") of Christ Church
+correspond to the Fellows of other colleges.
+
+[4] The writer was told by Mr. Chamberlain himself, in his old age,
+that he had first worn a red chasuble at St. Thomas's Church on Whit
+Sunday, 1854.  Dr. Neale, however, had certainly worn the Eucharistic
+vestments before that in his chapel at East Grinstead; and they were
+introduced at Wilmscote (Warwickshire) as early as 1849.
+
+[5] "I remember when I was at Oxford," he said in his Rectorial address
+at St. Andrews a quarter of a century later (_post_, p. 187), "and was
+going one Long Vacation to Iceland in company with an English friend
+(now the secretary of one of Her Majesty's ministers), I stopped the
+yacht here [at St. Andrews] in order to show him with pride the only
+place in Scotland, as far as I know, whose appearance can boast any
+kinship with that of Oxford."
+
+[6] See _post_, pp. 150, 151.
+
+[7] "Isn't it perfectly monstrous," Bute is recorded to have once asked
+a lady in a London drawing-room, _ą propos_ of nothing in particular,
+"that St. Magnus hasn't got an octave?"  What the lady said or thought
+is not recorded, but Bute had the satisfaction of knowing, before his
+death, that Pope Leo XIII. had at least authorised the keeping of St.
+Magnus's festival throughout Scotland; The Scots Benedictine Abbey of
+Fort Augustus is probably the only place in Christendom where the
+feast-day of the holy Earl (April 16) is annually celebrated by a
+solemn high Mass.
+
+[8] The text of these two poems is given in Appendices II. and III.
+
+[9] Patroness of George Whitefield (the inventor of Calvinistic
+Methodism), and founder of numerous chapels up and down England, which
+were under her absolute control.  The adherents of this sect (known as
+the "Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion") for the most part joined the
+Congregationalist body later.
+
+[10] "Favour is deceitful and beauty is vain: the woman that feareth
+the Lord, she shall be praised" (Prov. xxxi. 30).
+
+[11] Mr. Boyle's grandson, who communicates this incident, adds: "My
+grandfather always told this story very solemnly, and with the fullest
+conviction of its truth, although he was not at all apt to believe in
+anything except the most positive and material facts."
+
+Lady Margaret MacRae (Bute's only daughter) has assured the writer that
+on the eve of her father's death at Dumfries House (October 8, 1900),
+she was an ear-witness of a phenomenon precisely similar to that
+described in the text.
+
+
+
+
+{60}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+DANESFIELD--RECEPTION INTO CATHOLIC CHURCH
+
+1867-1869
+
+The conversion of Bute to the Roman Church, as to which his mind was
+practically made up before the end of 1866, though the actual step was
+delayed until nearly two years later, was brought about, as we have
+seen, chiefly by his own reading and reflection, combined with the
+impression wrought on his mind by foreign travel--not, it is to be
+noted, mainly in Catholic countries, but in those Eastern lands where
+he had every opportunity of studying at first hand the various forms of
+worship and belief in which he was so deeply interested.  None of his
+companions on these extended journeys were Roman Catholics, nor
+apparently in any degree sympathetic with the spirit in which the young
+Scottish pilgrim visited those historic spots.  A casual note in one of
+his journals reveals the fact that he defrayed in most cases the entire
+expenses of his fellow-travellers on these trips; but though he thus
+secured companionship, there is no evidence that his varied journeyings
+were carried out in society particularly congenial to him.  At Oxford,
+as has been already said, his only really intimate friends (in a host
+of acquaintances) were a lady already middle-aged, and two
+undergraduates, whose loyal affection for him certainly {61} did not
+include any intelligent sympathy with his religious aspirations.  It
+was not until the Christmas vacation of 1866, when his conversion was
+to all intents and purposes an accomplished fact, that he became for
+the first time intimate with a Catholic family, and through them with
+one who was destined to be the actual instrument of his reception into
+the Latin Communion.  Let us pause for a moment at the turning-point in
+his life which we have now reached, and look back some eighteen months
+to the beginning and the development of this new friendship.
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, Danesfield]
+
+Not far from the old town of Marlow, among chalky downs starred in
+early summer with masses of golden St. John's wort, stood in those days
+the pretty country seat of Danesfield, the home of Mr. Charles Scott
+Murray, a Catholic gentleman of Scottish descent and good estate.  He
+had married a daughter of the twelfth Lord Lovat, and had a large
+family; and both his country home and his house in Cavendish Square
+were centres of much pleasant hospitality.  Lord Bute stayed with him
+several times at Danesfield, and made there, early in 1867, the
+acquaintance of the Rev. T. W. (afterwards Monsignor) Capel, who acted
+as chaplain in the beautiful private chapel (one of Pugin's finest
+works) attached to the house.  "Lord Bute was often at Danesfield in
+those days," writes a daughter of the house, "and I remember him
+sitting for hours talking to my mother--almost always on religious
+subjects--and watching her embroidering vestments for the chapel."
+With the chaplain also he held many conversations, and informed himself
+through him about many points in Catholic practice and observance.  But
+he was already, as has been {62} seen, practically convinced of the
+truth of the Roman claims; and he subsequently took occasion more than
+once emphatically to deny that there was any truth whatever in the
+popular idea that he had been "converted" by Mgr. Capel.  Writing to an
+intimate friend,[1] four or five years later, on the subject of a
+biography of that prelate which it was proposed to publish, he says:
+
+
+If it does come out, the only thing I hope they won't put in is that he
+"converted" me, which would be, to put it plainly, a mere lie.  Mgr. C.
+performed the ceremony of reception in December, 1868.  I chose him for
+the purpose because, having several times met him at the Scott Murrays'
+the year before, I knew him fairly well, and was pleased with his clear
+and simple way of explaining certain things I wished to know.  I
+received much spiritual help from him at a time when I was greatly in
+need of such help, and yet was unable, for certain reasons, to take the
+final step; and I was, and am, grateful to him for this and for much
+else.  But that I was in any sense "converted" by him is simply
+untrue.[2]
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, Converts to Roman Church]
+
+Bute was greatly attracted by the kindness, good sense, and sterling
+Catholic piety of his host {63} at Danesfield, and had a sincere regard
+and affection for both him and his wife, and indeed for the whole
+family.  "His initial shyness once overcome," one of them writes, "he
+became like one of ourselves.  He shared all our home life, came to
+Mass and Benediction with us as a matter of course, and talked quite
+simply of how he longed to be a 'real' Catholic."  Of his postponed
+reception he wrote to Mr. Scott Murray in much the same terms (though
+more briefly) as he had written to his friend at Oxford.
+
+
+April 16, 1867.
+
+MY DEAR MR. SCOTT MURRAY,
+
+It is all over for the present.  I have yielded to the pressure of the
+Court of Chancery, my guardians, and the Oxford people, and given them
+a promise not to be received until I am of age.  I do assure you that
+the state of hopelessness in which I am is sad to a degree.  When I see
+you next I can tell you, if you like, the details of a very wretched
+business.
+
+I have a favour to ask, which is that you will get for me one of those
+crosses such as you have hanging on your beads.  I hope you will not
+refuse me this kindness, although I remain external to the Faith.
+
+Believe me always, with many thanks for all your kindness, most
+sincerely yours,
+
+BUTE.
+
+
+A letter to the same correspondent, towards the close of the year,
+mentions the names of some recent or prospective converts to the Roman
+Church, in whom Bute was naturally interested.
+
+
+Dumfries House,
+  _Christmas Eve_, 1867.
+
+I was for two nights at Blenheim at the end of term; they were rather
+full of Lady Portarlington's[3] {64} conversion, and told me also that
+the young Norths had been received and their mother was about to be.
+We heard there also of the reception of Lord Granard and Lord Louth--an
+unusual event, I imagine, in Ireland.
+
+I met at Blenheim an old Admiral, Sir Lucius Curtis[4] (at least
+eighty), who became a Catholic, he told me, soon after Newman, more
+than twenty years ago.  Two men connected with Aberdeen, George Akers
+of Oriel[5] and William Humphrey,[6] the Bishop of Brechin's chaplain,
+are both going over, I hear, almost at once.  Akers is, I believe, an
+able man; but a more distinguished convert is Clarke, fellow of St.
+John's[7] (and a famous rowing man).  George Lane Fox and Hartwell
+Grissell are both _certain_, I believe.  So you see Oxford is moving.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Fatality at Christ Church]
+
+The friendship between Bute and Capel, begun at Danesfield, was
+strengthened during the summer term of 1868, the latter part of which
+Mr. Capel spent at Oxford, in residence at the Catholic presbytery.  He
+arrived there a day or two after a sad fatality at Christ Church, the
+shock of which was deeply felt by all--even the most wild and
+thoughtless--of the members of the House.  A letter from Bute thus
+describes it:
+
+
+{65}
+
+Ch. Ch., _May_ 14, 1868.
+
+One of the most frightful accidents I have ever known took place here
+last night.  A man called Marriott, whom I knew well, one of the
+sporting set (he rode my horse in a steeplechase only last term), fell
+out of the top windows of Peckwater, and died in about half an hour.
+You may conceive what a state Ch. Ch. is in....  Mr. Capel is coming
+next Wednesday, and I am sure his visit will do good.  Indeed I think
+this opportunity an admirable one, when the sight of death has awakened
+many from the dream of sensuality in which they habitually lie asleep.
+
+
+A letter to the same correspondent next day gives a curious picture of
+the state of feeling at the House:
+
+
+Ch. Ch., _May_ 15, 1868.
+
+_Another_ fatal accident!  What days we are living in.  Yesterday
+afternoon some undergraduates were shooting crows with saloon pistols
+about Magdalen Walks, when one of them got shot through the stomach and
+died almost at once.  He was an Exeter man.
+
+We are all in black and white at the House, and _very_ sad and
+depressed.  Last night a number of us dined at the "Mitre," so as to
+keep away from the House.  It was a strange meal--much noisy talk and a
+good deal drunk, but every now and then came long miserable pauses, and
+talk about Marriott in low, frightened tones.  Afterwards they came
+down to my rooms for coffee, and as we sat here we could hear the
+passing bell tolling from St. Aldate's.  Some, almost in desperation,
+rushed off to the billiard-room and played pool in a gloomy sort of
+way.  It was anything to keep away out of the House.  I assure you the
+gloom and misery of it all are excessive.  I hear men saying that they
+simply _dare_ not die.
+
+{66}
+
+I do feel that Mr. Capel will find men here not unprepared to listen to
+him.  _Left to themselves_, they are evidently making desperate efforts
+to forget it all....
+
+I had seen him lying in the ground-floor room where he died--totally
+unconscious, and breathing with great difficulty.  The Senior Censor
+came in when I was there, and read over him the prayers for the dying.
+This was the very clergyman who told me a few months ago that he did
+not believe in prayer....  I went into the room again after the men had
+gone to the billiard-room.  It was the room of a friend of his: the
+walls covered with pictures of horses and actresses, and whips and
+spurs and pipes.  The body lay on a mattress on the floor, covered with
+a sheet.  It was all dreadful, and I tried in vain in that room to say
+a _De Profundis_ for him.  As I went out I met men coming in carrying
+the coffin.
+
+
+A letter three days later gives an account of the funeral:
+
+
+Oxford, _May_ 18.
+
+We all assembled in the cathedral, in mourning, at 2.30 p.m.  The Dean
+read the funeral service, making repeated and most painful slips of the
+tongue.  Then the choir sang a really lovely anthem, "In the sight of
+the unwise he seemed to die, but he is at peace."  All were much moved;
+and the man next me was, I think, crying, as indeed I was myself.  We
+walked in procession, two and two, to Peck., then formed a lane to
+Canterbury Gate, through which the hearse passed, his friends following
+it down to the station.  All in profound silence, broken only by the
+tramp of feet and the tolling of the bell.  Everything inky black,
+except as much of the Dean's surplice as a huge black scarf and stole
+let be seen.  The coffin was all black, with no cross {67} or anything
+else to relieve it.  I heard great disgust expressed at the godless
+gloom of it all.
+
+I have mentioned Mr. Capel's visit to several; and they have all hailed
+it, I may say, with pleasure.  What has happened here has made many
+think and say, "Now is the time to arise from sleep."  Only they are so
+chained by the habits of their lives and by the fear of what the
+worldly consequences may be if they follow their consciences.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Capel at Oxford]
+
+Mr. Capel, of whose visit to Oxford, and its possible results, his
+friend entertained such sanguine hopes, was at that time a man of very
+attractive personality, pleasing alike in appearance, manner, and
+address, and possessed of a singular gift of eloquence.  Bute's hope,
+no doubt, was that his earnestness, sympathy, and tact might have a
+soothing effect on the nerves of his friends, still quivering from the
+shock of the recent catastrophe; and to some extent his anticipations
+were justified.  Several of the undergraduates made Mr. Capel's
+acquaintance, and were pleased and touched by his unaffected kindness.
+One of them, he found, had been for some months resolved to make his
+submission to Rome; and by Mr. Capel's advice he asked for an interview
+with the Dean and frankly informed him of his intention, adding,
+apparently, that he thought it highly probable that his example would
+be followed by others.  Capel wrote on May 31 to Mrs. Scott Murray:
+
+
+The Dean of Christ Church is in a great state of mind, having just
+heard from B---- not only of his own decision, but of the likelihood of
+others taking a like step.  Pusey, I hear, has written to the Dean to
+the effect that any secessions which might take place were to be
+attributed not to the {68} teaching of the High Church party, but to
+his (the Dean's) bad government of the college!  Meanwhile Liddon has
+issued a peremptory mandate prohibiting the undergraduates of the House
+from making my acquaintance.  As Bute puts it, this is a clear case of
+shutting the stable door after the horse had been stolen.  All those
+who want to know me, I think, already do.
+
+
+Dr. Liddon expressed a desire, a little later, to meet Mr. Capel, who
+thus describes the interview:
+
+
+I saw Liddon for an hour and a half on Saturday.  Our meeting was quite
+cordial: our conversation quite courteous, but quite unsatisfactory,
+for he kept shifting his ground, and slipped away like an eel from
+every point I raised.  To me his mind seems as confused as Pusey's,
+which is saying much.  Yet to a section of people here he is more than
+Pope, a little God, whose every word they accept as an oracle from
+heaven.  Poor good people!  It is hard to understand such idolatry: it
+is, I think, a peculiar product of Oxford, and of one school here.
+
+Bute is in admirable dispositions, and during the month of May has been
+leading the life of a true Christian.  The long delay has tried him
+much: yet his spiritual progress since last summer has been
+extraordinary.  I am simply amazed at some of the things he has told
+me.  May our dear Lord be eternally blessed for all He has done, and is
+doing, for this soul so dear to Him.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Religious studies]
+
+The long vacation of 1868 was, as has been seen, chiefly devoted to a
+yachting tour in the North Sea, and a visit to Russia, undertaken by
+Bute in the companionship of Lord Rosebery.  The autumn months after
+the celebration of his majority were {69} spent quietly at Cardiff and
+in Scotland, as much time as he could spare being given to a course of
+reading recommended to him by Mr. Capel, partly by way of preparation
+for his reception into the Church of his choice.  He refers to this in
+an interesting letter to his attached friend at Oxford, written soon
+after his coming of age.
+
+
+_October_ 5, 1868.
+
+You may imagine how busy I have been and am since my birthday.  Still I
+find time every day for some serious reading, as to which I have had
+competent advice.  I am going through some of the writings of S.
+Cyprian, S. Ambrose, and S. Gregory, and doing a little liturgical
+study.  Then there are the 12th cent. lives of Ninian and Kentigern,
+and Adamnan's Columba, all of great interest to me; and I have sent for
+Boethius's lives of the Bishops of Aberdeen.  Theiner's great work, not
+long ago published in Rome,[8] I find most valuable, and throwing a
+flood of light on the medięval relations between Scotland and the Holy
+See.
+
+For devotion I have St. Bernard (his Letters): a very simple
+prayer-book, such as children use; and the Latin Psalter.  I wish you
+were able to use this;[9] there is a beauty and fulness of meaning in
+the Latin version which I think no modern language can give--except,
+you will say (and as to that you have a right to speak)[10] possibly
+Greek.  I sometimes dream of trying my hand at a new English version of
+the Psalms; but that is part of {70} a larger scheme which it is
+perhaps presumptuous of me even to think of.[11]
+
+
+It was natural that when the long-anticipated time at length came for
+actually taking the step prepared for with such anxious deliberation,
+Bute should turn to the only Catholic priest with whom he was in any
+degree intimate.  More than thirty years later Monsignor Capel, who had
+then been for some time resident in California, wrote in a San
+Francisco newspaper a short account of Bute's conversion, the steps
+that led up to it, and his own part in receiving him into the Church.
+
+
+A course of reading was suggested, I seeing him from time to time.
+Newman's pathetic hymn, "Lead, kindly Light, amid th' encircling
+gloom," was often on his lips.  In course of time he was fully
+convinced that the true Church is an organic body, a Divine
+institution, the source of all spiritual power and jurisdiction, and
+the channel of sacramental grace, under the Vicar of Christ, the Bishop
+of Rome.
+
+Finally, after an hour of prayer before the Blessed Sacrament in the
+convent chapel at Harley House, London,[12] he determined to ask
+admission to the Church.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Third visit to Holy Land]
+
+Bute's conditional baptism, profession of faith, and first Communion
+took place quite privately on December 8, 1868 (the Feast of the
+Immaculate Conception), in the chapel of the Sisters of Notre {71}
+Dame, Southwark.[13]  Mr. Capel officiated at all these acts, with the
+authorisation of the Bishop of Southwark (Dr. Grant), who himself
+assisted at them.  The event was not generally known until the New
+Year, and it was generally believed, and has indeed often been stated
+since, that the reception took place on Christmas Eve.  The young
+neophyte left England a few days after the event, and was well out of
+hearing by the time the excited comments of the public and the press on
+his action had begun to make themselves audible.
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  Cardiff,
+    _December_ 16, 1868.
+
+MY DEAR MRS. SCOTT MURRAY,
+
+Circumstances have induced me to come to the resolution of making the
+pilgrimage to the Holy Land a _third_ time.  Lady Loudoun and myself
+are going together in my yacht, which is coming round, with her in it,
+to Nice in January.
+
+I am going abroad on Monday next, and expect to arrive at Nice on
+Wednesday, this day week.  I venture on your kindness to propose myself
+as your guest.
+
+I will give no further information at present, but to say that thanks
+to the grace of God I am what I am.  You are so kind, I believe you
+will be glad to see me.
+
+Mr. Capel has been having most extraordinary success at Oxford.  He
+leaves it to-day, as the colleges are going down, and will be at Nice
+some time soon.  His health is giving way from the {72} perpetual
+physical and mental toil.  He is not going to return till May, when he
+will recommence.  For the present he has received some converts, is
+preparing some more, has awakened a great many, and, partially at
+least, sanctified the congregation, and reclaimed the wandering.  The
+mission has received an infusion of life.  On Saturday night he heard
+confessions till 11.30, and again in the morning.  They had general
+Communion, and renewal of baptismal vows; at 10.30 High Mass and
+sermon.  During the afternoon he operated privately on some
+rationalists: in the evening they had a very long sermon, and
+Benediction, with an immense congregation, among whom were a vast
+number of Protestants, _several Dons_, and the _President of Trinity
+College_!
+
+Yours ever very sincerely,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Christmas at Nice]
+
+One of the Scott Murray family writes of Bute at this time:
+
+
+Lord Bute was with us at Nice from December 24, 1868, until February 3,
+1869.  He was very shy, and refused all invitations to dances and
+picnics.  At one afternoon dance at our house we all insisted he should
+appear; and then he made himself charming, but he fled as soon as he
+possibly could.  He used to amuse us all at breakfast by reading out
+some of the wonderful begging-letters he received--from French girls
+asking him for a _dot_ so as to enable them to marry, _curés_ asking
+him to rebuild their churches, and many more wonderful requests.  I
+think most of the English begging-letters were seen to in England, and
+only a few of them sent on.  The numbers addressed to him every day,
+and by every post, were, I believe, quite incredible.
+
+It was during this visit to Nice that he told my father that he
+intended leaving directions in his will {73} that his heart should be
+sent at his death to Jerusalem to be buried there.
+
+He was very kind-hearted.  When leaving Nice at the end of his visit,
+he had got into the carriage to drive with us to the yacht, when he
+remembered that he had not said good-bye to my sister's ugly governess.
+He insisted on jumping out of the carriage and rushing up to the
+schoolroom for this purpose.
+
+He was a regular boy, and enjoyed games with us all: one, I remember,
+was pelting one another with oranges, the little hard ones which had
+fallen from the trees, he leading one side, and Basil (my schoolboy
+brother) the other.  He was always ready to join in any fun, as long as
+he had not to meet strangers.
+
+
+These details, which are wonderfully reminiscent of the childish days
+at Galloway House eight years before,[14] and show how like the young
+man of twenty-one was to the boy of thirteen, may be supplemented by an
+extract or two from the diary of another member of the same family:
+
+
+_Christmas Day_, 1868.--We had midnight Mass at St. Philip's, the
+little church in our garden.  Mgr. Capel said it, he, Lord Bute, and
+Basil having arrived from England the day before.  We all went to
+Communion together (Lord Bute had been received into the Church a short
+time previously).  Mgr. Capel said his two Christmas Masses, which we
+heard, early next morning; and then we went to the cathedral.  In the
+afternoon we went to Notre Dame, where Mgr. Capel preached.
+
+_Tuesday, February_ 2.--After Mass Lord Bute took us all over his
+yacht, the _Ladybird_, which had arrived on Saturday.  He gave us
+luncheon, and {74} we had to go a little before 2, as the Prince and
+Princess Charles of Prussia were going to see it.  The cabins are most
+comfortable, and the saloon beautifully decorated with the arms of the
+ports she has put in at.
+
+_February_ 3.---We drove with Lord Bute down to the port, and the
+_Ladybird_ left at 4 o'clock, with Lord Bute, Lady Loudoun, Mgr. Capel,
+Miss Eden, and Dr. Bell safely on board.
+
+
+From Nice Bute and his friends went straight to Rome--his first visit
+there--where he spent a week, including Ash Wednesday, on which day he
+received the blessed ashes from the hand of Pius IX. in the Sistine
+Chapel.  Next morning he communicated at the private Mass of the Holy
+Father, who afterwards administered to him the sacrament of
+confirmation.  Bute made a munificent offering of Peter's Pence to the
+Pope, who in turn presented him with a magnificent reliquary.  On
+February 23 he wrote to Mrs. Scott Murray from Sicily:
+
+
+R.Y.S. _Ladybird_,
+  Harbour of Messina.
+
+We arrived here safely last night, and are to continue our voyage this
+afternoon.  As we have spent so much time already we are not going to
+stop at Patmos on the way, but make straight for Jaffa, going north of
+Crete.
+
+As Mr. Murray prophesied, I was very "agreeably disappointed" in Rome.
+I went to only a few of the most celebrated sanctuaries, but I liked
+them very much.  The sight of the Holy Father had a very great effect
+on me, and it is impossible for me to speak too warmly of his kindness.
+Every one was most civil, which is a rarity for me to meet with.  The
+Holy Father has given all the permissions which we wanted, and we have
+had Mass {75} three times on board, making up a very nice altar in Mr.
+Capel's cabin.
+
+The odd thing is that we have not had a row yet, but are all quite on
+good terms, a state of things which I suppose one need not hope to
+continue.
+
+Accept my best wishes and continued thanks for kindnesses received, and
+believe me,
+
+Sincerely and gratefully, yours ever,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Letter from Jerusalem]
+
+The journey to Palestine ("the continuation of my pilgrimage of
+thanksgiving," as Bute called it in a subsequent letter) was safely
+accomplished, and Mgr. Capel wrote to Mrs. Scott Murray on Palm Sunday
+from Jerusalem:
+
+
+Thank God, all is going well.  We have had some physical discomforts,
+indisposition, etc., but our pilgrimage viewed spiritually is
+singularly blessed.  I hope to lay in a store of grace for my future
+work.  Certainly nothing could be more touching than our visits to the
+Holy Places.  Bute gives great edification.  He communicates very
+frequently, and is growing rapidly in Catholic devotion.  Now that I
+live with him I see, of course, some weaknesses--among others a
+tendency to idleness; but he has much charm of character and
+personality.  You will probably know through the papers that he has
+accepted the Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.
+
+Our journey will be dreadfully prolonged.  I am afraid we shall not
+reach England until June: our plans change at every moment.  I send for
+you and Mr. Murray the enclosed pictures, which have touched the Holy
+Places.  My affectionate regards to you all, including _the_
+officer.[15]
+
+
+{76}
+
+Another letter from Mgr. Capel to Danesfield is dated, "In the
+_Ladybird_, about the Mediterranean, May 14, 1869."  It indicates that
+Bute had been, as usual, not particularly fortunate in securing
+congenial companionship for his journey.
+
+
+When we are ever to reach home I cannot say.  We have already been
+fourteen days at sea and have not yet reached our port.  Sicily is in
+sight, and I trust we may very soon reach Messina.  If not we shall be
+starved!  The steward solemnly tells us we have bread for only three
+days longer, and that the stores are almost all consumed.
+
+Of our party, I think I may say that Lady Loudoun, Miss Eden, and the
+doctor are the worse for their visit to Jerusalem.  They had the
+misfortune to make acquaintance with people, calling themselves
+religious, whose delight seems to be to deny the authenticity of every
+single sacred site.  The result has been, as might have been expected,
+a semi-disbelief in everything.
+
+I think, on the other hand, the pilgrimage has been very advantageous
+to Bute.  It has helped him to gather up his thoughts and prepare for
+action and the work of his life.  He has kindly appointed me his
+chaplain.  I am not to live at either of his houses, but to be ready
+when needed to go to him and to travel with him.  I cannot but feel
+that this arrangement (which is entirely his own idea) will allow me to
+do much more good than if I were settled in any one spot.  I hope it
+may turn to the advantage of my soul and to God's glory.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1869, Early Catholic experiences]
+
+Bute left his yacht at Marseilles (his companions continuing the voyage
+to England by Gibraltar and the Bay of Biscay), and repaired to Paris,
+to complete his pilgrimage by a visit of devotion and {77} thanksgiving
+to the famous shrine of Our Lady of Victories.  On returning home he
+went to Cardiff, and thence he wrote, later in the year, some account
+of himself and his doings in a long and interesting letter to his
+faithful friend at Oxford.
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  _November_ 5, 1869.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+During the past year I have had several kind letters from you, which
+have gone unanswered.  Before me lie the three first pages of a letter
+to you dated October 1, but never finished.  I had at that time only
+just received your last, as I had been away from home for some months,
+and had skilfully concealed my addresses from every one, lest any
+letters (mine are almost invariably business or beggars) should follow
+and find me out.
+
+The first thing you will want to know is how I am getting on in the
+Church.  I don't remember whether I ever wrote to you from Nice or not;
+but that, if I had, could only have been so soon after my reception as
+to make it almost valueless.  I have not been received a year, so I
+suppose what I say now is not worth very much.  I am, thank God, _very_
+comfortable.  I had, no doubt, a first flush of fervour and enthusiasm,
+but that soon passed away, and I became almost immediately quite a
+humdrum Catholic.  The practices, as you know, were already familiar to
+me; and I knew also a great many, if not all, of the practical
+drawbacks, of which florid figured music and appropriated and paid-for
+sittings in church are (to me) the most distasteful.  Florid forms of
+devotion and piety have never appealed to me any more than florid
+music; and in that respect I am (so I am told) considered like the
+slowest type of old English Catholicism.  The old-fashioned "Garden of
+the Soul" is my book, except when visiting some very holy shrine, when
+I find {78} myself able to use occasionally the "Prayers of St.
+Gertrude," or at least some of them.
+
+I am perfectly at peace in the Church, and have been.  My taste for
+controversy has gone, and for theological inquiry also, to great
+extent.  I think that when one has once entered the Church--well, one
+has jumped over the cliff and reached the bottom, safe and sound it is
+true, but in a condition that renders restlessness impossible and
+controversy absolutely superfluous.
+
+I left Nice, as you are aware, at the beginning of February, went to
+Rome for a week, to be confirmed by the Holy Father, and then continued
+the pilgrimage of thanksgiving to Jerusalem.  I performed the last
+ceremonies in the sanctuary of Our Lady of Victories in Paris about the
+beginning of June, and returned to England.  I had kept as much as
+possible out of the way of letters and newspapers, but had inevitably
+heard much that was very disagreeable--all sorts of lying stories, for
+instance, deliberately and maliciously circulated about me--and I
+arrived here in a state of very uncomfortable anticipation.  However, I
+found everything very much better than I anticipated.  Every one seemed
+glad to see me, and I received much kindness from all the people about.
+Religious matters were easily arranged; and though large mobs of people
+assembled to see me go to Mass, they were disappointed, as I had got a
+little oratory ready in the house, which is served every day by the
+Fathers of Charity.  And I have special permission from the Pope for
+myself, my "familiars" and guests to satisfy the obligation in it on
+every day in the year.  We have here between 9,000 and 10,000
+Catholics, who are of course delighted at what has happened.
+
+I am going to Rome about the 23rd of this month, and shall, I think,
+certainly stay there till about Septuagesima; but if I am tempted I
+shall stop over Easter.  When I return I shall go to {79} Bute.  Bute
+will be much stiffer than this: they got pictures of me and made them
+into cockshys; and I have had at least one threatening letter from
+there.  Besides that there are no Catholics that I know of,[16] and I
+cannot have a daily Mass.
+
+My old friends are all much the same, except Lady Elizabeth, who takes
+no more notice of me than if I were a dead dog.  I have written her
+letter after letter, without even acknowledgment.  The company of my
+dear friend, Sneyd, is a great pleasure to me.  He is my secretary.  He
+is, however, an awful liberal, and is even now reading Charles
+Kingsley's "Hypatia" with approval.  I consider it one of the most
+impure as well as heretical books I ever saw.  I have been reading
+lately, and with the greatest pleasure, Canon Jenkins's "Age of the
+Martyrs,"[17] which is really charming, and a worthy product of Oxford,
+where, however, I hear that the blighting disease of Liberalism has
+fairly set in.  You have, I hear, Mgr. Capel with you, lecturing on
+something or other; but I know not what success or effect he has had.
+Ever most sincerely yours,
+
+BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1869, at Mountstuart]
+
+There were reasons why the feeling in the island of Bute about the
+young peer's change of religion was, as he expressed it, "much stiffer"
+than it was in Cardiff.  The sentiments of resentful surprise which the
+Presbyterians felt at the lord of the island embracing a faith so alien
+from their own was fostered and aggravated by the disappointment with
+{80} which the local Liberals learned that he was politically quite out
+of sympathy with the Whig principles of his kinsman and former
+tutor-at-law, the Liberal M.P. for Cardiff and Lord-Lieutenant of
+Buteshire.[18]  One Radical newspaper asserted that Lord Bute had
+purposely delayed the profession of his new faith until after the
+general election, so that his influence as a Tory might help the
+Conservative candidate for the county to win the seat!  And the Liberal
+_Buteman_ thought fit to devote a page, a month after Bute's reception
+into the Church, to reprinting a _catena_ of the articles commenting on
+that event which had appeared in the principal newspapers of the
+country.  The feeling with which, in an age more tolerant or more
+indifferent, one peruses these journalistic effusions, is one of
+wonder, first at their extraordinary impertinence, and secondly at the
+cool audacity with which they sit in judgment on the action of one of
+whose character, personality, and motives they one and all show
+themselves to be in a state of absolutely abysmal ignorance.  The
+_Times_ summed up a spiteful article by concluding that the "defection
+of an average curate would have said more for the Roman Catholic
+religion, and might be expected to lead to more lasting results"; the
+_Daily News_ announced that the new convert "had taken up his honours,
+wealth, and influence, and laid them in the lap of the Church of Rome,"
+adding that it was "of course a pity when a man believed too much in
+religion"; a West of Scotland journal was "sure that the acquisition
+would, except in a pecuniary way, be of little advantage to those who
+had wheedled him out {81} of his wits and into their snares"; a Glasgow
+evening paper denounced the "Jesuitism" with which "his perverted
+lordship" had denied the fact of his reception in 1867, and the "fatal
+facility" with which he had been received in 1868; and another Scottish
+journal, after waxing eloquent over the "lithe figure, agile step, and
+penetrating eye of the handsome young peer," lamented that "the poorest
+labourer on his vast domains had an immediate access to truth and duty,
+to conscience, and to God, which since last Christmas was denied to his
+unfortunate lord."  The _Glasgow Herald_, after admitting that Lord
+Bute "_was believed_ to be a studious, thoughtful youth, with high
+ideas of the responsibility of his position," dolefully goes on: "If,
+_as is most likely_, this perversion is the result of priestly
+influences acting upon a weak, ductile, and naturally superstitious
+mind, we may expect a continual eclipse of all intellectual vigour."
+One wonders if this sapient prophet ever had the grace to acknowledge
+the falsity of his forecast.  The _Scotsman_ was an honourable
+exception to the general tone of the contemporary press.  It announced
+the event "not in the slightest degree in the spirit of taunt or
+reproach"; and the final sentence of a temperate article repudiated any
+desire "to reproach Lord Bute with a change of religious opinion, which
+even those who most deeply regret it must admit to be made at great
+sacrifices and under the influence only of conscience."
+
+On this reasonable and even generous note the subject may well be left.
+A man of sensitive and impressionable nature, and one who was himself
+possessed by an almost passionate love of truth, could not be
+insensible to public attacks on his {82} candour and honesty, or to
+mendacious statements of alleged facts, such as he refers to in his
+letter cited above.  But he bore them all in silence, with the quiet
+dignity characteristic of him, and trusting to time for the vindication
+of the rectitude of his motives and conduct.  How amply this trust was
+justified was shown by the mutual respect, regard, and affection which
+daily grew and strengthened between him and his friends, neighbours,
+and dependents, not only in Bute, but on his extensive estates in other
+parts of the country, during the next thirty years.
+
+
+
+[1] Hartwell Grissell.  The letter was dated from Mountstuart, November
+19, 1872.
+
+[2] Mr. Buckle, in Vol. V. of his "Life of Disraeli," quotes Mr.
+Montague Corry as writing (September 22, 1868): "Fergusson says no
+ingenuity can counteract the influence which certain priests and
+prelates have over him, chief among them being Monsignor Capel.  The
+speedy result is inevitable."
+
+Sir James Fergusson, as Bute's guardian, probably felt it necessary to
+take this view in self-vindication.  The fact, however, was, as is
+abundantly shown by the letter in the text, as well as by the authentic
+history of Bute's conversion as given in preceding pages, that the
+event was brought about by his own study, thought, and prayer, and was
+in no sense due to the influence of Capel, or of any other "priests or
+prelates."
+
+[3] Alexandrina Lady Portarlington (a daughter of the third Marquess of
+Londonderry) was sister-in-law to the seventh Duke of Marlborough,
+Bute's host at Blenheim.  Lord and Lady North, who were received into
+the Church about this time, were not very distant neighbours of
+Blenheim, living at Wroxton Abbey, near Banbury.
+
+[4] Second baronet of Gatcombe, Hants.  He died in 1869, in his
+eighty-third year.
+
+[5] A former curate of Dr. F. G. Lee at Aberdeen.  He became a canon of
+Westminster and president of St. Edmund's College, Ware.
+
+[6] M.A. of Aberdeen University; afterwards the distinguished Jesuit
+writer and preacher.
+
+[7] Became a Jesuit, rector of Wimbledon College, and later first
+Master of Campion Hall, Oxford.
+
+[8] This was Aug. Theiner's "Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum atque
+Scotorum, historiam illustrantia, 1216-1547," published at Rome in 1864.
+
+[9] More than a dozen years later Bute wrote to his friend regretting
+her ignorance of "the dead languages," and recommending her to begin
+the study of Hebrew!
+
+[10] Miss Skene had lived with her father at Athens continuously from
+her eighteenth to her twenty-fourth year, and was well acquainted with
+the language and literature of modern Greece.
+
+[11] The allusion, no doubt, is to his projected translation of the
+Roman Breviary, published eleven years later.
+
+[12] The convent of _Marie Réparatrice_, founded at Harley House,
+Marylebone, in 1862.  It was transferred in 1899 to Willesden, and a
+year later to its present site at Chiswick.
+
+[13] The temporary chapel, now used as the Sisters' community-room.
+Bishop Grant was at this time acting as chaplain to the nuns, and
+saying Mass for them daily.  Bute attended this Mass for a week
+previous to his reception, breakfasting afterwards with the bishop (who
+was giving him a course of instruction) in the convent parlour.
+
+[14] _Ante_, Chapter I, p. 11.
+
+[15] Charles Scott Murray, who had just got his commission in the 1st
+Life Guards.
+
+[16] The writer was misinformed as to this.  There had been a Catholic
+chapel at Rothesay since 1839; and a larger church (St. Andrew's) had
+been opened two years before Bute's conversion.  The number of
+Catholics at this time was probably between two and three hundred.
+
+[17] See _post_, pp. 102, 103.  This book had just been published at
+Oxford.  Two volumes of selections from Canon Jenkins's MSS. writings
+were issued in 1879, after his death.
+
+[18] Colonel James Frederick Crichton Stuart, Liberal for Cardiff from
+1857 to 1880.
+
+
+
+
+{83}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE WESTERN MAIL--ROME AND THE COUNCIL--RETURN TO MOUNTSTUART
+
+1869-1871
+
+Although Bute's attraction towards a life of simplicity and retirement
+was, even in his early manhood, as it remained throughout his life, one
+of his most marked characteristics, he never allowed this to interfere
+with such public duties as he conceived to be rendered incumbent on him
+by the responsibilities of his position.  His first public appearance
+in Cardiff, apart from the celebrations connected with his majority,
+seems to have been in his capacity as chairman of the local Benefit and
+Annuitants Society, when he acquitted himself to the general
+satisfaction.  In 1869 he accepted the honorary colonelcy of the
+Glamorgan Artillery Volunteers.  "It seemed to be expected of me," he
+wrote to a friend, "and though there was never a man of less military
+proclivities than myself, I regard the Volunteer movement as an
+excellent one, and desire to encourage it.[1]  I look forward also,
+under proper guidance, to learning something about {84} guns, though I
+fear ours can hardly be said to be altogether up-to-date.  But I hope
+to be instrumental in bringing about some improvement in that respect."
+On November 11, 1869, he appeared in uniform at the inspection of the
+regiment at the new drill-hall, which he had just erected at a cost of
+over £10,000.
+
+A few months previous to the date just mentioned, Bute had, not without
+serious consideration, embarked on an enterprise which, while entailing
+heavy expenditure on himself, was to have a considerable and permanent
+effect on the industrial and political life not only of the
+rapidly-growing town of Cardiff, but of the whole of South Wales.  This
+was the launch of the _Western Mail_ newspaper, of which the first
+number was published in May, 1869.  At this time the principal paper in
+the district was the Liberal (weekly) _Cardiff Times_, started in 1857,
+the year in which Colonel James Frederick Crichton Stuart was first
+elected M.P. for Cardiff.  Bute was entirely out of sympathy with the
+political views of his kinsman, and had openly declared himself on
+coming of age an adherent of the Conservative party.  He wrote to a
+friend at Oxford after the formation of Mr. Gladstone's first Ministry:
+
+
+I suppose I may call myself--you would certainly call me--an
+old-fashioned Tory.  The inclusion of Bright in the Cabinet shows that
+the new Government is Radical, naked and unashamed.  And whatever else
+I am, anyhow I am not a Radical.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1869, Launching a newspaper]
+
+Deeply and intelligently interested as he was in the future development
+of Cardiff, which he was to do so much to promote, Bute's conviction
+was that a really healthy public opinion in the district {85} could not
+be created or maintained if only one school of politicians was to have
+the chance of making its voice heard.  This was the main reason which
+determined him, with full foreknowledge of the heavy financial burden
+it would entail on him, of starting and supporting a Conservative daily
+paper in the heart of Liberal Wales.  The local Liberals were, of
+course, disappointed and indignant; and the "Leap of the wolf into the
+fold," as they described the new journalistic venture, was very
+bitterly commented on both in the _Cardiff Times_ and in its successor,
+the _South Wales Daily News_.  The "underhand influence of the Castle,"
+the "Castle propaganda," the "pouring out of gold from the Castle
+coffers," were the constant theme of discussion in the opposition
+press, whose acrimony was not diminished by the steadily growing power
+and influence of the Conservative organ.  Yet although Bute was for
+some years the actual owner of the _Western Mail_, not the slightest
+trace of his personal influence is to be found in its columns during
+those early years, nor the least suggestion that he made use of the
+paper to serve any private ends of his own.  "Not a single line that
+has ever appeared in the _Western Mail_ has been written or inspired by
+the Marquis of Bute," wrote the Editor when his paper had reached a
+position of security and success; and the statement was literally and
+exactly true.  The _Western Mail_ won the confidence of the people by
+strongly upholding their rights at such times of crisis as the serious
+upheaval in the coal and iron industries in 1873; and one of its most
+appreciated tributes was that received from a leading Nonconformist
+minister: "Though you are Conservative in name you are Liberal in
+practice."  After eight {86} years' connection with the paper Bute
+relinquished all financial interest in it in 1877.  He considered
+himself that this journalistic enterprise had cost him from first to
+last not less than £50,000.  "I have never grudged it," he once simply
+said when questioned on the subject.
+
+With these new interests at home, Bute did not lose sight of his
+intention (expressed in a letter quoted in the last chapter) of
+spending the winter of 1869 and the succeeding spring in Rome, and he
+arrived there in the last days of November, taking up his residence at
+the Palazzo Savielli in the Piazza SS. Apostoli.  He wrote shortly
+before Christmas:
+
+
+It is of particular interest to me to find myself living within a
+stone's-throw of the building which sheltered for so many years my
+unfortunate kinsmen (if I may be allowed so to call them) the exiled
+Stuarts.[2]  Their cenotaph by Canova in St. Peter's (paid for by their
+Hanoverian supplanter on the throne!) strikes me always as one of the
+most pathetic and beautiful monuments of modern Rome.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1869, Papal infallibility]
+
+Bute was of course drawn to Rome, like so many others at this time, by
+the event on which the eyes of all Christendom were turned with curious
+if widely varying interest--namely, the opening of the Vatican Council
+by Pius IX.  Bute was present at the solemn inauguration on December 8,
+when more than 700 mitred prelates walked in procession to St. Peter's,
+preceded by the splendid silver {87} processional cross, set with
+precious stones, which he had presented to the Pontiff a few days
+previously.  A day or two after the imposing ceremony he records a
+curious little incident in a letter to a friend:
+
+
+I heard that the titular Abbot of Westminster, the head of the
+Benedictine Order in England, called to report his arrival on some high
+dignitary, dressed not in his habit but in the get-up of an elderly
+English clergyman.  He was told that if he wanted to process with the
+abbots he must attire himself accordingly, and was asked if he
+possessed the insignia of his office.  "Certainly," he replied.  "I
+have the ring of the Abbots of Westminster," pulling out of his
+waistcoat pocket the identical ring worn by Feckenham, the last abbot
+in the reign of Queen Mary!  The lamentable sequel to the story is that
+as he was mounting the steps into St. Peter's on the opening day of the
+Council, the precious ring, which he had not taken the trouble to get
+fitted to his finger, fell off, rolled down the steps, and was never
+heard of again.  If this is true it seems very deplorable.
+
+
+During his sojourn in Rome Bute had opportunities, which he was not
+likely to neglect, of meeting many interesting people, and hearing much
+at first hand, and from both sides, of the weighty matters under
+discussion at the Council.  The prelate of whom he saw most, and to
+whom he was very sincerely attached, was Mgr. Clifford, Bishop of
+Clifton, who with the Archbishops of Paris, Vienna, and St. Louis, and
+Bishop Dupanloup of Orleans, were prominent among the opponents of the
+definition of Papal Infallibility.  With the leaders of the opposite
+party also he had from time to time considerable intercourse, and in a
+letter addressed to {88} him nearly thirty years later by the venerable
+Cardinal Gibbons, now (1920) the sole survivor of the Fathers of the
+Council, his Eminence reminded Bute of a long drive he had taken with
+himself and Archbishop Spalding of Baltimore, a very strong
+pro-definitionist, and of their interesting talk on that occasion about
+the great subject of the day.  Bute's own habit of mind, and the
+influence exercised on his judgment by Bishop Clifford, undoubtedly
+predisposed him to sympathise with those opposed to the definition; and
+he shared the apprehensions of many of his friends among that
+party--apprehensions not justified in the event--that the step if
+carried through might result in a serious defection from the Church.  A
+subsequent letter from him, however, will show what with instant and
+edifying submission of heart and mind he accepted the decree when once
+it had been promulgated by the supreme authority which he never for a
+moment questioned.
+
+[Sidenote: 1870, Society in Rome]
+
+Bute was not so preoccupied with these grave matters but that he found
+time for a certain amount of social intercourse with the distinguished
+and cosmopolitan society gathered that winter in the Eternal City.  He
+made friends with the Papal Zouaves, and often accepted the hospitality
+of the officers of that pleasant international corps, with one of whom,
+Captain the Hon. Walter Maxwell, he became very intimate.  He liked to
+watch the Zouaves at rifle-practice in the Borghese Gardens, visited
+the officers on guard at the Colosseum and elsewhere, and entertained
+them once at a famous supper of which the recollection long survived in
+the corps.  About Christmas time he was present at a great reception
+given at the Palazzo Bonimi by Mr. and Mrs. Delabarre Bodenham, and
+records a {89} "twenty minutes' conversation with Archbishop Manning,
+in a quite empty little room opening out of the reception hall."  Soon
+after New Year he attended a dinner given in a café in the Corso by the
+British Committee of the Sovereign Order of the Knights of Malta, and
+made a speech reported by one of those present to be "the best speech
+of the evening and very well received."  His name is also recorded as
+having been present at many notable religious functions--among others
+the imposing funeral service, in the church of the Holy Apostles, of
+the Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany, at which the Pope assisted and gave
+the final absolution.  Bute saw much, during these weeks in Rome, of
+the savants and scholars--by no means all sympathisers with the Papal
+regime--then resident in the city, and his modesty of demeanour,
+earnestness, and intelligence made a very favourable impression on the
+varied society with which he was brought into contact.  In those days
+he liked to be amused as well as interested; and there was plenty of
+amusement to be found at that time in the kaleidoscopic throngs of
+visitors which the unique and unrivalled charms of Rome attracted
+within her gates.  One of his most agreeable acquaintances--quite
+outside ecclesiastical and antiquarian circles--was Olivia Lady
+Sebright, the clever and charming sister of an Irish peer who had been
+his contemporary at Oxford.  Her lively persiflage was doubtless a
+pleasant and piquant contrast to the discourses of Bute's learned
+acquaintances; and it was often jestingly remarked in Anglo-Roman
+society that Lady Sebright seemed to do all the talking and Lord Bute
+all the listening.  He alludes to her in one of his letters as "a very
+vivacious lady, who would {90} have her joke even in the Catacombs."
+Lady Sebright was included in the party which Bute invited to join him
+in the yachting cruise in the Mediterranean which he made after leaving
+Italy in the summer of 1870.
+
+Bute did not remain in Rome for the final Congregation of the Council
+on July 18, 1870, when 533 bishops voted in favour of the _schema_ "De
+Ecclesia," with the added clauses on Papal Infallibility.  Two only
+voted "Non placet," the Bishops of Ajaccio and of Little Rock,
+U.S.A.[3]  The decree was immediately confirmed by the Pope in the
+midst of a terrific thunderstorm; and on the same day Napoleon III.
+declared war against Prussia.  In a letter to H. D. Grissell, dated
+five days before the occupation of Rome by the troops of Victor
+Emmanuel, Bute tells how he first heard of the momentous event:
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  _September_ 15, 1870.
+
+How can I tell in what a state this may find you at Rome? the Pope
+perhaps gone to Malta, and the whole place in revolution, tempered only
+by the presence of Italian troops.
+
+My first act on returning to England was to go to Clifton to see
+[Bishop] Clifford.  He was away, but two of his chaplains received me
+and told me {91} of the definition, of which I have now received from
+you the awful description.  My mind bowed itself at once before the
+definition, and I believed the doctrine _ex animo_.  I have since found
+that many most pious Catholics, most heartily willing to believe
+anything on the Church's authority, do not see that that authority
+exists in this case.  They argue in this way: I. It is admitted that an
+OEcumenical Council approved by the Pope can bind the soul.  II. To be
+OEcumenical it is necessary for the Council to be _closed_, the decrees
+signed by a majority of the Fathers, then published and received in the
+whole world.  III. This is not at present the case with the Vatican
+Council.[4]--_Ergo_.
+
+Whether there is anything in all this I am not personally concerned to
+enquire.  There seems to me no doubt that external disobedience and
+denial of the doctrine are, as things now are, sinful; though some may,
+and doubtless do, hold a hope that God will some day teach us by His
+Church that this definition of the Vatican Council is not, after all,
+part of the revealed truth.  Such thoughts sometimes make me unhappy,
+and I endeavour (which is what our confessors advise) to drown them by
+practical Catholic work and such attempts at piety as I am capable of.
+I repeat--from the moment of the definition I had not one doubt of the
+truth of the doctrine in the bottom of my soul.  The conviction that
+the doctrine is truly part of God's Eternal Truth--even though it may
+not yet be officially made known to us as part of that "faith" of which
+St. Paul speaks when he says, "Being justified by faith, we have peace
+with God through our Lord JESUS Christ"--still remains in me; and it
+seems to me that I could never cease to hold it until, or unless, the
+Church laid down the contrary.  {92} Let us leave the matter here: I
+shall write no more of it.
+
+Our voyage home was very happy and successful.  We travelled across
+Corsica by carriage, after a week in a quiet Sardinian bay, in sight of
+Garibaldi's home at Caprera.  We were nearly three weeks between Nice
+and Cannes, where Lady Sebright left us; then about a fortnight at the
+Balearic Isles--Palma is charming.  We touched at some Spanish ports,
+passed ten days at Gibraltar, and ran up from Cadiz for a week at
+Seville; then eight days at Lisbon and Cintra.  Never in England or out
+of it have I seen cathedrals worked so splendidly as the few Spanish I
+saw.  I could not have conceived the grandeur of the fabric,
+establishment, and functions of Seville--_infinitely better than St.
+Peter's_.  Not having witnessed any great solemnity, I fail to imagine
+what they must be like.  Some of the Peninsular practices are very
+interesting, such as the use of the double ambon, and the Portuguese
+practice of administering a glass chalice with wine to communicants.[5]
+
+George Lane Fox was married to Miss Slade by the Archbishop [Manning]
+on Saturday.  I gave her for a marriage present that rosary of emeralds
+you used to admire so much; and she at once wrote to ask my consent to
+its being altered into a necklace! which I refused to give.
+
+G---- (from Parker's) is down here working at my books; he wears a
+cassock, with red worsted slippers embroidered with coloured glass
+beads.  H told me (1) that Llandaff Cathedral was only a whited
+sepulchre, and (2) that he doubted if Liddon {93} would ever succeed in
+introducing Christianity into St. Paul's Cathedral.[6]
+
+Thank God, it is only within the Church (and that, one trusts and
+hopes, but for a season) that consciences have been disturbed by the
+troubles of the Definition.  These have had no apparent effect on the
+accession of converts.  Lord Robert Montagu has just been received, and
+I hear of others.  I had lately a long discussion with a clever,
+well-read, and agreeable Protestant, and he told me it appeared to him
+quite immaterial, once granted the infallibility of the Church--the
+only real question--in what precise place or person it resided.
+
+[Sidenote: 1870, Foundations at Cardiff]
+
+I have set up a great screen and rood in the Fathers of Charity's
+church here, and got it opened daily from 2 to 8 p.m., which enables me
+sometimes to pay a visit to the _Santissimo_.  The change seems
+appreciated, and many persons come to pray.  I hope Our Lord will
+sanctify them out of His holy Tabernacle.
+
+I am about starting a convent of Sisters of the Good Shepherd about a
+mile from this town, in a beautiful spot.  Their church will contain a
+tribune for the public, and they will sing High Mass, Vespers, and
+Benediction on Sundays and holidays of obligation.  Burges is to do the
+chapel, wherein I propose to erect a large gothic baldequin.  The
+building is now an old barn.  The whole will, I think, though simple,
+be very nice, and a great consolation to me.
+
+I expect to be here till the end of this month, and after that I have a
+few visits to pay; but I hope to be in Bute by November 1, and intend
+to stay there all the winter.  The place is very charming, {94} and is
+my real home.  I have not been there since I became Catholic, and the
+people are all, I fear, very strongly prejudiced; so I am afraid I
+shall have rather a rough time of it--at least at first.  Will you not
+leave Rome and all its troubles, and pay a good long visit to Sneyd and
+me in a country where the Church is in a missionary character?  If so,
+come and pass Christmas at least with me in Bute.  We shall be
+delighted to see you, and you will be away from all sorts of
+disagreeable things, for a time at least.
+
+Always yours most sincerely,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+Before leaving Cardiff for his home in Scotland, which he had not
+visited for two years, Bute attended the annual congress of the Iron
+and Steel Institute at Merthyr, was present at the banquet given to the
+congress by the South Wales ironmasters, and accompanied several of the
+excursions to the great works in the district in which he was
+interested.  The letter which he wrote on the day of his arrival in
+Bute to his old friend at Oxford showed what his feeling was about the
+usurpation of the States of the Church by the Sardinian monarch.
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  Rothesay,
+    _October_ 26, 1870.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+I ought to have written to you long ago, and really do not know what to
+say--except "mea culpa."  There will be much to tell you when we next
+meet.
+
+I am quite firm, thank GOD, in the Church.  I have outgrown any
+"convert enthusiasm" I may ever have possessed; but I have long ceased
+to think of anything else even as a possibility, or to {95} feel
+anything novel in Catholic practices.  I am quite quiet, and I think,
+thank GOD, so far doing pretty well.
+
+You ask me about Rome.  As to politics, my feeling in favour of the
+Temporal Power is very strong.  Of course it had its faults, the
+extreme leniency of the criminal tribunals being probably the worst;
+but, putting the question of right aside, a Christian could institute
+no comparison between the Italian and the Pontifical Governments.
+Religiously, Rome is neither so good nor so bad as the extreme people
+would make it out.  It was very edifying, and there was a great deal of
+piety--more conspicuous, perhaps, among the foreigners than the Romans,
+but of course that was to be expected, as the former came on purpose.
+The sanctuaries of Rome are very precious, especially the Holy Reliques
+and the graves of the Martyrs, and I love them very much.
+
+At the same time I think that this dreadful Revolution may be possibly
+a scourge in the hand of GOD to bring about His Will, though every
+Catholic must be appalled at the wickedness of the new Pontius Pilate
+and his accomplices.  Perhaps the fiery trial may destroy some abuses,
+stop some things one does not like to see, and bring about others more
+profitable to Rome herself and to us.
+
+As to the Greeks in America, it is impossible for me, I am sorry to
+say, to have anything to do with supplying them with my own or any
+other Liturgical books for use in their (as we believe) schismatic
+worship.
+
+Always most sincerely yours,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1870, The Roman situation]
+
+It is evident from one or two of his letters already quoted, that Bute,
+who was well aware of the strong feeling aroused among the people of
+his titular island by his conversion to the Roman Church, {96} had felt
+some natural apprehension as to their possible attitude towards him
+when he returned after a somewhat prolonged absence to live amongst
+them.  "I have been getting along very comfortably here," he wrote soon
+after his arrival at Mountstuart, "but have so far no opportunity of
+knowing what the people think of me behind my back."  A letter
+addressed a little later to the same correspondent in Oxford is
+interesting in this connection.
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _November_ 10.
+
+I am getting on very well here up to this, and doing my best to
+popularise myself by going about among the people.  Yesterday, for
+example, I attended both a funeral and a marriage.  I believe this was
+much appreciated, and at the marriage I was very warmly received, was
+begged to do them the honour of signing the "lines," etc., etc.  The
+oddest part of the matter was that at the funeral the Rothesay tag-rag
+outside _cheered_ me as I left the churchyard.  I thought the prayers
+at both ceremonies (of course extemporary) were intended to do me a
+little good: there was nothing in them with which I could not heartily
+concur, but a good deal of stress was laid on the "One Oblation offered
+once for all"--"the full and free Redemption which is by faith in
+Christ's death," etc., which are, I find, commonly supposed to be ideas
+irreconcileable with the teaching of the Holy Roman Church--why, I
+can't conceive, unless it is for want of reading St. Alphonsus Liguori.
+
+Here at Rothesay we have a chapel and schools, a superannuated bishop,
+Dr. Gray, and a young Scottish priest educated in France, Mr. George
+Smith, a man of piety and learning.[7]  The whole {97} island contains
+about 500 Catholics, either Highlanders or Irish.  I have had one of
+the rooms here made into a chapel, than which no meeting-house can be
+barer.  Mass is said here on Sundays and holidays, preceded by a very
+simple English service.  Last Sunday I was at Largs, on the mainland
+opposite, and heard an early Mass in a very poor cottage--said in the
+kitchen on a small chest of drawers.  The house was crowded by the
+congregation, standing on the stairs, in the passages, and all the
+rooms.  They are wonderfully devout.  Out of the East I never saw such
+a sight.
+
+Yours ever most sincerely,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1870, Life at Mountstuart]
+
+Bute spent nearly the whole winter and spring of 1870-1871 at his
+beautiful Scottish home, to which he was deeply attached.  As he came
+to know his neighbours better--and he took much pains to cultivate
+friendly relations with them all--the stiffness, which was, perhaps, as
+much the result of his own shyness and reserve as of their lack of
+sympathy with his religious opinions, to a great extent wore off, and
+his simplicity, courtesy, good sense, and kindness of heart won for him
+little by little the high place in their regard which he ever
+afterwards maintained.  He was from the first on the friendliest terms
+with the Presbyterian clergy of the island as well as with his own
+pastor, and had also established very cordial relations with Mr.
+(afterwards Sir) Charles Dalrymple, then and for the following fifteen
+years member for the county, and resident in the island.  This cordial
+acquaintanceship ripened, after the marriages of Bute and of Dalrymple,
+into a warm {98} friendship between the two families which terminated
+only with death.[8]
+
+Liturgical matters engrossed at this time, as always, a good deal of
+Bute's attention, and are dealt with in many of his letters.  Thus, in
+March, 1871, he writes very seriously about the "truly scandalous
+proceedings" at the London pro-cathedral, news of which had reached him
+in Scotland, and which the context shows to have consisted in the
+wearing of dalmatics instead of folded chasubles at some Lenten
+function in the church in question.  As will be seen from a later
+letter, he arranged for the ceremonial of Holy Week and Easter to be
+carried out as far as possible in his tiny chapel at Mountstuart; and
+we find him giving minute instructions to his friend Grissell, who was
+to spend that season as his guest in Bute, as to bringing the
+requisites for the celebrations, including "18 yellow candles, rather
+slim and 18 inches long, a paschal candle 3 feet long and 1-½ inches
+thick, a book on ceremonies, five grains of incense, and a wooden
+clapper for Maundy Thursday."  "We had the rites of the Holy Week," he
+wrote subsequently to Miss Skene, "performed in my little chapel, for
+the first time in Bute since the change of religion three centuries
+ago.  They seldom, if ever, take place in Scotland, and our priest here
+had never (so he told me) officiated in his life before on Good Friday!
+You may be surprised to hear that, having no choir to execute the
+liturgical chant, we adopt as far as {99} we can the methodist style of
+singing emotional hymns during the services."
+
+[Sidenote: 1871, Bute as philologist]
+
+After Easter Bute stayed for a while in London, and then returned to
+Cardiff, where he remained in residence for the greater part of the
+year.  He took regular lessons in Welsh at this time from one of the
+Cardiff clergy, and quickly mastered the language scientifically,
+though he never learned to speak it fluently.
+
+
+The science of philology (the late Dean Howell wrote) seemed to cost
+Lord Bute no effort, for he was a born philologist, and appeared to
+penetrate and solve linguistic difficulties as it were by instinct.
+Another thing that used to astonish me was his familiarity with, and
+wide knowledge of, the Authorised Version of the Bible; for at that
+time (1871) he could not have been more than 23 or 24 years of age.
+His retentive memory (which I have never seen equalled) enabled him to
+quote exactly lengthy passages; and if I chanced to quote a Welsh word
+from Scripture for illustrative purposes, he would give the English
+rendering of the whole passage from memory with ease and perfect
+accuracy.  His tastes and accomplishments were essentially medięval;
+and history, art, and archęology had for him an inexhaustible charm.
+
+
+Bute had a little before this shown his practical interest in art by
+not only presiding at a Fine Art Exhibition in the drill-hall which he
+had erected, but by exhibiting there valuable plate and pictures,
+including a painting executed by himself.  A little later he was in the
+chair at the annual meeting held at Cardiff of the Palestine
+Exploration Fund, recounting in very interesting fashion his own
+travels in that country.  And in July, 1871, he took an {100} active
+part in the congress of the British Archęological Institute held at the
+Town Hall, entertaining the members at a reception at the Castle and a
+banquet at Caerphilly.  He also spoke at the congress, taking many of
+the distinguished visitors by surprise with the extent of his knowledge
+and information on the subjects special to the Institute.
+
+[Sidenote: 1871, Belmont and Llanthony]
+
+Soon after the meeting of the Archęological Congress, Bute left England
+for Ober Ammergau to witness the Passion Play, which had been postponed
+for a year owing to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War.  He then
+joined his yacht at St. Malo, and after a cruise off Devon, Cornwall,
+and the Channel Islands returned to Cardiff for the autumn.  During
+this time he paid several visits to the Benedictine Priory at Belmont,
+near Hereford, where his liturgical tastes found satisfaction in the
+solemn rendering of the Divine service by the monastic community.  One
+of the fathers then resident there[9] has some interesting
+recollections of these periodical visits:
+
+
+Lord Bute came to Belmont three or four times, I think, in the year
+before his marriage.  He left on us the impression of a modest,
+unassuming, and extremely intelligent young man with serious tastes,
+who seemed quite at home in the simple surroundings of a monastery.  He
+frequented the Divine Office regularly, and followed all the Church
+functions with interest.  He joined the Fathers at coffee after meals,
+and conversed very pleasantly, telling us sometimes of his Cardiff
+interests or of his early experiences and travels.  He was a good deal
+with {101} Prior Vaughan,[10] of course; but as I was acting
+guestmaster and about his own age, I walked out with him several times,
+and we talked of many subjects, chiefly, perhaps, archęological or
+theological topics.  I remember his telling me of a conversation with a
+Protestant clergyman who came to interview him, possibly with hope of
+influencing an unformed mind.  Lord Bute proposed for discussion the
+precise theological value of the verse on the Precious Blood[11]--
+
+  "Cujus una stilla salvum facere
+  Totum mundum quit ab omni scelere;"
+
+and I gathered that they soon came to an end of the poor parson's
+divinity, and of his efforts to "snatch a brand from the burning."
+
+The prior took Lord Bute to Llanthony, where they saw "Father
+Ignatius," who told them that he reserved the Holy Eucharist under
+three rites--Anglican, Greek, and Roman.  He also said (which struck
+Lord Bute as very whimsical) that he insisted on his visitors keeping
+strict silence when walking over a field in which his cloisters were
+one day to be built.[12]
+
+
+
+[1] As a little boy of twelve Bute had been enrolled as an honorary
+member of the 1st Bute Rifle Volunteers, and had occasionally appeared
+in the dark-grey uniform with blue facings.  When the Cardiff Yeomanry
+went on service in the South African War, Bute showed his patriotism by
+subscribing £500 to the funds of the corps.
+
+[2] The kinship was undoubted, if somewhat remote.  Bute was fifteenth
+in direct male descent from King Robert II. of Scotland, the lineal
+ancestor of James VIII. (the "Chevalier de St. George"), to whom the
+Pope made over the Palazzo Santi Apostoli as a residence in 1720, the
+year of the birth of Prince Charles Edward.
+
+
+[3] The caustic comment in Vatican circles was, of course, that it was
+a case of the "Little Rock" in conflict with the Rock of Peter; but it
+should be added that the two dissentient prelates, immediately after
+voting against the decree, left their places and prostrated themselves
+before the Papal Chair in token of their submission.  Similarly every
+one of the eighty-eight bishops who had voted "Non placet" in the
+Congregation of July 13--not, of course, against the dogma, but against
+the opportuneness of its definition--accepted the decree without
+qualification as soon as it was officially promulgated.
+
+[4] On October 20, 1870, a month after the forcible occupation of Rome
+by the Piedmontese troops, Pius IX. issued a brief proroguing the
+Council.  It has never been either closed or reassembled.
+
+[5] Fr. Herbert Thurston, S.J., in a learned article in _The Month_
+(October, 1911), has shown that the custom of offering a "purification"
+of unconsecrated wine and water to lay communicants, after their
+reception of the Host, was practically universal in England down to the
+period of the Reformation, and was continued until the reign of James
+II.  The practice is still generally observed at Ordination Masses, and
+on one or two other rare and special occasions.
+
+[6] The learned and eloquent Professor of Exegesis had been appointed a
+canon of St. Paul's by Mr. Gladstone in the spring of this year, and
+had preached his first sermon under the dome as canon-in-residence on
+September 11, four days before the above letter was written.
+
+[7] Father George Smith, who had studied at St. Sulpice, and was an
+excellent scholar and theologian, became Bishop of Argyll and the Isles
+in 1893, occupying the see for a quarter of a century until his death
+in 1918.
+
+[8] Long after the termination of his political connection with Bute,
+Sir Charles Dalrymple used to recall with pleasure the remark once made
+to him on Rothesay Pier by a Buteshire farmer of the old school: "Weel,
+sir, we've got three things to be thankful for in the Isle of Bute, and
+forbye they all begin with an M: we've a gude mairquis, and a gude
+member, and a gude meenister."
+
+[9] Right Rev. J. I. Cummins, O.S.B., now (1920) titular Abbot of St.
+Mary's, York.
+
+[10] This was Dom Roger Bede Vaughan, younger brother of Cardinal
+Herbert Vaughan of Westminster.  He was cathedral prior of Belmont from
+1862 to 1872, and in 1877 became Archbishop of Sydney, N.S.W.  He died
+in 1883.
+
+[11] From the Eucharistic hymn _Adoro Te devoič_, written by St. Thomas
+of Aquin about A.D. 1260, and known as the "Rhythmus S. Thomę
+Aquinatis."  Sixteen English versions of it have been published at
+various times.
+
+[12] The Rev. J. Leycester Lyne--commonly known as "Father
+Ignatius"--was at this time endeavouring, with no great success, to
+establish an Anglican Benedictine monastery among the Black Mountains
+of Wales.  About a year previous to Bute's visit he had laid the
+foundation of the conventual buildings.
+
+
+
+{102}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+MARRIAGE--HOME AND FAMILY LIFE--VISIT TO MAJORCA
+
+1871-1874
+
+Included in Bute's great inheritance were a considerable number of
+advowsons, carrying the right of presentation to livings in the
+Established Church.  Nearly a dozen of these benefices were in
+Glamorgan, two (St. Mary's and Roath) being within the town of Cardiff.
+Bute was, of course, from the time of his conversion to the Roman
+Church, legally disabled from the exercise of his right of patronage in
+regard to these livings; but instead of allowing them to "lapse" (as
+the technical phrase is[1]) he from time to time made over the next
+presentations to two _quasi_-trustees, friends of his own, and members,
+of course, of the Church of England.  One of these "trustees" was for a
+time Canon John David Jenkins, a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, with
+whom Bute had become intimate during his university career.  Dr.
+Jenkins became vicar of Aberdare, one of the Bute livings, in 1870, and
+we find Bute writing to an Oxford friend about a year later:
+
+
+{103}
+
+Canon Jenkins has just appointed the Revs. Puller[2] and Stuart to two
+out of the three parishes here; and Puller, at any rate, will be
+inducted in Ember week.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1871, Church Patronage in Wales]
+
+The practice adopted by Bute with regard to the livings in his gift--a
+practice probably unique among Roman Catholic patrons, and one which,
+in the case of a man less conscientious and honourable than himself,
+might have been open to obvious objections--was not continued by his
+successor after his death; nor, indeed, could it have been, after the
+assignment of next presentations ceased to be legally permissible.  The
+ten family livings in the county of Glamorgan fell accordingly, as
+provided by the statute, to the gift of the University of Cambridge.[3]
+The advowsons of other livings, in Monmouthshire and Northumberland,
+were sold in Bute's lifetime or by his successor.
+
+The friendship between Canon Jenkins and Bute was maintained until the
+death of the former in 1876[4]; and he was one among the little group
+of learned men--scholars, antiquarians, and ecclesiastics--much senior
+in age to the young Scottish peer, whom he gathered round him at this
+time, and often invited to share the solitude of his Welsh {104} castle
+or his island home in Scotland.  That it was something of a solitude,
+and that he felt it to be so there are many indications in his letters
+at this period.  His only intimate friend of his own age was his old
+schoolfellow George Sneyd, with whose views on many subjects, sincere
+as was his affection for him, he was (as has been seen) in some
+respects entirely out of sympathy.  What he was longing for and looking
+forward to, as he found himself approaching his twenty-fourth birthday,
+was domestic happiness and the home life of which he had known so
+little since his early boyhood; and this, as was natural, he hoped to
+secure by an early and happy marriage.
+
+In the summer of 1871 his name was connected by the rumour, or gossip,
+of the day with that of the charming ward of a well-known Catholic
+peeress, whose hospitality had often been extended to him on the
+occasions of his visits to London.  Bute took the opportunity, when
+writing to an old friend on whose sympathy he could rely, to deny
+categorically the truth of the rumour in question, and at the same time
+to give expression with his usual frankness to the feelings of
+dissatisfaction and discontent with which he was entering on his
+twenty-fifth year.
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  _July_ 29, 1871.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+As there is, I fear, little chance of my being in Oxford just now, I
+will not delay longer in replying to your kind letter.
+
+I had not seen the reports to which you refer, although I knew that
+they had been circulated by the scandalmongers of the press.  I may
+tell you at {105} once--I had meant to do so before--that there is no
+truth in them whatever.  There is no engagement between Miss ---- and
+myself, and nothing is less likely than that there ever should be.  I
+will tell you all about it some day when I see you, or in a future
+letter: I cannot write more about it at present, except to say that
+here I am thrown out on the world again, feeling very lonely and
+desolate.  My future, indeed, looks pretty blank just now, as you may
+imagine easily enough.  There is nothing for it but to go on one's way,
+trying to do one's duty--and literature.  I have also a considerable
+taste for art and archęology, and happily the means to indulge them.
+When I return from Ober Ammergau, whither I go next month, to see the
+Passion Play, I shall do a little yachting in home waters, and then
+return here for the autumn and winter.  There is plenty to do here, of
+course; and building, archęology, and writing will perhaps help me to
+forget my troubles.  After Christmas this place will be unbearable, and
+I think I shall go to Bute.
+
+Yours ever very sincerely,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1872, Engagement and Marriage]
+
+Whatever may have been the disappointment or mortification occasioned
+to Bute by the episode in his life referred to in the above letter,
+they were amply compensated for, and indeed wholly forgotten, in the
+happiness of the event which he was able to announce to his friends at
+the close of this year.  This was his engagement to the Hon. Gwendoline
+FitzAlan Howard, eldest daughter of the first Lord Howard of Glossop by
+his first wife.  The marriage took place at the Oratory Church on April
+16, 1872, Archbishop Manning officiating, assisted by five Oratorian
+fathers.  Bute's cousin, Lord Mauchline (afterwards Earl of Loudoun),
+{106} wearing Highland dress, was the best man, the principal
+bridesmaid being the Hon. Alice Howard of Glossop, who married Lord
+Loudoun in 1880.  Mgr. Capel said the Nuptial Mass and preached the
+sermon; and the register was signed by the Duke of Cambridge, the Dukes
+of Northumberland and Argyll, and Mr. Disraeli.  The wedding aroused an
+extraordinary amount of popular interest and even excitement; and the
+_Spectator_ commented with satiric surprise on the fact that the London
+newspapers devoted entire pages to describing the ceremony, which
+actually occupied--but that perhaps was less astonishing--thirty
+columns of the Cardiff _Western Mail_.  How distasteful this public
+excitement was to the chief actors in the ceremony may be gathered from
+a letter written by Bute to a friend in Rome a fortnight later:
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  _April_ 29, 1872.
+
+The whole thing went off very well; the religious part of it, which
+most concerned us, was very well done, and, I hear, pleased and
+impressed the many Protestants who were present.  I suppose you will
+have seen descriptions and pictures of it.  You will understand that to
+the principals the whole thing--I mean the secular part of it--was
+absolutely detestable.  As Lord Beauchamp says: "There is only one
+thing more disagreeable than being married in London, and that is being
+married in the country."  Of course we have been extremely quiet ever
+since, and expect to be so.  My Lady is the last person in the world to
+"rout one out" and want to make a flare-up and a splash.
+
+The Pope sent presents to us both,[5] and I wrote to Mgr. Howard to
+express our gratitude, enclosing {107} a letter of thanks in very
+indifferent Latin, which I composed and we both signed; but it was not
+to be given if it was contrary to etiquette.
+
+I find it the custom of Protestants, when they are married by an
+Archbishop, to present that dignitary with a pair of gloves--theirs
+being always white kid sewn with gold.  I think I shall have a pair of
+cloth-of-gold _chirothecę_ made for Abp. Manning, and shall get Burges
+to design them.  I know the Roman ones are often made of spun silk, but
+you can have them of other stuff, too, can you not?
+
+A relique of St. Margaret of Scotland has been got for me, and I think
+of having a bust made for it, of silver-gilt; but I have not yet
+received it and don't know what it is like.  I think also of sending to
+Chur (Choire) for a relique of St. Lucius of Glamorgan (Lleurwg
+Mawr).[6]  _A propos_ of Reliques, they have been making wonderful
+discoveries of the shrine of St. Alban in his abbey.[7]
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1872, Reception at Cardiff]
+
+Lord and Lady Bute had gone immediately after their marriage to
+Cardiff, where they received a very cordial welcome, the mayor reading
+an address to them at the Castle gates.  "I assure you," said Bute in
+his brief reply, "that my wife comes here to-day with a sincere desire
+to do what is right, and to be of service not to me only, but to all by
+whom {108} she is surrounded, and among whom her life is to be
+henceforth spent."  It is sufficient to say here that Bute's
+anticipations of the new happiness that this step would bring into his
+life were more than justified by the event.  "I cannot but thank God,
+and congratulate myself, on this marriage," he wrote in May, 1872; "and
+I hope and believe that it will bring me many blessings."  A little
+later he wrote to the same friend:
+
+
+I have done two good things (besides some foolish ones) since my
+twenty-first birthday; the first on December 8, 1868, when I was
+reconciled to the Catholic Church; the second on April 16, 1872, when
+the same Church blessed my happy marriage.  It is a satisfaction to
+feel that twice in one's life, at any rate, one has done what one is
+certain never to repent of nor to regret.  Do you not agree with me?
+
+
+Bute's marriage brought him into intimate relations, and indeed some
+degree of kinship, with some of the ancient Catholic families of
+England, of whom he had up to that time known very little.  Profoundly
+interested as he always was in every phase of religious belief and
+practice, he welcomed the opportunity now afforded him of witnessing a
+traditionally religious life as unostentatious as it was obviously
+sincere, and contrasting alike with the austere Puritanism of his
+childish days and the fussy restlessness which was the chief
+characteristic of the earlier adherents of the advanced school of
+Anglicanism.  Writing of some Catholics of the old school, to whose
+country home he and his wife had been paying a visit, he says:
+
+They have edifying habits of piety, but of a very Low Church type--the
+school of "Hymns Antient {109} and Modern without the Appendix," red
+baize boxes in galleries, family prayers and daily Mass in the most
+unadorned of private chapels, and an absolute minimum of ritual.  You
+will understand that the unassuming simplicity of it all appeals to a
+person like me--especially when I see the goodness that accompanies it.
+But some of our "advanced" Anglican friends would stare if they saw the
+good old-fashioned practices which prevail in old Catholic circles.  I
+only wish they could.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1873, Old English Catholic homes]
+
+A visit to Arundel Castle in the year following his marriage gave him
+evident pleasure; and a letter thence gives a pleasant glimpse of the
+home circle in that historic Catholic home:
+
+
+The party here is an entirely family one;[8] and Whitsuntide and the
+Month of Mary [May] add by a shade to the amount of church-going, which
+is considerable here always: for, as you know, they are a very devout
+as well as a very merry and very nice family.  I am rather looking
+forward to the procession of the Blessed Sacrament on Sunday week for
+Corpus Christi.  The "Fźte-Dieu" in the streets of an English country
+town will be rather an experience.
+
+We have been down at the sea for the last month.  We have no London
+address, neither of us caring for the place, where no one left me an
+house and where I have not the least intention of buying one.
+
+
+Having at this time, as mentioned above, no London residence, Lord and
+Lady Bute spent their year chiefly between Cardiff and Mountstuart,
+with occasional visits to Dumfries House, for which Bute had always a
+particular affection.  The stay at {110} Cardiff after their marriage
+was unexpectedly prolonged owing to Lady Bute being laid up there with
+scarlet fever, while he had the misfortune to break his arm.  As soon
+as they could travel they went to Mountstuart for the autumn and
+winter, and Bute dictated thence the following letter, the last
+sentence of which illustrates the curious displeasure with which,
+notwithstanding his theoretical and archęological admiration of
+monastic institutions, he always received the news of any friends of
+his own entering a religious order:[9]
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _September_ 23, 1872.
+
+You will perceive by the handwriting that I am still incapable of using
+my right hand, which is, indeed, tied up with a piece of wood.  I am
+glad to say that my Lady is now very nearly well; and I trust that her
+escape from the climate of Cardiff will soon complete her recovery.
+
+The quiet routine of my life here is the same as formerly.  My Lady
+plays the harmonium in our little chapel: we venture on nothing more
+than hymns, and get along pretty well.
+
+The histories one hears from Rome seem all to be so "cooked" to suit
+the varying views of people who retail them, that one really feels
+quite uncertain as to how things are going on.  I am told that there is
+an Italianising party among the Cardinals, from which much trouble may
+be expected in the event--may it be very far distant!--of the election
+of a successor to Pius IX.
+
+{111}
+
+I greatly regret to report that H---- G----[10] in a convent as a
+Redemptorist novice.  I can only say that I most sincerely trust, as
+far as I lawfully may, that he may soon find that he has made a mistake.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1873, Oxford revisited]
+
+The reference to the learned Jesuit Father MacSweeney in the following
+letter, written to his old Oxford friend in the spring of 1873, shows
+that Bute was now entering on what was to be the most considerable
+literary work of his life, namely, the translation into English of the
+entire Roman Breviary.
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _April_ 27, 1873.
+
+We are really coming south for a little, after a peaceful sojourn here
+of many months; and I hope for an opportunity of seeing you.  I am not
+forgetful, and it will be a great pleasure.  There is not much to bring
+me to Oxford now, as except yourself and very few others I have no
+friends there now, and I have not the footing I should have had if I
+had taken my degree.  One day, however, I am to come, and my wife is to
+be "lionised" by old Mr. Parker, between whom and me archęology has
+formed ties.  I have also business with the erudite Jesuit Fr.
+MacSweeney,[11] who has just been sent there.  Most of my Oxford
+friends are married and changed and away--and I suppose I am very much
+changed myself.  I fear I am not less indolent than I was, and my life
+is devoid of stirring incidents.  My luxury is art, and perhaps the
+favourite pursuit Antiquarianism, as {112} History is the favourite
+reading.  I study, too, a little science.  I wish I were better as
+regards devotion--I want stirring up in that; but my associations of
+that kind are so much with the South, and so difficult to adapt (though
+I know I ought to try to adapt them) to the environment in which one
+has to live.  We are both, however, looking forward to a Mediterranean
+trip next winter.
+
+
+The projected visit to Oxford--Bute's first since his change of
+religion five years previously--duly came off, and he thus refers to it:
+
+
+To "do" Oxford in a day is suggestive of the American tourists who "do"
+Rome in three; but my wife saw the most noteworthy things under the
+skilled guidance of old Parker, whom I fear we unduly fatigued.  You
+may imagine the feelings and memories that came over me as I led my
+young wife through Christ Church.  It is difficult to estimate exactly
+what I owe to Oxford, but the debt is a heavy one....  Materially the
+place seemed to me very little changed.  The newest thing I noticed was
+St. Barnabas's, which impressed me.  Only I wish they'd had the courage
+to Romanise it enough to put the Altar so--
+
+[Illustration: Sketch of altar arrangements]
+
+Apropos of Americans "doing" Italy, Story told me that Gibson, the
+American sculptor, once met and talked with a countryman of his, who
+was "doing" Italy in some incredibly short space of time.  "Yes, I
+guess I have been nearly everywhere," he said (the conversation took
+place in a North Italian {113} railway-carriage), "and one place that
+struck me very much was--I can't remember the name, but it begins with
+R."  Gibson suggested Ravenna, Reggio, Recanati, and other names.  "No,
+no, it was a shorter name than any of those: there was a big church
+with a dome, and a colonnade and fountains in front."  "Good heavens!
+you surely don't mean _Rome_?" said Gibson, aghast.  "Yes, that was
+it--Rome.  I knew it was a short name, but I couldn't recall it for the
+moment."  This is a fact, as newspapers sometimes say after telling a
+more than usually unbelievable story.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1873, A winter in Majorca]
+
+The second winter after his marriage Bute had the pleasure of spending
+in the south which he loved so well, and in more congenial and
+sympathetic company than he had always secured for his bachelor
+journeyings, even those which in some degree partook of the nature of a
+pilgrimage.  "Our plan," he wrote on November 6, 1873, "is to dawdle
+through France and winter by the Mediterranean--we have been thinking
+of the Island of Majorca."  The project was successfully carried out,
+and we see, from a letter written early in the following spring to the
+same friend, how much quiet enjoyment he was deriving from the rest and
+sunshine which he found in the Balearic Isles.  The latter part of the
+letter refers to the recent death of his first cousin Edith Countess of
+Loudoun, who, it will be remembered, had been one of the party that
+accompanied him to the Holy Land a few weeks after his reception into
+the Roman Church.
+
+
+Bendinat,
+  Palma, Mallorca,
+    _February_ 24, 1874.
+
+This is a very fair place indeed, the best of it being the climate.
+I'm nearly always happy when {114} I'm abroad, particularly in the
+Mediterranean.  I suppose there's something in fogs and perpetual rain
+and cold and darkness which is especially uncongenial to me.  Also
+there are no business and bothers here to speak of, which is certainly
+a great change from home.  We have the quiet and peace which we both
+enjoy and value, and I am glad to say that I have been getting on very
+well with the Breviary; for whereas I had hoped before returning to
+have reached Ascension Day, I now venture to think of the third Sunday
+after Pentecost.
+
+A drawback (my Lady reminds me) to our residence here is its distance
+from any church, our only accessible service being one Low Mass each
+Sunday.  There's an impressive, and very Spanish, Cathedral at Palma,
+with functions well and carefully done; but it is remote from us here.
+
+The death of Edith[12] was a great shock to me, as well as a source of
+sincere sorrow.  _Requiescat in pace_.  We shall all go the same way in
+the long run, 100 years {115} hence it'll be all the same; but it does
+seem rather hard that the axe should fall on the neck of all of us
+(however much it may grieve or inconvenience the survivors), and cut us
+off from the only world we have any experience of.  Not, for the matter
+of that, that it's much worth stopping in--still, it's all we've got.
+However, crying over this spilt milk--and I confess to having shed some
+tears since I heard the news--will never put it back into the pitcher,
+so perhaps there is not much use in crying.  But I am sincerely
+grateful for your kind sympathy.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1874, Domestic happiness]
+
+Later in the same year, after his return to England, Bute took
+occasion, in a letter to his ever-faithful friend at Oxford, to repel
+with indignation some malevolent rumours which had reached him to the
+effect that he had not found in his home life the happiness which he
+had anticipated.
+
+
+Not one jot of truth is there, or has there ever been, in these
+iniquitous calumnies.  Our happiness indeed is complete, and the terms
+on which we live completely affectionate and intimate.  I find myself
+more attached to G. the longer I have the privilege and honour of
+living with her, and of seeing, as St. Augustine says of St. Monica,
+"her walk with God, how godly and holy it is, and to us-ward so sweet
+and gentle."
+
+
+This letter was written from Heath House, Weybridge--"a little house,"
+writes Bute, "which we have hired for a month or two.  I go hence to
+London nearly every day to read Hebrew with a Rabbi [this was in view
+of the new version of the Psalms for his projected translation of the
+Breviary], and all sorts of things with a Jesuit.  Besides the sacred
+language 'in which the Eternal spoke,' and certain branches {116} of
+Liturgiology, I continue, as formerly, to read history and
+science--very humbly.
+
+"We go to Scotland this month, but perhaps shall be at Cardiff for
+Christmastide, though Mountstuart, as you know, is the home of our
+predilection."
+
+Before Christmas of this year, which Bute spent not at Cardiff but at
+Mountstuart, he published (anonymously) a little book containing a
+translation of the Christmas Offices from the Roman Breviary.  "I hope
+and believe," he wrote, "that it may be of some service to those (there
+must be many) who desire to follow with intelligence the Liturgy of
+that holy season, but are prevented from doing so by their partial or
+total ignorance of the language of the Church.  For this reason I
+should wish the booklet made known through the ordinary channels--a
+matter in which I confess to thinking our Catholic publishers very much
+less enterprising and business-like than those who cater for devout
+Anglicans.  But for this state of things, I fear, _non c'č remedio_."
+
+In Bute's own chapel he was accustomed to have the church offices (with
+the exception, of course, of the Mass) recited in the vernacular.
+"Christmas went well here," he wrote to a friend in January, 1875.  "We
+had the Monsignor [Capel] down.  Mattins and Lauds were said in
+English, the altar being incensed at the _Benedictus_; and Mgr. C.
+treated us to a short and rather eloquent _fervorino_ after the gospel
+at Mass.  By the way, the progress of my Breviary is most
+discouragingly slow: _eppur si muove_."
+
+
+
+[1] "Lapsed" livings are those in the gift of Catholics, who are
+legally incapable of presenting to them.  By statutes passed in 1603
+and 1715, the patronage of such livings is vested, according to their
+situation, in the universities of Oxford or Cambridge.  All such
+benefices in Glamorgan were assigned to Cambridge.
+
+[2] The Rev. F. W. Puller, the well-known Anglican divine and
+controversialist, resigned the vicarage of Roath in 1880 to join the
+Society of St. John the Evangelist at Cowley.
+
+[3] The Welsh Disestablishment Act of 1920 has, of course, abolished
+private patronage in Wales.
+
+[4] Canon Jenkins had held one of the "missionary fellowships" founded
+at Jesus by his namesake Sir Leoline Jenkins in the seventeenth
+century, and had accordingly gone out to Natal in 1853, and become a
+canon of Maritzburg.  He had returned to Oxford when Bute came into
+residence at Christ Church, and was successively dean and bursar of
+Jesus between 1864 and 1870.  A fine portrait of him by Holman Hunt
+hangs in the common-room of his college.
+
+[5] Pius IXth's wedding gifts were beautiful cameos set in gold.
+
+[6] The (probably mythical) "king of Britain" whom Bede reports to have
+written to Pope Eleutherius asking for instruction in Christianity.
+Lucius is supposed to have left Britain, preached among the Rhętian
+Alps, and died at Chur or Coire, where he is still venerated as a
+saint.  The Welsh legend makes him founder of the churches of Llandaff,
+Roath, etc.  Lleurwg or Lleurfer (Light-bearer) is the Welsh rendering
+of Lucius.
+
+[7] More than 2000 fragments of the fourteenth-century base of St.
+Alban's shrine were discovered in 1872, built into the walls, and were
+pieced together again with extraordinary patience and skill, and
+re-erected on the original site.
+
+[8] The Duke of Norfolk and his four unmarried sisters were at this
+time living at Arundel with their widowed mother.
+
+[9] One recalls in this connection the cases of two of the most devout
+and accomplished Catholic writers of the nineteenth century, the Count
+de Montalembert and Kenelm Digby.  Both expended the utmost enthusiasm
+and eloquence in their description of the religious life of the Middle
+Ages; and both resisted to the utmost, and not without bitterness, the
+entry into religion of members of their own immediate family circles.
+
+[10] A contemporary of Bute's at Harrow and Christ Church.  He had
+become a Catholic in 1871.
+
+[11] In the preface to his translation of the Breviary, published six
+years later, Bute pays a handsome tribute to the "long pains and
+unwearied patience and kindness" which the learned Jesuit had expended
+in assisting him in the work.  Father MacSweeney read the whole of it
+in proof, and contributed much valuable criticism, especially in
+connection with the translation of the Psalter.
+
+[12] One of the testamentary dispositions of Edith Lady Loudoun, who
+had succeeded to the Scottish earldom in 1868 on the premature death of
+her brother, fourth and last Marquis of Hastings, curiously recalls a
+provision afterwards made by Bute in his own will.  Lady Loudoun
+directed that her right hand should be severed after death, and buried
+apart from her body (which was interred in the family vault in
+Scotland) in the park at her husband's seat at Donington, her home
+before she inherited her brother's title.  Curiously enough, a similar
+provision had been made by her grandfather (and Bute's), the first
+Marquis of Hastings, the distinguished Governor-General of India, who
+died in Malta in 1826, his wife and children being at the time in
+Scotland.  He was buried at Malta, but his right hand was by his wish
+carried to Loudoun, and placed in the grave destined for his wife.
+When the latter was dying fourteen years later, her daughter Sophia,
+afterwards Marchioness of Bute, wrote a note to the parish minister,
+asking him to bring her a small iron box which he would find in the
+family vault.  "There must be no delay," the missive ended.  The young
+minister did Lady Sophia's bidding: the box was taken to her mother's
+deathbed, and two days later was enclosed in her coffin according to
+her husband's desire.  This minister was the Rev. Norman Macleod,
+afterwards the chaplain and intimate friend of Queen Victoria.
+
+
+
+
+{117}
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+WINE-GROWING--LITERARY WORK--THE _SCOTTISH REVIEW_
+
+1875-1886
+
+Bute's domestic happiness was crowned, at the close of the year 1875,
+by the birth of his eldest (and for some years his only) child, the
+event taking place at Mountstuart on December 24, 1875.  "At twenty
+minutes to five a.m. on Christmas Eve," he wrote to a friend, "the
+first cries of my daughter were heard, and the little thing is and has
+been in excellent health and strength.  I cannot believe there is ever
+much likeness in babies to one parent or the other; but what she has
+_absolutely_, such as the colour of the eyes, formation of the ears,
+etc., is after me, and not after her mother ...  She was baptised that
+evening at six, I asking the farmers round about.  Mgr. Capel made a
+kind of little sermon for the occasion, very well done."
+
+The autumn of the following year was marked by a Royal visit to the
+Isle of Bute--a rare event in those parts, and one which for that
+reason aroused all the greater interest and appreciation.  H.R.H.
+Prince Leopold was the guest of Lord and Lady Bute for four days at
+Mountstuart, arriving in the evening in Lord Glasgow's yacht _Valetta_
+at the picturesque harbour of Rothesay, which was illuminated for the
+occasion.  The Prince next day paid a kind of official visit to the
+{118} Aquarium (the chief public attraction of Rothesay), and had a
+most enthusiastic reception.  On Sunday he attended service in the
+parish church, accompanied by the Protestant members of the
+house-party; and in the evening he was present at the Catholic service
+of vespers in Lord Bute's private chapel.  A ball was given at
+Mountstuart during his visit; and he much enjoyed a cruise in the yacht
+round the islands, as well as a visit to the interesting colony of
+beavers which Bute had established some little time before on a spot
+adapted for their damming and tree-cutting operations.
+
+
+[Illustration: CASTELL COCH, GLAMORGAN]
+
+[Sidenote: 1875, The Cardiff vintage]
+
+From his boyhood Bute had been a lover of animals, though, unlike the
+young hero of "The Mill on the Floss" (who "was very fond of
+animals--that is, of throwing stones at them"), he took no interest
+whatever in their destruction.  Besides the beavers, to whose
+constitutions the dampness of the Bute climate ultimately proved fatal,
+he introduced a number of kangaroos (or rather wallabies) into the
+sheltered woods round Mountstuart; and his visitors used to view with
+surprise these agile little marsupials leaping about among the bushes,
+as much at home as, and indeed much less shy than, the familiar hare or
+rabbit of our English coverts.  The acclimatisation of exotic shrubs in
+the grounds of his island home (where the prevailing mildness of
+temperature encouraged such experiments) was always a source of
+interest to him; whilst at Cardiff he derived particular pleasure from
+the success of his efforts to grow grapes there for wine-producing
+purposes.  Vines were selected from the colder districts of France, and
+were planted in 1875 on the slopes of Castell Coch, near Cardiff, in
+light fibrous loam soil.  One particular vine, the _Gamay Noir_ (a
+favourite in the Paris {119} district), so flourished that a second and
+larger vineyard was propagated from it.  Forty gallons of wine were
+made in the second year after planting, and after two or three bad
+seasons so good a vintage was secured in 1881 that the wine, pronounced
+by connoisseurs to resemble good still champagne, was all sold at
+excellent prices.  The record year, however, was 1893, when the entire
+crop of forty hogsheads, or over a thousand dozen, of the wine realised
+a price which recouped all the expenses incurred during the previous
+eighteen years.  Dr. Lawson Tait, as famous for his taste in wine as
+for his surgical skill, bought some of it; and when sold with the rest
+of his cellar after his death it fetched 115_s._ a dozen.[1]  The
+success of Bute's viticultural experiments aroused very general
+interest in England; and it is perhaps worth while putting on record,
+as a good specimen of the now discredited art of the punster, a notice
+of the new industry which appeared, now nearly half a century ago, in
+the principal comic paper of the day:
+
+
+The Marquis of Bute has, it appears, a Bute-iful vineyard at Castle
+Coch, near Cardiff, where it is to be hoped such wine will be produced
+that in future Hock will be superseded by Coch, and the unpronounceable
+vintages of the Rhine will yield to the unpronounceable vintages of the
+Taff.  Cochheimer is as yet a wine _in potentia_, but the vines are
+planted, and the gardener, Mr. Pettigrew, anticipates no petty growth.
+
+
+No distinctive name was, as a matter of fact, ever given to the wine
+made from the Castle Coch grapes; {120} and Bute on more than one
+occasion asked good Welsh scholars (including some of the Cardiff
+clergy) to dinner, in order to consult with them as to this point.  The
+site of one of the vineyards was a place called Swanbridge
+(Pont-yr-alarch), and it was suggested that "Sparkling
+Pont-yr-alarch"[2] would look well in a wine merchant's list.  "True,"
+was Bute's comment, made in the serious vein in which he loved to treat
+such subjects: "yet I fear that such a name would militate against the
+casual demand for my wine in hotels or restaurants.  One can hardly
+imagine the ordinary diner calling for a bottle of Pont-yr-alarch at
+the beginning of his meal, still less asking for a second bottle at a
+more advanced stage of the repast.  All orders for this particular
+vintage would have, in practice, to be given in writing."  The wine
+continued to be anonymous; and Bute, who frequently had it served at
+his own table, used to puzzle his guests by asking their candid opinion
+of it.  "Well, now, Lord Bute," said a distinguished connoisseur once,
+after tasting the 1893 vintage and rolling it over his palate _secundum
+artem_, "this is what I should call an _interesting_ wine."  "I wonder
+what Sir H---- M---- exactly meant by that," Bute would sometimes say
+afterwards, recalling the incident.
+
+[Sidenote: 1875, Order of the Thistle]
+
+The year 1875 was marked for Bute by an incident which gratified him
+not a little, namely, the {121} bestowal on him by Queen Victoria of
+the Knighthood of the Thistle.  It was characteristic of him that he
+did not accept this honour, as some noblemen of high rank and large
+possessions might easily have done, as a mere matter of course.  He
+regarded it, on the contrary, as a recognition of the services he had
+endeavoured to render to education, learning, and the civic life; and
+he valued and appreciated it accordingly.  Apart from any question of
+personal merit, he was gratified, as a patriotic Scot, by his admission
+into the most exclusive order of chivalry in the kingdom, and one which
+had been conferred for generations on the most eminent of his
+countrymen.  He had held for some years the Grand Cross of two
+distinguished Papal Orders--those of St. Gregory and of the Holy
+Sepulchre; but on the occasion of his next ceremonial visit to Rome and
+to the Pope, it was remarked at the Vatican (where such details never
+pass unnoticed) that he was not wearing the Pontifical decorations, but
+only the insignia of the Scottish Order.[3]
+
+The loyal affection cherished by Bute for his few near relatives has
+already been mentioned; and it may therefore be easily imagined with
+what sympathetic interest he learned in the summer of 1875 that his
+cousin Lady Flora Hastings, elder sister of Lord Loudoun, had been
+received into the Catholic Church, and was in consequence being
+subjected to a species of domestic persecution which seems strange in
+these more tolerant days, but was {122} by no means uncommon fifty
+years ago.  Bute wrote as to this to an intimate friend:
+
+
+_Jan._ 10, 1876.
+
+The treatment to which she has been submitted at home has naturally
+been extremely trying and painful to her;[4] but she has endured it
+with admirable patience, being reinforced and supported by the
+remarkable kindness of her brother.  Loudoun's behaviour has indeed
+been considerate to a degree that can hardly be imagined, and far more
+so than could have been at all expected.  You will understand, without
+my saying more, what we all feel about this.  Norfolk has been kindness
+itself to her, and so, too, have others.
+
+
+An interesting sequel to the reference in the last sentence was the
+happy engagement concluded in 1877 between the Duke of Norfolk and Lady
+Flora.  As first cousins respectively to the bride and bridegroom, Lord
+and Lady Bute were of course very specially interested in this
+marriage, which took place at the Oratory on November 21, 1877.  "We
+are all occupied all day here," Bute wrote from a London hotel on
+November 16, "talking about the wedding next week, and some of us with
+other things besides talk, for there is much business to be done and
+settled."
+
+Neither on this nor on any other occasion did Lord and Lady Bute care
+to remain away from their own home longer than was absolutely
+necessary.  Bute wrote a few days afterwards from Lord Glasgow's seat
+in Fife, where they were paying a short visit:
+
+
+{123}
+
+We quitted London--as usual, with much satisfaction--the very day after
+the ceremony, which was decorously done, and the mob of sightseers was,
+I am inclined to think, better behaved (anyhow inside the church) than
+at our marriage five years ago.  Lord Beaconsfield, who was in the
+front row next to Princess Louise, sat throughout the function wrapped
+in his long drab overcoat, and gazing at the altar with Sphinx-like
+immobility.  He told me at the reception afterwards that he had thought
+the music (which at Norfolk's express wish was plain-chant throughout)
+"strangely impressive."
+
+The bridegroom, by the way, forgot to order a carriage to take them
+away after the ceremony, but finding his father-in-law's carriage at
+the church door, handed in the bride with great presence of mind.  They
+were just driving off when Mr. Hastings came out fuming, and insisted
+on a seat in his own carriage.  So they all drove away together, quite
+in violation, I imagine, of the established etiquette on such occasions.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1877, Burning of Mountstuart]
+
+Bute's hopes of spending the winter of 1877-1878 quietly at his old
+home near Rothesay were rudely frustrated by the catastrophe of
+December 3, 1877, when Mountstuart House was practically burnt to the
+ground, only the two wings (one of them containing the little private
+chapel) escaping the flames.  He wrote early in December, in reply to a
+letter of condolence:
+
+
+Many thanks for the kind expressions in your letter.  It has all been,
+of course, very distressing.  Nearly all moveables (including books and
+pictures) were most fortunately saved,[5] but the confusion is {124}
+and has been so great that I am practically bookless for a while, and
+feel like a snail that has lost its shell.  But the Breviary is slowly
+proceeding.
+
+
+The destruction of his birthplace was, of course, far from leaving Bute
+in any sense homeless; for Cardiff Castle as well as Dumfries House,
+the fine old seat of the Crichtons, were still at his disposition, and
+to these he added in course of time two other country-places in
+Scotland, besides leasing for a term of years first the Duke of
+Devonshire's cedar-shaded villa at Chiswick, and later the beautiful
+domain of St. John's Lodge, in Regent's Park, which was almost as much
+a _rus in urbe_ as Holland House itself.  Superficially, and in one
+respect, he may thus be said to have resembled the anonymous duke in
+Disraeli's most popular novel, who was the owner of so many magnificent
+seats that he could never feel (it was his one grievance) that he
+possessed a home.  But Bute, who considered it a matter of duty and
+conscience to spend a certain time at all his places in turn, contrived
+to find in each of them the _Lar domestico_ (as the Portuguese call it)
+which makes a house a veritable home.  Happy in the society of his wife
+and growing family (three sons were born to him between 1880 and 1887)
+and surrounded by the books which he loved, he was well contented to
+live remote from cities, although quite devoid of any instincts
+whatever for the sports which alone make country life tolerable to so
+many Englishmen.  A good swimmer and fencer (as we have seen) in his
+early manhood, he indulged in middle life in no other bodily exercise
+than that of country walks; and even in these, given a congenial
+companion, what is called the "object of the walk" was often forgotten
+in the interest of some conversation on {125} topics strangely remote
+from the picturesque surroundings of a Scottish country house.  One who
+was often his associate in such rambles, perhaps on the high moorlands
+above Mountstuart, recalls how they would pause at some notable point
+of view, and how his companion, gazing with unseeing eye (though in
+reality far from insensible to the beauties of nature) at the matchless
+panorama of woods and mountains, sea, and sky spread out before them,
+would dismiss the prospect, as it were, with a wave of the hand, and
+continue his discourse on the claim of some medięval anti-pope to the
+recognition of Christendom, or the precise relation between the
+liturgical language employed by the Coptic Church and the tongue of
+ancient Egypt as spoken by the Pharaohs.
+
+[Sidenote: 1877, Bute as a landowner]
+
+Bute was scrupulous and exact in the performance of his duties as a
+landowner; he kept himself informed of all the details connected with
+the management of his extensive estates, and never grudged the demands
+on his time and patience made by the lawyers, agents, and others for
+business interviews extending over many hours and sometimes even days.
+That he found these prolonged transactions irksome and fatiguing enough
+is clear from some expressions in his correspondence; and it was always
+a pleasure and relief to him to get back to his books and literary
+work, which were, perhaps, on the whole the chief interest of his life.
+Although he expended annually a considerable sum on the equipment of
+his libraries, Bute was no bibliophile in the sense in which that word
+is now often used.  Tall-paper copies, first editions, volumes unique
+for their rarity, and publications de luxe had no interest for him at
+all.  What he aimed at was to surround himself with a first-rate
+working library, furnished especially with those {126} works of
+reference--_sources_, as the French term is--most likely to be of
+service to him in the historical and liturgical researches with which
+he was chiefly occupied.  His librarian had standing orders, in the
+case of new books of interest and utility, to purchase three copies, so
+that wherever he chanced to be resident he found the tools of his craft
+ready to his hand.[6]  A letter written in the autumn of 1877 shows
+that the work at that time occupying most of his attention was his
+translation of the Roman Breviary, which after several years of
+assiduous (though not, of course, continuous) labour was now nearing
+its completion.
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _August_ 28, 1877.
+
+At last I am relieved from a more than usually tedious spell of
+business with lawyers and factors, and am able to fulfil my promise to
+tell you of my liturgical _opus magnum_ (I call it so, though my office
+has been but the humble one of the translator).  For the present, keep
+the matter to yourself.
+
+I have been engaged since the winter of 1870 in translating the whole
+of the Roman Breviary into English; and the MS. is nearly finished, and
+the printing now going on.  I expect it will be published next year.  I
+have learnt Hebrew (more or less) for the purpose, and done an amount
+of reading which it quite frightens me to think of.  This translation
+is _my beloved child_.  I send you a volume of proof, and will give you
+a copy of the two volumes when they come out.  Please keep it quiet: I
+don't want to be badgered about it, as I should be if people knew that
+I was doing it.
+
+{127}
+
+I am executing a paraphrase in English prose, with a critical
+commentary, introduction, notes, analysis, and all the rest of it, of
+the Scots metrical romance upon the Life of William Wallace, written by
+"Blind Harry" in the XVth century.
+
+From my Scotch historical reading, I am gradually compiling a skeleton
+chronology of the History of Scotland, with references to every fact:
+it is intended to stretch from the fall of Macbeth to that of
+Mary--_i.e._ the national, Catholic, and feudal period.
+
+And--pleasure after business--I have in hand a translation of the
+Targum (Paraphrastic Commentary by the Jewish Fathers) upon the Song of
+Solomon, from the Latin version published at Antwerp in 1570.  This has
+just been rejected by the Jesuits for one of their publications as
+"dull."  As I did not compose it, I feel free to differ from their
+verdict.  I think now of offering it to _Good Words_.  It is mystic
+(not fleshly) and very wild, picturesque, and diffuse--indeed, in my
+opinion, touching not infrequently on the sublime.
+
+So you see I have lots of work in hand.
+
+
+Bute took an infinity of pains over his English Breviary, polishing and
+repolishing his version of the medięval Latin text over and over again,
+and correcting and revising the proofs with such meticulous care as
+greatly to add to the expense of the production (which was defrayed by
+himself, not by the publishers) and also to the delay in bringing out
+the work.  Probably few books of the size and character of these two
+portly volumes were ever printed with a smaller proportion of
+typographical errors; but Bute professed himself far from satisfied
+with the work on its appearance.  Sending a copy to a friend, he wrote:
+
+
+There are a good many things in it--blunders and {128} oversights
+(mostly mine, not the printers', who have done their work
+extraordinarily well)--which make me anything but contented with it.  I
+am on the whole, seeing the book in print, least dissatisfied with the
+rendering of the _prayers_, in which I venture to think I have not
+quite failed to reproduce to some extent the measured and sonorous
+dignity of the original Latin.
+
+
+Reviewers, as a rule, received the Breviary with respectful admiration,
+their tributes being, however, paid in many cases less to the work
+itself than to the astonishing industry of the translator.  Bute
+himself was disappointed at the slowness of the sale.  "I hope," he
+wrote to a friend at Oxford, "you will speak of it if occasion offers,
+as the circulation is not large."  And some months later he wrote
+again, "I am very glad that you find the Breviary of use, and that
+there are others who do the same.  It is not, however, a feeling as yet
+very widely disseminated among the public, seeing that I am still £300
+out of pocket by having published it."
+
+There was, in truth, no very considerable body of educated
+English-speaking readers to whom these two ponderous and necessarily
+expensive tomes were likely to appeal.  The Catholic clergy had no
+money to spare for literary luxuries, and felt no special need of an
+English version of their familiar office-book: the Catholic laity,
+devoid for the most part of all liturgical taste, and nurtured on
+modern methods and manuals of devotion, knew and cared little about the
+ancient and official prayer of the Church, either in Latin or in
+English; and thus those chiefly interested in this really monumental
+work, to which the translator had devoted such prolonged and unwearied
+labour, proved to be, not (pathetically enough) his own
+co-religionists, but a small group of scholars and devotees mostly
+{129} belonging to one section of the Church of England, and including
+liturgiologists of acknowledged eminence.  In some religious houses,
+however, both of men and women, the Breviary was introduced, and
+greatly valued, as a means of instructing novices and others in the
+Divine Office; and in a certain number of Anglican communities,
+especially in the United States, it was brought into use as the regular
+office-book.  Bute always heard with sincere gratification of any
+instances of this which were brought to his knowledge.[7]
+
+[Sidenote: 1882, The _Scottish Review_]
+
+Next to the Breviary, the "_beloved child_" of his brain, which was
+published in the autumn of 1879, Bute's chief literary labours may be
+said to have been in connection with the quarterly _Scottish Review_,
+to which he first became a contributor in 1882, and of which he
+afterwards assumed the control, purchasing the periodical outright in
+1886.  A series of his letters dealing with the _Review_, all eminently
+characteristic of the writer, have been preserved, mostly addressed to
+the editor, the Rev. W. Metcalfe, an Established Church minister of
+Paisley, who was afterwards closely associated with him during his
+Rectorship of St. Andrews University, and was during a long series of
+years one of his most intimate friends and most regular correspondents.
+One of his first letters, in reply to one suggesting certain subjects
+for possible articles from his pen, shows the complete frankness with
+which, when necessary, he acknowledged his own ignorance.
+
+
+{130}
+
+Dumfries House,
+  _October_ 10, 1882.
+
+I am sensible of the kindness of your offer, but I know my own
+limitations.  About prehistoric antiquities I can write nothing, for I
+know nothing; and of the Scots Men-at-Arms I know if possible even
+less.  For the latter subject I could no doubt "mug up," as Arthur
+Pendennis did for his articles in the _Pall Mall Gazette_; but _cui
+bono_?  As for early Scottish Christianity, the subject is too vast:
+you might almost as well ask me for an article on the history of the
+human race.  It must be done in _fragments_.  I think I might try my
+hand on some scrap, say the ancient Celtic Hymns, in Latin; and I am
+now taking steps to ascertain if there are known to be any more of such
+compositions than I already possess--also to get a legible transcript
+of one of mine, a (to me) illegible lithographic facsimile of an
+ancient Codex....  As to the Men-at-Arms, I am of opinion that Mrs.
+Maxwell Scott of Abbotsford would do this well.  She is somewhat of an
+invalid, and spends much time in study, in which she has the advantage
+both of great natural ability and of her illustrious
+great-grandfather's admirable library.  She is (unreasonably)
+diffident; but were the article once written, I feel sure you would not
+find yourself in search of any excuse not to print it.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1883, Contributions to the _Scottish Review_]
+
+Bute's own paper on "Ancient Celtic Latin Hymns" appeared in February,
+1883, and was the first of over twenty articles contributed by him to
+the _Scottish Review_.[8]  Other articles followed, dealing
+respectively with St. Patrick, the Scottish Peerage, and the Bayreuth
+Festival, which he attended for the first time in 1886, the same year
+in which he acquired {131} control of the _Review_.  The last-named
+article has a particular interest of its own, as having been written by
+a man quite devoid (as he himself frankly acknowledged)[9] of any
+ęsthetic appreciation of music, but who was yet moved and impressed to
+an extraordinary degree by the Wagnerian cycle as presented at
+Bayreuth.  "Had you not better," he writes to the editor in sending the
+Bayreuth article, "submit my _Festival_ to some expert musician of
+Wagnerian mind, that he may add a few technicalities at appropriate
+places?  (I have indicated in pencil where I think this may fitly be
+done.)"
+
+The article on St. Patrick aroused some interest, especially in the
+perennial question of the Saint's birthplace--a subject to which Bute
+makes whimsical reference in a letter relating to hoped-for
+contributions from the Rev. Colin Grant,[10] the learned priest of
+Eskadale.
+
+
+He (G.) is at all sorts of things at this moment, including a memoir of
+Simon Lord Lovat, also a {132} formal attack on a priest (one M----)
+who writes an article every six months, making St. Patrick be born in a
+new place every time, as readily as if he were a kind of early Celtic
+Homer or Gladstone.  Grant swears by Dumbarton; but whenever he crushes
+M---- in one place it is only to find him giving birth to the Saint
+again in a new one.
+
+[Sidenote: 1886, A troublesome Greek]
+
+A note to the editor of the _Review_ on the proper designation of a
+Greek named Bikelas, who had contributed an article, shows the extreme
+attention paid by Bute to such comparatively subsidiary points.  The
+note was addressed from Dresden, which Lord and Lady Bute were visiting
+after their pilgrimage to Bayreuth, and where they prolonged their stay
+for several days (in spite of their usual eagerness to get home), in
+order to witness there another performance of the Nibelungen Tetralogy
+which they had seen at Bayreuth a few days previously.
+
+
+_Sept._ 14, 1886.
+
+Bikelas kicks against being called "the K. Bikelas": he wants the title
+"Mr."  I tell him that we usually give foreigners the title they use
+themselves--not "Mr."  Thus we say "M." not "Mr." Grévy--"Signor" not
+"Mr." Depretis--Herr not "Mr." von Hartmann--"Seńor" not "Mr."
+Canovas."  Greeks are vulgarly designated "M.," which must be wrong,
+as, whatever they are, they are not Frenchmen, nor are we.  It is a
+mere blunder founded on ignorance.  They themselves always use the
+style [Greek: _ho kśrios_]--e.g. [Greek: _ho_ K. _peparrźgopoulos_].
+Consequently I maintain that they should be called in English "the K."
+So-and-so.[11]
+
+
+{133}
+
+Under Bute's regime the columns of the _Scottish Review_ were open to
+capable writers professing any religion or none; but he seems to have
+found the latitudinarian views of "[Greek: _ho K. Bikelas_]" as
+troublesome as his title.
+
+
+_December_ 11, 1886.
+
+B. is very tiresome indeed.  The fact is, the man has lived more at
+Paris than has been good for him, and looks on anybody taking any
+interest in religion as a folly to be apologised for.  This is a state
+of mind which will appear as strange and shocking in this country as it
+would in his own.  I told him therefore that I thought I must "cook"
+his most free-thinking paragraphs, and he assented.  Now he insists on
+having it all scepticised.  I suppose that I must do as he wishes, and
+leave him--and ourselves--to the fate that may befall us.  I fear,
+however, he won't be redeemed even by being sandwiched in between the
+Unknowable in front and the miracles of St. Magnus behind.  There is,
+however, just the hope that the country ministers who do the notices
+won't see what he's driving at.
+
+
+Bute's view about the application of the term "British" to his
+countrymen is expressed in a note referring to an article written for
+the number of January, 1887, by Amin Nassif, a Syrian _protégé_ of his,
+translated from the Arabic by Professor Robertson, and prefaced by a
+rather mysterious foreword, apparently from Bute's pen.
+
+
+I would not call Nassif's article "Egypt under the British," but "Egypt
+under the English invasion."[12]  I dislike the word "British," which
+really only means Cymro-Celtic.  It has a tendency to confound us with
+{134} the English, and to obscure to the popular mind the extent to
+which our forefathers in 1706 tried to make us a mere English
+province.[13]  To every one their due: to the Westminster Parliament
+that of the bombardment of Alexandria and the rest of it.
+
+
+The appearance of the first number of the _Review_ published subsequent
+to Bute assuming control of the periodical is referred to with some
+complacency, in a letter written from Mountstuart on April 16, 1887:
+
+
+It seems to me the best number of the _S.R._ that I have ever seen.
+But as I have had more to do with it than with any other, I probably
+see it with prejudiced eyes.  The first newspaper notice or two will
+display it in its true light, in the same way that the impressions of
+Moličre's housekeeper on his literary efforts were a precursor of those
+of his public audiences.
+
+
+The "first newspaper notice" which came to hand, that in the _Ayr
+Observer_, evoked a comment which seemed to show that Bute was not then
+so hardened as he afterwards became to the depreciatory remarks of
+"irresponsible reviewers."
+
+
+_May_ 9, 1887.
+
+The _Ayr Observer_ man had clearly not even glanced at any of the
+articles except the first and one other (to which he was attracted by
+my name as of local interest).  He seems to believe the word
+"Byzantine," now seen by him for the first time, to be a synonym for
+"German" or "Russian."  As none of the sentences parse, I conceive that
+the notice was {135} written in the small hours (from a dogged
+determination not to go to bed without getting it done), after
+separating from some scene freely enlivened by alcoholic stimulants.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1887, A London garden party]
+
+A long letter to the editor written on June 18, 1887, contains, _inter
+alia_, lamentations on the writer's "hard fate" at having to return to
+London in mid-summer, and attend, incidentally, a crowded garden party
+there.
+
+
+Fancy leaving this place [Mountstuart] at its very best, in order to be
+jammed in a stuffy back garden in London, in a hollow surrounded by
+houses, for hours on a midsummer's afternoon.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT HALL, MOUNTSTUART]
+
+I see astrologically that Mars has a good deal to say with regard to
+the *******;[14] it may possibly mean sunstroke or apoplexy as well as
+dynamite.  Really one would think they ought to provide not only an
+ambulance tent and nurses, but also a dead-house and a competent staff
+of undertakers.[15]
+
+
+William Skene, the eminent Celtic scholar and historiographer-royal for
+Scotland, had proposed writing an article for the _Review_ on the
+question of reunion between the Episcopalian and Presbyterian Churches;
+and this gave Bute an opportunity of ventilating his deep-seated
+animosity against what he considered the hopelessly Erastian element
+inherent {136} in, and (as he believed) essential to, Anglicanism.  He
+wrote from Raby Castle on October 11, 1887:
+
+
+If Dr. Skene advocates Bishop Wordsworth's views, he is likely to find
+himself strongly controverted in the next number.  What the Bishop
+means by reunion is the unconditional surrender of the Scottish nation
+to a foreign body, whose marriages form 2 per cent. of those celebrated
+in Scotland.  This seems to me simply insane impertinence.  A reunion
+between Presbyterians and Catholics looks to me far less unlikely; for
+the very essence of the Presbyterian position--that the sacramental
+character of Order belongs only to the presbyterate, the episcopate
+being merely its full exercise--is at least a discutable[16] question
+with _us_, and we are already agreed on Christ's Divine Headship "on
+earth as it is in heaven": whereas the Anglicans have nailed their
+colours to the mast on the first point, and have abandoned every shred
+of Catholic principle on the second.  Their doing this last is indeed
+the sole reason why they exist at all, either in England or in Scotland.
+
+
+The withers of the historiographer-royal were probably quite unwrung by
+this rather polemical outburst, the fact being that Dr. Skene had (as
+he himself mildly explained) no sympathy at all with Bishop
+Wordsworth's views on reunion, which his article was designed not to
+support but to confute.[17]
+
+
+
+[1] The vintage of 1885 was also a very good one.  "The Mayor of
+Cardiff," Bute noted in his diary in July, 1892, "has bought three
+dozen of my 1885 wine--like, but in his opinion better (and I really
+think it is) than, my Falernian here."
+
+[2] It may be worth while to point out that the suggested Welsh name
+for the wine is based on a mistaken etymology.  The word "Swanbridge"
+has nothing to do with swans, but is from the Norse or Danish proper
+name Sweyn (Swegen, Swain or Svend).  The narrow neck of land
+connecting the place, at low tide, with the island of Sully is the
+"bridge" or "brigg" forming the second half of the word.  Norse names
+are common all along the south coast of Glamorgan.
+
+[3] It is to be observed, in reference to this, that the occasion
+referred to was that of an exclusively Scottish deputation to Pope Pius
+IX.--an occasion on which Bute doubtless thought it congruous and
+becoming to appear wearing only the decoration of the highest Order of
+Scottish chivalry.
+
+[4] By a singular sequence of events, the persecuting parent (who was
+afterwards created Lord Donington) followed his daughter's example a
+few years later, and died a devout member of the Catholic Church in
+1895.
+
+[5] Much of the credit of this was due to the sailors from the Clyde
+guardship, who arrived on the scene in time to render invaluable
+service in the work of salvage.
+
+[6] The writer has been reminded, since the above sentence was penned,
+that another standing order to the librarian was to purchase annually
+one or two works of fiction among those most in demand during the
+current year.
+
+[7] A tale (possibly _ben trovato_) in this connection was told of a
+certain nun, a blonde of very homely appearance, whose intonation in
+choir of the antiphon, "I am black but comely," provoked such unseemly
+giggles in the community, that the Superior promptly ordered the
+English Breviary to be discarded, and the Latin one adopted in its
+place.
+
+[8] Afterwards reprinted in book form (_post_, p. 143, note).  A
+complete bibliography of Bute's published writings is given in Appendix
+VI.
+
+[9] "Since I have been here," he wrote in January, 1887, from Oban,
+where he had built a church and established a choir of men and boys for
+the daily celebration of the Liturgy, "I have been attending choir
+myself very regularly.  I have no natural musical gifts at all, as you
+(being musical yourself) are well aware; but I think it better to put
+on a surplice when here, as it shows fellow-feeling."  The Emperor
+Charlemagne, we are told, presided regularly over the choir in his
+private chapel; but beyond the fact that he coughed or sneezed
+(_sternutabat_) when he wished the lessons to stop, we do not hear of
+his taking any audible part in the service.  Probably both he and Lord
+Bute, having instituted a choir to do the singing, thought it best
+themselves to follow the injunction which is, or was, posted up in the
+ante-chapel of Magdalen College, Oxford, bidding visitors "join in the
+service silently."
+
+[10] One of the most deeply learned men of his time in Scotland,
+especially on the lore and history of the early Celtic Church.  He was
+appointed to the See of Aberdeen in 1889, but--to the great loss of
+Scottish learning--died only six weeks after his episcopal
+consecration.  See _post_, p. 147.
+
+[11] The articles contributed by this writer were, as a matter of fact,
+signed [Greek: _Demétrios Bikelas_, and appear in the index under the
+name of D. Bikelas.  In some reviews of his writings he is, however,
+styled "the K."  His "Seven Essays on Christian Greece," translated by
+Bute, appeared in book form in 1890.
+
+[12] The title of the article as published was "Egypt on the Eve of the
+English Invasion."  It was anonymous.
+
+[13] One cannot but recall, in this connection, Mr. Putney Giles's
+words to Lothair in regard to the preparations for the celebration of
+his majority.  "Great disappointment would prevail among your
+Lordship's friends in Scotland, if that country on this occasion were
+placed on the same level as a mere English county.  It must be regarded
+as a Kingdom."--"Lothair," Chap. XXVII.
+
+[14] The asterisked word is, of course, "Jubilee."  Some time before
+this Bute had written: "I am dabbling, among other things, in
+astrology, and find it a curious and in some ways fascinating study."
+See _post_, p. 176.
+
+[15] A curious parallel to this curious passage occurs in a letter
+written by Disraeli to Lady Chesterfield on July 14, 1887 ("Life," vol.
+vi. p. 169).  "Garden parties in London are wells, full of dank air.
+Sir William Gull told me that if the great garden parties in future are
+held at Buckingham Palace and Marlboro' House instead of Chiswick and
+so on, his practice will be doubled."
+
+[16] This odd synonym for "discussible" seems almost an [Greek: _hįpax
+legómenon_].  The Oxford Dictionary gives but one example of its use,
+from an article in the _Saturday Review_ of 1893.
+
+[17] Dr. Skene's article did not, as a matter of fact, appear in the
+_Review_.
+
+
+
+
+{137}
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+LITERARY WORK (_CONTINUED_)
+
+1886, 1887
+
+"They will say that we are dull, of course," Bute wrote to his editor
+in 1887, discussing the contents of a forthcoming number of the
+_Scottish Review_.  "But they say that anyhow, without reading us,
+whatever we put in or leave out."  Bute did not always feel sure that
+his own contributions, written as they were with an immensity of care
+and painstaking, were not open to this charge.  "I feel rather low
+about the 'Coronations,'"[1] he wrote a few weeks later.  "It seems to
+me dull, very long, and intensely technical....  It is true that the
+Lord Lyon has returned my proof with a note calling the article 'most
+valuable,' and saying he could scarcely suggest any improvement.  So
+far so good; but then he is a professional State Master of Ceremonies."
+
+At other times Bute appeared rather to resent the charge of "heaviness"
+not infrequently applied to his _Review_.  "They call us
+_ponderous_--it is their favourite adjective," he wrote in this mood a
+little later.  "It is easy to bandy epithets, but I should say that we
+are positively _light_ in comparison with {138} some other quarterlies
+I could name.  I was drowsing for two hours last night over one of
+them, which I can designate by no other word than _stodgy_."
+Nevertheless it must be frankly admitted that Bute did not possess the
+power of treating with any kind of light touch (or perhaps of inspiring
+others to do the same) the various interesting and important subjects
+which were the staple of the _Review_.  The gift of humour he certainly
+possessed, and in a high degree: he could see as well as any man the
+incongruous and ridiculous side of the most serious subject: he liked a
+good story, and could tell one himself, with a sort of solemn jocosity
+which, combined with his singular felicity in the choice of language,
+added vastly to the effect of the anecdote.  Moreover, he could write
+as well as talk wittily, as is evident from the caustic and sometimes
+mordant humour which characterises many of his letters.  But this
+feature is almost or wholly absent from his published writings; and in
+these he seems to have adopted the principle which Dr. Johnson
+certainly practised as well as preached: "The dignity of literature is
+little enhanced by what passes for humour and wit; and the true man of
+letters will do well to reserve his jests for the ears of his private
+friends, and to treat serious subjects, on the printed page, in a
+serious manner."
+
+Bute hardly seemed to realise that the following of the sage counsel
+just quoted could be any bar to the popularity of the _Review_ with the
+general reader; and he was at times almost querulous with what he
+called the "unaccountable apathy" of the Scottish public in particular.
+"I think," he wrote to a literary friend, "you ought to pitch strongly
+into the Scottish people for their distaste for anything like serious
+reading.  I am told that of the books borrowed from {139} the Edinburgh
+Public Library for home perusal, more than 75 per cent. are works of
+fiction.  One thing which I have particularly noticed about them is
+crass ignorance of their own history, to a point which is really quite
+astonishing."
+
+In order to increase the circulation of the _Review_, and make it if
+possible self-supporting ("a state of things which, for the sake of the
+principle involved," wrote Bute, "I am extremely desirous to bring
+about,") the desperate expedient was proposed of transferring the
+_Review_ to London, following the precedents of the _Edinburgh_ and the
+_North British_.  But this was too much for Bute's _amor patrię_.  He
+wrote to the Oxford friend from whom the suggestion had emanated:
+
+
+_October_ 1, 1887.
+
+One might, of course, do better business by dropping it as a _Scottish_
+review, and starting another English magazine in London under the same
+name, and with a continuity of numeration.  This, however, would be to
+destroy in its very essence the attempt to keep going a Scottish
+quarterly in Scotland.  It must be owned that the apathy of the
+Scottish public is quite enough to drive any one to such a course, and
+it would be entirely their own fault if it were taken.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Bute's historical method]
+
+A typical example of Bute's method of treating subjects drawn from the
+byways of history may be seen in his studies on the trial and execution
+of Giordano Bruno,[2] whose memory a noisy party in Italy was at that
+time (1888) endeavouring to exalt as that of an innocent victim and
+martyr.  The opinion of educated Catholics might have been thought
+pretty well made up as to the justice of the {140} sentence on the
+notorious Neapolitan philosopher and ex-Dominican, of whom not a Roman
+Inquisitor, but a Protestant divine, had said that he was "a man of
+great capacity, with infinite knowledge, but not a particle of
+religion."  Bute, however, approached the subject in his usual attitude
+of complete intellectual detachment, with no trace of _parti pris_.
+"There is much obscurity about the whole matter," he wrote from
+Sorrento on March 21, 1888, "but I flatter myself that my paper will at
+least be a triumph of impartiality, of absolutely colourless
+neutrality."  It is sufficient to record here that his conclusion,
+after many months of patient sifting of evidence, much of it drawn from
+contemporary sources hitherto unexplored, was much the same as that of
+Bruno's accusers and judges in Venice and in Rome.  He wrote as follows
+to Dr. Metcalfe, before his articles appeared in print:
+
+
+What I fail to understand is why they executed him at all.  If the
+Church Courts had kept him to themselves and imprisoned him for life,
+he could not have done any one any harm, and might with advancing age
+have repudiated and repented some of his blasphemous utterances (one
+being that Christ was not God, but only a magician of extraordinary
+cunning).[3]  In the case of this obscure and repulsive vagabond, whose
+chief literary work could not be printed to-day without the author
+being prosecuted for obscenity, there was surely no need of a terrible
+public example, such as might have been (and was) urged in the case of
+the burning of Servetus.
+
+
+{141}
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Garibaldi's Autobiography]
+
+Equally characteristic of his zeal for what he calls "colourless
+neutrality" in the presentment of historic facts are his observations
+on a proposed article for the _Review_ on the autobiography of
+Garibaldi, then recently published.  As to this he writes (February,
+1888):
+
+
+Perhaps the Contessa M---- C---- could do it; and if the book is on the
+Index (which is not unlikely),[4] she could easily get a dispensation
+by stating her object in wishing to read it.  I suppose she is not a
+Garibaldian, by the way? that would never do.  She should express as
+little opinion of any sort as possible--I don't mean, of course, that
+she should abstain from stating known facts--and should leave the man
+to speak for himself by an analysis and a string of quotations, which
+must be given from the Italian text, and severely literal.
+
+
+The above example--many others could of course be cited--are sufficient
+to indicate the spirit of rigid impartiality in which Bute treated, and
+desired that others should treat, historical questions of every kind,
+and his almost passionate endeavours to follow in all such researches
+the old maxim, _Audi alteram partem_.  It must be confessed,
+however--indeed he himself practically owned--that were his
+historiographical principles universally adopted, English literature,
+if not the cause of historic truth, would be the poorer.  "Most
+history," he said in one of his addresses to a body of university
+students, "is not history at all, but romance, sometimes fascinating
+but seldom trustworthy, coloured, as it often is deeply, with the
+prejudices and prepossessions of its {142} writers.
+Names--facts--dates--there is true history; but when a man gets beyond
+that, when he begins to dissect characters, to attribute motives, to
+analyse principles of action, then in nine cases out of ten he ceases
+to be a historian and becomes a romancer.  Gibbon, with his enormous
+erudition, could have presented to us all the details of Rome's decline
+as they really were---he has given us instead a travesty of them
+distorted by his own devilish hatred of Christianity.  Macaulay, whose
+whiggery may have been all very well on the hustings, disgusts us by
+intruding it into every page of his so-called "History of England."
+Froude vaunts that his history of the English Reformation is entirely
+based on original documents; by which he really means that he has used
+all those which have helped him in his self-imposed task of
+whitewashing Henry VIII., and has suppressed all the rest.[5]  I need
+not give other instances."
+
+Bute might have pointed to his own laborious work on Scottish
+Chronology in illustration of his theory of how history should be
+written--the immense folio volumes, specially constructed for the
+purpose, in which day by day and year by year he inserted dates, with
+the barest and briefest statement of facts bearing on the history of
+Scotland and her early kings, as he encountered them in the course of
+his omnivorous reading.  He could hardly have seriously maintained the
+paradox that history in this skeleton {143} form was the only true
+history worthy of the name.  But no historic student (and he disclaimed
+for himself any higher title) ever aimed more anxiously than he did, in
+every line that he wrote, to set forth the plain facts of history
+absolutely uncoloured by any views or prepossessions of his own.  It
+was this marked characteristic, coupled (it is not necessary to say
+contrasted) with his complete and unquestioning loyalty to the
+teachings of his Church, which, especially to those who knew him, gave
+a unique interest to everything that came from his pen.  Genuine
+erudition--a virile independence of thought and judgment--an engaging
+personal diffidence and a complete absence of anything like obtrusion
+of the writer's own opinions, combined with a gift of expression and a
+command of language which often soars to real, if sober,
+eloquence--these qualities may all be found in the essays which he
+wrote during the years which were the most intellectually productive of
+his life; and it is well that they have been rescued from the _pozzo
+profondo_ of the pages of a provincial periodical of limited
+circulation, and are accessible, in two handsome volumes,[6] to all who
+care to read them.
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Tribute from Lord Rosebery]
+
+It may be well at this point, and in this connection, to cite an
+interesting tribute to Bute's literary abilities paid by one who had
+been among the earliest friends of his dawning manhood, and whose own
+distinction in the world of letters gives a particular value to his
+judgment.  Lord Rosebery said of him as follows:--[7]
+
+
+{144}
+
+The late Lord Bute was a remarkable character to the world at large,
+whether they knew him well or did not.  To some it may often have
+seemed that he was out of place in the nineteenth century.  His mind,
+his thoughts, his studies were so entirely thrown back into a past more
+or less remote; and I think, had he had more incentive to make known
+the objects and subjects of his researches, he would have left no mean
+name in the republic of letters.  And even as it is he has left behind
+him a rectorial address to the University of St. Andrews, which
+contains, I think, one of the strangest, most pathetic, most striking
+passages of eloquence with which I am acquainted in any modern
+deliverance.
+
+
+This is high praise; but to those who are familiar with the passages to
+which Lord Rosebery refers, it will not seem exaggerated or misplaced.
+They form the peroration to Bute's inaugural address delivered at St.
+Andrews on the occasion of his election to the lord-rectorship of that
+University; and they run as follows:--
+
+
+On the 5th of March, in this year, I took a walk with Professor Knight
+to Drumcarrow.  It was a fine, sunny day.  We stood among the remains
+of the prehistoric fort, and looked over the bright view, the glorious
+landscape enriched by so many memories, the city of St. Andrews
+enthroned upon her sea-girt promontory, the German Ocean stretching to
+the horizon, from where it chafes upon the cliffs which support her
+walls.  And we remarked how God and man, how nature and history, had
+alike marked this place as an ideal home of learning and culture.  And
+then the view and the name of the Apostle together carried my thoughts
+away to another land and a narrower and land-locked sea.  I do not mean
+that where Patrai, the scene of Andrew's death, looks from the shores
+of Achaia towards the home of {145} Ulysses over waters rendered for
+ever glorious by the victory of Lepanto.  I do not mean the City of
+Constantine, where the first Christian Emperor enshrined his body, and
+where the union of ineffably debased luxury and ineffably debased
+misery, which drains into the Sea of Marmora, excites a disgust which
+almost chokes grief and humiliation.  Neither do I mean those sun-baked
+precipices which, by the shores of the Gulf of Salerno, beetle over the
+grave where lies the body that was conformed in death to the likeness
+of the death of the Lord.  I mean the land of Andrew's birth--the hot,
+brown hills, which, far below the general sea-level of the world, gird
+in the Lake of Gennesareth--that strange landscape which also is not
+unknown to me, the environing circle of arid steeps, at whose feet,
+nevertheless, the occasional brakes of oleander raise above the line of
+the waters their masses of pink blossom, and whence the eye can see the
+snows of Hermon glistering against the sky far away;--and I pray that
+some words which he heard uttered upon one of those hills may be
+realised here--that the physical situation of this place may be but a
+parable of its moral position--and that it may yet be said of the House
+of the Apostle that "the rain descended, and the floods came, and the
+winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not, for it was
+founded upon a rock."[8]
+
+
+In 1888 Mr. Gardner of Paisley, publisher of the _Review_, was honoured
+with the appointment of publisher to the Queen.  Bute, who was
+interested in every detail concerning the periodical, wrote to the
+editor with one of his quaint comments:
+
+
+_September_ 30, 1888.
+
+I think it would be just as well that Gardner should put his Royal
+title at the foot of the title-page, as in his other publications, and
+just in the same way.  {146} I suppose H.M. will not consider that she
+is thus made responsible for all the opinions to be found within.  If
+she does, it will be time for her to say so when it strikes her.
+
+I have just attacked a great frequenter and pillar of the Athenęum Club
+for not having us taken in there; and I hope he will succeed in wiping
+this reproach from the institution.
+
+
+Bute's control of the _Scottish Review_ was maintained until the end of
+his life.  The seventy-second and final number appeared in October,
+1900, the month in which he died.  Occasional entries in his diaries
+show that he had incurred very heavy expenses in connection with the
+_Review_--perhaps, from first to last, almost as heavy as those
+entailed on him by the establishment and support, twenty years before,
+of a Conservative daily newspaper in the heart of Liberal Wales.  As he
+had not grudged that outlay in what he believed to be a good cause, so
+he did not consider the money expended on this literary enterprise to
+have been expended in vain.  If the _Scottish Review_ under his control
+had not proved precisely a commercial success--and perhaps he had never
+really expected that it would--its conduct and management had at least
+provided him with congenial work and occupation during a period
+extending over several years.  It afforded him a convenient vehicle for
+the publication of his curious researches into some of the obscurer
+corners of ecclesiastical and general history: it brought him into
+contact, either personally or by correspondence, with many
+distinguished scholars and men of letters whom he might otherwise have
+had no opportunity of knowing: it led indirectly to the forming of at
+least one intimate friendship which was the source of pleasure and
+interest to him until the {147} end of his life; and it brought him
+opportunities which he valued of playing the part of an unostentatious
+Męcenas--in other words, of giving practical encouragement to literary
+beginners in whom he discerned actual ability or promise for the
+future, enabling them to make their first public appearance in a
+periodical of repute, and thus assisting them to mount at least the
+first slopes of the Parnassus to which they aspired.
+
+[Sidenote: 1889, Death of Bishop Grant]
+
+Reserved, undemonstrative, and cold as Bute was often deemed, there is
+abundant evidence that his colleagues and collaborators on the
+_Scottish Review_ appreciated highly the uniform courtesy,
+consideration, and kindness which they received at his hands.  His real
+warmth of heart and loyal affection to his friends are well shown in
+the touching letter which he wrote on hearing of the death of his old
+and dear friend Bishop Colin Grant, who had not only contributed to the
+_Review_, but had given him, for many years past, constant and very
+highly valued assistance in his researches into the early history of
+Scotland.
+
+
+_September_ 28, 1889.
+
+My own feelings are divided between grief for the loss of my old and
+esteemed personal friend, and a sense of desolation, almost amounting
+to despair, at the loss which Scottish historical science has
+sustained.  There must be among his papers masses of notes which ought
+not to be lost to the world.  I have written to his nephew to implore
+him not to let a single scrap of paper be destroyed.  As for himself,
+if we can only put aside our grief at the loss to ourselves, and at the
+apparent loss to the Church upon earth, we can only feel a curious joy
+as we picture his admission, far beyond the sphere where time works,
+into the blessed company of the just made perfect (especially those of
+our own land, on whose {148} earthly lives he loved so much to
+dwell[9]) and above all, into the very presence of their Divine Head,
+the great Shepherd of the sheep, Whom to please he so humbly and
+cheerfully devoted a lifetime in striving to serve His flock.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Scottish Home Rule]
+
+A short time before writing this tribute to his old friend and
+fellow-worker, Bute had attended a meeting held at Dundee to advocate
+the claims of Scotland to Home Rule--a claim which he regarded with a
+great deal of interest and not a little sympathy, as is evident from
+the article he wrote for the _Scottish Review_ (October, 1889) on
+"Parliament in Scotland."  He thus gives his impressions of the meeting:
+
+
+The Home Rule meeting in Dundee seemed to me to be really a sort of
+battle between Dr. Clark and the Edinburgh Executive on the one hand,
+who gave me the impression of being well-informed, able, and educated
+people, either Tories or very moderate Liberals, with whom I get on
+perfectly; and on the other hand the great body of delegates, who
+seemed to me to be extreme Radicals unconscious of their own ignorance.
+Mrs. Maxwell Scott has read the proof of my forthcoming article, and is
+exceedingly pleased with it.  The Home Rule people all wanted to know
+whether the _Scottish Review_ could not be turned into their monthly
+organ!  but I replied that such a change would be equivalent to
+annihilation of what the _S.R._ was designed to be, has always been,
+and is.
+
+
+Bute had already accepted an engagement to preside this year (1889) at
+the St. Andrew's Day dinner of the Scottish Corporation in London, but
+{149} was extremely dubious as to what kind of reception he would have
+from a company of whom many were doubtless quite out of sympathy with
+the views on Scottish Home Rule set forth in this article.  His letter
+on this subject, expressing his obvious relief at the manner in which
+things had turned out, makes amusing reading:
+
+
+Chiswick House,
+  _December_ 1, 1889.
+
+The St. Andrew's Day dinner came off last night.  I had been extremely
+nervous about it, so that I could really take up nothing else until it
+was over.  This was folly, and really almost sinful folly, because the
+desire to be liked is only vanity at bottom, and vanity is a bastard
+cousin to pride.  But I knew also (and there I was on fair enough
+ground) that, although politics were not to be mentioned, the thing was
+in fact to be a political demonstration, and that it was not yours
+truly, John M. of B., who was to be placed in the chair, but the author
+of "Parliament in Scotland"; and the question was, how the Scottish
+commercial colony in London would receive him.  It had even been
+publicly suggested in print that the charity should be boycotted
+because I had been asked to take the chair, "although, no doubt," (the
+writer charitably added,) "that must have been done before the article
+appeared."  Well, the festival duly came off, and I think I was never
+more cheered in my life.  They cheered for quite long periods every
+time I had to come forward, from the time I entered the drawing-room
+before the dinner.  And I will not quote the language which was used to
+me about the speech which I made.
+
+
+The interest which Bute had always felt in St. Magnus of Orkney since
+his visit, or pilgrimage, to the scene of the saint's martyrdom in his
+under-graduate days,[10] was evinced by the new and careful {150}
+investigations which he undertook in 1886, in view of an article on the
+subject in his _Review_.  His cautious, yet reverent, attitude towards
+the supernatural is well shown in a passage of a letter to his
+publisher, relating to the local tradition about a perennially green
+spot of ground said to mark the site of Magnus's death in the isle of
+Egilsay:
+
+
+I own that, with such information as I have ever had, together with my
+own recollections of the place, I am inclined to think that the
+phenomenon is, if not strictly miraculous, in the strongest sense of
+the word, a special intervention of Divine Providence, which may be
+called a preternatural testimony of God's favour towards His martyred
+servant.
+
+
+Bute later entered into negotiations for the purchase of the site above
+referred to, with a view to its preservation; but this was not carried
+out.  He also wrote at considerable length to his correspondents in
+Orkney, throwing great doubts (as he had done nineteen years
+previously) on the supposed bones (or "reliques," as he calls them) of
+St. Magnus preserved at Kirkwall--chiefly on account of the degenerate
+type of the skull.  "It may be," he characteristically says, "that this
+only indicates a triumph of grace over nature.  But it seems to me to
+be incompatible, I will not say with holiness, but with the
+intellectual, high-minded, and beautiful character and tastes of the
+Martyr."  On these and other grounds he urges that the local
+photographer of the skull must be strictly enjoined not to circulate
+the photograph under false pretences.
+
+{151}
+
+[Sidenote: Relics of St. Magnus]
+
+A letter which Bute addressed (in Latin) to the Cardinal Archbishop of
+Prague as to reputed "reliques" of St. Magnus preserved in the
+cathedral there elicited no response.  "The reliques of St. Magnus
+themselves," Bute wrote in some displeasure, "could not be more
+voiceless than the Cardinal of Prague in regard to my (I hope)
+courteously-worded request."  Through Cardinal Manning, however,
+information finally reached him that the relics at Prague (venerated
+there for several centuries) included a shoulder-blade.  This was
+missing from the bones in Kirkwall Cathedral--so far satisfactory; but
+they also included a shin-bone (_crus_), whereas the shin-bones
+(_crura_) at Kirkwall were complete and intact.[11]  Bute's final
+conclusion (and the incident is recorded as showing the curious
+interest with which he pursued such minute investigations) was that the
+bones at Kirkwall were not St. Magnus's at all, but probably those of
+Earl St. Rognwald, nephew to St. Magnus, another Norse saint and hero
+venerated in the same locality.  He thought it worth while to insert in
+the _Review_ a letter from Orkney informing him that there was a
+tradition in Egilsay that one would always find an open flower on the
+site of the martyrdom, and that the writer had found there on December
+10, after heavy snow and gales, several daisies in full bloom.[12]
+
+{152}
+
+The first two years of Bute's connection with the _Scottish Review_
+were perhaps among the busiest of his life, not only because of the
+assiduous care which, as we have seen, he devoted to the conduct and
+control of that journal, but also by reason of the increasing duties
+which devolved on him in connection with his extensive estates.  To the
+latter he made very considerable additions at this period, increasing
+his Buteshire property in 1886 by the acquisition of the island of
+Cumbrae from the trustees of the sixth Earl of Glasgow, and also
+purchasing in the following year the important estate of Falkland in
+Fife, to which was annexed an office of the greatest interest to him,
+the hereditary keepership of the ancient palace of Falkland.  In
+Cardiff, also, there was a great increase of business connected with
+the reorganisation of the vast docks.  The new Roath Dock was opened in
+1887 by his six-year-old heir, Lord Dumfries (his first appearance in
+public), and on the same day his youthful daughter cut the first sod of
+Roath Park, for which he had made a free gift of land valued at
+£50,000.  His generosity was further shown after the disastrous failure
+of the Cardiff Savings Bank, when it was sought to make him liable as
+honorary president of the institution.  As soon as it was judicially
+decided that there was no claim whatever against him, he voluntarily
+contributed £3,000 towards making up the deficiency.  In the previous
+year he had manifested his liberality towards his Scottish tenants by
+obtaining (in view {153} of the prevalent agricultural depression) an
+independent valuation of his farms in Bute, and reducing the rents by a
+third.  It was not without reason that the local Liberal newspaper, in
+many respects even vehemently hostile to him, described him as "a just
+and generous landowner"; whilst in Cardiff this handsome tribute was
+paid to him by one extremely well qualified to pronounce an opinion:
+"As regarded his estates, he was, of course, a most excellent and
+liberal landlord, as all who had the privilege of being his tenants
+would certainly admit."
+
+[Illustration: FALKLAND PALACE.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1889, A cathedral foundation]
+
+Much of Bute's correspondence at this period is taken up with a scheme
+which he had greatly at heart, namely, the establishment of the full
+liturgical service of the Church at Oban, where his diocesan (the
+Bishop of Argyll and the Isles) had his see, and where he himself had
+built a handsome church.  He was concerned that the canonical office of
+the Roman Breviary, for which he had so high a veneration, should not
+be recited daily in a single cathedral church throughout Britain;[13]
+and he incurred a great deal of trouble and expense in his efforts that
+this reproach should be wiped out at least in one church in Scotland.
+He defrayed the whole cost of organ and organist, choirmen and
+chorister-boys, instituted and supported a convent-school for the
+education of the last-named, and paid a chaplain for the exclusive work
+of presiding in choir and singing the daily Mass.  The question of
+providing a chaplain {154} exercised him much, and he wrote to a friend
+in Italy on this point:
+
+
+_May_ 8, 1886.
+
+I imagined that, the duties being light and the remuneration (I venture
+to think) adequate, a chaplain could easily be found; but the
+difficulties seem endless.  Whether the cause be chronic ill-health,
+constitutional indolence, or an entire want of interest in the Liturgy,
+I know not; but so far no priest has been found in England or Scotland
+able or willing to celebrate the daily sung Mass.  Kindly set on foot
+inquiries among the unattached clergy of Rome, popularly known as
+_preti di piazza_--many of them, I believe, estimable priests,
+unoccupied through no fault of their own--and see if one can be found
+to supply our needs.  Unexceptionable references would be, of course,
+required.
+
+
+This and other difficulties were in time overcome, and the daily choral
+office was duly carried out for a period extending over several years,
+and was much appreciated by the numerous Catholic visitors who
+frequented Oban during the summer and autumn.  Unfortunately it was not
+found possible to continue the daily services for any long time after
+the death of the founder.
+
+Bute expressed, with his usual frankness, his sentiments on the subject
+of the rather nondescript festivals commonly known as "church openings":
+
+
+Chiswick House,
+  _April_ 17, 1886.
+
+I am suffering much at present from the persistent wish of my Lord of
+Argyll to have what he calls an "opening" of the tin temple[14] in
+August--_i.e._ {155} during the tourist and shooting season.  This
+anomalous celebration is not designed in honour of the inauguration for
+public worship, which was last Sunday; nor its ecclesiastical blessing,
+which is arranged for an earlier date, nor the inception of the Divine
+office--but something in the nature of the "opening" of the Westminster
+Aquarium, a new Dissenting Chapel, municipal washhouses, or a fancy
+fair, with (I presume) tickets, placards, and posters, and probably
+excursion-trains.  The bishop seems moved by a conviction that the
+local Protestants are anticipating a junketing of this kind with even
+more eagerness than the Catholics.  But he is a gentleman; and I am
+sure when he knows how I hate the whole thing he will give it up.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1886, Church building in Scotland]
+
+Besides the pro-cathedral at Oban, Bute was interesting himself this
+year (1886) in building a church at a mining town in Ayrshire, near
+Loudoun Castle, the ancestral home of his mother's family.  Discarding,
+as usual, conventional ideas, he chose for his model the great church
+of St. Sophia at Constantinople, of which the church at Galston was a
+carefully-executed miniature copy.  One of the first solemn services
+held in it was a Requiem Mass celebrated for Lord Loudoun's sister,
+Flora Duchess of Norfolk, who died on April 11, 1887.  Lord and Lady
+Bute attended her funeral at Arundel, and also that of Clara Lady
+Howard of Glossop, Lady Bute's sister-in-law, whose death occurred a
+few days later.
+
+
+
+[1] "The Earliest Scottish Coronations": "The Coronation of Charles I.
+at Holyrood"; "The Coronation of Charles II. at Scone."  These appeared
+in the _Review_, 1887-1888, and were reprinted, with an additional
+article and an Appendix, in 1902, after Bute's death.
+
+[2] "Giordano Bruno before the Venetian Inquisition" (July, 1888): "The
+Ultimate Fate of Giordano Bruno" (October, 1888).
+
+[3] In his first trial (at Venice) Bruno tried to defend himself on the
+principle of "two-fold truth," maintaining that he had held and taught
+the errors imputed to him "as a philosopher, and not as an honest
+Christian."
+
+[4] It does not appear on the official _Index Librorum Prohibitorum_
+published at the Vatican Press.
+
+[5] This may seem a severe judgment; but some contemporary French
+critics of Mr. Froude had much harder things to say about his literary
+honesty.  "L'historien d' Henry VIII. et d'Élizabeth," wrote M. de
+Wyzewa, "était victime de ce q'un critique a appelé 'la folie
+d'inexactitude.'  Il ne pouvait pas copier un document sans y
+introduire des variantes qui souvent en altéraient le sens."--"Rév. des
+Deux Mondes," tom. xv. (1903), p. 937.
+
+[6] "Essays on Foreign Subjects" (1901), and "Essays on Home Subjects"
+(1904).
+
+[7] The occasion of this striking utterance was an annual meeting of
+the Scottish History Society, held subsequent to Bute's death.
+
+[8] Reprinted in "Essays on Home Subjects" (1904), pp. 263, 264.
+
+[9] Bishop Grant was, among other things, a noted hagiographer, having
+made profound studies of the lives and acts of the early Celtic saints
+of Scotland.
+
+[10] See _ante_, p. 50.  The writing of the article on St. Magnus was
+entrusted to Mrs. Maxwell Scott of Abbotsford, but illness prevented
+her from completing it, and Bute himself, as he says, "saw it through."
+It was published in January, 1887.
+
+[11] Although the high authority of the Bollandists (_Acta Sanctorum_,
+April, tom. II. p. 435) is on the side of the relics at Prague being
+actually those of St. Magnus of Orkney, King and Martyr, it is
+impossible not to remember that there was another St. Magnus (popularly
+known as St. Mang), monk of St. Gall and Apostle of the Algau, who was
+greatly venerated in Germany, and whose _cultus_ would seem more
+antecedently probable at Prague than that of the holy Norse Earl.
+
+[12] In March, 1919, thirty-three years after Bute's second
+investigation of the supposed relics of St. Magnus, a discovery was
+made fully justifying his grave doubts as to the identity of the bones
+interred in the north pillar of the choir of Kirkwall Cathedral.  A
+casket was found in one of the _southern_ pillars of the choir,
+containing remains (including a skull with a clean cut in the parietal
+bone and a sword-cut through the jaw,) which there seems reason to
+believe may be the actual relics of St. Magnus.
+
+[13] At Belmont Abbey, until recently cathedral of the diocese of
+Newport (in which Cardiff lay), the daily Divine office has been
+chanted by monks without intermission for more than sixty years; but
+their office is of course the Benedictine, not the Roman.  The latter
+has been recited daily, and continuously, in Westminster Cathedral
+since its opening in 1902.
+
+[14] The Oban pro-cathedral was a provisional structure of iron, but
+its interior was handsomely and even richly fitted up at Bute's
+expense.  He usually gave the name of "tin temples" to the iron chapels
+which he set up in various parts of the country.
+
+
+
+
+{156}
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+FOREIGN TRAVEL--ST. JOHN'S LODGE--MAYOR OF CARDIFF
+
+1888-1891
+
+Notwithstanding the increasing and incessant claims on his time and
+attention of literature, business, and family duties, there were few,
+if any, years in which Bute was not able to secure an interval of what
+to him was real enjoyment, in foreign travel.  Even from such
+journeys--and they were not infrequent--as were undertaken purely for
+reasons of health, he seldom failed to derive both pleasure and profit.
+"I am ordered abroad at once," he wrote on one occasion, "to drink the
+waters of Chales, in Savoy.  They are, I believe, exceptionally nasty,
+but you know how I like being abroad, and I am quite in spirits at the
+prospect of the trip."  He never travelled very far afield, his most
+distant journeyings having been, perhaps, to Petersburg (in Lord
+Rosebery's company) and to Teneriffe in 1891.  The countries bordering
+on the Mediterranean, France and Italy, Spain and Portugal, Palestine,
+Egypt and Greece, were the scenes of most of his foreign sojournings;
+and in them all he found sources of continual and inexhaustible
+interest.  He had travelled a good deal abroad with his mother in his
+childhood, and often recalls in his diary these early visits:
+
+
+{157}
+
+_July_ 30, 1886.  The very same rooms at the Belle Vue, Brussels, as we
+had when I came here in childhood....  The house is full of Americans,
+as like one another (to English eyes) as Chinese or negroes.  It is
+impossible to tell them apart.[1]
+
+
+At Dresden also, a few months later, he records his vivid recollections
+of an early visit to that capital.  This was the year of his first
+pilgrimage to the shrine of Wagner at Bayreuth (he attended the
+festival there also in 1888 and 1891).  Many of his letters to the
+editor of the _Scottish Review_ are dated from foreign addresses; and
+interspersed in these with business and literary details are numerous
+picturesque notes on the customs and doings of the people among whom he
+was living.  The descriptions of the religious observances of the
+inhabitants of Sorrento have a certain piquancy, when one remembers
+that they were addressed to a minister of the Scottish Presbyterian
+Church.  Bute wrote on such matters _currente calamo_, and took for
+granted--no doubt with reason--that his friend would be as much
+interested in such matters as he was himself.
+
+
+Rome,
+  _February_ 15, 1888.
+
+We had a magnificent voyage, which made me feel immediately in a most
+robust and lively condition.  I find, however, that a calm in the Bay
+of Biscay, such as we had, is considered ill-omened by the sailors; and
+one of the passengers committed {158} suicide on the night before we
+left Gibraltar.  Curiously enough, the same thing happened in the same
+circumstances on another occasion which I remember of a calm in the
+same spot.  We landed at Naples last Saturday.  The lewdness, cruelty,
+etc., of the Neapolitans seems as bad as usual; but some non-Neapolitan
+clergy have lately been introduced, who say Mass very reverently, and
+preach and pray in the vernacular.  I hear they are beginning to do
+much good.  We arrived here yesterday, and are fasting to-day (Ash
+Wednesday) in great discomfort.  Rome is crowded.  The Scotch
+deputation (about 140 persons) is to be received by the Pope to-morrow
+at 10.30 a.m.
+
+
+Bute read the address to Pope Leo XIII. on behalf of the Scottish
+pilgrimage, which had come to Rome to join with the rest of Christendom
+in congratulating the venerable Pontiff on the celebration of his
+sacerdotal jubilee.  From Sorrento, where he afterwards spent several
+weeks, he wrote to Dr. Metcalfe on Holy Saturday:
+
+
+The people had their fill (I should hope) of services, and especially
+of preaching, yesterday (Good Friday).  They began with a procession
+round the town at 4 a.m., which I did _not_ join, commemorative of the
+procession to Calvary.  The Liturgy began in the cathedral at 8, and
+ended at 11.  At 1 a man began preaching in the cathedral and went on
+till 4.15--I wonder he could do it.  The church was full, and all, even
+small boys and girls, very attentive.  He preached nine sermons, or
+rather one enormous sermon in nine points, with short and very sweet
+Italian anthems sung between each.  Many of the congregation were
+affected to tears.  The service of _Tenebrę_ began at 5 and lasted an
+hour and a half; then they began another procession through the
+streets, this time in commemoration of Christ being {159} borne to the
+grave.  A spectator said to me quite cheerily that this procession was
+going the round of seven churches; and that there would be a sermon in
+each.  At 9.30 p.m. I heard from our garden the town band (which
+accompanied the procession) still playing in the distance sacred music
+and funeral marches.  The people are now buying at the confectioners'
+small lambs made of the least indigestible sugar procurable, so that
+they may "eat the lamb this night" without violating the Lenten law of
+abstinence from flesh meat.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Easter at Sorrento]
+
+A long letter addressed to the same correspondent on Easter Monday
+seems worth reproducing almost in its entirety.  It affords testimony,
+more convincing than any words of a biographer could be, of Bute's
+extraordinary interest in the religious services of his Church, and of
+the vivid and even moving eloquence which inspired his pen when
+describing the worship and the devotion of the simple Campanian folk
+among whom he was temporarily sojourning:
+
+
+The people go on hearing sermons.  There were at least two delivered in
+the Cathedral on Sunday, at 7 and 10 a.m.  These preachments have their
+peculiar features, besides their length.  They seem very often to
+conclude with an _extempore_ prayer.  I call it _extempore_, although
+it is of course prepared beforehand, and, in the works at any rate of
+St. Alfonso Liguori, these prayers are printed along with the sermons
+to which they belong; but no MS. is used.  When the prayer begins the
+people generally kneel down, and sometimes the preacher asks them to
+join with him, in which case he prays very slowly, and they repeat
+after him.  One day I went into the large Church of the Saviour at
+Meta.  There was barely standing-room.  A man was preaching against
+{160} blasphemous swearing.  After a time he dictated to the
+congregation a sort of pledge never to commit this sin again, and many
+of them repeated it after him.  He then, after the manner of old
+precentors I have heard of in the Highlands, when the people could not
+read, sang an hymn line by line, the people singing every line after
+him.  After this he knelt down in the pulpit and offered a long and
+vehement _extempore_ prayer; and when this was over he rose and began
+on the same subject again.  I then left.
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Church services at Sorrento]
+
+On the Feast of St. Benedict there were special services in the
+Benedictine convent church here.  Before Benediction, the Archbishop
+officiating, the whole congregation sang the _Te Deum_ together by
+heart, in Latin.  Then the Archbishop began to preach, from the
+altar--a series of puns on the name of Benedict (_Benedetto_,
+"Blessed"), very well done.  He spoke of the blessedness of the
+servants of God, here and hereafter, and in reference, no doubt, to the
+nuns behind their grating as well as to the women in the church, made
+allusion to the special blessedness of the women who serve God.  This
+was followed by a long _extempore_ prayer, the people (who had stood
+while he preached) sinking on their knees.  He besought a blessing on
+himself and his flock, naming the different classes of his people in
+turn with great simplicity and fervour.  The final supplication that
+all--not one being missing from the flock--might at last be brought
+together in the glory of heaven, was very moving.  Then he gave the
+Sacramental benediction.
+
+The use of the vernacular seems to be very considerable.  At the
+parochial Mass on Sundays, besides the sermon, and Italian prayers
+before Mass begins, at certain moments the whole congregation repeat
+Italian prayers together.  The similarity of their language to Latin
+robs the latter of much of its terror.  Many of the commoner Latin
+hymns, etc., they seem all to know by heart quite familiarly.  {161} I
+have spoken of the _Te Deum_.  On Saturday they all sang the Litany,
+repeating every clause after the precentors.  On Thursday, while the
+Sacrament for next day's Communion was being carried to the Chapel of
+Repose, the whole congregation sang on their knees the hymn of Thomas
+Aquinas upon the Last Supper; and the sublimity of the words, the
+spectacle of the kneeling multitude, and the solemnity of the
+procession moving through the church, made a very impressive whole.
+The clergy here are all extremely clean and respectable-looking, and
+very decorous and reverential, both out of church and in.  And this
+remark applies also to the whole of the Divinity students, and the
+whole choir and staff of the Cathedral.  The music--even when poor--is
+very grave and solemn; the services are conducted (and evidently
+prepared) with the utmost care, and a certain effect of subdued
+splendour is produced--with the air of being produced incidentally and
+unintentionally--by the real costliness and richness, combined with
+scrupulous cleanliness and neatness, of every object and garment
+employed, in their several degrees.
+
+The admirably conducted services in the Cathedral have had a damaging
+effect on the Anglican chapel, some of the congregation of which have
+been assiduously attending them, to the not unnatural annoyance of the
+clergyman in charge, whose own domestic circle is not unaffected by the
+contagion.  The erratic sheep, when summoned to private interviews of
+remonstrance, meet their pastor with questions as to what possible
+grounds Bishop Sandford of Gibraltar can have for pretending to possess
+and exercise Episcopal authority in the diocese of Sorrento.
+
+I hope these details may interest you.
+
+
+It may be said that practically every one of Bute's journeyings to
+foreign lands either partook {162} more or less of the nature of a
+pilgrimage, or else was made in search of health.  Pre-eminent among
+the first class were his frequent visits to the Holy Land, of which
+some account has already been given.  Except for occasional references
+in his letters, we have little about these from his own pen.  "My
+latest pilgrimage to the Holy Places," he writes on one occasion, "has
+been extraordinarily blessed to me."  It is of interest in this
+connection to cite some passages inserted in the fly-leaf of a copy of
+Stanley's "Sinai and Palestine," presented by Bute to a friend.  They
+are not in his own handwriting--except the Latin quotation (from St.
+Luke xii. 34) at the end--nor is there any evidence as to their
+authorship; but their sentiment is undoubtedly one which would strongly
+appeal to him:
+
+
+The attractions of Rome and Jerusalem are not comparable, and should
+not be compared.  The interest of Rome is of course by far the more
+varied.  Not all who journey thither go to venerate the Tombs of the
+Apostles.  There are those to whom the Palace of the Cęsars appeals
+more than do basilicas built by Popes, who regard the Colosseum rather
+as the monument of emperors than as the palęstra of martyrs, to whom
+the Mamertine prison speaks of Catiline rather than of St. Peter.[2]
+People throng {163} to Rome not only to pray, but to study art,
+antiquities, and music, to enjoy the most cosmopolitan society in
+Europe, sometimes to hunt foxes on the Campagna.  Jerusalem, on the
+other hand, is a city of faith, and (roughly speaking) all who visit it
+do so as pilgrims.  _Illuc enim ascenderunt tribus, tribus Domini_.
+Rome has a thousand charms--Jerusalem one, but that one transcendent.
+Its sacred soil has been trodden by the feet of God made man, and it is
+the Holy City as no other city can ever be.  _Ubi enim thesaurus vesler
+est, ibi cor vestrum erit_.[3]
+
+
+The last words, written by Bute himself at the foot of the manuscript
+just quoted, are of particular interest, referring, as they doubtless
+do, to his long-cherished resolve that his heart, after his death,
+should mingle with the sacred dust of the Mount of Olives.
+
+[Sidenote: At Ober-Ammergau]
+
+The visits to the Ober-Ammergau Passion-play, which Bute made in 1871,
+in company with Bishop Clifford and two Oxford friends, again in 1880
+with his wife, and also in 1890, were undertaken, too, in the pilgrim
+spirit.  "We start for Ober-Ammergau on Monday," he wrote on September
+11, 1880, "and are both hoping to reap spiritual good from our stay
+there."  A letter to his old friend at Oxford on his return home gives
+some interesting impressions:
+
+
+The new theatre looks like a railway station, and the stage
+arrangements are considerably more elaborate than they were nine years
+ago.  The crowd, too, was infinitely greater, but its behaviour was on
+the whole decent, except for some attempts to applaud (emanating, I
+fear, from our countrymen), {164} which were extremely distressing.
+The play itself was not less impressive than I remember it; and I was
+pleased with the simplicity and piety of the people, who seem unspoilt
+by the leap within recent years of their retired village into fame.  I
+ventured to express, through a German-speaking friend, my satisfaction
+on this point to one of the most respected inhabitants of the place
+(one of the principal actors); and his reply (of which my friend gave
+me a translation) pleased me very much.  "God be thanked," he said,
+"that is true; but it would not be so if we accepted the many offers
+made to us to give representations of the Passion-play in various
+cities of Europe.  Also it is well for our people that the play is
+given but once in ten years; for in the intervals we lead our
+accustomed quiet life in this valley, and a new generation of children
+has time to grow up in the old traditions of the place."[4]
+
+
+Bute refers later, in letters written from Bayreuth, to what he calls
+the "outrage" of applause from the audience during the performance of
+_Parsifal_, in terms which indicates how strongly he felt the religious
+appeal of the Wagnerian drama:
+
+
+Bayreuth,
+  _July_ 23, 1888.
+
+On Sunday the illiterate part of the audience insisted on applauding
+Acts II. and III. of _Parsifal_, in spite of all the protests of the
+cultured hearers; and the effect was most distressing and shocking.
+The {165} allusions to the Eucharist are of such a nature that it was
+almost as unseemly as it would be to clap a church choir during the
+Communion Service; and putting aside the gross irreverence and
+unseemliness of such conduct, it is an outrage and fraud on the public,
+who are at these moments wrapped in religious thought, and whom it is
+brutal and shameful to disturb by a revolting noise.
+
+
+In his diary for 1891, Bute notes that he had written a letter to Frau
+Wagner, begging her to take steps to prevent any applause during the
+representation of _Parsifal_; but it is not recorded if this appeal had
+the desired effect.
+
+[Sidenote: Incognito in Sicily]
+
+The travels on the Continent were carried out without any sort of
+ostentation; and Bute found it even expedient occasionally to preserve
+his incognito when abroad.  Thus he wrote on one occasion to one of his
+oldest friends:
+
+
+_Ascension Day_, 1882.
+  Aci Reale, Sicily.
+
+The outside of your letter gave me, I confess, less pleasure than any I
+have ever had from you.  You know the state of Sicily, and the way
+brigands have with people whom they believe to have money.
+Consequently, when ordered here by the doctors I was urged both in
+Naples and Messina to drop my title absolutely; and I am known here
+only as "B. Crichton Stuart."  You may thus imagine the discontent with
+which I saw "The Marquess of Bute" staring me in the face out of the
+letter-rack in the hall.
+
+Pray be most careful both to address me only as B.C.S., and also to
+keep your knowledge of my whereabouts most strictly to yourself.  I
+need not point out the great annoyance and possible danger to which you
+might otherwise expose me.
+
+I have been very ailing for more than a year.  {166} Sometimes I feel
+as though the horizon of life were closing in, and wish I could recall
+the rest of the verse beginning:
+
+  When languor and disease invade
+    This trembling house of clay....[5]
+
+But the warmth and sunshine here are helping me.  I propose, when my
+"cure" is over (for good or evil), to go to Greece, and look for
+quarters in Athens where I may spend the winter with my wife and child.
+
+I prefer this place to Italy, at least to Naples, whose people on the
+whole impress me as the off-scourings of humanity.  The great
+difference between Sicily and Italy strikes me very much: it is,
+perhaps, due to the fact that Sicily belongs (I believe), both
+geographically and geologically, to Africa.
+
+
+From Egypt, where he spent one spring, being ordered a spell of dry
+desert air by the doctors, he wrote characteristically to a friend (a
+Benedictine monk), then resident in a remote corner of Brazil:
+
+
+Helouan, Egypt.
+
+I deserve your reproaches for not writing before.  But really one has a
+feeling (I know _I_ have) that writing to a distant address is,
+literally and physically, an heavier undertaking than writing to a near
+one.  Query: If some philosophers are right in thinking that space, as
+well as time, is purely subjective, may not this have something to do
+with it?
+
+
+One or two notes from his diary in Egypt are interesting:
+
+"_March_ 7.  Amin Nassif brought a "professed {167} sorcerer to see me"
+(a later note adds, "I believe him to be a pure impostor").
+
+"_March_ 15.  Tried the ascent of the great Pyramid, but collapsed from
+giddiness half-way.  Margaret [his daughter, then aged sixteen] had no
+difficulty."[6]
+
+"_April_ 6.  Monophysite Copts do not now reserve the B. Sacrament
+(although they formerly did so), because the species was once eaten by
+a snake, which was then eaten by a priest, who died in consequence!"
+
+"_April_ 24 (Alexandria).  At the Greek Catholic church the new French
+Consul was received with extraordinary honour by three priests, vested
+respectively in red, white, and blue!  There was no sermon, but a
+speech in which the benefits conferred by France on Syria and Egypt
+were highly praised."
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1891, Trip to Teneriffe]
+
+Another journey which may be mentioned here was his trip to Teneriffe
+in the spring of 1891.  His health at this time was far from robust,
+and was indeed causing some anxiety to his friends; but he was
+determined as usual to gain from his visit intellectual profit as well
+as (if possible) some benefit to his health.  He wrote to H. D.
+Grissell on March 16, 1891:
+
+
+Orotava, Teneriffe.
+
+I date to you from this eccentric place, whither I have come to try and
+patch myself together by a stay of a few weeks.  Of course these
+islands are utterly unknown to me, and the vegetation in particular is
+at first sight quite startlingly novel.  The air is delicious, but I
+feel the want of sun, and there is much cold wind.  As Piazzi Smyth
+speaks much of the clouds here, I suspect that this stupendous {168}
+mountain (of which we rarely see the top, and only in early morning or
+late evening) has much to do with it.
+
+
+The outcome of Bute's sojourn in the Canary Islands was a remarkable
+paper, "On the Ancient Language of the Inhabitants of Teneriffe," which
+he read at the meeting that summer of the British Association at
+Cardiff, and afterwards published in the _Scottish Review_.  Like most
+of his writings on such recondite subjects, it was more or less
+"caviare to the general"; but it aroused considerable attention among
+philologists, who recognised it as a genuine and valuable contribution
+to linguistic science.  Professor Sayce wrote to him from Queen's
+College, Oxford:
+
+
+_October_ 17, 1891.
+
+Many thanks for your kindness in sending me your monograph on the
+extinct language of Teneriffe.  I wish that all linguistic
+investigations had been conducted with similar care and caution; we
+should have had fewer difficulties to contend with in the study of
+linguistic science.  You have shown us exactly what are the materials
+on which we can base our opinion on the ancient language of Teneriffe,
+and how far those materials can be trusted.  For this reason your paper
+seems to me to be of very real value.
+
+
+It seems right to refer in this place to another and later tribute paid
+by another and equally distinguished man of science, who in his
+estimate of Bute's remarkable attainments makes special allusion to the
+article we are now considering.  Sir William Huggins, who was very
+intimate with him in the later years of his life, wrote as follows:
+
+
+The Marquess of Bute was one of those, the deeper side of whose mind
+and character could be duly {169} appreciated only by those who had the
+privilege of his friendship.  A man of great natural gifts, he was
+highly cultured on many sides; and the extent and the variety of his
+information on a vast variety of subjects was really remarkable.  No
+scientist[7] could discuss a scientific matter with him without being
+struck by the clear-sighted way in which he saw into the heart of the
+matter, and the fairness and patience with which he would weigh and
+consider it from various points of view.  These qualities were well
+shown in the very interesting and valuable paper on "The Ancient
+Language of the Natives of Teneriffe" contributed by him to the British
+Association when it met at Cardiff....  Lord Bute's sensitive nature
+revolted from the killing of any living thing.  But he was keenly
+interested in natural history, and had a knowledge of many creatures
+and of their habits as intimate and searching as that of the most
+scientific sportsman.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Home in Regent's Park]
+
+The reference in the last paragraph recalls the fact that when (in
+1888) Lord Bute first acquired a London domicile, purchasing the
+twenty-seven years' lease of St. John's Lodge, in Regent's Park, he was
+particularly interested in finding himself in close proximity to both
+the Zoological and the Botanic Gardens.  A priest who was often his
+guest there used to say that he could walk on the terrace, with its
+matchless view of garden and park and forest trees, and recite his
+Office in perfect quietness, with the tumult of London reduced to a
+distant hum, and the silence only occasionally broken by the roar of
+wild beasts in the "Zoo" not far away.  Bute was {170} a fellow of both
+societies, and often strolled in one or other of the gardens with his
+guests or members of his family of a Sunday afternoon, talking freely
+with the custodians of animals and plants, and not infrequently
+astonishing them with the variety of his knowledge.  One of his guests
+was looking, in the Botanic Gardens, at a remarkable and
+recently-acquired collection of dwarf Japanese trees, and observed that
+Lord Bute would be interested in seeing them.  "Yes," was the reply,
+"his lordship knows a lot about plants.  But then, he knows a lot about
+most things, don't he, sir?"[8]
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Hospitalities in London]
+
+That Bute did know "a lot about most things" was undoubtedly true; and
+what used often to strike those who were intimate with him was the
+singular _orderliness_ of his knowledge.  "His memory was prodigious,"
+writes one who often consulted him on points of history, "and he seemed
+to me to keep everything which he had ever learned or read stored away,
+so to speak, in watertight compartments of his brain, ready for instant
+use when called for."  But he never paraded his knowledge of history or
+anything else, and one of his most engaging characteristics was the
+extreme respect and, indeed, deference which he paid to acknowledged
+masters of any branch of learning or science.  He welcomed the
+opportunity which his occasional periods of residence in London
+afforded him of offering hospitality to such.  "My experience of men of
+intellectual eminence," he once said, "has been that they are not only
+interesting, {171} but as a rule extremely agreeable."  Among those who
+from time to time were his guests at St. John's Lodge were men of such
+varied distinction as Lord Halsbury, Lord Rosebery, Mr. W. H. Mallock,
+Sir Ernest A. W. Budge, F.S.A., Cardinal Vaughan, Sir William Huggins,
+Mr. Walter Birch, Mr. Westlake, Sir William Crookes, Mr. F. W. H.
+Myers, etc.  Later on, after the presentation of his only daughter, his
+charming house in Regent's Park (which, as well as its spacious
+gardens, he did much to improve and adorn) became the centre of much
+agreeable hospitality of a more general kind.  Bute himself was pleased
+to think that the entertainments given there in the beautiful
+ball-room--lit from garlands of Venetian glass, and opening on to the
+illuminated grounds--were popular and appreciated by society.  "I
+really think," he wrote, "that people enjoy making up parties to come
+to us on these occasions.  Regent's Park is a _terra incognita_ to a
+great many Londoners; and there is perhaps a certain piquancy about a
+place which almost simulates to be a country house and is yet only a
+shilling cab-fare from Piccadilly Circus."
+
+In 1888, the same year in which he acquired his London residence, Bute
+paid his first visit to Falkland, his new possession in Fife--his
+first, that is, as owner of the estate and keeper of the ancient
+palace; for (as he notes in his diary) he had visited it as a boy of
+thirteen, nearly thirty years previously, in the company of Lady
+Elizabeth Moore, and had been there before more than once with his
+mother.  The firstfruits of his new connection with the place was a
+carefully-written paper on "David Duke of Rothesay," the hapless heir
+of Robert III., said to have been starved to death in Falkland Palace
+in March, {172} 1402.[9]  Of this article the friendly critic already
+quoted[10] appreciatively writes:
+
+
+Lord Bute's qualities as a historian appear conspicuously in the
+lecture on David Duke of Rothesay, where the scanty material available
+about this unfortunate prince is treated in a truly scientific spirit.
+The zeal for truth shown in it is only equalled by his noble desire,
+even at the eleventh hour, to do justice to the poor lad so cruelly
+murdered by his contemporaries and misrepresented by posterity.
+
+
+A rumour had been widely current, in the year of Queen Victoria's
+golden jubilee, that Bute was to be created "Jubilee" Duke of
+Glamorgan.  It is permissible to question whether his patriotism would
+have allowed him to consent to the merging of his historic Scottish
+title in a brand-new one derived from a Welsh county; but his only
+written reference to the matter appears in a letter to a friend who had
+sent him a newspaper-cutting on the subject:
+
+
+I cannot believe that there is anything in the report to which you have
+called my attention.  Were it so, I imagine that I should have heard of
+it before now through some other channel than the Society columns of a
+halfpenny newspaper.
+
+
+In the spring of 1890 the office of Lord-Lieutenant of Glamorganshire,
+then vacant, was offered to him {173} by the Prime Minister (Lord
+Salisbury), but he did not see his way to accept it.  A single line in
+his diary records the fact; but there is a brief further mention of it
+in a letter written at the time:
+
+
+I have little or no acquaintance with the county, or with "them that
+dwell therein" beyond the limits of Cardiff and of my own property.
+For this and other more personal reasons, I have--in, I hope, a not
+unbecoming letter--begged leave to decline the honour.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1890, Mayor of Cardiff]
+
+With another offer made to him a little later in the same year Bute
+found himself able to comply, much to the satisfaction of all
+concerned.  This was a requisition that he should allow himself to be
+nominated as Mayor of Cardiff for 1890-91.  It is a point of
+considerable interest, and one certainly illustrative of the strong
+sense of duty which always animated him, that the first peer to hold
+the highest municipal office in any English or Welsh borough for
+several generations--certainly since the Reform Bill--should have been
+one whom his natural love of retirement, and aversion from public
+display, might have prompted to refuse any office of the kind.  Once
+elected, he attended with sedulous care to such duties as devolved on
+him in virtue of his office; and early in 1891 he wrote to his old
+friend Miss Skene, giving a cheerful account of his stewardship.  The
+last part of this letter, in which some of his deeper feelings are
+touchingly disclosed, would have appealed with very special force to
+his correspondent, one of the chief works of whose life at Oxford was
+the rescue of girls and women; and for that reason a portion of her
+reply is appended:
+
+
+{174}
+
+Cardiff,
+  _January_ 23, 1891.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+This gorgeous paper[11] is that which the town of Cardiff supplies for
+the use of its mayors.  As I have had nothing to do personally with
+originating it, I may freely say that I think it very pretty.  And the
+arms of the town are certainly interesting historically, as a memorial
+of the De Clares, Lords of Glamorgan, of whom the last male
+representative fell at Bannockburn in 1314.
+
+I get on pretty well with my civic government here.  My official
+confidants are nearly all Radical Dissenters, but we manage in quite a
+friendly way.  They only elected me as a kind of figure-head; and
+although they are good enough to be glad whenever I take part in
+details, I am willing to leave these in the hands of people with more
+experience than myself, as far as I properly and conscientiously can do
+so.
+
+I have, however, felt it to be my duty (owing to some terrible facts)
+to insist upon the enforcement of the laws for the protection of little
+girls; and here I find unanimous and hearty support from quite a
+majority of the officials, who differ from one another as widely as
+possible upon every religious, political, and social question.  I
+learned yesterday of a certain lot of children whom I have been
+honoured to be the instrument of getting out of a bad house of the
+worst kind.  This will cheer me on my death-bed--or beyond, for I shall
+have forgotten, but Another will not.
+
+Sincerely yours,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+======================================================================
+
+{175}
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE LETTER FROM THE MARQUESS OF BUTE TO MISS SKENE]
+
+======================================================================
+
+{176}
+
+Miss Skene replied a few days later:
+
+
+I cannot tell you what immense pleasure it gave me to receive your kind
+letter, and I think you were indeed most good, in the midst of all your
+work, to write to me yourself....  I am most deeply interested in what
+you have been able to do for the rescue of the poor little victims of
+evil-doers.  I wish with all my heart that the mayors of other towns
+would take the same view of their duty in these matters; but alas! this
+is not always the case....  I am sure it will always be a happiness to
+yourself to feel that you have saved the poor children of whom you
+speak.  These things are not forgotten in heaven.
+
+Ever your faithful old friend,
+  FELICIA SKENE.
+
+
+[Illustration: _The Marquess of Bute, Mayor of Cardiff, 1890-1891_]
+
+Bute gave his mayoral banquet in the Drill Hall at Cardiff on February
+4, 1891, wearing the beautiful chain which he had had specially
+designed and made for the chief magistrate of the borough.  Some alarm
+was caused, in the middle of the dinner, by the sudden breaking out of
+fire in the decorations of the roof; but no one was injured, and
+(largely owing to Bute's own coolness) there was no panic of any kind.
+In one of his letters he makes this curious comment on the mishap:
+
+
+I should have been prepared for the misadventure, for I was suffering
+at the time under an evil direction of [Symbol: Mercury], who was just
+then in [Symbol: Mars] with [Symbol: Uranus], so that I was almost
+bound to anticipate some untoward happening.[12]
+
+
+{177}
+
+On his return from Teneriffe, Bute spent several months at Cardiff,
+where, as already mentioned, he entertained the Royal Association at
+their meeting there, and read his paper on the ancient language of the
+islanders.  He attended the corporation-meetings regularly between
+April and November, and was able to note in his diary in the latter
+month that his year of municipal office had been a success.  He was
+particularly gratified by a letter from the Duke of Norfolk, himself
+the mayor-elect for Sheffield, asking his advice on various points
+connected with the office--"advice," added the Duke, "which your most
+successful tenure of the mayoralty of Cardiff renders you so admirably
+qualified to give."  Bute showed this letter to a friend, remarking in
+his quiet way: "The local press has spoken very kindly of my conduct as
+mayor, but I value this letter more than any number of newspaper
+articles."
+
+Bute went up from Cardiff in May to attend the Royal Academy dinner, as
+he did on several subsequent occasions.  It was of a later one of these
+entertainments that he noted: "The Academy was bad, and the dinner the
+dullest I have been at, only redeemed by Rosebery's very witty speech,
+which was, however, obviously the result of long toil.  The Lord
+Chancellor's [Halsbury] seemed much more spontaneous."  Bute does not
+seem to have spoken at any of these functions, as he did occasionally
+at the dinners of the Scottish Academy in Edinburgh.
+
+{178}
+
+Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff records in his diary the impression made on
+Sir Alexander Grant, at one of these dinners, by Bute's oration.
+
+
+I met Sir A. Grant, who was full of the speech which Lord Bute
+delivered the other night at the Scottish Academy dinner, in which he
+said that "Athens and Assisi had spoilt him for everything else."[13]
+
+
+
+[1] Froude makes the same remark ("Oceana," Chap. XIV.) about the
+Chinamen on board the steamer by which he travelled from Australia to
+New Zealand.  "I suppose," he adds, "that to Chinamen the separate
+personalities are as easily recognised as ours.  To me they seemed only
+what Schopenhauer says that all individual existences are--'accidental
+illustrations of a single idea under the conditions of space and time.'"
+
+[2] A friend of J. H. Newman, referring to some papers contributed by
+him, under the title of "Home Thoughts Abroad," to the _British
+Magazine_, after his memorable tour in Italy and Sicily in 1833, says:
+"These papers were the first to turn people's thoughts from the
+classical antiquities and fine arts of Rome to its Christian
+associations.  It was a new idea to me when I read the papers, and, I
+really think, to everybody else.  Now (1885) any one would say it never
+was otherwise; the fact was, however, that no one then thought of Rome
+in connection with St. Peter and Paul, much less St. Leo and St.
+Gregory, or of sumptuous worship as anything but a kind of theatrical
+sight."  This paper was reprinted in 1872, in the volume called
+"Discussions and Arguments," under the new title of "How to Accomplish
+it."
+
+[3] "For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also."
+
+[4] The original German text (of which Bute's letter contained a copy)
+ran as follows: "Got sei Dank, das ist wahr; aber es wäre nicht so,
+wenn wir die vielen Anerbieten, das Passionspiel in verschiedenen
+Stadten Europas aufzuführen, annehmen würden.  Es ist auch gut für
+unsere Bevölkerung, dass das Spiel nur alle zehn Jahre gegeben wird,
+denn in der Zwischenzeit führen wir unser gewohntes und ruhiges Leben
+in diesen Tale, und ein neues Geschlecht von Kindern hat Zeit
+heranzuwachsen in den alten Ueberlieferungen unseres Ortes."
+
+[5] Bute was only in his thirty-fifth year when he wrote these words.
+
+[6] He had made the ascent of the Pyramids before--in 1865, when in his
+eighteenth year, and again in 1879.
+
+[7] The eminent astronomer was, of course, himself a man of science
+rather than a man of letters, and as such must be pardoned the use of
+the uncouth word "scientist," which disfigures his otherwise eloquent
+tribute to his friend.
+
+[8] Bute was interested in the longevity of parrots, and had many talks
+on the subject with the intelligent parrot-keeper at the Zoological
+Gardens.  "The parrot they had longest," he notes, "lived with them
+fifty-four years; but they do not know how old it was when they got it."
+
+[9] This article, published in the _Scottish Review_ in April, 1892,
+was in substance a reproduction of a lecture given by Bute in January,
+1872, to the Associated Societies of Edinburgh University, of which he
+was honorary president.
+
+[10] Sir William Huggins.
+
+[11] Emblazoned with the scarlet and gold arms of Cardiff--or three
+chevronels gules.  Since 1906 this charming and historic coat-armorial
+has unfortunately given place to one described by a respected citizen
+of Cardiff as "an abomination"--a shield bespattered with red dragons
+and leeks, and other Welsh emblems, and surmounted by three ostrich
+feathers.  The last-named assumption is particularly indefensible, the
+ostrich plume being, of course, the badge of the King's son and heir,
+and not of the Prince of Wales as such.
+
+[12] Bute's interest in astrology has been already noted (_ante_, p.
+135), and is also referred to in Mr. Myers' obituary notice (_post_,
+Appendix V.).  He was not, of course, unaware that the _practice_ of
+astrology had been forbidden to the Christians of the early Church, and
+condemned by a sixteenth-century Pope.  But he also had the authority
+of St. Thomas for believing, if he desired to do so, that the heavenly
+bodies do influence the bodies of men, and so indirectly their passions
+and their conduct.  This is a matter of science, not of theology, which
+forbids, not the study of the science, but the belief, once so widely
+current, that the astrologer can predict with certainty the course of
+events and man's future actions.
+
+[13] _Notes from a Diary_ (1873-1881), vol. ii. p. 101.
+
+
+
+
+{179}
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+FREEDOM OF GLASGOW--BENEFACTIONS TO WALES--LORD RECTOR OF ST. ANDREWS
+
+1891-1894
+
+An incident which gave Bute sincere pleasure, during the year of his
+mayoralty of Cardiff, was the presentation to him of the freedom of the
+city of Glasgow, which took place on October 7, 1891.  The honour was
+conferred on him, according to the burgess-ticket which he received,
+"in recognition of the distinguished services he has rendered to
+Scotland, by erecting and gifting[1] to Glasgow the Bute Hall, by his
+personal contributions to literature, and by the warm sympathy he has
+ever shown in whatever is fitted to promote the interests of art and
+science."
+
+Bute replied to the presentation in a speech which he himself described
+in anticipation as "maddeningly dull," but which was nevertheless very
+well received; and on the same day he performed the opening ceremony of
+the new Mitchell Library, delivering an address which he thought, in
+contrast with the other, appeared "almost lively, with a tendency even
+to flippancy."  It was not his first public appearance in Glasgow; for
+some time before this he had made an oration at the opening {180} of
+the new Jesuit College of St. Aloysius, and had warmly congratulated
+Scottish Catholics on taking another step in the resumption of a
+tradition which identified higher culture with the Catholic Church.[2]
+
+Cherishing as he did, to the end of his life, feelings of grateful
+affection towards all those who had shown him kindness during his
+somewhat solitary childhood, Bute was sincerely grieved to hear, in the
+autumn of 1892, of the death of Lady Elizabeth Moore, one of his
+earliest and most devoted friends.  The temporary estrangement between
+them caused by his change of religion had long passed away; and only
+nine days before her death, on the occasion of her eighty-eighth
+birthday, his daughter had written to her a letter of good wishes which
+Lord and Lady Bute and all their children signed.  He wrote thus
+feelingly of this loss:
+
+
+Of her affection for me, and mine for her, I cannot speak too strongly.
+It is an event which finally cuts me off (till my own death) from the
+generation to which my mother belonged, and in which I was born....  A
+great friend of my mother's, and a second mother to me; and I am ever
+grateful to her for her defence of me against General Stuart and others
+in 1860.
+
+
+By a strange coincidence, General Stuart himself died two days later.
+The death of Colonel J. B. Crichton Stuart, Bute's former tutor-at-law,
+had occurred in the previous year; and the Lord-Lieutenancy of
+Buteshire, which he had held since 1859, {181} was in due course
+offered to Bute and accepted by him.  He performed all the duties
+pertaining to the office with the scrupulous conscientiousness which
+characterised him; and he told a friend, some time afterwards, that he
+had been particularly gratified by the Lord Chancellor expressing his
+approbation of the care which he (Bute) had exercised in the
+recommendation of persons for the commission of peace in his titular
+county.
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, Benefactions to South Wales]
+
+In September, 1892, Bute attended the meeting of the National
+Eisteddfod, and delivered an address with which he was himself
+extremely dissatisfied, though it is only fair to say that on such
+occasions he was the severest critic of his own orations, with which
+his audiences appeared well content.  He had always been warmly
+interested in the Eisteddfodan, had subscribed liberally to their
+funds, and had presided and given an address at a previous meeting held
+at Cardiff in 1882.  He also gave generous assistance to the
+Cymrodorion Society for its publication of Welsh Records, and enabled
+the Cardiff Library, by his subscription of £1000, to acquire the
+valuable MSS. which had belonged to Sir Thomas Phillips.  Nor was it
+only the cause of learning which he assisted by his judicious
+benefactions.  Every scheme set on foot for the benefit of the
+districts with which he was connected found in him a generous
+supporter.  To King Edward VII.'s Hospital (then the Glamorgan and
+Monmouthshire Infirmary) he gave a site for the new building worth some
+£5000, having before this paid off the debt on the institution.  For
+many years he maintained entirely a cottage hospital at Aberdare; he
+gave a large donation to the building fund of the Merthyr Hospital, and
+a still larger one to the Seamen's {182} Hospital at Cardiff, and
+contributed liberally both to the "Rest" at Porthcawl, and to the
+Miners' Relief Fund for Monmouthshire and South Wales.
+
+Unostentatious as were his innumerable charities, it is right that
+these things (which include his benefactions in South Wales alone)
+should be recorded.  Bute's name was known in his lifetime, and has
+been handed down to posterity, as that of a munificent patron of
+scholarship and learning, of science and architecture and art.  He
+richly deserves this tribute; but it is not to be forgotten that he was
+also a wise, discriminating,[3] and most generous benefactor of a score
+of institutions designed only for the relief of the distressed, the
+needy, and the suffering.  Every one knew him to be a scholar, and a
+friend and patron of scholars, but it was only his innermost circle of
+friends, and the countless beneficiaries of his far-reaching
+generosity, who knew how truly, how continually, his heart was open to
+the calls of mercy and of charity.
+
+Bute never hesitated about expressing his opinion of men whom the world
+called famous, but whose claim to any such distinction he failed to
+recognise.  Writing of Lord Randolph Churchill, whom he had met at
+luncheon in September, 1892, he says:
+
+
+He seemed to me ill-informed, ill-mannered, and stupid.  I used to know
+him slightly at Oxford, and thought little of him there.  I wonder
+whether his wife writes his speeches.
+
+
+{183} His notes on Royalties are, on occasion, quite as frank as on any
+one else.  After attending the Lord Mayor's dinner in October, 1892, he
+wrote:
+
+
+The Maharajah of Baroda (it is a mere ignorant vulgarism to call him
+"the Gaikwar") spoke, I found, much better English than the Duke of
+----.  The latter went off home from the Lady Mayoress's boudoir,
+whither we men were taken to smoke, without returning to the
+drawing-room to wish her good-night.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, Relations with Universities]
+
+The closing weeks of 1892 were marked by an event which brought Bute
+into intimate connection with the oldest of the four Scottish
+Universities, namely, his unanimous election as Lord Rector of St.
+Andrews.  The honour was one which he very greatly appreciated, and the
+duties of the office would have been not only extremely interesting,
+but altogether congenial to him, had he not been involved by the
+peculiar circumstances of the time in a series of highly contentious
+questions, which, in his somewhat enfeebled state of health, caused him
+for a period of time extending over several years considerable trouble
+and anxiety.
+
+Bute's keen and practical interest in educational matters, and
+especially in the promotion of higher studies throughout the country,
+had naturally brought him into relation, at different times of his
+life, with several of the national universities.  With Oxford, since
+his student days there at the most memorable crisis in his life, he had
+little subsequent connection.  He refers occasionally in his letters to
+the disadvantage which he had suffered from having been prevented by
+circumstances from taking his degree; and Oxford never saw fit to
+honour him, {184} or herself, by conferring on him an honorary degree
+in recognition of his services to learning and scholarship.  He never,
+however, lost his interest in his original _Alma Mater_; and nothing
+gave him greater pleasure, during the closing years of his life, than
+the news of the removal of the restrictions which had hitherto
+prevented Roman Catholic students from frequenting the universities of
+Oxford and Cambridge.  A friend, head of one of the Oxford Halls, was
+visiting him in London some time subsequently, and informed him that
+there were already, in consequence of this change of policy, more than
+seventy Catholic undergraduates in residence at that university.  Bute,
+who was at that time quite an invalid, raised himself on his couch, and
+said with the quiet emphasis with which he always spoke when strongly
+moved: "I wish there were seven hundred."  He only visited Oxford once
+or twice after his marriage, but his continued affection for it was
+evinced in many ways; and the Catholic church and mission there, as in
+so many places, benefited by his munificence.[4]
+
+The establishment of a University College at Cardiff was to Bute
+naturally a matter of great interest, of which he gave many practical
+proofs.  He accepted the presidency of the institution in 1890, when he
+contributed generously to the foundation of a chair of engineering; and
+six years later he gave a special donation of £10,000 to the funds.
+Besides his inaugural address, he gave another, in 1891, to the pupils
+of the science and art schools.  His many gifts to the college included
+a complete {185} set of the valuable _Acta Sanctorum_ of the
+Bollandists; and he was particularly gratified by the very appreciative
+acknowledgment of this present which he received from the librarian.
+Bute proposed Mr. Gladstone as the first Chancellor of the University
+of Wales.  Although profoundly opposed to some of the political views
+of that statesman, he had an admiration for his character and
+attainments; and he looked on it as a special honour, some years later,
+to receive the Honorary Doctorate of St. Andrews on the same occasion
+as the veteran Liberal leader.
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, Honorary Doctorates]
+
+The first of the Scottish universities with which Bute found himself
+practically connected was that of Glasgow, to which he presented in
+1877 the noble hall, for graduation and other ceremonies, since known
+as the Bute Hall.  Two years later, in recognition of this splendid
+gift, which is said to have cost him nearly £50,000, the Honorary
+Doctorate of Laws was bestowed on him by the university.  He received
+the same honour from Edinburgh in 1882, and from St. Andrews in 1893,
+the first year of his rectorship.  In 1883 he was invited to stand for
+the Lord Rectorship of Glasgow University, being nominated in the
+Conservative interest against Mr. Fawcett as the Liberal candidate.
+John Ruskin was also nominated.  A regrettable element of religious
+animus was introduced into the contest, but the leading Glasgow journal
+warmly supported Bute.  Mr. Fawcett was elected, the figures
+being--Fawcett 796, Bute 690, Ruskin 329.
+
+By his appointment in 1889 as a member of the Scottish Universities
+Commission, Bute came, of course, into intimate relation with the
+affairs of all the four universities.  He was an active member of the
+Commission, attending its meetings regularly, {186} and giving much
+time and attention to the important questions which came up for
+discussion and solution.  But as a member of a mixed body of this kind,
+of which some--and these not the least distinguished--were sure to
+hold, and to express, views sharply conflicting with his own, Bute was
+not, it must be frankly said, at his best or happiest.  The candid
+biographer must admit that, with all his admirable qualities, he was
+not of a temperament that could easily or patiently brook opposition to
+his matured views.  The absolute impartiality and freedom from
+prejudice with which, as we have seen, he approached the consideration
+of any subject, literary or other, on which he had to form an opinion,
+made him, perhaps not unnaturally, all the more tenacious of that
+opinion when once formed.  "I know no one," remarked one of his friends
+and admirers, "to whom the description of Horace, _Justum et tenacem
+propositi virum_, could be applied with greater truth"; and the tribute
+was a deserved one.  But he did not always find it easy to realise that
+the views of those opposed to him might be as considered and as
+conscientious as his own; and he was, perhaps, too apt to regard their
+opposition in the light of personal hostility to himself.  "It might, I
+think, have been observed," he wisely says in one of his university
+addresses, with reference to Peter de Luna's disputed claim to the
+Papacy, "that where so many learned and able persons were divided in
+opinion, a difference of judgment from one side or the other did not
+necessarily imply moral obliquity."  It is not suggested that Bute
+imputed "moral obliquity" to those who differed from him either on the
+Universities Commission, or afterwards in the vexed questions which he
+had to encounter at St. Andrews.  But {187} that he resented their
+action, and in some cases even with a certain bitterness, is clear from
+many passages of his correspondence; and this feeling was in one
+instance sufficiently acute to interrupt and suspend a friendship which
+had lasted for nearly a quarter of a century, though it is pleasant to
+add that the breach was entirely healed, and cordial relations resumed,
+long before his death.
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, Rectorial address]
+
+Bute's election to the Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews took place on
+November 24, 1892.  "I had great difficulty in accepting," he wrote to
+his friend Dr. Metcalfe, "because I had already declined Glasgow[5] on
+the grounds of want of unanimity and probable inability to fulfil the
+duties, and only accepted St. Andrews on an assurance of unanimity, and
+that the duties are almost nominal."  The latter hope was disproved by
+the event; but whether light or heavy, Bute entered on the duties of
+his office with his usual conscientious resolve to fulfil them all to
+the utmost of his ability,[6] and for the benefit of the ancient seat
+of Scottish learning which he had loved and venerated from his earliest
+years.  He alluded in his inaugural address, with charming simplicity,
+to these childish memories, "associated with that of the only parent
+whom I ever knew, and with those of friends of hers, nearly all of whom
+are now passed away":
+
+
+I dimly recall the old garden of St. Leonard's and a variety of
+mechanical toys working by wind and water, with which Sir Hugh Playfair
+had adorned it.  I remember gazing from St. Andrews at the {188} great
+comet which there was about the time of the Indian Mutiny; and when we
+were living in the Principal of St. Mary's House, my kinsman, Charles
+MacLean,[7] came home wounded from India and stayed with us, and with
+his maimed hand gave me some elementary lessons in fortification, with
+wet sand in a box.  I find in my diary, under date of July 20, 1889:
+"To St. Andrews ... saw the last of the old garden of St. Mary's
+College, where I used to play (and eat unripe pears) as a child: they
+are going to build the library extension over it."  Well, I can only
+hope that the fruits of the tree of knowledge, to the cultivation of
+which that spot is now dedicated, may prove less crude and more
+wholesome than the grosser dainties, to the attractions of which I
+there formerly yielded.
+
+
+It was an undoubted satisfaction to the new Lord Rector to be able to
+nominate, as he did in the month following his own election, to the
+office of his assessor his old friend and fellow-worker on the
+_Scottish Review_.  He gives his reasons, with his usual clearness, in
+a letter addressed to Dr. Metcalfe himself:
+
+
+I have come to the conclusion to nominate you, because you are a man of
+public position versed in these matters--you are (if you will allow me
+to say so) on most friendly and even intimate terms with me for years
+past--we are, I believe, after many conversations with you, quite at
+one upon University questions--and you are almost bound to be _persona
+grata_, having quite recently received the Honorary Doctorate of the
+University.  Besides which, I think that an outside expert is better
+adapted to see questions fairly than somebody who is necessarily inside
+some local groove.
+
+
+{189}
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, St. Andrews and Dundee]
+
+Dr. Metcalfe was duly appointed to the assessorship; and with one at
+his side in whose sound judgment as well as his personal attachment to
+himself he had the fullest confidence, Bute was greatly encouraged in
+the assumption of his important duties with regard to the university,
+in which he had already shown his practical interest by giving it, at a
+time of some financial distress, very timely and welcome help.  This
+help had been all the more welcome in view of the unsympathetic
+attitude of successive Governments towards St. Andrews.  Mr. Arthur
+Balfour had indeed during his Rectorship (1886-1889) persuaded the
+administration of which he was a member to build the addition to the
+library to which Bute refers in the extract from his diary quoted
+above.  But, generally speaking, Tories and Liberals alike had shown
+towards the premier university of Scotland the minimum of interest and
+generosity.  This was the more remarkable, inasmuch as the patronage of
+the principalships of the United College as well as of St. Mary's, and
+also of the chairs of Church History, Biblical Criticism, and Hebrew
+and Oriental Languages, was vested in the Crown.  In 1889 Parliament
+had actually entrusted to the newly appointed Universities Commission
+powers to abolish St. Andrews University altogether--a proposal which
+found a certain measure of support in Dundee, where University College
+had been founded in the same year.  The relations of this new college
+to the ancient university were still indeterminate when Bute took
+office in 1892; but its medical possibilities, situated as it was in
+the heart of a populous and growing city, had of course become quickly
+apparent to its managers.
+
+It must be borne in mind that medical degrees had all along been
+granted by St. Andrews itself after due {190} examination by the
+professors of the university, who were assisted by external examiners
+of high distinction.  The number of such degrees, originally unlimited,
+had been afterwards reduced to ten.  At the time of Bute's coming into
+office there were two main contentions as to medical teaching at St.
+Andrews.  The first was that provision should be made for one _annus
+medicus_ only, so that practically the whole weight of medical teaching
+should be thrown on Dundee.  The second was that there should be two
+complete _anni medici_ in St. Andrews; but this was at the time
+impracticable, owing to the insufficiency of adequate medical teaching.
+Bute saw clearly that if, as was his great desire, the science of
+medicine should be worthily represented in the university, proper
+provision for the teaching of that science must be made in St. Andrews
+itself, and students of medicine must be encouraged to come to St.
+Andrews for the completion of their medical course.  At no stage of the
+long controversy between St. Andrews and Dundee did he ever seek or
+propose to establish a complete medical school at St. Andrews; and he
+would have been the first, with his robust common sense, to see the
+absurdity of such a proposal as regarded the university city, where
+there was not even a hospital, and therefore no opportunity for the
+necessary clinical instruction.  Unguarded language on this subject may
+have been employed by some of his supporters, but never by himself.  He
+aimed only at what was practicable and desirable, and this he made it
+possible to attain by instituting a lectureship (now the Bute
+professorial chair) of Anatomy, by promoting the refoundation of the
+Chair of Physiology,[8] and by {191} building at his own cost the new
+medical school, the completion of which, though he did not live to see
+it, was a source of satisfaction to him only a few weeks before his
+death.  It would have been not less gratifying to him to foresee, had
+that been possible, the natural result and development of his
+enlightened munificence, as shown in the following figures.  The number
+of students of anatomy in the Bute Medical School was, in 1914,
+eighteen; in 1915-16 thirty; in 1916-17 thirty-seven; in 1917-18
+fifty-four; and in 1919-20 ninety.
+
+It would be doing Bute a great injustice to suppose that in his
+attitude towards Dundee he was actuated by any feeling of hostility
+towards the newly-founded college.  The very contrary was indeed the
+case.  Keenly interested as he was in the higher education of the
+people, especially in large centres of population, he was naturally as
+favourably disposed towards University College, Dundee, as he had shown
+himself to be towards University College, Cardiff.  But he could not
+view with equanimity the prospect which was, as he well knew, hopefully
+contemplated by some of the supporters of the new college, namely, that
+of its ultimately not only absorbing the ancient university to which it
+had been united within the last three years, but even possibly of
+crushing it out of existence altogether.  Of this prospect he wrote on
+March 12, 1893:
+
+
+The object of the Dundee people is evidently to obtain entire command
+of the university, which they {192} will employ by secularising St.
+Mary's and translating all the Science subjects to Dundee, as well as
+starting, I take it, a complete Arts curriculum there, possibly
+allowing the United College to exist as a kind of outhouse.
+
+
+"It has been said, and said publicly, by one of that party," he wrote
+on another occasion, "'Give us two years more of the union, and we will
+drag St. Andrews at our chariot wheels.'"  To Bute, with his almost
+passionate veneration for the ancient university, which for centuries
+had been the chief home of religion and learning in Scotland, it was
+intolerable to think of St. Andrews being deposed from its pride of
+place and sinking into a decaying village, a mere resort of sea-bathers
+and golfers.  From this fate he was resolute, if possible, to save the
+"House of the Apostle" (as he loved to call it), at whatever cost to
+himself.  "For months past," he wrote a little later, "I have been
+slaving for St. Andrews.  The people--or some of them--may not be worth
+saving, but the place surely is.  My vital force is, it is plain to
+myself, much diminished by all this anxiety and strain; but I shall
+work on as long as I have strength to do so."
+
+In the long and elaborate memorandum which he drew up in the second
+year of his Rectorship, on the four possible relations in which the
+University of St. Andrews and the college at Dundee might conceivably
+stand to one another, Bute gives clear evidence of his genuine desire
+that the cause of education and learning should flourish equally in
+both institutions.  But both he and those who thought and acted with
+him were perfectly convinced that this would never be so long as Dundee
+continued its intrigues to become the predominant partner in {193} what
+he calls the "ill-assorted union" between them; and he was equally
+convinced that an absolutely essential preliminary step in this
+direction was the dissolution of the Order of the University Commission
+of March 21, 1890 (_dies nefastus_, as Bute calls it in one of his
+notes), by which the existing union between St. Andrews and Dundee had
+been brought about.  It was with this object that an action was brought
+in the Court of Session in July, 1894, for the "reduction" of the union
+in question, and also that a bill was introduced into the House of
+Lords by the Chancellor of the university, the Duke of Argyll, whose
+sympathies were entirely with Bute in the question at issue.[9]
+
+[Sidenote: 1893, St. Andrews and Oxford]
+
+"I have sometimes dreamt," wrote Bute in one of the most picturesque
+passages of his Rectorial Address, "of the primeval headland, still
+lifting skyward its crown of ancient towers, but with that crown
+encircled by an aureola of affiliated colleges--a commonwealth of seats
+of learning, an Oxford of the North."  It may have been with some such
+vision as this before him that Bute had suggested to his assessor, some
+time before drawing up the memorandum above referred to, another
+solution of the difficulty:
+
+
+{194}
+
+_March_ 28, 1893.
+
+Why should it not be suggested to Dundee, that instead of a division of
+forces, difference of place, etc., etc., they should build a college
+for themselves at St. Andrews, just as we hope Blairs will do, confined
+to Dundee people?  I think that would meet the foundress's intention,
+and it might be called Dundee College.  This would be transferring her
+benefaction to St. Andrews, instead of St. Andrews being bled into such
+veins as Dundee possesses.
+
+I do not see why St. Andrews, holding a unique position, geographically
+and otherwise, should not also hold a unique position in being
+constituted, as Oxford and Cambridge are, of a congeries of free and
+affiliated colleges.
+
+
+The above mention of "Blairs" has reference to another scheme which
+Bute hoped might, if carried out, fulfil the two-fold object of
+strengthening the position of St. Andrews, and of raising the
+educational standard--an object he had much at heart--of his
+co-religionists in Scotland.  With this view he had proposed the
+transference to St. Andrews, and the affiliation to the university, of
+the College of Blairs, near Aberdeen, the training-school of the Scots
+Catholic clergy; and had promised substantial help both towards the
+acquirement of a site, and in the endowment of the new seminary.  The
+success of such a scheme obviously depended to great extent, if not
+entirely, on the concurrence of the ecclesiastical authorities.  They
+were divided on the matter, among those opposed to the plan being the
+then Metropolitan of Scotland, as well as the rector of the college;
+and finally the Holy See, much to Bute's disappointment, decided
+against the project.  An alternative scheme, providing for the
+establishment in {195} the university city of a house of studies in
+connection with the abbey of Fort Augustus, also proved impracticable.
+The Benedictines were only invited to make the foundation on the
+understanding that, and as long as, Bute's offer was not taken
+advantage of by the secular clergy, and they did not see their way to
+accept it under those conditions.
+
+[Sidenote: 1894, Interest in the Jews]
+
+Simultaneously with the plan just referred to, Bute likewise cherished
+the hope of attracting to the university members of the Jewish body, in
+which he had always been warmly interested.  He wrote as to this on
+June 8, 1894:
+
+
+Mr. Mocatta has given me a tract, and talked to me at length of the
+religious desolation of the young Jews who are sent to Christian
+schools and colleges without any provision for their own religious
+instruction and practices.  I am trying to persuade him and others that
+all they seek to gain would be gained, and all they deplore avoided, by
+starting a Jewish college at St. Andrews.  I think the idea is dawning
+on them.
+
+
+Three months later he wrote to the Chief Rabbi that he was much
+gratified at the prospect of young Hebrews matriculating at St.
+Andrews.  "I do not pretend," he added, "to have any other motive in
+the matter than zeal for the good of the university; but I sincerely
+think that the benefits would be reciprocal."[10]  Bute was not a
+little incensed at this time by what he called a "most unseemly" letter
+written to the newspapers by one of the professors, who said that he
+would much prefer that a group of Jewish students should have "a
+comfortable {196} berth in Abraham's bosom" than that they should come
+to St. Andrews.  A question subsequently arose as to the unsuitability
+of a certain Saturday--which was not only, of course, the Hebrew
+Sabbath, but chanced to be also their solemn Day of Atonement--for the
+entrance examination of Jewish candidates.  The Principal suggested, as
+an alternative, holding an examination on the following Sunday--a
+proposal that drew from Bute a characteristic protest, in which he
+gives interesting proof of his sympathy with Hebrew religious ideals:
+
+
+The Day of Atonement is, as the Chief Rabbi feelingly wrote me, the
+most solemn day in all their year....  Anything more defiantly
+contemptuous of their race and religion than the original selection of
+that particular day for the examination can hardly be conceived, nor
+any device better calculated to raise contempt for St. Andrews in the
+whole Jewish world.  I fear it can hardly have been inadvertent....
+The amended proposal, of holding the examination on the Sunday, seems
+to me hardly less objectionable.  I had suggested Thursday, in order
+that the young men's minds might be as free as possible on their
+solemnity.  On the Principal's plan, they would have to reach St.
+Andrews--a place utterly strange to them--on Friday evening and there
+pass the Day of Atonement alone, presumably in an inn.  When night set
+in on Saturday, they would have been 26 hours without so much as a
+crumb or a drop of water--unwashed, barefooted, and probably dressed in
+grave-clothes--their minds having been fixed as far as possible on Sin,
+Death, and Eternity--and worn out by hours of recitation of Hebrew
+prayers.  Would they be likely in this state to do themselves justice
+in an examination held a few hours later?
+
+
+{197}
+
+[Sidenote: 1893, Bute's disinterestedness]
+
+It seems unnecessary, after a lapse of a quarter of a century, to enter
+into further details of the regrettable controversy between St. Andrews
+and Dundee, which persisted throughout Bute's term of office in the
+university, but of which all, or nearly all, the protagonists have now
+passed over
+
+  "To where, beyond these voices, there is peace."
+
+There is no doubt but that the part taken by Bute in the affair was
+much misinterpreted in many quarters; and he in turn may have to some
+extent misunderstood, and unconsciously misjudged, the actions and
+motives of his opponents.  Enough, however, has perhaps been said to
+show, what no impartial person can question, that he was throughout
+animated by a single-hearted desire to act for the best, and to promote
+by every means in his power the highest interest of the university
+which he loved so well.  That this was the view of those whose
+suffrages had placed him in office, and with whom he had never ceased
+to maintain the most cordial relations, namely, the students of the
+university, was shown by the substantial majority by which, as will be
+seen, they voted for his re-election to the Rectorship.
+
+
+
+[1] It is to be feared, from their use of this particularly
+objectionable word, that the then Glasgow Corporation did not combine a
+literary sense with their other (doubtless) admirable qualities.
+
+[2] Bute's speech on this occasion, delivered in reply to two addresses
+presented to him, was in Latin.  Some of those present were rather
+disconcerted by this classical outburst, for which they were not in the
+least prepared.
+
+[3] Bute's far-reaching charities were regulated, like everything else
+in his busy life, by strictly business-like methods.  Every appeal for
+help which reached him was carefully sifted and inquired into through
+the almoner to whom, from the time of his coming of age, he entrusted
+the investigation of all such cases before dealing with them himself.
+
+[4] The marble altar in the church was given by him.  An inscription on
+it, inconspicuous yet visible to every priest who celebrates there,
+asks for prayers for Bute himself and for his wife.
+
+[5] This was on a subsequent occasion to the election of 1883, referred
+to on a previous page.
+
+[6] "I pray God bless my Rectorship of St. Andrews," he wrote in his
+diary on the last day of this year.
+
+[7] It was to this same kinsman that Bute, then in his thirteenth year,
+had addressed the remarkable letter quoted on p. 6.
+
+[8] A condition attached by Bute to his foundation of the Chair of
+Anatomy was that a new Chair of Physiology should be constituted from
+the former Chair of Medicine, which a majority of the University
+Commissioners had wished to transfer to History.
+
+[9] The Court of Session refused to grant the "reduction" of the union;
+and the House of Lords, after some further litigation, finally decided,
+on July 27, 1896, that Dundee College was not merely affiliated to, but
+actually incorporated in, the University of St. Andrews, and that the
+union between them was valid, permanent, and irreversible.  In
+November, 1900, a month after Bute's death, the same tribunal dismissed
+an action raised by certain members of St. Andrews University, craving
+the reduction of all the documents constituting the Union.  Since the
+last-named date the union has remained as constituted in 1890, except
+that University College, Dundee, is no longer represented by two
+members in the University Court.
+
+[10] In the same letter Bute expresses his willingness to give a site
+for the new synagogue to be erected at Cardiff.  He did, as a matter of
+fact, a little later grant a ninety-nine years' lease, on very
+favourable terms, of an excellent site for the Jewish place of worship.
+
+
+
+
+{198}
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+NOTES AND ANECDOTES--SECOND RECTORSHIP OF ST. ANDREWS--PROVOST OF
+ROTHESAY
+
+1894-1897
+
+Although Bute (who was not given to exaggeration) found occasion to
+write at the end of 1894, in his usual brief summary of the events of
+the past twelve-month, "The whole year has been spent in the struggle
+for the University of St. Andrews," he nevertheless found time, with
+the ordered industry which was one of his marked characteristics, not
+only for the numerous other duties incumbent on him, but also for the
+social amenities which the _début_ of his only daughter had brought
+into his retired life.  His note on the Caledonian ball in London,
+which he attended this year, is amusing, if not altogether appreciative:
+
+
+The ball was doubtless a great success as regarded the charity which
+benefited by it; but it was mismanaged, crowded, and hot beyond
+expression, and the dancing was a mere rough-and-tumble (as seems to be
+the way now), with neither science, grace, nor even an elementary idea
+of time.  The poetry of motion seems to be asleep.
+
+
+A dinner given to Lord Rosebery[1] by his old {199} contemporaries at
+Christ Church, which Bute attended, must have evoked curious memories
+of long-past days.
+
+
+R's cynical witticisms (when the doors were shut) on the state of
+politics were quite startling: we were all his political opponents
+except one.  The well-remembered names and changed faces were rather
+pathetic.
+
+
+Bute has a note on the famous Ardlamont murder trial, which was
+arousing general interest in the early days of 1894:
+
+
+Lord Kingsburgh said that ten of the jury were determined to hang
+Monson, and _he_ was determined they should not, as he did not consider
+the evidence legally conclusive.  Nobody doubts M.'s guilt morally.[2]
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1894, Maiden speech in Parliament]
+
+On June 4 Bute made his maiden speech in Parliament (it was his last as
+well as his first,) in reference to certain petitions he had occasion
+to present on the affairs of St. Andrews University.  He wrote of this
+to Dr. Metcalfe:
+
+
+I had a conversation with Lord Salisbury on Saturday, and consequently
+made my maiden speech in the House of Lords to-day.  There were only
+two {200} or three Peers present, but I was so nervous that I don't
+know what I said.  However, Lord Windsor told me that I had been
+perfectly smooth and lucid, so I suppose I repeated mechanically the
+few sentences I had prepared.
+
+
+A sequel, and to himself a very interesting one, to Bute's new and
+intimate connection with St. Andrews was his acquisition of the site of
+the ancient priory of canons-regular adjoining the ruined cathedral.
+Part of this was occupied by a modern villa, around and under which
+Bute carried out a series of exploratory excavations which must have
+been somewhat disconcerting to the occupants of the house.  The
+discoveries consequent on these digging operations (_Scoticč_
+"howkings"), including that of a hitherto unknown vaulted chamber
+beneath the old refectory, were a very welcome diversion from the
+harassing duties of the Lord Rectorship.  Bute always undertook and
+pursued such researches with the acutest zest and interest.  "I think,"
+a friend wrote of him with kindly humour, "some of the happiest hours
+of his life were spent standing by, wrapped in his long cloak and
+smoking innumerable cigarettes, while a band of workmen, directed by
+one of his many architects, dug out the foundations of a medięval
+lady-chapel, or broke through a nineteenth-century wall in search of a
+thirteenth-century doorway."
+
+How seriously Bute took his unremitting efforts "to save St. Andrews,"
+as his own expression was, is shown in a characteristic passage of one
+of his letters describing a recent discovery among the priory remains:
+
+
+A head of Christ in stone, seemingly life-size, has just been found
+under the earth at the Priory.  {201} I would I could take this as an
+intimation of His favour towards the [Greek: _témenos_] of His [Greek:
+_prōtóklźtos_].[3]  I have written for much prayer at the grave of the
+Apostle, primarily thanksgiving for the graces bestowed upon him in
+time and eternity.
+
+
+Bute had of course visited more than once the tomb of St. Andrew at
+Amain, of which he speaks in the striking peroration, already quoted,
+of his Rectorial address.  At his request the Archbishop of Amalfi sent
+him a large number of photographs, including some of the tomb, and one,
+specially taken, of the skull of the Apostle, which Bute, who attached
+much importance to craniological evidence, greatly valued.
+
+[Sidenote: 1894, Winter sports in Scotland]
+
+The winter of 1894-1895 was an unusually severe one, even in the mild
+and sheltered Isle of Bute; and Bute, always complacent towards the
+frolics of the younger generation, speaks of curling, sleighing, and
+tobogganing as the order of the day, and of the "extraordinary descent
+of a snow-covered slope by Mr. S---- (a distinguished architect at that
+time a guest at Dumfries House) upon, or rather with, a tea-tray."  He
+writes further, in this connection, of his schoolboy sons:
+
+
+J---- and N---- seem both devoted to curling; and this fact, and the
+way in which it associates them with the people, delights me.[4]
+
+
+{202}
+
+The latter reference is interesting, and even pathetic, recalling as it
+does the pleasure Bute himself had always taken from his boyhood,
+notwithstanding his natural shyness, in associating on kindly terms,
+whether at weddings or less formal social gatherings, whenever
+opportunity offered, with his humbler neighbours in Buteshire and
+elsewhere.  It was this characteristic, combined with his singular
+courtesy and unpretentiousness of manner, which won the affection as
+well as the respect of the reserved and undemonstrative people among
+whom, for the most part, his life was spent.[5]
+
+[Illustration: _The Marquess of Bute, Lord Rector of St. Andrews
+University, 1892-1897_]
+
+A letter written in March, 1895, just after the death of Professor
+Blackie, gives a thumbnail sketch of that eccentric scholar, who was as
+unconventional in dress as in everything else:
+
+
+The last time I met him (by invitation) he was dressed in a long velvet
+gown bound with a bright cherry-coloured sash, and a big _sombrero_
+hat.  There was a middle-aged lady present, to whom he introduced me,
+and whom he insisted on my _kissing_.  I think we kissed to please him.
+His accent (pronunciation) was so vile in Greek, and I believe in
+Gaelic, as almost to argue a physical defect of ear.
+
+
+In this same spring Bute visited Sanquhar, where {203} he had lately
+bought back the ancient Crichton Peel tower, which the first Earl of
+Dumfries had sold to the Buccleuch family in 1639.  "The Duke," he
+notes, "had allowed the tower to fall almost completely down.  I bought
+some mugs here--'Presents from Sanquhar'--for the children, and found
+on investigation that they were made in Germany!"
+
+An interesting little bit of Fife folk-lore is noted on April 6:
+
+
+I found the children of Falkland rolling Easter eggs downhill, calling
+the day "Pace (Pasch) Saturday."  It was a week too soon, according to
+the Kalendar; but one little girl said that Pace Saturday was always
+the first Saturday in April.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1895, Lord Acton]
+
+Bute received this summer a letter, which pleased him much, from the
+eminent historian Lord Acton, a recently "capped" doctor of St. Andrews
+University, to whom Bute had presented a hood made in the medięval
+fashion.[6]
+
+
+The Athenęum,
+  _July_ 5, 1895.
+
+DEAR LORD BUTE,
+
+I have just received the historic and venerable hood you are so very
+kind as to bestow on me.  It has a very real value to me as coming from
+you, personally as well as from your sovereign position in the
+university to which I am proud to belong; and I beg to thank you for it
+as heartily and sincerely as it is possible to acknowledge an act of
+friendship.
+
+If I was not one of your own recommendation,[7] {204} I shall deem
+henceforward that you have adopted me, just as if you had named me for
+the distinguished honour I have received.
+
+Believe me, most sincerely and gratefully yours,
+
+ACTON.
+
+
+Towards the close of his three years' Rectorship, Bute showed his
+interest in the city, as well as the university, of St. Andrews, by
+presenting to it a handsome chain of office for the use of the
+provosts.  A member of the council, who had himself passed the civic
+chair, wrote thus to him in reference to this gift:
+
+
+_February_ 3, 1893.
+
+I need not say what our appreciation is of your most handsome act.  In
+an informal conversation held yesterday by the Provost, Dr. Anderson
+and myself, it was agreed that while it was in the power of any wealthy
+man to perform the mere act, yet there was only one nobleman in the
+three kingdoms who could perform it in the delicate and gracious way in
+which it will now come before the Town Council.
+
+
+In the early autumn of 1895 Bute was able, in the course of a cruise in
+his yacht _Christine_, to revisit the Orkneys, and to set foot again in
+Kirkwall, Egilsay, and other spots sacred in his eyes to the memory of
+St. Magnus, as he had done when a youth of twenty, nearly thirty years
+previously.  "These islands," he notes, "are far more picturesque than
+I remember them before, and I am much struck by the number, industry,
+and wealth of their inhabitants."
+
+[Sidenote: 1895, Bute opposed by Lord Peel]
+
+A cause of special satisfaction to Bute, and that for more than one
+reason, was his re-election, at the end {205} of November, 1895, to the
+Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews University.  Viscount Peel had been
+nominated for the office by the party opposed to Bute's policy, and the
+Master of Balliol had sent to the students a printed testimonial to
+Lord Peel's qualifications, and an urgent appeal to them to support his
+candidature.  "This," wrote a member of the professorial staff to Bute,
+"is quite a new departure in Rectorial elections, and its legality is,
+I should say, as questionable as its taste."  He adds in the same
+letter:
+
+
+We had a very large and influential meeting [in London] last evening of
+the St. Andrews Graduates' Association.  The President, Sir Benjamin
+Ward Richardson, made a very strong speech in your favour.  It was
+followed by what was virtually an ovation, so enthusiastic was the
+whole assemblage.
+
+
+A letter to the press, shortly before the election, stated that the
+writer could not understand how any man of honour and intelligence,
+_knowing all the facts_, could possibly stand in opposition to Bute.
+His comment on this letter was as follows:
+
+
+I cannot for a single moment believe that Lord Peel knows the facts, or
+that he in the least realises the fearfully burdensome nature of the
+duties.  His only alternative, if elected, would be either to take that
+yoke upon him, or to neglect the duty of doing so.  The writers of some
+things that have appeared in the papers seem to be under the impression
+that the Lord Rector's sole duty is to deliver a literary address!
+
+I enclose a letter received a few months ago: you may show it to any
+one you please.  It may be good for some people at this juncture to
+know what the great Presbyterian Duke thinks.
+
+
+{206}
+
+The last sentence, of course, refers to the Duke of Argyll, Chancellor
+of St. Andrews University since 1851, whose eminent abilities and
+distinguished personal character placed him at that time in the very
+forefront of the Scottish nobility.  The Duke had written:
+
+
+Inveraray,
+  _March_ 7, 1895.
+
+I wish I could accept your invitation, but in my present state of
+health, barely recovered from a sharp attack of this insidious
+epidemic, it is impossible.  You have always made Falkland very
+pleasant to me, and I enjoy seeing the great public spirit with which
+you discharge all your duties.  I hope I need not assure you of the
+indignation with which I have seen the attempt to arouse a sectarian
+spirit against you,[8] whose whole course of conduct has been so
+signally liberal, in the best sense of that much-abused word.
+
+
+On learning the result of the election, in which Bute defeated his
+opponent by a majority of forty votes, the Duke at once wrote:
+
+
+Inveraray,
+  _November_ 28, 1895.
+
+The telegram this afternoon was very acceptable.  I am glad that the
+University has not disgraced itself by electing _any one_ else than you
+at this juncture.  As to Lord Peel himself, I suspect that he now feels
+very much relieved.
+
+
+No one of the many congratulatory letters received by Bute on his
+re-election gave him more {207} sincere pleasure than the following,
+written by a member of the students' committee:
+
+
+The 120 who won the election were the resident students of the
+university--those who, without distinction of sect or political
+partisanship, were most touched with the spirit and traditions of the
+place.  We feel sure that you look on this circumstance as having a
+value far above the mere figures of the majority.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1896, A scheme that failed]
+
+It was during his second term of office that Bute conceived the
+project--which would probably have occurred to no one but himself--of
+restoring the vast ruined Cathedral of St. Andrews, or a portion of it,
+for the purposes of a university church.  The plan might, he thought,
+be realised if every member of the Scottish peerage could be induced to
+subscribe a thousand pounds towards it.  But there were at least three
+reasons which militated against the success of the proposal.  In the
+first place, the pedigrees of the peers of Scotland were in most cases
+a great deal longer than their purses; in the second, few of them were
+probably much interested in university education in general, or in St.
+Andrews in particular; in the third, the majority of them were members
+of the Episcopalian body, not of the Established Church, to which the
+university church would as a matter of course be aggregated.  It is
+curious that the only promise of substantial support received by the
+Catholic Rector towards a scheme which must, it is to be feared, be
+pronounced fantastic, came from a wealthy nobleman who was not a member
+of either the Episcopalian or the Established Church, but a devoted and
+almost fanatical Free Churchman.
+
+{208}
+
+Bute's academic labours and anxieties were diversified at this time by
+the preparation of a book in which he took great interest, on the
+subject of the "Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of
+Scotland."  The study of heraldry had always had an attraction for him,
+although he was perhaps, in practice, sometimes more inclined to follow
+his own fancy than the rigid rules of that most exact of sciences.  "I
+call Bute a sentimental rather than a scientific herald," a friend much
+interested in the subject once said of him; and perhaps the criticism
+was a just one.  In any case, his curious and out-of-the-way erudition
+found its scope in the production of this volume, which he published in
+collaboration with Mr. S. R. N. Macphail and Mr. H. W. Lonsdale in
+1897.  A copy with plates specially coloured under Bute's supervision,
+and handsomely bound, was presented by the Town Council of Rothesay to
+Queen Victoria, who accepted it very graciously.[9]
+
+An acquisition which Bute was able to make at the beginning of 1896,
+and which gave him great satisfaction, appealing as it did to his
+intense veneration for the religious monuments of the past, was that of
+the ancient friary and chapel of the Greyfriars in Elgin.  He restored
+the chapel in its original Franciscan simplicity, and made it over for
+the use of the Sisters of Mercy, already established in Elgin.  The
+ancient stone tabernacle or sacrament-house, detached from the altar,
+was still preserved in the chapel; and a long letter from the Bishop of
+Aberdeen (then in Rome), among Bute's papers, shows that the {209}
+latter was engaged in the difficult task of trying to induce the Sacred
+Congregation of Rites to derogate from modern rules and practice, and
+to allow this interesting relic of the past to be again used for the
+purpose for which it had been originally intended.[10]  Writing to the
+Provost of Elgin, in acknowledgment of a presentation made to him by
+the contractors and clerk of works employed at Greyfriars, Bute said
+with his usual felicity of expression:
+
+
+My purchase was one on which I must congratulate myself, not only
+because in interest it has exceeded my expectation, but because it has
+enabled me to be of some service to Elgin by preserving an historical
+monument of considerable value to the town and district.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1896, Elected Provost of Rothesay]
+
+Bute had several years before this been solicited to allow himself to
+be nominated to the provostship of the Royal Burgh of Rothesay.  He had
+not seen his way at that time to accept the offer, but when it was
+renewed in the autumn of 1896, he signified his willingness to
+undertake the office, and he was unanimously elected on November 6,
+1896.  It was a source of legitimate pride to him to be called to the
+chief magistracy of the ancient burgh with which his family had been
+associated for five hundred years, and in which five of his lineal
+ancestors had held the office of provost.[11]  He applied himself to
+the duties {210} of the position with his habitual assiduity and care,
+not infrequently travelling long distances to attend the meetings of
+the corporation, and presiding at them with a combined dignity and
+aptitude for business which favourably impressed all with whom he was
+brought into contact.  He only once took the chair in the police-court,
+sensibly leaving that department, as he had done at Cardiff, to the
+charge of those better versed in police administration than himself;
+nor, as it happened, was he qualified to preside at licensing-courts,
+owing to the fact that he was himself a licence-holder for the sale of
+the produce of his Cardiff vineyards.
+
+No extensive schemes were carried out in Rothesay during Bute's tenure
+of the provostship; but it is of interest to note that whereas the
+harbour had been greatly improved, and gas first introduced into the
+town, during the time (1829-1839) that his father was provost, he
+himself, during his term of office, made a large extension of the pier,
+and introduced the electric light.  He also interested himself in the
+sanitary improvement of the burgh, and entertained the members of the
+Sanitary Congress, which met at Rothesay in 1898, at a garden party at
+Mountstuart.  Following his own precedent at Cardiff, St. Andrews, and
+Falkland, he presented to the corporation a beautiful chain of office
+for the use of the provosts.
+
+The occurrence of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee during Bute's
+provostship gave occasion for his further munificence; and in
+commemoration of the event he placed in the council-chambers a series
+of heraldic stained-glass windows.  To each of the Town Councillors he
+presented a replica of the medal which he and the other provosts of
+Scottish burghs received at a special audience given to them by the
+{211} Queen.  Bute gave pleasure to the councillors by reminding them
+that the Scriptural quotation on the obverse of the medal--"Longitudo
+dierum in dextera ejus, et in sinistra gloria"[12]--would probably be
+more familiar to them all in the rendering of the Scottish Paraphrase:
+
+  In her right hand she holds to view
+    A length of happy days:
+  Riches with splendid honours joined
+    Are what her left displays.
+
+
+Bute himself drafted the jubilee address from the corporation to her
+Majesty, and had it engrossed in facsimile after the original charter
+to the burgh of the year 1400 A.D., preserved in the British Museum.
+Sealed with the ancient seal of the burgh, and enclosed in a box made
+of the old oak beams of the drawbridge of Rothesay Castle, lined with
+cloth of gold, the address was, at Bute's instance, presented to the
+Queen by H.R.H. the Duke of Rothesay (Prince of Wales).  It was one of
+the very few addresses on exhibition in London, where it aroused
+considerable attention and admiration.
+
+An anniversary of more personal interest to Bute in the spring of 1897
+was his own "silver wedding day."  The event was celebrated with quiet
+happiness in the family circle, and, later in the year, by a great
+reception in the Exhibition-building at Cardiff, at which some three
+thousand guests were entertained.  Bute, who received a congratulatory
+{212} address on the occasion, enclosed in a silver casket, from his
+Town Council at Rothesay, gave public and permanent expression to his
+thankfulness for twenty-five years of happy married life, by
+instituting both there and at Cardiff, what came to be known as the
+"Bute Dowry."  This was the provision of an annual sum to be handed, on
+the recommendation of the municipal authorities, to some girl or girls
+of the poorer classes, to enable her to get married.  The religious
+spirit in which Bute founded this benefaction is seen from a letter he
+addressed to the minister of Rothesay, announcing his intention of
+attending on the first occasion of the dowry being awarded:
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _December_ 23, 1897.
+
+I will put on the chain, but not, I think, the gown, as I will leave
+the religious ceremony entirely to you; and I think it would be better
+if _you_ read John ii. 1-11 (as well as the passage from Ephesians).
+The only reason why I stipulated for the reading of John ii. 1-11 as a
+part of the ceremony, was to impress the idea that that marriage is
+truly blessed to which Jesus is called by humble prayer, and at which
+nothing takes place but the natural and harmless gaiety which is
+consonant with His sacred presence and approval.  It does not matter at
+all who reads it.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1899, Failing health]
+
+The success of Bute's three years' tenure of the office of provost was
+proved by the unanimity with which the council, at its conclusion,
+expressed its wish that he would accept re-election for another term.
+This would have included the fifth centenary of the erection of the
+royal burgh, which it was proposed to celebrate in 1900; and Bute,
+notwithstanding his rapidly failing powers (of which no one {213} was
+more conscious than himself), consented to be nominated for a second
+term on certain conditions, one of which was that he should be
+permitted to resign the office immediately after the centenary.  In his
+letter thanking the council for their invitation he thus alluded to his
+state of health:
+
+
+I spoke of this, when I first entered on the provostship, by saying
+that I realised that circumstances might arise in which I should feel
+myself unable any longer to be of service to the burgh, and should
+consequently be obliged to resign; but that in any case nothing could
+reverse the past or delete the fact of the honour of the office having
+once been conferred upon me.  Should the council re-elect me, I can
+only say the same thing again....  I take this opportunity of thanking
+each and all of the Members of Council for the honour they have paid me
+now for the second time, as well as for all the kindness which I have
+always received at their hands.
+
+
+While fulfilling his municipal duties at Rothesay to the satisfaction
+of every one concerned, Bute had continued, to the best of his ability,
+and with undiminished interest, to discharge his functions as Lord
+Rector of St. Andrews.  He was still able to carry out, though not
+without fatigue and strain, what he called the "routine work" of his
+office; but he was no longer physically able to take the strenuous part
+he had formerly done in the government of the university, and the
+defence of her interests at the University Court and elsewhere.  Early
+in 1897 he had heard with some dismay of the urgent desire of the
+students (who were doubtless very imperfectly acquainted with the
+condition of his health) that he should deliver a second Rectorial
+address, on the occasion of his re-election.  To this {214} effort he
+felt absolutely unequal, and he wrote as follows to his assessor:
+
+
+_Jan._ 19, 1897.
+
+You must do what you can to prevent the students insisting on another
+address.  They cannot know what they are asking.  I can get through my
+ordinary business, but cannot attempt the impossible, such as a
+Rectorial address.  If I did, my failure would be as annoying to them
+as it would be painful to myself.  Please try to make them understand
+this.
+
+I do not complain.  "The night cometh when no man can work," sooner or
+later.  It has come to me through overwork and anxiety as Rector, and
+it is perhaps better that way than many others.  But I am sure that
+those on whose behalf I have incurred it would not try to goad me into
+a fiasco which could only be distressing to all concerned.
+
+
+Bute probably knew well that this pathetic appeal to the good sense and
+good feeling of the St. Andrews students would not be made in vain.
+Between them and himself the feeling had never been otherwise than
+kindly and cordial, with no trace of the misunderstandings or
+bitterness which had sometimes clouded his relations with other
+sections of the university.  They respected him as a great Scottish
+noble: they admired his zeal for, and jealousy of, the honour and
+reputation of their Alma Mater: they were proud of his position in the
+world of letters, of his deserved distinction as a munificent and
+discriminating patron of learning, science, and art.  Most of all, they
+were grateful to him for his continual and unfailing kindness towards
+themselves--kindness which he had proved not only by the generosity of
+his public gifts, but by acts of private beneficence of which the
+outside world knew nothing, and which he himself would have been the
+last to wish made public.
+
+
+
+[1] Lord Rosebery's brief tenure of the Premiership (1894-95) had just
+commenced at the date of this entertainment.  He had been Foreign
+Secretary during the two previous years.
+
+[2] The verdict was the unsatisfactory one of "Not
+Proven"--unsatisfactory, that is, to the public, although doubtless
+preferable from the prisoner's point of view to one of "Guilty."  The
+present writer, who chanced to hear the concluding part of the case,
+well remembers the surprise caused, both within and without the court,
+by the judge's strong summing up in the prisoner's favour.  A legal
+kinsman of the writer told him subsequently what he had never before
+heard--that a Scottish judge, unlike an English one, considered it his
+duty not merely to sum up the evidence impartially, but also to direct
+the jury how to regard it from the point of view of a trained mind.
+
+[3] Bute felicitously applies to St. Andrews, seat of the first-called
+([Greek: _prōtóklźtos_]) of the Apostles, the word [Greek:
+_témenos_]--land "cut off" and assigned or dedicated to divine or
+sacred purposes.  Syracuse was of old the [Greek: _témenos_] of Ares
+(Mars), as the Acropolis at Athens was that of Pallas Athene.
+
+[4] Bute himself was a keen curler, thoroughly enjoying a spell at the
+"roaring game" with his country neighbours.  A family tradition records
+how, night falling before the end of a hotly-contested march on The
+Moss, above Mountstuart, Bute sent for footmen to bear lighted candles
+round the rink, so that the game might be concluded that evening.
+
+[5] See _ante_, p. 96.  The popular appreciation of such kindly
+intercourse could hardly be shown more neatly, and at the same time
+more humorously, than it was on the occasion of a garden party given at
+Mountstuart, some years later, in celebration of the majority of Bute's
+eldest son and successor.  Sir Charles Dalrymple, who was present,
+remarked on the success of the fźte to one of the guests, a Buteshire
+farmer.  "Ou ay," was the reply, "it was just grand a'thegither; and
+the young Mairquis--did ye obsairve, Sir Charles?--he was _mixing
+fine_."
+
+[6] It is probable that the hood given to Lord Acton was a facsimile of
+that worn by Bute himself with his academic robes.  This was copied by
+the university robe-maker (but in richer material and colours) from the
+ancient form of hood as worn by a Scots Benedictine monk who
+occasionally acted as his chaplain.
+
+[7] University College, Dundee, had the right of presenting certain
+candidates for the Honorary Doctorate of St. Andrews University; and
+Lord Acton was one of those so nominated.
+
+[8] The allusion is to an unworthy effort which had been made in
+certain quarters to stir up an _odium theologicum_ against Bute, in
+connection with the proposed transference of Blairs College to St.
+Andrews.
+
+[9] A supplementary volume, "The Arms of the Baronial and Police Burghs
+of Scotland," in which Messrs Stevenson and Lonsdale collaborated, was
+published in 1903.
+
+[10] An attempt had been made in Belgium, at the time of the Gothic
+revival, to restore the ancient use of detached Sacrament-houses, but
+it had been very decidedly negatived by the Roman authorities.  In 1863
+the Sacred Congregation of Rites definitely prohibited the placing of
+the tabernacle elsewhere than in the middle of the altar.
+
+[11] Portraits of four of these--the second and fourth Earls, John
+Viscount Mountstuart, and the second Marquess, were presented by Bute
+to the Town Council of Rothesay.
+
+[12] "Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left hand riches
+and glory."--Prov. iii. 16.  Bute's Presbyterian friends and neighbours
+knew and respected his familiarity with, and veneration for, the
+Scriptures.  "He was a Bible-loving man, and very religious-minded,"
+one of them said of him: "I have heard that he always opened the
+meetings [of the Town Council] with a prayer he wrote himself."  See as
+to this, Appendix IV.
+
+
+
+
+{215}
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+PLUSCARDEN--BUTE AS ARCHITECT--PSYCHICAL INTERESTS--CONCLUSION
+
+1898-1900
+
+The latest addition made by Bute to his large landed possessions in
+Scotland was one which on several accounts was the source of much
+interest to him during the last years of his life.  Just as the chief
+attraction of Falkland, which he purchased in 1887, had been the fact
+that it included the ancient royal palace and its hereditary
+Keepership, so the principal inducement to him to acquire, as he did in
+1897 from the Earl of Fife, the Morayshire estate of Pluscarden, was
+that he thereby came into possession also of one of the most beautiful
+and interesting ecclesiastical relics in Scotland.[1]  This was the
+roofless church, as well as considerable remains of the domestic
+buildings, of Pluscarden Priory, founded by King Alexander III. seven
+centuries before for monks of the little-known Order of the
+Cabbage-valley.[2]  In {216} the middle of the fifteenth century
+Pluscarden had passed into Benedictine possession; and connected with
+this change of ownership were several architectural problems of the
+kind which it always interested Bute to attempt to solve.  He had a
+dislike of the word "restoration," as applied to ancient edifices which
+were, and still are, so often spoiled in the process; but he expended
+much time and care, and not inconsiderable sums of money, in putting
+the different portions of the venerable buildings--choir,
+chapter-house, dormitory, and calefactory--into such repair as was
+possible.  He was deeply moved and gratified at being able to arrange,
+in the summer of 1898, for the celebration of Mass (the first for fully
+three hundred years) by a Scottish Benedictine monk, in the
+perfectly-preserved oratory of the prior's lodgings.
+
+[Illustration: PLUSCARDEN PRIORY.]
+
+It was characteristic of Bute's scrupulous regard for tradition and
+order, that before taking possession of Pluscarden he applied to Rome,
+through the Bishop of Aberdeen, for a _sanatio_, in other words, a
+sanction of his acquisition of the property of the Church, and asked if
+he should, as a preliminary step, give the refusal of the buildings to
+the Benedictines of Fort Augustus.  A reply was received in September,
+1897, from Cardinal Ledochowski, Prefect of the Congregation of
+Propaganda, to the effect that such an offer was not necessary, and
+that the great benefactions already made by Lord Bute to the Catholic
+Church were to be considered as ample compensation.
+
+{217}
+
+[Sidenote: Building achievements]
+
+Pluscarden Priory was the last, and to himself not the least
+interesting, of the many ancient and historic buildings to the
+maintenance of which Bute was in a position to apply his profound
+archęological knowledge as well as the architectural skill and taste
+which made him, as it was expressed by one well qualified to pronounce
+an opinion, "the best unprofessional architect of his generation."  It
+will be appropriate in this place to give a brief _conspectus_ of the
+principal building operations which he undertook in the course of the
+thirty-two years between his coming of age and his too early death.
+
+The restoration and partial rebuilding of Cardiff Castle was the
+earliest work of the kind undertaken by Bute.  The lofty tower
+conspicuous on the southwest of the castle enclosure, the restoration
+of the great southern curtain wall, with its covered way, and the
+erection of the noble staircase were among the most important of his
+building operations at Cardiff, which included also the discovery and
+partial restoration of the old Roman walls and gateway, the
+re-excavation of the moat, and the clearing and re-marking the sites of
+the medięval friaries of the Dominicans and Franciscans.  Most of the
+work at Cardiff was carried out under the direction of the
+distinguished architect William Burges, who was responsible for the
+whole of the fanciful and elaborate interior decoration both of the
+castle and of Castell Coch, the thirteenth-century fortress some five
+miles north of Cardiff.  This castle, which was in a completely ruined
+condition, was restored by Bute, under Burges's direction, to its
+original state; and experts in such works have pronounced it one of the
+most perfect restorations ever carried out.
+
+Two anecdotes of Burges, whose personality and {218} genius were both
+somewhat of the eccentric order, may be here related on the authority
+of a distinguished and venerable member of his own profession, who knew
+him well.  Bute invited him to come and see his new house at
+Mountstuart, then nearly complete, and took him into the great
+drawing-room, where he called his attention to the ceiling with its
+lining of panelled mirrors, on which were painted clusters of grapes
+and vine-leaves.  Burges looked up, shrugged his shoulders, muttered "I
+call that damnable," and walked on.
+
+Burges was accustomed to keep with him in his office a favourite
+terrier, which made itself occasionally disagreeable to visitors who
+called.  When it was pointed out that the effect of this might be to
+keep away possible clients, Burges only grumbled out, "A good thing
+too!  I have far too many as it is."  Once a sporting friend came in to
+see him, bringing his own terrier, which he boasted was the best ratter
+in the country.  Burges would not hear of this, and the matter was at
+once put to the test.  The office-boy was sent out to some neighbouring
+purlieu for a sack of rats: a rat-pit was extemporised out of
+drawing-boards, architectural folios, and other paraphernalia of the
+office; and an elderly and distinguished client who chanced to call,
+intent on business, found the rat-hunt in full cry, and the eminent
+architect and his friend in their shirt-sleeves, hallooing on their
+respective champions to the slaughter.
+
+[Sidenote: Restorations in Bute]
+
+Bute contributed handsomely to the restoration funds of such historic
+edifices as St. John's Church at Cardiff and others on his Glamorgan
+estate; and he re-roofed and put in complete repair the small
+twelfth-century church of Cogan, near Cardiff, which {219} had fallen
+into decay.  It may be of interest, in this connection, to quote a
+letter which he addressed to his brother-in-law and fellow-Catholic,
+Lord Merries, who had consulted him as to the propriety of his
+subscribing to the restoration fund of Selby Abbey, which had been in
+great part destroyed by fire:
+
+
+The question is one of some delicacy; but its solution is facilitated
+by the circular which you have sent me, which specifies various objects
+for which subscriptions are invited.  I can only advise you in
+accordance with my own practice in such matters.  You may reasonably
+decline to provide such adjuncts or accessories to Anglican worship as
+pulpits and litany-desks, service-books and altar-cloths, lecterns and
+candlesticks.  But to give a donation towards the actual rebuilding of
+a most venerable monument of Christian piety (which your ancestors
+probably helped originally to erect) is a thing which, I conceive, you
+may very properly do--and all the more so in view of your official
+connection with the county.[3]
+
+
+Bute's native and titular island, which within its comparatively small
+area contains perhaps as many interesting remains of feudal and
+ecclesiastical antiquity as any district in the kingdom, afforded him,
+of course, many opportunities of applying his archęological and
+architectural knowledge to the congenial task of repairing and
+preserving these venerable fragments of the past.  Prominent among them
+is the ruined eleventh-century castle in the middle of Rothesay, of
+which Bute was hereditary keeper, and of which he restored the gateway,
+drawbridge, and moat, clearing away the mean modern {220} tenements
+abutting on the castle, and also re-building and re-roofing the great
+hall.  The ruined church of St. Blane, also of the eleventh century,
+was likewise partially restored by Bute four years before his death,
+when a large number of interesting objects were discovered among the
+foundations of the early Celtic buildings.[4]  Bute also restored the
+ancient castle of Wester Kames, and rebuilt the wall round the
+venerable chapel of St. Michael in North Bute, to preserve it from
+further depredations.
+
+The greatest architectural enterprise undertaken by Bute in his native
+island, or, indeed, anywhere else, was the erection, from the designs
+of Mr. (afterwards Sir Robert) Rowand Anderson, of the palatial house
+of Mountstuart, which replaced the plain old mansion burned down in
+1877.  This great pile of pink sandstone, with its curious upper storey
+of brick and oak, vast marble hall and staircase, high-pitched roofs,
+corbelled oriel windows, and beautiful private chapel with vaulted
+crypt, was begun in 1879, and at Bute's death twenty-one years later
+was still unfinished.  His characteristic slowness in completing any
+architectural work which absorbed him is treated of, with much else of
+interest in the same connection, by Sir R. Rowand Anderson in his
+valuable appreciation of Bute in his relation to architecture and
+architects.[5]
+
+[Sidenote: Work at Falkland Palace]
+
+Bute's acquisition in 1887 of the estate of Falkland, carrying with it
+the hereditary keepership of the ancient royal palace, gave him even
+more scope {221} than Mountstuart for indulging what some one once
+designated his "passion for stone and lime," or, as the phrase would
+run in England, for bricks and mortar.  Falkland appealed to him not
+only as an architect, but as an antiquarian.  The varied beauty of its
+sadly-dilapidated buildings, and the long and romantic story of the
+palace and its occupants, were to him of equally absorbing interest.
+He spared neither time nor money in his work of restoring the historic
+pile to something of its ancient grandeur; and it was said that for a
+number of years he devoted the whole available income of the estate to
+his building operations at the palace.  The corridors and floors were
+laid with oak and teak; many of the rooms were elaborately panelled in
+oak, and their ceilings emblazoned with heraldic and other devices;
+while in the Chapel Royal, the royal pew and ancient pulpit, and the
+magnificent oaken screen, were completely and carefully restored.[6]
+Besides the costly interior work, mostly in the main or southern block,
+Bute executed much judicious excavation in and about the palace; and it
+was a great satisfaction to him to discover in the garden the
+foundations of the great twelfth-century round tower, dating from the
+time when Falkland was in the possession of the Earls of Fife.  Another
+interesting work was the restoration of the old royal tennis-court,
+which Bute was accustomed to say had been, he believed, last used for
+play in the reign of James V., the father of Mary Queen of Scots.
+
+{222}
+
+Mention has already been made of Bute's purchase of the site and
+remains of the Augustinian priory of St. Andrews, where he did a great
+deal of careful excavation and made many valuable discoveries.  At
+Elgin, too, as has been seen, he was able to acquire the interesting
+old monastery and church of the Greyfriars; and it was a particular
+happiness to him, as it has been also to his youngest son, who
+inherited his property in the county of Elgin, that this unpretending
+sanctuary--now a convent of Sisters of Mercy--should have been once
+again, after more than three centuries, made available for the
+religious worship to which it was originally dedicated.
+
+[Sidenote: 1899, Catholicity of taste]
+
+It is unnecessary, even were it possible, to give anything like a
+_catalogue raisonné_ of Bute's less important architectural
+achievements.  For more than thirty years, in the graphic phrase cited
+by one of the most distinguished members of the profession, "his hands
+were never out of the mortar-tub."  No one familiar with the
+multitudinous and varied work executed under his immediate supervision
+during those years could fail to be struck by the catholicity of his
+taste, as well as by his curious and detailed knowledge of all
+architectural styles and periods.  The feudal massiveness of Cardiff
+and Castell Coch, of Rothesay Castle and Mochrum, the graceful Gothic
+of Pluscarden, the Franciscan austerity of Elgin, the rich Renaissance
+and Jacobean details of Falkland, the Byzantine perfection of Sancta
+Sophia (copied by him in miniature at Galston)--all these appealed to
+him, each in its degree, with equal interest and force; and this
+catholicity of taste was reflected not only in the new buildings which
+he raised, but in the ancient buildings which he {223} repaired,
+re-roofed, or restored with such careful reverence.  Every detail of
+such work was personally supervised by himself; and he would be equally
+at home, and equally absorbed, in working out an heraldic design for
+the roof of an abbey church,[7] excavating among the almost shapeless
+ruins of a medięval cathedral,[8] elaborating a purely Greek scheme of
+decoration for the oratory of his house in London,[9] or studying the
+details of the Sainte Chapelle at Paris, the upper basilica of Assisi,
+and the Gothic dome of Zaragoza,[10] in order to reproduce something of
+their varied beauties in his exquisite private chapel at Mountstuart.
+The transparent honesty which was part of his character was manifested
+in such restorations as he undertook at Cardiff, Rothesay, and St.
+Andrews, where at the cost of some ęsthetic sacrifice, and often at
+much added expense (for the materials had sometimes to be brought from
+afar), he carried out the work in a stone different in colour from the
+ancient building, so that there should be no possible future confusion
+between the old and the new.  Altogether it must be said that to Bute's
+other titles of honour is to be added that of a noble patron of a noble
+art.  He enriched his native land with many splendid edifices, and he
+probably did more than any man of his generation to preserve and secure
+for posterity the venerable and priceless relics of his country's'
+past.  _Cor suum dabat in consummationem operum, et vigilia sua ornabat
+in perfectionem_.[11]
+
+One of the last publications issued by Bute (it {224} appeared in 1899)
+was a book entitled "The Alleged Haunting of B---- House," a curious,
+if not altogether convincing, account of certain phenomena said to have
+occurred at a country residence in Perthshire, which Bute had leased
+for the purpose of psychical investigation.  He had always, and more
+especially in the later years of his life, been attracted by such
+questions, and was at the time of his death a vice-president of the
+Society for Psychical Research.  He was particularly interested in the
+subject of second sight, of which he endeavoured to obtain first-hand
+evidence by instituting inquiries among the Catholic Highlanders of
+north-west Scotland; but the person whom he commissioned to conduct the
+inquiry was to a great extent baffled by the insuperable reluctance of
+the Highlanders to communicate on such matters with a stranger.  Bute
+himself maintained a very open mind as to all such phenomena, although
+he did not of course dispute their objective possibility.  He had a
+profound distrust of paid and professional mediums, and was fully alive
+to the physical, moral, and spiritual risks attendant on all such
+researches unless conducted with due precaution and under proper
+guidance.
+
+One of the chief ornaments of the judicial bench, who knew Bute well,
+once observed of him that if his vocation had been to the law, he might
+have reasonably looked to attain the highest honours of that profession:
+
+
+Industry, learning, patience, impartiality, capacity for work, a
+remarkable power of grasping facts and weighing evidence, clearness of
+expression, and a single-minded desire for truth--if these, combined
+with a noble presence and a lofty integrity {225} of character, are
+qualifications for judicial office, Bute possessed them all, and in a
+high degree.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1899, Effect of psychical study]
+
+Such qualities, or most of them, were no doubt equally serviceable when
+brought to bear on the obscure phenomena of psychical research, which
+Bute approached with the same unprejudiced detachment as he did the
+study of astrology, or the problems from the nooks and corners of
+history with which he loved to grapple.  A friend ventured to ask him,
+not very long before his death, if he grudged the many hours he had
+devoted to these recondite investigations.  He replied emphatically in
+the negative, adding after a pause: "I cannot conceive any Christian,
+or, indeed, any believer in life after death, _not_ being painfully and
+deeply interested in such questions.  For my own part, I have never
+doubted that there is permitted at times a real communication between
+the dead and the living, but I am bound to say that I have never
+personally had any first-hand evidence of such communication which I
+could call absolutely convincing."  The last words were spoken with a
+certain melancholy earnestness which made a deep impression on the
+hearer.  That Bute's interest in these matters had no frightening or
+depressing effect on himself is shown clearly enough from a note in his
+diary in which, after referring to his own rapidly-declining health, he
+adds: "My study of things connected with the S.P.R. has had the effect
+of very largely robbing death of its terrors."[12]
+
+With the resignation of his Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews at the end
+of his second term of office, {226} Bute's public work may be said to
+have come to an end.  He had, as has been seen, conditionally accepted
+his re-election as Provost of Rothesay, but as the time drew near his
+resumption of the office was seen to be impossible.  It was, in fact,
+in August, 1899, three months before the time due for the election,
+that he was struck down with what proved to be the beginning of his
+fatal illness.  He rallied for a time, and his mind remained as
+unclouded, and his interest in many things as keen, as they had ever
+been; but it became before long increasingly evident that there was no
+prospect of any return to the activities of the past.  1900 was the
+year of the Passion-play at Ober-Ammergau; and he had always hoped to
+go thither once again with his family, and to renew in their company
+the well-remembered impressions made by his three previous visits.
+When this could not be, he rejoiced that his children were able to make
+the pilgrimage under the escort of an old friend, and he interested
+himself in every detail of their journey.
+
+As time passed on, and his weakness increased, reading and writing,
+which had been the chief solace of his life, were of course no longer
+possible to him.  He suffered little bodily pain during his last
+illness, but much weariness and depression, which he bore with his
+usual quiet fortitude and patience; and the gradual declension of his
+remarkable mental faculties, his keen intellect, vivid imagination, and
+retentive memory, was (it is a consolation to believe) far less
+distressing to himself than it was to the devoted watchers at his
+sick-bed.  In the summer of 1900 he was removed to Dumfries House, in
+the hope that its more bracing air might be beneficial to him.  He had
+always, as has been already remarked, loved {227} the beautiful old
+home of his Crichton ancestors, which both within and without was one
+of the most notable works of the brothers Adam, although the amenity of
+its surroundings had been to some extent spoiled by the numerous
+coalpits.  "Falkland is probably, the most luxurious of my houses," he
+had once remarked, "but I think Dumfries House is, perhaps, the
+homeliest of them all."  The improvement to his health wrought by this
+change was unhappily only transient: he grew gradually weaker, and on
+October 9, 1900, a few hours after being attacked by a second stroke,
+he quietly breathed his last, being then in the fifty-fourth year of
+his age.
+
+[Sidenote: 1900, Death and funeral]
+
+Bute was buried, according to his own wish, in the chapel close to the
+sea, within the grounds of Mountstuart, which he had fitted up some
+twenty years previously for Catholic worship.  The funeral service was
+all the more impressive because of hired pomp and grandeur there was
+absolutely none.  His coffin, made by his own carpenters, was borne by
+his own workmen from Dumfries House to the little wayside station,
+whence it was conveyed to the sea, and thence across the Firth of Clyde
+to Kilchattan Bay, in Bute, where a great assemblage awaited its
+arrival, and followed it for nearly five miles on foot, the only
+carriage being that of the widow.  One who was present thus describes
+the sad procession:
+
+
+Through the russet and gold of the October woods it passed, preceded by
+the cross and a long array of bishops and clergy, and followed by the
+young sons, the Duke of Norfolk, Lords Loudoun, Glasgow, and Herries,
+and many other notable people.  Night was falling as our _cortége_
+reached the little chapel on {228} the shore where the remains were to
+rest; and the pine torches carried by the assistants threw a sombre
+glare on the coffin, on which were laid a black and gold pall, and the
+dead peer's coronet and the chain and green velvet mantle of the
+Thistle.  Vespers of the dead were sung: black-robed sisters watched by
+the bier all night; and next morning the dirge was chanted, the requiem
+mass celebrated, the five absolutions reserved for prelates and great
+nobles solemnly pronounced.  The single bell tolled from the little
+turret as the mourners silently dispersed, leaving John Lord Bute to
+rest in peace within the ivy-covered walls washed by the waves which
+encircled his island home.
+
+
+A few days after the last sad rites, Bute's widow, with her daughter
+and three sons, left England for the Holy Land, in order to carry out
+his long-cherished desire that his heart should be interred in the
+sacred soil of Olivet.  It was reverently laid in the tiny garden of
+the Franciscans, outside the humble chapel known as _Dominus
+Flevit_--"The Lord wept"--the traditional spot, half-way up the holy
+mountain, where the Saviour shed tears over the approaching fate of the
+beloved city.  An oleander tree alone marks the place of sepulture; but
+at the entrance of the little sanctuary is affixed a marble tablet
+bearing the following inscription:[13]
+
+
+{229}
+
+PAX ESTO AETERNA
+
+ANIMAE PIENTISSIMAE
+
+JOANNIS PATRICII MARCHIONIS III DE BUTE
+
+IN SCOTIA
+
+VII ID OCTOBR
+
+ANNO DOMINI MDCCCC
+
+MORTEM IN CHRISTO OBEUNTIS
+
+CUJUS COR
+
+IN TERRAM SANCTAM
+
+SUPREMA TESTAMENTI CAUTIONE
+
+DELATUM
+
+GUENDOLINA CONJUX
+
+IN HORTO
+
+HUIC DOMINUS FLEVIT AEDICULAE
+
+ANNEXO
+
+QUATUOR ADSISTENTIBUS FILIIS
+
+ID NOVEMBR EODEM ANNO
+
+PROPRIIS RELIGIOSE MANIBUS
+
+SEPELIVIT
+
+
+
+[1] Conversing with a friend not long before his death, Bute thus
+characteristically referred to the point of view from which he regarded
+his acquisition of these two interesting estates.  "Having bound myself
+to provide landed property of a certain value for my younger sons, I
+looked about for places which I might play with during my own life, and
+leave to them afterwards.  Hence Falkland and Pluscarden."
+
+[2] The Valliscaulians ("Val des Choux" was the name of their first
+house, in Burgundy), founded about 1193 by Viard, a Carthusian
+lay-brother, had about thirty houses, most of them in France.  There
+were none in England, but three in Scotland--Pluscarden, Beauly, and
+Ardchattan, of which the last two became Cistercian priories a century
+before the Reformation.  The Order dwindled and became finally extinct
+about thirty years prior to the French Revolution.
+
+[3] Lord Merries held the office of Lord-Lieutenant of the East Riding
+of Yorks from 1880 until his death in 1908.
+
+[4] These are described in much detail, and copiously illustrated, in
+the "Proceedings of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scotland" (vol. x. 3rd
+series, pp. 307 _seq._).
+
+[5] This appreciation, specially written by the distinguished architect
+for the present biography, is given in Appendix V.
+
+[6] Lord Bute's second son (and successor as Keeper of Falkland
+Palace), the late Lieut.-Col. Lord Ninian Stuart, M.P., who fell
+gallantly in action in 1915, further enriched the Chapel Royal in 1906,
+by hanging on its walls some magnificent Flemish "verdure" tapestries
+of the seventeenth century.
+
+[7] Paisley.
+
+[8] Whithorn.
+
+[9] St. John's Lodge.
+
+[10] Called by the people the "media naranja," or half orange.
+
+[11] "He gave his heart to the consummation of his works, and by his
+watchful care brought them to perfection."--Ecclesiast. xxxviii. 31.
+
+[12] See Mr. F. W. H. Myers' remarkable obituary notice Appendix VI.
+
+[13] Written by Dowager Lady Bute, and translated into Latin at her
+request by the author of this memoir.
+
+
+
+
+{231}
+
+APPENDIX I (p. 2)
+
+ENGLISH PRIZE POEM
+
+(Written by Bute at Harrow School, _ęt._ 15-½.)
+
+_Subject_: EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE.
+
+(The footnotes are the young author's own)
+
+
+  When the long requiem's assuaging strain
+  Sounds high and solemn through the holy fane,
+  And loud and frequent in the darkened pile
+  The organ's heavy swell is heard the while,
+  Askest thou, pilgrim stranger, wherefore low,
+  In prayer unceasing, mournful hundreds bow;
+  Why choral hymns unceasingly arise,
+  And thuribles with incense cloud the skies,
+  While dying tapers glimmer pale and low
+  Upon the bloodless alabaster brow
+  That only represents the hero now?
+  Read sculptured on a grave that royal name,
+  So often blown abroad by noisy fame:
+  Yes; low as other men, the caitiff tomb
+  Has dared to shroud his splendour in its gloom!
+  Edward, who once the Knight of England shone,
+  Lies cold and stiff beneath this sculptured stone.
+  The brilliant Phosphor of a brighter day
+  Too soon in night is passed for aye away!
+  The lordly thistle blooms in purple pride;
+  The shamrock clusters by her sheltering side;[1]
+  And, though from each full many a spray is riven,
+  Unshaken yet they rise to friendly heaven.
+  The golden lily, even in her tears,
+  Full many a flower of vernal promise bears;
+  {232}
+  The pomegranate hangs fruitful on the tree;
+  The olive waves o'er many an eastern sea;
+  And strong beneath her eagle's sable wings
+  The pine upon her fir-clad mountains clings;
+  The rose alone, the fairest of them all,[2]
+  Is doomed to see her bud of promise fall!
+  The green genista's golden bloom is shed,
+  Her brightest offspring numbered with the dead.
+  O! plundered flower, O! doubly plundered bloom
+  Whose fairest fragrance only feeds the tomb!
+    'Tis said that when upon a rocky shore
+  The salt sea billows break with muffled roar,
+  And, launched in mad career, the thundering wave
+  Leaps booming through the weedy ocean cave;
+  Each tenth is grander than the nine before,
+  And breaks with tenfold thunder on the shore.
+  Alas! it is so on the sounding sea;
+  But so, O England, it is not with thee!
+  Thy decuman is broken on the shore:
+  A peer to him shall lave thee never more!
+
+  Ring forth, O mournful harp--no nobler strain
+  Than this to-day shall e'er be thine again.
+  See where amid her ruined towns and towers
+  France broods upon her country's shattered powers.
+  Ask her his glories--at the fatal name
+  Her olive cheek grows red with burning shame,
+  The tear starts flashing to her careworn eye,
+  She points where stiff and cold her children lie,
+  Beneath the bloody sod of many a plain,
+  By victor Edward's dreaded arrows slain;
+  From where on Cressy's dark and trodden ground
+  Two kings were slain and princes died around,
+  To where Limoges' streets ran red with blood,
+  And lives of thousands fed the crimson flood;
+  Or where, again, in Poitiers' fatal lane
+  The flower of all her gay noblesse were slain,
+  And trodden down amid the gory clay,
+  In useless valour threw their lives away;
+  {233}
+  While many a lordly tower and holy spire
+  Fell blackened ruins to the invader's fire.
+
+  But not upon thy fields, O France, alone
+  Like meteor shot from sphere of light he shone.
+  Rise, Spain, and witness how thy fair Castile
+  Has bled upon Najarra's fatal hill,
+  When sullen Najarilla's voiceless flow
+  Rang to the buckler's clang and falchion's blow,
+  And legions melted as a morning's snow.
+  But own that, when before his victor brand
+  He stretched defenceless all the humbled land,
+  It then was Edward's voice that stemmed the tide,
+  And Guzman only for his treason died.
+  Ungrateful Pedro! gilt and sceptred slave!
+  Ill hast thou merited the crown he gave!
+
+  "The crown he gave," and now, alas! has he
+  Who was the heir to England's sovereignty
+  No diadem except the cerecloth band,
+  No sceptre but the taper in his hand!
+  The glory that embalms his brilliant name
+  Alone is deathless through the voice of fame;
+  Or where, adorned in many a loyal heart,
+  It burns unmoved till life itself shall part--
+  It lives undying there.  What other throne
+  So meet for him who called those hearts his own?
+
+  But O! when history with frigid eye
+  Shall write the lengthened list of deeds gone by,
+  And deal with justice, passionless but true,
+  The meed deserved the living never knew,
+  Forbid it, Heaven! her voice divine should stay
+  The tide of praise that swells his name to-day.
+  Tell how, when victory had wreathed his arms,
+  And peace at length replaced war's dread alarms,
+  (Such peace is theirs who can resist no more)
+  When captive led from France's vanquished shore
+  A conquered monarch graced the victor's car,
+  The splendid trophy of the finished war.
+  Say how, eclipsed in an inferior's guise,
+  He scorned to feed with show the people's eyes;
+  {234}
+  And spurning Roman conqueror's gaudy pride,
+  Rode, humble, by the French usurper's side.
+  Such deed as this shall live to mock decay
+  When time has borne war's fading wreaths away.
+
+  The golden corn shall wave on Cressy's plain,
+  The thrush shall sing in Poitier's woods again;
+  The rosemaries upon Najarra's hill
+  Shall perfume Najarilla's noiseless rill;
+  The fields of France shall bloom in verdant pride,
+  Unstained by ruthless conquest's crimson tide;
+  The summer roses bloom in far Castile--
+  While, levelled by the dart we all must feel,
+  The mortal victor lies--a wreck of clay,
+  Once brilliant and as perishing as they.
+  There mark the armour that in life he wore
+  Hangs o'er his dreamless head!  O never more
+  Shall coat so princely fence so meet a heart!
+  And still, as if demanding ne'er to part,
+  There yet the leopards in their sanguine shield
+  Alternate with the lilies' heavenly field.
+
+    One step aside, and blazing through the gloom,
+  The pinnacles that deck the martyr's[3] tomb
+  Rise high and glittering o'er the golden urn;
+  And there for aye the dying tapers burn,
+  As if they cried to men in protest high
+  That soon their earthly honours all must die;
+  But that upon the Christian's sainted shade
+  Alone is bound a wreath that cannot fade.
+  O! ye who lie together, levelled here,
+  In life so sundered and in death so near--
+  He who has shed men's blood to win a throne,
+  And he who for Religion shed his own;
+  What thoughts unnumbered on the rapid mind
+  Arise, with mingled grief and awe combined!
+
+    O! for a worthier art with skill to paint
+  The light eternal that surrounds the saint:
+  And justly mete the song of swelling praise
+  The hero's virtues force our hearts to raise!
+  {235}
+  Shades of the great, the holy, and the brave,
+  Whose earthly vestment slumbers in the grave,
+  Teach us by bright example each to tread
+  The heavenward pathway hallowed by the dead.
+  What though the trembling element of earth
+  May swell again the clay that gave it birth;
+  What though again the wanton breeze reclaim
+  The vital breath it lent to warm your frame;
+  Not less ye live because our feebler race
+  Your lordly presence now no more shall grace.
+  Where'er the wild and careless winds can blow,
+  Where'er the ocean's cold, dark waters flow,
+  Where'er the heart heroic dares to die,
+  There--there your fadeless memory lives for aye,
+  Till Ruin claims her universal sway,
+  And worn-out Time himself shall pass away.
+
+  BUTE.
+
+
+
+[1] Edward Bruce was once King of Northern Ireland.
+
+[2] The symbols of the chief powers of Europe are taken from a royal
+masque in the reign of Henry VIII.  The pomegranate represents Spain,
+the olive Italy, and the pine-cone Germany.
+
+[3] St. Thomas of Canterbury.
+
+
+
+
+{236}
+
+APPENDIX II (p. 51)
+
+HYMN ON ST. MAGNUS
+
+(Written by Bute at Kirkwall during a visit to Orkney, in July, 1867,
+_ęt._ 19.)
+
+
+  Glory be to Jesus
+  In the highest heaven,
+  For His grace triumphant
+  Unto Magnus given--
+  Wondrous grace that made him,
+  Looking on the Cross,
+  For the love of Jesus
+  Count all things but loss.
+
+  Born to all earth's splendour,
+  Cradled by a throne,
+  He in very childhood
+  Knew God's love alone;
+  Nazareth's holy stripling
+  Boyhood's pattern made;
+  Through the years of manhood
+  By his Saviour stayed.
+
+  Like to Paul converted
+  From a world of sin,
+  He into our Master's
+  Sheepfold entered in--
+  Till God's love within him
+  Lit and warmed him through,
+  As the bush of Horeb
+  Burned but ever grew.
+
+  With the saintly maiden.
+  Whom he made his bride,
+  For ten years a virgin
+  Lay he side by side;
+  {237}
+  Like unto the angels
+  Of our God in heaven,
+  Who in carnal wedlock
+  Give not nor are given.
+
+  From the Lord's own altar
+  Haled, the martyr died;
+  Him the Lord's own offering
+  His last breath supplied.
+  Earthy lilies stricken
+  Perish on the ground,
+  But God's witness dying
+  Fadeless glory found.
+
+  Jesus, by whose mercy
+  Magnus was victorious,
+  Give us grace to follow
+  In his footsteps glorious;
+  So by Thee, our Saviour,
+  Truth, and life, and way,
+  We may come where he is
+  In undying day.
+
+  Glory to the Father,
+  Glory to the Son,
+  Glory to the Spirit,
+  Three, and three in one,
+  Glory from his creatures
+  Both in earth and heaven
+  To the King of Martyrs
+  Endlessly be given.  Amen.
+
+
+
+
+{238}
+
+APPENDIX III (p. 51)
+
+"OUR LADY OF THE SNOWS"
+
+(Written by Bute in November, 1867, _ęt._ 20.)
+
+
+  The world is very foul and dark,
+    And sin has marred its outline fair;
+  But we are taught to look above,
+    And see another image there.
+  And I will raise my eyes above--
+    Above a world of sin and woe,
+  Where sinless, griefless, near her Son,
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow.
+
+  Mankind seems very foul and dark,
+    In some lights that we see it in,
+  Lo! as the tide of life goes by,
+    How many thousands lie in sin.
+  But I will raise my eyes above--
+    Above the world's unthinking flow,
+  To where, so human yet so fair,
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow.
+
+  My heart is very foul and dark;
+    Yes, strangely foul sometimes to me
+  Glare up the images of sin
+    My tempter loves to make me see.
+  Then may I lift my eyes above--
+    Above these passions vile and low,
+  To where, in pleading contrast bright,
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow!
+
+  And oft that throne, so near our Lord's,
+    To earth some of its radiance lends;
+  And Christians learn from her to shun
+    The path impure that hellward tends,
+  {239}
+  For they have learnt to look above--
+    Above the prizes here below,
+  To where, crowned with a starry crown,
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow.
+
+  Blest be the whiteness of her throne;
+    That shines so purely, grandly there!
+  With such a glory passing bright,
+    Where all is bright and all is fair!
+  God make me lift my eyes above,
+    And love its holy radiance so
+  That some day I may come where still
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow.
+
+
+
+
+{240}
+
+APPENDIX IV (p. 211)
+
+A PROVOST'S PRAYER
+
+The following was the prayer always said by Bute at the opening of the
+meetings of the Town Council of Rothesay, during the term of his
+provostship.  It was composed by himself, or rather compiled from two
+prayers contained in the Roman Breviary--one the Collect for
+Whit-Sunday, and the other a prayer at the end of the Litany of the
+Saints.
+
+
+PRAYER.
+
+"O God, Who dost teach the hearts of Thy people by sending to them the
+light of Thine Holy Spirit; grant unto us that the same Thy Spirit may
+inspire us in all our doings by His heavenly grace, and bless us
+therein by His continual help, that every prayer and work of ours may
+begin from Thee and by Thee be duly ended, and that we, who cannot do
+anything that is good without Thee, may so by Thee be enabled to act
+according to Thy will, which is our sanctification; through Jesus
+Christ our Lord, Who liveth and reigneth with Thee and the Holy Spirit,
+one God, world without end.  Amen."
+
+
+
+
+{241}
+
+APPENDIX V (p. 220)
+
+RECOLLECTIONS BY SIR R. ROWAND ANDERSON
+
+
+16, Rutland Square, Edinburgh,
+  _October_ 4, 1920.
+
+I quite appreciate your desire that I should send you something of my
+recollections of the late Marquis of Bute, for whom I had the honour of
+doing some important work.  Lord Bute's architects certainly had
+considerable opportunity of meeting him and getting to know him as he
+appeared in their department, for one of the outstanding facts of his
+life was that he was never out of the mortar-tub.
+
+It was one of his brothers-in-law, the late Lord Herries, I think, who
+used to tell him that he would go down to posterity as the
+Brick-and-Mortar Lord.  But no one who had the privilege of knowing him
+ever associated his works with any of the ideas of quantity, monotony,
+and mere utilitarianism, which the mention of the humblest of building
+materials might conjure up in the minds of people who had not that
+privilege.  Quantity of production, and expenditure of time and money
+had no prescribed relations to each other when time or money was
+required to procure the most appropriate material, or time was required
+to determine the precise design.  I remember saying to him once, when
+something had been delayed till I thought it must be tiresome to him,
+"Why not let it be finished, and off your mind?"  His reply was, "But
+why should I hurry over what is my chief pleasure?  I have
+comparatively little interest in a thing after it is finished."  That
+saying supplied the key to much that, without it, might be misconstrued
+in the annals of his architectural undertakings.  What he did not
+consider of importance was allowed to go through at once.  What he
+thought of importance he made a matter for his personal thought, and no
+detail was so small as to be secure of passing unobserved, or so
+apparently insignificant {242} that an indefinite delay might not be
+suffered till he had determined whether it was to be converted into a
+feature, or at least the vehicle of an allusion to some idea which
+interested him.
+
+The fact is that Lord Bute possessed great imagination, learning, and
+taste, and an inexhaustible patience and power of calm deliberation
+before coming to any conclusion which he deemed to be of any
+importance; and it so came about that he seldom, if ever, changed his
+mind and ordered anything to be altered after it had once been done.
+
+I have heard a tale which was supposed to exemplify the nicety of his
+taste and the grand scale on which he gratified it.  The story may have
+been meant for a parable only, but it narrated circumstantially how
+that his architect had imported a shipload of marble columns from
+Italy, and put them up in a certain palace which he was building for
+the Marquis, but that when his lordship came to see them, behold, they
+were not of the exact tint which he wanted, so incontinently they were
+thrown out, and another shipload was brought, which turned out, of
+course, to be perfection, of which the pillars themselves, as they
+stand there to-day, are the lively proof.
+
+That the story of the throwing out of the pillars, like the tale of the
+three hundred and sixty Celtic Crosses in Iona, which were said to have
+been thrown into the sea, is apocryphal, I gravely suspect.  The thing
+which it professes to relate never occurred in connection with any work
+in which I was concerned, and I think I would have heard of it had it
+happened in any of Lord Bute's other undertakings, at least in
+Scotland.  The unlikely part of the story is that he had allowed
+himself to be landed with a vast quantity of the wrong stuff for such
+an important purpose.  The rest of it, his fabled measures for getting
+himself out of the difficulty, is quite true to his character.  I, at
+least, never knew him to be diverted from his intention on the score of
+delay or cost.
+
+I remember a case which is somewhat in point, his choice of the
+railings for the gallery of the great hall of his house, or, rather,
+palace of Mountstuart, although the case is more interesting as an
+illustration of his mind in a more important aspect.  I had proposed,
+in accordance with my duty, a design strictly in keeping with the
+medięval character of the building.  Lord Bute, however, had seen and
+{243} remembered the ancient and curious bronze railings which stand
+round the tomb of Charlemagne at Aix-la-Chapelle, and he determined to
+take, what was to him the opportunity of erecting a facsimile of them
+in Scotland.  I went, therefore, to Aix and made measured drawings of
+them on the spot.  By his directions I had the copies cast in
+Edinburgh, and they stand now in their place in Mountstuart in all the
+variety and yet unity of their originals.  They are not Florentine, but
+if you ask me what should have prevented a Florentine nobleman from
+erecting them in his palace in Florence, I could not tell you.
+Sentimentally, at any rate, they would have been appropriate.  I refer,
+of course, to the historical fact, of which I am sure the Marquis was
+aware, that it was no other than Charlemagne who relieved the
+Florentines from the tyranny of the Longobards, and conferred upon them
+the freedom of a municipal government.
+
+The influence of the art of Peter de Luna, as seen in the style which
+was chosen by Lord Bute in matters connected with the Chapel at
+Mountstuart, occurs to mind in this context.  That the famous Spaniard
+was an architect, or a discriminating patron of architecture, Saragossa
+testifies; but he was more to Lord Bute, he was the Pope, the Benedict
+XIII., whose papal bull confirmed the foundation charter of St. Andrews
+University.  He was not acknowledged as Pope by England or Italy, but
+he was acknowledged by Scotland, and that went a long way with Lord
+Bute.  That his lordship reflected on the possibility of his choice
+giving pain to any one who did not accept de Luna's pontificate is, I
+think, unlikely, seeing that without question, he was confiding the
+execution of his whole ideas to an architect who was actually a member
+of a Reformed Church.  I pointedly omit to make any allusion in this
+context to the traditional authorship of the design of the Cathedral of
+Cologne.
+
+Lord Bute's mind was steeped in history; and on that account, though he
+by no means always bowed the knee to authority, his ideas, like his
+conversation, in matters of architecture were always interesting.  Soon
+after the first occasion on which he did me the honour to consult me,
+he told me that he made it his practice not to give all his
+undertakings into the hands of any one architect, that he liked always
+to be in touch with several of the profession; it was to his advantage,
+he was good enough to say, as well {244} as his pleasure, to hear the
+opinions of different men on the things of their trade.  If I may judge
+by the numbers of specialists in very different departments, whom I
+used to meet on my visits to his lordship, he had a satisfaction in
+their conversation and their ways of looking at things which was
+perhaps similar to that which Sir Walter Scott records in his Journal
+that he had found in the conversation of Robert Stevenson, the engineer
+to the Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses.
+
+So far as I know, Lord Bute never had any building done for himself in
+this country after any varieties of the style of Ancient Greece.  That
+this abstention in his particular case should be credited only to his
+wise sense of its unfitness for his purposes in a climate such as ours,
+must be the opinion of any one, who, like myself, ever had the
+privilege of visiting the remains of Ancient Greece in his company, and
+of observing the extraordinarily deep impression which they made on him.
+
+R. ROWAND ANDERSON.
+
+
+P.S.--By way of footnote to the paragraph in which I mention Peter de
+Luna, I may say that it was on a visit which I made to Saragossa on
+Lord Bute's behalf that I was fortunate enough to procure a cast of de
+Luna's now mummified head.  The cast I have now confided to the care of
+St. Andrews University.
+
+
+
+
+{245}
+
+APPENDIX VI (p. 225)
+
+OBITUARY NOTICE BY MR. F. W. H. MYERS
+
+(From the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, November,
+1900.)
+
+
+THE MARQUIS OF BUTE, K.T. (VICE-PRESIDENT, S.P.R.).
+
+_Magnus civis obīt_.  The death of the Marquis of Bute has removed from
+earth a great chieftain, a great magnate, a great proprietor, yet
+withal a figure, a character, which carried one back into the Ages of
+Faith.  Many will mourn the close of that life,--magnificent at once
+and munificent; far-governing, and yet gently thoughtful in minute
+detail.  Some will miss in more intimate fashion the massive simplicity
+of his presence; the look in his eyes of trustfulness at once and
+tenacity--that look which we call doglike, when we mean to imply that
+dogs are nobler than men.  The youth whose vast wealth and eager
+religion suggested (it was said) to Lord Beaconsfield the idea of his
+"Lothair" had become constantly wealthier and more religious as years
+went on.  Amid the palaces of his structure and of his inheritance he
+lived a life simple and almost solitary; a life of long walks and long
+conversations on the mysteries of the world unseen.  To a fervent Roman
+Catholicism he joined a ready openness to the elements of a more
+Catholic faith.  That same yearning for communion with the invisible
+which showed itself in his Prayer-books and Missals, his Byzantine
+Churches restored, his English Churches built, showed itself also in
+the great crystal hung in his chapel at St. John's Lodge; as it were
+the mystic focus of that green silence in the heart of London's roar;
+and in the horoscope of his nativity painted on the dome of his study
+at Mountstuart; and in that vaster, strange-illumined vault of
+Mountstuart's central hall.
+
+[Greek: _'En dé tą teķrei pįnta ta t' ou'ranos e'stephanōtai_]
+
+{246} Hardly had such a sight been seen since Hephęstus wrought in
+flaming gold the Signs of Heaven, and zoned the Shield of Achilles with
+the firmament and the sea.  For in like manner at Lord Bute's bidding
+was that great vault encircled with a translucent zone which pictured
+the constellations of the Ecliptic; the starry lights represented by
+prisms inserted in that "dome of many-coloured glass."  Therethrough,
+as through a fictive Zodiac, travelled the sun all day; with many a
+counterchange of azure stains or emerald on the broad floor below, and
+here and there the dazzling flash of a sudden-kindled star.  It seemed
+the work of one who wished, by sign at least and symbol, to call down
+"an intermingling of heaven's pomp" upon that pavement which might have
+been traversed only by the pacings of earthly power and pride.
+
+Through such scenes their fashioner would walk; weary and weighted
+often with the encumbering flesh; but always in slow meditative
+brooding on the Spiritual City, and a house not made with hands.  "A
+cruel superstition!" he said once of those who would presume to fetter
+or forbid our communication with beloved and blessed Souls behind the
+veil.  A cruel superstition indeed! and hardly with any truer word upon
+his lips might a man pass from the company of those who listen, to
+those who speak.[1]
+
+F. W. H. M.
+
+
+
+[1] Mr. Myers himself died on January 17, 1901, only a few weeks after
+penning this striking tribute to his departed friend.
+
+
+
+{247}
+
+APPENDIX VII
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+LORD BUTE'S PUBLISHED WRITINGS.
+
+(This list does not include certain articles separately reprinted from
+the _Scottish Review_, and all contained later in the two volumes of
+"Essays on Home and Foreign Subjects," published after his death.)
+
+Order of Divine Service for Christmas Day, according to the Use of the
+Church of Rome.  1875.
+
+The Early Days of Sir William Wallace.  1876.
+
+The Burning of the Barns of Ayr.  1878.
+
+The Roman Breviary: translated out of Latin into English.  2 vols.
+1879.
+
+The Altus of St. Columba, with prose paraphrase and notes.  1882.
+
+The Coptic Morning Service for the Lord's Day.  1882.
+
+Address written for the Rhyl Eisteddfod.  1892.  (English and Welsh.)
+
+Address delivered November 20, 1893, at University of St. Andrews
+(inaugural address as Lord Rector).  1894.
+
+A Form of Prayer following the Church Office, for the use of Catholics
+unable to hear Mass upon Sundays and Holidays.  1896.
+
+On the Ancient Language of the Natives of Teneriffe.  1897.
+
+The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of Scotland (in
+collaboration with J. R. N. Macphail and H. W. Lonsdale).  1897.
+
+Order of Divine Service for Palm Sunday and Whitsuntide. 1898.
+
+{248}
+
+The Alleged Haunting of B---- House (in collaboration with A. G.
+Freer).  1899.
+
+The Blessing of the Waters on the Eve of the Epiphany (in collaboration
+with E. A. W. Budge).  1901.
+
+Essays on Foreign Subjects (reprinted from the _Scottish Review_).
+1901.
+
+Essays on Home Subjects (reprinted from the _Scottish Review_).  1904.
+
+The Arms of the Baronial and Police Burghs of Scotland (in
+collaboration with J. H. Stevenson and H. W. Lonsdale).  1903.
+
+The Inquisition in the Canary Islands: Catalogue of a collection of
+original MSS. formerly belonging to the Holy Office.  1903.
+
+Lenten Readings from the Writings of the Fathers.  1906.
+
+
+
+
+{249}
+
+INDEX
+
+
+ACTON, John Lord, letter to Bute from, 203
+
+Advowsons owned by Bute, 84
+
+Akers, George, 64
+
+Anderson, Sir R. Rowand (architect), 3, 220; his recollections of Bute,
+241-244
+
+Andrews, Septimus, at Ch. Ch., 45
+
+Ardlamont murder trial, 199
+
+Argyll, George 8th Duke of, witnesses Bute's marriage, 106; letters to
+Bute from, 206
+
+Argyll and the Isles, Angus Bishop of, 153, 154
+
+-- -- -- --, George Bishop of, 96, _note_
+
+Arundel Castle, Bute at, 109
+
+Astrology, Bute's interest in, 135, 176, _note_
+
+
+BALFOUR, Arthur J., Lord Rector of St. Andrews University, 189
+
+Baroda, Maharajah Gaikwar of, 183
+
+Bayreuth, festival at, 131, 132, 157, 164, 165
+
+Bellingham, Sir Henry, at Harrow, 20
+
+Belmont, Benedictine Priory at, 100, 153, _note_
+
+Benson, Rev. R., at Ch. Ch., 45
+
+Bikelas, [Greek: _ho kśrios_], 132, 133
+
+Black Prince, Bute's poem on the, 24, 231
+
+Blackie, Professor, death of, 202
+
+Blairquhan Castle, 4
+
+Blairs College, 194, 206, _note_
+
+Bodenham, Delabarro, in Rome, 88
+
+Boyle, Archibald, curator to Bute, 19
+
+-- John, 58
+
+Breviary, Roman, Bute's first idea of translating the, 70, _note_; work
+begun, 115, 116; his "beloved child," 126; published, 129
+
+Bruno, Giordano, Bute's studies on, 139, 140
+
+Burges, William (architect), anecdotes of, 217, 218
+
+Bute, John 3rd Earl of, 1; monument to, 3
+
+-- -- 1st Marquess of, 2; portrait of, as Harrovian, 26
+
+-- -- 2nd Marquess of, character of, 2; early death of, 3; Provost of
+Rothesay, 210
+
+-- -- 3rd Marquess of, his descent, 1; childhood of, 3, 4; litigation
+about, 5, 6; at Galloway House, 9-14; at private school, 14-17; at
+Harrow, 19-26; first visits Holy Land, 26, 27; at Ch. Ch., 28 _et
+seq._; travels in East, 34-38; religious studies of, 39-43; postpones
+reception, 40, 63; facsimile of sketch by, 49; his cruise to Iceland,
+52; and St. Magnus, 50, 150, 151; poems written by, 24, 25, 51,
+231-239; to Russia, 55, 68; comes of age, 55-57; at Danesfield, 61;
+received into Roman Church, 71, 72; to Rome, 74; to Palestine, 75; on
+his conversion, 77, 78; the newspaper press on, 80, 81; founds _Western
+Mail_, 84-86; at Rome during Vatican Council, 86-90; at Cardiff and
+Mountstuart, 78, 90-98; as philologist, 99; marriage of, 105, 106;
+visits Majorca, 113, 114; his love of animals, 118, 169; created K.T.,
+121; as landowner, 125; acquires _Scottish Review_, 129; his
+contributions to it, 130, 143; as historical student, 143; a Home Ruler
+for Scotland, 149; and foreign travel, 156-168; _incog._ in Sicily,
+165; mayor of Cardiff, 173, 174; receives freedom of Glasgow, 179;
+Lord-Lieutenant of Buteshire, 180; his benefactions to S. Wales, 181,
+182; Hon. LL.D. of three Scottish universities, 185; on Universities
+Commission, _ib._; Lord Rector of St. Andrews, 187 _et seq._;
+interested in Jews, 195, 196; makes maiden speech in Parliament, 199;
+re-elected Lord Rector, 206; as a herald, 208; acquires Greyfriars,
+Elgin, 208, 209; Provost of Rothesay, 209-213; "silver wedding day" of,
+211; purchases Pluscarden Priory, 215; his achievements as a builder,
+217-222; his interest in psychical research, 224, 225; end of his
+public work, 226; last illness and death of, 226, 227; funeral of, 227;
+his heart taken to Jerusalem, 228; obituary notice of, by F. W. H.
+Myers, 245; bibliography of, 247
+
+Bute, Gwendoline, Marchioness of, marriage of, 105; takes her husband's
+heart to Jerusalem, 228
+
+--, Sophia, Marchioness of, 3; her character, 4; death of, 5
+
+
+CANTERBURY, Randall, Archbishop of; on Bute as a Harrovian, 24
+
+Capel, Rev. T. W. (Mgr.), at Danesfield, 61; at Oxford, 67 _et seq._;
+his interview with Liddon, 68; receives Bute into Church, 71; preaches
+at Oxford, 71, 72, 79; at Nice, 73; to Palestine, 74-76; at
+Mountstuart, 116, 117
+
+Cardiff, coming-of-age celebrations at, 56, 57; _Western Mail_ started
+at, 84; wine-growing at, 118-120; Bute mayor of, 173, 174; arms of,
+174, _note_; University College at, 184: restoration of castle at, 217
+
+Castell Coch, vineyards at, 118; restored, 217
+
+Chamberlain, Rev. T., at Ch. Ch., 45
+
+Chiswick House, leased by Bute, 124
+
+Christ Church (Oxford), Bute at, 28 _et seq._; his contemporaries at,
+_ib._; he gives ball at, 30; fatal accident at, 65, 66; revisited by
+Bute, 112
+
+Churchill, Lord Randolph, 182
+
+Clarke, William, at Oxford, 64
+
+Clifford, Bishop William, at Vatican Council, 87, 88
+
+Constantinople, visit to, 34, 38; Bute on, 145
+
+Crichton-Stuart, Col. Jas. Frederick; Bute's tutor-at-law, 8, 12; M.P.
+for Cardiff, 80, 84; death of, 180
+
+-- -- Lady Margaret, 22, _note_; psychical experience of, 59, _note_,
+117, 152, 167
+
+Cumbrae, Greater, bought by Bute, 152
+
+Cummins, Abbot, 100, _note_
+
+Curtis, Admiral Sir Lucius, 64
+
+
+DALRYMPLE, Sir Charles, 97, 98; at Mountstuart, 202, _note_
+
+Danesfield, Bute's intimacy at, 61 _et seq._
+
+Disraeli, B., witnesses Bute's marriage, 106; at Norfolk's marriage,
+123; his novel of "Lothair," 124, 134, _note_
+
+Dumfries, John Earl of, opens Roath Dock, 152; at garden party, 131,
+_note_
+
+Dumfries House, 32, 109; death of Bute at, 227
+
+Dundee University College, its relations with St. Andrews, 189 _et seq._
+
+Dupanloup, Bishop, at Vatican Council, 87
+
+
+EAST HENDRED, chapel at, 43
+
+Egypt, visit of Bute to, 166
+
+Elgin, Bute acquires Greyfriars in, 208, 222
+
+Essex, Thomas (schoolmaster), 14; his report of Bute, 13
+
+Etna, Mount, ascent of, 35; Bute's description of, 35-37
+
+
+FALKLAND, purchased by Bute, 152; visit to, 171; Easter eggs at, 203;
+restorations at, 221
+
+Fergusson, Lady Edith, 43
+
+-- Sir James, curator to Bute, 19; at Dumfries House, 32, 43, 53; on
+Bute's conversion 62, _note_
+
+Fort Augustus, Benedictines of, 195
+
+
+GALLOWAY, Randolph 9th Earl of, appointed Bute's custodier, 9, 19
+
+Galloway House, Bute's boyhood at, 9-14
+
+Galston, new church at, 155
+
+Gardner, Alexander, 145
+
+Garibaldi's Autobiography, Bute on, 141
+
+Gibbon as historian, Bute's estimate of, 142
+
+Gibbons, Bishop (afterwards Cardinal) James, at Vatican Council, 88
+
+Gilbert, Sir F. Hastings, 5, 19
+
+Gladstone, W. E., first Chancellor of University of Wales, 185; Hon.
+LL.D. of St. Andrews University, _ib._
+
+Glasgow, Bute receives freedom of, 179; presents Bute Hall to, 185; Hon
+LL.D. of, _ib._
+
+Glasgow, George 6th Earl of, 117, 122, 152
+
+Granard, George 7th Earl of, 64
+
+Grant, Bishop Colin (of Aberdeen), and the _Scottish Review_, 131;
+Bute's grief at the death of, 147
+
+-- Bishop Thomas (of Southwark) assists at Bute's reception, 71
+
+Grisewood, Harman, at Ch. Ch., 34
+
+Grissell, Hartwell, 39 _note_; conversion of, 64; letters to, 62, 90,
+167
+
+
+HALSBURY, Earl of, 171, 177
+
+Harrow, Bute at, 19-26
+
+Hastings, Francis 1st Marquess of, tomb of, at Malta, 35
+
+--, Henry 4th Marquess of, at Ch. Ch., 28; early death of, 58
+
+--, Lady Flora, conversion and marriage of, 122; death of, 155
+
+Hay-Gordon, Adam, 23, 29
+
+Henry, Lady Selina, death of, 53
+
+Home Rule for Scotland, Bute in favour of, 148, 149
+
+Howard of Glossop, Clare Lady, death of, 155
+
+-- -- --, Hon. Alice, married to Earl of Loudoun, 106
+
+-- -- --, Hon. Gwendoline, Bute's marriage to, 105
+
+Howell, Dean, on Bute as a philologist, 99
+
+Huggins, Sir William, tribute paid to Bute by, 168, 172
+
+Humphrey, William, 64
+
+Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, Bute's veneration for, 54
+
+"Hypatia" (Kingsley's), Bute's opinion of, 79
+
+
+ICELAND, Bute's cruise to, 48, 52
+
+"Ignatius, Father," at Llanthony, 101
+
+
+JENKINS, Canon, books by, 79, 102, 103
+
+Jerusalem, Bute's first visit to, 26, 27; subsequent pilgrimages to,
+34, 75; compared with Rome, 162; Bute's heart buried at, 228
+
+Jews, Bute's interest in, 195, 196
+
+
+LANE FOX, GEORGE, conversion of, 64; married, 92
+
+Leighton, Mrs., 33
+
+Leo XIII., Pope, sacerdotal jubilee of, 142
+
+Leopold, H.R.H., at Mountstuart, 116, 117
+
+Liddon, Dr. H. P., at Ch. Ch., 41, 45; his interview with Capel, 68; at
+St. Paul's, 92, 93
+
+Llanthony, visit to "Father Ignatius" at, 101
+
+Loudoun, Charles 11th Earl of, 105, 106
+
+--, Edith Countess of, accompanies Bute to Palestine, 74, 76; death of,
+113-115
+
+Louth, Randall 13th Lord, conversion of, 64
+
+
+MACSWEENEY, Father James, S.J., 40, _note_; 111
+
+Magnus, St., visit to shrine of, 50; relics of, 50, 150, 151; Bute's
+hymn on, 51, 238; investigations as to, 150, 151, 204
+
+Majorca, visit of Bute to, 113, 114
+
+Malta, visit of Bute to, 35
+
+Malvern Wells, Bute's private school at, 14-17
+
+Manning, Archbishop, in Rome, 89, 92; officiates at Bute's marriage,
+105; cloth-of-gold gloves for, 107
+
+Mansel, Dr. H. L., at Ch. Ch., 45, 47
+
+Maxwell, Sir Herbert, on Bute's bees, 24
+
+--, Hon. Walter, in Papal Zouaves, 88
+
+Maxwell-Scott of Abbotsford, Hon. Mrs., and the _Scottish Review_, 130,
+148, 150, _note_
+
+Metcalfe, Rev. Dr., editor of _Scottish Review_, 129; assessor to Bute
+at St. Andrews, 188, 189
+
+Montagu, Lord Robert, conversion of, 93
+
+Moore, Lady Elizabeth, co-guardian to Bute, 5; removed from office, 8;
+letters from, 52, 53; death of, 180
+
+Mountstuart, old house of, 3; Bute at, 94-98, 111; beavers and
+wallabies at, 118; burnt down, 123; description of new house at, 220;
+Bute buried at, 227
+
+Myers, F. W. H., obituary notice of Bute by, 245
+
+
+NAPLES, Bute on the people of, 158, 166
+
+Newspaper press, the, on Bute's conversion, 80, 81
+
+Nice, visit of Bute to, 64
+
+Norfolk, Henry 15th Duke of, at Arundel, 109; marriage of, 122; Mayor
+of Sheffield, 177
+
+--, Flora Duchess of, _see_ Hastings, Lady Flora.
+
+North, Lord and Lady, conversion of, 64
+
+Northumberland, Henry 7th Duke of, 28; witnesses Bute's marriage, 106
+
+
+OBAN, cathedral, services at, 131, _note_, 153
+
+Ober-Ammergau, visits to, 100, 163, 226
+
+Orkney, Bute's cruises to, 50, 204
+
+"Our Lady of the Snows," Bute's hymn on, 51, 238
+
+Oxford, Bute at, _see_ Christ Church; Mgr. Capel at, 67, 71; visit of
+Lord and Lady Bute to, 111, 112; St. Barnabas' Church at, 112; Bute's
+interest in, 184
+
+
+PARIS, visits of Bute to, 34, 76
+
+Patrick, St., the birthplace of, 131, 132
+
+Peel, Arthur 1st Viscount, opposes Bute at St. Andrews, 205; defeated,
+206
+
+Pius IX., Pope, receives Bute, 74; opens Vatican Council, 86; prorogues
+Council, 91, _note_; sends marriage presents to Bute, 106
+
+Pluscarden Priory, purchased by Bute, 215
+
+Portarlington, Alexandrina Countess of, 63
+
+"Provost's Prayer, A," 240
+
+Psychical Research, Bute's interest in, 224, 225
+
+Puller, Rev. F. W., Vicar of Roath, 103
+
+Pusey, Dr. E. B., at Ch. Ch., 46; on secessions to Rome, 67
+
+
+ROME, Bute's first visit to, 74; during Vatican Council, 86-90; his
+views on situation in, 91, 95, 110; anecdote of American in, 112; with
+Scottish pilgrimage in, 158; compared with Jerusalem, 162
+
+Rosebery, Archibald 5th Earl of, at Ch. Ch., 28; to Russia with Bute,
+55, 68; his tribute to Bute, 143; speech of, at R. Academy banquet,
+177; Ch. Ch. dinner given to, 198
+
+Rothesay, catholics at, 79; Royal visit to, 117, 118; Bute Provost of,
+209-213
+
+Rothesay, David Duke of, Bute's paper on, 171, 172
+
+Ruskin, John, candidate for Lord Rectorship at Glasgow, 185
+
+
+ST. ANDREWS, Bute's visits to, 49, etc., 188, 200; Lord Rector, 187 _et
+seq._; his rectorial address at, 143, 187, 193; he acquires
+priory-buildings at, 200; his re-election at, 206, 207; proposed
+restoration of cathedral at, 267 [Transcriber's note: no such page
+exists in the source book]
+
+St. John's Lodge, leased by Bute, 169; hospitalities at, 171
+
+Sanquhar, purchase of Peel tower at, 202
+
+Sayce, Professor, letter to Bute from, 168
+
+Scott-Murray, Charles, 61; at Nice, 72
+
+_Scottish Review_, the, Bute's connection with, 21, _note_; acquired by
+him, 129; his articles in, 130, 136 _et seq._; proposed transference to
+London of, 139; Bute's contributions to, 143
+
+Sebright, Olivia Lady, 89, 92
+
+Sicily, Bute _incog._ in, 165; contrasted with Italy, 166
+
+Sinclair, Archdeacon William, 14, 15
+
+Skene, Felicia, Bute's early friendship with, 31; letter to Bute from,
+175
+
+--, Dr. William, 31; and the _Scottish Review_, 135, 136
+
+Smith, Bishop George, of Argyll, 96, _note_
+
+Sneyd, George E., at Harrow, 23; "an awful liberal," 79, 94
+
+Sorrento, Bute's letters from, 158-161
+
+Spain, impressions of cathedrals in, 92
+
+Spalding, Archbishop Martin, of Baltimore, at Vatican Council, 87
+
+Stevenson, Father J., S.J., on the Reformation, 40
+
+Stewart, Hon. Fitzroy, 12; Hon. Walter, 11
+
+Stuart, _see_ Crichton-Stuart.
+
+--, General Charles, Bute's co-guardian, 5 _et seq._; death of, 180
+
+
+TENERIFFE, Bute visits, 167; on the ancient language of, 168
+
+
+VALLISCAULIANS, Order of the, 215, _note_
+
+Vatican Council, the, 86; opened by Pius IX., _ibid._; prorogued, 91,
+_note_; decree of the, 90, 91
+
+Vaughan, Archbishop Bede, O.S.B., 101, _note_.
+
+--, Cardinal Herbert, at St. John's Lodge, 171
+
+Victoria, Queen, golden jubilee of, 135, 172; diamond jubilee of, 210;
+address of Rothesay corporation, to, 211
+
+Vogüé, Eugene Vicomte de, 34, _note_.
+
+
+WESTCOTT, Bishop, a master at Harrow, 22
+
+_Western Mail_, the, started at Cardiff, 84-86; on Bute's marriage, 106
+
+Westminster, anecdote of the titular abbot of, 87
+
+Westminster Cathedral, divine office chanted in, 153, _note_
+
+Wine-growing at Cardiff, 118-120
+
+
+ZOOLOGICAL Gardens, Bute at the, 169, 170
+
+
+
+
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+
+LONDON AND BECCLES, ENGLAND.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute,
+K.T., by David Hunter Blair
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+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute, K.T., by 
+David Hunter Blair
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute, K.T.
+       A Memoir
+
+Author: David Hunter Blair
+
+Release Date: April 16, 2011 [EBook #35884]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN PATRICK, 3RD MARQUESS OF BUTE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="img-front"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-front.jpg" ALT="<I>John, third Marquess of Bute, with his Mother aet 9 from a picture at Mount Stuart</I>" BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 448px">
+<I>John, third Marquess of Bute, with his Mother aet 9<BR>
+from a picture at Mount Stuart</I>
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t2">
+JOHN PATRICK
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t1">
+THIRD MARQUESS OF
+<BR>
+BUTE, K.T.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+(1847-1900)
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+A MEMOIR
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+BY
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+THE RIGHT REV. SIR DAVID HUNTER BLAIR
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+BT., O.S.B.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+AUTHOR OF "A MEDLEY Of MEMORIES," ETC.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+WITH PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+LONDON
+<BR>
+JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
+<BR>
+1921
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+All rights reserved
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+TO THE MEMORY
+<BR>
+OF MY FRIEND
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pvii"></A>vii}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+PREFACE
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+Just twenty years have passed away since the death, at the age of
+little more than fifty, of the subject of this memoir&mdash;a period of time
+not indeed inconsiderable, yet not so long as to render unreasonable
+the hope that others besides the members of his family (who have long
+desired that there should be some printed record of his life), and the
+sadly diminished numbers of his intimate friends, may be interested in
+learning something of the personality and the career of a man who may
+justly be regarded as one of the not least remarkable, if one of the
+least known, figures of the closing years of the nineteenth century.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Disraeli, when he published fifty years ago his most popular romance,
+thought fit to place on the title-page a motto from old Terence: "Nosse
+omnia haec salus est adulescentulis."[<A NAME="chap00fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap00fn1">1</A>]  Was he really of opinion&mdash;it
+is difficult to credit it&mdash;that the welfare of the youth of his
+generation depended on their familiarising themselves with the wholly
+imaginary life-story of "Lothair"? the romantic, sentimental, and
+somewhat invertebrate youth who owed such
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pviii"></A>viii}</SPAN>
+fame as he achieved to
+the fact that he was popularly supposed to be modelled on the young
+Lord Bute&mdash;though never, in truth, did any hero of fiction bear less
+resemblance to his fancied prototype.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The present biographer ventures to think that the motto of <I>Lothair</I>
+might with greater propriety figure on the title-page of this volume.
+For there is at least one feature in the life of John third Marquess of
+Bute which teaches a salutary lesson and points an undoubted moral to a
+pleasure-loving generation, such a lesson and moral as it would be vain
+to look for in the puppet of Disraeli's Oriental fancy.  If there is
+any characteristic which stands out in that life more saliently than
+another, it is surely the strong and compelling sense of duty&mdash;a sense,
+it is to be noticed, acquired rather than congenital, for Bute was by
+nature and constitution, as an acute observer early remarked,[<A NAME="chap00fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap00fn2">2</A>]
+inclined to indolence&mdash;which runs all through it like a silver thread.
+Other traits, and marked ones, he no doubt possessed&mdash;among them a
+penetrating sense of religion, a curious tenderness of heart, a
+singular tenacity of purpose, and a deep veneration for all that is
+good and beautiful in the natural and supernatural world; but these
+were for the most part below the surface, though the pages of this
+record are not without evidence of them all.  But in the whole external
+conduct of his life it may be said that the desire of doing his duty
+was paramount with him&mdash;his duty to God and to man; his duty, above
+all, to the innumerable human beings
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pix"></A>ix}</SPAN>
+whose happiness and welfare
+his great position and manifold responsibilities rendered to some
+extent dependent on him; and, finally, his duty in such public offices
+as he was called on to fill, and from which his diffidence of character
+and aversion from anything like personal display would have naturally
+inclined him to shrink.  If the writer has succeeded in presenting in
+these pages something of this aspect of the life and character of his
+departed friend with anything like the vividness with which, at the end
+of twenty years, they still remain impressed on his own memory, he will
+be well content.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"The true life of a man," wrote John Henry Newman nearly sixty years
+ago,[<A NAME="chap00fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap00fn3">3</A>] "is in his letters"; and no apology is needed for the inclusion
+in this volume of some, at least, of the large number of Lord Bute's
+letters which have been placed at the disposal of his biographer, and
+for the use of which he takes this opportunity of thanking the several
+owners.  Bute possessed in a high degree the essential qualities of a
+good letter-writer&mdash;a remarkable command of language, the power of
+clear and forcible expression, and (not least) a salutary sense of
+humour; and his voluminous correspondence, especially in connection
+with his literary work, was always and thoroughly characteristic of
+himself.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Px"></A>x}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+The writer desires, in conclusion, to express his gratitude not only
+for the loan of Lord Bute's letters, but for the kind help he has
+received from many quarters in the elucidation (especially) of details
+regarding his childhood and youth.  In this connection his thanks are
+particularly due to the late Earl of Galloway and his sisters for their
+interesting reminiscences of Bute's boyhood at Galloway House; and also
+to the family of the late Mr. Charles Scott Murray for some particulars
+of his life during the critical years of his early manhood.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
++ DAVID OSWALD HUNTER BLAIR, O.S.B.
+<BR>
+CHRISTMAS, 1920.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap00fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap00fn1text">1</A>] "It is for the profit of young men to have known all these things."
+Terence, <I>Eunuchus</I>, v. 4, 18.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap00fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap00fn2text">2</A>] Mgr. Capel.  <I>Post</I>, p. <A HREF="#P75">75</A>.  See also p. <A HREF="#P111">111</A>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap00fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap00fn3text">3</A>] "It has ever been a hobby of mine, though perhaps it is a truism,
+not a hobby, that the true life of a man is in his letters....  Not
+only for the interest of a biography, but for the arriving at the
+insides of things, the publication of letters is the true method.
+Biographers varnish, they conjecture feelings, they assign motives,
+they interpret Lord Burleigh's nods; but contemporary letters are
+facts." (<I>Newman to his sister, Mrs. John Mozley</I>, May 18, 1863.)
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxi"></A>xi}</SPAN>
+
+<P CLASS="t2">
+CONTENTS
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<PRE STYLE="margin-left: 10%">
+CHAPTER                                                          PAGE
+
+    I. EARLY LIFE. (1847-1861) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      <A HREF="#chap01">1</A>
+   II. HARROW AND CHRIST CHURCH. (1862-1866) . . . . . . . . .     <A HREF="#chap02">18</A>
+  III. RELIGIOUS INQUIRIES--RECEPTION POSTPONED--COMING
+           OF AGE. (1867, 1868)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     <A HREF="#chap03">39</A>
+   IV. DANESFIELD--RECEPTION INTO CATHOLIC CHURCH. (1867-1869)     <A HREF="#chap04">60</A>
+    V. THE <I>WESTERN MAIL</I>--ROME AND THE COUNCIL--RETURN
+           TO SCOTLAND. (1869-1871)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .     <A HREF="#chap05">83</A>
+   VI. MARRIAGE--HOME AND FAMILY LIFE--VISIT TO
+           MAJORCA. (1871-1874)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap06">102</A>
+  VII. LITERARY WORK--THE <I>SCOTTISH REVIEW</I>. (1875-1886) . . . .    <A HREF="#chap07">117</A>
+ VIII. LITERARY WORK--<I>continued</I>. (1886, 1887)  . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap08">137</A>
+   IX. FOREIGN TRAVEL--ST. JOHN'S LODGE--MAYOR OF
+           CARDIFF. (1888-1891)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap09">156</A>
+    X. FREEDOM OF GLASGOW--WELSH BENEFACTIONS--ST. ANDREWS.
+          (1891-1894)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap10">179</A>
+   XI. NOTES AND ANECDOTES--ST. ANDREWS (2)--PROVOST
+           OF ROTHESAY. (1894-1897)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap11">198</A>
+  XII. ARCHITECTURAL WORK--PSYCHICAL RESEARCH--CONCLUSION.
+           (1898-1900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap12">215</A>
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+    I. PRIZE POEM (HARROW SCHOOL)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap13">231</A>
+   II. HYMN ON ST. MAGNUS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap14">236</A>
+  III. HYMN: "OUR LADY OF THE SNOWS" . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap15">238</A>
+   IV. A PROVOST'S PRAYER  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap16">240</A>
+    V. RECOLLECTIONS.  BY SIR R. ROWAND ANDERSON . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap17">241</A>
+   VI. OBITUARY.  BY F. W. H. MYERS  . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap18">245</A>
+  VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap19">247</A>
+
+       INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#chap20">249</A>
+</PRE>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="Pxiii"></A>xiii}</SPAN>
+
+<P CLASS="t2">
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+</P>
+
+<PRE STYLE="margin-left: 10%">
+JOHN, THIRD MARQUESS OF BUTE ĘT 9, WITH HIS MOTHER      <A HREF="#img-front"><I>Frontispiece</I></A>
+
+<I>From a Painting by Mountstuart.  Photo by F. C. Inglis, Edinburgh.</I>
+
+
+                                                          FACING PAGE
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, ĘT 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     <A HREF="#img-006">6</A>
+  <I>From a Pencil Drawing by Ross at Cardiff Castle.  This
+  Drawing, executed for Lord Bute's great-grand-aunt (then
+  aged 92), daughter of the third Earl, George III's Prime
+  Minister, was left by her to her niece.  Lady Ann Damson,
+  whose great-niece, Mrs. Clark of Tal-y-Garn, gave it in
+  1906 to Augusta, wife of John, fourth Marquess of Bute.</I>
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, ĘT 17  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#img-028">28</A>
+
+THE COMMUNION OF ST. MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#img-049">48</A>
+
+CARDIFF CASTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    <A HREF="#img-056">56</A>
+
+CASTELL COCH, GLAMORGAN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <A HREF="#img-118">118</A>
+
+THE GREAT HALL, MOUNTSTUART  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <A HREF="#img-134">134</A>
+    <I>Photo by Sweet, Rothesay.</I>
+
+FALKLAND PALACE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <A HREF="#img-152">152</A>
+    <I>Photo by Valentine, Dundee.</I>
+
+FACSIMILE LETTER FROM THE MARQUESS OF BUTE TO MISS SKENE . . .   <A HREF="#img-174">174</A>
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE AS MAYOR OF CARDIFF . . . . . . . . . . .   <A HREF="#img-176">176</A>
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE AS LORD RECTOR OF ST. ANDREWS
+    UNIVERSITY. (1892-1897)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <A HREF="#img-202">202</A>
+    <I>Photo by Rodger, St. Andrews.</I>
+
+PLUSCARDEN PRIORY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <A HREF="#img-216">216</A>
+</PRE>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap01"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P1"></A>1}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+JOHN PATRICK
+</H3>
+
+<H2 ALIGN="center">
+THIRD MARQUESS OF BUTE, K.T.
+</H2>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+(1847-1900)
+</H4>
+
+<BR>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER I
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+EARLY LIFE
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1847-1861
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+John Patrick, third Marquess of Bute, Earl of Windsor, Mountjoy and
+Dumfries, holder of nine other titles in the peerages of Great Britain
+and of Scotland, and a baronet of Nova Scotia, was fifteenth in descent
+from Robert II., King of Scotland, who, towards the end of the
+fourteenth century, created his son John Stuart, or Steuart, hereditary
+sheriff of the newly-erected county of Bute, Arran and Cumbrae, making
+to him at the same time a grant of land in those islands.  His lineal
+descendant, the sixth sheriff of Bute, who adhered faithfully to the
+monarchy in the Civil Wars, and suffered considerably in the royal
+cause, was created a baronet in 1627; and his grandson, a stalwart
+opponent of the union of Scotland with England, was raised to the
+peerage of Scotland as Earl of Bute, with several subsidiary titles, in
+1702.  Lord Bute's grandson, the third earl, was the well-known Tory
+minister and favourite of the young king, George III., and his
+mother&mdash;a faithful servant of his sovereign, a man of culture and
+refinement, admirable as husband, father, and friend, and withal, by
+the irony of fate, unquestionably the most unpopular prime minister
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P2"></A>2}</SPAN>
+who ever held office in England.  His heir and successor made a great
+match, marrying in 1766 the eldest daughter and co-heiress of the
+second and last Viscount Windsor; and thirty years later he was created
+Marquess of Bute, Earl of Windsor, and Viscount Mount joy.  Lord
+Mountstuart, his heir, who predeceased his father, married Penelope,
+only surviving child and heiress of the fifth Earl of Dumfries and
+Stair; and the former of those titles devolved on his son, together
+with valuable estates in Ayrshire.  The second marquess, who succeeded
+to the family honours the year before Waterloo, when he was just of age
+(he had already travelled extensively, and had paid a visit to Napoleon
+at Elba), earned the reputation of being one of the most enlightened
+and public-spirited noblemen of his generation.  During the thirty-four
+years that he owned and controlled the vast family estates in Wales and
+Scotland, he devoted his whole energies to their improvement, and to
+promoting the welfare of his tenantry and dependents.  His practical
+interest in agriculture was evinced by the fact that the arable land on
+his Buteshire property was trebled during his tenure of it; and
+foreseeing with remarkable prescience the great future in store for the
+port and docks of Cardiff, he spared neither labour nor means in their
+development.  He was Lord-Lieutenant both of Glamorgan and of Bute, and
+discharged with tact and success the office of Lord High Commissioner
+to the Church of Scotland in 1842, on the eve of the ecclesiastical
+crisis which ended in the secession of more than 400 ministers of the
+Establishment.  His political opinions were in the best sense liberal,
+and he was a consistent advocate of Catholic Emancipation, even when
+that
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P3"></A>3}</SPAN>
+measure was opposed by the Duke of Wellington, whom he
+generally supported.  A few hours before his death, which occurred at
+Cardiff Castle with startling suddenness in March, 1848, he had
+expressed the confident hope that his successor, if not he himself,
+would live to see Cardiff rival Liverpool as a great commercial seaport.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1847, Birth at Mountstuart
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Bute was twice married&mdash;first to Lady Maria North, of the Guilford
+family, by whom he had no issue; and secondly, three years before his
+death, to Lady Sophia Hastings, second daughter of the first Marquess
+of Hastings.  By this lady, who survived him eleven years, he had one
+child, John Patrick, the subject of this memoir, who was born on
+September 12, 1847, at Mountstuart House, the older mansion of that
+name in the Isle of Bute, which was burnt down in 1877 and replaced by
+the great Gothic pile designed by Sir Robert Rowand Anderson.  Old
+Mountstuart was an unpretending eighteenth-century house, built by
+James, second Earl of Bute (1690-1723), a few years before his early
+death.  It was the favourite residence of his son the third earl,
+George III.'s prime minister, who is commemorated by an obelisk in the
+grounds not far from the house.  The wings at the two extremities
+escaped the fire, and are incorporated in the modern mansion.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Here, then, on the fair green island which had been the home of his
+race for nearly five centuries, opened the life of this child of many
+hopes, who within a year was by a cruel stroke of fate to be deprived
+of the guardianship and guidance of his amiable and excellent father.
+The second marquess died, as has been said, deeply regretted, in the
+spring following the birth of his heir; and the manifold
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P4"></A>4}</SPAN>
+honours
+and possessions of the family devolved upon a baby six months old.  Up
+to his thirteenth year the fatherless boy was under the constant and
+unremitting care of a devoted mother, whose memory he cherished with
+veneration to the end of his life.  Sophia Lady Bute was a woman of
+warm heart and deep personal piety, tinged, however, with an
+uncompromising Protestantism commoner in that day than in ours.  One of
+her fondest hopes or dreams was the conversion to her own faith of the
+numerous Irish Catholics whom the development of the port of Cardiff,
+and the rapid growth of the mining industry, had attracted to South
+Wales; and the venerable Benedictine bishop who had at that time the
+spiritual charge of the district, and for whom Lord Bute had a sincere
+regard and respect, used to tell of the band of "colporteurs"
+(peripatetic purveyors of bibles and polemical tracts) whom the
+marchioness engaged to hawk their wares about the mining villages of
+Glamorgan.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Bute's upbringing as a child was, by the force of circumstances,
+under entirely feminine influences and surroundings; and to this fact
+was probably to some extent due the strain of shyness and sensitive
+diffidence which were among his life-long characteristics.  He seems to
+have been inclined sometimes to resent, even in his early boyhood, the
+strictness of the surveillance under which he lived.  His mother once
+took him from Dumfries House to call at Blairquhan Castle, driving
+thither in a carriage and four, as her custom was.  While the ladies
+were conversing in the drawing-room, a young married daughter of the
+house took the little boy out to see the gardens, ending with a call at
+the head gamekeeper's.  A day or two afterwards
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P5"></A>5}</SPAN>
+the <I>chātelaine</I> of
+Blairquhan received a letter from Lady Bute, expressing her dismay,
+indignation, and distress at learning that her precious boy had
+actually been taken to the kennels, and exposed to the risk of contact
+with half a dozen pointers and setters.  When reminded many years later
+of this incident (which he had quite forgotten), Lord Bute said, in his
+quiet way: "Yes, I was kept wrapped in cotton wool in those days, and I
+did not always like it.  The dogs would not have hurt me, and I am sure
+that I made friends with them."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1859, Death of Lady Bute
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lady Bute died in 1859, leaving behind her, both in Scotland and in
+Wales, the memory of many deeds of kindness and benevolence.  Her
+husband had made no provision whatever in his will for the guardianship
+of his only son, who had been constituted a ward in Chancery two months
+after his father's death, his mother being nominated by the Lord
+Chancellor his sole guardian.  Lady Bute's will recommended the
+appointment as her son's guardian of Colonel (afterwards Major-General)
+Charles Stuart, Sir Francis Hastings Gilbert, and Lady Elizabeth Moore,
+who was distantly related to the Bute family through the Hastings', and
+had been one of Lady Bute's dearest friends.  Sir Francis Gilbert being
+at this time absent from England in the consular service, the Court of
+Chancery appointed as guardians the two other persons named by Lady
+Bute.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It seems unnecessary to describe in detail the prolonged friction and
+regrettable litigation which were the result of this dual guardianship
+of the orphaned boy; yet they must be here referred to, for it is
+beyond question that they were not only detrimental to his happiness
+and welfare during his
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P6"></A>6}</SPAN>
+early boyhood, but could not fail seriously
+to affect the development of his character in later years.  The child
+was deeply attached to Lady Elizabeth Moore, who had assumed the entire
+charge of him after his mother's death; and his letters written at this
+period give evidence not only of this attachment, but of his very
+strong reluctance to leave her for the care of General Stuart, who
+insisted that it was time that a boy of nearly thirteen should be
+removed from the exclusively female custody in which he had been kept
+from babyhood.  Lady Elizabeth, yielding partly to her own feelings,
+and partly to the earnest and repeated solicitations of her young ward,
+was ill-advised enough, instead of committing him as desired to the
+care of her co-guardian, to carry him off surreptitiously to Scotland,
+and to keep him concealed for some time in an obscure hotel in the
+suburbs of Edinburgh.  Here is the boy's own account of the affair,
+written from this hotel to a relation in India[<A NAME="chap01fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap01fn1">1</A>] (he was between
+twelve and thirteen years of age):&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I prayed, I entreated, I agonised, I abused the general; I adjured her
+not to give me up to him.  She was shaken but not convinced.  So we
+went to Newcastle, to York, and to London, where I got a bad cold, my
+two teeth were pulled, etc., etc.  We were delayed some time there, and
+meanwhile my prayers and adjurations were trebled: Lady E. was
+convinced, and promised not to let me go.  She got one of the
+solicitors to the Bank of England in the City to write a letter to
+Genl. S. for her, as civil as possible, but declining to give me up; to
+which the general returned a furious answer, conveying his
+determination to appeal to the Vice-Chancellor about
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P7"></A>7}</SPAN>
+the matter.
+After a month we became convinced that the Vice-Chancellor would decide
+against us; and on the night of April 16th Lady E. left the hotel
+secretly, and with her maid and me shot the moon to Edinburgh, where we
+arrived at 7 next morning.[<A NAME="chap01fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap01fn2">2</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<A NAME="img-006"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-006.jpg" ALT="The Marquess of Bute ęt 2 from a drawing by R. T. Ross at Cardiff Castle" BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+<I>The Marquess of Bute ęt 2<BR>
+from a drawing by R. T. Ross at Cardiff Castle</I>
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1859, Rival guardians
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+For a boy of twelve this is a sufficiently remarkable letter; but an
+even more precocious document is a draft letter dated a fortnight
+before the flight to Edinburgh, and composed entirely by young Bute,
+who recommended Lady Elizabeth to copy it and send it to her
+co-guardian as from herself!
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+DEAR GENERAL STUART,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+You will, I am afraid, be much surprised upon the reception of this
+letter, but I trust that your love for Bute will make you accede to the
+request which I am about to make.  B. has lately had much sorrow, and
+he has formed an attachment to me only to have it broken by separation,
+and in order to go among entire strangers to him&mdash;for in that light, I
+am sorry to say, I must regard you and Mrs. Stuart.  With your consent,
+then, dear Genl. Stuart, I shall be happy to keep him with me until he
+is 14, when he will of course choose for himself.  We could live with
+good Mr. Stacey very nicely at Dumfries House or Mountstuart, and I
+could occasionally bring him to England&mdash;or indeed you could come to
+see him at Mountstuart.  I trust, dear Gen. Stuart, you will be the
+more inclined to accede to my request when I tell you that he has
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P8"></A>8}</SPAN>
+expressed to me the greatest reluctance at parting from me and going to
+you&mdash;a repugnance which I can only regard as very natural, for I was
+much grieved to see that you did not follow my advice in walking with
+him and consulting him (and believe me without so doing you will never
+gain his affections), while I have always done so, as was his poor
+mother's invariable custom.[<A NAME="chap01fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap01fn3">3</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+It does not appear whether this letter, which is dated from 23 Dover
+Street, and is entirely in the boy's own handwriting, exactly as given
+above, was actually sent by Lady Elizabeth.  In any case General Stuart
+was not the man to submit to the compulsory separation from his ward
+which resulted from what the House of Lords afterwards characterised as
+the "clandestine, furtive, and fraudulent action" of Lady Elizabeth
+Moore.  He at once laid the case before the Court of Chancery, which
+directed that the boy was to be immediately handed over to his care,
+and sent without delay to an approved private school, and in due time
+to Eton or Harrow, and then to one of the English universities.  Lady
+Elizabeth absolutely refused to comply with the order of the Court, and
+was consequently removed in July, 1860, from the office of guardian.
+Meanwhile the case was complicated by the intervention of the Scottish
+tutor-at-law, Colonel
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P9"></A>9}</SPAN>
+James Crichton Stuart, who had been since the
+death of Lord Bute's father manager and administrator of the family
+estates in Scotland.  Colonel Stuart obtained from the Scottish Courts
+an order that the boy should be sent to Loretto, a well-known school
+near Edinburgh, and that the Earl of Galloway should be the "custodier"
+of his person.  The Court of Chancery promptly issued an injunction
+forbidding the tutor-at-law to interfere in any way with the boy's
+education, whereupon both Colonel Stuart and the English guardian
+appealed to the House of Lords.  That tribunal gave its judgment on May
+17, 1861, censuring the Court of Session for its delay in dealing with
+this important matter, confirming General Stuart as sole guardian, and
+sanctioning his scheme for the boy's education.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1861, Lords' decision
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The House of Lords, in giving the decision which brought this long
+litigation to a close, had raised no objection to the continued
+residence of the young peer with the Earl of Galloway, an arrangement
+which had already been approved by the Court of Chancery.  Bute had, in
+fact, at the time the judgment was pronounced, been living for some
+months with Lord and Lady Galloway at their beautiful place on the
+Wigtownshire coast; and this was certainly, as it turned out, the most
+favourable and beneficial solution of the difficult question of
+providing a suitable and congenial home for one who, whilst the
+possessor of three or four splendid seats in England and Scotland, had
+yet, by a pathetic anomaly, never known what home life was since his
+mother's death in 1859.  At Galloway House he found himself for the
+first time the inmate of a large and cheerful family circle, including
+several young people of about his own age.  "I
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P10"></A>10}</SPAN>
+am comfortably
+established here," he wrote to Lady Elizabeth Moore soon after his
+arrival in December, 1860.  "This house is like Dumfries House, but
+much prettier.  I have a charming room, not at all lonely.  Lord and
+Lady G. are so kind to me, and the little girls treat me like a
+brother."  "They are all very very kind to me," he wrote a week or two
+later, adding in the same letter that he had on the previous day
+attended two services in Lord Galloway's private chapel.  "It is very
+plain," was the comment of the thirteen-year-old critic; "but the
+chaplain's sermons were all about the saints and the Church.  Do you
+know what he called the Communion? a 'commemorative sacrifice!'  In a
+subsequent letter he says, "Mr. Wildman (the chaplain) says that Mary
+should be called the 'Holy Mother of God.'"
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1861, At Galloway House
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These new religious impressions, contrasting sharply as they must have
+done with the narrow Evangelical teaching of his early days, are of
+interest in connection with his first schoolmaster's report of him some
+six months later, which will be mentioned in its proper place.  "He was
+very fond," writes one of his former playfellows at Galloway House in
+those far-off days, "of sketching with pen and pencil religious
+processions and ceremonies, and his thoughts seemed to be constantly
+turned on religion.  He liked having religious discussions with our
+family chaplain, who was a clever and well-read man."  "Our dear father
+and mother," writes another member of the same large family, "told us
+that we must be very kind to him, as he had lost both his parents and
+was almost alone in the world.  I remember seeing him in the library on
+the night of his arrival&mdash;a tall, dark, good-looking boy,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P11"></A>11}</SPAN>
+looking
+so shy and lonely, but with very nice manners."  "I recollect him,"
+says the son of a neighbouring laird, who was about two years his
+senior, and was often at Galloway House, "rather a pathetic figure
+among the swarm of joyous young things there, distinct among them from
+never seeming joyous himself."  This was doubtless the impression which
+his extreme diffidence generally made on strangers; and it is the
+pleasanter to read the further testimony of the playfellow already
+quoted: "His shyness soon wore off when he got away from the elders to
+play with us, and he entered with zest into all our amusements.  He was
+intensely earnest about everything he took up, whether serious things
+or games.  He was greatly attached to our brother Walter,[<A NAME="chap01fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap01fn4">4</A>] whose
+bright, cheery nature appealed to him.  Walter was always full of fun
+and spirits and mischief; and Bute was delighted at this, and soon
+joined in it all.  I remember our old housekeeper, after some great
+escapade, saying, "Yes, and the young marquis was as bad as any of
+you!"  One of his hobbies was collecting from the seashore the skulls
+and skeletons of rabbits, birds, etc.  I spent much time on the cliffs
+and rocks looking for these things, of which we collected boxes full.
+With his curious psychic turn of mind he liked to conduct some kind of
+ceremonies over these remains after dark, inviting us children to take
+part, sometimes dressed in white sheets.  He loved legends of all
+kinds, and used often to tell them to us: I was very fond of hearing
+him, he told them so well.  History, too, especially Scottish history,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P12"></A>12}</SPAN>
+he liked very much.  He wrote a delightful little history of
+Scotland for my youngest brother,[<A NAME="chap01fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap01fn5">5</A>] of whom he was very fond&mdash;a tiny
+boy then.  It was all written in capital letters, with delightful and
+clever pen-and-ink sketches, one on every page."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These recollections of happy home life in a Scottish country house,
+nearly sixty years ago, call up a pretty picture of the orphan boy,
+whose childhood had been so strangely lonely and isolated, contented
+and at home in this charming family circle.  That he was truly so is
+further testified by letters that passed about this time between him
+and his tutor-at-law, Colonel Crichton Stuart.  In reply to a letter
+from Colonel Stuart, expressing a desire to hear from Bute himself
+whether he was comfortably settled at Galloway House, the boy wrote:
+"In answer to your request, I write to confirm Mr. A.'s statement
+regarding my happiness here.  Lord and Lady Galloway did indeed receive
+me as a child of their own, which I felt deeply."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+That these words were a sincere expression of the young writer's
+sentiments there is no reason to doubt; but thoughtful and advanced as
+he was in some ways for his years, he was too young to realise
+then&mdash;-possibly he did later on, though he very seldom spoke of his
+boyhood's days&mdash;how much more he owed to the Galloway family than mere
+kindness.  It seemed, indeed, a special providence which had brought
+the orphaned marquis at this critical moment under influence so
+salutary and so much needed as that of the admirable and excellent
+family which had welcomed him to their beautiful home as one of
+themselves.  The numerous letters
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P13"></A>13}</SPAN>
+written by Bute at this period,
+of which many have been preserved, are marked indeed by propriety of
+expression and a command of language remarkable in a boy of his age;
+but they also reveal very clearly a self-centred view of life even more
+extraordinary in so young a boy, and due, it cannot be doubted, to the
+singularity of his upbringing.  Surrounded from babyhood by a circle of
+adoring females, in whose eyes the fatherless infant was the most
+precious and priceless thing on earth, he had grown up to boyhood
+penetrated, no doubt almost unconsciously, with an exaggerated and
+overweening sense of his own importance in the scale of creation, to
+which the wholesome influence of Galloway House provided the best
+possible corrective.  Distinguished, high-principled, exemplary in
+every relation of life, Lord and Lady Galloway held up to their
+children, by precept and example, a constant ideal of duty,
+unselfishness and simplicity of life; and the young stranger within
+their gates was fortunate in being able to profit by that teaching.  If
+his future life was to be marked by generous impulses and noble
+ambitions&mdash;if one of his most notable characteristics was to be a
+personal simplicity of taste and an utter antipathy to that ostentation
+which is not always dissociated from high rank and almost unbounded
+wealth&mdash;if he was to realise something of the supreme joy and
+satisfaction of working for others rather than for oneself; for all
+this he owed a debt of gratitude (can it be doubted?) to the kindly and
+gracious influences which were brought to bear on his sensitive nature
+during these years of his boyhood.  He was received at Galloway House
+as a child of the family; and his companions spoke their minds to him
+with fraternal freedom.  "You
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P14"></A>14}</SPAN>
+will never find your level, Bute,"
+the eldest son of the house (whom he greatly liked and respected) once
+said to him, "until you get to a public school."  He did not resent the
+remark, for his good sense told him that it was true.  Harrow was the
+public school of the Galloway family; but it was not so much for that
+reason that Harrow was chosen for him rather than Eton, as because his
+wise and kind guardians believed, rightly or wrongly, that a boy in his
+peculiar position would be less exposed to adulation and flattery at
+the more democratic school on the Hill than at its great rival on
+Thames-side.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Meanwhile a preparatory school had to be selected; and the choice fell
+on May Place, the well-known school conducted by Mr. Thomas Essex at
+Malvern Wells, where one of Lord Galloway's sons was just finishing his
+course.  It was locally known as the "House of Lords" from its
+connection with the peerage; and the pupils included members of the
+ducal houses of Sutherland, Argyll, Manchester, and Leinster, as well
+as of many other well-known families.  One who well remembers the first
+arrival at May Place of the young Scottish peer, then aged thirteen and
+a half, has described him as a slight tall lad, reserved and gentle in
+manner, and particularly courteous to every one.  The shyness and also
+the reverence for sacred things which always distinguished him as a man
+were equally noticeable in him as a boy; and it is remembered that when
+he revisited the school three or four years later, during the Harrow
+holidays, and was asked where he would like to drive to, he chose to go
+and inspect an interesting old church in the neighbourhood.  A school
+contemporary with whom he occasionally squabbled was William Sinclair,
+the future Archdeacon of London; and there was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P15"></A>15}</SPAN>
+once nearly a
+pitched battle between them, in consequence of some caricatures which
+Sinclair drew, purporting to represent Bute's near relatives, but for
+which he afterwards handsomely apologised.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1861, First school report
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Towards the end of Bute's first term at Malvern Wells, his master wrote
+to Lord Galloway the following account of his young pupil.  The
+concluding sentence is of curious interest in view of what the future
+held in store.  It seems to show that the reaction in his mind&mdash;a mind
+already thoughtful beyond his years&mdash;against the one-sided view of
+religion and religious history which had been impressed upon him from
+childhood had already begun.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+May Place,
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Malvern Wells,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;July 14, 1861.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Bute is going on more comfortably than I could have expected.  He
+is on excellent terms with his schoolfellows; and though he prefers
+"romps" to cricket or gymnastics, yet I am glad to see him making
+himself happy with the others.  More manly tastes will, I think, come
+in time.  His obedience and his desire to please are very pleasing;
+while his strong religious principles and gentlemanly tone are
+everything one could desire.  His opinions on things in general are
+rather an inexplicable mixture.  I was not surprised to find in him an
+admiration of the Covenanters and a hatred of Archbishop Sharpe; but I
+was certainly startled to discover, on the other hand, a liking for the
+Romish priesthood and ceremonial.  I shall, of course, do my best to
+bring him to sounder views.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1861, At May Place
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We have no evidence as to what methods were employed, or what arguments
+adduced, by the excellent preceptor in order to carry out the purpose
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P16"></A>16}</SPAN>
+indicated in the concluding lines of his letter.  Bute himself
+never referred to the matter afterwards, but the result was in all
+probability nugatory.  It is not within the recollection of the present
+writer, who was an inmate of May Place a year or two later, that any
+serious effort was ever made there to impress religious truths on the
+minds of the pupils, or indeed to impart to them any definite religious
+teaching at all.  The views and opinions of the young Scot, although
+only in his fourteenth year, were probably already a great deal more
+formed on these and kindred subjects than those of his worthy
+schoolmaster.  In any case the time available for detaching his
+sympathies from the "Romish" priesthood and ritual was short.  The boy
+had come to school very poorly equipped in the matter of general
+education, as the term was then understood.  In the correspondence
+between his rival guardians, when he was just entering his 'teens,
+allusion is made to the boy's "precocious intellect," also to the fact
+that he knew little Latin, no Greek, and (what was considered worse)
+hardly any French.  Mathematics he always cordially disliked; and it is
+on record that all the counting he did in those early years was
+invariably on his fingers.  His natural intelligence, however, and his
+aptitude for study soon enabled him to make up for much that had been
+lost owing to the haphazard and interrupted education of his childhood;
+and it was not long before he was pronounced intellectually equal to
+the not very exacting standard of the entrance examination at Harrow.
+A final reminiscence of his connection with May Place may here be
+recorded.  He revisited his old school not long after his momentous
+change of creed; and being left alone awhile in
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P17"></A>17}</SPAN>
+the study took up
+a blank report that lay on the table, and filled it up as follows[<A NAME="chap01fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap01fn6">6</A>]:&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="p3">
+MONTHLY REPORT OF THE MARQUESS OF BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<PRE STYLE="margin-left: 10%">
+LATIN CONSTRUING . . . . . .  Partially preserved.
+LATIN WRITING  . . . . . . .  Ditto.
+GREEK CONSTRUING . . . . . .  Getting very bad from disuse.
+GREEK WRITING  . . . . . . .  Ditto.
+ARITHMETIC . . . . . . . . .  Entirely abandoned.
+HISTORY  . . . . . . . . . .  So-so.
+GEOGRAPHY  . . . . . . . . .  Improved by foreign travel.
+DICTATION  . . . . . . . . .  Ditto by business letters.
+FRENCH . . . . . . . . . . .  Ditto by travelling.
+DRAWING  . . . . . . . . . .  Grown rather rusty.
+RELIGION . . . . . . . . . .  Unhappily not to the taste
+                                of the British public.
+CONDUCT  . . . . . . . . . .  Not so bad as it is painted.
+</PRE>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap01fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap01fn1text">1</A>] Charles MacLean, to whom he referred more than thirty years later,
+in his Rectorial address at St. Andrews (p. <A HREF="#P188">188</A>).
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap01fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap01fn2text">2</A>] During Bute's travels with Lady Elizabeth Moore, in the course of
+her efforts to retain the custody of her little ward, his most trusted
+retainer was one Jack Wilson.  The pertinacity with which the child was
+pursued, and the extent of Wilson's devotion, are attested by the known
+fact that on one occasion he knocked a writ-server down the stairs of a
+Rothesay hotel where Bute was staying with Lady Elizabeth.  Wilson was
+accustomed always to sleep outside his young master's door.  He rose
+later to be head-keeper at Mountstuart, and died there on May 23, 1912.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap01fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap01fn3text">3</A>] It seems right to mention that Bute had another reason, apart from
+his attachment to Lady Elizabeth Moore, for his apparently unreasonable
+hostility to his other guardian.  One of his strongest feelings at this
+time was his almost passionate devotion to the memory of his mother;
+and he never forgot what he called General Stuart's "gross disrespect"
+in not accompanying her remains from Edinburgh, where she died, to
+Bute, where she was buried.  "He left her body," wrote Bute to an
+intimate friend from Christ Church, Oxford, "to be attended on that
+long and troublesome journey, in the depth of winter, only by women,
+servants, and myself, a child of twelve."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap01fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap01fn4text">4</A>] Hon. Walter Stewart, afterwards colonel commanding 12th Lancers
+(died 1908).  He was about eighteen months younger than Bute.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap01fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap01fn5text">5</A>] Hon. Fitzroy Stewart (died 1914).  He was at this time just five
+years old.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap01fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap01fn6text">6</A>] This anecdote was communicated to a weekly journal (<I>M.A.P.</I>) soon
+after Lord Bute's death, by the son of the master of his old school.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap02"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P18"></A>18}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER II
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+HARROW AND CHRIST CHURCH
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1862-1866
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+In September, 1861, Lord Bute completed his fourteenth year, attaining
+the age of "minority" (as it is called in Scots law), which put him in
+possession of certain important rights as regarded his property in the
+northern kingdom.  The young peer had from his childhood, as is shown
+by his early correspondence with Lady Elizabeth Moore, been aware that
+he would be entitled at the age of fourteen to exercise certain powers
+of nomination in respect to the management of his Scottish estates.
+Most of the members of the Lords' tribunal which had adjudicated on his
+position in May, 1861, had evinced a curious ignorance of the nature,
+if not of the very existence, of these prospective rights, and even
+when informed of them had been inclined to question the expediency of
+their being acted upon.  Bute himself, however, was not only perfectly
+aware of these rights, but resolved to exercise them; and we
+accordingly find him, a few weeks after his fourteenth birthday,
+writing as follows, from his private school, to his guardian, General
+Stuart:&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+May Place,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>November</I> 25, 1861.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+DEAR GEN. STUART,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I wish the necessary steps to be taken in the Court of Session for the
+appointment of Curators
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P19"></A>19}</SPAN>
+of my property in Scotland.  The Curators
+whom I wish to appoint are Sir James Fergusson, Sir Hastings Gilbert,
+Lt.-Col. William Stuart, Mr. David Mure, Mr. Archibald Boyle, and
+yourself.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I wish the Solicitor-General of Scotland to be employed as my legal
+adviser in this buisness (<I>sic</I>).
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+I remain,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your affectionate cousin,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE AND DUMFRIES.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute was now entitled to choose from the number of these curators any
+one to whose personal guardianship he was willing to be entrusted
+during the seven years of his minority.  His choice fell on Sir James
+Fergusson of Kilkerran, M.P. for Ayrshire, who had recently married the
+daughter of Lord Dalhousie, Governor-General of India; but he did not
+immediately take up his residence with Sir James, as it was thought
+best that he should continue, at any rate during the earlier part of
+his public school life, to spend his holidays at Galloway House, where
+he had become thoroughly at home.  Lord Galloway's younger son Walter
+was destined for Harrow School; and thither Bute preceded him after
+spending two terms at May Place.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1862, Entrance at Harrow
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was in the first term of 1862 that Bute entered the school at
+Harrow, then under the headmastership of Montagu Butler.  His position
+was at first that of a "home boarder," and he was under the charge of
+one of the masters, Mr. John Smith, known to and beloved by several
+generations of Harrovians.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+There was a rather well-known and self-important Mr. Winkley, quite a
+figure among Harrow tradesmen (writes a school contemporary of Bute's,
+son of a famous Harrow master, and himself afterwards
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P20"></A>20}</SPAN>
+headmaster
+of Charterhouse), a mutton-chop-whiskered individual who collected
+rates, acted as estate agent, published (I think) the Bill Book, sold
+books to the School, &amp;c.  He occupied the house beyond Westcott's, on
+the same side of High Street, between Westcott's and the Park.  There
+John Smith resided with the Marquess of Bute.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Mr. Smith, whose mother lived at Pinner, used to visit her there every
+Saturday, and to take over with him on these occasions one or two of
+his pupils, who enjoyed what was then a pretty rural walk of three
+miles, as well as the quaint racy talk of their master, and the
+excellent tea provided by his kind old mother.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Another of his schoolfellows, Sir Henry Bellingham, writes:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I remember first meeting Bute on one of these little excursions.  Mr.
+Smith had told me that the tall, shy, quiet boy (he was a year younger
+than me, but much bigger) had neither father, mother, brother nor
+sister, and was therefore much to be pitied.  I wondered why he did not
+come more forward, and said so little either to Smith himself or to
+Mrs. Smith; for Smith was a man who had great capabilities for drawing
+people out, and was a general favourite with every one.  The impression
+I had of Bute during all our time at Harrow was always the same&mdash;that
+of his very shy and quiet manner.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1862, A real palm branch
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Undemonstrative as he was by nature, Bute never forgot those who had
+shown him any kindness, and he always preserved a grateful affection
+for John Smith, who accompanied him more than once during the summer
+holidays to Glentrool, Lord Galloway's lodge among the Wigtownshire
+hills, and enjoyed some capital fishing there.  Bute wrote to him in
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P21"></A>21}</SPAN>
+later years from time to time, and during the sadly clouded
+closing period of the old man's life, when he was an inmate of St.
+Luke's Hospital, he gave him much pleasure by sending him annually a
+palm branch which had been blessed in his private chapel.  More than
+twenty years after Bute's Harrow days, he received this appreciative
+letter from his former master:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+St. Luke's Hospital,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Old Street, E.C.,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Easter Tuesday</I>, 1887.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+DEAR LORD BUTE,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I must try and write a few lines, asking you to pardon all defects.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The real Palm Branch was most welcome, with its special blessing: it is
+behind me as I write, and many happy thoughts and messages does it
+bring.  God bless you for your most kind thought.  I intend to forward
+it in due time to Gerald Rendall (late head of Harrow, then Fellow of
+Trin. Coll., Cambridge, now Principal of University College,
+Liverpool), as my share in furnishing his new home: he was married this
+vacation.  The students, male and female, will be glad to see what a
+real Palm Branch is like.  Your gift of last year is now in the valued
+keeping of Mrs. Edward Bradby, whose husband was a master of Harrow in
+your day, and, after fifteen years of hard and successful work at
+Haileybury, has taken up his abode at St. Katherine's Dock House, Tower
+Hill, with wife and children, to live among the poor and brighten their
+dull existence with music and pictures and dancing; besides inviting
+them, in times of real necessity, to dine with himself and his wife, in
+batches of eight and ten.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I look forward to the <I>Review</I>[<A NAME="chap02fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap02fn1">1</A>] with great interest.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P22"></A>22}</SPAN>
+I show it
+to the Medical Gentlemen here, read what I can, and then forward it to
+my sister at Harrow for friends there.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I try to realise the old chapel on the beach, in which the branches
+were consecrated,[<A NAME="chap02fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap02fn2">2</A>] but fail utterly to do so.  <I>Whereabouts is it</I>?
+I suppose you have a chapel in the house also, for invalids, &amp;c., in
+bad weather.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+God bless you all: Lady Bute and the children, especially the maiden
+who is working at Greek.[<A NAME="chap02fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap02fn3">3</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Ever your grateful<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;J. S.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+From John Smith's <I>quasi</I>-parental care, Bute passed in due time into
+the house of Mr. Westcott (afterwards Bishop of Durham), who occupied
+"Moretons," on the top of West Hill (now in the possession of Mr. M. C.
+Kemp).  The future bishop, with all his attainments, had not the
+reputation of a very successful teacher in class, nor of a good
+disciplinarian; but as a house-master he had many admirable qualities,
+and was greatly beloved by his pupils.  For him also Bute preserved a
+warm and lifelong sentiment of regard and gratitude; and to him, as to
+John Smith, he was accustomed to send every Easter a blessed palm from
+his private chapel, which Dr. Westcott preserved carefully in his own
+chapel at Auckland Castle.  "See that the Bishop of Durham gets his
+palm," were Lord Bute's whispered words as he was lying stricken by his
+last illness in the Holy Week of 1900.  The tribute of affectionate
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P23"></A>23}</SPAN>
+remembrance had been an annual one for more than thirty years.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1863, School friendships
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Of all Bute's contemporaries at the great school, there were perhaps
+only two with whom he struck up a real and close friendship.  One was
+Adam Hay Gordon of Avochie (a cadet of the Tweeddale family), who was
+with him afterwards at Christ Church, and was one of his few intimate
+associates there.  The intimacy was not continued into later years, but
+the memory of it remained.  "I heard with sorrow," Bute recorded in his
+diary on July 12, 1894, "of the death of one of my dearest friends,
+Addle Hay Gordon.  Though at Harrow together, and very intimate at
+college, we had not met for many years.  In my Oxford days I several
+times stayed in Edinburgh with him and his parents, in Rutland Square.
+We were as brothers."[<A NAME="chap02fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap02fn4">4</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+An even more intimate, and more lasting, friendship was that with
+George E. Sneyd, who was at Westcott's house with Bute, and who
+afterwards became his private secretary, married his cousin, Miss
+Elizabeth Stuart (granddaughter of Admiral Lord George Stuart) in 1880,
+and died in the same year as Adam Hay Gordon.  "It is difficult to
+say," wrote Bute in January, 1894, "what this loss is to me.  He had
+been an intimate friend ever since we were at Westcott's big house at
+Harrow&mdash;one of my few at all, the most intimate (unless Addle Hay
+Gordon) and the most trusted I ever had.  He had a very important place
+in my will.  For these two I had prayed by name regularly at every Mass
+I have heard for many, many years."
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P24"></A>24}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+A school contemporary, who records Bute's close friendship with George
+Sneyd, mentions (as do others) his fancy for keeping Ligurian bees in
+his tiny study-bedroom.  "My only recollection of his room at Harrow,
+where I once visited him," writes Sir Herbert Maxwell, "is of an
+arrangement whereby bees entered from without into a hive within the
+room, where their proceedings could be watched."  A brother of Sir
+Redvers Buller, who boarded in the adjoining house, has recorded that
+"Bute's bees" were a perfect nuisance to him, as they had a way of
+flying in at his window instead of their own, and disturbing him at his
+studies or other employments.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1863, Harrow school prizes
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"At Harrow," said one of Bute's obituary notices, "the young Scottish
+peer was as poetical as Byron."  This rather absurd remark is perhaps
+to some extent justified by one episode in Bute's school career.  "I
+have a general recollection of him," writes a correspondent already
+quoted, "as a very amiable, though reserved, boy, not given to games,
+who astonished us all by securing the English Prize Poem.  He won this
+distinction (the assigned subject was 'Edward the Black Prince') in the
+summer of 1863, when only fifteen years of age."  "His winning this
+prize in 1863, when quite young," writes the Archbishop of Canterbury,
+who was in the same form as Bute at Harrow and knew him well, "was his
+most notable exploit.  There is a special passage about ocean waves and
+their 'decuman,' which has often been quoted as a remarkable effort on
+the part of a young boy.[<A NAME="chap02fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap02fn5">5</A>]
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P25"></A>25}</SPAN>
+He was very quiet and unassuming in
+all his ways."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A further honour gained by Bute in the same year (1863) was one of the
+headmaster's Fifth Form prizes for Latin Verse; but the text of this
+composition (it was a translation from English verse) has not been
+preserved.  The fact of his winning these two important prizes is a
+sufficient proof that, if not "as poetical as Byron," he had a distinct
+feeling for poetry, and that generally his industry and ability had
+enabled him to make up much, if not all, of the leeway caused by the
+imperfect and desultory character of his early education.  In other
+words he passed through his school course with credit and even
+distinction; and that he preserved a kindly memory of his Harrow days
+is sufficiently shown by the fact that he took the unusual
+step&mdash;unusual, that is, in the case of the head of a great Roman
+Catholic family&mdash;of sending all his three sons to be educated at the
+famous school on the Hill.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute's career at Harrow, like his private school course, was an
+unusually short one, extending over only three years.  He left the
+school in the first term of 1865, presenting to the Vaughan Library at
+his departure a small collection of books, which it may be of some
+interest to enumerate.  They were Pierotti's <I>Jerusalem Explained</I>, 2
+vols. folio;
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P26"></A>26}</SPAN>
+Digby's <I>Broadstone of Honour</I>, 3 vols.; Victor
+Hugo's <I>Les Miserables</I>, 3 vols.; Miss Proctor's <I>Legends and Lyrics</I>;
+Gil Blas, 2 vols. (illustrated); <I>Don Quixote</I>; Napier's <I>Memoirs of
+Montrose</I>, 3 vols.; and <I>Memoirs of Dundee</I>, 2 vols.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+He further evinced his interest in his old school by presenting to it,
+five years after leaving, a portrait of John first Marquess of Bute
+(then Lord Mountstuart), wearing the dress of the school Archery Corps
+of that day (1759).  This portrait (which is a copy of a well-known
+painting by Allan Ramsay) now hangs in the Vaughan Library.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1865, Pilgrimage to Palestine
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was characteristic of the young Harrovian that, his school-days
+over, he took the very first opportunity to turn his steps towards the
+East, in which from his earliest boyhood he had always been curiously
+interested.  It was not the first occasion of his leaving England, for
+he had visited Brussels and other cities several times with his mother
+during his childhood, and used in later years to note in his diary the
+half-forgotten recollections of places which he had seen in those early
+and happy days.  But his visit to Palestine in the spring of 1865&mdash;the
+first of many journeys to the Holy Land&mdash;was an entirely new
+experience; and to this youth of seventeen, thoughtful and
+religious-minded beyond his years, it was no mere pleasure trip, but a
+veritable pilgrimage.  "I am sending you a copy," he wrote to a friend
+at Oxford in the autumn of this year, "of a document which I value more
+than anything I have ever received in my life: the certificate of my
+visit to the Holy Places of Jerusalem given to me by the Father
+Guardian of the Franciscan convent on Mount Sion.  Here it is:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P27"></A>27}</SPAN>
+
+<A NAME="img-027"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-027.jpg" ALT="Emblem" BORDER="">
+</CENTER>
+
+<P STYLE="font-size: 85%">
+In Dei Nomine.  Amen.  Omnibus et singulis praesentes literas
+inspecturis, lecturis, vel legi audituris, fidem notumque facimus Nos
+Terrae Sanctę Custos, devotum Peregrinum Illustrissimum Dominum Dominum
+Joannem, Marchionem de Bute in Scotia, Jerusalem feliciter pervenisse
+die 10 Mensis Maii anni 1865; inde subsequentibus diebus pręcipua
+Sanctuaria in quibus Mundi Salvator dilectum populum Suum, immo et
+totius generis humani perditam congeriem ab inferi servitute
+misericorditer liberavit, utpote Calvarium ... SS. Sepulchrum ... ac
+tandem ea omnia sacra Palestinę loca gressibus Domini ac Beatissimę
+ejus Matris Marię consecrata, ą Religiosis nostris et Peregrinis
+visitari solita, visitasse.
+</P>
+
+<P STYLE="font-size: 85%">
+In quorum fidem has scripturas Officii Nostri sigillo munitas per
+Secretarium expediri mandavimus.
+</P>
+
+<P STYLE="font-size: 85%">
+Datis apud S. Civitatem Jerusalem, ex venerabili Nostro Conventu SS.
+Salvatoris, die 29 Maii, 1865.
+</P>
+
+<P STYLE="font-size: 85%">
+L.S. De mandato Reverendiss. in Christo Patris
+<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F. REMIGIUS BUSELLI, S.T.L., secret.
+</P>
+
+<P STYLE="font-size: 85%">
++ Sigillum Guardiani Montis Sion.
+</P>
+
+<P STYLE="font-size: 85%">
+(There is an image of the Descent of the H. Spirit, and of the
+<I>Mandatum</I>.)
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+"It touched and interested me extremely," Bute said many years later,
+"to find myself described in this document as 'devotus Peregrinus,' and
+this for more than one reason.  The phrase, in the first place, seemed
+to link me, a mere schoolboy, with the myriads of devout and holy men,
+saints and warriors, who had made the pilgrimage before me.  'Illuc
+enim ascenderunt tribus, tribus Domini.'  And then I remembered that I
+descended lineally through my mother's family, the Hastings', from a
+very famous pilgrim, the 'Pilgrim of Treves,' the Hebrew who went to
+Rome during the great Papal Schism, sat himself down on one of the
+Seven Hills, and dubbed himself Pope.  When Martin V. (Colonna) was
+recognised as lawful Pope,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P28"></A>28}</SPAN>
+my ancestor returned to Rome and, I
+believe, reverted to the Judaism from which he had temporarily lapsed.
+But this celebrated journey earned him the title, <I>par excellence</I>, of
+the Pilgrim of Treves; and the name of Peregrine has been borne since,
+all through the centuries, by many of his descendants, of whom I am
+one."  All this is so curiously characteristic of Lord Bute's half
+serious, half whimsical (and always original) manner of regarding
+out-of-the-way corners of history and genealogy, that it seems worth
+reproducing in this place.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-028"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-028.jpg" ALT="THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, ĘT. 17." BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, ĘT. 17.
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1866, Steeplechasing at Oxford
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Soon after his return from his Palestine journey, Bute was duly
+matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, and he went into residence in
+the October term.  He was one of the last batch of peers who entered
+the university on the technical footing of "noblemen," with the
+privilege of wearing a distinctive dress, sitting at a special table in
+hall, and paying double for everything.  Among his contemporaries at
+the House were the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Rosebery, the seventh Duke of
+Northumberland, and Lords Cawdor, Doune, and Willoughby de Broke.  His
+cousin, the fourth and last Marquess of Hastings, who was five years
+his senior, had not long before gone down from the university, had been
+married for a year, and was at the height of the meteoric career which
+came to a premature and inglorious end just when Bute attained his
+majority.  The latter had that strong sense of family attachment which
+is so marked a characteristic of Scotsmen; and <I>noblesse oblige</I> was a
+maxim which for him had a very real and serious meaning.  It is certain
+that the contemplation of his cousin's wasted life not only distressed
+him deeply, but tended to confirm in him an almost exaggerated
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P29"></A>29}</SPAN>
+antipathy to the extravagant craze for racing, gambling and betting,
+which was the form of "sport" most prevalent among the young men of
+family and fashion who were his contemporaries at Oxford.  Bute's
+entire want of sympathy with such pursuits and such ideals thus
+inevitably cut him off from anything like intimate intercourse with the
+predominant members of the undergraduate society of his college.  He
+would not be persuaded to frequent their clubs or share in their
+amusements, which to him would have been no amusements at all; although
+he was elected a member of "Loders," to which the noblemen and
+gentlemen-commoners of the House as a matter of course belonged.  He
+was, however, induced, on the representations of one of his friends
+(probably Hay Gordon) to own and nominate a horse in the university
+steeplechases (or "grinds," as they were called).  "Some one, I do not
+know who," writes one of his contemporaries, "had informed him that I
+was the proper person to ride his horse.  When I interviewed him on the
+subject (which I did with some trepidation, as he was exceedingly shy
+and stiff with strangers), he evinced not the slightest interest either
+in his horse or the contest in which it was to take part.  The animal
+came in only third, but Bute showed neither disappointment nor pleasure
+in anything it did or failed to do either on this or on subsequent
+occasions."  Another anecdote in connection with this episode of
+"Bute's steeplechaser" is related by one of his fellow-undergraduates,
+who was charged, or had charged himself, with the duty of informing the
+owner of this unprofitable horse (for which, by the way, he had paid a
+good round sum) that it was among the "Also Rans" in the Christ Church
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P30"></A>30}</SPAN>
+grinds.  "Ah! indeed?" was his only comment; "but now I want to
+know," he continued eagerly, "if you can help me to solve a much more
+important question.  What real claim had the [Greek: kremastoķ kźpoi]
+(the hanging gardens) of Semiramis at Babylon, to be classified, as
+they were in ancient times, among the Seven Wonders of the World?"
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Whilst on the subject of Bute's diversions at Christ Church (though
+steeplechasing, even vicariously, can hardly be said to have been one
+of them), reference may appropriately be made to a rather remarkable
+entertainment which he gave by way of repaying the hospitalities
+extended to him by his companions, including some of his former
+school-fellows at Harrow.  It took the form of a fancy-dress ball,
+which came off in the fine suite of rooms which he occupied in the
+north-west corner of Tom Quad (since subdivided).  Here is the
+invitation card, surmounted with the emblazoned arms of the House,
+which was sent out:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent" ALIGN="center">
+MARQUESS OF BUTE<BR>
+AT HOME<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent" ALIGN="center">
+La Morgue &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bal Masqué<BR>
+IV. I. Tom. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; R.S.V.P.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"La Morgue" was the room, adjacent to his own, which was, as a matter
+of fact, used as a mortuary when any death occurred within the college.
+The young host received his guests at the entrance to this apartment in
+the character of his Satanic Majesty, attired in a close-fitting
+garment of scarlet and black, with wings, horn, and tail; and most of
+the guests figured as dons, eminent churchmen, and other well-known
+personages in the university, the stately dean being, of course,
+represented, as well as
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P31"></A>31}</SPAN>
+Mrs. Liddell, who afterwards expressed
+regret that she had not been present in person.  A fracas in the
+refreshment room resulted in a jockey (the Hon. H. Needham) being
+arrested by a policeman, who conducted him to the police-office before
+the culprit discovered that the supposed constable was one of his
+fellow-revellers.  The affair was altogether so successful that Bute
+designed to repeat it a year later; but the authorities of the House,
+who had given no permission for the original entertainment,
+peremptorily forbade its repetition.[<A NAME="chap02fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap02fn6">6</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1865, Oxford friends
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute had come into residence at Oxford a few weeks after his eighteenth
+birthday; and the above reminiscences show that with all his
+serious-mindedness he possessed, as indeed might have been expected,
+something also, at that period, of what Disraeli called "the
+irresponsible frivolity of immature manhood."  His amiability of
+character and remarkable personal courtesy prevented him from being in
+any degree unpopular; but his intimate friends at Oxford were
+undoubtedly very few; and it is curious that the most intimate of them
+all was not an undergraduate, or an Oxford man at all, but a lady much
+his senior, Miss Felicia Skene, daughter of a well-known man of letters
+and friend of Walter Scott, long resident in Oxford.  Miss Skene was
+herself a person of remarkable attainments and qualities, one of them
+being a rare gift of sympathy, which seems to have won the heart of the
+solitary young Scotsman from the first
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P32"></A>32}</SPAN>
+day of their acquaintance.
+Bute corresponded with her constantly and regularly, not only during
+his undergraduate days, but for many years subsequently; and his
+letters show to how large a degree he gave her his confidence in
+matters of the most intimate interest to himself.  One of the earliest
+of these is dated from Dumfries House, Ayrshire, in the Christmas
+vacation following his first term at Oxford.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Dumfries House,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cumnock,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Christmas Day</I> [1865].<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A happy Xmas to you.  Mine is comfortable, if not merry nor ideal.  Let
+me say in black and white that I mean to pay for the meat and wine
+ordered by the doctor for the poor woman you mention....  Money I
+cannot send.  I have little more than £100 to spend myself.  My
+allowance is £2000, and I have overdrawn £1630, with a draft for £1000
+coming due.  I am trying to raise the wind here: it seems absurd that I
+should be "hard up," but it is a long story.  I am only sorry that the
+offerings I should make at this time to the "Little Child of Bethlehem"
+are not procurable.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Ever yours most truly,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1865, At Dumfries House
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute had now finally left Galloway House, which had been his holiday
+residence during his Harrow days; and his home when not at Oxford was
+at Dumfries House, his Ayrshire seat, then in the occupation of Sir
+James and Lady Edith Fergusson.  "I saw a good deal of him when he was
+living at Dumfries House under the tutelage of Sir James Fergusson,"
+writes one who had known him from
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P33"></A>33}</SPAN>
+childhood.  "He used to come
+down to the smoking-room at night arrayed in a gorgeous garment of pale
+blue and gold: I think he said he had had it made on the pattern of a
+saintly bishop's vestment in a stained glass window of the Harrow
+Chapel.  Sir James was anxious to make a sportsman of Bute, and bought
+a hunter or two for him.  I remember his coming out one day with Lord
+Eglinton's hounds, but I never saw him take the field again."  The
+tyro, as a matter of fact, got a toss in essaying to jump a hedge; and
+so mortified was he by this public discomfiture that he not only never
+again appeared in the hunting-field, but he never quite forgave Sir
+James for being the indirect cause of the misadventure.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Miss Skene not only acted to some extent as Bute's almoner during his
+Oxford days (it is fair to say that the "hard-up" condition alluded to
+in the above letter was due at least as much to his lavish almsgiving
+as to any personal extravagance), but was his adviser in regard to
+other matters.  "Mrs. Leighton [wife of the Warden of All Souls] has
+invited me," runs one of his notes, "to come and meet a Scottish bishop
+(St. Andrews) at dinner, and asks me in the same letter to give 'out of
+my abundance' a cheque to enlarge the Penitentiary chapel.  Now I
+dislike Scots Episcopalian bishops (not individually but officially),
+their genesis having been unblushingly Erastian, and their present
+status in Scotland being schismatic and dissenting; and my 'abundance'
+at present consists of a heavy overdraft at the bank.  Read and forward
+the enclosed reply, unless you think the lady will take offence, which
+can hardly be."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+He often copied for his friend extracts which
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P34"></A>34}</SPAN>
+struck him from
+books he was reading.  "I have transcribed for you," he wrote a few
+weeks after his nineteenth birthday, "the account of the death of
+Krishna from the Vishnu Purįna.  A hunter by accident shot him in the
+foot with an arrow.  When he saw what he had done he prostrated himself
+and implored pardon.  Krishna granted it and translated him at once to
+heaven.  'Then the illustrious Krishna, having united himself with his
+own pure, spiritual, inexhaustible, inconceivable, unborn, undecaying,
+imperishable and universal spirit, which is one with Vįsundera,
+abandoned his mortal body and the condition of the threefold
+qualities.'  To my mind this description of the great Saviour becoming
+one with universal spirit approaches the sublime."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At the end of his first summer term (June, 1866) Bute made his second
+tour in the East&mdash;a more extended one this time, visiting not only
+Constantinople and Palestine, but Kurdistan and Armenia.  His tutor,
+the Rev. S. Williams, accompanied him, as well as one or two friends,
+including Harman Grisewood, one of his associates at the House, and one
+of the few with whom he maintained an intimacy after their Oxford days.
+A diary kept by Bute of the first portion of this tour has been
+preserved: it describes his doings with great minuteness, and is a
+remarkable record for a youth of eighteen to have written.  In Paris
+nothing seems to have much interested him except the churches, and long
+antiquarian conversations with the Vicomte de Vogüé and others.  "I
+again visited the Comte de V.,"[<A NAME="chap02fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap02fn7">7</A>]
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P35"></A>35}</SPAN>
+runs one entry.  "We got into
+the Cities of Bashan, and stayed there three or four hours."  Many
+pages are devoted to a detailed description of Avignon, and later of
+St. John's Church at Malta, of Syracuse, Catania, and Messina.  At
+Malta he visited the tomb of his grandfather (the first Marquess of
+Hastings, who died when governor of Malta in 1826), and "was much
+pleased with it."  Describing the high mass in the Benedictine Church
+at Catania, he says, "At the end, during the Gospel of St. John, the
+organist (the organ is one of the finest in the world) played a
+military march so well that I, at least, could hardly be persuaded that
+the loud clear clash, the roll of the drums, the ring of the triangle,
+and the roar of the brass instruments were false.  It seemed to me that
+this passage, which was admirably executed, harmonised wonderfully well
+with the awful words of the part of the Mass which it accompanied."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1866, Ascent of Mount Etna
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The young diarist's vivid descriptive powers are well shown in his
+narrative of the ascent of Etna, and the impression it made on him:
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We dined [at Nicolosi] on omelet, bread, and figs, and the nastiest
+wine, and at about 7 p.m. started on mules.  These beasts had saddles
+more uncomfortable than words can describe.  Their pace was about 2-½
+miles per hour, which it was too easy to reduce, but quite impossible
+to accelerate.  Mine had for bridle a cord three feet long, tied to one
+of several large rings on one side of its head.  The journey lasted
+till 1.30 a.m. or later....  About
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P36"></A>36}</SPAN>
+1 in the morning, Mr. W. and
+one guide having long dropped far behind, where their shrieks and yells
+(now growing hoarse from despair) could be faintly heard in the
+darkness far down the mountain, we emerged upon the summit between the
+peaks; and at the same time the full moon, silver, intense, rose from
+behind the lower summit, and shed a flood of light over the tremendous
+scene of desolation.  As far as the eye could reach, there was nothing
+visible but cinders and sky.  At every step we sank eighteen inches
+into the black dust as we stumbled on in single file in perfect
+silence.  A couple of miles ahead rose the great crater peak, with
+patches of snow at its foot and the eternal white cloud emanating and
+writhing from the summit.  After an hour's rest at the Casa Inglese, a
+miserable hovel at the foot of the Cone, we started, wrapped in plaids,
+the cold being intense.  Mr. W. had now rejoined us.  The Cone is a
+hill about the size of Arthur's Seat, covered with rolling friable
+cinders, from which rise clouds of white sulphureous dust.  The ascent
+took rather more than an hour.  Mr. W. gave out half-way up, declaring
+he should faint.  The pungent sulphur-smoke came sweeping down the
+hill-side, choking and blinding one.  Eyes were smarting, lungs loaded,
+throat burnt, mouth dry and nostrils choked.  On we struggled till the
+very ground gave forth curling clouds of smoke from every cranny.  A
+few more steps and we were on the summit, at the very edge of the
+crater, which yawned into perdition within a few inches of one's foot.
+It is an immense glen, surrounded by a chain of heights, with
+tremendously precipitous sides, bright yellow in the depths, whence
+rises continually the cloud of smoke.  The whole scene is exactly like
+Doré's illustrations of the Inferno....  The sun rose over Italy as we
+sat with our heads wrapped up and handkerchiefs in our mouths; but
+there was no view at all, the height is too stupendous.  The
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P37"></A>37}</SPAN>
+horror of the whole place cannot be depicted.  We were delighted to get
+back to the Casa Inglese, where we remounted our mules and crept away.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1866, Impressions of Eastern travel
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+From Sicily the travellers visited Smyrna and Chios on their way to
+Constantinople.  Pages of the diary are taken up with descriptions of
+churches, and functions attended in them, and it is of interest to note
+that, profoundly interested as Bute was in the Greek churches and the
+Greek liturgy, his religious sympathies were entirely with the Latin
+communion.  The "spiritual deadness," as he calls it, of the schismatic
+churches of the East, repelled and dismayed him.  "It strikes me as
+essentially dreadful," he writes of a visit to the Church of the
+Transfiguration at Syra, "that the Photian Tabernacle everywhere
+enshrines a deserted Saviour.  The daily sacrifice is not offered; the
+churches are closed and cold, save for a few hours on Sunday and
+festivals; visits to the B. Sacrament are unknown.  Pictures are
+exposed to receive an exaggerated homage, unknown and undreamt of in
+the West.  But it is absolutely true to say that the Perpetual Presence
+(to which no reverence at all is offered, by genuflection or otherwise)
+receives less respect than one ordinarily pays to any place of worship
+whatever, even a meeting-house or synagogue."  Later, recording a visit
+to the Greek cathedral at Pera, he describes the service there as "the
+most disagreeable function I ever attended: the church crammed with
+people in a state of restlessness and irreverence characteristic of
+Photian schismatics; and the whole service as much spoiled as slurring,
+drawling, utter irreverence, bad music, and bad taste could spoil it.
+After breakfast I
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P38"></A>38}</SPAN>
+attended the High Mass at the Church of the
+Franciscans&mdash;a different thing indeed from the Photian Cathedral; and I
+went back there in the afternoon for Vespers and Benediction."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It has been sometimes said that Bute, during the period immediately
+preceding his reception into the Catholic Church, was even more drawn
+towards the "Orthodox" form of belief than he was to the prevailing
+religion of Western Christendom.  The above extracts show that the very
+reverse was the case.  Genuine and earnest worship stirred and
+impressed him everywhere: thus he writes, after witnessing an elaborate
+ceremonial (including the dance of the dervishes) in a mosque at
+Constantinople: "I left the mosque very much wrought up and excited.
+There are those who are not impressed by this.  There are those also
+who laugh at a service in a language they do not know: there are those
+who see nothing august or awful even in the Holy Mass."  Slovenliness,
+irreverence, tepidity in religion were what pained and repelled him;
+and finding those characteristics everywhere in the liturgical services
+of those whom he called the Photians, he was so far from being
+attracted towards any idea of joining their communion, that he returned
+to England, and to Oxford, after this Eastern journey, with the whole
+bent of his religious aspirations set more and more in the direction of
+the Catholic and Roman Church.  His conversion was, in fact,
+accomplished before the end of this year, although circumstances, as
+will be seen, compelled the postponement for a considerable time of the
+public and formal profession of his faith.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap02fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap02fn1text">1</A>] The <I>Scottish Review</I>, which Lord Bute controlled at this time, and
+to which he contributed many articles.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap02fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap02fn2text">2</A>] This was the chapel on the edge of the sea, among the Mountstuart
+woods, which had been built for the convenience of the people living
+and working near the house.  Lord Bute used it as a domestic chapel
+until the new chapel at Mountstuart was opened.  He was buried there in
+1900.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap02fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap02fn3text">3</A>] Lord Bute's only daughter, Lady Margaret Crichton-Stuart, then in
+her twelfth year, and under the tutelage of a Greek governess.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap02fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap02fn4text">4</A>] Adam Hay Gordon married in 1873 the beautiful granddaughter of Sir
+Robert Dalrymple Horn Elphinstone, and died without issue, as above
+recorded, in July, 1894.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap02fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap02fn5text">5</A>] "'Tis said that when upon a rocky shore
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The salt sea billows break with muffled roar,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And, launched in mad career, the thundering wave<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Leaps booming through the weedy ocean cave;<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each tenth is grander than the nine before.<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And breaks with tenfold thunder on the shore.<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Alas! it is so on the sounding sea;<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But so, O England, it is not with thee!<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thy decuman is broken on the shore:<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A peer to him shall lave thee never more!"<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+The text of the whole poem is given in <A HREF="#chap13">Appendix I</A>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap02fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap02fn6text">6</A>] The particulars of this whimsical incident in Bute's university
+career have been kindly furnished by Mr. Algernon Turnor, C.B., who was
+his contemporary at Christ Church.  It was he who rode&mdash;though not to
+victory&mdash;the steeplechaser mentioned in the text.  Mr. Turner married
+in 1880 Lady Henrietta Stewart, one of Bute's early playmates and
+companions at Galloway House.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap02fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap02fn7text">7</A>] Eugene Vicomte de Vogüé, whom Bute wrongly styles "Comte" in his
+diary, was a few months his junior.  One of the most brilliant and
+charming men of his generation, he was in turn soldier, diplomatist,
+politician, and <I>littérateur</I>.  He became a member of the Academy in
+1888 and died in 1910.  He published books and articles on a great
+variety of subjects, all marked with the profoundly religious feeling
+which characterised him.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap03"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P39"></A>39}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER III
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+RELIGIOUS INQUIRIES&mdash;RECEPTION POSTPONED&mdash;COMING OF AGE
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1867, 1868
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+A well-meaning person thought well to compile and publish, some years
+ago, a volume in which a few distinguished Roman Catholics, and a great
+number of mediocrities, were invited to describe the process and
+motives which led them "to abandon" (as some cynic once expressed it)
+"the errors of the Church of England for those of the Church of Rome."
+Lord Bute, who was among the many more or less eminent people who
+received and declined invitations to contribute to this symposium, was
+certainly the last man likely to consent to recount his own religious
+experiences for the benefit of a curious public.  It is, therefore, all
+the more interesting that in a copy of the book above referred to,
+belonging to one of his most intimate friends,[<A NAME="chap03fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn1">1</A>] was preserved a
+memorandum in Bute's writing, which throws an interesting light on
+some, at least, of the causes which were contributory to his own
+submission to the Roman Church.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I came to see very clearly indeed that the Reformation was in England
+and Scotland&mdash;I had not studied it elsewhere&mdash;the work neither of God
+nor of the people, its real authors being, in the former country,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P40"></A>40}</SPAN>
+a lustful and tyrannical King, and in the latter a pack of greedy,
+time-serving and unpatriotic nobles.  (Almost the only real patriots in
+Scotland at that period were bishops like Elphinstone, Reid, and
+Dunbar.)
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I also convinced myself (1) that while the disorders rampant in the
+Church during the sixteenth century clamoured loudly for reform, they
+in no way justified apostacy and schism; and (2) that were I personally
+to continue, under that or any other pretext, to remain outside the
+Catholic and Roman Church, I should be making myself an accomplice
+after the fact in a great national crime and the most indefensible act
+in history.  And I refused to accept any such responsibility.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1860, Attraction to Roman Church
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The late Jesuit historian, Father Joseph Stevenson, who spent a great
+number of years in laborious study (for his work in the Record Office)
+of the original documents and papers of the Reformation period, frankly
+avowed that it was what he learned in these researches, and no other
+considerations whatever, which convinced him&mdash;an elderly Anglican
+clergyman of the old school&mdash;that the Catholic Church was the Church of
+God, and the so-called Reformation the work of His enemies.  It was one
+of his colleagues in the Society of Jesus[<A NAME="chap03fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn2">2</A>] who quoted this to Lord
+Bute, and his emphatic comment was, "That is a point of view which I
+thoroughly appreciate."  As to Bute himself, there were undoubtedly
+many sides of his character to which the appeal of the ancient Church
+would be strong and insistent.  Her august and venerable ritual, the
+ordered splendour of her ceremonial, the deep significance of her
+liturgy and worship,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P41"></A>41}</SPAN>
+could not fail to attract one who had learned
+to see in them far more than the mere outward pomp and beauty which are
+but symbols of their inward meaning.  The love and tenderness and
+compassion with which she is ever ready to minister to the least of her
+children would touch the heart of one who beneath a somewhat cold
+exterior had himself a very tender feeling for the stricken and the
+sorrowful.  The marvellous roll of her saints, the story of their
+lives, the record of their miracles, would stir the imagination and
+kindle the enthusiasm of one who loved to remember, as we have seen,
+that the blood of pilgrims flowed in his veins, and found one of his
+greatest joys in visiting the shrines, following in the footsteps,
+venerating the remains, and verifying the acts of the saints of God in
+many lands, even in the remotest corners of Christendom.  His mind and
+heart and soul found satisfaction in all these things; but most of all
+it was the historic sense which he possessed in so peculiar a degree,
+the craving for an exact and accurate presentment of the facts of
+history, which was one of his most marked characteristics&mdash;it was these
+which, during his many hours of painful and laborious searching into
+the records of the past, were the most direct and immediate factors in
+convincing his intellect, as his heart was already convinced, that the
+Catholic and Roman Church, and no other, was the Church founded by
+Christ on earth, and that to remain outside it was, for him, to incur
+the danger of spiritual shipwreck.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Dr. Liddon, who was at this time a Senior Student of Christ Church, and
+resident in the college (he became Ireland Professor of Exegesis four
+years later, and a Canon of St. Paul's in the same year),
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P42"></A>42}</SPAN>
+was wont
+to say that Bute was far too busy, during his undergraduate career, in
+"reconsidering and reconstructing his religious position," to give more
+than a secondary place to his regular academic studies.  His reading,
+which, undistracted by any of the ordinary dissipations of university
+life, he pursued with unflagging ardour, sitting at his books often far
+into the night, ranged over the whole field of comparative religion.
+Every form of ancient faith, Judaism, Buddhism, Islamism, the beliefs
+of old Egypt, Greece and Rome, as well as the creeds and worship of
+Eastern and Western Christendom, were the subject of his studies and
+his thoughts; and the more he read and pondered, the more clear became
+his conviction that in the Roman Church alone could his mind, his
+heart, and his imagination find rest and satisfaction.  No external
+influence of any kind helped to bring him to that conclusion.  In the
+conduct of his studies and the arrangement of his reading he freely
+sought and obtained the advice and assistance of tutors and professors,
+both belonging to the House and outside it.  But from no Roman Catholic
+source did he ask or receive counsel or direction at this time; and he
+once said that during the first year of his Oxford course he was not
+even aware of the existence of a Roman Catholic church in the
+university city.  Two or three Catholic undergraduates were in
+residence at Christ Church in his time, but he was not intimate with
+any of them.  He was fond of taking long walks, then, as always, almost
+the only form of bodily exercise he favoured, though he was a good
+swimmer and fencer; and it was in company with his most intimate
+friend, Adam Hay Gordon, that he once, after a visit to Wantage (the
+associations
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P43"></A>43}</SPAN>
+of which with King Alfred greatly interested him),
+penetrated to the ancient Catholic chapel of East Hendred, not far
+distant.  He was greatly moved at learning that this venerable
+sanctuary was one of the very few in England in which, it was said, the
+lamp before the tabernacle had never been extinguished, and Mass had
+been celebrated all through the darkest days of penal times; and he
+knelt so long in prayer before the altar that he had twice to be
+reminded by his companion of the long walk home they had in prospect.
+This pilgrimage&mdash;Bute always considered it as such, and spoke of it
+with emotion long years afterwards&mdash;took place in the autumn of 1866;
+and before he left Oxford for the Christmas vacation of that year he
+had made up his mind to seek admission without delay into the Catholic
+fold, and (as he hoped) to make his first communion as a Catholic
+before the Easter festival of the following year.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1866, Decision taken
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Absorbed in his studies, and cheered and encouraged by the dawn of
+religious certainty, and his growing confidence in the sureness of the
+ground on which his feet were placed, Bute had, it is probable,
+reckoned little, if at all, on the storm of opposition, protest, and
+resentment which was bound to break out the moment his proposed change
+of religion became known.  Lady Edith Fergusson, his guardian's wife,
+for whom he had a sincere affection, first learned his intention from
+himself during his Christmas sojourn at Dumfries House.  The news came
+as a great blow to Sir James, who, with all his good qualities, had no
+intellectual equipment adequate to meeting the reasoned arguments of
+his young ward; and he fled up to London to take counsel with Bute's
+English guardians.  The tidings caused consternation in the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P44"></A>44}</SPAN>
+Lord
+Chancellor's Court, and (it was said) in a Court even more august; and
+the cry was for a scapegoat to bear the brunt of the general wrath.
+Who and where was the subtle Jesuit, the secret emissary of Rome, who
+had hatched the dark plot, had "got hold of" the guileless youth, and
+inveigled him away from the simple faith of his childhood?  Public
+indignation was heightened rather than allayed by the impossibility of
+identifying this sinister conspirator.  <I>Non est inventus</I>.  He had, in
+fact, no more existence than Mrs. Harris.  The circumstances of the
+case were patent and simple.  A young man of strong religious
+instincts, good parts, and studious habits, had, after much reading,
+grave consideration (and, it might be added, earnest prayer, but that
+was outside the public ken), come to the conclusion that the religion
+of the greater part of Christendom was right and that of the British
+minority wrong.  And what made matters worse was that he had in his
+constitution so large a share of native Scottish tenacity, that there
+seemed no possibility of inducing him to change his mind.  The obvious,
+and only alternative, policy was delay.  Get him to put off the evil
+day, and all might yet be well.  The <I>mot d'ordre</I> was accordingly
+given; and a united crusade was entered on by kinsfolk and
+acquaintance, guardians, curators, and tutors-at-law, the Chancellor
+and his myrmidons, the family solicitors, and finally the dons and
+tutors at Oxford, to extract from the prospective convert, at whatever
+cost, a promise not to act on his convictions at least until after
+attaining his majority.  After that&mdash;well, anything might happen; and
+if during the interval of nearly two years he were to take to drink or
+gambling, to waste his substance on riotous living (like his
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P45"></A>45}</SPAN>
+unfortunate cousin), or generally to go to the devil&mdash;it would be of
+course very regrettable, but anyhow he would be rescued from Popery,
+and that was the only thing that really mattered.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1867, Oxford alarmed
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the midst of these alarums and excursions the young peer returned to
+Christ Church for the Lent term of 1867, and found himself the object
+of much more public attention and solicitude than he at all
+appreciated.  "Life is odious here at present," he wrote to the always
+faithful friend of whose sympathy he was sure, "and I am having a worse
+time even than I had during all the rows about my guardianship.
+Luckily I am better able to bear it, and nothing will ever change my
+resolution."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Dr. Liddon concerned himself very actively with the project of getting
+Bute to agree to delay in carrying out his purpose; and with him was
+associated Dr. Mansel, at that time a Fellow of St. John's and
+Professor of Church History (he became Dean of St. Paul's in 1868).
+There were some advanced churchmen among the Senior Students[<A NAME="chap03fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn3">3</A>] of that
+day, including the Rev. R. Benson, first superior of the Cowley
+brotherhood, and the Rev. T. Chamberlain of St. Thomas's, who claimed
+to be the first clergyman to have worn a chasuble in his parish church
+since the Reformation.[<A NAME="chap03fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn4">4</A>]  Such men as these would naturally
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P46"></A>46}</SPAN>
+point
+out that Bute could get all that he wanted in their section of the
+Anglican Church; but by another of the Students, Mr. Septimus Andrews,
+who afterwards followed Bute into the Catholic Church and became an
+Oblate of St. Charles, he was encouraged to remain faithful to his
+convictions, in spite of the strong pressure brought to bear on him
+from all quarters.  It was even said that Dr. Pusey (who seems to have
+taken no part in the agitation of the time) was to be asked to approach
+Dr. Newman in his retirement at Edgbaston, and beg him to use his
+influence to secure the delay which was all that was now hoped for.
+There is no evidence that this step was actually taken; but the
+success, such as it was, of these reiterated appeals for postponement
+of the final and definitive step is attested by the following deeply
+interesting letter, written by Bute to his friend at Oxford at the
+beginning of the Easter vacation of 1867.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1867, A sad letter
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+122, George St.,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Edinburgh,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Maundy Thursday</I>, 1867.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On this day, which was to have seen my First Communion, I do not
+believe I should have the heart to write and tell you that it has all
+failed, if it were not for a sort of hard, cold, listless feeling of
+utter apathy to everything Divine which is new to me, but which has, as
+it were, petrified me since my fall.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The long and short is that the Protestants&mdash;<I>i.e.</I> the Lord Chancellor
+and his Court; my Guardians; my friends and relations; and Mansel,
+Liddon, and Co. have extorted from me a promise not to become a
+Catholic till I am of age.  They are
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P47"></A>47}</SPAN>
+jubilant with the jubilation
+of devils over a lost soul; but I am hopeless and weary to a degree.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There remains nothing to say now, except that I am utterly wrecked.  I
+have not dared to pray since.  I have heard Mass twice, but I looked on
+with an indifference greater than if I had been at a play.  I feel no
+moral principle either.  It is simply all up.  Instead of feeling these
+holy days, the thought of the suffering of Christ simply haunts me like
+a nightmare.  I try to drown it and drive it away.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is no use in going on this way.  It is a triumph for which
+Mansel, etc., are <I>thanking God</I> (<I>!</I>).  I know what my own position
+is.  It is hopeless, and graceless, and godless.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Most sincerely yours,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE AND DUMFRIES.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+If the well-meaning divines and others who had wrung from Bute, under
+the severest moral pressure, the much-desired promise, had had an
+opportunity of perusing the above letter, the "jubilation" of which he
+speaks would surely have been considerably modified.  It is a sad
+enough document to have been written by a youth in his twentieth year,
+to whom his opening manhood seemed to offer, from a worldly point of
+view, everything that was most brilliant and most desirable.  The day
+on which it was dated, and the thought of all that day was to have been
+to him, and yet was not, naturally deepened the depression under which
+it was penned, and led him perhaps to exaggerate the condition of
+spiritual dereliction which he so pathetically described.  But if his
+life was not in reality wrecked, if he had not in truth (and we know
+that he had not) lost all sense of moral principles, it is impossible
+to avoid the reflection that no thanks for this are due
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P48"></A>48}</SPAN>
+to those
+who seem utterly to have misapprehended the strength and sincerity of
+his religious convictions, and the very grave responsibility they
+incurred (to say nothing of the risk to himself) in persuading him to
+stifle them, even for a time.  It was their hope, doubtless, that the
+delay they had secured would ultimately lead to the abandonment of his
+purpose; but nothing is more certain that while resolved to abide
+faithfully by his promise, he was inflexibly determined to follow his
+conscience and carry out his declared intention at the very moment that
+he was free to do so.  This resolution taken, his wonted tranquillity
+returned, and he went back to Christ Church for the summer term to
+resume undisturbed, and with a mind at rest, his quiet life of study
+and other congenial occupations.  Reproduced here is a rough sketch
+from his pen, dated at this time (May 13, 1867), but not otherwise
+described.  The drawing, which is not devoid of charm and power,
+depicts apparently the Communion of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland.
+On the same sheet is another sketch which seems to be a design for a
+stained glass window representing Scottish Saints.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-049"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-049.jpg" ALT="THE COMMUNION OF ST. MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+THE COMMUNION OF ST. MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1867, A long vacation cruise
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A great part of the Long Vacation of 1867 was spent by Bute in a cruise
+to the north of Scotland and to Iceland, in the yacht <I>Ladybird</I>, which
+he had recently purchased.  "On Sundays in my yacht," he writes to a
+friend from Edinburgh on July 13, 1867, "I am to conduct Presbyterian
+services.  There is a book of prayers approved by the Church of
+Scotland for the purpose: instead of sermon, some immense bit of
+Scripture, <I>e.g.</I> the whole Epistle to the Romans."  This letter, by
+the way, is dated "Feast of S. Anicete"&mdash;a rare instance of
+hagiographical inaccuracy on the writer's part.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P49"></A>49}</SPAN>
+July 13 is not
+the festival of St. Anicetus, P.M. (who is commemorated on April 17),
+but of an earlier Pope and Martyr, St. Anacletus.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute visited St. Andrews during this cruise&mdash;a fact to which he made
+interesting reference on a memorable occasion many years
+subsequently.[<A NAME="chap03fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn5">5</A>] It
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P50"></A>50}</SPAN>
+was, however, in quest of the relics of
+another ancient saint and martyr, dear for centuries to Scottish
+Christians under the title of St. Magnus of Orkney, that Bute spent
+much time in far northern waters during the summer of 1867.  Magnus
+Earl of Orkney, if not a martyr in the technical sense any more than
+St. Oswald (called King and Martyr) and some others of the early
+English Saints, was yet a Christian hero who died a violent death at
+the hands of his enemies.  It was in the little island of Egilshay that
+he was slain in A.D. 1116 by his treacherous cousin Haco; and there
+Bute landed from his yacht, kissing (as he records) the sacred ground
+as he touched the land, and recommending&mdash;he does not say with what
+result&mdash;his companion, Mr. George Petrie, F.S.A., to do the same.
+After visiting the ancient church, dedicated to the saint, though its
+round tower is probably far older than the time of St. Magnus, Bute
+spent a long time at Kirkwall in the study of its noble cathedral,
+where he obtained leave to take the reputed bones of the saint from
+their resting-place in the great pier on the north side of the choir.
+A minute inspection of these bones, conducted by himself, Mr. Petrie,
+two local doctors, and an apothecary, convinced him that the skull (an
+unusually large one, of a very degenerate type, with an old sword-cut
+in it over which there was a new growth of bone) was not in the least
+likely to be that of St. Magnus; and there were other remains in the
+cavity, clearly those of a different person.  This conclusion was
+confirmed by subsequent investigations (nineteen
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P51"></A>51}</SPAN>
+years later)
+which Bute made in Orkney, and to which reference is made on a later
+page.[<A NAME="chap03fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn6">6</A>]  These details are worth mention, as testifying to the
+scrupulous care with which he was always anxious to examine any
+supposed relic of antiquity (whether the remains of a saint or anything
+else) before giving credence to its authenticity.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1867, St. Magnus of Orkney
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+To the memory, and for the personality, of St. Magnus himself, Bute
+always cherished a lively devotion and veneration,[<A NAME="chap03fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn7">7</A>] which was shown
+not only in some of his later writings, but in a hymn of seven stanzas
+which he composed at this time in honour of the saint, and which was
+printed in the <I>Orcadian</I> over the signature "Oxonian."  It is a free
+paraphrase of the Latin vesper hymn assigned to St. Magnus in the
+Aberdeen Breviary on his feast day (April 16), and has more merit than
+was claimed for it by its author, who described it in a letter to Mr.
+Petrie as "a very indifferent attempt."  Another poetical composition
+of his dating from this period was a pretty set of verses entitled "Our
+Lady of the Snows," which was published anonymously this year in the
+<I>Union Review</I> (then edited by Dr. F. J. Lee) after being declined by
+the editor of the <I>Month</I>.[<A NAME="chap03fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn8">8</A>]  He wrote to Miss Skene from Thurso on
+July 16, 1867:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P52"></A>52}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+I am tickled pleasurably by the opinion of the editor of the <I>Union</I>
+about my little poem.  Are we to conclude that the standard of the
+<I>Month</I> is the higher of the two, as it rejects what the Union admits,
+and even describes as "feeling and beautiful"?  I confess that till now
+that had not been the result produced on my mind by a comparison of
+their respective "Poet's Corners."
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1867, Lady Elizabeth Moore
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute continued his yachting cruise from Orkney to Iceland, and spent
+there his twentieth birthday, viewing the volcano of Hecla in full
+eruption, as he had seen Etna a year previously.  One of his birthday
+letters was from Lady Elizabeth Moore, with whom he had renewed a
+regular correspondence, and who was now happy in the belief that her
+former ward's secession from Protestantism was postponed <I>sine die</I>.
+Her letters are always characteristically kind and affectionate, if
+every phrase is not altogether judicious.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY VERY DEAR COUSIN,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+You are much in my thoughts this day....  My most affectionate good
+wishes on your entering your twenty-first year.  May the Almighty bless
+and protect you.  May you be preserved from evil doings and <I>erroneous
+opinions</I>, and prove a bright example of good to others in the elevated
+position of life in which God has placed you.  Ten years ago I spent
+September 12 at St. Andrews with a little boy, the cherished object of
+his mother's deepest affection.  We little thought how soon he would be
+deprived of that excellent parent, and how cruel would be the
+consequences that followed her sad loss.  You have wonderfully escaped
+the dangers and survived the difficulties of your too eventful life in
+early youth.  May the future be more calm, more happy! ... Your
+mother's <I>bequest</I> to me has
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P53"></A>53}</SPAN>
+been a source of more anxiety than
+you can ever know.  My consolation is that I firmly did my duty towards
+my cousin who trusted me, and towards her orphan child.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Lady Elizabeth wrote a week later:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY DEAREST BUTE,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I was charmed to receive your letter of the 16th, <I>with most
+interesting details</I>.  I pass it on to-day to Sir James Fergusson, who
+merits that attention.  I am thankful you are safe out of cold, dreary,
+<I>dangerous</I> Iceland, though in after times it will be amusing to talk
+of your travels in such a curious unvisited country.  You are a dear
+good Boy for writing so often, and I thank you <I>very very</I> much; only
+it vexed me to be forced to remain so long silent.  On your birthday we
+drank your health "with a sentiment," and the servants had a bottle of
+wine for the festive occasion, and Mungo [Bute's dog] was decorated
+with a new ribbon....  Mr. Henry Stuart has been extremely civil in
+sending me boxes of game and fruit from Mountstuart.  There were great
+doings on the 12th at Rothesay, from which I gather <I>you</I> are now
+considered Somebody, instead of being Nobody (which I always felt you
+were wrong in ever permitting).  If Sir J. F. had been Guardian long
+ago, such a state of things would not have existed.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute was called away from Oxford, soon after his return for the October
+term, to attend the funeral at Cheltenham of his last surviving aunt,
+Lady Selina Henry.  His mother had had three sisters, but he had never
+been intimate with any of them, although he appreciated their personal
+piety more, perhaps, than they did his.  "When I return," he wrote from
+Cheltenham to his Oxford
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P54"></A>54}</SPAN>
+friend, "I shall be able, perhaps, to add
+to your knowledge of the ultra-Protestant school, as I have already
+added to my own.  It is wonderful how holy some people are in spite of
+everything."  Bute always recalled with pleasure the extreme piety of
+some of his Protestant forbears, notably that of his
+great-great-grandmother, Selina ninth Countess of Huntingdon,[<A NAME="chap03fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn9">9</A>] after
+whom Lady Selina Henry was named.  He gave an old engraved portrait of
+this esteemed ancestress, who was as homely-looking as she was pious,
+to an intimate friend, with these words written under it by himself:
+"Fallax est gratia et vana pulchritudo: mulier timens Dominum ipsa
+laudabitur."[<A NAME="chap03fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn10">10</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Not only tolerant of, but conspicuously fair-minded towards, the
+religious views of others, Bute gave evidence of this, as well as of
+his deep interest in theological questions, in a letter written early
+in 1868 on the subject of the <I>Filioque</I> clause in the Creed, which
+divides East from West.  Himself persuaded of the truth of the doctrine
+on this, as on all other points, held in the Latin Church, he could not
+pass unchallenged defective or disingenuous arguments even on the right
+side.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+It is really breaking a fly on the wheel to attack the argument of the
+writer in the <I>Rock</I>.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+What he says is this: If the Spirit proceeds from the Father only, and
+not from the Father and the Son, then the Father, by this attribute of
+emitting
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P55"></A>55}</SPAN>
+the Spirit, which the Son has not, is of a nature so
+different from that of the Son that they cannot be of one substance.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This visibly ludicrous position can be shown to be an absurdity thus:
+The Son is by generation, the Spirit by procession, which is a much
+greater difference between them than there is between the Father and
+the Son by the Father's being Spirit-emitting and the Son not.
+Therefore, if this difference between the Father and the Son be
+sufficient to make them of different substances, how much more shall
+the Son and the Spirit be of different substances!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Which is absurd.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+His characteristic reverence in approaching such subjects is shown in
+the postscript of this letter, dated from Christ Church, March 26, 1868:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I have a great shrinking from writing or speaking upon this awful
+matter.  But as you wanted it, here it is.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1868, To Russia with Lord Rosebery
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the Long Vacation of this year&mdash;his last as an Oxford
+undergraduate&mdash;Bute again spent some weeks in a yachting cruise, not
+this time in Eastern waters, but in the North Sea and the Baltic, his
+companion being Lord Rosebery, who was just his own age, and had
+matriculated at Christ Church in the same term as himself.  At the end
+of August he returned home in view of his impending majority, which was
+celebrated in September all over his extensive estates with much
+rejoicing, the principal festivities being held at Cardiff.  "It will
+be a great ordeal," he wrote a few days previously, "and one which I
+wish it were possible to avoid."  It was in truth only the strong sense
+of duty by which he was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P56"></A>56}</SPAN>
+ever actuated that enabled him to overcome
+his natural repugnance to appearing as the principal figure in such
+demonstrations; but when the time came he enacted his part with dignity
+and success, and won golden opinions everywhere.  His personal
+appearance, hitherto unknown to thousands of those who acclaimed him in
+the streets, prepossessed them in his favour.  "His well-knit and
+stalwart form," writes one of those present, "and the combined
+expression of amiability and decision of character stamped upon his
+countenance, struck all present."  And the same observer commends in
+the young peer's speeches on this occasion, the "simplicity of style,
+conciseness of expression and depth of sentiment which showed him to be
+a man of thought and reflection, and one thoroughly alive to the great
+responsibility entailed on him by the heritage of wealth."  His
+principal speech was delivered at a great dinner given him by more than
+three thousand of the tradesmen and workers of Cardiff, and it very
+favourably impressed all who heard it.  In reply to the toast of his
+health, he said:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I tell you that when I come into this great and growing town, and see
+the vast number of men who are nourished by its growing prosperity, and
+when I feel the ties of duty which bind me to them; when I consider the
+hopes which they fix on me and the affectionate and precious regard
+with which for my father's sake they look on me; when it comes home to
+me that I must perforce do great good or great evil to them; and when,
+on the other hand, my self-knowledge sets before me my own few years,
+my inexperience, my weakness, my many faults, my limited ability, my
+loneliness, the weight of responsibility which lies on me seems
+sometimes absolutely crushing.  But it will not do to be
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P57"></A>57}</SPAN>
+crushed
+by it, and I do not mean to be.  I mean to try to do my best for this
+place to the end of my life, and to do this I would ask you to help me.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<A NAME="img-056"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-056.jpg" ALT="CARDIFF CASTLE." BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+CARDIFF CASTLE.
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1868, Rejoicings at Cardiff
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The rejoicings at Cardiff, which lasted a full week, included the
+public roasting of two oxen, one in the old river-bed, the other at the
+head of the west dock.  The Corporation also entertained Bute to a
+banquet, of which the bill of fare is worth reproducing, as a specimen
+of the Gargantuan scale on which such things were done in mid-Victorian
+days:
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>Soups</I>.&mdash;Mock turtle, ox-tail, Julienne, vermicelli.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>Fish</I>.&mdash;Turbot and lobster sauce, mullet <I>ą la cardinal</I>, crimped cod
+and oyster sauce, filets de sole.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>Removes</I>.&mdash;Haunch venison, boiled leg of lamb, roast beef, green
+goose, rouleau of veal, ragout sausages, roast chicken, boiled turkey
+(Bechamel), braised rump beef, saddle mutton, turkey <I>ą la royale</I>,
+forced calves' head, ducks, rouleau of venison, boiled chicken,
+tongues, hams.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>Entrées</I>.&mdash;Sweetbreads <I>ą la Princesse</I>, lamb-cutlets au Jersey,
+compōt of pigeons, fillet of chicken <I>ą la royale</I>, filet de boeuf,
+kidneys au champagne, pork cutlets and tomato sauce, vol-au-vent.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>Game</I>.&mdash;Partridges, hares, grouse.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>Sweets</I>.&mdash;Ice pudding, Snowdon pudding, plum pie and cream, macaroni
+au gratin, Charlotte Russe, cabinet pudding, Italian cream, pastries
+(various), jellies (various).
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+The dinner, it was reported, "gave great satisfaction"; and it is only
+to be hoped that those of the guests who worked conscientiously through
+the <I>menu</I> did not live to repent it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute spent the rest of the autumn, after coming of age, quietly at
+Cardiff, reading much, and preparing
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P58"></A>58}</SPAN>
+himself for the important
+step&mdash;his reception into the Catholic Church&mdash;which he now felt himself
+free to take.  He had already begun to obey the dietary rules
+prescribed to the faithful (he found them always extremely trying,
+though he observed them strictly all his life).
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+My chief news [he wrote on October 24, 1868] is that I have begun to
+keep the laws of the Church about fasting and abstinence, and had my
+first fish dinner yesterday.  The series of messes, fish and eggs and
+puddings, nearly made me sick.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+In the same letter he refers to a more important matter, the breaking
+off of his projected marriage.  He had formed an attachment to the
+sixth of the seven beautiful daughters of a well-known peer; but the
+rumours of his conversion, which was now known to be certainly
+impending, had caused the lady's parents to withdraw their sanction to
+the proposed engagement.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+To-day's post [he writes] brings me a long letter from the Duchess of
+&mdash;&mdash;.  It is very disheartening.  Unless the woman <I>lies</I>, she will do
+everything in her power to prevent the marriage.  She is, I think, too
+upright a woman to deceive.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1868, A ghostly warning
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This autumn was overshadowed for Bute by an event which he felt much
+for several reasons, the death (on November 10), when only in his
+twenty-seventh year, of his cousin the fourth and last Marquess of
+Hastings, to whose unfortunate career reference has already been made.
+Bute had gone up to Scotland a few days previously, leaving at Cardiff
+Castle Mr. John Boyle (the brother of one of his former curators and a
+trustee of his father's
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P59"></A>59}</SPAN>
+will), who on November 10 was expecting a
+friend to dinner.  Seated in the library, he heard a carriage roll
+through the great courtyard and stop at the door.  After an interval,
+thinking the bell must be broken, he came into the hall, but the
+butler, who was waiting there, assured him that no carriage had come.
+Next morning he received a telegram announcing that Lord Hastings had
+died suddenly the night before.  He only heard later, for the first
+time, that the arrival of a spectral carriage was said always to
+foretell the death of some member of the Hastings family.[<A NAME="chap03fn11text"></A><A HREF="#chap03fn11">11</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn1text">1</A>] Hartwell Grissell, M.A., of Brasenose, and for many years attached
+to the Papal Court.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn2text">2</A>] The late Father James MacSweeney, Bute's principal collaborator in
+his opus magnum, the translation of the Roman Breviary.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn3text">3</A>] The Senior Students (now called "Students") of Christ Church
+correspond to the Fellows of other colleges.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn4text">4</A>] The writer was told by Mr. Chamberlain himself, in his old age,
+that he had first worn a red chasuble at St. Thomas's Church on Whit
+Sunday, 1854.  Dr. Neale, however, had certainly worn the Eucharistic
+vestments before that in his chapel at East Grinstead; and they were
+introduced at Wilmscote (Warwickshire) as early as 1849.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn5text">5</A>] "I remember when I was at Oxford," he said in his Rectorial address
+at St. Andrews a quarter of a century later (<I>post</I>, p. <A HREF="#P187">187</A>), "and was
+going one Long Vacation to Iceland in company with an English friend
+(now the secretary of one of Her Majesty's ministers), I stopped the
+yacht here [at St. Andrews] in order to show him with pride the only
+place in Scotland, as far as I know, whose appearance can boast any
+kinship with that of Oxford."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn6text">6</A>] See <I>post</I>, pp. <A HREF="#P150">150</A>, <A HREF="#P151">151</A>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn7text">7</A>] "Isn't it perfectly monstrous," Bute is recorded to have once asked
+a lady in a London drawing-room, <I>ą propos</I> of nothing in particular,
+"that St. Magnus hasn't got an octave?"  What the lady said or thought
+is not recorded, but Bute had the satisfaction of knowing, before his
+death, that Pope Leo XIII. had at least authorised the keeping of St.
+Magnus's festival throughout Scotland; The Scots Benedictine Abbey of
+Fort Augustus is probably the only place in Christendom where the
+feast-day of the holy Earl (April 16) is annually celebrated by a
+solemn high Mass.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn8text">8</A>] The text of these two poems is given in <A HREF="#chap14">Appendices II</A>. and <A HREF="#chap15">III</A>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn9text">9</A>] Patroness of George Whitefield (the inventor of Calvinistic
+Methodism), and founder of numerous chapels up and down England, which
+were under her absolute control.  The adherents of this sect (known as
+the "Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion") for the most part joined the
+Congregationalist body later.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn10text">10</A>] "Favour is deceitful and beauty is vain: the woman that feareth
+the Lord, she shall be praised" (Prov. xxxi. 30).
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap03fn11"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap03fn11text">11</A>] Mr. Boyle's grandson, who communicates this incident, adds: "My
+grandfather always told this story very solemnly, and with the fullest
+conviction of its truth, although he was not at all apt to believe in
+anything except the most positive and material facts."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+Lady Margaret MacRae (Bute's only daughter) has assured the writer that
+on the eve of her father's death at Dumfries House (October 8, 1900),
+she was an ear-witness of a phenomenon precisely similar to that
+described in the text.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap04"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P60"></A>60}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER IV
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+DANESFIELD&mdash;RECEPTION INTO CATHOLIC CHURCH
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1867-1869
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+The conversion of Bute to the Roman Church, as to which his mind was
+practically made up before the end of 1866, though the actual step was
+delayed until nearly two years later, was brought about, as we have
+seen, chiefly by his own reading and reflection, combined with the
+impression wrought on his mind by foreign travel&mdash;not, it is to be
+noted, mainly in Catholic countries, but in those Eastern lands where
+he had every opportunity of studying at first hand the various forms of
+worship and belief in which he was so deeply interested.  None of his
+companions on these extended journeys were Roman Catholics, nor
+apparently in any degree sympathetic with the spirit in which the young
+Scottish pilgrim visited those historic spots.  A casual note in one of
+his journals reveals the fact that he defrayed in most cases the entire
+expenses of his fellow-travellers on these trips; but though he thus
+secured companionship, there is no evidence that his varied journeyings
+were carried out in society particularly congenial to him.  At Oxford,
+as has been already said, his only really intimate friends (in a host
+of acquaintances) were a lady already middle-aged, and two
+undergraduates, whose loyal affection for him certainly
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P61"></A>61}</SPAN>
+did not
+include any intelligent sympathy with his religious aspirations.  It
+was not until the Christmas vacation of 1866, when his conversion was
+to all intents and purposes an accomplished fact, that he became for
+the first time intimate with a Catholic family, and through them with
+one who was destined to be the actual instrument of his reception into
+the Latin Communion.  Let us pause for a moment at the turning-point in
+his life which we have now reached, and look back some eighteen months
+to the beginning and the development of this new friendship.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1867, Danesfield
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Not far from the old town of Marlow, among chalky downs starred in
+early summer with masses of golden St. John's wort, stood in those days
+the pretty country seat of Danesfield, the home of Mr. Charles Scott
+Murray, a Catholic gentleman of Scottish descent and good estate.  He
+had married a daughter of the twelfth Lord Lovat, and had a large
+family; and both his country home and his house in Cavendish Square
+were centres of much pleasant hospitality.  Lord Bute stayed with him
+several times at Danesfield, and made there, early in 1867, the
+acquaintance of the Rev. T. W. (afterwards Monsignor) Capel, who acted
+as chaplain in the beautiful private chapel (one of Pugin's finest
+works) attached to the house.  "Lord Bute was often at Danesfield in
+those days," writes a daughter of the house, "and I remember him
+sitting for hours talking to my mother&mdash;almost always on religious
+subjects&mdash;and watching her embroidering vestments for the chapel."
+With the chaplain also he held many conversations, and informed himself
+through him about many points in Catholic practice and observance.  But
+he was already, as has been
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P62"></A>62}</SPAN>
+seen, practically convinced of the
+truth of the Roman claims; and he subsequently took occasion more than
+once emphatically to deny that there was any truth whatever in the
+popular idea that he had been "converted" by Mgr. Capel.  Writing to an
+intimate friend,[<A NAME="chap04fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn1">1</A>] four or five years later, on the subject of a
+biography of that prelate which it was proposed to publish, he says:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+If it does come out, the only thing I hope they won't put in is that he
+"converted" me, which would be, to put it plainly, a mere lie.  Mgr. C.
+performed the ceremony of reception in December, 1868.  I chose him for
+the purpose because, having several times met him at the Scott Murrays'
+the year before, I knew him fairly well, and was pleased with his clear
+and simple way of explaining certain things I wished to know.  I
+received much spiritual help from him at a time when I was greatly in
+need of such help, and yet was unable, for certain reasons, to take the
+final step; and I was, and am, grateful to him for this and for much
+else.  But that I was in any sense "converted" by him is simply
+untrue.[<A NAME="chap04fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn2">2</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1867, Converts to Roman Church
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute was greatly attracted by the kindness, good sense, and sterling
+Catholic piety of his host
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P63"></A>63}</SPAN>
+at Danesfield, and had a sincere regard
+and affection for both him and his wife, and indeed for the whole
+family.  "His initial shyness once overcome," one of them writes, "he
+became like one of ourselves.  He shared all our home life, came to
+Mass and Benediction with us as a matter of course, and talked quite
+simply of how he longed to be a 'real' Catholic."  Of his postponed
+reception he wrote to Mr. Scott Murray in much the same terms (though
+more briefly) as he had written to his friend at Oxford.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+April 16, 1867.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY DEAR MR. SCOTT MURRAY,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is all over for the present.  I have yielded to the pressure of the
+Court of Chancery, my guardians, and the Oxford people, and given them
+a promise not to be received until I am of age.  I do assure you that
+the state of hopelessness in which I am is sad to a degree.  When I see
+you next I can tell you, if you like, the details of a very wretched
+business.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I have a favour to ask, which is that you will get for me one of those
+crosses such as you have hanging on your beads.  I hope you will not
+refuse me this kindness, although I remain external to the Faith.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Believe me always, with many thanks for all your kindness, most
+sincerely yours,
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+BUTE.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A letter to the same correspondent, towards the close of the year,
+mentions the names of some recent or prospective converts to the Roman
+Church, in whom Bute was naturally interested.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Dumfries House,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Christmas Eve</I>, 1867.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I was for two nights at Blenheim at the end of term; they were rather
+full of Lady Portarlington's[<A NAME="chap04fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn3">3</A>]
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P64"></A>64}</SPAN>
+conversion, and told me also that
+the young Norths had been received and their mother was about to be.
+We heard there also of the reception of Lord Granard and Lord Louth&mdash;an
+unusual event, I imagine, in Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I met at Blenheim an old Admiral, Sir Lucius Curtis[<A NAME="chap04fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn4">4</A>] (at least
+eighty), who became a Catholic, he told me, soon after Newman, more
+than twenty years ago.  Two men connected with Aberdeen, George Akers
+of Oriel[<A NAME="chap04fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn5">5</A>] and William Humphrey,[<A NAME="chap04fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn6">6</A>] the Bishop of Brechin's chaplain,
+are both going over, I hear, almost at once.  Akers is, I believe, an
+able man; but a more distinguished convert is Clarke, fellow of St.
+John's[<A NAME="chap04fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn7">7</A>] (and a famous rowing man).  George Lane Fox and Hartwell
+Grissell are both <I>certain</I>, I believe.  So you see Oxford is moving.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1868, Fatality at Christ Church
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The friendship between Bute and Capel, begun at Danesfield, was
+strengthened during the summer term of 1868, the latter part of which
+Mr. Capel spent at Oxford, in residence at the Catholic presbytery.  He
+arrived there a day or two after a sad fatality at Christ Church, the
+shock of which was deeply felt by all&mdash;even the most wild and
+thoughtless&mdash;of the members of the House.  A letter from Bute thus
+describes it:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P65"></A>65}</SPAN>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Ch. Ch., <I>May</I> 14, 1868.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One of the most frightful accidents I have ever known took place here
+last night.  A man called Marriott, whom I knew well, one of the
+sporting set (he rode my horse in a steeplechase only last term), fell
+out of the top windows of Peckwater, and died in about half an hour.
+You may conceive what a state Ch. Ch. is in....  Mr. Capel is coming
+next Wednesday, and I am sure his visit will do good.  Indeed I think
+this opportunity an admirable one, when the sight of death has awakened
+many from the dream of sensuality in which they habitually lie asleep.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A letter to the same correspondent next day gives a curious picture of
+the state of feeling at the House:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Ch. Ch., <I>May</I> 15, 1868.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>Another</I> fatal accident!  What days we are living in.  Yesterday
+afternoon some undergraduates were shooting crows with saloon pistols
+about Magdalen Walks, when one of them got shot through the stomach and
+died almost at once.  He was an Exeter man.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We are all in black and white at the House, and <I>very</I> sad and
+depressed.  Last night a number of us dined at the "Mitre," so as to
+keep away from the House.  It was a strange meal&mdash;much noisy talk and a
+good deal drunk, but every now and then came long miserable pauses, and
+talk about Marriott in low, frightened tones.  Afterwards they came
+down to my rooms for coffee, and as we sat here we could hear the
+passing bell tolling from St. Aldate's.  Some, almost in desperation,
+rushed off to the billiard-room and played pool in a gloomy sort of
+way.  It was anything to keep away out of the House.  I assure you the
+gloom and misery of it all are excessive.  I hear men saying that they
+simply <I>dare</I> not die.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P66"></A>66}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+I do feel that Mr. Capel will find men here not unprepared to listen to
+him.  <I>Left to themselves</I>, they are evidently making desperate efforts
+to forget it all....
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I had seen him lying in the ground-floor room where he died&mdash;totally
+unconscious, and breathing with great difficulty.  The Senior Censor
+came in when I was there, and read over him the prayers for the dying.
+This was the very clergyman who told me a few months ago that he did
+not believe in prayer....  I went into the room again after the men had
+gone to the billiard-room.  It was the room of a friend of his: the
+walls covered with pictures of horses and actresses, and whips and
+spurs and pipes.  The body lay on a mattress on the floor, covered with
+a sheet.  It was all dreadful, and I tried in vain in that room to say
+a <I>De Profundis</I> for him.  As I went out I met men coming in carrying
+the coffin.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A letter three days later gives an account of the funeral:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Oxford, <I>May</I> 18.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We all assembled in the cathedral, in mourning, at 2.30 p.m.  The Dean
+read the funeral service, making repeated and most painful slips of the
+tongue.  Then the choir sang a really lovely anthem, "In the sight of
+the unwise he seemed to die, but he is at peace."  All were much moved;
+and the man next me was, I think, crying, as indeed I was myself.  We
+walked in procession, two and two, to Peck., then formed a lane to
+Canterbury Gate, through which the hearse passed, his friends following
+it down to the station.  All in profound silence, broken only by the
+tramp of feet and the tolling of the bell.  Everything inky black,
+except as much of the Dean's surplice as a huge black scarf and stole
+let be seen.  The coffin was all black, with no cross
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P67"></A>67}</SPAN>
+or anything
+else to relieve it.  I heard great disgust expressed at the godless
+gloom of it all.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I have mentioned Mr. Capel's visit to several; and they have all hailed
+it, I may say, with pleasure.  What has happened here has made many
+think and say, "Now is the time to arise from sleep."  Only they are so
+chained by the habits of their lives and by the fear of what the
+worldly consequences may be if they follow their consciences.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1868, Capel at Oxford
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Mr. Capel, of whose visit to Oxford, and its possible results, his
+friend entertained such sanguine hopes, was at that time a man of very
+attractive personality, pleasing alike in appearance, manner, and
+address, and possessed of a singular gift of eloquence.  Bute's hope,
+no doubt, was that his earnestness, sympathy, and tact might have a
+soothing effect on the nerves of his friends, still quivering from the
+shock of the recent catastrophe; and to some extent his anticipations
+were justified.  Several of the undergraduates made Mr. Capel's
+acquaintance, and were pleased and touched by his unaffected kindness.
+One of them, he found, had been for some months resolved to make his
+submission to Rome; and by Mr. Capel's advice he asked for an interview
+with the Dean and frankly informed him of his intention, adding,
+apparently, that he thought it highly probable that his example would
+be followed by others.  Capel wrote on May 31 to Mrs. Scott Murray:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The Dean of Christ Church is in a great state of mind, having just
+heard from B&mdash;&mdash; not only of his own decision, but of the likelihood of
+others taking a like step.  Pusey, I hear, has written to the Dean to
+the effect that any secessions which might take place were to be
+attributed not to the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P68"></A>68}</SPAN>
+teaching of the High Church party, but to
+his (the Dean's) bad government of the college!  Meanwhile Liddon has
+issued a peremptory mandate prohibiting the undergraduates of the House
+from making my acquaintance.  As Bute puts it, this is a clear case of
+shutting the stable door after the horse had been stolen.  All those
+who want to know me, I think, already do.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Dr. Liddon expressed a desire, a little later, to meet Mr. Capel, who
+thus describes the interview:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I saw Liddon for an hour and a half on Saturday.  Our meeting was quite
+cordial: our conversation quite courteous, but quite unsatisfactory,
+for he kept shifting his ground, and slipped away like an eel from
+every point I raised.  To me his mind seems as confused as Pusey's,
+which is saying much.  Yet to a section of people here he is more than
+Pope, a little God, whose every word they accept as an oracle from
+heaven.  Poor good people!  It is hard to understand such idolatry: it
+is, I think, a peculiar product of Oxford, and of one school here.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute is in admirable dispositions, and during the month of May has been
+leading the life of a true Christian.  The long delay has tried him
+much: yet his spiritual progress since last summer has been
+extraordinary.  I am simply amazed at some of the things he has told
+me.  May our dear Lord be eternally blessed for all He has done, and is
+doing, for this soul so dear to Him.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1868, Religious studies
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The long vacation of 1868 was, as has been seen, chiefly devoted to a
+yachting tour in the North Sea, and a visit to Russia, undertaken by
+Bute in the companionship of Lord Rosebery.  The autumn months after
+the celebration of his majority were
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P69"></A>69}</SPAN>
+spent quietly at Cardiff and
+in Scotland, as much time as he could spare being given to a course of
+reading recommended to him by Mr. Capel, partly by way of preparation
+for his reception into the Church of his choice.  He refers to this in
+an interesting letter to his attached friend at Oxford, written soon
+after his coming of age.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>October</I> 5, 1868.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+You may imagine how busy I have been and am since my birthday.  Still I
+find time every day for some serious reading, as to which I have had
+competent advice.  I am going through some of the writings of S.
+Cyprian, S. Ambrose, and S. Gregory, and doing a little liturgical
+study.  Then there are the 12th cent. lives of Ninian and Kentigern,
+and Adamnan's Columba, all of great interest to me; and I have sent for
+Boethius's lives of the Bishops of Aberdeen.  Theiner's great work, not
+long ago published in Rome,[<A NAME="chap04fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn8">8</A>] I find most valuable, and throwing a
+flood of light on the medięval relations between Scotland and the Holy
+See.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+For devotion I have St. Bernard (his Letters): a very simple
+prayer-book, such as children use; and the Latin Psalter.  I wish you
+were able to use this;[<A NAME="chap04fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn9">9</A>] there is a beauty and fulness of meaning in
+the Latin version which I think no modern language can give&mdash;except,
+you will say (and as to that you have a right to speak)[<A NAME="chap04fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn10">10</A>] possibly
+Greek.  I sometimes dream of trying my hand at a new English version of
+the Psalms; but that is part of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P70"></A>70}</SPAN>
+a larger scheme which it is
+perhaps presumptuous of me even to think of.[<A NAME="chap04fn11text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn11">11</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+It was natural that when the long-anticipated time at length came for
+actually taking the step prepared for with such anxious deliberation,
+Bute should turn to the only Catholic priest with whom he was in any
+degree intimate.  More than thirty years later Monsignor Capel, who had
+then been for some time resident in California, wrote in a San
+Francisco newspaper a short account of Bute's conversion, the steps
+that led up to it, and his own part in receiving him into the Church.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A course of reading was suggested, I seeing him from time to time.
+Newman's pathetic hymn, "Lead, kindly Light, amid th' encircling
+gloom," was often on his lips.  In course of time he was fully
+convinced that the true Church is an organic body, a Divine
+institution, the source of all spiritual power and jurisdiction, and
+the channel of sacramental grace, under the Vicar of Christ, the Bishop
+of Rome.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Finally, after an hour of prayer before the Blessed Sacrament in the
+convent chapel at Harley House, London,[<A NAME="chap04fn12text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn12">12</A>] he determined to ask
+admission to the Church.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1868, Third visit to Holy Land
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute's conditional baptism, profession of faith, and first Communion
+took place quite privately on December 8, 1868 (the Feast of the
+Immaculate Conception), in the chapel of the Sisters of Notre
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P71"></A>71}</SPAN>
+Dame, Southwark.[<A NAME="chap04fn13text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn13">13</A>]  Mr. Capel officiated at all these acts, with the
+authorisation of the Bishop of Southwark (Dr. Grant), who himself
+assisted at them.  The event was not generally known until the New
+Year, and it was generally believed, and has indeed often been stated
+since, that the reception took place on Christmas Eve.  The young
+neophyte left England a few days after the event, and was well out of
+hearing by the time the excited comments of the public and the press on
+his action had begun to make themselves audible.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Cardiff Castle,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cardiff,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>December</I> 16, 1868.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY DEAR MRS. SCOTT MURRAY,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Circumstances have induced me to come to the resolution of making the
+pilgrimage to the Holy Land a <I>third</I> time.  Lady Loudoun and myself
+are going together in my yacht, which is coming round, with her in it,
+to Nice in January.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I am going abroad on Monday next, and expect to arrive at Nice on
+Wednesday, this day week.  I venture on your kindness to propose myself
+as your guest.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I will give no further information at present, but to say that thanks
+to the grace of God I am what I am.  You are so kind, I believe you
+will be glad to see me.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Mr. Capel has been having most extraordinary success at Oxford.  He
+leaves it to-day, as the colleges are going down, and will be at Nice
+some time soon.  His health is giving way from the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P72"></A>72}</SPAN>
+perpetual
+physical and mental toil.  He is not going to return till May, when he
+will recommence.  For the present he has received some converts, is
+preparing some more, has awakened a great many, and, partially at
+least, sanctified the congregation, and reclaimed the wandering.  The
+mission has received an infusion of life.  On Saturday night he heard
+confessions till 11.30, and again in the morning.  They had general
+Communion, and renewal of baptismal vows; at 10.30 High Mass and
+sermon.  During the afternoon he operated privately on some
+rationalists: in the evening they had a very long sermon, and
+Benediction, with an immense congregation, among whom were a vast
+number of Protestants, <I>several Dons</I>, and the <I>President of Trinity
+College</I>!
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Yours ever very sincerely,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1868, Christmas at Nice
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One of the Scott Murray family writes of Bute at this time:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Lord Bute was with us at Nice from December 24, 1868, until February 3,
+1869.  He was very shy, and refused all invitations to dances and
+picnics.  At one afternoon dance at our house we all insisted he should
+appear; and then he made himself charming, but he fled as soon as he
+possibly could.  He used to amuse us all at breakfast by reading out
+some of the wonderful begging-letters he received&mdash;from French girls
+asking him for a <I>dot</I> so as to enable them to marry, <I>curés</I> asking
+him to rebuild their churches, and many more wonderful requests.  I
+think most of the English begging-letters were seen to in England, and
+only a few of them sent on.  The numbers addressed to him every day,
+and by every post, were, I believe, quite incredible.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was during this visit to Nice that he told my father that he
+intended leaving directions in his will
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P73"></A>73}</SPAN>
+that his heart should be
+sent at his death to Jerusalem to be buried there.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+He was very kind-hearted.  When leaving Nice at the end of his visit,
+he had got into the carriage to drive with us to the yacht, when he
+remembered that he had not said good-bye to my sister's ugly governess.
+He insisted on jumping out of the carriage and rushing up to the
+schoolroom for this purpose.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+He was a regular boy, and enjoyed games with us all: one, I remember,
+was pelting one another with oranges, the little hard ones which had
+fallen from the trees, he leading one side, and Basil (my schoolboy
+brother) the other.  He was always ready to join in any fun, as long as
+he had not to meet strangers.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+These details, which are wonderfully reminiscent of the childish days
+at Galloway House eight years before,[<A NAME="chap04fn14text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn14">14</A>] and show how like the young
+man of twenty-one was to the boy of thirteen, may be supplemented by an
+extract or two from the diary of another member of the same family:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<I>Christmas Day</I>, 1868.&mdash;We had midnight Mass at St. Philip's, the
+little church in our garden.  Mgr. Capel said it, he, Lord Bute, and
+Basil having arrived from England the day before.  We all went to
+Communion together (Lord Bute had been received into the Church a short
+time previously).  Mgr. Capel said his two Christmas Masses, which we
+heard, early next morning; and then we went to the cathedral.  In the
+afternoon we went to Notre Dame, where Mgr. Capel preached.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>Tuesday, February</I> 2.&mdash;After Mass Lord Bute took us all over his
+yacht, the <I>Ladybird</I>, which had arrived on Saturday.  He gave us
+luncheon, and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P74"></A>74}</SPAN>
+we had to go a little before 2, as the Prince and
+Princess Charles of Prussia were going to see it.  The cabins are most
+comfortable, and the saloon beautifully decorated with the arms of the
+ports she has put in at.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>February</I> 3.&mdash;-We drove with Lord Bute down to the port, and the
+<I>Ladybird</I> left at 4 o'clock, with Lord Bute, Lady Loudoun, Mgr. Capel,
+Miss Eden, and Dr. Bell safely on board.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+From Nice Bute and his friends went straight to Rome&mdash;his first visit
+there&mdash;where he spent a week, including Ash Wednesday, on which day he
+received the blessed ashes from the hand of Pius IX. in the Sistine
+Chapel.  Next morning he communicated at the private Mass of the Holy
+Father, who afterwards administered to him the sacrament of
+confirmation.  Bute made a munificent offering of Peter's Pence to the
+Pope, who in turn presented him with a magnificent reliquary.  On
+February 23 he wrote to Mrs. Scott Murray from Sicily:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+R.Y.S. <I>Ladybird</I>,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Harbour of Messina.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We arrived here safely last night, and are to continue our voyage this
+afternoon.  As we have spent so much time already we are not going to
+stop at Patmos on the way, but make straight for Jaffa, going north of
+Crete.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+As Mr. Murray prophesied, I was very "agreeably disappointed" in Rome.
+I went to only a few of the most celebrated sanctuaries, but I liked
+them very much.  The sight of the Holy Father had a very great effect
+on me, and it is impossible for me to speak too warmly of his kindness.
+Every one was most civil, which is a rarity for me to meet with.  The
+Holy Father has given all the permissions which we wanted, and we have
+had Mass
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P75"></A>75}</SPAN>
+three times on board, making up a very nice altar in Mr.
+Capel's cabin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The odd thing is that we have not had a row yet, but are all quite on
+good terms, a state of things which I suppose one need not hope to
+continue.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Accept my best wishes and continued thanks for kindnesses received, and
+believe me,
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Sincerely and gratefully, yours ever,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1868, Letter from Jerusalem
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The journey to Palestine ("the continuation of my pilgrimage of
+thanksgiving," as Bute called it in a subsequent letter) was safely
+accomplished, and Mgr. Capel wrote to Mrs. Scott Murray on Palm Sunday
+from Jerusalem:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Thank God, all is going well.  We have had some physical discomforts,
+indisposition, etc., but our pilgrimage viewed spiritually is
+singularly blessed.  I hope to lay in a store of grace for my future
+work.  Certainly nothing could be more touching than our visits to the
+Holy Places.  Bute gives great edification.  He communicates very
+frequently, and is growing rapidly in Catholic devotion.  Now that I
+live with him I see, of course, some weaknesses&mdash;among others a
+tendency to idleness; but he has much charm of character and
+personality.  You will probably know through the papers that he has
+accepted the Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Our journey will be dreadfully prolonged.  I am afraid we shall not
+reach England until June: our plans change at every moment.  I send for
+you and Mr. Murray the enclosed pictures, which have touched the Holy
+Places.  My affectionate regards to you all, including <I>the</I>
+officer.[<A NAME="chap04fn15text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn15">15</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P76"></A>76}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+Another letter from Mgr. Capel to Danesfield is dated, "In the
+<I>Ladybird</I>, about the Mediterranean, May 14, 1869."  It indicates that
+Bute had been, as usual, not particularly fortunate in securing
+congenial companionship for his journey.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+When we are ever to reach home I cannot say.  We have already been
+fourteen days at sea and have not yet reached our port.  Sicily is in
+sight, and I trust we may very soon reach Messina.  If not we shall be
+starved!  The steward solemnly tells us we have bread for only three
+days longer, and that the stores are almost all consumed.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Of our party, I think I may say that Lady Loudoun, Miss Eden, and the
+doctor are the worse for their visit to Jerusalem.  They had the
+misfortune to make acquaintance with people, calling themselves
+religious, whose delight seems to be to deny the authenticity of every
+single sacred site.  The result has been, as might have been expected,
+a semi-disbelief in everything.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I think, on the other hand, the pilgrimage has been very advantageous
+to Bute.  It has helped him to gather up his thoughts and prepare for
+action and the work of his life.  He has kindly appointed me his
+chaplain.  I am not to live at either of his houses, but to be ready
+when needed to go to him and to travel with him.  I cannot but feel
+that this arrangement (which is entirely his own idea) will allow me to
+do much more good than if I were settled in any one spot.  I hope it
+may turn to the advantage of my soul and to God's glory.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1869, Early Catholic experiences
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute left his yacht at Marseilles (his companions continuing the voyage
+to England by Gibraltar and the Bay of Biscay), and repaired to Paris,
+to complete his pilgrimage by a visit of devotion and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P77"></A>77}</SPAN>
+thanksgiving
+to the famous shrine of Our Lady of Victories.  On returning home he
+went to Cardiff, and thence he wrote, later in the year, some account
+of himself and his doings in a long and interesting letter to his
+faithful friend at Oxford.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Cardiff Castle,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>November</I> 5, 1869.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+During the past year I have had several kind letters from you, which
+have gone unanswered.  Before me lie the three first pages of a letter
+to you dated October 1, but never finished.  I had at that time only
+just received your last, as I had been away from home for some months,
+and had skilfully concealed my addresses from every one, lest any
+letters (mine are almost invariably business or beggars) should follow
+and find me out.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The first thing you will want to know is how I am getting on in the
+Church.  I don't remember whether I ever wrote to you from Nice or not;
+but that, if I had, could only have been so soon after my reception as
+to make it almost valueless.  I have not been received a year, so I
+suppose what I say now is not worth very much.  I am, thank God, <I>very</I>
+comfortable.  I had, no doubt, a first flush of fervour and enthusiasm,
+but that soon passed away, and I became almost immediately quite a
+humdrum Catholic.  The practices, as you know, were already familiar to
+me; and I knew also a great many, if not all, of the practical
+drawbacks, of which florid figured music and appropriated and paid-for
+sittings in church are (to me) the most distasteful.  Florid forms of
+devotion and piety have never appealed to me any more than florid
+music; and in that respect I am (so I am told) considered like the
+slowest type of old English Catholicism.  The old-fashioned "Garden of
+the Soul" is my book, except when visiting some very holy shrine, when
+I find
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P78"></A>78}</SPAN>
+myself able to use occasionally the "Prayers of St.
+Gertrude," or at least some of them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I am perfectly at peace in the Church, and have been.  My taste for
+controversy has gone, and for theological inquiry also, to great
+extent.  I think that when one has once entered the Church&mdash;well, one
+has jumped over the cliff and reached the bottom, safe and sound it is
+true, but in a condition that renders restlessness impossible and
+controversy absolutely superfluous.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I left Nice, as you are aware, at the beginning of February, went to
+Rome for a week, to be confirmed by the Holy Father, and then continued
+the pilgrimage of thanksgiving to Jerusalem.  I performed the last
+ceremonies in the sanctuary of Our Lady of Victories in Paris about the
+beginning of June, and returned to England.  I had kept as much as
+possible out of the way of letters and newspapers, but had inevitably
+heard much that was very disagreeable&mdash;all sorts of lying stories, for
+instance, deliberately and maliciously circulated about me&mdash;and I
+arrived here in a state of very uncomfortable anticipation.  However, I
+found everything very much better than I anticipated.  Every one seemed
+glad to see me, and I received much kindness from all the people about.
+Religious matters were easily arranged; and though large mobs of people
+assembled to see me go to Mass, they were disappointed, as I had got a
+little oratory ready in the house, which is served every day by the
+Fathers of Charity.  And I have special permission from the Pope for
+myself, my "familiars" and guests to satisfy the obligation in it on
+every day in the year.  We have here between 9,000 and 10,000
+Catholics, who are of course delighted at what has happened.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I am going to Rome about the 23rd of this month, and shall, I think,
+certainly stay there till about Septuagesima; but if I am tempted I
+shall stop over Easter.  When I return I shall go to
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P79"></A>79}</SPAN>
+Bute.  Bute
+will be much stiffer than this: they got pictures of me and made them
+into cockshys; and I have had at least one threatening letter from
+there.  Besides that there are no Catholics that I know of,[<A NAME="chap04fn16text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn16">16</A>] and I
+cannot have a daily Mass.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+My old friends are all much the same, except Lady Elizabeth, who takes
+no more notice of me than if I were a dead dog.  I have written her
+letter after letter, without even acknowledgment.  The company of my
+dear friend, Sneyd, is a great pleasure to me.  He is my secretary.  He
+is, however, an awful liberal, and is even now reading Charles
+Kingsley's "Hypatia" with approval.  I consider it one of the most
+impure as well as heretical books I ever saw.  I have been reading
+lately, and with the greatest pleasure, Canon Jenkins's "Age of the
+Martyrs,"[<A NAME="chap04fn17text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn17">17</A>] which is really charming, and a worthy product of Oxford,
+where, however, I hear that the blighting disease of Liberalism has
+fairly set in.  You have, I hear, Mgr. Capel with you, lecturing on
+something or other; but I know not what success or effect he has had.
+Ever most sincerely yours,
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+BUTE.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1869, at Mountstuart
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There were reasons why the feeling in the island of Bute about the
+young peer's change of religion was, as he expressed it, "much stiffer"
+than it was in Cardiff.  The sentiments of resentful surprise which the
+Presbyterians felt at the lord of the island embracing a faith so alien
+from their own was fostered and aggravated by the disappointment with
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P80"></A>80}</SPAN>
+which the local Liberals learned that he was politically quite out
+of sympathy with the Whig principles of his kinsman and former
+tutor-at-law, the Liberal M.P. for Cardiff and Lord-Lieutenant of
+Buteshire.[<A NAME="chap04fn18text"></A><A HREF="#chap04fn18">18</A>]  One Radical newspaper asserted that Lord Bute had
+purposely delayed the profession of his new faith until after the
+general election, so that his influence as a Tory might help the
+Conservative candidate for the county to win the seat!  And the Liberal
+<I>Buteman</I> thought fit to devote a page, a month after Bute's reception
+into the Church, to reprinting a <I>catena</I> of the articles commenting on
+that event which had appeared in the principal newspapers of the
+country.  The feeling with which, in an age more tolerant or more
+indifferent, one peruses these journalistic effusions, is one of
+wonder, first at their extraordinary impertinence, and secondly at the
+cool audacity with which they sit in judgment on the action of one of
+whose character, personality, and motives they one and all show
+themselves to be in a state of absolutely abysmal ignorance.  The
+<I>Times</I> summed up a spiteful article by concluding that the "defection
+of an average curate would have said more for the Roman Catholic
+religion, and might be expected to lead to more lasting results"; the
+<I>Daily News</I> announced that the new convert "had taken up his honours,
+wealth, and influence, and laid them in the lap of the Church of Rome,"
+adding that it was "of course a pity when a man believed too much in
+religion"; a West of Scotland journal was "sure that the acquisition
+would, except in a pecuniary way, be of little advantage to those who
+had wheedled him out
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P81"></A>81}</SPAN>
+of his wits and into their snares"; a Glasgow
+evening paper denounced the "Jesuitism" with which "his perverted
+lordship" had denied the fact of his reception in 1867, and the "fatal
+facility" with which he had been received in 1868; and another Scottish
+journal, after waxing eloquent over the "lithe figure, agile step, and
+penetrating eye of the handsome young peer," lamented that "the poorest
+labourer on his vast domains had an immediate access to truth and duty,
+to conscience, and to God, which since last Christmas was denied to his
+unfortunate lord."  The <I>Glasgow Herald</I>, after admitting that Lord
+Bute "<I>was believed</I> to be a studious, thoughtful youth, with high
+ideas of the responsibility of his position," dolefully goes on: "If,
+<I>as is most likely</I>, this perversion is the result of priestly
+influences acting upon a weak, ductile, and naturally superstitious
+mind, we may expect a continual eclipse of all intellectual vigour."
+One wonders if this sapient prophet ever had the grace to acknowledge
+the falsity of his forecast.  The <I>Scotsman</I> was an honourable
+exception to the general tone of the contemporary press.  It announced
+the event "not in the slightest degree in the spirit of taunt or
+reproach"; and the final sentence of a temperate article repudiated any
+desire "to reproach Lord Bute with a change of religious opinion, which
+even those who most deeply regret it must admit to be made at great
+sacrifices and under the influence only of conscience."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On this reasonable and even generous note the subject may well be left.
+A man of sensitive and impressionable nature, and one who was himself
+possessed by an almost passionate love of truth, could not be
+insensible to public attacks on his
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P82"></A>82}</SPAN>
+candour and honesty, or to
+mendacious statements of alleged facts, such as he refers to in his
+letter cited above.  But he bore them all in silence, with the quiet
+dignity characteristic of him, and trusting to time for the vindication
+of the rectitude of his motives and conduct.  How amply this trust was
+justified was shown by the mutual respect, regard, and affection which
+daily grew and strengthened between him and his friends, neighbours,
+and dependents, not only in Bute, but on his extensive estates in other
+parts of the country, during the next thirty years.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn1text">1</A>] Hartwell Grissell.  The letter was dated from Mountstuart, November
+19, 1872.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn2text">2</A>] Mr. Buckle, in Vol. V. of his "Life of Disraeli," quotes Mr.
+Montague Corry as writing (September 22, 1868): "Fergusson says no
+ingenuity can counteract the influence which certain priests and
+prelates have over him, chief among them being Monsignor Capel.  The
+speedy result is inevitable."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+Sir James Fergusson, as Bute's guardian, probably felt it necessary to
+take this view in self-vindication.  The fact, however, was, as is
+abundantly shown by the letter in the text, as well as by the authentic
+history of Bute's conversion as given in preceding pages, that the
+event was brought about by his own study, thought, and prayer, and was
+in no sense due to the influence of Capel, or of any other "priests or
+prelates."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn3text">3</A>] Alexandrina Lady Portarlington (a daughter of the third Marquess of
+Londonderry) was sister-in-law to the seventh Duke of Marlborough,
+Bute's host at Blenheim.  Lord and Lady North, who were received into
+the Church about this time, were not very distant neighbours of
+Blenheim, living at Wroxton Abbey, near Banbury.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn4text">4</A>] Second baronet of Gatcombe, Hants.  He died in 1869, in his
+eighty-third year.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn5text">5</A>] A former curate of Dr. F. G. Lee at Aberdeen.  He became a canon of
+Westminster and president of St. Edmund's College, Ware.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn6text">6</A>] M.A. of Aberdeen University; afterwards the distinguished Jesuit
+writer and preacher.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn7text">7</A>] Became a Jesuit, rector of Wimbledon College, and later first
+Master of Campion Hall, Oxford.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn8text">8</A>] This was Aug. Theiner's "Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum atque
+Scotorum, historiam illustrantia, 1216-1547," published at Rome in 1864.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn9text">9</A>] More than a dozen years later Bute wrote to his friend regretting
+her ignorance of "the dead languages," and recommending her to begin
+the study of Hebrew!
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn10text">10</A>] Miss Skene had lived with her father at Athens continuously from
+her eighteenth to her twenty-fourth year, and was well acquainted with
+the language and literature of modern Greece.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn11"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn11text">11</A>] The allusion, no doubt, is to his projected translation of the
+Roman Breviary, published eleven years later.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn12"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn12text">12</A>] The convent of <I>Marie Réparatrice</I>, founded at Harley House,
+Marylebone, in 1862.  It was transferred in 1899 to Willesden, and a
+year later to its present site at Chiswick.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn13"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn13text">13</A>] The temporary chapel, now used as the Sisters' community-room.
+Bishop Grant was at this time acting as chaplain to the nuns, and
+saying Mass for them daily.  Bute attended this Mass for a week
+previous to his reception, breakfasting afterwards with the bishop (who
+was giving him a course of instruction) in the convent parlour.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn14"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn14text">14</A>] <I>Ante</I>, Chapter I, p. <A HREF="#P11">11</A>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn15"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn15text">15</A>] Charles Scott Murray, who had just got his commission in the 1st
+Life Guards.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn16"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn16text">16</A>] The writer was misinformed as to this.  There had been a Catholic
+chapel at Rothesay since 1839; and a larger church (St. Andrew's) had
+been opened two years before Bute's conversion.  The number of
+Catholics at this time was probably between two and three hundred.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn17"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn17text">17</A>] See <I>post</I>, pp. <A HREF="#P102">102</A>, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>.  This book had just been published at
+Oxford.  Two volumes of selections from Canon Jenkins's MSS. writings
+were issued in 1879, after his death.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap04fn18"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap04fn18text">18</A>] Colonel James Frederick Crichton Stuart, Liberal for Cardiff from
+1857 to 1880.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap05"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P83"></A>83}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER V
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+THE WESTERN MAIL&mdash;ROME AND THE COUNCIL&mdash;RETURN TO MOUNTSTUART
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1869-1871
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+Although Bute's attraction towards a life of simplicity and retirement
+was, even in his early manhood, as it remained throughout his life, one
+of his most marked characteristics, he never allowed this to interfere
+with such public duties as he conceived to be rendered incumbent on him
+by the responsibilities of his position.  His first public appearance
+in Cardiff, apart from the celebrations connected with his majority,
+seems to have been in his capacity as chairman of the local Benefit and
+Annuitants Society, when he acquitted himself to the general
+satisfaction.  In 1869 he accepted the honorary colonelcy of the
+Glamorgan Artillery Volunteers.  "It seemed to be expected of me," he
+wrote to a friend, "and though there was never a man of less military
+proclivities than myself, I regard the Volunteer movement as an
+excellent one, and desire to encourage it.[<A NAME="chap05fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn1">1</A>]  I look forward also,
+under proper guidance, to learning something about
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P84"></A>84}</SPAN>
+guns, though I
+fear ours can hardly be said to be altogether up-to-date.  But I hope
+to be instrumental in bringing about some improvement in that respect."
+On November 11, 1869, he appeared in uniform at the inspection of the
+regiment at the new drill-hall, which he had just erected at a cost of
+over £10,000.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A few months previous to the date just mentioned, Bute had, not without
+serious consideration, embarked on an enterprise which, while entailing
+heavy expenditure on himself, was to have a considerable and permanent
+effect on the industrial and political life not only of the
+rapidly-growing town of Cardiff, but of the whole of South Wales.  This
+was the launch of the <I>Western Mail</I> newspaper, of which the first
+number was published in May, 1869.  At this time the principal paper in
+the district was the Liberal (weekly) <I>Cardiff Times</I>, started in 1857,
+the year in which Colonel James Frederick Crichton Stuart was first
+elected M.P. for Cardiff.  Bute was entirely out of sympathy with the
+political views of his kinsman, and had openly declared himself on
+coming of age an adherent of the Conservative party.  He wrote to a
+friend at Oxford after the formation of Mr. Gladstone's first Ministry:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I suppose I may call myself&mdash;you would certainly call me&mdash;an
+old-fashioned Tory.  The inclusion of Bright in the Cabinet shows that
+the new Government is Radical, naked and unashamed.  And whatever else
+I am, anyhow I am not a Radical.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1869, Launching a newspaper
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Deeply and intelligently interested as he was in the future development
+of Cardiff, which he was to do so much to promote, Bute's conviction
+was that a really healthy public opinion in the district
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P85"></A>85}</SPAN>
+could not
+be created or maintained if only one school of politicians was to have
+the chance of making its voice heard.  This was the main reason which
+determined him, with full foreknowledge of the heavy financial burden
+it would entail on him, of starting and supporting a Conservative daily
+paper in the heart of Liberal Wales.  The local Liberals were, of
+course, disappointed and indignant; and the "Leap of the wolf into the
+fold," as they described the new journalistic venture, was very
+bitterly commented on both in the <I>Cardiff Times</I> and in its successor,
+the <I>South Wales Daily News</I>.  The "underhand influence of the Castle,"
+the "Castle propaganda," the "pouring out of gold from the Castle
+coffers," were the constant theme of discussion in the opposition
+press, whose acrimony was not diminished by the steadily growing power
+and influence of the Conservative organ.  Yet although Bute was for
+some years the actual owner of the <I>Western Mail</I>, not the slightest
+trace of his personal influence is to be found in its columns during
+those early years, nor the least suggestion that he made use of the
+paper to serve any private ends of his own.  "Not a single line that
+has ever appeared in the <I>Western Mail</I> has been written or inspired by
+the Marquis of Bute," wrote the Editor when his paper had reached a
+position of security and success; and the statement was literally and
+exactly true.  The <I>Western Mail</I> won the confidence of the people by
+strongly upholding their rights at such times of crisis as the serious
+upheaval in the coal and iron industries in 1873; and one of its most
+appreciated tributes was that received from a leading Nonconformist
+minister: "Though you are Conservative in name you are Liberal in
+practice."  After eight
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P86"></A>86}</SPAN>
+years' connection with the paper Bute
+relinquished all financial interest in it in 1877.  He considered
+himself that this journalistic enterprise had cost him from first to
+last not less than £50,000.  "I have never grudged it," he once simply
+said when questioned on the subject.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+With these new interests at home, Bute did not lose sight of his
+intention (expressed in a letter quoted in the last chapter) of
+spending the winter of 1869 and the succeeding spring in Rome, and he
+arrived there in the last days of November, taking up his residence at
+the Palazzo Savielli in the Piazza SS. Apostoli.  He wrote shortly
+before Christmas:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+It is of particular interest to me to find myself living within a
+stone's-throw of the building which sheltered for so many years my
+unfortunate kinsmen (if I may be allowed so to call them) the exiled
+Stuarts.[<A NAME="chap05fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn2">2</A>]  Their cenotaph by Canova in St. Peter's (paid for by their
+Hanoverian supplanter on the throne!) strikes me always as one of the
+most pathetic and beautiful monuments of modern Rome.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1869, Papal infallibility
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute was of course drawn to Rome, like so many others at this time, by
+the event on which the eyes of all Christendom were turned with curious
+if widely varying interest&mdash;namely, the opening of the Vatican Council
+by Pius IX.  Bute was present at the solemn inauguration on December 8,
+when more than 700 mitred prelates walked in procession to St. Peter's,
+preceded by the splendid silver
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P87"></A>87}</SPAN>
+processional cross, set with
+precious stones, which he had presented to the Pontiff a few days
+previously.  A day or two after the imposing ceremony he records a
+curious little incident in a letter to a friend:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I heard that the titular Abbot of Westminster, the head of the
+Benedictine Order in England, called to report his arrival on some high
+dignitary, dressed not in his habit but in the get-up of an elderly
+English clergyman.  He was told that if he wanted to process with the
+abbots he must attire himself accordingly, and was asked if he
+possessed the insignia of his office.  "Certainly," he replied.  "I
+have the ring of the Abbots of Westminster," pulling out of his
+waistcoat pocket the identical ring worn by Feckenham, the last abbot
+in the reign of Queen Mary!  The lamentable sequel to the story is that
+as he was mounting the steps into St. Peter's on the opening day of the
+Council, the precious ring, which he had not taken the trouble to get
+fitted to his finger, fell off, rolled down the steps, and was never
+heard of again.  If this is true it seems very deplorable.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+During his sojourn in Rome Bute had opportunities, which he was not
+likely to neglect, of meeting many interesting people, and hearing much
+at first hand, and from both sides, of the weighty matters under
+discussion at the Council.  The prelate of whom he saw most, and to
+whom he was very sincerely attached, was Mgr. Clifford, Bishop of
+Clifton, who with the Archbishops of Paris, Vienna, and St. Louis, and
+Bishop Dupanloup of Orleans, were prominent among the opponents of the
+definition of Papal Infallibility.  With the leaders of the opposite
+party also he had from time to time considerable intercourse, and in a
+letter addressed to
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P88"></A>88}</SPAN>
+him nearly thirty years later by the venerable
+Cardinal Gibbons, now (1920) the sole survivor of the Fathers of the
+Council, his Eminence reminded Bute of a long drive he had taken with
+himself and Archbishop Spalding of Baltimore, a very strong
+pro-definitionist, and of their interesting talk on that occasion about
+the great subject of the day.  Bute's own habit of mind, and the
+influence exercised on his judgment by Bishop Clifford, undoubtedly
+predisposed him to sympathise with those opposed to the definition; and
+he shared the apprehensions of many of his friends among that
+party&mdash;apprehensions not justified in the event&mdash;that the step if
+carried through might result in a serious defection from the Church.  A
+subsequent letter from him, however, will show what with instant and
+edifying submission of heart and mind he accepted the decree when once
+it had been promulgated by the supreme authority which he never for a
+moment questioned.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1870, Society in Rome
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute was not so preoccupied with these grave matters but that he found
+time for a certain amount of social intercourse with the distinguished
+and cosmopolitan society gathered that winter in the Eternal City.  He
+made friends with the Papal Zouaves, and often accepted the hospitality
+of the officers of that pleasant international corps, with one of whom,
+Captain the Hon. Walter Maxwell, he became very intimate.  He liked to
+watch the Zouaves at rifle-practice in the Borghese Gardens, visited
+the officers on guard at the Colosseum and elsewhere, and entertained
+them once at a famous supper of which the recollection long survived in
+the corps.  About Christmas time he was present at a great reception
+given at the Palazzo Bonimi by Mr. and Mrs. Delabarre Bodenham, and
+records a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P89"></A>89}</SPAN>
+"twenty minutes' conversation with Archbishop Manning,
+in a quite empty little room opening out of the reception hall."  Soon
+after New Year he attended a dinner given in a café in the Corso by the
+British Committee of the Sovereign Order of the Knights of Malta, and
+made a speech reported by one of those present to be "the best speech
+of the evening and very well received."  His name is also recorded as
+having been present at many notable religious functions&mdash;among others
+the imposing funeral service, in the church of the Holy Apostles, of
+the Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany, at which the Pope assisted and gave
+the final absolution.  Bute saw much, during these weeks in Rome, of
+the savants and scholars&mdash;by no means all sympathisers with the Papal
+regime&mdash;then resident in the city, and his modesty of demeanour,
+earnestness, and intelligence made a very favourable impression on the
+varied society with which he was brought into contact.  In those days
+he liked to be amused as well as interested; and there was plenty of
+amusement to be found at that time in the kaleidoscopic throngs of
+visitors which the unique and unrivalled charms of Rome attracted
+within her gates.  One of his most agreeable acquaintances&mdash;quite
+outside ecclesiastical and antiquarian circles&mdash;was Olivia Lady
+Sebright, the clever and charming sister of an Irish peer who had been
+his contemporary at Oxford.  Her lively persiflage was doubtless a
+pleasant and piquant contrast to the discourses of Bute's learned
+acquaintances; and it was often jestingly remarked in Anglo-Roman
+society that Lady Sebright seemed to do all the talking and Lord Bute
+all the listening.  He alludes to her in one of his letters as "a very
+vivacious lady, who would
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P90"></A>90}</SPAN>
+have her joke even in the Catacombs."
+Lady Sebright was included in the party which Bute invited to join him
+in the yachting cruise in the Mediterranean which he made after leaving
+Italy in the summer of 1870.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute did not remain in Rome for the final Congregation of the Council
+on July 18, 1870, when 533 bishops voted in favour of the <I>schema</I> "De
+Ecclesia," with the added clauses on Papal Infallibility.  Two only
+voted "Non placet," the Bishops of Ajaccio and of Little Rock,
+U.S.A.[<A NAME="chap05fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn3">3</A>]  The decree was immediately confirmed by the Pope in the
+midst of a terrific thunderstorm; and on the same day Napoleon III.
+declared war against Prussia.  In a letter to H. D. Grissell, dated
+five days before the occupation of Rome by the troops of Victor
+Emmanuel, Bute tells how he first heard of the momentous event:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Cardiff Castle,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>September</I> 15, 1870.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+How can I tell in what a state this may find you at Rome? the Pope
+perhaps gone to Malta, and the whole place in revolution, tempered only
+by the presence of Italian troops.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+My first act on returning to England was to go to Clifton to see
+[Bishop] Clifford.  He was away, but two of his chaplains received me
+and told me
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P91"></A>91}</SPAN>
+of the definition, of which I have now received from
+you the awful description.  My mind bowed itself at once before the
+definition, and I believed the doctrine <I>ex animo</I>.  I have since found
+that many most pious Catholics, most heartily willing to believe
+anything on the Church's authority, do not see that that authority
+exists in this case.  They argue in this way: I. It is admitted that an
+OEcumenical Council approved by the Pope can bind the soul.  II. To be
+OEcumenical it is necessary for the Council to be <I>closed</I>, the decrees
+signed by a majority of the Fathers, then published and received in the
+whole world.  III. This is not at present the case with the Vatican
+Council.[<A NAME="chap05fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn4">4</A>]&mdash;<I>Ergo</I>.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Whether there is anything in all this I am not personally concerned to
+enquire.  There seems to me no doubt that external disobedience and
+denial of the doctrine are, as things now are, sinful; though some may,
+and doubtless do, hold a hope that God will some day teach us by His
+Church that this definition of the Vatican Council is not, after all,
+part of the revealed truth.  Such thoughts sometimes make me unhappy,
+and I endeavour (which is what our confessors advise) to drown them by
+practical Catholic work and such attempts at piety as I am capable of.
+I repeat&mdash;from the moment of the definition I had not one doubt of the
+truth of the doctrine in the bottom of my soul.  The conviction that
+the doctrine is truly part of God's Eternal Truth&mdash;even though it may
+not yet be officially made known to us as part of that "faith" of which
+St. Paul speaks when he says, "Being justified by faith, we have peace
+with God through our Lord JESUS Christ"&mdash;still remains in me; and it
+seems to me that I could never cease to hold it until, or unless, the
+Church laid down the contrary.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P92"></A>92}</SPAN>
+Let us leave the matter here: I
+shall write no more of it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Our voyage home was very happy and successful.  We travelled across
+Corsica by carriage, after a week in a quiet Sardinian bay, in sight of
+Garibaldi's home at Caprera.  We were nearly three weeks between Nice
+and Cannes, where Lady Sebright left us; then about a fortnight at the
+Balearic Isles&mdash;Palma is charming.  We touched at some Spanish ports,
+passed ten days at Gibraltar, and ran up from Cadiz for a week at
+Seville; then eight days at Lisbon and Cintra.  Never in England or out
+of it have I seen cathedrals worked so splendidly as the few Spanish I
+saw.  I could not have conceived the grandeur of the fabric,
+establishment, and functions of Seville&mdash;<I>infinitely better than St.
+Peter's</I>.  Not having witnessed any great solemnity, I fail to imagine
+what they must be like.  Some of the Peninsular practices are very
+interesting, such as the use of the double ambon, and the Portuguese
+practice of administering a glass chalice with wine to communicants.[<A NAME="chap05fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn5">5</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+George Lane Fox was married to Miss Slade by the Archbishop [Manning]
+on Saturday.  I gave her for a marriage present that rosary of emeralds
+you used to admire so much; and she at once wrote to ask my consent to
+its being altered into a necklace! which I refused to give.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+G&mdash;&mdash; (from Parker's) is down here working at my books; he wears a
+cassock, with red worsted slippers embroidered with coloured glass
+beads.  H told me (1) that Llandaff Cathedral was only a whited
+sepulchre, and (2) that he doubted if Liddon
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P93"></A>93}</SPAN>
+would ever succeed in
+introducing Christianity into St. Paul's Cathedral.[<A NAME="chap05fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn6">6</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Thank God, it is only within the Church (and that, one trusts and
+hopes, but for a season) that consciences have been disturbed by the
+troubles of the Definition.  These have had no apparent effect on the
+accession of converts.  Lord Robert Montagu has just been received, and
+I hear of others.  I had lately a long discussion with a clever,
+well-read, and agreeable Protestant, and he told me it appeared to him
+quite immaterial, once granted the infallibility of the Church&mdash;the
+only real question&mdash;in what precise place or person it resided.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1870, Foundations at Cardiff
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I have set up a great screen and rood in the Fathers of Charity's
+church here, and got it opened daily from 2 to 8 p.m., which enables me
+sometimes to pay a visit to the <I>Santissimo</I>.  The change seems
+appreciated, and many persons come to pray.  I hope Our Lord will
+sanctify them out of His holy Tabernacle.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I am about starting a convent of Sisters of the Good Shepherd about a
+mile from this town, in a beautiful spot.  Their church will contain a
+tribune for the public, and they will sing High Mass, Vespers, and
+Benediction on Sundays and holidays of obligation.  Burges is to do the
+chapel, wherein I propose to erect a large gothic baldequin.  The
+building is now an old barn.  The whole will, I think, though simple,
+be very nice, and a great consolation to me.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I expect to be here till the end of this month, and after that I have a
+few visits to pay; but I hope to be in Bute by November 1, and intend
+to stay there all the winter.  The place is very charming,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P94"></A>94}</SPAN>
+and is
+my real home.  I have not been there since I became Catholic, and the
+people are all, I fear, very strongly prejudiced; so I am afraid I
+shall have rather a rough time of it&mdash;at least at first.  Will you not
+leave Rome and all its troubles, and pay a good long visit to Sneyd and
+me in a country where the Church is in a missionary character?  If so,
+come and pass Christmas at least with me in Bute.  We shall be
+delighted to see you, and you will be away from all sorts of
+disagreeable things, for a time at least.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Always yours most sincerely,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Before leaving Cardiff for his home in Scotland, which he had not
+visited for two years, Bute attended the annual congress of the Iron
+and Steel Institute at Merthyr, was present at the banquet given to the
+congress by the South Wales ironmasters, and accompanied several of the
+excursions to the great works in the district in which he was
+interested.  The letter which he wrote on the day of his arrival in
+Bute to his old friend at Oxford showed what his feeling was about the
+usurpation of the States of the Church by the Sardinian monarch.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Mountstuart,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rothesay,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>October</I> 26, 1870.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I ought to have written to you long ago, and really do not know what to
+say&mdash;except "mea culpa."  There will be much to tell you when we next
+meet.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I am quite firm, thank GOD, in the Church.  I have outgrown any
+"convert enthusiasm" I may ever have possessed; but I have long ceased
+to think of anything else even as a possibility, or to
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P95"></A>95}</SPAN>
+feel
+anything novel in Catholic practices.  I am quite quiet, and I think,
+thank GOD, so far doing pretty well.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+You ask me about Rome.  As to politics, my feeling in favour of the
+Temporal Power is very strong.  Of course it had its faults, the
+extreme leniency of the criminal tribunals being probably the worst;
+but, putting the question of right aside, a Christian could institute
+no comparison between the Italian and the Pontifical Governments.
+Religiously, Rome is neither so good nor so bad as the extreme people
+would make it out.  It was very edifying, and there was a great deal of
+piety&mdash;more conspicuous, perhaps, among the foreigners than the Romans,
+but of course that was to be expected, as the former came on purpose.
+The sanctuaries of Rome are very precious, especially the Holy Reliques
+and the graves of the Martyrs, and I love them very much.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At the same time I think that this dreadful Revolution may be possibly
+a scourge in the hand of GOD to bring about His Will, though every
+Catholic must be appalled at the wickedness of the new Pontius Pilate
+and his accomplices.  Perhaps the fiery trial may destroy some abuses,
+stop some things one does not like to see, and bring about others more
+profitable to Rome herself and to us.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+As to the Greeks in America, it is impossible for me, I am sorry to
+say, to have anything to do with supplying them with my own or any
+other Liturgical books for use in their (as we believe) schismatic
+worship.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Always most sincerely yours,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1870, The Roman situation
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is evident from one or two of his letters already quoted, that Bute,
+who was well aware of the strong feeling aroused among the people of
+his titular island by his conversion to the Roman Church,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P96"></A>96}</SPAN>
+had felt
+some natural apprehension as to their possible attitude towards him
+when he returned after a somewhat prolonged absence to live amongst
+them.  "I have been getting along very comfortably here," he wrote soon
+after his arrival at Mountstuart, "but have so far no opportunity of
+knowing what the people think of me behind my back."  A letter
+addressed a little later to the same correspondent in Oxford is
+interesting in this connection.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Mountstuart,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>November</I> 10.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I am getting on very well here up to this, and doing my best to
+popularise myself by going about among the people.  Yesterday, for
+example, I attended both a funeral and a marriage.  I believe this was
+much appreciated, and at the marriage I was very warmly received, was
+begged to do them the honour of signing the "lines," etc., etc.  The
+oddest part of the matter was that at the funeral the Rothesay tag-rag
+outside <I>cheered</I> me as I left the churchyard.  I thought the prayers
+at both ceremonies (of course extemporary) were intended to do me a
+little good: there was nothing in them with which I could not heartily
+concur, but a good deal of stress was laid on the "One Oblation offered
+once for all"&mdash;"the full and free Redemption which is by faith in
+Christ's death," etc., which are, I find, commonly supposed to be ideas
+irreconcileable with the teaching of the Holy Roman Church&mdash;why, I
+can't conceive, unless it is for want of reading St. Alphonsus Liguori.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Here at Rothesay we have a chapel and schools, a superannuated bishop,
+Dr. Gray, and a young Scottish priest educated in France, Mr. George
+Smith, a man of piety and learning.[<A NAME="chap05fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn7">7</A>]  The whole
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P97"></A>97}</SPAN>
+island contains
+about 500 Catholics, either Highlanders or Irish.  I have had one of
+the rooms here made into a chapel, than which no meeting-house can be
+barer.  Mass is said here on Sundays and holidays, preceded by a very
+simple English service.  Last Sunday I was at Largs, on the mainland
+opposite, and heard an early Mass in a very poor cottage&mdash;said in the
+kitchen on a small chest of drawers.  The house was crowded by the
+congregation, standing on the stairs, in the passages, and all the
+rooms.  They are wonderfully devout.  Out of the East I never saw such
+a sight.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Yours ever most sincerely,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1870, Life at Mountstuart
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute spent nearly the whole winter and spring of 1870-1871 at his
+beautiful Scottish home, to which he was deeply attached.  As he came
+to know his neighbours better&mdash;and he took much pains to cultivate
+friendly relations with them all&mdash;the stiffness, which was, perhaps, as
+much the result of his own shyness and reserve as of their lack of
+sympathy with his religious opinions, to a great extent wore off, and
+his simplicity, courtesy, good sense, and kindness of heart won for him
+little by little the high place in their regard which he ever
+afterwards maintained.  He was from the first on the friendliest terms
+with the Presbyterian clergy of the island as well as with his own
+pastor, and had also established very cordial relations with Mr.
+(afterwards Sir) Charles Dalrymple, then and for the following fifteen
+years member for the county, and resident in the island.  This cordial
+acquaintanceship ripened, after the marriages of Bute and of Dalrymple,
+into a warm
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P98"></A>98}</SPAN>
+friendship between the two families which terminated
+only with death.[<A NAME="chap05fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn8">8</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Liturgical matters engrossed at this time, as always, a good deal of
+Bute's attention, and are dealt with in many of his letters.  Thus, in
+March, 1871, he writes very seriously about the "truly scandalous
+proceedings" at the London pro-cathedral, news of which had reached him
+in Scotland, and which the context shows to have consisted in the
+wearing of dalmatics instead of folded chasubles at some Lenten
+function in the church in question.  As will be seen from a later
+letter, he arranged for the ceremonial of Holy Week and Easter to be
+carried out as far as possible in his tiny chapel at Mountstuart; and
+we find him giving minute instructions to his friend Grissell, who was
+to spend that season as his guest in Bute, as to bringing the
+requisites for the celebrations, including "18 yellow candles, rather
+slim and 18 inches long, a paschal candle 3 feet long and 1-½ inches
+thick, a book on ceremonies, five grains of incense, and a wooden
+clapper for Maundy Thursday."  "We had the rites of the Holy Week," he
+wrote subsequently to Miss Skene, "performed in my little chapel, for
+the first time in Bute since the change of religion three centuries
+ago.  They seldom, if ever, take place in Scotland, and our priest here
+had never (so he told me) officiated in his life before on Good Friday!
+You may be surprised to hear that, having no choir to execute the
+liturgical chant, we adopt as far as
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P99"></A>99}</SPAN>
+we can the methodist style of
+singing emotional hymns during the services."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1871, Bute as philologist
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+After Easter Bute stayed for a while in London, and then returned to
+Cardiff, where he remained in residence for the greater part of the
+year.  He took regular lessons in Welsh at this time from one of the
+Cardiff clergy, and quickly mastered the language scientifically,
+though he never learned to speak it fluently.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The science of philology (the late Dean Howell wrote) seemed to cost
+Lord Bute no effort, for he was a born philologist, and appeared to
+penetrate and solve linguistic difficulties as it were by instinct.
+Another thing that used to astonish me was his familiarity with, and
+wide knowledge of, the Authorised Version of the Bible; for at that
+time (1871) he could not have been more than 23 or 24 years of age.
+His retentive memory (which I have never seen equalled) enabled him to
+quote exactly lengthy passages; and if I chanced to quote a Welsh word
+from Scripture for illustrative purposes, he would give the English
+rendering of the whole passage from memory with ease and perfect
+accuracy.  His tastes and accomplishments were essentially medięval;
+and history, art, and archęology had for him an inexhaustible charm.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute had a little before this shown his practical interest in art by
+not only presiding at a Fine Art Exhibition in the drill-hall which he
+had erected, but by exhibiting there valuable plate and pictures,
+including a painting executed by himself.  A little later he was in the
+chair at the annual meeting held at Cardiff of the Palestine
+Exploration Fund, recounting in very interesting fashion his own
+travels in that country.  And in July, 1871, he took an
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P100"></A>100}</SPAN>
+active
+part in the congress of the British Archęological Institute held at the
+Town Hall, entertaining the members at a reception at the Castle and a
+banquet at Caerphilly.  He also spoke at the congress, taking many of
+the distinguished visitors by surprise with the extent of his knowledge
+and information on the subjects special to the Institute.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1871, Belmont and Llanthony
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Soon after the meeting of the Archęological Congress, Bute left England
+for Ober Ammergau to witness the Passion Play, which had been postponed
+for a year owing to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War.  He then
+joined his yacht at St. Malo, and after a cruise off Devon, Cornwall,
+and the Channel Islands returned to Cardiff for the autumn.  During
+this time he paid several visits to the Benedictine Priory at Belmont,
+near Hereford, where his liturgical tastes found satisfaction in the
+solemn rendering of the Divine service by the monastic community.  One
+of the fathers then resident there[<A NAME="chap05fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn9">9</A>] has some interesting
+recollections of these periodical visits:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Lord Bute came to Belmont three or four times, I think, in the year
+before his marriage.  He left on us the impression of a modest,
+unassuming, and extremely intelligent young man with serious tastes,
+who seemed quite at home in the simple surroundings of a monastery.  He
+frequented the Divine Office regularly, and followed all the Church
+functions with interest.  He joined the Fathers at coffee after meals,
+and conversed very pleasantly, telling us sometimes of his Cardiff
+interests or of his early experiences and travels.  He was a good deal
+with
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P101"></A>101}</SPAN>
+Prior Vaughan,[<A NAME="chap05fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn10">10</A>] of course; but as I was acting
+guestmaster and about his own age, I walked out with him several times,
+and we talked of many subjects, chiefly, perhaps, archęological or
+theological topics.  I remember his telling me of a conversation with a
+Protestant clergyman who came to interview him, possibly with hope of
+influencing an unformed mind.  Lord Bute proposed for discussion the
+precise theological value of the verse on the Precious Blood[<A NAME="chap05fn11text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn11">11</A>]&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"Cujus una stilla salvum facere<BR>
+Totum mundum quit ab omni scelere;"<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+and I gathered that they soon came to an end of the poor parson's
+divinity, and of his efforts to "snatch a brand from the burning."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The prior took Lord Bute to Llanthony, where they saw "Father
+Ignatius," who told them that he reserved the Holy Eucharist under
+three rites&mdash;Anglican, Greek, and Roman.  He also said (which struck
+Lord Bute as very whimsical) that he insisted on his visitors keeping
+strict silence when walking over a field in which his cloisters were
+one day to be built.[<A NAME="chap05fn12text"></A><A HREF="#chap05fn12">12</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn1text">1</A>] As a little boy of twelve Bute had been enrolled as an honorary
+member of the 1st Bute Rifle Volunteers, and had occasionally appeared
+in the dark-grey uniform with blue facings.  When the Cardiff Yeomanry
+went on service in the South African War, Bute showed his patriotism by
+subscribing £500 to the funds of the corps.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn2text">2</A>] The kinship was undoubted, if somewhat remote.  Bute was fifteenth
+in direct male descent from King Robert II. of Scotland, the lineal
+ancestor of James VIII. (the "Chevalier de St. George"), to whom the
+Pope made over the Palazzo Santi Apostoli as a residence in 1720, the
+year of the birth of Prince Charles Edward.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn3text">3</A>] The caustic comment in Vatican circles was, of course, that it was
+a case of the "Little Rock" in conflict with the Rock of Peter; but it
+should be added that the two dissentient prelates, immediately after
+voting against the decree, left their places and prostrated themselves
+before the Papal Chair in token of their submission.  Similarly every
+one of the eighty-eight bishops who had voted "Non placet" in the
+Congregation of July 13&mdash;not, of course, against the dogma, but against
+the opportuneness of its definition&mdash;accepted the decree without
+qualification as soon as it was officially promulgated.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn4text">4</A>] On October 20, 1870, a month after the forcible occupation of Rome
+by the Piedmontese troops, Pius IX. issued a brief proroguing the
+Council.  It has never been either closed or reassembled.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn5text">5</A>] Fr. Herbert Thurston, S.J., in a learned article in <I>The Month</I>
+(October, 1911), has shown that the custom of offering a "purification"
+of unconsecrated wine and water to lay communicants, after their
+reception of the Host, was practically universal in England down to the
+period of the Reformation, and was continued until the reign of James
+II.  The practice is still generally observed at Ordination Masses, and
+on one or two other rare and special occasions.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn6text">6</A>] The learned and eloquent Professor of Exegesis had been appointed a
+canon of St. Paul's by Mr. Gladstone in the spring of this year, and
+had preached his first sermon under the dome as canon-in-residence on
+September 11, four days before the above letter was written.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn7text">7</A>] Father George Smith, who had studied at St. Sulpice, and was an
+excellent scholar and theologian, became Bishop of Argyll and the Isles
+in 1893, occupying the see for a quarter of a century until his death
+in 1918.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn8text">8</A>] Long after the termination of his political connection with Bute,
+Sir Charles Dalrymple used to recall with pleasure the remark once made
+to him on Rothesay Pier by a Buteshire farmer of the old school: "Weel,
+sir, we've got three things to be thankful for in the Isle of Bute, and
+forbye they all begin with an M: we've a gude mairquis, and a gude
+member, and a gude meenister."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn9text">9</A>] Right Rev. J. I. Cummins, O.S.B., now (1920) titular Abbot of St.
+Mary's, York.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn10text">10</A>] This was Dom Roger Bede Vaughan, younger brother of Cardinal
+Herbert Vaughan of Westminster.  He was cathedral prior of Belmont from
+1862 to 1872, and in 1877 became Archbishop of Sydney, N.S.W.  He died
+in 1883.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn11"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn11text">11</A>] From the Eucharistic hymn <I>Adoro Te devoič</I>, written by St. Thomas
+of Aquin about A.D. 1260, and known as the "Rhythmus S. Thomę
+Aquinatis."  Sixteen English versions of it have been published at
+various times.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap05fn12"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap05fn12text">12</A>] The Rev. J. Leycester Lyne&mdash;commonly known as "Father
+Ignatius"&mdash;was at this time endeavouring, with no great success, to
+establish an Anglican Benedictine monastery among the Black Mountains
+of Wales.  About a year previous to Bute's visit he had laid the
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap06"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P102"></A>102}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER VI
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+MARRIAGE&mdash;HOME AND FAMILY LIFE&mdash;VISIT TO MAJORCA
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1871-1874
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+Included in Bute's great inheritance were a considerable number of
+advowsons, carrying the right of presentation to livings in the
+Established Church.  Nearly a dozen of these benefices were in
+Glamorgan, two (St. Mary's and Roath) being within the town of Cardiff.
+Bute was, of course, from the time of his conversion to the Roman
+Church, legally disabled from the exercise of his right of patronage in
+regard to these livings; but instead of allowing them to "lapse" (as
+the technical phrase is[<A NAME="chap06fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn1">1</A>]) he from time to time made over the next
+presentations to two <I>quasi</I>-trustees, friends of his own, and members,
+of course, of the Church of England.  One of these "trustees" was for a
+time Canon John David Jenkins, a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, with
+whom Bute had become intimate during his university career.  Dr.
+Jenkins became vicar of Aberdare, one of the Bute livings, in 1870, and
+we find Bute writing to an Oxford friend about a year later:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P103"></A>103}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+Canon Jenkins has just appointed the Revs. Puller[<A NAME="chap06fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn2">2</A>] and Stuart to two
+out of the three parishes here; and Puller, at any rate, will be
+inducted in Ember week.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1871, Church Patronage in Wales
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The practice adopted by Bute with regard to the livings in his gift&mdash;a
+practice probably unique among Roman Catholic patrons, and one which,
+in the case of a man less conscientious and honourable than himself,
+might have been open to obvious objections&mdash;was not continued by his
+successor after his death; nor, indeed, could it have been, after the
+assignment of next presentations ceased to be legally permissible.  The
+ten family livings in the county of Glamorgan fell accordingly, as
+provided by the statute, to the gift of the University of Cambridge.[<A NAME="chap06fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn3">3</A>]
+The advowsons of other livings, in Monmouthshire and Northumberland,
+were sold in Bute's lifetime or by his successor.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The friendship between Canon Jenkins and Bute was maintained until the
+death of the former in 1876[<A NAME="chap06fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn4">4</A>]; and he was one among the little group
+of learned men&mdash;scholars, antiquarians, and ecclesiastics&mdash;much senior
+in age to the young Scottish peer, whom he gathered round him at this
+time, and often invited to share the solitude of his Welsh
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P104"></A>104}</SPAN>
+castle
+or his island home in Scotland.  That it was something of a solitude,
+and that he felt it to be so there are many indications in his letters
+at this period.  His only intimate friend of his own age was his old
+schoolfellow George Sneyd, with whose views on many subjects, sincere
+as was his affection for him, he was (as has been seen) in some
+respects entirely out of sympathy.  What he was longing for and looking
+forward to, as he found himself approaching his twenty-fourth birthday,
+was domestic happiness and the home life of which he had known so
+little since his early boyhood; and this, as was natural, he hoped to
+secure by an early and happy marriage.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the summer of 1871 his name was connected by the rumour, or gossip,
+of the day with that of the charming ward of a well-known Catholic
+peeress, whose hospitality had often been extended to him on the
+occasions of his visits to London.  Bute took the opportunity, when
+writing to an old friend on whose sympathy he could rely, to deny
+categorically the truth of the rumour in question, and at the same time
+to give expression with his usual frankness to the feelings of
+dissatisfaction and discontent with which he was entering on his
+twenty-fifth year.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Cardiff Castle,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>July</I> 29, 1871.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+As there is, I fear, little chance of my being in Oxford just now, I
+will not delay longer in replying to your kind letter.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I had not seen the reports to which you refer, although I knew that
+they had been circulated by the scandalmongers of the press.  I may
+tell you at
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P105"></A>105}</SPAN>
+once&mdash;I had meant to do so before&mdash;that there is no
+truth in them whatever.  There is no engagement between Miss &mdash;&mdash; and
+myself, and nothing is less likely than that there ever should be.  I
+will tell you all about it some day when I see you, or in a future
+letter: I cannot write more about it at present, except to say that
+here I am thrown out on the world again, feeling very lonely and
+desolate.  My future, indeed, looks pretty blank just now, as you may
+imagine easily enough.  There is nothing for it but to go on one's way,
+trying to do one's duty&mdash;and literature.  I have also a considerable
+taste for art and archęology, and happily the means to indulge them.
+When I return from Ober Ammergau, whither I go next month, to see the
+Passion Play, I shall do a little yachting in home waters, and then
+return here for the autumn and winter.  There is plenty to do here, of
+course; and building, archęology, and writing will perhaps help me to
+forget my troubles.  After Christmas this place will be unbearable, and
+I think I shall go to Bute.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Yours ever very sincerely,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1872, Engagement and Marriage
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Whatever may have been the disappointment or mortification occasioned
+to Bute by the episode in his life referred to in the above letter,
+they were amply compensated for, and indeed wholly forgotten, in the
+happiness of the event which he was able to announce to his friends at
+the close of this year.  This was his engagement to the Hon. Gwendoline
+FitzAlan Howard, eldest daughter of the first Lord Howard of Glossop by
+his first wife.  The marriage took place at the Oratory Church on April
+16, 1872, Archbishop Manning officiating, assisted by five Oratorian
+fathers.  Bute's cousin, Lord Mauchline (afterwards Earl of Loudoun),
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P106"></A>106}</SPAN>
+wearing Highland dress, was the best man, the principal
+bridesmaid being the Hon. Alice Howard of Glossop, who married Lord
+Loudoun in 1880.  Mgr. Capel said the Nuptial Mass and preached the
+sermon; and the register was signed by the Duke of Cambridge, the Dukes
+of Northumberland and Argyll, and Mr. Disraeli.  The wedding aroused an
+extraordinary amount of popular interest and even excitement; and the
+<I>Spectator</I> commented with satiric surprise on the fact that the London
+newspapers devoted entire pages to describing the ceremony, which
+actually occupied&mdash;but that perhaps was less astonishing&mdash;thirty
+columns of the Cardiff <I>Western Mail</I>.  How distasteful this public
+excitement was to the chief actors in the ceremony may be gathered from
+a letter written by Bute to a friend in Rome a fortnight later:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Cardiff Castle,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>April</I> 29, 1872.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The whole thing went off very well; the religious part of it, which
+most concerned us, was very well done, and, I hear, pleased and
+impressed the many Protestants who were present.  I suppose you will
+have seen descriptions and pictures of it.  You will understand that to
+the principals the whole thing&mdash;I mean the secular part of it&mdash;was
+absolutely detestable.  As Lord Beauchamp says: "There is only one
+thing more disagreeable than being married in London, and that is being
+married in the country."  Of course we have been extremely quiet ever
+since, and expect to be so.  My Lady is the last person in the world to
+"rout one out" and want to make a flare-up and a splash.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Pope sent presents to us both,[<A NAME="chap06fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn5">5</A>] and I wrote to Mgr. Howard to
+express our gratitude, enclosing
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P107"></A>107}</SPAN>
+a letter of thanks in very
+indifferent Latin, which I composed and we both signed; but it was not
+to be given if it was contrary to etiquette.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I find it the custom of Protestants, when they are married by an
+Archbishop, to present that dignitary with a pair of gloves&mdash;theirs
+being always white kid sewn with gold.  I think I shall have a pair of
+cloth-of-gold <I>chirothecę</I> made for Abp. Manning, and shall get Burges
+to design them.  I know the Roman ones are often made of spun silk, but
+you can have them of other stuff, too, can you not?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A relique of St. Margaret of Scotland has been got for me, and I think
+of having a bust made for it, of silver-gilt; but I have not yet
+received it and don't know what it is like.  I think also of sending to
+Chur (Choire) for a relique of St. Lucius of Glamorgan (Lleurwg
+Mawr).[<A NAME="chap06fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn6">6</A>]  <I>A propos</I> of Reliques, they have been making wonderful
+discoveries of the shrine of St. Alban in his abbey.[<A NAME="chap06fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn7">7</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1872, Reception at Cardiff
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord and Lady Bute had gone immediately after their marriage to
+Cardiff, where they received a very cordial welcome, the mayor reading
+an address to them at the Castle gates.  "I assure you," said Bute in
+his brief reply, "that my wife comes here to-day with a sincere desire
+to do what is right, and to be of service not to me only, but to all by
+whom
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P108"></A>108}</SPAN>
+she is surrounded, and among whom her life is to be
+henceforth spent."  It is sufficient to say here that Bute's
+anticipations of the new happiness that this step would bring into his
+life were more than justified by the event.  "I cannot but thank God,
+and congratulate myself, on this marriage," he wrote in May, 1872; "and
+I hope and believe that it will bring me many blessings."  A little
+later he wrote to the same friend:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I have done two good things (besides some foolish ones) since my
+twenty-first birthday; the first on December 8, 1868, when I was
+reconciled to the Catholic Church; the second on April 16, 1872, when
+the same Church blessed my happy marriage.  It is a satisfaction to
+feel that twice in one's life, at any rate, one has done what one is
+certain never to repent of nor to regret.  Do you not agree with me?
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute's marriage brought him into intimate relations, and indeed some
+degree of kinship, with some of the ancient Catholic families of
+England, of whom he had up to that time known very little.  Profoundly
+interested as he always was in every phase of religious belief and
+practice, he welcomed the opportunity now afforded him of witnessing a
+traditionally religious life as unostentatious as it was obviously
+sincere, and contrasting alike with the austere Puritanism of his
+childish days and the fussy restlessness which was the chief
+characteristic of the earlier adherents of the advanced school of
+Anglicanism.  Writing of some Catholics of the old school, to whose
+country home he and his wife had been paying a visit, he says:
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have edifying habits of piety, but of a very Low Church type&mdash;the
+school of "Hymns Antient
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P109"></A>109}</SPAN>
+and Modern without the Appendix," red
+baize boxes in galleries, family prayers and daily Mass in the most
+unadorned of private chapels, and an absolute minimum of ritual.  You
+will understand that the unassuming simplicity of it all appeals to a
+person like me&mdash;especially when I see the goodness that accompanies it.
+But some of our "advanced" Anglican friends would stare if they saw the
+good old-fashioned practices which prevail in old Catholic circles.  I
+only wish they could.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1873, Old English Catholic homes
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A visit to Arundel Castle in the year following his marriage gave him
+evident pleasure; and a letter thence gives a pleasant glimpse of the
+home circle in that historic Catholic home:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The party here is an entirely family one;[<A NAME="chap06fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn8">8</A>] and Whitsuntide and the
+Month of Mary [May] add by a shade to the amount of church-going, which
+is considerable here always: for, as you know, they are a very devout
+as well as a very merry and very nice family.  I am rather looking
+forward to the procession of the Blessed Sacrament on Sunday week for
+Corpus Christi.  The "Fźte-Dieu" in the streets of an English country
+town will be rather an experience.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We have been down at the sea for the last month.  We have no London
+address, neither of us caring for the place, where no one left me an
+house and where I have not the least intention of buying one.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Having at this time, as mentioned above, no London residence, Lord and
+Lady Bute spent their year chiefly between Cardiff and Mountstuart,
+with occasional visits to Dumfries House, for which Bute had always a
+particular affection.  The stay at
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P110"></A>110}</SPAN>
+Cardiff after their marriage
+was unexpectedly prolonged owing to Lady Bute being laid up there with
+scarlet fever, while he had the misfortune to break his arm.  As soon
+as they could travel they went to Mountstuart for the autumn and
+winter, and Bute dictated thence the following letter, the last
+sentence of which illustrates the curious displeasure with which,
+notwithstanding his theoretical and archęological admiration of
+monastic institutions, he always received the news of any friends of
+his own entering a religious order:[<A NAME="chap06fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn9">9</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Mountstuart,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>September</I> 23, 1872.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+You will perceive by the handwriting that I am still incapable of using
+my right hand, which is, indeed, tied up with a piece of wood.  I am
+glad to say that my Lady is now very nearly well; and I trust that her
+escape from the climate of Cardiff will soon complete her recovery.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The quiet routine of my life here is the same as formerly.  My Lady
+plays the harmonium in our little chapel: we venture on nothing more
+than hymns, and get along pretty well.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The histories one hears from Rome seem all to be so "cooked" to suit
+the varying views of people who retail them, that one really feels
+quite uncertain as to how things are going on.  I am told that there is
+an Italianising party among the Cardinals, from which much trouble may
+be expected in the event&mdash;may it be very far distant!&mdash;of the election
+of a successor to Pius IX.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P111"></A>111}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+I greatly regret to report that H&mdash;&mdash; G&mdash;&mdash;[<A NAME="chap06fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn10">10</A>] in a convent as a
+Redemptorist novice.  I can only say that I most sincerely trust, as
+far as I lawfully may, that he may soon find that he has made a mistake.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1873, Oxford revisited
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The reference to the learned Jesuit Father MacSweeney in the following
+letter, written to his old Oxford friend in the spring of 1873, shows
+that Bute was now entering on what was to be the most considerable
+literary work of his life, namely, the translation into English of the
+entire Roman Breviary.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Mountstuart,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>April</I> 27, 1873.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We are really coming south for a little, after a peaceful sojourn here
+of many months; and I hope for an opportunity of seeing you.  I am not
+forgetful, and it will be a great pleasure.  There is not much to bring
+me to Oxford now, as except yourself and very few others I have no
+friends there now, and I have not the footing I should have had if I
+had taken my degree.  One day, however, I am to come, and my wife is to
+be "lionised" by old Mr. Parker, between whom and me archęology has
+formed ties.  I have also business with the erudite Jesuit Fr.
+MacSweeney,[<A NAME="chap06fn11text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn11">11</A>] who has just been sent there.  Most of my Oxford
+friends are married and changed and away&mdash;and I suppose I am very much
+changed myself.  I fear I am not less indolent than I was, and my life
+is devoid of stirring incidents.  My luxury is art, and perhaps the
+favourite pursuit Antiquarianism, as
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P112"></A>112}</SPAN>
+History is the favourite
+reading.  I study, too, a little science.  I wish I were better as
+regards devotion&mdash;I want stirring up in that; but my associations of
+that kind are so much with the South, and so difficult to adapt (though
+I know I ought to try to adapt them) to the environment in which one
+has to live.  We are both, however, looking forward to a Mediterranean
+trip next winter.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The projected visit to Oxford&mdash;Bute's first since his change of
+religion five years previously&mdash;duly came off, and he thus refers to it:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+To "do" Oxford in a day is suggestive of the American tourists who "do"
+Rome in three; but my wife saw the most noteworthy things under the
+skilled guidance of old Parker, whom I fear we unduly fatigued.  You
+may imagine the feelings and memories that came over me as I led my
+young wife through Christ Church.  It is difficult to estimate exactly
+what I owe to Oxford, but the debt is a heavy one....  Materially the
+place seemed to me very little changed.  The newest thing I noticed was
+St. Barnabas's, which impressed me.  Only I wish they'd had the courage
+to Romanise it enough to put the Altar so&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-112"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-112.jpg" ALT="Sketch of altar arrangements" BORDER="">
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Apropos of Americans "doing" Italy, Story told me that Gibson, the
+American sculptor, once met and talked with a countryman of his, who
+was "doing" Italy in some incredibly short space of time.  "Yes, I
+guess I have been nearly everywhere," he said (the conversation took
+place in a North Italian
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P113"></A>113}</SPAN>
+railway-carriage), "and one place that
+struck me very much was&mdash;I can't remember the name, but it begins with
+R."  Gibson suggested Ravenna, Reggio, Recanati, and other names.  "No,
+no, it was a shorter name than any of those: there was a big church
+with a dome, and a colonnade and fountains in front."  "Good heavens!
+you surely don't mean <I>Rome</I>?" said Gibson, aghast.  "Yes, that was
+it&mdash;Rome.  I knew it was a short name, but I couldn't recall it for the
+moment."  This is a fact, as newspapers sometimes say after telling a
+more than usually unbelievable story.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1873, A winter in Majorca
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The second winter after his marriage Bute had the pleasure of spending
+in the south which he loved so well, and in more congenial and
+sympathetic company than he had always secured for his bachelor
+journeyings, even those which in some degree partook of the nature of a
+pilgrimage.  "Our plan," he wrote on November 6, 1873, "is to dawdle
+through France and winter by the Mediterranean&mdash;we have been thinking
+of the Island of Majorca."  The project was successfully carried out,
+and we see, from a letter written early in the following spring to the
+same friend, how much quiet enjoyment he was deriving from the rest and
+sunshine which he found in the Balearic Isles.  The latter part of the
+letter refers to the recent death of his first cousin Edith Countess of
+Loudoun, who, it will be remembered, had been one of the party that
+accompanied him to the Holy Land a few weeks after his reception into
+the Roman Church.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Bendinat,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Palma, Mallorca,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>February</I> 24, 1874.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This is a very fair place indeed, the best of it being the climate.
+I'm nearly always happy when
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P114"></A>114}</SPAN>
+I'm abroad, particularly in the
+Mediterranean.  I suppose there's something in fogs and perpetual rain
+and cold and darkness which is especially uncongenial to me.  Also
+there are no business and bothers here to speak of, which is certainly
+a great change from home.  We have the quiet and peace which we both
+enjoy and value, and I am glad to say that I have been getting on very
+well with the Breviary; for whereas I had hoped before returning to
+have reached Ascension Day, I now venture to think of the third Sunday
+after Pentecost.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A drawback (my Lady reminds me) to our residence here is its distance
+from any church, our only accessible service being one Low Mass each
+Sunday.  There's an impressive, and very Spanish, Cathedral at Palma,
+with functions well and carefully done; but it is remote from us here.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The death of Edith[<A NAME="chap06fn12text"></A><A HREF="#chap06fn12">12</A>] was a great shock to me, as well as a source of
+sincere sorrow.  <I>Requiescat in pace</I>.  We shall all go the same way in
+the long run, 100 years
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P115"></A>115}</SPAN>
+hence it'll be all the same; but it does
+seem rather hard that the axe should fall on the neck of all of us
+(however much it may grieve or inconvenience the survivors), and cut us
+off from the only world we have any experience of.  Not, for the matter
+of that, that it's much worth stopping in&mdash;still, it's all we've got.
+However, crying over this spilt milk&mdash;and I confess to having shed some
+tears since I heard the news&mdash;will never put it back into the pitcher,
+so perhaps there is not much use in crying.  But I am sincerely
+grateful for your kind sympathy.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1874, Domestic happiness
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Later in the same year, after his return to England, Bute took
+occasion, in a letter to his ever-faithful friend at Oxford, to repel
+with indignation some malevolent rumours which had reached him to the
+effect that he had not found in his home life the happiness which he
+had anticipated.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Not one jot of truth is there, or has there ever been, in these
+iniquitous calumnies.  Our happiness indeed is complete, and the terms
+on which we live completely affectionate and intimate.  I find myself
+more attached to G. the longer I have the privilege and honour of
+living with her, and of seeing, as St. Augustine says of St. Monica,
+"her walk with God, how godly and holy it is, and to us-ward so sweet
+and gentle."
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+This letter was written from Heath House, Weybridge&mdash;"a little house,"
+writes Bute, "which we have hired for a month or two.  I go hence to
+London nearly every day to read Hebrew with a Rabbi [this was in view
+of the new version of the Psalms for his projected translation of the
+Breviary], and all sorts of things with a Jesuit.  Besides the sacred
+language 'in which the Eternal spoke,' and certain branches
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P116"></A>116}</SPAN>
+of
+Liturgiology, I continue, as formerly, to read history and
+science&mdash;very humbly.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"We go to Scotland this month, but perhaps shall be at Cardiff for
+Christmastide, though Mountstuart, as you know, is the home of our
+predilection."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Before Christmas of this year, which Bute spent not at Cardiff but at
+Mountstuart, he published (anonymously) a little book containing a
+translation of the Christmas Offices from the Roman Breviary.  "I hope
+and believe," he wrote, "that it may be of some service to those (there
+must be many) who desire to follow with intelligence the Liturgy of
+that holy season, but are prevented from doing so by their partial or
+total ignorance of the language of the Church.  For this reason I
+should wish the booklet made known through the ordinary channels&mdash;a
+matter in which I confess to thinking our Catholic publishers very much
+less enterprising and business-like than those who cater for devout
+Anglicans.  But for this state of things, I fear, <I>non c'č remedio</I>."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In Bute's own chapel he was accustomed to have the church offices (with
+the exception, of course, of the Mass) recited in the vernacular.
+"Christmas went well here," he wrote to a friend in January, 1875.  "We
+had the Monsignor [Capel] down.  Mattins and Lauds were said in
+English, the altar being incensed at the <I>Benedictus</I>; and Mgr. C.
+treated us to a short and rather eloquent <I>fervorino</I> after the gospel
+at Mass.  By the way, the progress of my Breviary is most
+discouragingly slow: <I>eppur si muove</I>."
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn1text">1</A>] "Lapsed" livings are those in the gift of Catholics, who are
+legally incapable of presenting to them.  By statutes passed in 1603
+and 1715, the patronage of such livings is vested, according to their
+situation, in the universities of Oxford or Cambridge.  All such
+benefices in Glamorgan were assigned to Cambridge.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn2text">2</A>] The Rev. F. W. Puller, the well-known Anglican divine and
+controversialist, resigned the vicarage of Roath in 1880 to join the
+Society of St. John the Evangelist at Cowley.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn3text">3</A>] The Welsh Disestablishment Act of 1920 has, of course, abolished
+private patronage in Wales.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn4text">4</A>] Canon Jenkins had held one of the "missionary fellowships" founded
+at Jesus by his namesake Sir Leoline Jenkins in the seventeenth
+century, and had accordingly gone out to Natal in 1853, and become a
+canon of Maritzburg.  He had returned to Oxford when Bute came into
+residence at Christ Church, and was successively dean and bursar of
+Jesus between 1864 and 1870.  A fine portrait of him by Holman Hunt
+hangs in the common-room of his college.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn5text">5</A>] Pius IXth's wedding gifts were beautiful cameos set in gold.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn6text">6</A>] The (probably mythical) "king of Britain" whom Bede reports to have
+written to Pope Eleutherius asking for instruction in Christianity.
+Lucius is supposed to have left Britain, preached among the Rhętian
+Alps, and died at Chur or Coire, where he is still venerated as a
+saint.  The Welsh legend makes him founder of the churches of Llandaff,
+Roath, etc.  Lleurwg or Lleurfer (Light-bearer) is the Welsh rendering
+of Lucius.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn7text">7</A>] More than 2000 fragments of the fourteenth-century base of St.
+Alban's shrine were discovered in 1872, built into the walls, and were
+pieced together again with extraordinary patience and skill, and
+re-erected on the original site.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn8text">8</A>] The Duke of Norfolk and his four unmarried sisters were at this
+time living at Arundel with their widowed mother.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn9text">9</A>] One recalls in this connection the cases of two of the most devout
+and accomplished Catholic writers of the nineteenth century, the Count
+de Montalembert and Kenelm Digby.  Both expended the utmost enthusiasm
+and eloquence in their description of the religious life of the Middle
+Ages; and both resisted to the utmost, and not without bitterness, the
+entry into religion of members of their own immediate family circles.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn10text">10</A>] A contemporary of Bute's at Harrow and Christ Church.  He had
+become a Catholic in 1871.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn11"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn11text">11</A>] In the preface to his translation of the Breviary, published six
+years later, Bute pays a handsome tribute to the "long pains and
+unwearied patience and kindness" which the learned Jesuit had expended
+in assisting him in the work.  Father MacSweeney read the whole of it
+in proof, and contributed much valuable criticism, especially in
+connection with the translation of the Psalter.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap06fn12"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap06fn12text">11</A>] One of the testamentary dispositions of Edith Lady Loudoun, who
+had succeeded to the Scottish earldom in 1868 on the premature death of
+her brother, fourth and last Marquis of Hastings, curiously recalls a
+provision afterwards made by Bute in his own will.  Lady Loudoun
+directed that her right hand should be severed after death, and buried
+apart from her body (which was interred in the family vault in
+Scotland) in the park at her husband's seat at Donington, her home
+before she inherited her brother's title.  Curiously enough, a similar
+provision had been made by her grandfather (and Bute's), the first
+Marquis of Hastings, the distinguished Governor-General of India, who
+died in Malta in 1826, his wife and children being at the time in
+Scotland.  He was buried at Malta, but his right hand was by his wish
+carried to Loudoun, and placed in the grave destined for his wife.
+When the latter was dying fourteen years later, her daughter Sophia,
+afterwards Marchioness of Bute, wrote a note to the parish minister,
+asking him to bring her a small iron box which he would find in the
+family vault.  "There must be no delay," the missive ended.  The young
+minister did Lady Sophia's bidding: the box was taken to her mother's
+deathbed, and two days later was enclosed in her coffin according to
+her husband's desire.  This minister was the Rev. Norman Macleod,
+afterwards the chaplain and intimate friend of Queen Victoria.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap07"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P117"></A>117}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER VII
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+WINE-GROWING&mdash;LITERARY WORK&mdash;THE <I>SCOTTISH REVIEW</I>
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1875-1886
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+Bute's domestic happiness was crowned, at the close of the year 1875,
+by the birth of his eldest (and for some years his only) child, the
+event taking place at Mountstuart on December 24, 1875.  "At twenty
+minutes to five a.m. on Christmas Eve," he wrote to a friend, "the
+first cries of my daughter were heard, and the little thing is and has
+been in excellent health and strength.  I cannot believe there is ever
+much likeness in babies to one parent or the other; but what she has
+<I>absolutely</I>, such as the colour of the eyes, formation of the ears,
+etc., is after me, and not after her mother ...  She was baptised that
+evening at six, I asking the farmers round about.  Mgr. Capel made a
+kind of little sermon for the occasion, very well done."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The autumn of the following year was marked by a Royal visit to the
+Isle of Bute&mdash;a rare event in those parts, and one which for that
+reason aroused all the greater interest and appreciation.  H.R.H.
+Prince Leopold was the guest of Lord and Lady Bute for four days at
+Mountstuart, arriving in the evening in Lord Glasgow's yacht <I>Valetta</I>
+at the picturesque harbour of Rothesay, which was illuminated for the
+occasion.  The Prince next day paid a kind of official visit to the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P118"></A>118}</SPAN>
+Aquarium (the chief public attraction of Rothesay), and had a
+most enthusiastic reception.  On Sunday he attended service in the
+parish church, accompanied by the Protestant members of the
+house-party; and in the evening he was present at the Catholic service
+of vespers in Lord Bute's private chapel.  A ball was given at
+Mountstuart during his visit; and he much enjoyed a cruise in the yacht
+round the islands, as well as a visit to the interesting colony of
+beavers which Bute had established some little time before on a spot
+adapted for their damming and tree-cutting operations.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-118"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-118.jpg" ALT="CASTELL COCH, GLAMORGAN" BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+CASTELL COCH, GLAMORGAN
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1875, The Cardiff vintage
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+From his boyhood Bute had been a lover of animals, though, unlike the
+young hero of "The Mill on the Floss" (who "was very fond of
+animals&mdash;that is, of throwing stones at them"), he took no interest
+whatever in their destruction.  Besides the beavers, to whose
+constitutions the dampness of the Bute climate ultimately proved fatal,
+he introduced a number of kangaroos (or rather wallabies) into the
+sheltered woods round Mountstuart; and his visitors used to view with
+surprise these agile little marsupials leaping about among the bushes,
+as much at home as, and indeed much less shy than, the familiar hare or
+rabbit of our English coverts.  The acclimatisation of exotic shrubs in
+the grounds of his island home (where the prevailing mildness of
+temperature encouraged such experiments) was always a source of
+interest to him; whilst at Cardiff he derived particular pleasure from
+the success of his efforts to grow grapes there for wine-producing
+purposes.  Vines were selected from the colder districts of France, and
+were planted in 1875 on the slopes of Castell Coch, near Cardiff, in
+light fibrous loam soil.  One particular vine, the <I>Gamay Noir</I> (a
+favourite in the Paris
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P119"></A>119}</SPAN>
+district), so flourished that a second and
+larger vineyard was propagated from it.  Forty gallons of wine were
+made in the second year after planting, and after two or three bad
+seasons so good a vintage was secured in 1881 that the wine, pronounced
+by connoisseurs to resemble good still champagne, was all sold at
+excellent prices.  The record year, however, was 1893, when the entire
+crop of forty hogsheads, or over a thousand dozen, of the wine realised
+a price which recouped all the expenses incurred during the previous
+eighteen years.  Dr. Lawson Tait, as famous for his taste in wine as
+for his surgical skill, bought some of it; and when sold with the rest
+of his cellar after his death it fetched 115<I>s.</I> a dozen.[<A NAME="chap07fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn1">1</A>]  The
+success of Bute's viticultural experiments aroused very general
+interest in England; and it is perhaps worth while putting on record,
+as a good specimen of the now discredited art of the punster, a notice
+of the new industry which appeared, now nearly half a century ago, in
+the principal comic paper of the day:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The Marquis of Bute has, it appears, a Bute-iful vineyard at Castle
+Coch, near Cardiff, where it is to be hoped such wine will be produced
+that in future Hock will be superseded by Coch, and the unpronounceable
+vintages of the Rhine will yield to the unpronounceable vintages of the
+Taff.  Cochheimer is as yet a wine <I>in potentia</I>, but the vines are
+planted, and the gardener, Mr. Pettigrew, anticipates no petty growth.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+No distinctive name was, as a matter of fact, ever given to the wine
+made from the Castle Coch grapes;
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P120"></A>120}</SPAN>
+and Bute on more than one
+occasion asked good Welsh scholars (including some of the Cardiff
+clergy) to dinner, in order to consult with them as to this point.  The
+site of one of the vineyards was a place called Swanbridge
+(Pont-yr-alarch), and it was suggested that "Sparkling
+Pont-yr-alarch"[<A NAME="chap07fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn2">2</A>] would look well in a wine merchant's list.  "True,"
+was Bute's comment, made in the serious vein in which he loved to treat
+such subjects: "yet I fear that such a name would militate against the
+casual demand for my wine in hotels or restaurants.  One can hardly
+imagine the ordinary diner calling for a bottle of Pont-yr-alarch at
+the beginning of his meal, still less asking for a second bottle at a
+more advanced stage of the repast.  All orders for this particular
+vintage would have, in practice, to be given in writing."  The wine
+continued to be anonymous; and Bute, who frequently had it served at
+his own table, used to puzzle his guests by asking their candid opinion
+of it.  "Well, now, Lord Bute," said a distinguished connoisseur once,
+after tasting the 1893 vintage and rolling it over his palate <I>secundum
+artem</I>, "this is what I should call an <I>interesting</I> wine."  "I wonder
+what Sir H&mdash;&mdash; M&mdash;&mdash; exactly meant by that," Bute would sometimes say
+afterwards, recalling the incident.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1875, Order of the Thistle
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The year 1875 was marked for Bute by an incident which gratified him
+not a little, namely, the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P121"></A>121}</SPAN>
+bestowal on him by Queen Victoria of
+the Knighthood of the Thistle.  It was characteristic of him that he
+did not accept this honour, as some noblemen of high rank and large
+possessions might easily have done, as a mere matter of course.  He
+regarded it, on the contrary, as a recognition of the services he had
+endeavoured to render to education, learning, and the civic life; and
+he valued and appreciated it accordingly.  Apart from any question of
+personal merit, he was gratified, as a patriotic Scot, by his admission
+into the most exclusive order of chivalry in the kingdom, and one which
+had been conferred for generations on the most eminent of his
+countrymen.  He had held for some years the Grand Cross of two
+distinguished Papal Orders&mdash;those of St. Gregory and of the Holy
+Sepulchre; but on the occasion of his next ceremonial visit to Rome and
+to the Pope, it was remarked at the Vatican (where such details never
+pass unnoticed) that he was not wearing the Pontifical decorations, but
+only the insignia of the Scottish Order.[<A NAME="chap07fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn3">3</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The loyal affection cherished by Bute for his few near relatives has
+already been mentioned; and it may therefore be easily imagined with
+what sympathetic interest he learned in the summer of 1875 that his
+cousin Lady Flora Hastings, elder sister of Lord Loudoun, had been
+received into the Catholic Church, and was in consequence being
+subjected to a species of domestic persecution which seems strange in
+these more tolerant days, but was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P122"></A>122}</SPAN>
+by no means uncommon fifty
+years ago.  Bute wrote as to this to an intimate friend:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>Jan.</I> 10, 1876.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The treatment to which she has been submitted at home has naturally
+been extremely trying and painful to her;[<A NAME="chap07fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn4">4</A>] but she has endured it
+with admirable patience, being reinforced and supported by the
+remarkable kindness of her brother.  Loudoun's behaviour has indeed
+been considerate to a degree that can hardly be imagined, and far more
+so than could have been at all expected.  You will understand, without
+my saying more, what we all feel about this.  Norfolk has been kindness
+itself to her, and so, too, have others.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+An interesting sequel to the reference in the last sentence was the
+happy engagement concluded in 1877 between the Duke of Norfolk and Lady
+Flora.  As first cousins respectively to the bride and bridegroom, Lord
+and Lady Bute were of course very specially interested in this
+marriage, which took place at the Oratory on November 21, 1877.  "We
+are all occupied all day here," Bute wrote from a London hotel on
+November 16, "talking about the wedding next week, and some of us with
+other things besides talk, for there is much business to be done and
+settled."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Neither on this nor on any other occasion did Lord and Lady Bute care
+to remain away from their own home longer than was absolutely
+necessary.  Bute wrote a few days afterwards from Lord Glasgow's seat
+in Fife, where they were paying a short visit:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P123"></A>123}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+We quitted London&mdash;as usual, with much satisfaction&mdash;the very day after
+the ceremony, which was decorously done, and the mob of sightseers was,
+I am inclined to think, better behaved (anyhow inside the church) than
+at our marriage five years ago.  Lord Beaconsfield, who was in the
+front row next to Princess Louise, sat throughout the function wrapped
+in his long drab overcoat, and gazing at the altar with Sphinx-like
+immobility.  He told me at the reception afterwards that he had thought
+the music (which at Norfolk's express wish was plain-chant throughout)
+"strangely impressive."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The bridegroom, by the way, forgot to order a carriage to take them
+away after the ceremony, but finding his father-in-law's carriage at
+the church door, handed in the bride with great presence of mind.  They
+were just driving off when Mr. Hastings came out fuming, and insisted
+on a seat in his own carriage.  So they all drove away together, quite
+in violation, I imagine, of the established etiquette on such occasions.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1877, Burning of Mountstuart
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute's hopes of spending the winter of 1877-1878 quietly at his old
+home near Rothesay were rudely frustrated by the catastrophe of
+December 3, 1877, when Mountstuart House was practically burnt to the
+ground, only the two wings (one of them containing the little private
+chapel) escaping the flames.  He wrote early in December, in reply to a
+letter of condolence:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Many thanks for the kind expressions in your letter.  It has all been,
+of course, very distressing.  Nearly all moveables (including books and
+pictures) were most fortunately saved,[<A NAME="chap07fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn5">5</A>] but the confusion is
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P124"></A>124}</SPAN>
+and has been so great that I am practically bookless for a while, and
+feel like a snail that has lost its shell.  But the Breviary is slowly
+proceeding.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The destruction of his birthplace was, of course, far from leaving Bute
+in any sense homeless; for Cardiff Castle as well as Dumfries House,
+the fine old seat of the Crichtons, were still at his disposition, and
+to these he added in course of time two other country-places in
+Scotland, besides leasing for a term of years first the Duke of
+Devonshire's cedar-shaded villa at Chiswick, and later the beautiful
+domain of St. John's Lodge, in Regent's Park, which was almost as much
+a <I>rus in urbe</I> as Holland House itself.  Superficially, and in one
+respect, he may thus be said to have resembled the anonymous duke in
+Disraeli's most popular novel, who was the owner of so many magnificent
+seats that he could never feel (it was his one grievance) that he
+possessed a home.  But Bute, who considered it a matter of duty and
+conscience to spend a certain time at all his places in turn, contrived
+to find in each of them the <I>Lar domestico</I> (as the Portuguese call it)
+which makes a house a veritable home.  Happy in the society of his wife
+and growing family (three sons were born to him between 1880 and 1887)
+and surrounded by the books which he loved, he was well contented to
+live remote from cities, although quite devoid of any instincts
+whatever for the sports which alone make country life tolerable to so
+many Englishmen.  A good swimmer and fencer (as we have seen) in his
+early manhood, he indulged in middle life in no other bodily exercise
+than that of country walks; and even in these, given a congenial
+companion, what is called the "object of the walk" was often forgotten
+in the interest of some conversation on
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P125"></A>125}</SPAN>
+topics strangely remote
+from the picturesque surroundings of a Scottish country house.  One who
+was often his associate in such rambles, perhaps on the high moorlands
+above Mountstuart, recalls how they would pause at some notable point
+of view, and how his companion, gazing with unseeing eye (though in
+reality far from insensible to the beauties of nature) at the matchless
+panorama of woods and mountains, sea, and sky spread out before them,
+would dismiss the prospect, as it were, with a wave of the hand, and
+continue his discourse on the claim of some medięval anti-pope to the
+recognition of Christendom, or the precise relation between the
+liturgical language employed by the Coptic Church and the tongue of
+ancient Egypt as spoken by the Pharaohs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1877, Bute as a landowner
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute was scrupulous and exact in the performance of his duties as a
+landowner; he kept himself informed of all the details connected with
+the management of his extensive estates, and never grudged the demands
+on his time and patience made by the lawyers, agents, and others for
+business interviews extending over many hours and sometimes even days.
+That he found these prolonged transactions irksome and fatiguing enough
+is clear from some expressions in his correspondence; and it was always
+a pleasure and relief to him to get back to his books and literary
+work, which were, perhaps, on the whole the chief interest of his life.
+Although he expended annually a considerable sum on the equipment of
+his libraries, Bute was no bibliophile in the sense in which that word
+is now often used.  Tall-paper copies, first editions, volumes unique
+for their rarity, and publications de luxe had no interest for him at
+all.  What he aimed at was to surround himself with a first-rate
+working library, furnished especially with those
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P126"></A>126}</SPAN>
+works of
+reference&mdash;<I>sources</I>, as the French term is&mdash;most likely to be of
+service to him in the historical and liturgical researches with which
+he was chiefly occupied.  His librarian had standing orders, in the
+case of new books of interest and utility, to purchase three copies, so
+that wherever he chanced to be resident he found the tools of his craft
+ready to his hand.[<A NAME="chap07fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn6">6</A>]  A letter written in the autumn of 1877 shows
+that the work at that time occupying most of his attention was his
+translation of the Roman Breviary, which after several years of
+assiduous (though not, of course, continuous) labour was now nearing
+its completion.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Mountstuart,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>August</I> 28, 1877.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At last I am relieved from a more than usually tedious spell of
+business with lawyers and factors, and am able to fulfil my promise to
+tell you of my liturgical <I>opus magnum</I> (I call it so, though my office
+has been but the humble one of the translator).  For the present, keep
+the matter to yourself.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I have been engaged since the winter of 1870 in translating the whole
+of the Roman Breviary into English; and the MS. is nearly finished, and
+the printing now going on.  I expect it will be published next year.  I
+have learnt Hebrew (more or less) for the purpose, and done an amount
+of reading which it quite frightens me to think of.  This translation
+is <I>my beloved child</I>.  I send you a volume of proof, and will give you
+a copy of the two volumes when they come out.  Please keep it quiet: I
+don't want to be badgered about it, as I should be if people knew that
+I was doing it.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P127"></A>127}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+I am executing a paraphrase in English prose, with a critical
+commentary, introduction, notes, analysis, and all the rest of it, of
+the Scots metrical romance upon the Life of William Wallace, written by
+"Blind Harry" in the XVth century.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+From my Scotch historical reading, I am gradually compiling a skeleton
+chronology of the History of Scotland, with references to every fact:
+it is intended to stretch from the fall of Macbeth to that of
+Mary&mdash;<I>i.e.</I> the national, Catholic, and feudal period.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+And&mdash;pleasure after business&mdash;I have in hand a translation of the
+Targum (Paraphrastic Commentary by the Jewish Fathers) upon the Song of
+Solomon, from the Latin version published at Antwerp in 1570.  This has
+just been rejected by the Jesuits for one of their publications as
+"dull."  As I did not compose it, I feel free to differ from their
+verdict.  I think now of offering it to <I>Good Words</I>.  It is mystic
+(not fleshly) and very wild, picturesque, and diffuse&mdash;indeed, in my
+opinion, touching not infrequently on the sublime.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+So you see I have lots of work in hand.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute took an infinity of pains over his English Breviary, polishing and
+repolishing his version of the medięval Latin text over and over again,
+and correcting and revising the proofs with such meticulous care as
+greatly to add to the expense of the production (which was defrayed by
+himself, not by the publishers) and also to the delay in bringing out
+the work.  Probably few books of the size and character of these two
+portly volumes were ever printed with a smaller proportion of
+typographical errors; but Bute professed himself far from satisfied
+with the work on its appearance.  Sending a copy to a friend, he wrote:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+There are a good many things in it&mdash;blunders and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P128"></A>128}</SPAN>
+oversights
+(mostly mine, not the printers', who have done their work
+extraordinarily well)&mdash;which make me anything but contented with it.  I
+am on the whole, seeing the book in print, least dissatisfied with the
+rendering of the <I>prayers</I>, in which I venture to think I have not
+quite failed to reproduce to some extent the measured and sonorous
+dignity of the original Latin.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Reviewers, as a rule, received the Breviary with respectful admiration,
+their tributes being, however, paid in many cases less to the work
+itself than to the astonishing industry of the translator.  Bute
+himself was disappointed at the slowness of the sale.  "I hope," he
+wrote to a friend at Oxford, "you will speak of it if occasion offers,
+as the circulation is not large."  And some months later he wrote
+again, "I am very glad that you find the Breviary of use, and that
+there are others who do the same.  It is not, however, a feeling as yet
+very widely disseminated among the public, seeing that I am still £300
+out of pocket by having published it."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There was, in truth, no very considerable body of educated
+English-speaking readers to whom these two ponderous and necessarily
+expensive tomes were likely to appeal.  The Catholic clergy had no
+money to spare for literary luxuries, and felt no special need of an
+English version of their familiar office-book: the Catholic laity,
+devoid for the most part of all liturgical taste, and nurtured on
+modern methods and manuals of devotion, knew and cared little about the
+ancient and official prayer of the Church, either in Latin or in
+English; and thus those chiefly interested in this really monumental
+work, to which the translator had devoted such prolonged and unwearied
+labour, proved to be, not (pathetically enough) his own
+co-religionists, but a small group of scholars and devotees mostly
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P129"></A>129}</SPAN>
+belonging to one section of the Church of England, and including
+liturgiologists of acknowledged eminence.  In some religious houses,
+however, both of men and women, the Breviary was introduced, and
+greatly valued, as a means of instructing novices and others in the
+Divine Office; and in a certain number of Anglican communities,
+especially in the United States, it was brought into use as the regular
+office-book.  Bute always heard with sincere gratification of any
+instances of this which were brought to his knowledge.[<A NAME="chap07fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn7">7</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1882, The <I>Scottish Review</I>
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Next to the Breviary, the "<I>beloved child</I>" of his brain, which was
+published in the autumn of 1879, Bute's chief literary labours may be
+said to have been in connection with the quarterly <I>Scottish Review</I>,
+to which he first became a contributor in 1882, and of which he
+afterwards assumed the control, purchasing the periodical outright in
+1886.  A series of his letters dealing with the <I>Review</I>, all eminently
+characteristic of the writer, have been preserved, mostly addressed to
+the editor, the Rev. W. Metcalfe, an Established Church minister of
+Paisley, who was afterwards closely associated with him during his
+Rectorship of St. Andrews University, and was during a long series of
+years one of his most intimate friends and most regular correspondents.
+One of his first letters, in reply to one suggesting certain subjects
+for possible articles from his pen, shows the complete frankness with
+which, when necessary, he acknowledged his own ignorance.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P130"></A>130}</SPAN>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Dumfries House,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>October</I> 10, 1882.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I am sensible of the kindness of your offer, but I know my own
+limitations.  About prehistoric antiquities I can write nothing, for I
+know nothing; and of the Scots Men-at-Arms I know if possible even
+less.  For the latter subject I could no doubt "mug up," as Arthur
+Pendennis did for his articles in the <I>Pall Mall Gazette</I>; but <I>cui
+bono</I>?  As for early Scottish Christianity, the subject is too vast:
+you might almost as well ask me for an article on the history of the
+human race.  It must be done in <I>fragments</I>.  I think I might try my
+hand on some scrap, say the ancient Celtic Hymns, in Latin; and I am
+now taking steps to ascertain if there are known to be any more of such
+compositions than I already possess&mdash;also to get a legible transcript
+of one of mine, a (to me) illegible lithographic facsimile of an
+ancient Codex....  As to the Men-at-Arms, I am of opinion that Mrs.
+Maxwell Scott of Abbotsford would do this well.  She is somewhat of an
+invalid, and spends much time in study, in which she has the advantage
+both of great natural ability and of her illustrious
+great-grandfather's admirable library.  She is (unreasonably)
+diffident; but were the article once written, I feel sure you would not
+find yourself in search of any excuse not to print it.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1883, Contributions to the <I>Scottish Review</I>
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute's own paper on "Ancient Celtic Latin Hymns" appeared in February,
+1883, and was the first of over twenty articles contributed by him to
+the <I>Scottish Review</I>.[<A NAME="chap07fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn8">8</A>]  Other articles followed, dealing
+respectively with St. Patrick, the Scottish Peerage, and the Bayreuth
+Festival, which he attended for the first time in 1886, the same year
+in which he acquired
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P131"></A>131}</SPAN>
+control of the <I>Review</I>.  The last-named
+article has a particular interest of its own, as having been written by
+a man quite devoid (as he himself frankly acknowledged)[<A NAME="chap07fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn9">9</A>] of any
+ęsthetic appreciation of music, but who was yet moved and impressed to
+an extraordinary degree by the Wagnerian cycle as presented at
+Bayreuth.  "Had you not better," he writes to the editor in sending the
+Bayreuth article, "submit my <I>Festival</I> to some expert musician of
+Wagnerian mind, that he may add a few technicalities at appropriate
+places?  (I have indicated in pencil where I think this may fitly be
+done.)"
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The article on St. Patrick aroused some interest, especially in the
+perennial question of the Saint's birthplace&mdash;a subject to which Bute
+makes whimsical reference in a letter relating to hoped-for
+contributions from the Rev. Colin Grant,[<A NAME="chap07fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn10">10</A>] the learned priest of
+Eskadale.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+He (G.) is at all sorts of things at this moment, including a memoir of
+Simon Lord Lovat, also a
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P132"></A>132}</SPAN>
+formal attack on a priest (one M&mdash;&mdash;)
+who writes an article every six months, making St. Patrick be born in a
+new place every time, as readily as if he were a kind of early Celtic
+Homer or Gladstone.  Grant swears by Dumbarton; but whenever he crushes
+M&mdash;&mdash; in one place it is only to find him giving birth to the Saint
+again in a new one.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1886, A troublesome Greek
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A note to the editor of the <I>Review</I> on the proper designation of a
+Greek named Bikelas, who had contributed an article, shows the extreme
+attention paid by Bute to such comparatively subsidiary points.  The
+note was addressed from Dresden, which Lord and Lady Bute were visiting
+after their pilgrimage to Bayreuth, and where they prolonged their stay
+for several days (in spite of their usual eagerness to get home), in
+order to witness there another performance of the Nibelungen Tetralogy
+which they had seen at Bayreuth a few days previously.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>Sept.</I> 14, 1886.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bikelas kicks against being called "the K. Bikelas": he wants the title
+"Mr."  I tell him that we usually give foreigners the title they use
+themselves&mdash;not "Mr."  Thus we say "M." not "Mr." Grévy&mdash;"Signor" not
+"Mr." Depretis&mdash;Herr not "Mr." von Hartmann&mdash;"Seńor" not "Mr."
+Canovas."  Greeks are vulgarly designated "M.," which must be wrong,
+as, whatever they are, they are not Frenchmen, nor are we.  It is a
+mere blunder founded on ignorance.  They themselves always use the
+style [Greek: <I>ho kśrios</I>]&mdash;e.g. [Greek: <I>ho</I> K. <I>peparrźgopoulos</I>].
+Consequently I maintain that they should be called in English "the K."
+So-and-so.[<A NAME="chap07fn11text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn11">11</A>]
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P133"></A>133}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+Under Bute's regime the columns of the <I>Scottish Review</I> were open to
+capable writers professing any religion or none; but he seems to have
+found the latitudinarian views of "[Greek: <I>ho K. Bikelas</I>]" as
+troublesome as his title.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>December</I> 11, 1886.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+B. is very tiresome indeed.  The fact is, the man has lived more at
+Paris than has been good for him, and looks on anybody taking any
+interest in religion as a folly to be apologised for.  This is a state
+of mind which will appear as strange and shocking in this country as it
+would in his own.  I told him therefore that I thought I must "cook"
+his most free-thinking paragraphs, and he assented.  Now he insists on
+having it all scepticised.  I suppose that I must do as he wishes, and
+leave him&mdash;and ourselves&mdash;to the fate that may befall us.  I fear,
+however, he won't be redeemed even by being sandwiched in between the
+Unknowable in front and the miracles of St. Magnus behind.  There is,
+however, just the hope that the country ministers who do the notices
+won't see what he's driving at.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute's view about the application of the term "British" to his
+countrymen is expressed in a note referring to an article written for
+the number of January, 1887, by Amin Nassif, a Syrian <I>protégé</I> of his,
+translated from the Arabic by Professor Robertson, and prefaced by a
+rather mysterious foreword, apparently from Bute's pen.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I would not call Nassif's article "Egypt under the British," but "Egypt
+under the English invasion."[<A NAME="chap07fn12text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn12">12</A>]  I dislike the word "British," which
+really only means Cymro-Celtic.  It has a tendency to confound us with
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P134"></A>134}</SPAN>
+the English, and to obscure to the popular mind the extent to
+which our forefathers in 1706 tried to make us a mere English
+province.[<A NAME="chap07fn13text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn13">13</A>]  To every one their due: to the Westminster Parliament
+that of the bombardment of Alexandria and the rest of it.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The appearance of the first number of the <I>Review</I> published subsequent
+to Bute assuming control of the periodical is referred to with some
+complacency, in a letter written from Mountstuart on April 16, 1887:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+It seems to me the best number of the <I>S.R.</I> that I have ever seen.
+But as I have had more to do with it than with any other, I probably
+see it with prejudiced eyes.  The first newspaper notice or two will
+display it in its true light, in the same way that the impressions of
+Moličre's housekeeper on his literary efforts were a precursor of those
+of his public audiences.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The "first newspaper notice" which came to hand, that in the <I>Ayr
+Observer</I>, evoked a comment which seemed to show that Bute was not then
+so hardened as he afterwards became to the depreciatory remarks of
+"irresponsible reviewers."
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>May</I> 9, 1887.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The <I>Ayr Observer</I> man had clearly not even glanced at any of the
+articles except the first and one other (to which he was attracted by
+my name as of local interest).  He seems to believe the word
+"Byzantine," now seen by him for the first time, to be a synonym for
+"German" or "Russian."  As none of the sentences parse, I conceive that
+the notice was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P135"></A>135}</SPAN>
+written in the small hours (from a dogged
+determination not to go to bed without getting it done), after
+separating from some scene freely enlivened by alcoholic stimulants.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1887, A London garden party
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A long letter to the editor written on June 18, 1887, contains, <I>inter
+alia</I>, lamentations on the writer's "hard fate" at having to return to
+London in mid-summer, and attend, incidentally, a crowded garden party
+there.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Fancy leaving this place [Mountstuart] at its very best, in order to be
+jammed in a stuffy back garden in London, in a hollow surrounded by
+houses, for hours on a midsummer's afternoon.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-134"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-134.jpg" ALT="THE GREAT HALL, MOUNTSTUART" BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+THE GREAT HALL, MOUNTSTUART
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+I see astrologically that Mars has a good deal to say with regard to
+the *******;[<A NAME="chap07fn14text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn14">14</A>] it may possibly mean sunstroke or apoplexy as well as
+dynamite.  Really one would think they ought to provide not only an
+ambulance tent and nurses, but also a dead-house and a competent staff
+of undertakers.[<A NAME="chap07fn15text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn15">15</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+William Skene, the eminent Celtic scholar and historiographer-royal for
+Scotland, had proposed writing an article for the <I>Review</I> on the
+question of reunion between the Episcopalian and Presbyterian Churches;
+and this gave Bute an opportunity of ventilating his deep-seated
+animosity against what he considered the hopelessly Erastian element
+inherent
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P136"></A>136}</SPAN>
+in, and (as he believed) essential to, Anglicanism.  He
+wrote from Raby Castle on October 11, 1887:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+If Dr. Skene advocates Bishop Wordsworth's views, he is likely to find
+himself strongly controverted in the next number.  What the Bishop
+means by reunion is the unconditional surrender of the Scottish nation
+to a foreign body, whose marriages form 2 per cent. of those celebrated
+in Scotland.  This seems to me simply insane impertinence.  A reunion
+between Presbyterians and Catholics looks to me far less unlikely; for
+the very essence of the Presbyterian position&mdash;that the sacramental
+character of Order belongs only to the presbyterate, the episcopate
+being merely its full exercise&mdash;is at least a discutable[<A NAME="chap07fn16text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn16">16</A>] question
+with <I>us</I>, and we are already agreed on Christ's Divine Headship "on
+earth as it is in heaven": whereas the Anglicans have nailed their
+colours to the mast on the first point, and have abandoned every shred
+of Catholic principle on the second.  Their doing this last is indeed
+the sole reason why they exist at all, either in England or in Scotland.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The withers of the historiographer-royal were probably quite unwrung by
+this rather polemical outburst, the fact being that Dr. Skene had (as
+he himself mildly explained) no sympathy at all with Bishop
+Wordsworth's views on reunion, which his article was designed not to
+support but to confute.[<A NAME="chap07fn17text"></A><A HREF="#chap07fn17">17</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn1text">1</A>] The vintage of 1885 was also a very good one.  "The Mayor of
+Cardiff," Bute noted in his diary in July, 1892, "has bought three
+dozen of my 1885 wine&mdash;like, but in his opinion better (and I really
+think it is) than, my Falernian here."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn2text">2</A>] It may be worth while to point out that the suggested Welsh name
+for the wine is based on a mistaken etymology.  The word "Swanbridge"
+has nothing to do with swans, but is from the Norse or Danish proper
+name Sweyn (Swegen, Swain or Svend).  The narrow neck of land
+connecting the place, at low tide, with the island of Sully is the
+"bridge" or "brigg" forming the second half of the word.  Norse names
+are common all along the south coast of Glamorgan.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn3text">3</A>] It is to be observed, in reference to this, that the occasion
+referred to was that of an exclusively Scottish deputation to Pope Pius
+IX.&mdash;an occasion on which Bute doubtless thought it congruous and
+becoming to appear wearing only the decoration of the highest Order of
+Scottish chivalry.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn4text">4</A>] By a singular sequence of events, the persecuting parent (who was
+afterwards created Lord Donington) followed his daughter's example a
+few years later, and died a devout member of the Catholic Church in
+1895.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn5text">5</A>] Much of the credit of this was due to the sailors from the Clyde
+guardship, who arrived on the scene in time to render invaluable
+service in the work of salvage.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn6text">6</A>] The writer has been reminded, since the above sentence was penned,
+that another standing order to the librarian was to purchase annually
+one or two works of fiction among those most in demand during the
+current year.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn7text">7</A>] A tale (possibly <I>ben trovato</I>) in this connection was told of a
+certain nun, a blonde of very homely appearance, whose intonation in
+choir of the antiphon, "I am black but comely," provoked such unseemly
+giggles in the community, that the Superior promptly ordered the
+English Breviary to be discarded, and the Latin one adopted in its
+place.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn8text">8</A>] Afterwards reprinted in book form (<I>post</I>, p. <A HREF="#P188">143</A>, note).  A
+complete bibliography of Bute's published writings is given in <A HREF="#chap18">Appendix
+VI</A>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn9text">9</A>] "Since I have been here," he wrote in January, 1887, from Oban,
+where he had built a church and established a choir of men and boys for
+the daily celebration of the Liturgy, "I have been attending choir
+myself very regularly.  I have no natural musical gifts at all, as you
+(being musical yourself) are well aware; but I think it better to put
+on a surplice when here, as it shows fellow-feeling."  The Emperor
+Charlemagne, we are told, presided regularly over the choir in his
+private chapel; but beyond the fact that he coughed or sneezed
+(<I>sternutabat</I>) when he wished the lessons to stop, we do not hear of
+his taking any audible part in the service.  Probably both he and Lord
+Bute, having instituted a choir to do the singing, thought it best
+themselves to follow the injunction which is, or was, posted up in the
+ante-chapel of Magdalen College, Oxford, bidding visitors "join in the
+service silently."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn10text">10</A>] One of the most deeply learned men of his time in Scotland,
+especially on the lore and history of the early Celtic Church.  He was
+appointed to the See of Aberdeen in 1889, but&mdash;to the great loss of
+Scottish learning&mdash;died only six weeks after his episcopal
+consecration.  See <I>post</I>, p. <A HREF="#P147">147</A>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn11"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn11text">11</A>] The articles contributed by this writer were, as a matter of fact,
+signed [Greek: <I>Demétrios Bikelas</I>, and appear in the index under the
+name of D. Bikelas.  In some reviews of his writings he is, however,
+styled "the K."  His "Seven Essays on Christian Greece," translated by
+Bute, appeared in book form in 1890.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn12"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn12text">12</A>] The title of the article as published was "Egypt on the Eve of the
+English Invasion."  It was anonymous.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn13"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn13text">13</A>] One cannot but recall, in this connection, Mr. Putney Giles's
+words to Lothair in regard to the preparations for the celebration of
+his majority.  "Great disappointment would prevail among your
+Lordship's friends in Scotland, if that country on this occasion were
+placed on the same level as a mere English county.  It must be regarded
+as a Kingdom."&mdash;"Lothair," Chap. XXVII.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn14"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn14text">14</A>] The asterisked word is, of course, "Jubilee."  Some time before
+this Bute had written: "I am dabbling, among other things, in
+astrology, and find it a curious and in some ways fascinating study."
+See <I>post</I>, p. <A HREF="#P176">176</A>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn15"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn15text">15</A>] A curious parallel to this curious passage occurs in a letter
+written by Disraeli to Lady Chesterfield on July 14, 1887 ("Life," vol.
+vi. p. 169).  "Garden parties in London are wells, full of dank air.
+Sir William Gull told me that if the great garden parties in future are
+held at Buckingham Palace and Marlboro' House instead of Chiswick and
+so on, his practice will be doubled."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn16"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn16text">16</A>] This odd synonym for "discussible" seems almost an [Greek: <I>hįpax
+legómenon</I>].  The Oxford Dictionary gives but one example of its use,
+from an article in the <I>Saturday Review</I> of 1893.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap07fn17"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap07fn17text">17</A>] Dr. Skene's article did not, as a matter of fact, appear in the
+<I>Review</I>.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap08"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P137"></A>137}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER VIII
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+LITERARY WORK (<I>CONTINUED</I>)
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1886, 1887
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+"They will say that we are dull, of course," Bute wrote to his editor
+in 1887, discussing the contents of a forthcoming number of the
+<I>Scottish Review</I>.  "But they say that anyhow, without reading us,
+whatever we put in or leave out."  Bute did not always feel sure that
+his own contributions, written as they were with an immensity of care
+and painstaking, were not open to this charge.  "I feel rather low
+about the 'Coronations,'"[<A NAME="chap08fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn1">1</A>] he wrote a few weeks later.  "It seems to
+me dull, very long, and intensely technical....  It is true that the
+Lord Lyon has returned my proof with a note calling the article 'most
+valuable,' and saying he could scarcely suggest any improvement.  So
+far so good; but then he is a professional State Master of Ceremonies."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At other times Bute appeared rather to resent the charge of "heaviness"
+not infrequently applied to his <I>Review</I>.  "They call us
+<I>ponderous</I>&mdash;it is their favourite adjective," he wrote in this mood a
+little later.  "It is easy to bandy epithets, but I should say that we
+are positively <I>light</I> in comparison with
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P138"></A>138}</SPAN>
+some other quarterlies
+I could name.  I was drowsing for two hours last night over one of
+them, which I can designate by no other word than <I>stodgy</I>."
+Nevertheless it must be frankly admitted that Bute did not possess the
+power of treating with any kind of light touch (or perhaps of inspiring
+others to do the same) the various interesting and important subjects
+which were the staple of the <I>Review</I>.  The gift of humour he certainly
+possessed, and in a high degree: he could see as well as any man the
+incongruous and ridiculous side of the most serious subject: he liked a
+good story, and could tell one himself, with a sort of solemn jocosity
+which, combined with his singular felicity in the choice of language,
+added vastly to the effect of the anecdote.  Moreover, he could write
+as well as talk wittily, as is evident from the caustic and sometimes
+mordant humour which characterises many of his letters.  But this
+feature is almost or wholly absent from his published writings; and in
+these he seems to have adopted the principle which Dr. Johnson
+certainly practised as well as preached: "The dignity of literature is
+little enhanced by what passes for humour and wit; and the true man of
+letters will do well to reserve his jests for the ears of his private
+friends, and to treat serious subjects, on the printed page, in a
+serious manner."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute hardly seemed to realise that the following of the sage counsel
+just quoted could be any bar to the popularity of the <I>Review</I> with the
+general reader; and he was at times almost querulous with what he
+called the "unaccountable apathy" of the Scottish public in particular.
+"I think," he wrote to a literary friend, "you ought to pitch strongly
+into the Scottish people for their distaste for anything like serious
+reading.  I am told that of the books borrowed from
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P139"></A>139}</SPAN>
+the Edinburgh
+Public Library for home perusal, more than 75 per cent. are works of
+fiction.  One thing which I have particularly noticed about them is
+crass ignorance of their own history, to a point which is really quite
+astonishing."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In order to increase the circulation of the <I>Review</I>, and make it if
+possible self-supporting ("a state of things which, for the sake of the
+principle involved," wrote Bute, "I am extremely desirous to bring
+about,") the desperate expedient was proposed of transferring the
+<I>Review</I> to London, following the precedents of the <I>Edinburgh</I> and the
+<I>North British</I>.  But this was too much for Bute's <I>amor patrię</I>.  He
+wrote to the Oxford friend from whom the suggestion had emanated:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>October</I> 1, 1887.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One might, of course, do better business by dropping it as a <I>Scottish</I>
+review, and starting another English magazine in London under the same
+name, and with a continuity of numeration.  This, however, would be to
+destroy in its very essence the attempt to keep going a Scottish
+quarterly in Scotland.  It must be owned that the apathy of the
+Scottish public is quite enough to drive any one to such a course, and
+it would be entirely their own fault if it were taken.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1888, Bute's historical method
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A typical example of Bute's method of treating subjects drawn from the
+byways of history may be seen in his studies on the trial and execution
+of Giordano Bruno,[<A NAME="chap08fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn2">2</A>] whose memory a noisy party in Italy was at that
+time (1888) endeavouring to exalt as that of an innocent victim and
+martyr.  The opinion of educated Catholics might have been thought
+pretty well made up as to the justice of the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P140"></A>140}</SPAN>
+sentence on the
+notorious Neapolitan philosopher and ex-Dominican, of whom not a Roman
+Inquisitor, but a Protestant divine, had said that he was "a man of
+great capacity, with infinite knowledge, but not a particle of
+religion."  Bute, however, approached the subject in his usual attitude
+of complete intellectual detachment, with no trace of <I>parti pris</I>.
+"There is much obscurity about the whole matter," he wrote from
+Sorrento on March 21, 1888, "but I flatter myself that my paper will at
+least be a triumph of impartiality, of absolutely colourless
+neutrality."  It is sufficient to record here that his conclusion,
+after many months of patient sifting of evidence, much of it drawn from
+contemporary sources hitherto unexplored, was much the same as that of
+Bruno's accusers and judges in Venice and in Rome.  He wrote as follows
+to Dr. Metcalfe, before his articles appeared in print:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+What I fail to understand is why they executed him at all.  If the
+Church Courts had kept him to themselves and imprisoned him for life,
+he could not have done any one any harm, and might with advancing age
+have repudiated and repented some of his blasphemous utterances (one
+being that Christ was not God, but only a magician of extraordinary
+cunning).[<A NAME="chap08fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn3">3</A>]  In the case of this obscure and repulsive vagabond, whose
+chief literary work could not be printed to-day without the author
+being prosecuted for obscenity, there was surely no need of a terrible
+public example, such as might have been (and was) urged in the case of
+the burning of Servetus.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P141"></A>141}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1888, Garibaldi's Autobiography
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Equally characteristic of his zeal for what he calls "colourless
+neutrality" in the presentment of historic facts are his observations
+on a proposed article for the <I>Review</I> on the autobiography of
+Garibaldi, then recently published.  As to this he writes (February,
+1888):
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps the Contessa M&mdash;&mdash; C&mdash;&mdash; could do it; and if the book is on the
+Index (which is not unlikely),[<A NAME="chap08fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn4">4</A>] she could easily get a dispensation
+by stating her object in wishing to read it.  I suppose she is not a
+Garibaldian, by the way? that would never do.  She should express as
+little opinion of any sort as possible&mdash;I don't mean, of course, that
+she should abstain from stating known facts&mdash;and should leave the man
+to speak for himself by an analysis and a string of quotations, which
+must be given from the Italian text, and severely literal.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The above example&mdash;many others could of course be cited&mdash;are sufficient
+to indicate the spirit of rigid impartiality in which Bute treated, and
+desired that others should treat, historical questions of every kind,
+and his almost passionate endeavours to follow in all such researches
+the old maxim, <I>Audi alteram partem</I>.  It must be confessed,
+however&mdash;indeed he himself practically owned&mdash;that were his
+historiographical principles universally adopted, English literature,
+if not the cause of historic truth, would be the poorer.  "Most
+history," he said in one of his addresses to a body of university
+students, "is not history at all, but romance, sometimes fascinating
+but seldom trustworthy, coloured, as it often is deeply, with the
+prejudices and prepossessions of its
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P142"></A>142}</SPAN>
+writers.
+Names&mdash;facts&mdash;dates&mdash;there is true history; but when a man gets beyond
+that, when he begins to dissect characters, to attribute motives, to
+analyse principles of action, then in nine cases out of ten he ceases
+to be a historian and becomes a romancer.  Gibbon, with his enormous
+erudition, could have presented to us all the details of Rome's decline
+as they really were&mdash;-he has given us instead a travesty of them
+distorted by his own devilish hatred of Christianity.  Macaulay, whose
+whiggery may have been all very well on the hustings, disgusts us by
+intruding it into every page of his so-called "History of England."
+Froude vaunts that his history of the English Reformation is entirely
+based on original documents; by which he really means that he has used
+all those which have helped him in his self-imposed task of
+whitewashing Henry VIII., and has suppressed all the rest.[<A NAME="chap08fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn5">5</A>]  I need
+not give other instances."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute might have pointed to his own laborious work on Scottish
+Chronology in illustration of his theory of how history should be
+written&mdash;the immense folio volumes, specially constructed for the
+purpose, in which day by day and year by year he inserted dates, with
+the barest and briefest statement of facts bearing on the history of
+Scotland and her early kings, as he encountered them in the course of
+his omnivorous reading.  He could hardly have seriously maintained the
+paradox that history in this skeleton
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P143"></A>143}</SPAN>
+form was the only true
+history worthy of the name.  But no historic student (and he disclaimed
+for himself any higher title) ever aimed more anxiously than he did, in
+every line that he wrote, to set forth the plain facts of history
+absolutely uncoloured by any views or prepossessions of his own.  It
+was this marked characteristic, coupled (it is not necessary to say
+contrasted) with his complete and unquestioning loyalty to the
+teachings of his Church, which, especially to those who knew him, gave
+a unique interest to everything that came from his pen.  Genuine
+erudition&mdash;a virile independence of thought and judgment&mdash;an engaging
+personal diffidence and a complete absence of anything like obtrusion
+of the writer's own opinions, combined with a gift of expression and a
+command of language which often soars to real, if sober,
+eloquence&mdash;these qualities may all be found in the essays which he
+wrote during the years which were the most intellectually productive of
+his life; and it is well that they have been rescued from the <I>pozzo
+profondo</I> of the pages of a provincial periodical of limited
+circulation, and are accessible, in two handsome volumes,[<A NAME="chap08fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn6">6</A>] to all who
+care to read them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1888, Tribute from Lord Rosebery
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It may be well at this point, and in this connection, to cite an
+interesting tribute to Bute's literary abilities paid by one who had
+been among the earliest friends of his dawning manhood, and whose own
+distinction in the world of letters gives a particular value to his
+judgment.  Lord Rosebery said of him as follows:&mdash;[<A NAME="chap08fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn7">7</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P144"></A>144}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+The late Lord Bute was a remarkable character to the world at large,
+whether they knew him well or did not.  To some it may often have
+seemed that he was out of place in the nineteenth century.  His mind,
+his thoughts, his studies were so entirely thrown back into a past more
+or less remote; and I think, had he had more incentive to make known
+the objects and subjects of his researches, he would have left no mean
+name in the republic of letters.  And even as it is he has left behind
+him a rectorial address to the University of St. Andrews, which
+contains, I think, one of the strangest, most pathetic, most striking
+passages of eloquence with which I am acquainted in any modern
+deliverance.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+This is high praise; but to those who are familiar with the passages to
+which Lord Rosebery refers, it will not seem exaggerated or misplaced.
+They form the peroration to Bute's inaugural address delivered at St.
+Andrews on the occasion of his election to the lord-rectorship of that
+University; and they run as follows:&mdash;
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+On the 5th of March, in this year, I took a walk with Professor Knight
+to Drumcarrow.  It was a fine, sunny day.  We stood among the remains
+of the prehistoric fort, and looked over the bright view, the glorious
+landscape enriched by so many memories, the city of St. Andrews
+enthroned upon her sea-girt promontory, the German Ocean stretching to
+the horizon, from where it chafes upon the cliffs which support her
+walls.  And we remarked how God and man, how nature and history, had
+alike marked this place as an ideal home of learning and culture.  And
+then the view and the name of the Apostle together carried my thoughts
+away to another land and a narrower and land-locked sea.  I do not mean
+that where Patrai, the scene of Andrew's death, looks from the shores
+of Achaia towards the home of
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P145"></A>145}</SPAN>
+Ulysses over waters rendered for
+ever glorious by the victory of Lepanto.  I do not mean the City of
+Constantine, where the first Christian Emperor enshrined his body, and
+where the union of ineffably debased luxury and ineffably debased
+misery, which drains into the Sea of Marmora, excites a disgust which
+almost chokes grief and humiliation.  Neither do I mean those sun-baked
+precipices which, by the shores of the Gulf of Salerno, beetle over the
+grave where lies the body that was conformed in death to the likeness
+of the death of the Lord.  I mean the land of Andrew's birth&mdash;the hot,
+brown hills, which, far below the general sea-level of the world, gird
+in the Lake of Gennesareth&mdash;that strange landscape which also is not
+unknown to me, the environing circle of arid steeps, at whose feet,
+nevertheless, the occasional brakes of oleander raise above the line of
+the waters their masses of pink blossom, and whence the eye can see the
+snows of Hermon glistering against the sky far away;&mdash;and I pray that
+some words which he heard uttered upon one of those hills may be
+realised here&mdash;that the physical situation of this place may be but a
+parable of its moral position&mdash;and that it may yet be said of the House
+of the Apostle that "the rain descended, and the floods came, and the
+winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not, for it was
+founded upon a rock."[<A NAME="chap08fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn8">8</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+In 1888 Mr. Gardner of Paisley, publisher of the <I>Review</I>, was honoured
+with the appointment of publisher to the Queen.  Bute, who was
+interested in every detail concerning the periodical, wrote to the
+editor with one of his quaint comments:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>September</I> 30, 1888.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I think it would be just as well that Gardner should put his Royal
+title at the foot of the title-page, as in his other publications, and
+just in the same way.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P146"></A>146}</SPAN>
+I suppose H.M. will not consider that she
+is thus made responsible for all the opinions to be found within.  If
+she does, it will be time for her to say so when it strikes her.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I have just attacked a great frequenter and pillar of the Athenęum Club
+for not having us taken in there; and I hope he will succeed in wiping
+this reproach from the institution.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute's control of the <I>Scottish Review</I> was maintained until the end of
+his life.  The seventy-second and final number appeared in October,
+1900, the month in which he died.  Occasional entries in his diaries
+show that he had incurred very heavy expenses in connection with the
+<I>Review</I>&mdash;perhaps, from first to last, almost as heavy as those
+entailed on him by the establishment and support, twenty years before,
+of a Conservative daily newspaper in the heart of Liberal Wales.  As he
+had not grudged that outlay in what he believed to be a good cause, so
+he did not consider the money expended on this literary enterprise to
+have been expended in vain.  If the <I>Scottish Review</I> under his control
+had not proved precisely a commercial success&mdash;and perhaps he had never
+really expected that it would&mdash;its conduct and management had at least
+provided him with congenial work and occupation during a period
+extending over several years.  It afforded him a convenient vehicle for
+the publication of his curious researches into some of the obscurer
+corners of ecclesiastical and general history: it brought him into
+contact, either personally or by correspondence, with many
+distinguished scholars and men of letters whom he might otherwise have
+had no opportunity of knowing: it led indirectly to the forming of at
+least one intimate friendship which was the source of pleasure and
+interest to him until the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P147"></A>147}</SPAN>
+end of his life; and it brought him
+opportunities which he valued of playing the part of an unostentatious
+Męcenas&mdash;in other words, of giving practical encouragement to literary
+beginners in whom he discerned actual ability or promise for the
+future, enabling them to make their first public appearance in a
+periodical of repute, and thus assisting them to mount at least the
+first slopes of the Parnassus to which they aspired.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1889, Death of Bishop Grant
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Reserved, undemonstrative, and cold as Bute was often deemed, there is
+abundant evidence that his colleagues and collaborators on the
+<I>Scottish Review</I> appreciated highly the uniform courtesy,
+consideration, and kindness which they received at his hands.  His real
+warmth of heart and loyal affection to his friends are well shown in
+the touching letter which he wrote on hearing of the death of his old
+and dear friend Bishop Colin Grant, who had not only contributed to the
+<I>Review</I>, but had given him, for many years past, constant and very
+highly valued assistance in his researches into the early history of
+Scotland.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>September</I> 28, 1889.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+My own feelings are divided between grief for the loss of my old and
+esteemed personal friend, and a sense of desolation, almost amounting
+to despair, at the loss which Scottish historical science has
+sustained.  There must be among his papers masses of notes which ought
+not to be lost to the world.  I have written to his nephew to implore
+him not to let a single scrap of paper be destroyed.  As for himself,
+if we can only put aside our grief at the loss to ourselves, and at the
+apparent loss to the Church upon earth, we can only feel a curious joy
+as we picture his admission, far beyond the sphere where time works,
+into the blessed company of the just made perfect (especially those of
+our own land, on whose
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P148"></A>148}</SPAN>
+earthly lives he loved so much to
+dwell[<A NAME="chap08fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn9">9</A>]) and above all, into the very presence of their Divine Head,
+the great Shepherd of the sheep, Whom to please he so humbly and
+cheerfully devoted a lifetime in striving to serve His flock.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Scottish Home Rule
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A short time before writing this tribute to his old friend and
+fellow-worker, Bute had attended a meeting held at Dundee to advocate
+the claims of Scotland to Home Rule&mdash;a claim which he regarded with a
+great deal of interest and not a little sympathy, as is evident from
+the article he wrote for the <I>Scottish Review</I> (October, 1889) on
+"Parliament in Scotland."  He thus gives his impressions of the meeting:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The Home Rule meeting in Dundee seemed to me to be really a sort of
+battle between Dr. Clark and the Edinburgh Executive on the one hand,
+who gave me the impression of being well-informed, able, and educated
+people, either Tories or very moderate Liberals, with whom I get on
+perfectly; and on the other hand the great body of delegates, who
+seemed to me to be extreme Radicals unconscious of their own ignorance.
+Mrs. Maxwell Scott has read the proof of my forthcoming article, and is
+exceedingly pleased with it.  The Home Rule people all wanted to know
+whether the <I>Scottish Review</I> could not be turned into their monthly
+organ!  but I replied that such a change would be equivalent to
+annihilation of what the <I>S.R.</I> was designed to be, has always been,
+and is.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute had already accepted an engagement to preside this year (1889) at
+the St. Andrew's Day dinner of the Scottish Corporation in London, but
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P149"></A>149}</SPAN>
+was extremely dubious as to what kind of reception he would have
+from a company of whom many were doubtless quite out of sympathy with
+the views on Scottish Home Rule set forth in this article.  His letter
+on this subject, expressing his obvious relief at the manner in which
+things had turned out, makes amusing reading:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Chiswick House,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>December</I> 1, 1889.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The St. Andrew's Day dinner came off last night.  I had been extremely
+nervous about it, so that I could really take up nothing else until it
+was over.  This was folly, and really almost sinful folly, because the
+desire to be liked is only vanity at bottom, and vanity is a bastard
+cousin to pride.  But I knew also (and there I was on fair enough
+ground) that, although politics were not to be mentioned, the thing was
+in fact to be a political demonstration, and that it was not yours
+truly, John M. of B., who was to be placed in the chair, but the author
+of "Parliament in Scotland"; and the question was, how the Scottish
+commercial colony in London would receive him.  It had even been
+publicly suggested in print that the charity should be boycotted
+because I had been asked to take the chair, "although, no doubt," (the
+writer charitably added,) "that must have been done before the article
+appeared."  Well, the festival duly came off, and I think I was never
+more cheered in my life.  They cheered for quite long periods every
+time I had to come forward, from the time I entered the drawing-room
+before the dinner.  And I will not quote the language which was used to
+me about the speech which I made.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The interest which Bute had always felt in St. Magnus of Orkney since
+his visit, or pilgrimage, to the scene of the saint's martyrdom in his
+under-graduate days,[<A NAME="chap08fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn10">10</A>] was evinced by the new and careful
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P150"></A>150}</SPAN>
+investigations which he undertook in 1886, in view of an article on the
+subject in his <I>Review</I>.  His cautious, yet reverent, attitude towards
+the supernatural is well shown in a passage of a letter to his
+publisher, relating to the local tradition about a perennially green
+spot of ground said to mark the site of Magnus's death in the isle of
+Egilsay:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I own that, with such information as I have ever had, together with my
+own recollections of the place, I am inclined to think that the
+phenomenon is, if not strictly miraculous, in the strongest sense of
+the word, a special intervention of Divine Providence, which may be
+called a preternatural testimony of God's favour towards His martyred
+servant.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute later entered into negotiations for the purchase of the site above
+referred to, with a view to its preservation; but this was not carried
+out.  He also wrote at considerable length to his correspondents in
+Orkney, throwing great doubts (as he had done nineteen years
+previously) on the supposed bones (or "reliques," as he calls them) of
+St. Magnus preserved at Kirkwall&mdash;chiefly on account of the degenerate
+type of the skull.  "It may be," he characteristically says, "that this
+only indicates a triumph of grace over nature.  But it seems to me to
+be incompatible, I will not say with holiness, but with the
+intellectual, high-minded, and beautiful character and tastes of the
+Martyr."  On these and other grounds he urges that the local
+photographer of the skull must be strictly enjoined not to circulate
+the photograph under false pretences.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P151"></A>151}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Relics of St. Magnus
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A letter which Bute addressed (in Latin) to the Cardinal Archbishop of
+Prague as to reputed "reliques" of St. Magnus preserved in the
+cathedral there elicited no response.  "The reliques of St. Magnus
+themselves," Bute wrote in some displeasure, "could not be more
+voiceless than the Cardinal of Prague in regard to my (I hope)
+courteously-worded request."  Through Cardinal Manning, however,
+information finally reached him that the relics at Prague (venerated
+there for several centuries) included a shoulder-blade.  This was
+missing from the bones in Kirkwall Cathedral&mdash;so far satisfactory; but
+they also included a shin-bone (<I>crus</I>), whereas the shin-bones
+(<I>crura</I>) at Kirkwall were complete and intact.[<A NAME="chap08fn11text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn11">11</A>]  Bute's final
+conclusion (and the incident is recorded as showing the curious
+interest with which he pursued such minute investigations) was that the
+bones at Kirkwall were not St. Magnus's at all, but probably those of
+Earl St. Rognwald, nephew to St. Magnus, another Norse saint and hero
+venerated in the same locality.  He thought it worth while to insert in
+the <I>Review</I> a letter from Orkney informing him that there was a
+tradition in Egilsay that one would always find an open flower on the
+site of the martyrdom, and that the writer had found there on December
+10, after heavy snow and gales, several daisies in full bloom.[<A NAME="chap08fn12text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn12">12</A>]
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P152"></A>152}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+The first two years of Bute's connection with the <I>Scottish Review</I>
+were perhaps among the busiest of his life, not only because of the
+assiduous care which, as we have seen, he devoted to the conduct and
+control of that journal, but also by reason of the increasing duties
+which devolved on him in connection with his extensive estates.  To the
+latter he made very considerable additions at this period, increasing
+his Buteshire property in 1886 by the acquisition of the island of
+Cumbrae from the trustees of the sixth Earl of Glasgow, and also
+purchasing in the following year the important estate of Falkland in
+Fife, to which was annexed an office of the greatest interest to him,
+the hereditary keepership of the ancient palace of Falkland.  In
+Cardiff, also, there was a great increase of business connected with
+the reorganisation of the vast docks.  The new Roath Dock was opened in
+1887 by his six-year-old heir, Lord Dumfries (his first appearance in
+public), and on the same day his youthful daughter cut the first sod of
+Roath Park, for which he had made a free gift of land valued at
+£50,000.  His generosity was further shown after the disastrous failure
+of the Cardiff Savings Bank, when it was sought to make him liable as
+honorary president of the institution.  As soon as it was judicially
+decided that there was no claim whatever against him, he voluntarily
+contributed £3,000 towards making up the deficiency.  In the previous
+year he had manifested his liberality towards his Scottish tenants by
+obtaining (in view
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P153"></A>153}</SPAN>
+of the prevalent agricultural depression) an
+independent valuation of his farms in Bute, and reducing the rents by a
+third.  It was not without reason that the local Liberal newspaper, in
+many respects even vehemently hostile to him, described him as "a just
+and generous landowner"; whilst in Cardiff this handsome tribute was
+paid to him by one extremely well qualified to pronounce an opinion:
+"As regarded his estates, he was, of course, a most excellent and
+liberal landlord, as all who had the privilege of being his tenants
+would certainly admit."
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-152"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-152.jpg" ALT="FALKLAND PALACE." BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+FALKLAND PALACE.
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1889, A cathedral foundation
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Much of Bute's correspondence at this period is taken up with a scheme
+which he had greatly at heart, namely, the establishment of the full
+liturgical service of the Church at Oban, where his diocesan (the
+Bishop of Argyll and the Isles) had his see, and where he himself had
+built a handsome church.  He was concerned that the canonical office of
+the Roman Breviary, for which he had so high a veneration, should not
+be recited daily in a single cathedral church throughout Britain;[<A NAME="chap08fn13text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn13">13</A>]
+and he incurred a great deal of trouble and expense in his efforts that
+this reproach should be wiped out at least in one church in Scotland.
+He defrayed the whole cost of organ and organist, choirmen and
+chorister-boys, instituted and supported a convent-school for the
+education of the last-named, and paid a chaplain for the exclusive work
+of presiding in choir and singing the daily Mass.  The question of
+providing a chaplain
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P154"></A>154}</SPAN>
+exercised him much, and he wrote to a friend
+in Italy on this point:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>May</I> 8, 1886.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I imagined that, the duties being light and the remuneration (I venture
+to think) adequate, a chaplain could easily be found; but the
+difficulties seem endless.  Whether the cause be chronic ill-health,
+constitutional indolence, or an entire want of interest in the Liturgy,
+I know not; but so far no priest has been found in England or Scotland
+able or willing to celebrate the daily sung Mass.  Kindly set on foot
+inquiries among the unattached clergy of Rome, popularly known as
+<I>preti di piazza</I>&mdash;many of them, I believe, estimable priests,
+unoccupied through no fault of their own&mdash;and see if one can be found
+to supply our needs.  Unexceptionable references would be, of course,
+required.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+This and other difficulties were in time overcome, and the daily choral
+office was duly carried out for a period extending over several years,
+and was much appreciated by the numerous Catholic visitors who
+frequented Oban during the summer and autumn.  Unfortunately it was not
+found possible to continue the daily services for any long time after
+the death of the founder.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute expressed, with his usual frankness, his sentiments on the subject
+of the rather nondescript festivals commonly known as "church openings":
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Chiswick House,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>April</I> 17, 1886.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I am suffering much at present from the persistent wish of my Lord of
+Argyll to have what he calls an "opening" of the tin temple[<A NAME="chap08fn14text"></A><A HREF="#chap08fn14">14</A>] in
+August&mdash;<I>i.e.</I>
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P155"></A>155}</SPAN>
+during the tourist and shooting season.  This
+anomalous celebration is not designed in honour of the inauguration for
+public worship, which was last Sunday; nor its ecclesiastical blessing,
+which is arranged for an earlier date, nor the inception of the Divine
+office&mdash;but something in the nature of the "opening" of the Westminster
+Aquarium, a new Dissenting Chapel, municipal washhouses, or a fancy
+fair, with (I presume) tickets, placards, and posters, and probably
+excursion-trains.  The bishop seems moved by a conviction that the
+local Protestants are anticipating a junketing of this kind with even
+more eagerness than the Catholics.  But he is a gentleman; and I am
+sure when he knows how I hate the whole thing he will give it up.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1886, Church building in Scotland
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Besides the pro-cathedral at Oban, Bute was interesting himself this
+year (1886) in building a church at a mining town in Ayrshire, near
+Loudoun Castle, the ancestral home of his mother's family.  Discarding,
+as usual, conventional ideas, he chose for his model the great church
+of St. Sophia at Constantinople, of which the church at Galston was a
+carefully-executed miniature copy.  One of the first solemn services
+held in it was a Requiem Mass celebrated for Lord Loudoun's sister,
+Flora Duchess of Norfolk, who died on April 11, 1887.  Lord and Lady
+Bute attended her funeral at Arundel, and also that of Clara Lady
+Howard of Glossop, Lady Bute's sister-in-law, whose death occurred a
+few days later.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn1text">1</A>] "The Earliest Scottish Coronations": "The Coronation of Charles I.
+at Holyrood"; "The Coronation of Charles II. at Scone."  These appeared
+in the <I>Review</I>, 1887-1888, and were reprinted, with an additional
+article and an Appendix, in 1902, after Bute's death.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn2text">2</A>] "Giordano Bruno before the Venetian Inquisition" (July, 1888): "The
+Ultimate Fate of Giordano Bruno" (October, 1888).
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn3text">3</A>] In his first trial (at Venice) Bruno tried to defend himself on the
+principle of "two-fold truth," maintaining that he had held and taught
+the errors imputed to him "as a philosopher, and not as an honest
+Christian."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn4text">4</A>] It does not appear on the official <I>Index Librorum Prohibitorum</I>
+published at the Vatican Press.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn5text">5</A>] This may seem a severe judgment; but some contemporary French
+critics of Mr. Froude had much harder things to say about his literary
+honesty.  "L'historien d' Henry VIII. et d'Élizabeth," wrote M. de
+Wyzewa, "était victime de ce q'un critique a appelé 'la folie
+d'inexactitude.'  Il ne pouvait pas copier un document sans y
+introduire des variantes qui souvent en altéraient le sens."&mdash;"Rév. des
+Deux Mondes," tom. xv. (1903), p. 937.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn6text">6</A>] "Essays on Foreign Subjects" (1901), and "Essays on Home Subjects"
+(1904).
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn7text">7</A>] The occasion of this striking utterance was an annual meeting of
+the Scottish History Society, held subsequent to Bute's death.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn8text">8</A>] Reprinted in "Essays on Home Subjects" (1904), pp. 263, 264.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn9text">9</A>] Bishop Grant was, among other things, a noted hagiographer, having
+made profound studies of the lives and acts of the early Celtic saints
+of Scotland.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn10text">10</A>] See <I>ante</I>, p. <A HREF="#P50">50</A>.  The writing of the article on St. Magnus was
+entrusted to Mrs. Maxwell Scott of Abbotsford, but illness prevented
+her from completing it, and Bute himself, as he says, "saw it through."
+It was published in January, 1887.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn11"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn11text">11</A>] Although the high authority of the Bollandists (<I>Acta Sanctorum</I>,
+April, tom. II. p. 435) is on the side of the relics at Prague being
+actually those of St. Magnus of Orkney, King and Martyr, it is
+impossible not to remember that there was another St. Magnus (popularly
+known as St. Mang), monk of St. Gall and Apostle of the Algau, who was
+greatly venerated in Germany, and whose <I>cultus</I> would seem more
+antecedently probable at Prague than that of the holy Norse Earl.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn12"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn12text">12</A>] In March, 1919, thirty-three years after Bute's second
+investigation of the supposed relics of St. Magnus, a discovery was
+made fully justifying his grave doubts as to the identity of the bones
+interred in the north pillar of the choir of Kirkwall Cathedral.  A
+casket was found in one of the <I>southern</I> pillars of the choir,
+containing remains (including a skull with a clean cut in the parietal
+bone and a sword-cut through the jaw,) which there seems reason to
+believe may be the actual relics of St. Magnus.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn13"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn13text">13</A>] At Belmont Abbey, until recently cathedral of the diocese of
+Newport (in which Cardiff lay), the daily Divine office has been
+chanted by monks without intermission for more than sixty years; but
+their office is of course the Benedictine, not the Roman.  The latter
+has been recited daily, and continuously, in Westminster Cathedral
+since its opening in 1902.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap08fn14"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap08fn14text">14</A>] The Oban pro-cathedral was a provisional structure of iron, but
+its interior was handsomely and even richly fitted up at Bute's
+expense.  He usually gave the name of "tin temples" to the iron chapels
+which he set up in various parts of the country.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap09"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P156"></A>156}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER IX
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+FOREIGN TRAVEL&mdash;ST. JOHN'S LODGE&mdash;MAYOR OF CARDIFF
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1888-1891
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+Notwithstanding the increasing and incessant claims on his time and
+attention of literature, business, and family duties, there were few,
+if any, years in which Bute was not able to secure an interval of what
+to him was real enjoyment, in foreign travel.  Even from such
+journeys&mdash;and they were not infrequent&mdash;as were undertaken purely for
+reasons of health, he seldom failed to derive both pleasure and profit.
+"I am ordered abroad at once," he wrote on one occasion, "to drink the
+waters of Chales, in Savoy.  They are, I believe, exceptionally nasty,
+but you know how I like being abroad, and I am quite in spirits at the
+prospect of the trip."  He never travelled very far afield, his most
+distant journeyings having been, perhaps, to Petersburg (in Lord
+Rosebery's company) and to Teneriffe in 1891.  The countries bordering
+on the Mediterranean, France and Italy, Spain and Portugal, Palestine,
+Egypt and Greece, were the scenes of most of his foreign sojournings;
+and in them all he found sources of continual and inexhaustible
+interest.  He had travelled a good deal abroad with his mother in his
+childhood, and often recalls in his diary these early visits:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P157"></A>157}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+<I>July</I> 30, 1886.  The very same rooms at the Belle Vue, Brussels, as we
+had when I came here in childhood....  The house is full of Americans,
+as like one another (to English eyes) as Chinese or negroes.  It is
+impossible to tell them apart.[<A NAME="chap09fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn1">1</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+At Dresden also, a few months later, he records his vivid recollections
+of an early visit to that capital.  This was the year of his first
+pilgrimage to the shrine of Wagner at Bayreuth (he attended the
+festival there also in 1888 and 1891).  Many of his letters to the
+editor of the <I>Scottish Review</I> are dated from foreign addresses; and
+interspersed in these with business and literary details are numerous
+picturesque notes on the customs and doings of the people among whom he
+was living.  The descriptions of the religious observances of the
+inhabitants of Sorrento have a certain piquancy, when one remembers
+that they were addressed to a minister of the Scottish Presbyterian
+Church.  Bute wrote on such matters <I>currente calamo</I>, and took for
+granted&mdash;no doubt with reason&mdash;that his friend would be as much
+interested in such matters as he was himself.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Rome,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>February</I> 15, 1888.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We had a magnificent voyage, which made me feel immediately in a most
+robust and lively condition.  I find, however, that a calm in the Bay
+of Biscay, such as we had, is considered ill-omened by the sailors; and
+one of the passengers committed
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P158"></A>158}</SPAN>
+suicide on the night before we
+left Gibraltar.  Curiously enough, the same thing happened in the same
+circumstances on another occasion which I remember of a calm in the
+same spot.  We landed at Naples last Saturday.  The lewdness, cruelty,
+etc., of the Neapolitans seems as bad as usual; but some non-Neapolitan
+clergy have lately been introduced, who say Mass very reverently, and
+preach and pray in the vernacular.  I hear they are beginning to do
+much good.  We arrived here yesterday, and are fasting to-day (Ash
+Wednesday) in great discomfort.  Rome is crowded.  The Scotch
+deputation (about 140 persons) is to be received by the Pope to-morrow
+at 10.30 a.m.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute read the address to Pope Leo XIII. on behalf of the Scottish
+pilgrimage, which had come to Rome to join with the rest of Christendom
+in congratulating the venerable Pontiff on the celebration of his
+sacerdotal jubilee.  From Sorrento, where he afterwards spent several
+weeks, he wrote to Dr. Metcalfe on Holy Saturday:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The people had their fill (I should hope) of services, and especially
+of preaching, yesterday (Good Friday).  They began with a procession
+round the town at 4 a.m., which I did <I>not</I> join, commemorative of the
+procession to Calvary.  The Liturgy began in the cathedral at 8, and
+ended at 11.  At 1 a man began preaching in the cathedral and went on
+till 4.15&mdash;I wonder he could do it.  The church was full, and all, even
+small boys and girls, very attentive.  He preached nine sermons, or
+rather one enormous sermon in nine points, with short and very sweet
+Italian anthems sung between each.  Many of the congregation were
+affected to tears.  The service of <I>Tenebrę</I> began at 5 and lasted an
+hour and a half; then they began another procession through the
+streets, this time in commemoration of Christ being
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P159"></A>159}</SPAN>
+borne to the
+grave.  A spectator said to me quite cheerily that this procession was
+going the round of seven churches; and that there would be a sermon in
+each.  At 9.30 p.m. I heard from our garden the town band (which
+accompanied the procession) still playing in the distance sacred music
+and funeral marches.  The people are now buying at the confectioners'
+small lambs made of the least indigestible sugar procurable, so that
+they may "eat the lamb this night" without violating the Lenten law of
+abstinence from flesh meat.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1888, Easter at Sorrento
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A long letter addressed to the same correspondent on Easter Monday
+seems worth reproducing almost in its entirety.  It affords testimony,
+more convincing than any words of a biographer could be, of Bute's
+extraordinary interest in the religious services of his Church, and of
+the vivid and even moving eloquence which inspired his pen when
+describing the worship and the devotion of the simple Campanian folk
+among whom he was temporarily sojourning:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The people go on hearing sermons.  There were at least two delivered in
+the Cathedral on Sunday, at 7 and 10 a.m.  These preachments have their
+peculiar features, besides their length.  They seem very often to
+conclude with an <I>extempore</I> prayer.  I call it <I>extempore</I>, although
+it is of course prepared beforehand, and, in the works at any rate of
+St. Alfonso Liguori, these prayers are printed along with the sermons
+to which they belong; but no MS. is used.  When the prayer begins the
+people generally kneel down, and sometimes the preacher asks them to
+join with him, in which case he prays very slowly, and they repeat
+after him.  One day I went into the large Church of the Saviour at
+Meta.  There was barely standing-room.  A man was preaching against
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P160"></A>160}</SPAN>
+blasphemous swearing.  After a time he dictated to the
+congregation a sort of pledge never to commit this sin again, and many
+of them repeated it after him.  He then, after the manner of old
+precentors I have heard of in the Highlands, when the people could not
+read, sang an hymn line by line, the people singing every line after
+him.  After this he knelt down in the pulpit and offered a long and
+vehement <I>extempore</I> prayer; and when this was over he rose and began
+on the same subject again.  I then left.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1888, Church services at Sorrento
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On the Feast of St. Benedict there were special services in the
+Benedictine convent church here.  Before Benediction, the Archbishop
+officiating, the whole congregation sang the <I>Te Deum</I> together by
+heart, in Latin.  Then the Archbishop began to preach, from the
+altar&mdash;a series of puns on the name of Benedict (<I>Benedetto</I>,
+"Blessed"), very well done.  He spoke of the blessedness of the
+servants of God, here and hereafter, and in reference, no doubt, to the
+nuns behind their grating as well as to the women in the church, made
+allusion to the special blessedness of the women who serve God.  This
+was followed by a long <I>extempore</I> prayer, the people (who had stood
+while he preached) sinking on their knees.  He besought a blessing on
+himself and his flock, naming the different classes of his people in
+turn with great simplicity and fervour.  The final supplication that
+all&mdash;not one being missing from the flock&mdash;might at last be brought
+together in the glory of heaven, was very moving.  Then he gave the
+Sacramental benediction.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The use of the vernacular seems to be very considerable.  At the
+parochial Mass on Sundays, besides the sermon, and Italian prayers
+before Mass begins, at certain moments the whole congregation repeat
+Italian prayers together.  The similarity of their language to Latin
+robs the latter of much of its terror.  Many of the commoner Latin
+hymns, etc., they seem all to know by heart quite familiarly.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P161"></A>161}</SPAN>
+I
+have spoken of the <I>Te Deum</I>.  On Saturday they all sang the Litany,
+repeating every clause after the precentors.  On Thursday, while the
+Sacrament for next day's Communion was being carried to the Chapel of
+Repose, the whole congregation sang on their knees the hymn of Thomas
+Aquinas upon the Last Supper; and the sublimity of the words, the
+spectacle of the kneeling multitude, and the solemnity of the
+procession moving through the church, made a very impressive whole.
+The clergy here are all extremely clean and respectable-looking, and
+very decorous and reverential, both out of church and in.  And this
+remark applies also to the whole of the Divinity students, and the
+whole choir and staff of the Cathedral.  The music&mdash;even when poor&mdash;is
+very grave and solemn; the services are conducted (and evidently
+prepared) with the utmost care, and a certain effect of subdued
+splendour is produced&mdash;with the air of being produced incidentally and
+unintentionally&mdash;by the real costliness and richness, combined with
+scrupulous cleanliness and neatness, of every object and garment
+employed, in their several degrees.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The admirably conducted services in the Cathedral have had a damaging
+effect on the Anglican chapel, some of the congregation of which have
+been assiduously attending them, to the not unnatural annoyance of the
+clergyman in charge, whose own domestic circle is not unaffected by the
+contagion.  The erratic sheep, when summoned to private interviews of
+remonstrance, meet their pastor with questions as to what possible
+grounds Bishop Sandford of Gibraltar can have for pretending to possess
+and exercise Episcopal authority in the diocese of Sorrento.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I hope these details may interest you.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+It may be said that practically every one of Bute's journeyings to
+foreign lands either partook
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P162"></A>162}</SPAN>
+more or less of the nature of a
+pilgrimage, or else was made in search of health.  Pre-eminent among
+the first class were his frequent visits to the Holy Land, of which
+some account has already been given.  Except for occasional references
+in his letters, we have little about these from his own pen.  "My
+latest pilgrimage to the Holy Places," he writes on one occasion, "has
+been extraordinarily blessed to me."  It is of interest in this
+connection to cite some passages inserted in the fly-leaf of a copy of
+Stanley's "Sinai and Palestine," presented by Bute to a friend.  They
+are not in his own handwriting&mdash;except the Latin quotation (from St.
+Luke xii. 34) at the end&mdash;nor is there any evidence as to their
+authorship; but their sentiment is undoubtedly one which would strongly
+appeal to him:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The attractions of Rome and Jerusalem are not comparable, and should
+not be compared.  The interest of Rome is of course by far the more
+varied.  Not all who journey thither go to venerate the Tombs of the
+Apostles.  There are those to whom the Palace of the Cęsars appeals
+more than do basilicas built by Popes, who regard the Colosseum rather
+as the monument of emperors than as the palęstra of martyrs, to whom
+the Mamertine prison speaks of Catiline rather than of St. Peter.[<A NAME="chap09fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn2">2</A>]
+People throng
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P163"></A>163}</SPAN>
+to Rome not only to pray, but to study art,
+antiquities, and music, to enjoy the most cosmopolitan society in
+Europe, sometimes to hunt foxes on the Campagna.  Jerusalem, on the
+other hand, is a city of faith, and (roughly speaking) all who visit it
+do so as pilgrims.  <I>Illuc enim ascenderunt tribus, tribus Domini</I>.
+Rome has a thousand charms&mdash;Jerusalem one, but that one transcendent.
+Its sacred soil has been trodden by the feet of God made man, and it is
+the Holy City as no other city can ever be.  <I>Ubi enim thesaurus vesler
+est, ibi cor vestrum erit</I>.[<A NAME="chap09fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn3">3</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The last words, written by Bute himself at the foot of the manuscript
+just quoted, are of particular interest, referring, as they doubtless
+do, to his long-cherished resolve that his heart, after his death,
+should mingle with the sacred dust of the Mount of Olives.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+At Ober-Ammergau
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The visits to the Ober-Ammergau Passion-play, which Bute made in 1871,
+in company with Bishop Clifford and two Oxford friends, again in 1880
+with his wife, and also in 1890, were undertaken, too, in the pilgrim
+spirit.  "We start for Ober-Ammergau on Monday," he wrote on September
+11, 1880, "and are both hoping to reap spiritual good from our stay
+there."  A letter to his old friend at Oxford on his return home gives
+some interesting impressions:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The new theatre looks like a railway station, and the stage
+arrangements are considerably more elaborate than they were nine years
+ago.  The crowd, too, was infinitely greater, but its behaviour was on
+the whole decent, except for some attempts to applaud (emanating, I
+fear, from our countrymen),
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P164"></A>164}</SPAN>
+which were extremely distressing.
+The play itself was not less impressive than I remember it; and I was
+pleased with the simplicity and piety of the people, who seem unspoilt
+by the leap within recent years of their retired village into fame.  I
+ventured to express, through a German-speaking friend, my satisfaction
+on this point to one of the most respected inhabitants of the place
+(one of the principal actors); and his reply (of which my friend gave
+me a translation) pleased me very much.  "God be thanked," he said,
+"that is true; but it would not be so if we accepted the many offers
+made to us to give representations of the Passion-play in various
+cities of Europe.  Also it is well for our people that the play is
+given but once in ten years; for in the intervals we lead our
+accustomed quiet life in this valley, and a new generation of children
+has time to grow up in the old traditions of the place."[<A NAME="chap09fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn4">4</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute refers later, in letters written from Bayreuth, to what he calls
+the "outrage" of applause from the audience during the performance of
+<I>Parsifal</I>, in terms which indicates how strongly he felt the religious
+appeal of the Wagnerian drama:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Bayreuth,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>July</I> 23, 1888.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On Sunday the illiterate part of the audience insisted on applauding
+Acts II. and III. of <I>Parsifal</I>, in spite of all the protests of the
+cultured hearers; and the effect was most distressing and shocking.
+The
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P165"></A>165}</SPAN>
+allusions to the Eucharist are of such a nature that it was
+almost as unseemly as it would be to clap a church choir during the
+Communion Service; and putting aside the gross irreverence and
+unseemliness of such conduct, it is an outrage and fraud on the public,
+who are at these moments wrapped in religious thought, and whom it is
+brutal and shameful to disturb by a revolting noise.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+In his diary for 1891, Bute notes that he had written a letter to Frau
+Wagner, begging her to take steps to prevent any applause during the
+representation of <I>Parsifal</I>; but it is not recorded if this appeal had
+the desired effect.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Incognito in Sicily
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The travels on the Continent were carried out without any sort of
+ostentation; and Bute found it even expedient occasionally to preserve
+his incognito when abroad.  Thus he wrote on one occasion to one of his
+oldest friends:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>Ascension Day</I>, 1882.<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aci Reale, Sicily.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The outside of your letter gave me, I confess, less pleasure than any I
+have ever had from you.  You know the state of Sicily, and the way
+brigands have with people whom they believe to have money.
+Consequently, when ordered here by the doctors I was urged both in
+Naples and Messina to drop my title absolutely; and I am known here
+only as "B. Crichton Stuart."  You may thus imagine the discontent with
+which I saw "The Marquess of Bute" staring me in the face out of the
+letter-rack in the hall.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Pray be most careful both to address me only as B.C.S., and also to
+keep your knowledge of my whereabouts most strictly to yourself.  I
+need not point out the great annoyance and possible danger to which you
+might otherwise expose me.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I have been very ailing for more than a year.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P166"></A>166}</SPAN>
+Sometimes I feel
+as though the horizon of life were closing in, and wish I could recall
+the rest of the verse beginning:
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+When languor and disease invade<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This trembling house of clay....[<A NAME="chap09fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn5">5</A>]<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+But the warmth and sunshine here are helping me.  I propose, when my
+"cure" is over (for good or evil), to go to Greece, and look for
+quarters in Athens where I may spend the winter with my wife and child.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I prefer this place to Italy, at least to Naples, whose people on the
+whole impress me as the off-scourings of humanity.  The great
+difference between Sicily and Italy strikes me very much: it is,
+perhaps, due to the fact that Sicily belongs (I believe), both
+geographically and geologically, to Africa.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+From Egypt, where he spent one spring, being ordered a spell of dry
+desert air by the doctors, he wrote characteristically to a friend (a
+Benedictine monk), then resident in a remote corner of Brazil:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Helouan, Egypt.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I deserve your reproaches for not writing before.  But really one has a
+feeling (I know <I>I</I> have) that writing to a distant address is,
+literally and physically, an heavier undertaking than writing to a near
+one.  Query: If some philosophers are right in thinking that space, as
+well as time, is purely subjective, may not this have something to do
+with it?
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+One or two notes from his diary in Egypt are interesting:
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"<I>March</I> 7.  Amin Nassif brought a "professed
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P167"></A>167}</SPAN>
+sorcerer to see me"
+(a later note adds, "I believe him to be a pure impostor").
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"<I>March</I> 15.  Tried the ascent of the great Pyramid, but collapsed from
+giddiness half-way.  Margaret [his daughter, then aged sixteen] had no
+difficulty."[<A NAME="chap09fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn6">6</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"<I>April</I> 6.  Monophysite Copts do not now reserve the B. Sacrament
+(although they formerly did so), because the species was once eaten by
+a snake, which was then eaten by a priest, who died in consequence!"
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"<I>April</I> 24 (Alexandria).  At the Greek Catholic church the new French
+Consul was received with extraordinary honour by three priests, vested
+respectively in red, white, and blue!  There was no sermon, but a
+speech in which the benefits conferred by France on Syria and Egypt
+were highly praised."
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1891, Trip to Teneriffe
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Another journey which may be mentioned here was his trip to Teneriffe
+in the spring of 1891.  His health at this time was far from robust,
+and was indeed causing some anxiety to his friends; but he was
+determined as usual to gain from his visit intellectual profit as well
+as (if possible) some benefit to his health.  He wrote to H. D.
+Grissell on March 16, 1891:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Orotava, Teneriffe.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I date to you from this eccentric place, whither I have come to try and
+patch myself together by a stay of a few weeks.  Of course these
+islands are utterly unknown to me, and the vegetation in particular is
+at first sight quite startlingly novel.  The air is delicious, but I
+feel the want of sun, and there is much cold wind.  As Piazzi Smyth
+speaks much of the clouds here, I suspect that this stupendous
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P168"></A>168}</SPAN>
+mountain (of which we rarely see the top, and only in early morning or
+late evening) has much to do with it.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The outcome of Bute's sojourn in the Canary Islands was a remarkable
+paper, "On the Ancient Language of the Inhabitants of Teneriffe," which
+he read at the meeting that summer of the British Association at
+Cardiff, and afterwards published in the <I>Scottish Review</I>.  Like most
+of his writings on such recondite subjects, it was more or less
+"caviare to the general"; but it aroused considerable attention among
+philologists, who recognised it as a genuine and valuable contribution
+to linguistic science.  Professor Sayce wrote to him from Queen's
+College, Oxford:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>October</I> 17, 1891.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many thanks for your kindness in sending me your monograph on the
+extinct language of Teneriffe.  I wish that all linguistic
+investigations had been conducted with similar care and caution; we
+should have had fewer difficulties to contend with in the study of
+linguistic science.  You have shown us exactly what are the materials
+on which we can base our opinion on the ancient language of Teneriffe,
+and how far those materials can be trusted.  For this reason your paper
+seems to me to be of very real value.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+It seems right to refer in this place to another and later tribute paid
+by another and equally distinguished man of science, who in his
+estimate of Bute's remarkable attainments makes special allusion to the
+article we are now considering.  Sir William Huggins, who was very
+intimate with him in the later years of his life, wrote as follows:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The Marquess of Bute was one of those, the deeper side of whose mind
+and character could be duly
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P169"></A>169}</SPAN>
+appreciated only by those who had the
+privilege of his friendship.  A man of great natural gifts, he was
+highly cultured on many sides; and the extent and the variety of his
+information on a vast variety of subjects was really remarkable.  No
+scientist[<A NAME="chap09fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn7">7</A>] could discuss a scientific matter with him without being
+struck by the clear-sighted way in which he saw into the heart of the
+matter, and the fairness and patience with which he would weigh and
+consider it from various points of view.  These qualities were well
+shown in the very interesting and valuable paper on "The Ancient
+Language of the Natives of Teneriffe" contributed by him to the British
+Association when it met at Cardiff....  Lord Bute's sensitive nature
+revolted from the killing of any living thing.  But he was keenly
+interested in natural history, and had a knowledge of many creatures
+and of their habits as intimate and searching as that of the most
+scientific sportsman.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Home in Regent's Park
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The reference in the last paragraph recalls the fact that when (in
+1888) Lord Bute first acquired a London domicile, purchasing the
+twenty-seven years' lease of St. John's Lodge, in Regent's Park, he was
+particularly interested in finding himself in close proximity to both
+the Zoological and the Botanic Gardens.  A priest who was often his
+guest there used to say that he could walk on the terrace, with its
+matchless view of garden and park and forest trees, and recite his
+Office in perfect quietness, with the tumult of London reduced to a
+distant hum, and the silence only occasionally broken by the roar of
+wild beasts in the "Zoo" not far away.  Bute was
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P170"></A>170}</SPAN>
+a fellow of both
+societies, and often strolled in one or other of the gardens with his
+guests or members of his family of a Sunday afternoon, talking freely
+with the custodians of animals and plants, and not infrequently
+astonishing them with the variety of his knowledge.  One of his guests
+was looking, in the Botanic Gardens, at a remarkable and
+recently-acquired collection of dwarf Japanese trees, and observed that
+Lord Bute would be interested in seeing them.  "Yes," was the reply,
+"his lordship knows a lot about plants.  But then, he knows a lot about
+most things, don't he, sir?"[<A NAME="chap09fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn8">8</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1888, Hospitalities in London
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+That Bute did know "a lot about most things" was undoubtedly true; and
+what used often to strike those who were intimate with him was the
+singular <I>orderliness</I> of his knowledge.  "His memory was prodigious,"
+writes one who often consulted him on points of history, "and he seemed
+to me to keep everything which he had ever learned or read stored away,
+so to speak, in watertight compartments of his brain, ready for instant
+use when called for."  But he never paraded his knowledge of history or
+anything else, and one of his most engaging characteristics was the
+extreme respect and, indeed, deference which he paid to acknowledged
+masters of any branch of learning or science.  He welcomed the
+opportunity which his occasional periods of residence in London
+afforded him of offering hospitality to such.  "My experience of men of
+intellectual eminence," he once said, "has been that they are not only
+interesting,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P171"></A>171}</SPAN>
+but as a rule extremely agreeable."  Among those who
+from time to time were his guests at St. John's Lodge were men of such
+varied distinction as Lord Halsbury, Lord Rosebery, Mr. W. H. Mallock,
+Sir Ernest A. W. Budge, F.S.A., Cardinal Vaughan, Sir William Huggins,
+Mr. Walter Birch, Mr. Westlake, Sir William Crookes, Mr. F. W. H.
+Myers, etc.  Later on, after the presentation of his only daughter, his
+charming house in Regent's Park (which, as well as its spacious
+gardens, he did much to improve and adorn) became the centre of much
+agreeable hospitality of a more general kind.  Bute himself was pleased
+to think that the entertainments given there in the beautiful
+ball-room&mdash;lit from garlands of Venetian glass, and opening on to the
+illuminated grounds&mdash;were popular and appreciated by society.  "I
+really think," he wrote, "that people enjoy making up parties to come
+to us on these occasions.  Regent's Park is a <I>terra incognita</I> to a
+great many Londoners; and there is perhaps a certain piquancy about a
+place which almost simulates to be a country house and is yet only a
+shilling cab-fare from Piccadilly Circus."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In 1888, the same year in which he acquired his London residence, Bute
+paid his first visit to Falkland, his new possession in Fife&mdash;his
+first, that is, as owner of the estate and keeper of the ancient
+palace; for (as he notes in his diary) he had visited it as a boy of
+thirteen, nearly thirty years previously, in the company of Lady
+Elizabeth Moore, and had been there before more than once with his
+mother.  The firstfruits of his new connection with the place was a
+carefully-written paper on "David Duke of Rothesay," the hapless heir
+of Robert III., said to have been starved to death in Falkland Palace
+in March,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P172"></A>172}</SPAN>
+1402.[<A NAME="chap09fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn9">9</A>]  Of this article the friendly critic already
+quoted[<A NAME="chap09fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn10">10</A>] appreciatively writes:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Lord Bute's qualities as a historian appear conspicuously in the
+lecture on David Duke of Rothesay, where the scanty material available
+about this unfortunate prince is treated in a truly scientific spirit.
+The zeal for truth shown in it is only equalled by his noble desire,
+even at the eleventh hour, to do justice to the poor lad so cruelly
+murdered by his contemporaries and misrepresented by posterity.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A rumour had been widely current, in the year of Queen Victoria's
+golden jubilee, that Bute was to be created "Jubilee" Duke of
+Glamorgan.  It is permissible to question whether his patriotism would
+have allowed him to consent to the merging of his historic Scottish
+title in a brand-new one derived from a Welsh county; but his only
+written reference to the matter appears in a letter to a friend who had
+sent him a newspaper-cutting on the subject:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I cannot believe that there is anything in the report to which you have
+called my attention.  Were it so, I imagine that I should have heard of
+it before now through some other channel than the Society columns of a
+halfpenny newspaper.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+In the spring of 1890 the office of Lord-Lieutenant of Glamorganshire,
+then vacant, was offered to him
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P173"></A>173}</SPAN>
+by the Prime Minister (Lord
+Salisbury), but he did not see his way to accept it.  A single line in
+his diary records the fact; but there is a brief further mention of it
+in a letter written at the time:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I have little or no acquaintance with the county, or with "them that
+dwell therein" beyond the limits of Cardiff and of my own property.
+For this and other more personal reasons, I have&mdash;in, I hope, a not
+unbecoming letter&mdash;begged leave to decline the honour.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1890, Mayor of Cardiff
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+With another offer made to him a little later in the same year Bute
+found himself able to comply, much to the satisfaction of all
+concerned.  This was a requisition that he should allow himself to be
+nominated as Mayor of Cardiff for 1890-91.  It is a point of
+considerable interest, and one certainly illustrative of the strong
+sense of duty which always animated him, that the first peer to hold
+the highest municipal office in any English or Welsh borough for
+several generations&mdash;certainly since the Reform Bill&mdash;should have been
+one whom his natural love of retirement, and aversion from public
+display, might have prompted to refuse any office of the kind.  Once
+elected, he attended with sedulous care to such duties as devolved on
+him in virtue of his office; and early in 1891 he wrote to his old
+friend Miss Skene, giving a cheerful account of his stewardship.  The
+last part of this letter, in which some of his deeper feelings are
+touchingly disclosed, would have appealed with very special force to
+his correspondent, one of the chief works of whose life at Oxford was
+the rescue of girls and women; and for that reason a portion of her
+reply is appended:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P174"></A>174}</SPAN>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Cardiff,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>January</I> 23, 1891.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This gorgeous paper[<A NAME="chap09fn11text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn11">11</A>] is that which the town of Cardiff supplies for
+the use of its mayors.  As I have had nothing to do personally with
+originating it, I may freely say that I think it very pretty.  And the
+arms of the town are certainly interesting historically, as a memorial
+of the De Clares, Lords of Glamorgan, of whom the last male
+representative fell at Bannockburn in 1314.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I get on pretty well with my civic government here.  My official
+confidants are nearly all Radical Dissenters, but we manage in quite a
+friendly way.  They only elected me as a kind of figure-head; and
+although they are good enough to be glad whenever I take part in
+details, I am willing to leave these in the hands of people with more
+experience than myself, as far as I properly and conscientiously can do
+so.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I have, however, felt it to be my duty (owing to some terrible facts)
+to insist upon the enforcement of the laws for the protection of little
+girls; and here I find unanimous and hearty support from quite a
+majority of the officials, who differ from one another as widely as
+possible upon every religious, political, and social question.  I
+learned yesterday of a certain lot of children whom I have been
+honoured to be the instrument of getting out of a bad house of the
+worst kind.  This will cheer me on my death-bed&mdash;or beyond, for I shall
+have forgotten, but Another will not.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Sincerely yours,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<HR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P175"></A>175}</SPAN>
+
+<BR>
+
+<A NAME="img-174"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-174.jpg" ALT="FACSIMILE LETTER FROM THE MARQUESS OF BUTE TO MISS SKENE" BORDER="">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+FACSIMILE LETTER FROM THE MARQUESS OF BUTE TO MISS SKENE
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<BR>
+
+<HR>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P176"></A>176}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+Miss Skene replied a few days later:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I cannot tell you what immense pleasure it gave me to receive your kind
+letter, and I think you were indeed most good, in the midst of all your
+work, to write to me yourself....  I am most deeply interested in what
+you have been able to do for the rescue of the poor little victims of
+evil-doers.  I wish with all my heart that the mayors of other towns
+would take the same view of their duty in these matters; but alas! this
+is not always the case....  I am sure it will always be a happiness to
+yourself to feel that you have saved the poor children of whom you
+speak.  These things are not forgotten in heaven.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Ever your faithful old friend,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;FELICIA SKENE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<A NAME="img-176"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-176.jpg" ALT="The Marquess of Bute, Mayor of Cardiff, 1890-1891" BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+<I>The Marquess of Bute, Mayor of Cardiff, 1890-1891</I>
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Bute gave his mayoral banquet in the Drill Hall at Cardiff on February
+4, 1891, wearing the beautiful chain which he had had specially
+designed and made for the chief magistrate of the borough.  Some alarm
+was caused, in the middle of the dinner, by the sudden breaking out of
+fire in the decorations of the roof; but no one was injured, and
+(largely owing to Bute's own coolness) there was no panic of any kind.
+In one of his letters he makes this curious comment on the mishap:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I should have been prepared for the misadventure, for I was suffering
+at the time under an evil direction of &#9791;, who was just
+then in &#9794; with &#9797;, so that I was almost
+bound to anticipate some untoward happening.[<A NAME="chap09fn12text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn12">12</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P177"></A>177}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+On his return from Teneriffe, Bute spent several months at Cardiff,
+where, as already mentioned, he entertained the Royal Association at
+their meeting there, and read his paper on the ancient language of the
+islanders.  He attended the corporation-meetings regularly between
+April and November, and was able to note in his diary in the latter
+month that his year of municipal office had been a success.  He was
+particularly gratified by a letter from the Duke of Norfolk, himself
+the mayor-elect for Sheffield, asking his advice on various points
+connected with the office&mdash;"advice," added the Duke, "which your most
+successful tenure of the mayoralty of Cardiff renders you so admirably
+qualified to give."  Bute showed this letter to a friend, remarking in
+his quiet way: "The local press has spoken very kindly of my conduct as
+mayor, but I value this letter more than any number of newspaper
+articles."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute went up from Cardiff in May to attend the Royal Academy dinner, as
+he did on several subsequent occasions.  It was of a later one of these
+entertainments that he noted: "The Academy was bad, and the dinner the
+dullest I have been at, only redeemed by Rosebery's very witty speech,
+which was, however, obviously the result of long toil.  The Lord
+Chancellor's [Halsbury] seemed much more spontaneous."  Bute does not
+seem to have spoken at any of these functions, as he did occasionally
+at the dinners of the Scottish Academy in Edinburgh.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P178"></A>178}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff records in his diary the impression made on
+Sir Alexander Grant, at one of these dinners, by Bute's oration.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I met Sir A. Grant, who was full of the speech which Lord Bute
+delivered the other night at the Scottish Academy dinner, in which he
+said that "Athens and Assisi had spoilt him for everything else."[<A NAME="chap09fn13text"></A><A HREF="#chap09fn13">13</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn1text">1</A>] Froude makes the same remark ("Oceana," Chap. XIV.) about the
+Chinamen on board the steamer by which he travelled from Australia to
+New Zealand.  "I suppose," he adds, "that to Chinamen the separate
+personalities are as easily recognised as ours.  To me they seemed only
+what Schopenhauer says that all individual existences are&mdash;'accidental
+illustrations of a single idea under the conditions of space and time.'"
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn2text">2</A>] A friend of J. H. Newman, referring to some papers contributed by
+him, under the title of "Home Thoughts Abroad," to the <I>British
+Magazine</I>, after his memorable tour in Italy and Sicily in 1833, says:
+"These papers were the first to turn people's thoughts from the
+classical antiquities and fine arts of Rome to its Christian
+associations.  It was a new idea to me when I read the papers, and, I
+really think, to everybody else.  Now (1885) any one would say it never
+was otherwise; the fact was, however, that no one then thought of Rome
+in connection with St. Peter and Paul, much less St. Leo and St.
+Gregory, or of sumptuous worship as anything but a kind of theatrical
+sight."  This paper was reprinted in 1872, in the volume called
+"Discussions and Arguments," under the new title of "How to Accomplish
+it."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn3text">3</A>] "For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn4text">4</A>] The original German text (of which Bute's letter contained a copy)
+ran as follows: "Got sei Dank, das ist wahr; aber es wäre nicht so,
+wenn wir die vielen Anerbieten, das Passionspiel in verschiedenen
+Stadten Europas aufzuführen, annehmen würden.  Es ist auch gut für
+unsere Bevölkerung, dass das Spiel nur alle zehn Jahre gegeben wird,
+denn in der Zwischenzeit führen wir unser gewohntes und ruhiges Leben
+in diesen Tale, und ein neues Geschlecht von Kindern hat Zeit
+heranzuwachsen in den alten Ueberlieferungen unseres Ortes."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn5text">5</A>] Bute was only in his thirty-fifth year when he wrote these words.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn6text">6</A>] He had made the ascent of the Pyramids before&mdash;in 1865, when in his
+eighteenth year, and again in 1879.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn7text">7</A>] The eminent astronomer was, of course, himself a man of science
+rather than a man of letters, and as such must be pardoned the use of
+the uncouth word "scientist," which disfigures his otherwise eloquent
+tribute to his friend.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn8text">8</A>] Bute was interested in the longevity of parrots, and had many talks
+on the subject with the intelligent parrot-keeper at the Zoological
+Gardens.  "The parrot they had longest," he notes, "lived with them
+fifty-four years; but they do not know how old it was when they got it."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn9text">9</A>] This article, published in the <I>Scottish Review</I> in April, 1892,
+was in substance a reproduction of a lecture given by Bute in January,
+1872, to the Associated Societies of Edinburgh University, of which he
+was honorary president.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn10text">10</A>] Sir William Huggins.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn11"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn11text">11</A>] Emblazoned with the scarlet and gold arms of Cardiff&mdash;or three
+chevronels gules.  Since 1906 this charming and historic coat-armorial
+has unfortunately given place to one described by a respected citizen
+of Cardiff as "an abomination"&mdash;a shield bespattered with red dragons
+and leeks, and other Welsh emblems, and surmounted by three ostrich
+feathers.  The last-named assumption is particularly indefensible, the
+ostrich plume being, of course, the badge of the King's son and heir,
+and not of the Prince of Wales as such.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn12"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn12text">12</A>] Bute's interest in astrology has been already noted (<I>ante</I>, p.
+<A HREF="#P135">135</A>), and is also referred to in Mr. Myers' obituary notice (<I>post</I>,
+<A HREF="#chap17">Appendix V.</A>).  He was not, of course, unaware that the <I>practice</I> of
+astrology had been forbidden to the Christians of the early Church, and
+condemned by a sixteenth-century Pope.  But he also had the authority
+of St. Thomas for believing, if he desired to do so, that the heavenly
+bodies do influence the bodies of men, and so indirectly their passions
+and their conduct.  This is a matter of science, not of theology, which
+forbids, not the study of the science, but the belief, once so widely
+current, that the astrologer can predict with certainty the course of
+events and man's future actions.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap09fn13"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap09fn13text">13</A>] <I>Notes from a Diary</I> (1873-1881), vol. ii. p. 101.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap10"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P179"></A>179}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER X
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+FREEDOM OF GLASGOW&mdash;BENEFACTIONS TO WALES&mdash;<BR>
+LORD RECTOR OF ST. ANDREWS
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1891-1894
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+An incident which gave Bute sincere pleasure, during the year of his
+mayoralty of Cardiff, was the presentation to him of the freedom of the
+city of Glasgow, which took place on October 7, 1891.  The honour was
+conferred on him, according to the burgess-ticket which he received,
+"in recognition of the distinguished services he has rendered to
+Scotland, by erecting and gifting[<A NAME="chap10fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn1">1</A>] to Glasgow the Bute Hall, by his
+personal contributions to literature, and by the warm sympathy he has
+ever shown in whatever is fitted to promote the interests of art and
+science."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute replied to the presentation in a speech which he himself described
+in anticipation as "maddeningly dull," but which was nevertheless very
+well received; and on the same day he performed the opening ceremony of
+the new Mitchell Library, delivering an address which he thought, in
+contrast with the other, appeared "almost lively, with a tendency even
+to flippancy."  It was not his first public appearance in Glasgow; for
+some time before this he had made an oration at the opening
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P180"></A>180}</SPAN>
+of
+the new Jesuit College of St. Aloysius, and had warmly congratulated
+Scottish Catholics on taking another step in the resumption of a
+tradition which identified higher culture with the Catholic Church.[<A NAME="chap10fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn2">2</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Cherishing as he did, to the end of his life, feelings of grateful
+affection towards all those who had shown him kindness during his
+somewhat solitary childhood, Bute was sincerely grieved to hear, in the
+autumn of 1892, of the death of Lady Elizabeth Moore, one of his
+earliest and most devoted friends.  The temporary estrangement between
+them caused by his change of religion had long passed away; and only
+nine days before her death, on the occasion of her eighty-eighth
+birthday, his daughter had written to her a letter of good wishes which
+Lord and Lady Bute and all their children signed.  He wrote thus
+feelingly of this loss:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Of her affection for me, and mine for her, I cannot speak too strongly.
+It is an event which finally cuts me off (till my own death) from the
+generation to which my mother belonged, and in which I was born....  A
+great friend of my mother's, and a second mother to me; and I am ever
+grateful to her for her defence of me against General Stuart and others
+in 1860.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+By a strange coincidence, General Stuart himself died two days later.
+The death of Colonel J. B. Crichton Stuart, Bute's former tutor-at-law,
+had occurred in the previous year; and the Lord-Lieutenancy of
+Buteshire, which he had held since 1859,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P181"></A>181}</SPAN>
+was in due course
+offered to Bute and accepted by him.  He performed all the duties
+pertaining to the office with the scrupulous conscientiousness which
+characterised him; and he told a friend, some time afterwards, that he
+had been particularly gratified by the Lord Chancellor expressing his
+approbation of the care which he (Bute) had exercised in the
+recommendation of persons for the commission of peace in his titular
+county.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1892, Benefactions to South Wales
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In September, 1892, Bute attended the meeting of the National
+Eisteddfod, and delivered an address with which he was himself
+extremely dissatisfied, though it is only fair to say that on such
+occasions he was the severest critic of his own orations, with which
+his audiences appeared well content.  He had always been warmly
+interested in the Eisteddfodan, had subscribed liberally to their
+funds, and had presided and given an address at a previous meeting held
+at Cardiff in 1882.  He also gave generous assistance to the
+Cymrodorion Society for its publication of Welsh Records, and enabled
+the Cardiff Library, by his subscription of £1000, to acquire the
+valuable MSS. which had belonged to Sir Thomas Phillips.  Nor was it
+only the cause of learning which he assisted by his judicious
+benefactions.  Every scheme set on foot for the benefit of the
+districts with which he was connected found in him a generous
+supporter.  To King Edward VII.'s Hospital (then the Glamorgan and
+Monmouthshire Infirmary) he gave a site for the new building worth some
+£5000, having before this paid off the debt on the institution.  For
+many years he maintained entirely a cottage hospital at Aberdare; he
+gave a large donation to the building fund of the Merthyr Hospital, and
+a still larger one to the Seamen's
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P182"></A>182}</SPAN>
+Hospital at Cardiff, and
+contributed liberally both to the "Rest" at Porthcawl, and to the
+Miners' Relief Fund for Monmouthshire and South Wales.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Unostentatious as were his innumerable charities, it is right that
+these things (which include his benefactions in South Wales alone)
+should be recorded.  Bute's name was known in his lifetime, and has
+been handed down to posterity, as that of a munificent patron of
+scholarship and learning, of science and architecture and art.  He
+richly deserves this tribute; but it is not to be forgotten that he was
+also a wise, discriminating,[<A NAME="chap10fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn3">3</A>] and most generous benefactor of a score
+of institutions designed only for the relief of the distressed, the
+needy, and the suffering.  Every one knew him to be a scholar, and a
+friend and patron of scholars, but it was only his innermost circle of
+friends, and the countless beneficiaries of his far-reaching
+generosity, who knew how truly, how continually, his heart was open to
+the calls of mercy and of charity.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute never hesitated about expressing his opinion of men whom the world
+called famous, but whose claim to any such distinction he failed to
+recognise.  Writing of Lord Randolph Churchill, whom he had met at
+luncheon in September, 1892, he says:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+He seemed to me ill-informed, ill-mannered, and stupid.  I used to know
+him slightly at Oxford, and thought little of him there.  I wonder
+whether his wife writes his speeches.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P183"></A>183}</SPAN>
+His notes on Royalties are, on occasion, quite as frank as on any
+one else.  After attending the Lord Mayor's dinner in October, 1892, he
+wrote:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The Maharajah of Baroda (it is a mere ignorant vulgarism to call him
+"the Gaikwar") spoke, I found, much better English than the Duke of
+&mdash;&mdash;.  The latter went off home from the Lady Mayoress's boudoir,
+whither we men were taken to smoke, without returning to the
+drawing-room to wish her good-night.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1892, Relations with Universities
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The closing weeks of 1892 were marked by an event which brought Bute
+into intimate connection with the oldest of the four Scottish
+Universities, namely, his unanimous election as Lord Rector of St.
+Andrews.  The honour was one which he very greatly appreciated, and the
+duties of the office would have been not only extremely interesting,
+but altogether congenial to him, had he not been involved by the
+peculiar circumstances of the time in a series of highly contentious
+questions, which, in his somewhat enfeebled state of health, caused him
+for a period of time extending over several years considerable trouble
+and anxiety.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute's keen and practical interest in educational matters, and
+especially in the promotion of higher studies throughout the country,
+had naturally brought him into relation, at different times of his
+life, with several of the national universities.  With Oxford, since
+his student days there at the most memorable crisis in his life, he had
+little subsequent connection.  He refers occasionally in his letters to
+the disadvantage which he had suffered from having been prevented by
+circumstances from taking his degree; and Oxford never saw fit to
+honour him,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P184"></A>184}</SPAN>
+or herself, by conferring on him an honorary degree
+in recognition of his services to learning and scholarship.  He never,
+however, lost his interest in his original <I>Alma Mater</I>; and nothing
+gave him greater pleasure, during the closing years of his life, than
+the news of the removal of the restrictions which had hitherto
+prevented Roman Catholic students from frequenting the universities of
+Oxford and Cambridge.  A friend, head of one of the Oxford Halls, was
+visiting him in London some time subsequently, and informed him that
+there were already, in consequence of this change of policy, more than
+seventy Catholic undergraduates in residence at that university.  Bute,
+who was at that time quite an invalid, raised himself on his couch, and
+said with the quiet emphasis with which he always spoke when strongly
+moved: "I wish there were seven hundred."  He only visited Oxford once
+or twice after his marriage, but his continued affection for it was
+evinced in many ways; and the Catholic church and mission there, as in
+so many places, benefited by his munificence.[<A NAME="chap10fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn4">4</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The establishment of a University College at Cardiff was to Bute
+naturally a matter of great interest, of which he gave many practical
+proofs.  He accepted the presidency of the institution in 1890, when he
+contributed generously to the foundation of a chair of engineering; and
+six years later he gave a special donation of £10,000 to the funds.
+Besides his inaugural address, he gave another, in 1891, to the pupils
+of the science and art schools.  His many gifts to the college included
+a complete
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P185"></A>185}</SPAN>
+set of the valuable <I>Acta Sanctorum</I> of the
+Bollandists; and he was particularly gratified by the very appreciative
+acknowledgment of this present which he received from the librarian.
+Bute proposed Mr. Gladstone as the first Chancellor of the University
+of Wales.  Although profoundly opposed to some of the political views
+of that statesman, he had an admiration for his character and
+attainments; and he looked on it as a special honour, some years later,
+to receive the Honorary Doctorate of St. Andrews on the same occasion
+as the veteran Liberal leader.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1892, Honorary Doctorates
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The first of the Scottish universities with which Bute found himself
+practically connected was that of Glasgow, to which he presented in
+1877 the noble hall, for graduation and other ceremonies, since known
+as the Bute Hall.  Two years later, in recognition of this splendid
+gift, which is said to have cost him nearly £50,000, the Honorary
+Doctorate of Laws was bestowed on him by the university.  He received
+the same honour from Edinburgh in 1882, and from St. Andrews in 1893,
+the first year of his rectorship.  In 1883 he was invited to stand for
+the Lord Rectorship of Glasgow University, being nominated in the
+Conservative interest against Mr. Fawcett as the Liberal candidate.
+John Ruskin was also nominated.  A regrettable element of religious
+animus was introduced into the contest, but the leading Glasgow journal
+warmly supported Bute.  Mr. Fawcett was elected, the figures
+being&mdash;Fawcett 796, Bute 690, Ruskin 329.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+By his appointment in 1889 as a member of the Scottish Universities
+Commission, Bute came, of course, into intimate relation with the
+affairs of all the four universities.  He was an active member of the
+Commission, attending its meetings regularly,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P186"></A>186}</SPAN>
+and giving much
+time and attention to the important questions which came up for
+discussion and solution.  But as a member of a mixed body of this kind,
+of which some&mdash;and these not the least distinguished&mdash;were sure to
+hold, and to express, views sharply conflicting with his own, Bute was
+not, it must be frankly said, at his best or happiest.  The candid
+biographer must admit that, with all his admirable qualities, he was
+not of a temperament that could easily or patiently brook opposition to
+his matured views.  The absolute impartiality and freedom from
+prejudice with which, as we have seen, he approached the consideration
+of any subject, literary or other, on which he had to form an opinion,
+made him, perhaps not unnaturally, all the more tenacious of that
+opinion when once formed.  "I know no one," remarked one of his friends
+and admirers, "to whom the description of Horace, <I>Justum et tenacem
+propositi virum</I>, could be applied with greater truth"; and the tribute
+was a deserved one.  But he did not always find it easy to realise that
+the views of those opposed to him might be as considered and as
+conscientious as his own; and he was, perhaps, too apt to regard their
+opposition in the light of personal hostility to himself.  "It might, I
+think, have been observed," he wisely says in one of his university
+addresses, with reference to Peter de Luna's disputed claim to the
+Papacy, "that where so many learned and able persons were divided in
+opinion, a difference of judgment from one side or the other did not
+necessarily imply moral obliquity."  It is not suggested that Bute
+imputed "moral obliquity" to those who differed from him either on the
+Universities Commission, or afterwards in the vexed questions which he
+had to encounter at St. Andrews.  But
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P187"></A>187}</SPAN>
+that he resented their
+action, and in some cases even with a certain bitterness, is clear from
+many passages of his correspondence; and this feeling was in one
+instance sufficiently acute to interrupt and suspend a friendship which
+had lasted for nearly a quarter of a century, though it is pleasant to
+add that the breach was entirely healed, and cordial relations resumed,
+long before his death.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1892, Rectorial address
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute's election to the Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews took place on
+November 24, 1892.  "I had great difficulty in accepting," he wrote to
+his friend Dr. Metcalfe, "because I had already declined Glasgow[<A NAME="chap10fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn5">5</A>] on
+the grounds of want of unanimity and probable inability to fulfil the
+duties, and only accepted St. Andrews on an assurance of unanimity, and
+that the duties are almost nominal."  The latter hope was disproved by
+the event; but whether light or heavy, Bute entered on the duties of
+his office with his usual conscientious resolve to fulfil them all to
+the utmost of his ability,[<A NAME="chap10fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn6">6</A>] and for the benefit of the ancient seat
+of Scottish learning which he had loved and venerated from his earliest
+years.  He alluded in his inaugural address, with charming simplicity,
+to these childish memories, "associated with that of the only parent
+whom I ever knew, and with those of friends of hers, nearly all of whom
+are now passed away":
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I dimly recall the old garden of St. Leonard's and a variety of
+mechanical toys working by wind and water, with which Sir Hugh Playfair
+had adorned it.  I remember gazing from St. Andrews at the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P188"></A>188}</SPAN>
+great
+comet which there was about the time of the Indian Mutiny; and when we
+were living in the Principal of St. Mary's House, my kinsman, Charles
+MacLean,[<A NAME="chap10fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn7">7</A>] came home wounded from India and stayed with us, and with
+his maimed hand gave me some elementary lessons in fortification, with
+wet sand in a box.  I find in my diary, under date of July 20, 1889:
+"To St. Andrews ... saw the last of the old garden of St. Mary's
+College, where I used to play (and eat unripe pears) as a child: they
+are going to build the library extension over it."  Well, I can only
+hope that the fruits of the tree of knowledge, to the cultivation of
+which that spot is now dedicated, may prove less crude and more
+wholesome than the grosser dainties, to the attractions of which I
+there formerly yielded.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+It was an undoubted satisfaction to the new Lord Rector to be able to
+nominate, as he did in the month following his own election, to the
+office of his assessor his old friend and fellow-worker on the
+<I>Scottish Review</I>.  He gives his reasons, with his usual clearness, in
+a letter addressed to Dr. Metcalfe himself:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I have come to the conclusion to nominate you, because you are a man of
+public position versed in these matters&mdash;you are (if you will allow me
+to say so) on most friendly and even intimate terms with me for years
+past&mdash;we are, I believe, after many conversations with you, quite at
+one upon University questions&mdash;and you are almost bound to be <I>persona
+grata</I>, having quite recently received the Honorary Doctorate of the
+University.  Besides which, I think that an outside expert is better
+adapted to see questions fairly than somebody who is necessarily inside
+some local groove.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P189"></A>189}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1892, St. Andrews and Dundee
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Dr. Metcalfe was duly appointed to the assessorship; and with one at
+his side in whose sound judgment as well as his personal attachment to
+himself he had the fullest confidence, Bute was greatly encouraged in
+the assumption of his important duties with regard to the university,
+in which he had already shown his practical interest by giving it, at a
+time of some financial distress, very timely and welcome help.  This
+help had been all the more welcome in view of the unsympathetic
+attitude of successive Governments towards St. Andrews.  Mr. Arthur
+Balfour had indeed during his Rectorship (1886-1889) persuaded the
+administration of which he was a member to build the addition to the
+library to which Bute refers in the extract from his diary quoted
+above.  But, generally speaking, Tories and Liberals alike had shown
+towards the premier university of Scotland the minimum of interest and
+generosity.  This was the more remarkable, inasmuch as the patronage of
+the principalships of the United College as well as of St. Mary's, and
+also of the chairs of Church History, Biblical Criticism, and Hebrew
+and Oriental Languages, was vested in the Crown.  In 1889 Parliament
+had actually entrusted to the newly appointed Universities Commission
+powers to abolish St. Andrews University altogether&mdash;a proposal which
+found a certain measure of support in Dundee, where University College
+had been founded in the same year.  The relations of this new college
+to the ancient university were still indeterminate when Bute took
+office in 1892; but its medical possibilities, situated as it was in
+the heart of a populous and growing city, had of course become quickly
+apparent to its managers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It must be borne in mind that medical degrees had all along been
+granted by St. Andrews itself after due
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P190"></A>190}</SPAN>
+examination by the
+professors of the university, who were assisted by external examiners
+of high distinction.  The number of such degrees, originally unlimited,
+had been afterwards reduced to ten.  At the time of Bute's coming into
+office there were two main contentions as to medical teaching at St.
+Andrews.  The first was that provision should be made for one <I>annus
+medicus</I> only, so that practically the whole weight of medical teaching
+should be thrown on Dundee.  The second was that there should be two
+complete <I>anni medici</I> in St. Andrews; but this was at the time
+impracticable, owing to the insufficiency of adequate medical teaching.
+Bute saw clearly that if, as was his great desire, the science of
+medicine should be worthily represented in the university, proper
+provision for the teaching of that science must be made in St. Andrews
+itself, and students of medicine must be encouraged to come to St.
+Andrews for the completion of their medical course.  At no stage of the
+long controversy between St. Andrews and Dundee did he ever seek or
+propose to establish a complete medical school at St. Andrews; and he
+would have been the first, with his robust common sense, to see the
+absurdity of such a proposal as regarded the university city, where
+there was not even a hospital, and therefore no opportunity for the
+necessary clinical instruction.  Unguarded language on this subject may
+have been employed by some of his supporters, but never by himself.  He
+aimed only at what was practicable and desirable, and this he made it
+possible to attain by instituting a lectureship (now the Bute
+professorial chair) of Anatomy, by promoting the refoundation of the
+Chair of Physiology,[<A NAME="chap10fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn8">8</A>] and by
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P191"></A>191}</SPAN>
+building at his own cost the new
+medical school, the completion of which, though he did not live to see
+it, was a source of satisfaction to him only a few weeks before his
+death.  It would have been not less gratifying to him to foresee, had
+that been possible, the natural result and development of his
+enlightened munificence, as shown in the following figures.  The number
+of students of anatomy in the Bute Medical School was, in 1914,
+eighteen; in 1915-16 thirty; in 1916-17 thirty-seven; in 1917-18
+fifty-four; and in 1919-20 ninety.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It would be doing Bute a great injustice to suppose that in his
+attitude towards Dundee he was actuated by any feeling of hostility
+towards the newly-founded college.  The very contrary was indeed the
+case.  Keenly interested as he was in the higher education of the
+people, especially in large centres of population, he was naturally as
+favourably disposed towards University College, Dundee, as he had shown
+himself to be towards University College, Cardiff.  But he could not
+view with equanimity the prospect which was, as he well knew, hopefully
+contemplated by some of the supporters of the new college, namely, that
+of its ultimately not only absorbing the ancient university to which it
+had been united within the last three years, but even possibly of
+crushing it out of existence altogether.  Of this prospect he wrote on
+March 12, 1893:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The object of the Dundee people is evidently to obtain entire command
+of the university, which they
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P192"></A>192}</SPAN>
+will employ by secularising St.
+Mary's and translating all the Science subjects to Dundee, as well as
+starting, I take it, a complete Arts curriculum there, possibly
+allowing the United College to exist as a kind of outhouse.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+"It has been said, and said publicly, by one of that party," he wrote
+on another occasion, "'Give us two years more of the union, and we will
+drag St. Andrews at our chariot wheels.'"  To Bute, with his almost
+passionate veneration for the ancient university, which for centuries
+had been the chief home of religion and learning in Scotland, it was
+intolerable to think of St. Andrews being deposed from its pride of
+place and sinking into a decaying village, a mere resort of sea-bathers
+and golfers.  From this fate he was resolute, if possible, to save the
+"House of the Apostle" (as he loved to call it), at whatever cost to
+himself.  "For months past," he wrote a little later, "I have been
+slaving for St. Andrews.  The people&mdash;or some of them&mdash;may not be worth
+saving, but the place surely is.  My vital force is, it is plain to
+myself, much diminished by all this anxiety and strain; but I shall
+work on as long as I have strength to do so."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the long and elaborate memorandum which he drew up in the second
+year of his Rectorship, on the four possible relations in which the
+University of St. Andrews and the college at Dundee might conceivably
+stand to one another, Bute gives clear evidence of his genuine desire
+that the cause of education and learning should flourish equally in
+both institutions.  But both he and those who thought and acted with
+him were perfectly convinced that this would never be so long as Dundee
+continued its intrigues to become the predominant partner in
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P193"></A>193}</SPAN>
+what
+he calls the "ill-assorted union" between them; and he was equally
+convinced that an absolutely essential preliminary step in this
+direction was the dissolution of the Order of the University Commission
+of March 21, 1890 (<I>dies nefastus</I>, as Bute calls it in one of his
+notes), by which the existing union between St. Andrews and Dundee had
+been brought about.  It was with this object that an action was brought
+in the Court of Session in July, 1894, for the "reduction" of the union
+in question, and also that a bill was introduced into the House of
+Lords by the Chancellor of the university, the Duke of Argyll, whose
+sympathies were entirely with Bute in the question at issue.[<A NAME="chap10fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn9">9</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1893, St. Andrews and Oxford
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"I have sometimes dreamt," wrote Bute in one of the most picturesque
+passages of his Rectorial Address, "of the primeval headland, still
+lifting skyward its crown of ancient towers, but with that crown
+encircled by an aureola of affiliated colleges&mdash;a commonwealth of seats
+of learning, an Oxford of the North."  It may have been with some such
+vision as this before him that Bute had suggested to his assessor, some
+time before drawing up the memorandum above referred to, another
+solution of the difficulty:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P194"></A>194}</SPAN>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>March</I> 28, 1893.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Why should it not be suggested to Dundee, that instead of a division of
+forces, difference of place, etc., etc., they should build a college
+for themselves at St. Andrews, just as we hope Blairs will do, confined
+to Dundee people?  I think that would meet the foundress's intention,
+and it might be called Dundee College.  This would be transferring her
+benefaction to St. Andrews, instead of St. Andrews being bled into such
+veins as Dundee possesses.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I do not see why St. Andrews, holding a unique position, geographically
+and otherwise, should not also hold a unique position in being
+constituted, as Oxford and Cambridge are, of a congeries of free and
+affiliated colleges.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The above mention of "Blairs" has reference to another scheme which
+Bute hoped might, if carried out, fulfil the two-fold object of
+strengthening the position of St. Andrews, and of raising the
+educational standard&mdash;an object he had much at heart&mdash;of his
+co-religionists in Scotland.  With this view he had proposed the
+transference to St. Andrews, and the affiliation to the university, of
+the College of Blairs, near Aberdeen, the training-school of the Scots
+Catholic clergy; and had promised substantial help both towards the
+acquirement of a site, and in the endowment of the new seminary.  The
+success of such a scheme obviously depended to great extent, if not
+entirely, on the concurrence of the ecclesiastical authorities.  They
+were divided on the matter, among those opposed to the plan being the
+then Metropolitan of Scotland, as well as the rector of the college;
+and finally the Holy See, much to Bute's disappointment, decided
+against the project.  An alternative scheme, providing for the
+establishment in
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P195"></A>195}</SPAN>
+the university city of a house of studies in
+connection with the abbey of Fort Augustus, also proved impracticable.
+The Benedictines were only invited to make the foundation on the
+understanding that, and as long as, Bute's offer was not taken
+advantage of by the secular clergy, and they did not see their way to
+accept it under those conditions.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1894, Interest in the Jews
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Simultaneously with the plan just referred to, Bute likewise cherished
+the hope of attracting to the university members of the Jewish body, in
+which he had always been warmly interested.  He wrote as to this on
+June 8, 1894:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Mr. Mocatta has given me a tract, and talked to me at length of the
+religious desolation of the young Jews who are sent to Christian
+schools and colleges without any provision for their own religious
+instruction and practices.  I am trying to persuade him and others that
+all they seek to gain would be gained, and all they deplore avoided, by
+starting a Jewish college at St. Andrews.  I think the idea is dawning
+on them.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Three months later he wrote to the Chief Rabbi that he was much
+gratified at the prospect of young Hebrews matriculating at St.
+Andrews.  "I do not pretend," he added, "to have any other motive in
+the matter than zeal for the good of the university; but I sincerely
+think that the benefits would be reciprocal."[<A NAME="chap10fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap10fn10">10</A>]  Bute was not a
+little incensed at this time by what he called a "most unseemly" letter
+written to the newspapers by one of the professors, who said that he
+would much prefer that a group of Jewish students should have "a
+comfortable
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P196"></A>196}</SPAN>
+berth in Abraham's bosom" than that they should come
+to St. Andrews.  A question subsequently arose as to the unsuitability
+of a certain Saturday&mdash;which was not only, of course, the Hebrew
+Sabbath, but chanced to be also their solemn Day of Atonement&mdash;for the
+entrance examination of Jewish candidates.  The Principal suggested, as
+an alternative, holding an examination on the following Sunday&mdash;a
+proposal that drew from Bute a characteristic protest, in which he
+gives interesting proof of his sympathy with Hebrew religious ideals:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The Day of Atonement is, as the Chief Rabbi feelingly wrote me, the
+most solemn day in all their year....  Anything more defiantly
+contemptuous of their race and religion than the original selection of
+that particular day for the examination can hardly be conceived, nor
+any device better calculated to raise contempt for St. Andrews in the
+whole Jewish world.  I fear it can hardly have been inadvertent....
+The amended proposal, of holding the examination on the Sunday, seems
+to me hardly less objectionable.  I had suggested Thursday, in order
+that the young men's minds might be as free as possible on their
+solemnity.  On the Principal's plan, they would have to reach St.
+Andrews&mdash;a place utterly strange to them&mdash;on Friday evening and there
+pass the Day of Atonement alone, presumably in an inn.  When night set
+in on Saturday, they would have been 26 hours without so much as a
+crumb or a drop of water&mdash;unwashed, barefooted, and probably dressed in
+grave-clothes&mdash;their minds having been fixed as far as possible on Sin,
+Death, and Eternity&mdash;and worn out by hours of recitation of Hebrew
+prayers.  Would they be likely in this state to do themselves justice
+in an examination held a few hours later?
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P197"></A>197}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1893, Bute's disinterestedness
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It seems unnecessary, after a lapse of a quarter of a century, to enter
+into further details of the regrettable controversy between St. Andrews
+and Dundee, which persisted throughout Bute's term of office in the
+university, but of which all, or nearly all, the protagonists have now
+passed over
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"To where, beyond these voices, there is peace."<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+There is no doubt but that the part taken by Bute in the affair was
+much misinterpreted in many quarters; and he in turn may have to some
+extent misunderstood, and unconsciously misjudged, the actions and
+motives of his opponents.  Enough, however, has perhaps been said to
+show, what no impartial person can question, that he was throughout
+animated by a single-hearted desire to act for the best, and to promote
+by every means in his power the highest interest of the university
+which he loved so well.  That this was the view of those whose
+suffrages had placed him in office, and with whom he had never ceased
+to maintain the most cordial relations, namely, the students of the
+university, was shown by the substantial majority by which, as will be
+seen, they voted for his re-election to the Rectorship.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn1text">1</A>] It is to be feared, from their use of this particularly
+objectionable word, that the then Glasgow Corporation did not combine a
+literary sense with their other (doubtless) admirable qualities.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn2text">2</A>] Bute's speech on this occasion, delivered in reply to two addresses
+presented to him, was in Latin.  Some of those present were rather
+disconcerted by this classical outburst, for which they were not in the
+least prepared.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn3text">3</A>] Bute's far-reaching charities were regulated, like everything else
+in his busy life, by strictly business-like methods.  Every appeal for
+help which reached him was carefully sifted and inquired into through
+the almoner to whom, from the time of his coming of age, he entrusted
+the investigation of all such cases before dealing with them himself.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn4text">4</A>] The marble altar in the church was given by him.  An inscription on
+it, inconspicuous yet visible to every priest who celebrates there,
+asks for prayers for Bute himself and for his wife.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn5text">5</A>] This was on a subsequent occasion to the election of 1883, referred
+to on a previous page.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn6text">6</A>] "I pray God bless my Rectorship of St. Andrews," he wrote in his
+diary on the last day of this year.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn7text">7</A>] It was to this same kinsman that Bute, then in his thirteenth year,
+had addressed the remarkable letter quoted on p. 6.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn8text">8</A>] A condition attached by Bute to his foundation of the Chair of
+Anatomy was that a new Chair of Physiology should be constituted from
+the former Chair of Medicine, which a majority of the University
+Commissioners had wished to transfer to History.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn9text">9</A>] The Court of Session refused to grant the "reduction" of the union;
+and the House of Lords, after some further litigation, finally decided,
+on July 27, 1896, that Dundee College was not merely affiliated to, but
+actually incorporated in, the University of St. Andrews, and that the
+union between them was valid, permanent, and irreversible.  In
+November, 1900, a month after Bute's death, the same tribunal dismissed
+an action raised by certain members of St. Andrews University, craving
+the reduction of all the documents constituting the Union.  Since the
+last-named date the union has remained as constituted in 1890, except
+that University College, Dundee, is no longer represented by two
+members in the University Court.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap10fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap10fn10text">10</A>] In the same letter Bute expresses his willingness to give a site
+for the new synagogue to be erected at Cardiff.  He did, as a matter of
+fact, a little later grant a ninety-nine years' lease, on very
+favourable terms, of an excellent site for the Jewish place of worship.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap11"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P198"></A>198}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XI
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+NOTES AND ANECDOTES&mdash;SECOND RECTORSHIP OF ST. ANDREWS&mdash;<BR>
+PROVOST OF ROTHESAY
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1894-1897
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+Although Bute (who was not given to exaggeration) found occasion to
+write at the end of 1894, in his usual brief summary of the events of
+the past twelve-month, "The whole year has been spent in the struggle
+for the University of St. Andrews," he nevertheless found time, with
+the ordered industry which was one of his marked characteristics, not
+only for the numerous other duties incumbent on him, but also for the
+social amenities which the <I>début</I> of his only daughter had brought
+into his retired life.  His note on the Caledonian ball in London,
+which he attended this year, is amusing, if not altogether appreciative:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The ball was doubtless a great success as regarded the charity which
+benefited by it; but it was mismanaged, crowded, and hot beyond
+expression, and the dancing was a mere rough-and-tumble (as seems to be
+the way now), with neither science, grace, nor even an elementary idea
+of time.  The poetry of motion seems to be asleep.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A dinner given to Lord Rosebery[<A NAME="chap11fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn1">1</A>] by his old
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P199"></A>199}</SPAN>
+contemporaries at
+Christ Church, which Bute attended, must have evoked curious memories
+of long-past days.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+R's cynical witticisms (when the doors were shut) on the state of
+politics were quite startling: we were all his political opponents
+except one.  The well-remembered names and changed faces were rather
+pathetic.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute has a note on the famous Ardlamont murder trial, which was
+arousing general interest in the early days of 1894:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Lord Kingsburgh said that ten of the jury were determined to hang
+Monson, and <I>he</I> was determined they should not, as he did not consider
+the evidence legally conclusive.  Nobody doubts M.'s guilt morally.[<A NAME="chap11fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn2">2</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1894, Maiden speech in Parliament
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+On June 4 Bute made his maiden speech in Parliament (it was his last as
+well as his first,) in reference to certain petitions he had occasion
+to present on the affairs of St. Andrews University.  He wrote of this
+to Dr. Metcalfe:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I had a conversation with Lord Salisbury on Saturday, and consequently
+made my maiden speech in the House of Lords to-day.  There were only
+two
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P200"></A>200}</SPAN>
+or three Peers present, but I was so nervous that I don't
+know what I said.  However, Lord Windsor told me that I had been
+perfectly smooth and lucid, so I suppose I repeated mechanically the
+few sentences I had prepared.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A sequel, and to himself a very interesting one, to Bute's new and
+intimate connection with St. Andrews was his acquisition of the site of
+the ancient priory of canons-regular adjoining the ruined cathedral.
+Part of this was occupied by a modern villa, around and under which
+Bute carried out a series of exploratory excavations which must have
+been somewhat disconcerting to the occupants of the house.  The
+discoveries consequent on these digging operations (<I>Scoticč</I>
+"howkings"), including that of a hitherto unknown vaulted chamber
+beneath the old refectory, were a very welcome diversion from the
+harassing duties of the Lord Rectorship.  Bute always undertook and
+pursued such researches with the acutest zest and interest.  "I think,"
+a friend wrote of him with kindly humour, "some of the happiest hours
+of his life were spent standing by, wrapped in his long cloak and
+smoking innumerable cigarettes, while a band of workmen, directed by
+one of his many architects, dug out the foundations of a medięval
+lady-chapel, or broke through a nineteenth-century wall in search of a
+thirteenth-century doorway."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+How seriously Bute took his unremitting efforts "to save St. Andrews,"
+as his own expression was, is shown in a characteristic passage of one
+of his letters describing a recent discovery among the priory remains:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A head of Christ in stone, seemingly life-size, has just been found
+under the earth at the Priory.
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P201"></A>201}</SPAN>
+I would I could take this as an
+intimation of His favour towards the [Greek: <I>témenos</I>] of His [Greek:
+<I>prōtóklźtos</I>].[<A NAME="chap11fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn3">3</A>]  I have written for much prayer at the grave of the
+Apostle, primarily thanksgiving for the graces bestowed upon him in
+time and eternity.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute had of course visited more than once the tomb of St. Andrew at
+Amain, of which he speaks in the striking peroration, already quoted,
+of his Rectorial address.  At his request the Archbishop of Amalfi sent
+him a large number of photographs, including some of the tomb, and one,
+specially taken, of the skull of the Apostle, which Bute, who attached
+much importance to craniological evidence, greatly valued.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1894, Winter sports in Scotland
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The winter of 1894-1895 was an unusually severe one, even in the mild
+and sheltered Isle of Bute; and Bute, always complacent towards the
+frolics of the younger generation, speaks of curling, sleighing, and
+tobogganing as the order of the day, and of the "extraordinary descent
+of a snow-covered slope by Mr. S&mdash;&mdash; (a distinguished architect at that
+time a guest at Dumfries House) upon, or rather with, a tea-tray."  He
+writes further, in this connection, of his schoolboy sons:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+J&mdash;&mdash; and N&mdash;&mdash; seem both devoted to curling; and this fact, and the
+way in which it associates them with the people, delights me.[<A NAME="chap11fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn4">4</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P202"></A>202}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+The latter reference is interesting, and even pathetic, recalling as it
+does the pleasure Bute himself had always taken from his boyhood,
+notwithstanding his natural shyness, in associating on kindly terms,
+whether at weddings or less formal social gatherings, whenever
+opportunity offered, with his humbler neighbours in Buteshire and
+elsewhere.  It was this characteristic, combined with his singular
+courtesy and unpretentiousness of manner, which won the affection as
+well as the respect of the reserved and undemonstrative people among
+whom, for the most part, his life was spent.[<A NAME="chap11fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn5">5</A>]
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-202"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-202.jpg" ALT="The Marquess of Bute, Lord Rector of St. Andrews University, 1892-1897" BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center">
+<I>The Marquess of Bute, Lord Rector of St. Andrews University, 1892-1897</I>
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+A letter written in March, 1895, just after the death of Professor
+Blackie, gives a thumbnail sketch of that eccentric scholar, who was as
+unconventional in dress as in everything else:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The last time I met him (by invitation) he was dressed in a long velvet
+gown bound with a bright cherry-coloured sash, and a big <I>sombrero</I>
+hat.  There was a middle-aged lady present, to whom he introduced me,
+and whom he insisted on my <I>kissing</I>.  I think we kissed to please him.
+His accent (pronunciation) was so vile in Greek, and I believe in
+Gaelic, as almost to argue a physical defect of ear.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+In this same spring Bute visited Sanquhar, where
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P203"></A>203}</SPAN>
+he had lately
+bought back the ancient Crichton Peel tower, which the first Earl of
+Dumfries had sold to the Buccleuch family in 1639.  "The Duke," he
+notes, "had allowed the tower to fall almost completely down.  I bought
+some mugs here&mdash;'Presents from Sanquhar'&mdash;for the children, and found
+on investigation that they were made in Germany!"
+</P>
+
+<P>
+An interesting little bit of Fife folk-lore is noted on April 6:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I found the children of Falkland rolling Easter eggs downhill, calling
+the day "Pace (Pasch) Saturday."  It was a week too soon, according to
+the Kalendar; but one little girl said that Pace Saturday was always
+the first Saturday in April.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1895, Lord Acton
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute received this summer a letter, which pleased him much, from the
+eminent historian Lord Acton, a recently "capped" doctor of St. Andrews
+University, to whom Bute had presented a hood made in the medięval
+fashion.[<A NAME="chap11fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn6">6</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+The Athenęum,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>July</I> 5, 1895.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+DEAR LORD BUTE,
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I have just received the historic and venerable hood you are so very
+kind as to bestow on me.  It has a very real value to me as coming from
+you, personally as well as from your sovereign position in the
+university to which I am proud to belong; and I beg to thank you for it
+as heartily and sincerely as it is possible to acknowledge an act of
+friendship.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+If I was not one of your own recommendation,[<A NAME="chap11fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn7">7</A>]
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P204"></A>204}</SPAN>
+I shall deem
+henceforward that you have adopted me, just as if you had named me for
+the distinguished honour I have received.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Believe me, most sincerely and gratefully yours,
+<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ACTON.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Towards the close of his three years' Rectorship, Bute showed his
+interest in the city, as well as the university, of St. Andrews, by
+presenting to it a handsome chain of office for the use of the
+provosts.  A member of the council, who had himself passed the civic
+chair, wrote thus to him in reference to this gift:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>February</I> 3, 1893.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I need not say what our appreciation is of your most handsome act.  In
+an informal conversation held yesterday by the Provost, Dr. Anderson
+and myself, it was agreed that while it was in the power of any wealthy
+man to perform the mere act, yet there was only one nobleman in the
+three kingdoms who could perform it in the delicate and gracious way in
+which it will now come before the Town Council.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+In the early autumn of 1895 Bute was able, in the course of a cruise in
+his yacht <I>Christine</I>, to revisit the Orkneys, and to set foot again in
+Kirkwall, Egilsay, and other spots sacred in his eyes to the memory of
+St. Magnus, as he had done when a youth of twenty, nearly thirty years
+previously.  "These islands," he notes, "are far more picturesque than
+I remember them before, and I am much struck by the number, industry,
+and wealth of their inhabitants."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1895, Bute opposed by Lord Peel
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A cause of special satisfaction to Bute, and that for more than one
+reason, was his re-election, at the end
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P205"></A>205}</SPAN>
+of November, 1895, to the
+Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews University.  Viscount Peel had been
+nominated for the office by the party opposed to Bute's policy, and the
+Master of Balliol had sent to the students a printed testimonial to
+Lord Peel's qualifications, and an urgent appeal to them to support his
+candidature.  "This," wrote a member of the professorial staff to Bute,
+"is quite a new departure in Rectorial elections, and its legality is,
+I should say, as questionable as its taste."  He adds in the same
+letter:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+We had a very large and influential meeting [in London] last evening of
+the St. Andrews Graduates' Association.  The President, Sir Benjamin
+Ward Richardson, made a very strong speech in your favour.  It was
+followed by what was virtually an ovation, so enthusiastic was the
+whole assemblage.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A letter to the press, shortly before the election, stated that the
+writer could not understand how any man of honour and intelligence,
+<I>knowing all the facts</I>, could possibly stand in opposition to Bute.
+His comment on this letter was as follows:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I cannot for a single moment believe that Lord Peel knows the facts, or
+that he in the least realises the fearfully burdensome nature of the
+duties.  His only alternative, if elected, would be either to take that
+yoke upon him, or to neglect the duty of doing so.  The writers of some
+things that have appeared in the papers seem to be under the impression
+that the Lord Rector's sole duty is to deliver a literary address!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I enclose a letter received a few months ago: you may show it to any
+one you please.  It may be good for some people at this juncture to
+know what the great Presbyterian Duke thinks.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P206"></A>206}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+The last sentence, of course, refers to the Duke of Argyll, Chancellor
+of St. Andrews University since 1851, whose eminent abilities and
+distinguished personal character placed him at that time in the very
+forefront of the Scottish nobility.  The Duke had written:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Inveraray,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>March</I> 7, 1895.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I wish I could accept your invitation, but in my present state of
+health, barely recovered from a sharp attack of this insidious
+epidemic, it is impossible.  You have always made Falkland very
+pleasant to me, and I enjoy seeing the great public spirit with which
+you discharge all your duties.  I hope I need not assure you of the
+indignation with which I have seen the attempt to arouse a sectarian
+spirit against you,[<A NAME="chap11fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn8">8</A>] whose whole course of conduct has been so
+signally liberal, in the best sense of that much-abused word.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+On learning the result of the election, in which Bute defeated his
+opponent by a majority of forty votes, the Duke at once wrote:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P><P CLASS="noindent">
+Inveraray,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>November</I> 28, 1895.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The telegram this afternoon was very acceptable.  I am glad that the
+University has not disgraced itself by electing <I>any one</I> else than you
+at this juncture.  As to Lord Peel himself, I suspect that he now feels
+very much relieved.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+No one of the many congratulatory letters received by Bute on his
+re-election gave him more
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P207"></A>207}</SPAN>
+sincere pleasure than the following,
+written by a member of the students' committee:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The 120 who won the election were the resident students of the
+university&mdash;those who, without distinction of sect or political
+partisanship, were most touched with the spirit and traditions of the
+place.  We feel sure that you look on this circumstance as having a
+value far above the mere figures of the majority.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1896, A scheme that failed
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was during his second term of office that Bute conceived the
+project&mdash;which would probably have occurred to no one but himself&mdash;of
+restoring the vast ruined Cathedral of St. Andrews, or a portion of it,
+for the purposes of a university church.  The plan might, he thought,
+be realised if every member of the Scottish peerage could be induced to
+subscribe a thousand pounds towards it.  But there were at least three
+reasons which militated against the success of the proposal.  In the
+first place, the pedigrees of the peers of Scotland were in most cases
+a great deal longer than their purses; in the second, few of them were
+probably much interested in university education in general, or in St.
+Andrews in particular; in the third, the majority of them were members
+of the Episcopalian body, not of the Established Church, to which the
+university church would as a matter of course be aggregated.  It is
+curious that the only promise of substantial support received by the
+Catholic Rector towards a scheme which must, it is to be feared, be
+pronounced fantastic, came from a wealthy nobleman who was not a member
+of either the Episcopalian or the Established Church, but a devoted and
+almost fanatical Free Churchman.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P208"></A>208}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+Bute's academic labours and anxieties were diversified at this time by
+the preparation of a book in which he took great interest, on the
+subject of the "Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of
+Scotland."  The study of heraldry had always had an attraction for him,
+although he was perhaps, in practice, sometimes more inclined to follow
+his own fancy than the rigid rules of that most exact of sciences.  "I
+call Bute a sentimental rather than a scientific herald," a friend much
+interested in the subject once said of him; and perhaps the criticism
+was a just one.  In any case, his curious and out-of-the-way erudition
+found its scope in the production of this volume, which he published in
+collaboration with Mr. S. R. N. Macphail and Mr. H. W. Lonsdale in
+1897.  A copy with plates specially coloured under Bute's supervision,
+and handsomely bound, was presented by the Town Council of Rothesay to
+Queen Victoria, who accepted it very graciously.[<A NAME="chap11fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn9">9</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+An acquisition which Bute was able to make at the beginning of 1896,
+and which gave him great satisfaction, appealing as it did to his
+intense veneration for the religious monuments of the past, was that of
+the ancient friary and chapel of the Greyfriars in Elgin.  He restored
+the chapel in its original Franciscan simplicity, and made it over for
+the use of the Sisters of Mercy, already established in Elgin.  The
+ancient stone tabernacle or sacrament-house, detached from the altar,
+was still preserved in the chapel; and a long letter from the Bishop of
+Aberdeen (then in Rome), among Bute's papers, shows that the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P209"></A>209}</SPAN>
+latter was engaged in the difficult task of trying to induce the Sacred
+Congregation of Rites to derogate from modern rules and practice, and
+to allow this interesting relic of the past to be again used for the
+purpose for which it had been originally intended.[<A NAME="chap11fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn10">10</A>]  Writing to the
+Provost of Elgin, in acknowledgment of a presentation made to him by
+the contractors and clerk of works employed at Greyfriars, Bute said
+with his usual felicity of expression:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+My purchase was one on which I must congratulate myself, not only
+because in interest it has exceeded my expectation, but because it has
+enabled me to be of some service to Elgin by preserving an historical
+monument of considerable value to the town and district.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1896, Elected Provost of Rothesay
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute had several years before this been solicited to allow himself to
+be nominated to the provostship of the Royal Burgh of Rothesay.  He had
+not seen his way at that time to accept the offer, but when it was
+renewed in the autumn of 1896, he signified his willingness to
+undertake the office, and he was unanimously elected on November 6,
+1896.  It was a source of legitimate pride to him to be called to the
+chief magistracy of the ancient burgh with which his family had been
+associated for five hundred years, and in which five of his lineal
+ancestors had held the office of provost.[<A NAME="chap11fn11text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn11">11</A>]  He applied himself to
+the duties
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P210"></A>210}</SPAN>
+of the position with his habitual assiduity and care,
+not infrequently travelling long distances to attend the meetings of
+the corporation, and presiding at them with a combined dignity and
+aptitude for business which favourably impressed all with whom he was
+brought into contact.  He only once took the chair in the police-court,
+sensibly leaving that department, as he had done at Cardiff, to the
+charge of those better versed in police administration than himself;
+nor, as it happened, was he qualified to preside at licensing-courts,
+owing to the fact that he was himself a licence-holder for the sale of
+the produce of his Cardiff vineyards.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+No extensive schemes were carried out in Rothesay during Bute's tenure
+of the provostship; but it is of interest to note that whereas the
+harbour had been greatly improved, and gas first introduced into the
+town, during the time (1829-1839) that his father was provost, he
+himself, during his term of office, made a large extension of the pier,
+and introduced the electric light.  He also interested himself in the
+sanitary improvement of the burgh, and entertained the members of the
+Sanitary Congress, which met at Rothesay in 1898, at a garden party at
+Mountstuart.  Following his own precedent at Cardiff, St. Andrews, and
+Falkland, he presented to the corporation a beautiful chain of office
+for the use of the provosts.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The occurrence of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee during Bute's
+provostship gave occasion for his further munificence; and in
+commemoration of the event he placed in the council-chambers a series
+of heraldic stained-glass windows.  To each of the Town Councillors he
+presented a replica of the medal which he and the other provosts of
+Scottish burghs received at a special audience given to them by the
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P211"></A>211}</SPAN>
+Queen.  Bute gave pleasure to the councillors by reminding them
+that the Scriptural quotation on the obverse of the medal&mdash;"Longitudo
+dierum in dextera ejus, et in sinistra gloria"[<A NAME="chap11fn12text"></A><A HREF="#chap11fn12">12</A>]&mdash;would probably be
+more familiar to them all in the rendering of the Scottish Paraphrase:
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+In her right hand she holds to view<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A length of happy days:<BR>
+Riches with splendid honours joined<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are what her left displays.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute himself drafted the jubilee address from the corporation to her
+Majesty, and had it engrossed in facsimile after the original charter
+to the burgh of the year 1400 A.D., preserved in the British Museum.
+Sealed with the ancient seal of the burgh, and enclosed in a box made
+of the old oak beams of the drawbridge of Rothesay Castle, lined with
+cloth of gold, the address was, at Bute's instance, presented to the
+Queen by H.R.H. the Duke of Rothesay (Prince of Wales).  It was one of
+the very few addresses on exhibition in London, where it aroused
+considerable attention and admiration.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+An anniversary of more personal interest to Bute in the spring of 1897
+was his own "silver wedding day."  The event was celebrated with quiet
+happiness in the family circle, and, later in the year, by a great
+reception in the Exhibition-building at Cardiff, at which some three
+thousand guests were entertained.  Bute, who received a congratulatory
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P212"></A>212}</SPAN>
+address on the occasion, enclosed in a silver casket, from his
+Town Council at Rothesay, gave public and permanent expression to his
+thankfulness for twenty-five years of happy married life, by
+instituting both there and at Cardiff, what came to be known as the
+"Bute Dowry."  This was the provision of an annual sum to be handed, on
+the recommendation of the municipal authorities, to some girl or girls
+of the poorer classes, to enable her to get married.  The religious
+spirit in which Bute founded this benefaction is seen from a letter he
+addressed to the minister of Rothesay, announcing his intention of
+attending on the first occasion of the dowry being awarded:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+Mountstuart,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>December</I> 23, 1897.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I will put on the chain, but not, I think, the gown, as I will leave
+the religious ceremony entirely to you; and I think it would be better
+if <I>you</I> read John ii. 1-11 (as well as the passage from Ephesians).
+The only reason why I stipulated for the reading of John ii. 1-11 as a
+part of the ceremony, was to impress the idea that that marriage is
+truly blessed to which Jesus is called by humble prayer, and at which
+nothing takes place but the natural and harmless gaiety which is
+consonant with His sacred presence and approval.  It does not matter at
+all who reads it.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1899, Failing health
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The success of Bute's three years' tenure of the office of provost was
+proved by the unanimity with which the council, at its conclusion,
+expressed its wish that he would accept re-election for another term.
+This would have included the fifth centenary of the erection of the
+royal burgh, which it was proposed to celebrate in 1900; and Bute,
+notwithstanding his rapidly failing powers (of which no one
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P213"></A>213}</SPAN>
+was
+more conscious than himself), consented to be nominated for a second
+term on certain conditions, one of which was that he should be
+permitted to resign the office immediately after the centenary.  In his
+letter thanking the council for their invitation he thus alluded to his
+state of health:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+I spoke of this, when I first entered on the provostship, by saying
+that I realised that circumstances might arise in which I should feel
+myself unable any longer to be of service to the burgh, and should
+consequently be obliged to resign; but that in any case nothing could
+reverse the past or delete the fact of the honour of the office having
+once been conferred upon me.  Should the council re-elect me, I can
+only say the same thing again....  I take this opportunity of thanking
+each and all of the Members of Council for the honour they have paid me
+now for the second time, as well as for all the kindness which I have
+always received at their hands.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+While fulfilling his municipal duties at Rothesay to the satisfaction
+of every one concerned, Bute had continued, to the best of his ability,
+and with undiminished interest, to discharge his functions as Lord
+Rector of St. Andrews.  He was still able to carry out, though not
+without fatigue and strain, what he called the "routine work" of his
+office; but he was no longer physically able to take the strenuous part
+he had formerly done in the government of the university, and the
+defence of her interests at the University Court and elsewhere.  Early
+in 1897 he had heard with some dismay of the urgent desire of the
+students (who were doubtless very imperfectly acquainted with the
+condition of his health) that he should deliver a second Rectorial
+address, on the occasion of his re-election.  To this
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P214"></A>214}</SPAN>
+effort he
+felt absolutely unequal, and he wrote as follows to his assessor:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<I>Jan.</I> 19, 1897.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+You must do what you can to prevent the students insisting on another
+address.  They cannot know what they are asking.  I can get through my
+ordinary business, but cannot attempt the impossible, such as a
+Rectorial address.  If I did, my failure would be as annoying to them
+as it would be painful to myself.  Please try to make them understand
+this.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I do not complain.  "The night cometh when no man can work," sooner or
+later.  It has come to me through overwork and anxiety as Rector, and
+it is perhaps better that way than many others.  But I am sure that
+those on whose behalf I have incurred it would not try to goad me into
+a fiasco which could only be distressing to all concerned.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute probably knew well that this pathetic appeal to the good sense and
+good feeling of the St. Andrews students would not be made in vain.
+Between them and himself the feeling had never been otherwise than
+kindly and cordial, with no trace of the misunderstandings or
+bitterness which had sometimes clouded his relations with other
+sections of the university.  They respected him as a great Scottish
+noble: they admired his zeal for, and jealousy of, the honour and
+reputation of their Alma Mater: they were proud of his position in the
+world of letters, of his deserved distinction as a munificent and
+discriminating patron of learning, science, and art.  Most of all, they
+were grateful to him for his continual and unfailing kindness towards
+themselves&mdash;kindness which he had proved not only by the generosity of
+his public gifts, but by acts of private beneficence of which the
+outside world knew nothing, and which he himself would have been the
+last to wish made public.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn1text">1</A>] Lord Rosebery's brief tenure of the Premiership (1894-95) had just
+commenced at the date of this entertainment.  He had been Foreign
+Secretary during the two previous years.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn2text">2</A>] The verdict was the unsatisfactory one of "Not
+Proven"&mdash;unsatisfactory, that is, to the public, although doubtless
+preferable from the prisoner's point of view to one of "Guilty."  The
+present writer, who chanced to hear the concluding part of the case,
+well remembers the surprise caused, both within and without the court,
+by the judge's strong summing up in the prisoner's favour.  A legal
+kinsman of the writer told him subsequently what he had never before
+heard&mdash;that a Scottish judge, unlike an English one, considered it his
+duty not merely to sum up the evidence impartially, but also to direct
+the jury how to regard it from the point of view of a trained mind.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn3text">3</A>] Bute felicitously applies to St. Andrews, seat of the first-called
+([Greek: <I>prōtóklźtos</I>]) of the Apostles, the word [Greek:
+<I>témenos</I>]&mdash;land "cut off" and assigned or dedicated to divine or
+sacred purposes.  Syracuse was of old the [Greek: <I>témenos</I>] of Ares
+(Mars), as the Acropolis at Athens was that of Pallas Athene.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn4text">4</A>] Bute himself was a keen curler, thoroughly enjoying a spell at the
+"roaring game" with his country neighbours.  A family tradition records
+how, night falling before the end of a hotly-contested march on The
+Moss, above Mountstuart, Bute sent for footmen to bear lighted candles
+round the rink, so that the game might be concluded that evening.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn5text">5</A>] See <I>ante</I>, p. <A HREF="#P96">96</A>.  The popular appreciation of such kindly
+intercourse could hardly be shown more neatly, and at the same time
+more humorously, than it was on the occasion of a garden party given at
+Mountstuart, some years later, in celebration of the majority of Bute's
+eldest son and successor.  Sir Charles Dalrymple, who was present,
+remarked on the success of the fźte to one of the guests, a Buteshire
+farmer.  "Ou ay," was the reply, "it was just grand a'thegither; and
+the young Mairquis&mdash;did ye obsairve, Sir Charles?&mdash;he was <I>mixing
+fine</I>."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn6text">6</A>] It is probable that the hood given to Lord Acton was a facsimile of
+that worn by Bute himself with his academic robes.  This was copied by
+the university robe-maker (but in richer material and colours) from the
+ancient form of hood as worn by a Scots Benedictine monk who
+occasionally acted as his chaplain.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn7text">7</A>] University College, Dundee, had the right of presenting certain
+candidates for the Honorary Doctorate of St. Andrews University; and
+Lord Acton was one of those so nominated.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn8text">8</A>] The allusion is to an unworthy effort which had been made in
+certain quarters to stir up an <I>odium theologicum</I> against Bute, in
+connection with the proposed transference of Blairs College to St.
+Andrews.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn9text">9</A>] A supplementary volume, "The Arms of the Baronial and Police Burghs
+of Scotland," in which Messrs Stevenson and Lonsdale collaborated, was
+published in 1903.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn10text">10</A>] An attempt had been made in Belgium, at the time of the Gothic
+revival, to restore the ancient use of detached Sacrament-houses, but
+it had been very decidedly negatived by the Roman authorities.  In 1863
+the Sacred Congregation of Rites definitely prohibited the placing of
+the tabernacle elsewhere than in the middle of the altar.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn11"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn11text">11</A>] Portraits of four of these&mdash;the second and fourth Earls, John
+Viscount Mountstuart, and the second Marquess, were presented by Bute
+to the Town Council of Rothesay.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap11fn12"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap11fn12text">12</A>] "Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left hand riches
+and glory."&mdash;Prov. iii. 16.  Bute's Presbyterian friends and neighbours
+knew and respected his familiarity with, and veneration for, the
+Scriptures.  "He was a Bible-loving man, and very religious-minded,"
+one of them said of him: "I have heard that he always opened the
+meetings [of the Town Council] with a prayer he wrote himself."  See as
+to this, <A HREF="#chap16">Appendix IV</A>.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap12"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P215"></A>215}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+CHAPTER XII
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+PLUSCARDEN&mdash;BUTE AS ARCHITECT&mdash;PSYCHICAL <BR>
+INTERESTS&mdash;CONCLUSION
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+1898-1900
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+The latest addition made by Bute to his large landed possessions in
+Scotland was one which on several accounts was the source of much
+interest to him during the last years of his life.  Just as the chief
+attraction of Falkland, which he purchased in 1887, had been the fact
+that it included the ancient royal palace and its hereditary
+Keepership, so the principal inducement to him to acquire, as he did in
+1897 from the Earl of Fife, the Morayshire estate of Pluscarden, was
+that he thereby came into possession also of one of the most beautiful
+and interesting ecclesiastical relics in Scotland.[<A NAME="chap12fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn1">1</A>]  This was the
+roofless church, as well as considerable remains of the domestic
+buildings, of Pluscarden Priory, founded by King Alexander III. seven
+centuries before for monks of the little-known Order of the
+Cabbage-valley.[<A NAME="chap12fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn2">2</A>]  In
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P216"></A>216}</SPAN>
+the middle of the fifteenth century
+Pluscarden had passed into Benedictine possession; and connected with
+this change of ownership were several architectural problems of the
+kind which it always interested Bute to attempt to solve.  He had a
+dislike of the word "restoration," as applied to ancient edifices which
+were, and still are, so often spoiled in the process; but he expended
+much time and care, and not inconsiderable sums of money, in putting
+the different portions of the venerable buildings&mdash;choir,
+chapter-house, dormitory, and calefactory&mdash;into such repair as was
+possible.  He was deeply moved and gratified at being able to arrange,
+in the summer of 1898, for the celebration of Mass (the first for fully
+three hundred years) by a Scottish Benedictine monk, in the
+perfectly-preserved oratory of the prior's lodgings.
+</P>
+
+<A NAME="img-216"></A>
+<CENTER>
+<IMG CLASS="imgcenter" SRC="images/img-216.jpg" ALT="PLUSCARDEN PRIORY." BORDER="2">
+<H4 CLASS="h4center" STYLE="width: 444px">
+PLUSCARDEN PRIORY.
+</H4>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+It was characteristic of Bute's scrupulous regard for tradition and
+order, that before taking possession of Pluscarden he applied to Rome,
+through the Bishop of Aberdeen, for a <I>sanatio</I>, in other words, a
+sanction of his acquisition of the property of the Church, and asked if
+he should, as a preliminary step, give the refusal of the buildings to
+the Benedictines of Fort Augustus.  A reply was received in September,
+1897, from Cardinal Ledochowski, Prefect of the Congregation of
+Propaganda, to the effect that such an offer was not necessary, and
+that the great benefactions already made by Lord Bute to the Catholic
+Church were to be considered as ample compensation.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P217"></A>217}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Building achievements
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Pluscarden Priory was the last, and to himself not the least
+interesting, of the many ancient and historic buildings to the
+maintenance of which Bute was in a position to apply his profound
+archęological knowledge as well as the architectural skill and taste
+which made him, as it was expressed by one well qualified to pronounce
+an opinion, "the best unprofessional architect of his generation."  It
+will be appropriate in this place to give a brief <I>conspectus</I> of the
+principal building operations which he undertook in the course of the
+thirty-two years between his coming of age and his too early death.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The restoration and partial rebuilding of Cardiff Castle was the
+earliest work of the kind undertaken by Bute.  The lofty tower
+conspicuous on the southwest of the castle enclosure, the restoration
+of the great southern curtain wall, with its covered way, and the
+erection of the noble staircase were among the most important of his
+building operations at Cardiff, which included also the discovery and
+partial restoration of the old Roman walls and gateway, the
+re-excavation of the moat, and the clearing and re-marking the sites of
+the medięval friaries of the Dominicans and Franciscans.  Most of the
+work at Cardiff was carried out under the direction of the
+distinguished architect William Burges, who was responsible for the
+whole of the fanciful and elaborate interior decoration both of the
+castle and of Castell Coch, the thirteenth-century fortress some five
+miles north of Cardiff.  This castle, which was in a completely ruined
+condition, was restored by Bute, under Burges's direction, to its
+original state; and experts in such works have pronounced it one of the
+most perfect restorations ever carried out.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Two anecdotes of Burges, whose personality and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P218"></A>218}</SPAN>
+genius were both
+somewhat of the eccentric order, may be here related on the authority
+of a distinguished and venerable member of his own profession, who knew
+him well.  Bute invited him to come and see his new house at
+Mountstuart, then nearly complete, and took him into the great
+drawing-room, where he called his attention to the ceiling with its
+lining of panelled mirrors, on which were painted clusters of grapes
+and vine-leaves.  Burges looked up, shrugged his shoulders, muttered "I
+call that damnable," and walked on.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Burges was accustomed to keep with him in his office a favourite
+terrier, which made itself occasionally disagreeable to visitors who
+called.  When it was pointed out that the effect of this might be to
+keep away possible clients, Burges only grumbled out, "A good thing
+too!  I have far too many as it is."  Once a sporting friend came in to
+see him, bringing his own terrier, which he boasted was the best ratter
+in the country.  Burges would not hear of this, and the matter was at
+once put to the test.  The office-boy was sent out to some neighbouring
+purlieu for a sack of rats: a rat-pit was extemporised out of
+drawing-boards, architectural folios, and other paraphernalia of the
+office; and an elderly and distinguished client who chanced to call,
+intent on business, found the rat-hunt in full cry, and the eminent
+architect and his friend in their shirt-sleeves, hallooing on their
+respective champions to the slaughter.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Restorations in Bute
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute contributed handsomely to the restoration funds of such historic
+edifices as St. John's Church at Cardiff and others on his Glamorgan
+estate; and he re-roofed and put in complete repair the small
+twelfth-century church of Cogan, near Cardiff, which
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P219"></A>219}</SPAN>
+had fallen
+into decay.  It may be of interest, in this connection, to quote a
+letter which he addressed to his brother-in-law and fellow-Catholic,
+Lord Merries, who had consulted him as to the propriety of his
+subscribing to the restoration fund of Selby Abbey, which had been in
+great part destroyed by fire:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+The question is one of some delicacy; but its solution is facilitated
+by the circular which you have sent me, which specifies various objects
+for which subscriptions are invited.  I can only advise you in
+accordance with my own practice in such matters.  You may reasonably
+decline to provide such adjuncts or accessories to Anglican worship as
+pulpits and litany-desks, service-books and altar-cloths, lecterns and
+candlesticks.  But to give a donation towards the actual rebuilding of
+a most venerable monument of Christian piety (which your ancestors
+probably helped originally to erect) is a thing which, I conceive, you
+may very properly do&mdash;and all the more so in view of your official
+connection with the county.[<A NAME="chap12fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn3">3</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Bute's native and titular island, which within its comparatively small
+area contains perhaps as many interesting remains of feudal and
+ecclesiastical antiquity as any district in the kingdom, afforded him,
+of course, many opportunities of applying his archęological and
+architectural knowledge to the congenial task of repairing and
+preserving these venerable fragments of the past.  Prominent among them
+is the ruined eleventh-century castle in the middle of Rothesay, of
+which Bute was hereditary keeper, and of which he restored the gateway,
+drawbridge, and moat, clearing away the mean modern
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P220"></A>220}</SPAN>
+tenements
+abutting on the castle, and also re-building and re-roofing the great
+hall.  The ruined church of St. Blane, also of the eleventh century,
+was likewise partially restored by Bute four years before his death,
+when a large number of interesting objects were discovered among the
+foundations of the early Celtic buildings.[<A NAME="chap12fn4text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn4">4</A>]  Bute also restored the
+ancient castle of Wester Kames, and rebuilt the wall round the
+venerable chapel of St. Michael in North Bute, to preserve it from
+further depredations.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The greatest architectural enterprise undertaken by Bute in his native
+island, or, indeed, anywhere else, was the erection, from the designs
+of Mr. (afterwards Sir Robert) Rowand Anderson, of the palatial house
+of Mountstuart, which replaced the plain old mansion burned down in
+1877.  This great pile of pink sandstone, with its curious upper storey
+of brick and oak, vast marble hall and staircase, high-pitched roofs,
+corbelled oriel windows, and beautiful private chapel with vaulted
+crypt, was begun in 1879, and at Bute's death twenty-one years later
+was still unfinished.  His characteristic slowness in completing any
+architectural work which absorbed him is treated of, with much else of
+interest in the same connection, by Sir R. Rowand Anderson in his
+valuable appreciation of Bute in his relation to architecture and
+architects.[<A NAME="chap12fn5text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn5">5</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+Work at Falkland Palace
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute's acquisition in 1887 of the estate of Falkland, carrying with it
+the hereditary keepership of the ancient royal palace, gave him even
+more scope
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P221"></A>221}</SPAN>
+than Mountstuart for indulging what some one once
+designated his "passion for stone and lime," or, as the phrase would
+run in England, for bricks and mortar.  Falkland appealed to him not
+only as an architect, but as an antiquarian.  The varied beauty of its
+sadly-dilapidated buildings, and the long and romantic story of the
+palace and its occupants, were to him of equally absorbing interest.
+He spared neither time nor money in his work of restoring the historic
+pile to something of its ancient grandeur; and it was said that for a
+number of years he devoted the whole available income of the estate to
+his building operations at the palace.  The corridors and floors were
+laid with oak and teak; many of the rooms were elaborately panelled in
+oak, and their ceilings emblazoned with heraldic and other devices;
+while in the Chapel Royal, the royal pew and ancient pulpit, and the
+magnificent oaken screen, were completely and carefully restored.[<A NAME="chap12fn6text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn6">6</A>]
+Besides the costly interior work, mostly in the main or southern block,
+Bute executed much judicious excavation in and about the palace; and it
+was a great satisfaction to him to discover in the garden the
+foundations of the great twelfth-century round tower, dating from the
+time when Falkland was in the possession of the Earls of Fife.  Another
+interesting work was the restoration of the old royal tennis-court,
+which Bute was accustomed to say had been, he believed, last used for
+play in the reign of James V., the father of Mary Queen of Scots.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P222"></A>222}</SPAN>
+
+<P>
+Mention has already been made of Bute's purchase of the site and
+remains of the Augustinian priory of St. Andrews, where he did a great
+deal of careful excavation and made many valuable discoveries.  At
+Elgin, too, as has been seen, he was able to acquire the interesting
+old monastery and church of the Greyfriars; and it was a particular
+happiness to him, as it has been also to his youngest son, who
+inherited his property in the county of Elgin, that this unpretending
+sanctuary&mdash;now a convent of Sisters of Mercy&mdash;should have been once
+again, after more than three centuries, made available for the
+religious worship to which it was originally dedicated.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1899, Catholicity of taste
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is unnecessary, even were it possible, to give anything like a
+<I>catalogue raisonné</I> of Bute's less important architectural
+achievements.  For more than thirty years, in the graphic phrase cited
+by one of the most distinguished members of the profession, "his hands
+were never out of the mortar-tub."  No one familiar with the
+multitudinous and varied work executed under his immediate supervision
+during those years could fail to be struck by the catholicity of his
+taste, as well as by his curious and detailed knowledge of all
+architectural styles and periods.  The feudal massiveness of Cardiff
+and Castell Coch, of Rothesay Castle and Mochrum, the graceful Gothic
+of Pluscarden, the Franciscan austerity of Elgin, the rich Renaissance
+and Jacobean details of Falkland, the Byzantine perfection of Sancta
+Sophia (copied by him in miniature at Galston)&mdash;all these appealed to
+him, each in its degree, with equal interest and force; and this
+catholicity of taste was reflected not only in the new buildings which
+he raised, but in the ancient buildings which he
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P223"></A>223}</SPAN>
+repaired,
+re-roofed, or restored with such careful reverence.  Every detail of
+such work was personally supervised by himself; and he would be equally
+at home, and equally absorbed, in working out an heraldic design for
+the roof of an abbey church,[<A NAME="chap12fn7text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn7">7</A>] excavating among the almost shapeless
+ruins of a medięval cathedral,[<A NAME="chap12fn8text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn8">8</A>] elaborating a purely Greek scheme of
+decoration for the oratory of his house in London,[<A NAME="chap12fn9text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn9">9</A>] or studying the
+details of the Sainte Chapelle at Paris, the upper basilica of Assisi,
+and the Gothic dome of Zaragoza,[<A NAME="chap12fn10text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn10">10</A>] in order to reproduce something of
+their varied beauties in his exquisite private chapel at Mountstuart.
+The transparent honesty which was part of his character was manifested
+in such restorations as he undertook at Cardiff, Rothesay, and St.
+Andrews, where at the cost of some ęsthetic sacrifice, and often at
+much added expense (for the materials had sometimes to be brought from
+afar), he carried out the work in a stone different in colour from the
+ancient building, so that there should be no possible future confusion
+between the old and the new.  Altogether it must be said that to Bute's
+other titles of honour is to be added that of a noble patron of a noble
+art.  He enriched his native land with many splendid edifices, and he
+probably did more than any man of his generation to preserve and secure
+for posterity the venerable and priceless relics of his country's'
+past.  <I>Cor suum dabat in consummationem operum, et vigilia sua ornabat
+in perfectionem</I>.[<A NAME="chap12fn11text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn11">11</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One of the last publications issued by Bute (it
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P224"></A>224}</SPAN>
+appeared in 1899)
+was a book entitled "The Alleged Haunting of B&mdash;&mdash; House," a curious,
+if not altogether convincing, account of certain phenomena said to have
+occurred at a country residence in Perthshire, which Bute had leased
+for the purpose of psychical investigation.  He had always, and more
+especially in the later years of his life, been attracted by such
+questions, and was at the time of his death a vice-president of the
+Society for Psychical Research.  He was particularly interested in the
+subject of second sight, of which he endeavoured to obtain first-hand
+evidence by instituting inquiries among the Catholic Highlanders of
+north-west Scotland; but the person whom he commissioned to conduct the
+inquiry was to a great extent baffled by the insuperable reluctance of
+the Highlanders to communicate on such matters with a stranger.  Bute
+himself maintained a very open mind as to all such phenomena, although
+he did not of course dispute their objective possibility.  He had a
+profound distrust of paid and professional mediums, and was fully alive
+to the physical, moral, and spiritual risks attendant on all such
+researches unless conducted with due precaution and under proper
+guidance.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One of the chief ornaments of the judicial bench, who knew Bute well,
+once observed of him that if his vocation had been to the law, he might
+have reasonably looked to attain the highest honours of that profession:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Industry, learning, patience, impartiality, capacity for work, a
+remarkable power of grasping facts and weighing evidence, clearness of
+expression, and a single-minded desire for truth&mdash;if these, combined
+with a noble presence and a lofty integrity
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P225"></A>225}</SPAN>
+of character, are
+qualifications for judicial office, Bute possessed them all, and in a
+high degree.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1899, Effect of psychical study
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Such qualities, or most of them, were no doubt equally serviceable when
+brought to bear on the obscure phenomena of psychical research, which
+Bute approached with the same unprejudiced detachment as he did the
+study of astrology, or the problems from the nooks and corners of
+history with which he loved to grapple.  A friend ventured to ask him,
+not very long before his death, if he grudged the many hours he had
+devoted to these recondite investigations.  He replied emphatically in
+the negative, adding after a pause: "I cannot conceive any Christian,
+or, indeed, any believer in life after death, <I>not</I> being painfully and
+deeply interested in such questions.  For my own part, I have never
+doubted that there is permitted at times a real communication between
+the dead and the living, but I am bound to say that I have never
+personally had any first-hand evidence of such communication which I
+could call absolutely convincing."  The last words were spoken with a
+certain melancholy earnestness which made a deep impression on the
+hearer.  That Bute's interest in these matters had no frightening or
+depressing effect on himself is shown clearly enough from a note in his
+diary in which, after referring to his own rapidly-declining health, he
+adds: "My study of things connected with the S.P.R. has had the effect
+of very largely robbing death of its terrors."[<A NAME="chap12fn12text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn12">12</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P>
+With the resignation of his Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews at the end
+of his second term of office,
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P226"></A>226}</SPAN>
+Bute's public work may be said to
+have come to an end.  He had, as has been seen, conditionally accepted
+his re-election as Provost of Rothesay, but as the time drew near his
+resumption of the office was seen to be impossible.  It was, in fact,
+in August, 1899, three months before the time due for the election,
+that he was struck down with what proved to be the beginning of his
+fatal illness.  He rallied for a time, and his mind remained as
+unclouded, and his interest in many things as keen, as they had ever
+been; but it became before long increasingly evident that there was no
+prospect of any return to the activities of the past.  1900 was the
+year of the Passion-play at Ober-Ammergau; and he had always hoped to
+go thither once again with his family, and to renew in their company
+the well-remembered impressions made by his three previous visits.
+When this could not be, he rejoiced that his children were able to make
+the pilgrimage under the escort of an old friend, and he interested
+himself in every detail of their journey.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+As time passed on, and his weakness increased, reading and writing,
+which had been the chief solace of his life, were of course no longer
+possible to him.  He suffered little bodily pain during his last
+illness, but much weariness and depression, which he bore with his
+usual quiet fortitude and patience; and the gradual declension of his
+remarkable mental faculties, his keen intellect, vivid imagination, and
+retentive memory, was (it is a consolation to believe) far less
+distressing to himself than it was to the devoted watchers at his
+sick-bed.  In the summer of 1900 he was removed to Dumfries House, in
+the hope that its more bracing air might be beneficial to him.  He had
+always, as has been already remarked, loved
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P227"></A>227}</SPAN>
+the beautiful old
+home of his Crichton ancestors, which both within and without was one
+of the most notable works of the brothers Adam, although the amenity of
+its surroundings had been to some extent spoiled by the numerous
+coalpits.  "Falkland is probably, the most luxurious of my houses," he
+had once remarked, "but I think Dumfries House is, perhaps, the
+homeliest of them all."  The improvement to his health wrought by this
+change was unhappily only transient: he grew gradually weaker, and on
+October 9, 1900, a few hours after being attacked by a second stroke,
+he quietly breathed his last, being then in the fifty-fourth year of
+his age.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<SPAN CLASS="sidenote">
+1900, Death and funeral
+</SPAN>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Bute was buried, according to his own wish, in the chapel close to the
+sea, within the grounds of Mountstuart, which he had fitted up some
+twenty years previously for Catholic worship.  The funeral service was
+all the more impressive because of hired pomp and grandeur there was
+absolutely none.  His coffin, made by his own carpenters, was borne by
+his own workmen from Dumfries House to the little wayside station,
+whence it was conveyed to the sea, and thence across the Firth of Clyde
+to Kilchattan Bay, in Bute, where a great assemblage awaited its
+arrival, and followed it for nearly five miles on foot, the only
+carriage being that of the widow.  One who was present thus describes
+the sad procession:
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+Through the russet and gold of the October woods it passed, preceded by
+the cross and a long array of bishops and clergy, and followed by the
+young sons, the Duke of Norfolk, Lords Loudoun, Glasgow, and Herries,
+and many other notable people.  Night was falling as our <I>cortége</I>
+reached the little chapel on
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P228"></A>228}</SPAN>
+the shore where the remains were to
+rest; and the pine torches carried by the assistants threw a sombre
+glare on the coffin, on which were laid a black and gold pall, and the
+dead peer's coronet and the chain and green velvet mantle of the
+Thistle.  Vespers of the dead were sung: black-robed sisters watched by
+the bier all night; and next morning the dirge was chanted, the requiem
+mass celebrated, the five absolutions reserved for prelates and great
+nobles solemnly pronounced.  The single bell tolled from the little
+turret as the mourners silently dispersed, leaving John Lord Bute to
+rest in peace within the ivy-covered walls washed by the waves which
+encircled his island home.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+A few days after the last sad rites, Bute's widow, with her daughter
+and three sons, left England for the Holy Land, in order to carry out
+his long-cherished desire that his heart should be interred in the
+sacred soil of Olivet.  It was reverently laid in the tiny garden of
+the Franciscans, outside the humble chapel known as <I>Dominus
+Flevit</I>&mdash;"The Lord wept"&mdash;the traditional spot, half-way up the holy
+mountain, where the Saviour shed tears over the approaching fate of the
+beloved city.  An oleander tree alone marks the place of sepulture; but
+at the entrance of the little sanctuary is affixed a marble tablet
+bearing the following inscription:[<A NAME="chap12fn13text"></A><A HREF="#chap12fn13">13</A>]
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P229"></A>229}</SPAN>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+PAX ESTO AETERNA
+<BR>
+ANIMAE PIENTISSIMAE
+<BR>
+JOANNIS PATRICII MARCHIONIS III DE BUTE
+<BR>
+IN SCOTIA
+<BR>
+VII ID OCTOBR
+<BR>
+ANNO DOMINI MDCCCC
+<BR>
+MORTEM IN CHRISTO OBEUNTIS
+<BR>
+CUJUS COR
+<BR>
+IN TERRAM SANCTAM
+<BR>
+SUPREMA TESTAMENTI CAUTIONE
+<BR>
+DELATUM
+<BR>
+GUENDOLINA CONJUX
+<BR>
+IN HORTO
+<BR>
+HUIC DOMINUS FLEVIT AEDICULAE
+<BR>
+ANNEXO
+<BR>
+QUATUOR ADSISTENTIBUS FILIIS
+<BR>
+ID NOVEMBR EODEM ANNO
+<BR>
+PROPRIIS RELIGIOSE MANIBUS
+<BR>
+SEPELIVIT
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn1text">1</A>] Conversing with a friend not long before his death, Bute thus
+characteristically referred to the point of view from which he regarded
+his acquisition of these two interesting estates.  "Having bound myself
+to provide landed property of a certain value for my younger sons, I
+looked about for places which I might play with during my own life, and
+leave to them afterwards.  Hence Falkland and Pluscarden."
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn2text">2</A>] The Valliscaulians ("Val des Choux" was the name of their first
+house, in Burgundy), founded about 1193 by Viard, a Carthusian
+lay-brother, had about thirty houses, most of them in France.  There
+were none in England, but three in Scotland&mdash;Pluscarden, Beauly, and
+Ardchattan, of which the last two became Cistercian priories a century
+before the Reformation.  The Order dwindled and became finally extinct
+about thirty years prior to the French Revolution.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn3text">3</A>] Lord Merries held the office of Lord-Lieutenant of the East Riding
+of Yorks from 1880 until his death in 1908.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn4"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn4text">4</A>] These are described in much detail, and copiously illustrated, in
+the "Proceedings of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scotland" (vol. x. 3rd
+series, pp. 307 <I>seq.</I>).
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn5"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn5text">5</A>] This appreciation, specially written by the distinguished architect
+for the present biography, is given in Appendix V.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn6"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn6text">6</A>] Lord Bute's second son (and successor as Keeper of Falkland
+Palace), the late Lieut.-Col. Lord Ninian Stuart, M.P., who fell
+gallantly in action in 1915, further enriched the Chapel Royal in 1906,
+by hanging on its walls some magnificent Flemish "verdure" tapestries
+of the seventeenth century.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn7"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn7text">7</A>] Paisley.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn8"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn8text">8</A>] Whithorn.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn9"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn9text">9</A>] St. John's Lodge.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn10"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn10text">10</A>] Called by the people the "media naranja," or half orange.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn11"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn11text">11</A>] "He gave his heart to the consummation of his works, and by his
+watchful care brought them to perfection."&mdash;Ecclesiast. xxxviii. 31.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn12"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn12text">12</A>] See Mr. F. W. H. Myers' remarkable obituary notice <A HREF="#chap18">Appendix VI</A>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap12fn13"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap12fn13text">13</A>] Written by Dowager Lady Bute, and translated into Latin at her
+request by the author of this memoir.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap13"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P231"></A>231}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+APPENDIX I (p. <A HREF="#P2">2</A>)
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+ENGLISH PRIZE POEM
+</H4>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+(Written by Bute at Harrow School, <I>ęt.</I> 15-½.)
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+<I>Subject</I>: EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+(The footnotes are the young author's own)
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+When the long requiem's assuaging strain<BR>
+Sounds high and solemn through the holy fane,<BR>
+And loud and frequent in the darkened pile<BR>
+The organ's heavy swell is heard the while,<BR>
+Askest thou, pilgrim stranger, wherefore low,<BR>
+In prayer unceasing, mournful hundreds bow;<BR>
+Why choral hymns unceasingly arise,<BR>
+And thuribles with incense cloud the skies,<BR>
+While dying tapers glimmer pale and low<BR>
+Upon the bloodless alabaster brow<BR>
+That only represents the hero now?<BR>
+Read sculptured on a grave that royal name,<BR>
+So often blown abroad by noisy fame:<BR>
+Yes; low as other men, the caitiff tomb<BR>
+Has dared to shroud his splendour in its gloom!<BR>
+Edward, who once the Knight of England shone,<BR>
+Lies cold and stiff beneath this sculptured stone.<BR>
+The brilliant Phosphor of a brighter day<BR>
+Too soon in night is passed for aye away!<BR>
+The lordly thistle blooms in purple pride;<BR>
+The shamrock clusters by her sheltering side;[<A NAME="chap13fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap13fn1">1</A>]<BR>
+And, though from each full many a spray is riven,<BR>
+Unshaken yet they rise to friendly heaven.<BR>
+The golden lily, even in her tears,<BR>
+Full many a flower of vernal promise bears;<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P232"></A>232}</SPAN>
+
+The pomegranate hangs fruitful on the tree;<BR>
+The olive waves o'er many an eastern sea;<BR>
+And strong beneath her eagle's sable wings<BR>
+The pine upon her fir-clad mountains clings;<BR>
+The rose alone, the fairest of them all,[<A NAME="chap13fn2text"></A><A HREF="#chap13fn2">2</A>]<BR>
+Is doomed to see her bud of promise fall!<BR>
+The green genista's golden bloom is shed,<BR>
+Her brightest offspring numbered with the dead.<BR>
+O! plundered flower, O! doubly plundered bloom<BR>
+Whose fairest fragrance only feeds the tomb!<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'Tis said that when upon a rocky shore<BR>
+The salt sea billows break with muffled roar,<BR>
+And, launched in mad career, the thundering wave<BR>
+Leaps booming through the weedy ocean cave;<BR>
+Each tenth is grander than the nine before,<BR>
+And breaks with tenfold thunder on the shore.<BR>
+Alas! it is so on the sounding sea;<BR>
+But so, O England, it is not with thee!<BR>
+Thy decuman is broken on the shore:<BR>
+A peer to him shall lave thee never more!<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+Ring forth, O mournful harp&mdash;no nobler strain<BR>
+Than this to-day shall e'er be thine again.<BR>
+See where amid her ruined towns and towers<BR>
+France broods upon her country's shattered powers.<BR>
+Ask her his glories&mdash;at the fatal name<BR>
+Her olive cheek grows red with burning shame,<BR>
+The tear starts flashing to her careworn eye,<BR>
+She points where stiff and cold her children lie,<BR>
+Beneath the bloody sod of many a plain,<BR>
+By victor Edward's dreaded arrows slain;<BR>
+From where on Cressy's dark and trodden ground<BR>
+Two kings were slain and princes died around,<BR>
+To where Limoges' streets ran red with blood,<BR>
+And lives of thousands fed the crimson flood;<BR>
+Or where, again, in Poitiers' fatal lane<BR>
+The flower of all her gay noblesse were slain,<BR>
+And trodden down amid the gory clay,<BR>
+In useless valour threw their lives away;<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P233"></A>233}</SPAN>
+
+While many a lordly tower and holy spire<BR>
+Fell blackened ruins to the invader's fire.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+But not upon thy fields, O France, alone<BR>
+Like meteor shot from sphere of light he shone.<BR>
+Rise, Spain, and witness how thy fair Castile<BR>
+Has bled upon Najarra's fatal hill,<BR>
+When sullen Najarilla's voiceless flow<BR>
+Rang to the buckler's clang and falchion's blow,<BR>
+And legions melted as a morning's snow.<BR>
+But own that, when before his victor brand<BR>
+He stretched defenceless all the humbled land,<BR>
+It then was Edward's voice that stemmed the tide,<BR>
+And Guzman only for his treason died.<BR>
+Ungrateful Pedro! gilt and sceptred slave!<BR>
+Ill hast thou merited the crown he gave!<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+"The crown he gave," and now, alas! has he<BR>
+Who was the heir to England's sovereignty<BR>
+No diadem except the cerecloth band,<BR>
+No sceptre but the taper in his hand!<BR>
+The glory that embalms his brilliant name<BR>
+Alone is deathless through the voice of fame;<BR>
+Or where, adorned in many a loyal heart,<BR>
+It burns unmoved till life itself shall part&mdash;<BR>
+It lives undying there.  What other throne<BR>
+So meet for him who called those hearts his own?<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+But O! when history with frigid eye<BR>
+Shall write the lengthened list of deeds gone by,<BR>
+And deal with justice, passionless but true,<BR>
+The meed deserved the living never knew,<BR>
+Forbid it, Heaven! her voice divine should stay<BR>
+The tide of praise that swells his name to-day.<BR>
+Tell how, when victory had wreathed his arms,<BR>
+And peace at length replaced war's dread alarms,<BR>
+(Such peace is theirs who can resist no more)<BR>
+When captive led from France's vanquished shore<BR>
+A conquered monarch graced the victor's car,<BR>
+The splendid trophy of the finished war.<BR>
+Say how, eclipsed in an inferior's guise,<BR>
+He scorned to feed with show the people's eyes;<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P234"></A>234}</SPAN>
+
+And spurning Roman conqueror's gaudy pride,<BR>
+Rode, humble, by the French usurper's side.<BR>
+Such deed as this shall live to mock decay<BR>
+When time has borne war's fading wreaths away.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+The golden corn shall wave on Cressy's plain,<BR>
+The thrush shall sing in Poitier's woods again;<BR>
+The rosemaries upon Najarra's hill<BR>
+Shall perfume Najarilla's noiseless rill;<BR>
+The fields of France shall bloom in verdant pride,<BR>
+Unstained by ruthless conquest's crimson tide;<BR>
+The summer roses bloom in far Castile&mdash;<BR>
+While, levelled by the dart we all must feel,<BR>
+The mortal victor lies&mdash;a wreck of clay,<BR>
+Once brilliant and as perishing as they.<BR>
+There mark the armour that in life he wore<BR>
+Hangs o'er his dreamless head!  O never more<BR>
+Shall coat so princely fence so meet a heart!<BR>
+And still, as if demanding ne'er to part,<BR>
+There yet the leopards in their sanguine shield<BR>
+Alternate with the lilies' heavenly field.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;One step aside, and blazing through the gloom,<BR>
+The pinnacles that deck the martyr's[<A NAME="chap13fn3text"></A><A HREF="#chap13fn3">3</A>] tomb<BR>
+Rise high and glittering o'er the golden urn;<BR>
+And there for aye the dying tapers burn,<BR>
+As if they cried to men in protest high<BR>
+That soon their earthly honours all must die;<BR>
+But that upon the Christian's sainted shade<BR>
+Alone is bound a wreath that cannot fade.<BR>
+O! ye who lie together, levelled here,<BR>
+In life so sundered and in death so near&mdash;<BR>
+He who has shed men's blood to win a throne,<BR>
+And he who for Religion shed his own;<BR>
+What thoughts unnumbered on the rapid mind<BR>
+Arise, with mingled grief and awe combined!<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O! for a worthier art with skill to paint<BR>
+The light eternal that surrounds the saint:<BR>
+And justly mete the song of swelling praise<BR>
+The hero's virtues force our hearts to raise!<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P235"></A>235}</SPAN>
+
+Shades of the great, the holy, and the brave,<BR>
+Whose earthly vestment slumbers in the grave,<BR>
+Teach us by bright example each to tread<BR>
+The heavenward pathway hallowed by the dead.<BR>
+What though the trembling element of earth<BR>
+May swell again the clay that gave it birth;<BR>
+What though again the wanton breeze reclaim<BR>
+The vital breath it lent to warm your frame;<BR>
+Not less ye live because our feebler race<BR>
+Your lordly presence now no more shall grace.<BR>
+Where'er the wild and careless winds can blow,<BR>
+Where'er the ocean's cold, dark waters flow,<BR>
+Where'er the heart heroic dares to die,<BR>
+There&mdash;there your fadeless memory lives for aye,<BR>
+Till Ruin claims her universal sway,<BR>
+And worn-out Time himself shall pass away.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+BUTE.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap13fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap13fn1text">1</A>] Edward Bruce was once King of Northern Ireland.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap13fn2"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap13fn2text">2</A>] The symbols of the chief powers of Europe are taken from a royal
+masque in the reign of Henry VIII.  The pomegranate represents Spain,
+the olive Italy, and the pine-cone Germany.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap13fn3"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap13fn3text">3</A>] St. Thomas of Canterbury.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap14"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P236"></A>236}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+APPENDIX II (p. <A HREF="#P51">51</A>)
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+HYMN ON ST. MAGNUS
+</H4>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+(Written by Bute at Kirkwall during a visit to Orkney, <BR>
+in July, 1867, <I>ęt.</I> 19.)
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+Glory be to Jesus<BR>
+In the highest heaven,<BR>
+For His grace triumphant<BR>
+Unto Magnus given&mdash;<BR>
+Wondrous grace that made him,<BR>
+Looking on the Cross,<BR>
+For the love of Jesus<BR>
+Count all things but loss.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+Born to all earth's splendour,<BR>
+Cradled by a throne,<BR>
+He in very childhood<BR>
+Knew God's love alone;<BR>
+Nazareth's holy stripling<BR>
+Boyhood's pattern made;<BR>
+Through the years of manhood<BR>
+By his Saviour stayed.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+Like to Paul converted<BR>
+From a world of sin,<BR>
+He into our Master's<BR>
+Sheepfold entered in&mdash;<BR>
+Till God's love within him<BR>
+Lit and warmed him through,<BR>
+As the bush of Horeb<BR>
+Burned but ever grew.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+With the saintly maiden.<BR>
+Whom he made his bride,<BR>
+For ten years a virgin<BR>
+Lay he side by side;<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P237"></A>237}</SPAN>
+
+Like unto the angels<BR>
+Of our God in heaven,<BR>
+Who in carnal wedlock<BR>
+Give not nor are given.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+From the Lord's own altar<BR>
+Haled, the martyr died;<BR>
+Him the Lord's own offering<BR>
+His last breath supplied.<BR>
+Earthy lilies stricken<BR>
+Perish on the ground,<BR>
+But God's witness dying<BR>
+Fadeless glory found.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+Jesus, by whose mercy<BR>
+Magnus was victorious,<BR>
+Give us grace to follow<BR>
+In his footsteps glorious;<BR>
+So by Thee, our Saviour,<BR>
+Truth, and life, and way,<BR>
+We may come where he is<BR>
+In undying day.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+Glory to the Father,<BR>
+Glory to the Son,<BR>
+Glory to the Spirit,<BR>
+Three, and three in one,<BR>
+Glory from his creatures<BR>
+Both in earth and heaven<BR>
+To the King of Martyrs<BR>
+Endlessly be given.  Amen.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap15"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P238"></A>238}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+APPENDIX III (p. <A HREF="#P51">51</A>)
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+"OUR LADY OF THE SNOWS"
+</H4>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+(Written by Bute in November, 1867, <I>ęt.</I> 20.)
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+The world is very foul and dark,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And sin has marred its outline fair;<BR>
+But we are taught to look above,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And see another image there.<BR>
+And I will raise my eyes above&mdash;<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Above a world of sin and woe,<BR>
+Where sinless, griefless, near her Son,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sits Mary on her throne of snow.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+Mankind seems very foul and dark,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In some lights that we see it in,<BR>
+Lo! as the tide of life goes by,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How many thousands lie in sin.<BR>
+But I will raise my eyes above&mdash;<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Above the world's unthinking flow,<BR>
+To where, so human yet so fair,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sits Mary on her throne of snow.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+My heart is very foul and dark;<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, strangely foul sometimes to me<BR>
+Glare up the images of sin<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My tempter loves to make me see.<BR>
+Then may I lift my eyes above&mdash;<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Above these passions vile and low,<BR>
+To where, in pleading contrast bright,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sits Mary on her throne of snow!<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+And oft that throne, so near our Lord's,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To earth some of its radiance lends;<BR>
+And Christians learn from her to shun<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The path impure that hellward tends,<BR>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P239"></A>239}</SPAN>
+
+For they have learnt to look above&mdash;<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Above the prizes here below,<BR>
+To where, crowned with a starry crown,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sits Mary on her throne of snow.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="poem">
+Blest be the whiteness of her throne;<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That shines so purely, grandly there!<BR>
+With such a glory passing bright,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where all is bright and all is fair!<BR>
+God make me lift my eyes above,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And love its holy radiance so<BR>
+That some day I may come where still<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sits Mary on her throne of snow.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap16"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P240"></A>240}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+APPENDIX IV (p. <A HREF="#P211">211</A>)
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+A PROVOST'S PRAYER
+</H4>
+
+<P>
+The following was the prayer always said by Bute at the opening of the
+meetings of the Town Council of Rothesay, during the term of his
+provostship.  It was composed by himself, or rather compiled from two
+prayers contained in the Roman Breviary&mdash;one the Collect for
+Whit-Sunday, and the other a prayer at the end of the Litany of the
+Saints.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+PRAYER.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+"O God, Who dost teach the hearts of Thy people by sending to them the
+light of Thine Holy Spirit; grant unto us that the same Thy Spirit may
+inspire us in all our doings by His heavenly grace, and bless us
+therein by His continual help, that every prayer and work of ours may
+begin from Thee and by Thee be duly ended, and that we, who cannot do
+anything that is good without Thee, may so by Thee be enabled to act
+according to Thy will, which is our sanctification; through Jesus
+Christ our Lord, Who liveth and reigneth with Thee and the Holy Spirit,
+one God, world without end.  Amen."
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap17"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P241"></A>241}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+APPENDIX V (p. <A HREF="#P220">220</A>)
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+RECOLLECTIONS BY SIR R. ROWAND ANDERSON
+</H4>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+16, Rutland Square, Edinburgh,<BR>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>October</I> 4, 1920.<BR>
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I quite appreciate your desire that I should send you something of my
+recollections of the late Marquis of Bute, for whom I had the honour of
+doing some important work.  Lord Bute's architects certainly had
+considerable opportunity of meeting him and getting to know him as he
+appeared in their department, for one of the outstanding facts of his
+life was that he was never out of the mortar-tub.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It was one of his brothers-in-law, the late Lord Herries, I think, who
+used to tell him that he would go down to posterity as the
+Brick-and-Mortar Lord.  But no one who had the privilege of knowing him
+ever associated his works with any of the ideas of quantity, monotony,
+and mere utilitarianism, which the mention of the humblest of building
+materials might conjure up in the minds of people who had not that
+privilege.  Quantity of production, and expenditure of time and money
+had no prescribed relations to each other when time or money was
+required to procure the most appropriate material, or time was required
+to determine the precise design.  I remember saying to him once, when
+something had been delayed till I thought it must be tiresome to him,
+"Why not let it be finished, and off your mind?"  His reply was, "But
+why should I hurry over what is my chief pleasure?  I have
+comparatively little interest in a thing after it is finished."  That
+saying supplied the key to much that, without it, might be misconstrued
+in the annals of his architectural undertakings.  What he did not
+consider of importance was allowed to go through at once.  What he
+thought of importance he made a matter for his personal thought, and no
+detail was so small as to be secure of passing unobserved, or so
+apparently insignificant
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P242"></A>242}</SPAN>
+that an indefinite delay might not be
+suffered till he had determined whether it was to be converted into a
+feature, or at least the vehicle of an allusion to some idea which
+interested him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The fact is that Lord Bute possessed great imagination, learning, and
+taste, and an inexhaustible patience and power of calm deliberation
+before coming to any conclusion which he deemed to be of any
+importance; and it so came about that he seldom, if ever, changed his
+mind and ordered anything to be altered after it had once been done.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I have heard a tale which was supposed to exemplify the nicety of his
+taste and the grand scale on which he gratified it.  The story may have
+been meant for a parable only, but it narrated circumstantially how
+that his architect had imported a shipload of marble columns from
+Italy, and put them up in a certain palace which he was building for
+the Marquis, but that when his lordship came to see them, behold, they
+were not of the exact tint which he wanted, so incontinently they were
+thrown out, and another shipload was brought, which turned out, of
+course, to be perfection, of which the pillars themselves, as they
+stand there to-day, are the lively proof.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+That the story of the throwing out of the pillars, like the tale of the
+three hundred and sixty Celtic Crosses in Iona, which were said to have
+been thrown into the sea, is apocryphal, I gravely suspect.  The thing
+which it professes to relate never occurred in connection with any work
+in which I was concerned, and I think I would have heard of it had it
+happened in any of Lord Bute's other undertakings, at least in
+Scotland.  The unlikely part of the story is that he had allowed
+himself to be landed with a vast quantity of the wrong stuff for such
+an important purpose.  The rest of it, his fabled measures for getting
+himself out of the difficulty, is quite true to his character.  I, at
+least, never knew him to be diverted from his intention on the score of
+delay or cost.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I remember a case which is somewhat in point, his choice of the
+railings for the gallery of the great hall of his house, or, rather,
+palace of Mountstuart, although the case is more interesting as an
+illustration of his mind in a more important aspect.  I had proposed,
+in accordance with my duty, a design strictly in keeping with the
+medięval character of the building.  Lord Bute, however, had seen and
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P243"></A>243}</SPAN>
+remembered the ancient and curious bronze railings which stand
+round the tomb of Charlemagne at Aix-la-Chapelle, and he determined to
+take, what was to him the opportunity of erecting a facsimile of them
+in Scotland.  I went, therefore, to Aix and made measured drawings of
+them on the spot.  By his directions I had the copies cast in
+Edinburgh, and they stand now in their place in Mountstuart in all the
+variety and yet unity of their originals.  They are not Florentine, but
+if you ask me what should have prevented a Florentine nobleman from
+erecting them in his palace in Florence, I could not tell you.
+Sentimentally, at any rate, they would have been appropriate.  I refer,
+of course, to the historical fact, of which I am sure the Marquis was
+aware, that it was no other than Charlemagne who relieved the
+Florentines from the tyranny of the Longobards, and conferred upon them
+the freedom of a municipal government.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The influence of the art of Peter de Luna, as seen in the style which
+was chosen by Lord Bute in matters connected with the Chapel at
+Mountstuart, occurs to mind in this context.  That the famous Spaniard
+was an architect, or a discriminating patron of architecture, Saragossa
+testifies; but he was more to Lord Bute, he was the Pope, the Benedict
+XIII., whose papal bull confirmed the foundation charter of St. Andrews
+University.  He was not acknowledged as Pope by England or Italy, but
+he was acknowledged by Scotland, and that went a long way with Lord
+Bute.  That his lordship reflected on the possibility of his choice
+giving pain to any one who did not accept de Luna's pontificate is, I
+think, unlikely, seeing that without question, he was confiding the
+execution of his whole ideas to an architect who was actually a member
+of a Reformed Church.  I pointedly omit to make any allusion in this
+context to the traditional authorship of the design of the Cathedral of
+Cologne.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Lord Bute's mind was steeped in history; and on that account, though he
+by no means always bowed the knee to authority, his ideas, like his
+conversation, in matters of architecture were always interesting.  Soon
+after the first occasion on which he did me the honour to consult me,
+he told me that he made it his practice not to give all his
+undertakings into the hands of any one architect, that he liked always
+to be in touch with several of the profession; it was to his advantage,
+he was good enough to say, as well
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P244"></A>244}</SPAN>
+as his pleasure, to hear the
+opinions of different men on the things of their trade.  If I may judge
+by the numbers of specialists in very different departments, whom I
+used to meet on my visits to his lordship, he had a satisfaction in
+their conversation and their ways of looking at things which was
+perhaps similar to that which Sir Walter Scott records in his Journal
+that he had found in the conversation of Robert Stevenson, the engineer
+to the Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+So far as I know, Lord Bute never had any building done for himself in
+this country after any varieties of the style of Ancient Greece.  That
+this abstention in his particular case should be credited only to his
+wise sense of its unfitness for his purposes in a climate such as ours,
+must be the opinion of any one, who, like myself, ever had the
+privilege of visiting the remains of Ancient Greece in his company, and
+of observing the extraordinarily deep impression which they made on him.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+R. ROWAND ANDERSON.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+P.S.&mdash;By way of footnote to the paragraph in which I mention Peter de
+Luna, I may say that it was on a visit which I made to Saragossa on
+Lord Bute's behalf that I was fortunate enough to procure a cast of de
+Luna's now mummified head.  The cast I have now confided to the care of
+St. Andrews University.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap18"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P245"></A>245}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+APPENDIX VI (p. <A HREF="#P225">225</A>)
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+OBITUARY NOTICE BY MR. F. W. H. MYERS
+</H4>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+(From the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, <BR>
+November, 1900.)
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+THE MARQUIS OF BUTE, K.T. (VICE-PRESIDENT, S.P.R.).
+</P>
+
+<P>
+<I>Magnus civis obīt</I>.  The death of the Marquis of Bute has removed from
+earth a great chieftain, a great magnate, a great proprietor, yet
+withal a figure, a character, which carried one back into the Ages of
+Faith.  Many will mourn the close of that life,&mdash;magnificent at once
+and munificent; far-governing, and yet gently thoughtful in minute
+detail.  Some will miss in more intimate fashion the massive simplicity
+of his presence; the look in his eyes of trustfulness at once and
+tenacity&mdash;that look which we call doglike, when we mean to imply that
+dogs are nobler than men.  The youth whose vast wealth and eager
+religion suggested (it was said) to Lord Beaconsfield the idea of his
+"Lothair" had become constantly wealthier and more religious as years
+went on.  Amid the palaces of his structure and of his inheritance he
+lived a life simple and almost solitary; a life of long walks and long
+conversations on the mysteries of the world unseen.  To a fervent Roman
+Catholicism he joined a ready openness to the elements of a more
+Catholic faith.  That same yearning for communion with the invisible
+which showed itself in his Prayer-books and Missals, his Byzantine
+Churches restored, his English Churches built, showed itself also in
+the great crystal hung in his chapel at St. John's Lodge; as it were
+the mystic focus of that green silence in the heart of London's roar;
+and in the horoscope of his nativity painted on the dome of his study
+at Mountstuart; and in that vaster, strange-illumined vault of
+Mountstuart's central hall.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+[Greek: <I>'En dé tą teķrei pįnta ta t' ou'ranos e'stephanōtai</I>]
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P246"></A>246}</SPAN>
+Hardly had such a sight been seen since Hephęstus wrought in
+flaming gold the Signs of Heaven, and zoned the Shield of Achilles with
+the firmament and the sea.  For in like manner at Lord Bute's bidding
+was that great vault encircled with a translucent zone which pictured
+the constellations of the Ecliptic; the starry lights represented by
+prisms inserted in that "dome of many-coloured glass."  Therethrough,
+as through a fictive Zodiac, travelled the sun all day; with many a
+counterchange of azure stains or emerald on the broad floor below, and
+here and there the dazzling flash of a sudden-kindled star.  It seemed
+the work of one who wished, by sign at least and symbol, to call down
+"an intermingling of heaven's pomp" upon that pavement which might have
+been traversed only by the pacings of earthly power and pride.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Through such scenes their fashioner would walk; weary and weighted
+often with the encumbering flesh; but always in slow meditative
+brooding on the Spiritual City, and a house not made with hands.  "A
+cruel superstition!" he said once of those who would presume to fetter
+or forbid our communication with beloved and blessed Souls behind the
+veil.  A cruel superstition indeed! and hardly with any truer word upon
+his lips might a man pass from the company of those who listen, to
+those who speak.[<A NAME="chap18fn1text"></A><A HREF="#chap18fn1">1</A>]
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="noindent">
+F. W. H. M.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="footnote">
+<A NAME="chap18fn1"></A>
+[<A HREF="#chap18fn1text">1</A>] Mr. Myers himself died on January 17, 1901, only a few weeks after
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap19"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P247"></A>247}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+APPENDIX VII
+</H3>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+</H4>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t3">
+LORD BUTE'S PUBLISHED WRITINGS.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+(This list does not include certain articles separately reprinted from
+the <I>Scottish Review</I>, and all contained later in the two volumes of
+"Essays on Home and Foreign Subjects," published after his death.)
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+Order of Divine Service for Christmas Day, according to the Use of the
+Church of Rome.  1875.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Early Days of Sir William Wallace.  1876.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Burning of the Barns of Ayr.  1878.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Roman Breviary: translated out of Latin into English.  2 vols.
+1879.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Altus of St. Columba, with prose paraphrase and notes.  1882.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Coptic Morning Service for the Lord's Day.  1882.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+Address written for the Rhyl Eisteddfod.  1892.  (English and Welsh.)
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+Address delivered November 20, 1893, at University of St. Andrews
+(inaugural address as Lord Rector).  1894.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+A Form of Prayer following the Church Office, for the use of Catholics
+unable to hear Mass upon Sundays and Holidays.  1896.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+On the Ancient Language of the Natives of Teneriffe.  1897.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of Scotland (in
+collaboration with J. R. N. Macphail and H. W. Lonsdale).  1897.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+Order of Divine Service for Palm Sunday and Whitsuntide. 1898.
+</P>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P248"></A>248}</SPAN>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Alleged Haunting of B&mdash;&mdash; House (in collaboration with A. G.
+Freer).  1899.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Blessing of the Waters on the Eve of the Epiphany (in collaboration
+with E. A. W. Budge).  1901.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+Essays on Foreign Subjects (reprinted from the <I>Scottish Review</I>).
+1901.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+Essays on Home Subjects (reprinted from the <I>Scottish Review</I>).  1904.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Arms of the Baronial and Police Burghs of Scotland (in
+collaboration with J. H. Stevenson and H. W. Lonsdale).  1903.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+The Inquisition in the Canary Islands: Catalogue of a collection of
+original MSS. formerly belonging to the Holy Office.  1903.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="biblio">
+Lenten Readings from the Writings of the Fathers.  1906.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<A NAME="chap20"></A>
+
+<SPAN CLASS="pagenum">{<A NAME="P249"></A>249}</SPAN>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+INDEX
+</H3>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+ACTON, John Lord, letter to Bute from, <A HREF="#P203">203</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Advowsons owned by Bute, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Akers, George, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Anderson, Sir R. Rowand (architect), <A HREF="#P3">3</A>, <A HREF="#P220">220</A>; his recollections of Bute,
+<A HREF="#P241">241-244</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Andrews, Septimus, at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P45">45</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ardlamont murder trial, <A HREF="#P199">199</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Argyll, George 8th Duke of, witnesses Bute's marriage, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>; letters to
+Bute from, <A HREF="#P206">206</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Argyll and the Isles, Angus Bishop of, <A HREF="#P153">153</A>, <A HREF="#P154">154</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; &mdash; &mdash; &mdash;, George Bishop of, <A HREF="#P96">96</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Arundel Castle, Bute at, <A HREF="#P109">109</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Astrology, Bute's interest in, <A HREF="#P135">135</A>, <A HREF="#P176">176</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+BALFOUR, Arthur J., Lord Rector of St. Andrews University, <A HREF="#P189">189</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Baroda, Maharajah Gaikwar of, <A HREF="#P183">183</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bayreuth, festival at, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>, <A HREF="#P132">132</A>, <A HREF="#P157">157</A>, <A HREF="#P164">164</A>, <A HREF="#P165">165</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bellingham, Sir Henry, at Harrow, <A HREF="#P20">20</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Belmont, Benedictine Priory at, <A HREF="#P100">100</A>, <A HREF="#P153">153</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Benson, Rev. R., at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P45">45</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bikelas, [Greek: <I>ho kśrios</I>], <A HREF="#P132">132</A>, <A HREF="#P133">133</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Black Prince, Bute's poem on the, <A HREF="#P24">24</A>, <A HREF="#P231">231</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Blackie, Professor, death of, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Blairquhan Castle, <A HREF="#P4">4</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Blairs College, <A HREF="#P194">194</A>, <A HREF="#P206">206</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bodenham, Delabarro, in Rome, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Boyle, Archibald, curator to Bute, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; John, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Breviary, Roman, Bute's first idea of translating the, <A HREF="#P70">70</A>, <I>note</I>; work
+begun, <A HREF="#P115">115</A>, <A HREF="#P116">116</A>; his "beloved child," <A HREF="#P126">126</A>; published, <A HREF="#P129">129</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bruno, Giordano, Bute's studies on, <A HREF="#P139">139</A>, <A HREF="#P140">140</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Burges, William (architect), anecdotes of, <A HREF="#P217">217</A>, <A HREF="#P218">218</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bute, John 3rd Earl of, <A HREF="#P1">1</A>; monument to, <A HREF="#P3">3</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; &mdash; 1st Marquess of, <A HREF="#P2">2</A>; portrait of, as Harrovian, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; &mdash; 2nd Marquess of, character of, <A HREF="#P2">2</A>; early death of, <A HREF="#P3">3</A>; Provost of
+Rothesay, <A HREF="#P210">210</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; &mdash; 3rd Marquess of, his descent, <A HREF="#P1">1</A>; childhood of, <A HREF="#P3">3</A>, <A HREF="#P4">4</A>; litigation
+about, <A HREF="#P5">5</A>, <A HREF="#P6">6</A>; at Galloway House, <A HREF="#P9">9-14</A>; at private school, <A HREF="#P14">14-17</A>; at
+Harrow, <A HREF="#P19">19-26</A>; first visits Holy Land, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>, <A HREF="#P27">27</A>; at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P28">28</A> <I>et
+seq.</I>; travels in East, <A HREF="#P34">34-38</A>; religious studies of, <A HREF="#P39">39-43</A>; postpones
+reception, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>; facsimile of sketch by, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>; his cruise to Iceland,
+<A HREF="#P52">52</A>; and St. Magnus, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>, <A HREF="#P151">151</A>; poems written by, <A HREF="#P24">24</A>, <A HREF="#P25">25</A>, <A HREF="#P51">51</A>,
+<A HREF="#P231">231-239</A>; to Russia, <A HREF="#P55">55</A>, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>; comes of age, <A HREF="#P55">55-57</A>; at Danesfield, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>;
+received into Roman Church, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>; to Rome, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>; to Palestine, <A HREF="#P75">75</A>; on
+his conversion, <A HREF="#P77">77</A>, <A HREF="#P78">78</A>; the newspaper press on, <A HREF="#P80">80</A>, <A HREF="#P81">81</A>; founds <I>Western
+Mail</I>, <A HREF="#P84">84-86</A>; at Rome during Vatican Council, <A HREF="#P86">86-90</A>; at Cardiff and
+Mountstuart, <A HREF="#P78">78</A>, <A HREF="#P90">90-98</A>; as philologist, <A HREF="#P99">99</A>; marriage of, <A HREF="#P105">105</A>, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>;
+visits Majorca, <A HREF="#P113">113</A>, <A HREF="#P114">114</A>; his love of animals, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>, <A HREF="#P169">169</A>; created K.T.,
+<A HREF="#P121">121</A>; as landowner, <A HREF="#P125">125</A>; acquires <I>Scottish Review</I>, <A HREF="#P129">129</A>; his
+contributions to it, <A HREF="#P130">130</A>, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>; as historical student, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>; a Home Ruler
+for Scotland, <A HREF="#P149">149</A>; and foreign travel, <A HREF="#P156">156-168</A>; <I>incog.</I> in Sicily,
+<A HREF="#P165">165</A>; mayor of Cardiff, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>, <A HREF="#P174">174</A>; receives freedom of Glasgow, <A HREF="#P179">179</A>;
+Lord-Lieutenant of Buteshire, <A HREF="#P180">180</A>; his benefactions to S. Wales, <A HREF="#P181">181</A>,
+<A HREF="#P182">182</A>; Hon. LL.D. of three Scottish universities, <A HREF="#P185">185</A>; on Universities
+Commission, <I>ib.</I>; Lord Rector of St. Andrews, <A HREF="#P187">187</A> <I>et seq.</I>;
+interested in Jews, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>; makes maiden speech in Parliament, <A HREF="#P199">199</A>;
+re-elected Lord Rector, <A HREF="#P206">206</A>; as a herald, <A HREF="#P208">208</A>; acquires Greyfriars,
+Elgin, <A HREF="#P208">208</A>, <A HREF="#P209">209</A>; Provost of Rothesay, <A HREF="#P209">209-213</A>; "silver wedding day" of,
+<A HREF="#P211">211</A>; purchases Pluscarden Priory, <A HREF="#P215">215</A>; his achievements as a builder,
+<A HREF="#P217">217-222</A>; his interest in psychical research, <A HREF="#P224">224</A>, <A HREF="#P225">225</A>; end of his
+public work, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>; last illness and death of, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>; funeral of, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>;
+his heart taken to Jerusalem, <A HREF="#P228">228</A>; obituary notice of, by F. W. H.
+Myers, <A HREF="#P245">245</A>; bibliography of, <A HREF="#P247">247</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Bute, Gwendoline, Marchioness of, marriage of, <A HREF="#P105">105</A>; takes her husband's
+heart to Jerusalem, <A HREF="#P228">228</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash;, Sophia, Marchioness of, <A HREF="#P3">3</A>; her character, <A HREF="#P4">4</A>; death of, <A HREF="#P5">5</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+CANTERBURY, Randall, Archbishop of; on Bute as a Harrovian, <A HREF="#P24">24</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Capel, Rev. T. W. (Mgr.), at Danesfield, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>; at Oxford, <A HREF="#P67">67</A> <I>et seq.</I>;
+his interview with Liddon, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>; receives Bute into Church, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>; preaches
+at Oxford, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>; at Nice, <A HREF="#P73">73</A>; to Palestine, <A HREF="#P74">74-76</A>; at
+Mountstuart, <A HREF="#P116">116</A>, <A HREF="#P117">117</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cardiff, coming-of-age celebrations at, <A HREF="#P56">56</A>, <A HREF="#P57">57</A>; <I>Western Mail</I> started
+at, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>; wine-growing at, <A HREF="#P118">118-120</A>; Bute mayor of, <A HREF="#P173">173</A>, <A HREF="#P174">174</A>; arms of,
+<A HREF="#P174">174</A>, <I>note</I>; University College at, 184: restoration of castle at, <A HREF="#P217">217</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Castell Coch, vineyards at, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>; restored, <A HREF="#P217">217</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chamberlain, Rev. T., at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P45">45</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Chiswick House, leased by Bute, <A HREF="#P124">124</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Christ Church (Oxford), Bute at, <A HREF="#P28">28</A> <I>et seq.</I>; his contemporaries at,
+<I>ib.</I>; he gives ball at, <A HREF="#P30">30</A>; fatal accident at, <A HREF="#P65">65</A>, <A HREF="#P66">66</A>; revisited by
+Bute, <A HREF="#P112">112</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Churchill, Lord Randolph, <A HREF="#P182">182</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clarke, William, at Oxford, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Clifford, Bishop William, at Vatican Council, <A HREF="#P87">87</A>, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Constantinople, visit to, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <A HREF="#P38">38</A>; Bute on, <A HREF="#P145">145</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Crichton-Stuart, Col. Jas. Frederick; Bute's tutor-at-law, <A HREF="#P8">8</A>, <A HREF="#P12">12</A>; M.P.
+for Cardiff, <A HREF="#P80">80</A>, <A HREF="#P84">84</A>; death of, <A HREF="#P180">180</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; &mdash; Lady Margaret, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>, <I>note</I>; psychical experience of, <A HREF="#P59">59</A>, <I>note</I>,
+<A HREF="#P117">117</A>, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>, <A HREF="#P167">167</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cumbrae, Greater, bought by Bute, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Cummins, Abbot, <A HREF="#P100">100</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Curtis, Admiral Sir Lucius, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+DALRYMPLE, Sir Charles, <A HREF="#P97">97</A>, <A HREF="#P98">98</A>; at Mountstuart, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Danesfield, Bute's intimacy at, <A HREF="#P61">61</A> <I>et seq.</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Disraeli, B., witnesses Bute's marriage, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>; at Norfolk's marriage,
+<A HREF="#P123">123</A>; his novel of "Lothair," <A HREF="#P124">124</A>, <A HREF="#P134">134</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dumfries, John Earl of, opens Roath Dock, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>; at garden party, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>,
+<I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dumfries House, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>, <A HREF="#P109">109</A>; death of Bute at, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dundee University College, its relations with St. Andrews, <A HREF="#P189">189</A> <I>et seq.</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Dupanloup, Bishop, at Vatican Council, <A HREF="#P87">87</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+EAST HENDRED, chapel at, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Egypt, visit of Bute to, <A HREF="#P166">166</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Elgin, Bute acquires Greyfriars in, <A HREF="#P208">208</A>, <A HREF="#P222">222</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Essex, Thomas (schoolmaster), <A HREF="#P14">14</A>; his report of Bute, <A HREF="#P13">13</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Etna, Mount, ascent of, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>; Bute's description of, <A HREF="#P35">35-37</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+FALKLAND, purchased by Bute, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>; visit to, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>; Easter eggs at, <A HREF="#P203">203</A>;
+restorations at, <A HREF="#P221">221</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fergusson, Lady Edith, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; Sir James, curator to Bute, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>; at Dumfries House, <A HREF="#P32">32</A>, <A HREF="#P43">43</A>, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>; on
+Bute's conversion <A HREF="#P62">62</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Fort Augustus, Benedictines of, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+GALLOWAY, Randolph 9th Earl of, appointed Bute's custodier, <A HREF="#P9">9</A>, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Galloway House, Bute's boyhood at, <A HREF="#P9">9-14</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Galston, new church at, <A HREF="#P155">155</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gardner, Alexander, <A HREF="#P145">145</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Garibaldi's Autobiography, Bute on, <A HREF="#P141">141</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gibbon as historian, Bute's estimate of, <A HREF="#P142">142</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gibbons, Bishop (afterwards Cardinal) James, at Vatican Council, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gilbert, Sir F. Hastings, <A HREF="#P5">5</A>, <A HREF="#P19">19</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Gladstone, W. E., first Chancellor of University of Wales, <A HREF="#P185">185</A>; Hon.
+LL.D. of St. Andrews University, <I>ib.</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Glasgow, Bute receives freedom of, <A HREF="#P179">179</A>; presents Bute Hall to, <A HREF="#P185">185</A>; Hon
+LL.D. of, <I>ib.</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Glasgow, George 6th Earl of, <A HREF="#P117">117</A>, <A HREF="#P122">122</A>, <A HREF="#P152">152</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Granard, George 7th Earl of, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grant, Bishop Colin (of Aberdeen), and the <I>Scottish Review</I>, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>;
+Bute's grief at the death of, <A HREF="#P147">147</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; Bishop Thomas (of Southwark) assists at Bute's reception, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grisewood, Harman, at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P34">34</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Grissell, Hartwell, <A HREF="#P39">39</A> <I>note</I>; conversion of, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>; letters to, <A HREF="#P62">62</A>, <A HREF="#P90">90</A>,
+<A HREF="#P167">167</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+HALSBURY, Earl of, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>, <A HREF="#P177">177</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Harrow, Bute at, <A HREF="#P19">19-26</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hastings, Francis 1st Marquess of, tomb of, at Malta, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash;, Henry 4th Marquess of, at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P28">28</A>; early death of, <A HREF="#P58">58</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash;, Lady Flora, conversion and marriage of, <A HREF="#P122">122</A>; death of, <A HREF="#P155">155</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Hay-Gordon, Adam, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>, <A HREF="#P29">29</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Henry, Lady Selina, death of, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Home Rule for Scotland, Bute in favour of, <A HREF="#P148">148</A>, <A HREF="#P149">149</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Howard of Glossop, Clare Lady, death of, <A HREF="#P155">155</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; &mdash; &mdash;, Hon. Alice, married to Earl of Loudoun, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash; &mdash; &mdash;, Hon. Gwendoline, Bute's marriage to, <A HREF="#P105">105</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Howell, Dean, on Bute as a philologist, <A HREF="#P99">99</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Huggins, Sir William, tribute paid to Bute by, <A HREF="#P168">168</A>, <A HREF="#P172">172</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Humphrey, William, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, Bute's veneration for, <A HREF="#P54">54</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+"Hypatia" (Kingsley's), Bute's opinion of, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+ICELAND, Bute's cruise to, <A HREF="#P48">48</A>, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+"Ignatius, Father," at Llanthony, <A HREF="#P101">101</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+JENKINS, Canon, books by, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>, <A HREF="#P102">102</A>, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Jerusalem, Bute's first visit to, <A HREF="#P26">26</A>, <A HREF="#P27">27</A>; subsequent pilgrimages to,
+<A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <A HREF="#P75">75</A>; compared with Rome, <A HREF="#P162">162</A>; Bute's heart buried at, <A HREF="#P228">228</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Jews, Bute's interest in, <A HREF="#P195">195</A>, <A HREF="#P196">196</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+LANE FOX, GEORGE, conversion of, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>; married, <A HREF="#P92">92</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Leighton, Mrs., <A HREF="#P33">33</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Leo XIII., Pope, sacerdotal jubilee of, <A HREF="#P142">142</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Leopold, H.R.H., at Mountstuart, <A HREF="#P116">116</A>, <A HREF="#P117">117</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Liddon, Dr. H. P., at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P41">41</A>, <A HREF="#P45">45</A>; his interview with Capel, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>; at
+St. Paul's, <A HREF="#P92">92</A>, <A HREF="#P93">93</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Llanthony, visit to "Father Ignatius" at, <A HREF="#P101">101</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Loudoun, Charles 11th Earl of, <A HREF="#P105">105</A>, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash;, Edith Countess of, accompanies Bute to Palestine, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>; death of,
+<A HREF="#P113">113-115</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Louth, Randall 13th Lord, conversion of, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+MACSWEENEY, Father James, S.J., <A HREF="#P40">40</A>, <I>note</I>; <A HREF="#P111">111</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Magnus, St., visit to shrine of, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>; relics of, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>, <A HREF="#P151">151</A>; Bute's
+hymn on, <A HREF="#P51">51</A>, <A HREF="#P238">238</A>; investigations as to, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>, <A HREF="#P151">151</A>, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Majorca, visit of Bute to, <A HREF="#P113">113</A>, <A HREF="#P114">114</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Malta, visit of Bute to, <A HREF="#P35">35</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Malvern Wells, Bute's private school at, <A HREF="#P14">14-17</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Manning, Archbishop, in Rome, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>, <A HREF="#P92">92</A>; officiates at Bute's marriage,
+<A HREF="#P105">105</A>; cloth-of-gold gloves for, <A HREF="#P107">107</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mansel, Dr. H. L., at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P45">45</A>, <A HREF="#P47">47</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Maxwell, Sir Herbert, on Bute's bees, <A HREF="#P24">24</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash;, Hon. Walter, in Papal Zouaves, <A HREF="#P88">88</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Maxwell-Scott of Abbotsford, Hon. Mrs., and the <I>Scottish Review</I>, <A HREF="#P130">130</A>,
+<A HREF="#P148">148</A>, <A HREF="#P150">150</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Metcalfe, Rev. Dr., editor of <I>Scottish Review</I>, <A HREF="#P129">129</A>; assessor to Bute
+at St. Andrews, <A HREF="#P188">188</A>, <A HREF="#P189">189</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Montagu, Lord Robert, conversion of, <A HREF="#P93">93</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Moore, Lady Elizabeth, co-guardian to Bute, <A HREF="#P5">5</A>; removed from office, <A HREF="#P8">8</A>;
+letters from, <A HREF="#P52">52</A>, <A HREF="#P53">53</A>; death of, <A HREF="#P180">180</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Mountstuart, old house of, <A HREF="#P3">3</A>; Bute at, <A HREF="#P94">94-98</A>, <A HREF="#P111">111</A>; beavers and
+wallabies at, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>; burnt down, <A HREF="#P123">123</A>; description of new house at, <A HREF="#P220">220</A>;
+Bute buried at, <A HREF="#P227">227</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Myers, F. W. H., obituary notice of Bute by, <A HREF="#P245">245</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+NAPLES, Bute on the people of, <A HREF="#P158">158</A>, <A HREF="#P166">166</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Newspaper press, the, on Bute's conversion, <A HREF="#P80">80</A>, <A HREF="#P81">81</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Nice, visit of Bute to, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Norfolk, Henry 15th Duke of, at Arundel, <A HREF="#P109">109</A>; marriage of, <A HREF="#P122">122</A>; Mayor
+of Sheffield, <A HREF="#P177">177</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash;, Flora Duchess of, <I>see</I> Hastings, Lady Flora.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+North, Lord and Lady, conversion of, <A HREF="#P64">64</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Northumberland, Henry 7th Duke of, <A HREF="#P28">28</A>; witnesses Bute's marriage, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+OBAN, cathedral, services at, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>, <I>note</I>, <A HREF="#P153">153</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ober-Ammergau, visits to, <A HREF="#P100">100</A>, <A HREF="#P163">163</A>, <A HREF="#P226">226</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Orkney, Bute's cruises to, <A HREF="#P50">50</A>, <A HREF="#P204">204</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+"Our Lady of the Snows," Bute's hymn on, <A HREF="#P51">51</A>, <A HREF="#P238">238</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Oxford, Bute at, <I>see</I> Christ Church; Mgr. Capel at, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>, <A HREF="#P71">71</A>; visit of
+Lord and Lady Bute to, <A HREF="#P111">111</A>, <A HREF="#P112">112</A>; St. Barnabas' Church at, <A HREF="#P112">112</A>; Bute's
+interest in, <A HREF="#P184">184</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+PARIS, visits of Bute to, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <A HREF="#P76">76</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Patrick, St., the birthplace of, <A HREF="#P131">131</A>, <A HREF="#P132">132</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Peel, Arthur 1st Viscount, opposes Bute at St. Andrews, <A HREF="#P205">205</A>; defeated,
+<A HREF="#P206">206</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pius IX., Pope, receives Bute, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>; opens Vatican Council, <A HREF="#P86">86</A>; prorogues
+Council, <A HREF="#P91">91</A>, <I>note</I>; sends marriage presents to Bute, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pluscarden Priory, purchased by Bute, <A HREF="#P215">215</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Portarlington, Alexandrina Countess of, <A HREF="#P63">63</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+"Provost's Prayer, A," <A HREF="#P240">240</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Psychical Research, Bute's interest in, <A HREF="#P224">224</A>, <A HREF="#P225">225</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Puller, Rev. F. W., Vicar of Roath, <A HREF="#P103">103</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Pusey, Dr. E. B., at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P46">46</A>; on secessions to Rome, <A HREF="#P67">67</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+ROME, Bute's first visit to, <A HREF="#P74">74</A>; during Vatican Council, <A HREF="#P86">86-90</A>; his
+views on situation in, <A HREF="#P91">91</A>, <A HREF="#P95">95</A>, <A HREF="#P110">110</A>; anecdote of American in, <A HREF="#P112">112</A>; with
+Scottish pilgrimage in, <A HREF="#P158">158</A>; compared with Jerusalem, <A HREF="#P162">162</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rosebery, Archibald 5th Earl of, at Ch. Ch., <A HREF="#P28">28</A>; to Russia with Bute,
+<A HREF="#P55">55</A>, <A HREF="#P68">68</A>; his tribute to Bute, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>; speech of, at R. Academy banquet,
+<A HREF="#P177">177</A>; Ch. Ch. dinner given to, <A HREF="#P198">198</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rothesay, catholics at, <A HREF="#P79">79</A>; Royal visit to, <A HREF="#P117">117</A>, <A HREF="#P118">118</A>; Bute Provost of,
+<A HREF="#P209">209-213</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Rothesay, David Duke of, Bute's paper on, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>, <A HREF="#P172">172</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Ruskin, John, candidate for Lord Rectorship at Glasgow, <A HREF="#P185">185</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+ST. ANDREWS, Bute's visits to, <A HREF="#P49">49</A>, etc., <A HREF="#P188">188</A>, <A HREF="#P200">200</A>; Lord Rector, <A HREF="#P187">187</A> <I>et
+seq.</I>; his rectorial address at, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>, <A HREF="#P187">187</A>, <A HREF="#P193">193</A>; he acquires
+priory-buildings at, <A HREF="#P200">200</A>; his re-election at, <A HREF="#P206">206</A>, <A HREF="#P207">207</A>; proposed
+restoration of cathedral at, 267 [Transcriber's note: no such page exists in the source book]
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+St. John's Lodge, leased by Bute, <A HREF="#P169">169</A>; hospitalities at, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sanquhar, purchase of Peel tower at, <A HREF="#P202">202</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sayce, Professor, letter to Bute from, <A HREF="#P168">168</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Scott-Murray, Charles, <A HREF="#P61">61</A>; at Nice, <A HREF="#P72">72</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+<I>Scottish Review</I>, the, Bute's connection with, <A HREF="#P21">21</A>, <I>note</I>; acquired by
+him, <A HREF="#P129">129</A>; his articles in, <A HREF="#P130">130</A>, <A HREF="#P136">136</A> <I>et seq.</I>; proposed transference to
+London of, <A HREF="#P139">139</A>; Bute's contributions to, <A HREF="#P143">143</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sebright, Olivia Lady, <A HREF="#P89">89</A>, <A HREF="#P92">92</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sicily, Bute <I>incog.</I> in, <A HREF="#P165">165</A>; contrasted with Italy, <A HREF="#P166">166</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sinclair, Archdeacon William, <A HREF="#P14">14</A>, <A HREF="#P15">15</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Skene, Felicia, Bute's early friendship with, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>; letter to Bute from,
+<A HREF="#P175">175</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash;, Dr. William, <A HREF="#P31">31</A>; and the <I>Scottish Review</I>, <A HREF="#P135">135</A>, <A HREF="#P136">136</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Smith, Bishop George, of Argyll, <A HREF="#P96">96</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sneyd, George E., at Harrow, <A HREF="#P23">23</A>; "an awful liberal," <A HREF="#P79">79</A>, <A HREF="#P94">94</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Sorrento, Bute's letters from, <A HREF="#P158">158-161</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Spain, impressions of cathedrals in, <A HREF="#P92">92</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Spalding, Archbishop Martin, of Baltimore, at Vatican Council, <A HREF="#P87">87</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Stevenson, Father J., S.J., on the Reformation, <A HREF="#P40">40</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Stewart, Hon. Fitzroy, <A HREF="#P12">12</A>; Hon. Walter, <A HREF="#P11">11</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Stuart, <I>see</I> Crichton-Stuart.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash;, General Charles, Bute's co-guardian, <A HREF="#P5">5</A> <I>et seq.</I>; death of, <A HREF="#P180">180</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+TENERIFFE, Bute visits, <A HREF="#P167">167</A>; on the ancient language of, <A HREF="#P168">168</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+VALLISCAULIANS, Order of the, <A HREF="#P215">215</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Vatican Council, the, <A HREF="#P86">86</A>; opened by Pius IX., <I>ibid.</I>; prorogued, <A HREF="#P91">91</A>,
+<I>note</I>; decree of the, <A HREF="#P90">90</A>, <A HREF="#P91">91</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Vaughan, Archbishop Bede, O.S.B., <A HREF="#P101">101</A>, <I>note</I>.
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+&mdash;, Cardinal Herbert, at St. John's Lodge, <A HREF="#P171">171</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Victoria, Queen, golden jubilee of, <A HREF="#P135">135</A>, <A HREF="#P172">172</A>; diamond jubilee of, <A HREF="#P210">210</A>;
+address of Rothesay corporation, to, <A HREF="#P211">211</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Vogüé, Eugene Vicomte de, <A HREF="#P34">34</A>, <I>note</I>.
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+WESTCOTT, Bishop, a master at Harrow, <A HREF="#P22">22</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+<I>Western Mail</I>, the, started at Cardiff, <A HREF="#P84">84-86</A>; on Bute's marriage, <A HREF="#P106">106</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Westminster, anecdote of the titular abbot of, <A HREF="#P87">87</A>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Westminster Cathedral, divine office chanted in, <A HREF="#P153">153</A>, <I>note</I>
+</P>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+Wine-growing at Cardiff, <A HREF="#P118">118-120</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR>
+
+<P CLASS="index">
+ZOOLOGICAL Gardens, Bute at the, <A HREF="#P169">169</A>, <A HREF="#P170">170</A>
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<P CLASS="t4">
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+<BR>
+LONDON AND BECCLES, ENGLAND.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR><BR>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute,
+K.T., by David Hunter Blair
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute, K.T., by
+David Hunter Blair
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute, K.T.
+       A Memoir
+
+Author: David Hunter Blair
+
+Release Date: April 16, 2011 [EBook #35884]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN PATRICK, 3RD MARQUESS OF BUTE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: _John, third Marquess of Bute, with his Mother aet 9
+from a picture at Mount Stuart_]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN PATRICK
+
+THIRD MARQUESS OF
+
+BUTE, K.T.
+
+(1847-1900)
+
+
+A MEMOIR
+
+BY
+
+THE RIGHT REV. SIR DAVID HUNTER BLAIR
+
+BT., O.S.B.
+
+
+AUTHOR OF "A MEDLEY Of MEMORIES," ETC.
+
+
+
+
+WITH PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+
+LONDON
+
+JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
+
+1921
+
+
+
+
+All rights reserved
+
+
+
+
+TO THE MEMORY
+
+OF MY FRIEND
+
+
+
+
+{vii}
+
+PREFACE
+
+Just twenty years have passed away since the death, at the age of
+little more than fifty, of the subject of this memoir--a period of time
+not indeed inconsiderable, yet not so long as to render unreasonable
+the hope that others besides the members of his family (who have long
+desired that there should be some printed record of his life), and the
+sadly diminished numbers of his intimate friends, may be interested in
+learning something of the personality and the career of a man who may
+justly be regarded as one of the not least remarkable, if one of the
+least known, figures of the closing years of the nineteenth century.
+
+Disraeli, when he published fifty years ago his most popular romance,
+thought fit to place on the title-page a motto from old Terence: "Nosse
+omnia haec salus est adulescentulis."[1]  Was he really of opinion--it
+is difficult to credit it--that the welfare of the youth of his
+generation depended on their familiarising themselves with the wholly
+imaginary life-story of "Lothair"? the romantic, sentimental, and
+somewhat invertebrate youth who owed such {viii} fame as he achieved to
+the fact that he was popularly supposed to be modelled on the young
+Lord Bute--though never, in truth, did any hero of fiction bear less
+resemblance to his fancied prototype.
+
+The present biographer ventures to think that the motto of _Lothair_
+might with greater propriety figure on the title-page of this volume.
+For there is at least one feature in the life of John third Marquess of
+Bute which teaches a salutary lesson and points an undoubted moral to a
+pleasure-loving generation, such a lesson and moral as it would be vain
+to look for in the puppet of Disraeli's Oriental fancy.  If there is
+any characteristic which stands out in that life more saliently than
+another, it is surely the strong and compelling sense of duty--a sense,
+it is to be noticed, acquired rather than congenital, for Bute was by
+nature and constitution, as an acute observer early remarked,[2]
+inclined to indolence--which runs all through it like a silver thread.
+Other traits, and marked ones, he no doubt possessed--among them a
+penetrating sense of religion, a curious tenderness of heart, a
+singular tenacity of purpose, and a deep veneration for all that is
+good and beautiful in the natural and supernatural world; but these
+were for the most part below the surface, though the pages of this
+record are not without evidence of them all.  But in the whole external
+conduct of his life it may be said that the desire of doing his duty
+was paramount with him--his duty to God and to man; his duty, above
+all, to the innumerable human beings {ix} whose happiness and welfare
+his great position and manifold responsibilities rendered to some
+extent dependent on him; and, finally, his duty in such public offices
+as he was called on to fill, and from which his diffidence of character
+and aversion from anything like personal display would have naturally
+inclined him to shrink.  If the writer has succeeded in presenting in
+these pages something of this aspect of the life and character of his
+departed friend with anything like the vividness with which, at the end
+of twenty years, they still remain impressed on his own memory, he will
+be well content.
+
+"The true life of a man," wrote John Henry Newman nearly sixty years
+ago,[3] "is in his letters"; and no apology is needed for the inclusion
+in this volume of some, at least, of the large number of Lord Bute's
+letters which have been placed at the disposal of his biographer, and
+for the use of which he takes this opportunity of thanking the several
+owners.  Bute possessed in a high degree the essential qualities of a
+good letter-writer--a remarkable command of language, the power of
+clear and forcible expression, and (not least) a salutary sense of
+humour; and his voluminous correspondence, especially in connection
+with his literary work, was always and thoroughly characteristic of
+himself.
+
+{x}
+
+The writer desires, in conclusion, to express his gratitude not only
+for the loan of Lord Bute's letters, but for the kind help he has
+received from many quarters in the elucidation (especially) of details
+regarding his childhood and youth.  In this connection his thanks are
+particularly due to the late Earl of Galloway and his sisters for their
+interesting reminiscences of Bute's boyhood at Galloway House; and also
+to the family of the late Mr. Charles Scott Murray for some particulars
+of his life during the critical years of his early manhood.
+
++ DAVID OSWALD HUNTER BLAIR, O.S.B.
+
+CHRISTMAS, 1920.
+
+
+
+[1] "It is for the profit of young men to have known all these things."
+Terence, _Eunuchus_, v. 4, 18.
+
+[2] Mgr. Capel.  _Post_, p. 75.  See also p. 111.
+
+[3] "It has ever been a hobby of mine, though perhaps it is a truism,
+not a hobby, that the true life of a man is in his letters....  Not
+only for the interest of a biography, but for the arriving at the
+insides of things, the publication of letters is the true method.
+Biographers varnish, they conjecture feelings, they assign motives,
+they interpret Lord Burleigh's nods; but contemporary letters are
+facts." (_Newman to his sister, Mrs. John Mozley_, May 18, 1863.)
+
+
+
+
+{xi}
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER                                                          PAGE
+
+    I. EARLY LIFE. (1847-1861) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      1
+   II. HARROW AND CHRIST CHURCH. (1862-1866) . . . . . . . . .     18
+  III. RELIGIOUS INQUIRIES--RECEPTION POSTPONED--COMING
+           OF AGE. (1867, 1868)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     39
+   IV. DANESFIELD--RECEPTION INTO CATHOLIC CHURCH. (1867-1869)     60
+    V. THE _WESTERN MAIL_--ROME AND THE COUNCIL--RETURN
+           TO SCOTLAND. (1869-1871)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .     83
+   VI. MARRIAGE--HOME AND FAMILY LIFE--VISIT TO
+           MAJORCA. (1871-1874)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    102
+  VII. LITERARY WORK--THE _SCOTTISH REVIEW_. (1875-1886) . . .    117
+ VIII. LITERARY WORK--_continued_. (1886, 1887)  . . . . . . .    137
+   IX. FOREIGN TRAVEL--ST. JOHN'S LODGE--MAYOR OF
+           CARDIFF. (1888-1891)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    156
+    X. FREEDOM OF GLASGOW--WELSH BENEFACTIONS--ST. ANDREWS.
+          (1891-1894)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    179
+   XI. NOTES AND ANECDOTES--ST. ANDREWS (2)--PROVOST
+           OF ROTHESAY. (1894-1897)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .    198
+  XII. ARCHITECTURAL WORK--PSYCHICAL RESEARCH--CONCLUSION.
+           (1898-1900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    215
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+    I. PRIZE POEM (HARROW SCHOOL)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    231
+   II. HYMN ON ST. MAGNUS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    236
+  III. HYMN: "OUR LADY OF THE SNOWS" . . . . . . . . . . . . .    238
+   IV. A PROVOST'S PRAYER  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    240
+    V. RECOLLECTIONS.  BY SIR R. ROWAND ANDERSON . . . . . . .    241
+   VI. OBITUARY.  BY F. W. H. MYERS  . . . . . . . . . . . . .    245
+  VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    247
+
+       INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    249
+
+
+
+
+{xiii}
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+JOHN, THIRD MARQUESS OF BUTE AET 9, WITH HIS MOTHER    _Frontispiece_
+
+_From a Painting by Mountstuart.  Photo by F. C. Inglis, Edinburgh._
+
+
+                                                          FACING PAGE
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, AET 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     6
+  _From a Pencil Drawing by Ross at Cardiff Castle.  This
+  Drawing, executed for Lord Bute's great-grand-aunt (then
+  aged 92), daughter of the third Earl, George III's Prime
+  Minister, was left by her to her niece.  Lady Ann Damson,
+  whose great-niece, Mrs. Clark of Tal-y-Garn, gave it in
+  1906 to Augusta, wife of John, fourth Marquess of Bute._
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, AET 17  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    28
+
+THE COMMUNION OF ST. MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND . . . . . . .    48
+
+CARDIFF CASTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    56
+
+CASTELL COCH, GLAMORGAN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   118
+
+THE GREAT HALL, MOUNTSTUART  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   134
+    _Photo by Sweet, Rothesay._
+
+FALKLAND PALACE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   152
+    _Photo by Valentine, Dundee._
+
+FACSIMILE LETTER FROM THE MARQUESS OF BUTE TO MISS SKENE . . .   174
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE AS MAYOR OF CARDIFF . . . . . . . . . . .   176
+
+THE MARQUESS OF BUTE AS LORD RECTOR OF ST. ANDREWS
+    UNIVERSITY. (1892-1897)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   202
+    _Photo by Rodger, St. Andrews._
+
+PLUSCARDEN PRIORY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   216
+
+
+
+
+{1}
+
+JOHN PATRICK
+
+THIRD MARQUESS OF BUTE, K.T.
+
+(1847-1900)
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+EARLY LIFE
+
+1847-1861
+
+John Patrick, third Marquess of Bute, Earl of Windsor, Mountjoy and
+Dumfries, holder of nine other titles in the peerages of Great Britain
+and of Scotland, and a baronet of Nova Scotia, was fifteenth in descent
+from Robert II., King of Scotland, who, towards the end of the
+fourteenth century, created his son John Stuart, or Steuart, hereditary
+sheriff of the newly-erected county of Bute, Arran and Cumbrae, making
+to him at the same time a grant of land in those islands.  His lineal
+descendant, the sixth sheriff of Bute, who adhered faithfully to the
+monarchy in the Civil Wars, and suffered considerably in the royal
+cause, was created a baronet in 1627; and his grandson, a stalwart
+opponent of the union of Scotland with England, was raised to the
+peerage of Scotland as Earl of Bute, with several subsidiary titles, in
+1702.  Lord Bute's grandson, the third earl, was the well-known Tory
+minister and favourite of the young king, George III., and his
+mother--a faithful servant of his sovereign, a man of culture and
+refinement, admirable as husband, father, and friend, and withal, by
+the irony of fate, unquestionably the most unpopular prime minister {2}
+who ever held office in England.  His heir and successor made a great
+match, marrying in 1766 the eldest daughter and co-heiress of the
+second and last Viscount Windsor; and thirty years later he was created
+Marquess of Bute, Earl of Windsor, and Viscount Mount joy.  Lord
+Mountstuart, his heir, who predeceased his father, married Penelope,
+only surviving child and heiress of the fifth Earl of Dumfries and
+Stair; and the former of those titles devolved on his son, together
+with valuable estates in Ayrshire.  The second marquess, who succeeded
+to the family honours the year before Waterloo, when he was just of age
+(he had already travelled extensively, and had paid a visit to Napoleon
+at Elba), earned the reputation of being one of the most enlightened
+and public-spirited noblemen of his generation.  During the thirty-four
+years that he owned and controlled the vast family estates in Wales and
+Scotland, he devoted his whole energies to their improvement, and to
+promoting the welfare of his tenantry and dependents.  His practical
+interest in agriculture was evinced by the fact that the arable land on
+his Buteshire property was trebled during his tenure of it; and
+foreseeing with remarkable prescience the great future in store for the
+port and docks of Cardiff, he spared neither labour nor means in their
+development.  He was Lord-Lieutenant both of Glamorgan and of Bute, and
+discharged with tact and success the office of Lord High Commissioner
+to the Church of Scotland in 1842, on the eve of the ecclesiastical
+crisis which ended in the secession of more than 400 ministers of the
+Establishment.  His political opinions were in the best sense liberal,
+and he was a consistent advocate of Catholic Emancipation, even when
+that {3} measure was opposed by the Duke of Wellington, whom he
+generally supported.  A few hours before his death, which occurred at
+Cardiff Castle with startling suddenness in March, 1848, he had
+expressed the confident hope that his successor, if not he himself,
+would live to see Cardiff rival Liverpool as a great commercial seaport.
+
+[Sidenote: 1847, Birth at Mountstuart]
+
+Lord Bute was twice married--first to Lady Maria North, of the Guilford
+family, by whom he had no issue; and secondly, three years before his
+death, to Lady Sophia Hastings, second daughter of the first Marquess
+of Hastings.  By this lady, who survived him eleven years, he had one
+child, John Patrick, the subject of this memoir, who was born on
+September 12, 1847, at Mountstuart House, the older mansion of that
+name in the Isle of Bute, which was burnt down in 1877 and replaced by
+the great Gothic pile designed by Sir Robert Rowand Anderson.  Old
+Mountstuart was an unpretending eighteenth-century house, built by
+James, second Earl of Bute (1690-1723), a few years before his early
+death.  It was the favourite residence of his son the third earl,
+George III.'s prime minister, who is commemorated by an obelisk in the
+grounds not far from the house.  The wings at the two extremities
+escaped the fire, and are incorporated in the modern mansion.
+
+Here, then, on the fair green island which had been the home of his
+race for nearly five centuries, opened the life of this child of many
+hopes, who within a year was by a cruel stroke of fate to be deprived
+of the guardianship and guidance of his amiable and excellent father.
+The second marquess died, as has been said, deeply regretted, in the
+spring following the birth of his heir; and the manifold {4} honours
+and possessions of the family devolved upon a baby six months old.  Up
+to his thirteenth year the fatherless boy was under the constant and
+unremitting care of a devoted mother, whose memory he cherished with
+veneration to the end of his life.  Sophia Lady Bute was a woman of
+warm heart and deep personal piety, tinged, however, with an
+uncompromising Protestantism commoner in that day than in ours.  One of
+her fondest hopes or dreams was the conversion to her own faith of the
+numerous Irish Catholics whom the development of the port of Cardiff,
+and the rapid growth of the mining industry, had attracted to South
+Wales; and the venerable Benedictine bishop who had at that time the
+spiritual charge of the district, and for whom Lord Bute had a sincere
+regard and respect, used to tell of the band of "colporteurs"
+(peripatetic purveyors of bibles and polemical tracts) whom the
+marchioness engaged to hawk their wares about the mining villages of
+Glamorgan.
+
+Lord Bute's upbringing as a child was, by the force of circumstances,
+under entirely feminine influences and surroundings; and to this fact
+was probably to some extent due the strain of shyness and sensitive
+diffidence which were among his life-long characteristics.  He seems to
+have been inclined sometimes to resent, even in his early boyhood, the
+strictness of the surveillance under which he lived.  His mother once
+took him from Dumfries House to call at Blairquhan Castle, driving
+thither in a carriage and four, as her custom was.  While the ladies
+were conversing in the drawing-room, a young married daughter of the
+house took the little boy out to see the gardens, ending with a call at
+the head gamekeeper's.  A day or two afterwards {5} the _chatelaine_ of
+Blairquhan received a letter from Lady Bute, expressing her dismay,
+indignation, and distress at learning that her precious boy had
+actually been taken to the kennels, and exposed to the risk of contact
+with half a dozen pointers and setters.  When reminded many years later
+of this incident (which he had quite forgotten), Lord Bute said, in his
+quiet way: "Yes, I was kept wrapped in cotton wool in those days, and I
+did not always like it.  The dogs would not have hurt me, and I am sure
+that I made friends with them."
+
+[Sidenote: 1859, Death of Lady Bute]
+
+Lady Bute died in 1859, leaving behind her, both in Scotland and in
+Wales, the memory of many deeds of kindness and benevolence.  Her
+husband had made no provision whatever in his will for the guardianship
+of his only son, who had been constituted a ward in Chancery two months
+after his father's death, his mother being nominated by the Lord
+Chancellor his sole guardian.  Lady Bute's will recommended the
+appointment as her son's guardian of Colonel (afterwards Major-General)
+Charles Stuart, Sir Francis Hastings Gilbert, and Lady Elizabeth Moore,
+who was distantly related to the Bute family through the Hastings', and
+had been one of Lady Bute's dearest friends.  Sir Francis Gilbert being
+at this time absent from England in the consular service, the Court of
+Chancery appointed as guardians the two other persons named by Lady
+Bute.
+
+It seems unnecessary to describe in detail the prolonged friction and
+regrettable litigation which were the result of this dual guardianship
+of the orphaned boy; yet they must be here referred to, for it is
+beyond question that they were not only detrimental to his happiness
+and welfare during his {6} early boyhood, but could not fail seriously
+to affect the development of his character in later years.  The child
+was deeply attached to Lady Elizabeth Moore, who had assumed the entire
+charge of him after his mother's death; and his letters written at this
+period give evidence not only of this attachment, but of his very
+strong reluctance to leave her for the care of General Stuart, who
+insisted that it was time that a boy of nearly thirteen should be
+removed from the exclusively female custody in which he had been kept
+from babyhood.  Lady Elizabeth, yielding partly to her own feelings,
+and partly to the earnest and repeated solicitations of her young ward,
+was ill-advised enough, instead of committing him as desired to the
+care of her co-guardian, to carry him off surreptitiously to Scotland,
+and to keep him concealed for some time in an obscure hotel in the
+suburbs of Edinburgh.  Here is the boy's own account of the affair,
+written from this hotel to a relation in India[1] (he was between
+twelve and thirteen years of age):--
+
+
+I prayed, I entreated, I agonised, I abused the general; I adjured her
+not to give me up to him.  She was shaken but not convinced.  So we
+went to Newcastle, to York, and to London, where I got a bad cold, my
+two teeth were pulled, etc., etc.  We were delayed some time there, and
+meanwhile my prayers and adjurations were trebled: Lady E. was
+convinced, and promised not to let me go.  She got one of the
+solicitors to the Bank of England in the City to write a letter to
+Genl. S. for her, as civil as possible, but declining to give me up; to
+which the general returned a furious answer, conveying his
+determination to appeal to the Vice-Chancellor about {7} the matter.
+After a month we became convinced that the Vice-Chancellor would decide
+against us; and on the night of April 16th Lady E. left the hotel
+secretly, and with her maid and me shot the moon to Edinburgh, where we
+arrived at 7 next morning.[2]
+
+[Illustration: _The Marquess of Bute aet 2_ from a drawing by R. T. Ross
+at Cardiff Castle]
+
+[Sidenote: 1859, Rival guardians]
+
+For a boy of twelve this is a sufficiently remarkable letter; but an
+even more precocious document is a draft letter dated a fortnight
+before the flight to Edinburgh, and composed entirely by young Bute,
+who recommended Lady Elizabeth to copy it and send it to her
+co-guardian as from herself!
+
+
+DEAR GENERAL STUART,
+
+You will, I am afraid, be much surprised upon the reception of this
+letter, but I trust that your love for Bute will make you accede to the
+request which I am about to make.  B. has lately had much sorrow, and
+he has formed an attachment to me only to have it broken by separation,
+and in order to go among entire strangers to him--for in that light, I
+am sorry to say, I must regard you and Mrs. Stuart.  With your consent,
+then, dear Genl. Stuart, I shall be happy to keep him with me until he
+is 14, when he will of course choose for himself.  We could live with
+good Mr. Stacey very nicely at Dumfries House or Mountstuart, and I
+could occasionally bring him to England--or indeed you could come to
+see him at Mountstuart.  I trust, dear Gen. Stuart, you will be the
+more inclined to accede to my request when I tell you that he has {8}
+expressed to me the greatest reluctance at parting from me and going to
+you--a repugnance which I can only regard as very natural, for I was
+much grieved to see that you did not follow my advice in walking with
+him and consulting him (and believe me without so doing you will never
+gain his affections), while I have always done so, as was his poor
+mother's invariable custom.[3]
+
+
+It does not appear whether this letter, which is dated from 23 Dover
+Street, and is entirely in the boy's own handwriting, exactly as given
+above, was actually sent by Lady Elizabeth.  In any case General Stuart
+was not the man to submit to the compulsory separation from his ward
+which resulted from what the House of Lords afterwards characterised as
+the "clandestine, furtive, and fraudulent action" of Lady Elizabeth
+Moore.  He at once laid the case before the Court of Chancery, which
+directed that the boy was to be immediately handed over to his care,
+and sent without delay to an approved private school, and in due time
+to Eton or Harrow, and then to one of the English universities.  Lady
+Elizabeth absolutely refused to comply with the order of the Court, and
+was consequently removed in July, 1860, from the office of guardian.
+Meanwhile the case was complicated by the intervention of the Scottish
+tutor-at-law, Colonel {9} James Crichton Stuart, who had been since the
+death of Lord Bute's father manager and administrator of the family
+estates in Scotland.  Colonel Stuart obtained from the Scottish Courts
+an order that the boy should be sent to Loretto, a well-known school
+near Edinburgh, and that the Earl of Galloway should be the "custodier"
+of his person.  The Court of Chancery promptly issued an injunction
+forbidding the tutor-at-law to interfere in any way with the boy's
+education, whereupon both Colonel Stuart and the English guardian
+appealed to the House of Lords.  That tribunal gave its judgment on May
+17, 1861, censuring the Court of Session for its delay in dealing with
+this important matter, confirming General Stuart as sole guardian, and
+sanctioning his scheme for the boy's education.
+
+[Sidenote: 1861, Lords' decision]
+
+The House of Lords, in giving the decision which brought this long
+litigation to a close, had raised no objection to the continued
+residence of the young peer with the Earl of Galloway, an arrangement
+which had already been approved by the Court of Chancery.  Bute had, in
+fact, at the time the judgment was pronounced, been living for some
+months with Lord and Lady Galloway at their beautiful place on the
+Wigtownshire coast; and this was certainly, as it turned out, the most
+favourable and beneficial solution of the difficult question of
+providing a suitable and congenial home for one who, whilst the
+possessor of three or four splendid seats in England and Scotland, had
+yet, by a pathetic anomaly, never known what home life was since his
+mother's death in 1859.  At Galloway House he found himself for the
+first time the inmate of a large and cheerful family circle, including
+several young people of about his own age.  "I {10} am comfortably
+established here," he wrote to Lady Elizabeth Moore soon after his
+arrival in December, 1860.  "This house is like Dumfries House, but
+much prettier.  I have a charming room, not at all lonely.  Lord and
+Lady G. are so kind to me, and the little girls treat me like a
+brother."  "They are all very very kind to me," he wrote a week or two
+later, adding in the same letter that he had on the previous day
+attended two services in Lord Galloway's private chapel.  "It is very
+plain," was the comment of the thirteen-year-old critic; "but the
+chaplain's sermons were all about the saints and the Church.  Do you
+know what he called the Communion? a 'commemorative sacrifice!'  In a
+subsequent letter he says, "Mr. Wildman (the chaplain) says that Mary
+should be called the 'Holy Mother of God.'"
+
+[Sidenote: 1861, At Galloway House]
+
+These new religious impressions, contrasting sharply as they must have
+done with the narrow Evangelical teaching of his early days, are of
+interest in connection with his first schoolmaster's report of him some
+six months later, which will be mentioned in its proper place.  "He was
+very fond," writes one of his former playfellows at Galloway House in
+those far-off days, "of sketching with pen and pencil religious
+processions and ceremonies, and his thoughts seemed to be constantly
+turned on religion.  He liked having religious discussions with our
+family chaplain, who was a clever and well-read man."  "Our dear father
+and mother," writes another member of the same large family, "told us
+that we must be very kind to him, as he had lost both his parents and
+was almost alone in the world.  I remember seeing him in the library on
+the night of his arrival--a tall, dark, good-looking boy, {11} looking
+so shy and lonely, but with very nice manners."  "I recollect him,"
+says the son of a neighbouring laird, who was about two years his
+senior, and was often at Galloway House, "rather a pathetic figure
+among the swarm of joyous young things there, distinct among them from
+never seeming joyous himself."  This was doubtless the impression which
+his extreme diffidence generally made on strangers; and it is the
+pleasanter to read the further testimony of the playfellow already
+quoted: "His shyness soon wore off when he got away from the elders to
+play with us, and he entered with zest into all our amusements.  He was
+intensely earnest about everything he took up, whether serious things
+or games.  He was greatly attached to our brother Walter,[4] whose
+bright, cheery nature appealed to him.  Walter was always full of fun
+and spirits and mischief; and Bute was delighted at this, and soon
+joined in it all.  I remember our old housekeeper, after some great
+escapade, saying, "Yes, and the young marquis was as bad as any of
+you!"  One of his hobbies was collecting from the seashore the skulls
+and skeletons of rabbits, birds, etc.  I spent much time on the cliffs
+and rocks looking for these things, of which we collected boxes full.
+With his curious psychic turn of mind he liked to conduct some kind of
+ceremonies over these remains after dark, inviting us children to take
+part, sometimes dressed in white sheets.  He loved legends of all
+kinds, and used often to tell them to us: I was very fond of hearing
+him, he told them so well.  History, too, especially Scottish history,
+{12} he liked very much.  He wrote a delightful little history of
+Scotland for my youngest brother,[5] of whom he was very fond--a tiny
+boy then.  It was all written in capital letters, with delightful and
+clever pen-and-ink sketches, one on every page."
+
+These recollections of happy home life in a Scottish country house,
+nearly sixty years ago, call up a pretty picture of the orphan boy,
+whose childhood had been so strangely lonely and isolated, contented
+and at home in this charming family circle.  That he was truly so is
+further testified by letters that passed about this time between him
+and his tutor-at-law, Colonel Crichton Stuart.  In reply to a letter
+from Colonel Stuart, expressing a desire to hear from Bute himself
+whether he was comfortably settled at Galloway House, the boy wrote:
+"In answer to your request, I write to confirm Mr. A.'s statement
+regarding my happiness here.  Lord and Lady Galloway did indeed receive
+me as a child of their own, which I felt deeply."
+
+That these words were a sincere expression of the young writer's
+sentiments there is no reason to doubt; but thoughtful and advanced as
+he was in some ways for his years, he was too young to realise
+then---possibly he did later on, though he very seldom spoke of his
+boyhood's days--how much more he owed to the Galloway family than mere
+kindness.  It seemed, indeed, a special providence which had brought
+the orphaned marquis at this critical moment under influence so
+salutary and so much needed as that of the admirable and excellent
+family which had welcomed him to their beautiful home as one of
+themselves.  The numerous letters {13} written by Bute at this period,
+of which many have been preserved, are marked indeed by propriety of
+expression and a command of language remarkable in a boy of his age;
+but they also reveal very clearly a self-centred view of life even more
+extraordinary in so young a boy, and due, it cannot be doubted, to the
+singularity of his upbringing.  Surrounded from babyhood by a circle of
+adoring females, in whose eyes the fatherless infant was the most
+precious and priceless thing on earth, he had grown up to boyhood
+penetrated, no doubt almost unconsciously, with an exaggerated and
+overweening sense of his own importance in the scale of creation, to
+which the wholesome influence of Galloway House provided the best
+possible corrective.  Distinguished, high-principled, exemplary in
+every relation of life, Lord and Lady Galloway held up to their
+children, by precept and example, a constant ideal of duty,
+unselfishness and simplicity of life; and the young stranger within
+their gates was fortunate in being able to profit by that teaching.  If
+his future life was to be marked by generous impulses and noble
+ambitions--if one of his most notable characteristics was to be a
+personal simplicity of taste and an utter antipathy to that ostentation
+which is not always dissociated from high rank and almost unbounded
+wealth--if he was to realise something of the supreme joy and
+satisfaction of working for others rather than for oneself; for all
+this he owed a debt of gratitude (can it be doubted?) to the kindly and
+gracious influences which were brought to bear on his sensitive nature
+during these years of his boyhood.  He was received at Galloway House
+as a child of the family; and his companions spoke their minds to him
+with fraternal freedom.  "You {14} will never find your level, Bute,"
+the eldest son of the house (whom he greatly liked and respected) once
+said to him, "until you get to a public school."  He did not resent the
+remark, for his good sense told him that it was true.  Harrow was the
+public school of the Galloway family; but it was not so much for that
+reason that Harrow was chosen for him rather than Eton, as because his
+wise and kind guardians believed, rightly or wrongly, that a boy in his
+peculiar position would be less exposed to adulation and flattery at
+the more democratic school on the Hill than at its great rival on
+Thames-side.
+
+Meanwhile a preparatory school had to be selected; and the choice fell
+on May Place, the well-known school conducted by Mr. Thomas Essex at
+Malvern Wells, where one of Lord Galloway's sons was just finishing his
+course.  It was locally known as the "House of Lords" from its
+connection with the peerage; and the pupils included members of the
+ducal houses of Sutherland, Argyll, Manchester, and Leinster, as well
+as of many other well-known families.  One who well remembers the first
+arrival at May Place of the young Scottish peer, then aged thirteen and
+a half, has described him as a slight tall lad, reserved and gentle in
+manner, and particularly courteous to every one.  The shyness and also
+the reverence for sacred things which always distinguished him as a man
+were equally noticeable in him as a boy; and it is remembered that when
+he revisited the school three or four years later, during the Harrow
+holidays, and was asked where he would like to drive to, he chose to go
+and inspect an interesting old church in the neighbourhood.  A school
+contemporary with whom he occasionally squabbled was William Sinclair,
+the future Archdeacon of London; and there was {15} once nearly a
+pitched battle between them, in consequence of some caricatures which
+Sinclair drew, purporting to represent Bute's near relatives, but for
+which he afterwards handsomely apologised.
+
+[Sidenote: 1861, First school report]
+
+Towards the end of Bute's first term at Malvern Wells, his master wrote
+to Lord Galloway the following account of his young pupil.  The
+concluding sentence is of curious interest in view of what the future
+held in store.  It seems to show that the reaction in his mind--a mind
+already thoughtful beyond his years--against the one-sided view of
+religion and religious history which had been impressed upon him from
+childhood had already begun.
+
+
+May Place,
+  Malvern Wells,
+    July 14, 1861.
+
+Lord Bute is going on more comfortably than I could have expected.  He
+is on excellent terms with his schoolfellows; and though he prefers
+"romps" to cricket or gymnastics, yet I am glad to see him making
+himself happy with the others.  More manly tastes will, I think, come
+in time.  His obedience and his desire to please are very pleasing;
+while his strong religious principles and gentlemanly tone are
+everything one could desire.  His opinions on things in general are
+rather an inexplicable mixture.  I was not surprised to find in him an
+admiration of the Covenanters and a hatred of Archbishop Sharpe; but I
+was certainly startled to discover, on the other hand, a liking for the
+Romish priesthood and ceremonial.  I shall, of course, do my best to
+bring him to sounder views.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1861, At May Place]
+
+We have no evidence as to what methods were employed, or what arguments
+adduced, by the excellent preceptor in order to carry out the purpose
+{16} indicated in the concluding lines of his letter.  Bute himself
+never referred to the matter afterwards, but the result was in all
+probability nugatory.  It is not within the recollection of the present
+writer, who was an inmate of May Place a year or two later, that any
+serious effort was ever made there to impress religious truths on the
+minds of the pupils, or indeed to impart to them any definite religious
+teaching at all.  The views and opinions of the young Scot, although
+only in his fourteenth year, were probably already a great deal more
+formed on these and kindred subjects than those of his worthy
+schoolmaster.  In any case the time available for detaching his
+sympathies from the "Romish" priesthood and ritual was short.  The boy
+had come to school very poorly equipped in the matter of general
+education, as the term was then understood.  In the correspondence
+between his rival guardians, when he was just entering his 'teens,
+allusion is made to the boy's "precocious intellect," also to the fact
+that he knew little Latin, no Greek, and (what was considered worse)
+hardly any French.  Mathematics he always cordially disliked; and it is
+on record that all the counting he did in those early years was
+invariably on his fingers.  His natural intelligence, however, and his
+aptitude for study soon enabled him to make up for much that had been
+lost owing to the haphazard and interrupted education of his childhood;
+and it was not long before he was pronounced intellectually equal to
+the not very exacting standard of the entrance examination at Harrow.
+A final reminiscence of his connection with May Place may here be
+recorded.  He revisited his old school not long after his momentous
+change of creed; and being left alone awhile in {17} the study took up
+a blank report that lay on the table, and filled it up as follows[6]:--
+
+  MONTHLY REPORT OF THE MARQUESS OF BUTE.
+
+  LATIN CONSTRUING . . . . . .  Partially preserved.
+  LATIN WRITING  . . . . . . .  Ditto.
+  GREEK CONSTRUING . . . . . .  Getting very bad from disuse.
+  GREEK WRITING  . . . . . . .  Ditto.
+  ARITHMETIC . . . . . . . . .  Entirely abandoned.
+  HISTORY  . . . . . . . . . .  So-so.
+  GEOGRAPHY  . . . . . . . . .  Improved by foreign travel.
+  DICTATION  . . . . . . . . .  Ditto by business letters.
+  FRENCH . . . . . . . . . . .  Ditto by travelling.
+  DRAWING  . . . . . . . . . .  Grown rather rusty.
+  RELIGION . . . . . . . . . .  Unhappily not to the taste
+                                  of the British public.
+  CONDUCT  . . . . . . . . . .  Not so bad as it is painted.
+
+
+
+[1] Charles MacLean, to whom he referred more than thirty years later,
+in his Rectorial address at St. Andrews (p. 188).
+
+[2] During Bute's travels with Lady Elizabeth Moore, in the course of
+her efforts to retain the custody of her little ward, his most trusted
+retainer was one Jack Wilson.  The pertinacity with which the child was
+pursued, and the extent of Wilson's devotion, are attested by the known
+fact that on one occasion he knocked a writ-server down the stairs of a
+Rothesay hotel where Bute was staying with Lady Elizabeth.  Wilson was
+accustomed always to sleep outside his young master's door.  He rose
+later to be head-keeper at Mountstuart, and died there on May 23, 1912.
+
+[3] It seems right to mention that Bute had another reason, apart from
+his attachment to Lady Elizabeth Moore, for his apparently unreasonable
+hostility to his other guardian.  One of his strongest feelings at this
+time was his almost passionate devotion to the memory of his mother;
+and he never forgot what he called General Stuart's "gross disrespect"
+in not accompanying her remains from Edinburgh, where she died, to
+Bute, where she was buried.  "He left her body," wrote Bute to an
+intimate friend from Christ Church, Oxford, "to be attended on that
+long and troublesome journey, in the depth of winter, only by women,
+servants, and myself, a child of twelve."
+
+[4] Hon. Walter Stewart, afterwards colonel commanding 12th Lancers
+(died 1908).  He was about eighteen months younger than Bute.
+
+[5] Hon. Fitzroy Stewart (died 1914).  He was at this time just five
+years old.
+
+[6] This anecdote was communicated to a weekly journal (_M.A.P._) soon
+after Lord Bute's death, by the son of the master of his old school.
+
+
+
+
+{18}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+HARROW AND CHRIST CHURCH
+
+1862-1866
+
+In September, 1861, Lord Bute completed his fourteenth year, attaining
+the age of "minority" (as it is called in Scots law), which put him in
+possession of certain important rights as regarded his property in the
+northern kingdom.  The young peer had from his childhood, as is shown
+by his early correspondence with Lady Elizabeth Moore, been aware that
+he would be entitled at the age of fourteen to exercise certain powers
+of nomination in respect to the management of his Scottish estates.
+Most of the members of the Lords' tribunal which had adjudicated on his
+position in May, 1861, had evinced a curious ignorance of the nature,
+if not of the very existence, of these prospective rights, and even
+when informed of them had been inclined to question the expediency of
+their being acted upon.  Bute himself, however, was not only perfectly
+aware of these rights, but resolved to exercise them; and we
+accordingly find him, a few weeks after his fourteenth birthday,
+writing as follows, from his private school, to his guardian, General
+Stuart:--
+
+
+May Place,
+  _November_ 25, 1861.
+
+DEAR GEN. STUART,
+
+I wish the necessary steps to be taken in the Court of Session for the
+appointment of Curators {19} of my property in Scotland.  The Curators
+whom I wish to appoint are Sir James Fergusson, Sir Hastings Gilbert,
+Lt.-Col. William Stuart, Mr. David Mure, Mr. Archibald Boyle, and
+yourself.
+
+I wish the Solicitor-General of Scotland to be employed as my legal
+adviser in this buisness (_sic_).
+
+I remain,
+  Your affectionate cousin,
+    BUTE AND DUMFRIES.
+
+
+Bute was now entitled to choose from the number of these curators any
+one to whose personal guardianship he was willing to be entrusted
+during the seven years of his minority.  His choice fell on Sir James
+Fergusson of Kilkerran, M.P. for Ayrshire, who had recently married the
+daughter of Lord Dalhousie, Governor-General of India; but he did not
+immediately take up his residence with Sir James, as it was thought
+best that he should continue, at any rate during the earlier part of
+his public school life, to spend his holidays at Galloway House, where
+he had become thoroughly at home.  Lord Galloway's younger son Walter
+was destined for Harrow School; and thither Bute preceded him after
+spending two terms at May Place.
+
+[Sidenote: 1862, Entrance at Harrow]
+
+It was in the first term of 1862 that Bute entered the school at
+Harrow, then under the headmastership of Montagu Butler.  His position
+was at first that of a "home boarder," and he was under the charge of
+one of the masters, Mr. John Smith, known to and beloved by several
+generations of Harrovians.
+
+
+There was a rather well-known and self-important Mr. Winkley, quite a
+figure among Harrow tradesmen (writes a school contemporary of Bute's,
+son of a famous Harrow master, and himself afterwards {20} headmaster
+of Charterhouse), a mutton-chop-whiskered individual who collected
+rates, acted as estate agent, published (I think) the Bill Book, sold
+books to the School, &c.  He occupied the house beyond Westcott's, on
+the same side of High Street, between Westcott's and the Park.  There
+John Smith resided with the Marquess of Bute.
+
+
+Mr. Smith, whose mother lived at Pinner, used to visit her there every
+Saturday, and to take over with him on these occasions one or two of
+his pupils, who enjoyed what was then a pretty rural walk of three
+miles, as well as the quaint racy talk of their master, and the
+excellent tea provided by his kind old mother.
+
+Another of his schoolfellows, Sir Henry Bellingham, writes:
+
+
+I remember first meeting Bute on one of these little excursions.  Mr.
+Smith had told me that the tall, shy, quiet boy (he was a year younger
+than me, but much bigger) had neither father, mother, brother nor
+sister, and was therefore much to be pitied.  I wondered why he did not
+come more forward, and said so little either to Smith himself or to
+Mrs. Smith; for Smith was a man who had great capabilities for drawing
+people out, and was a general favourite with every one.  The impression
+I had of Bute during all our time at Harrow was always the same--that
+of his very shy and quiet manner.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1862, A real palm branch]
+
+Undemonstrative as he was by nature, Bute never forgot those who had
+shown him any kindness, and he always preserved a grateful affection
+for John Smith, who accompanied him more than once during the summer
+holidays to Glentrool, Lord Galloway's lodge among the Wigtownshire
+hills, and enjoyed some capital fishing there.  Bute wrote to him in
+{21} later years from time to time, and during the sadly clouded
+closing period of the old man's life, when he was an inmate of St.
+Luke's Hospital, he gave him much pleasure by sending him annually a
+palm branch which had been blessed in his private chapel.  More than
+twenty years after Bute's Harrow days, he received this appreciative
+letter from his former master:
+
+
+St. Luke's Hospital,
+  Old Street, E.C.,
+    _Easter Tuesday_, 1887.
+
+DEAR LORD BUTE,
+
+I must try and write a few lines, asking you to pardon all defects.
+
+The real Palm Branch was most welcome, with its special blessing: it is
+behind me as I write, and many happy thoughts and messages does it
+bring.  God bless you for your most kind thought.  I intend to forward
+it in due time to Gerald Rendall (late head of Harrow, then Fellow of
+Trin. Coll., Cambridge, now Principal of University College,
+Liverpool), as my share in furnishing his new home: he was married this
+vacation.  The students, male and female, will be glad to see what a
+real Palm Branch is like.  Your gift of last year is now in the valued
+keeping of Mrs. Edward Bradby, whose husband was a master of Harrow in
+your day, and, after fifteen years of hard and successful work at
+Haileybury, has taken up his abode at St. Katherine's Dock House, Tower
+Hill, with wife and children, to live among the poor and brighten their
+dull existence with music and pictures and dancing; besides inviting
+them, in times of real necessity, to dine with himself and his wife, in
+batches of eight and ten.
+
+I look forward to the _Review_[1] with great interest.  {22} I show it
+to the Medical Gentlemen here, read what I can, and then forward it to
+my sister at Harrow for friends there.
+
+I try to realise the old chapel on the beach, in which the branches
+were consecrated,[2] but fail utterly to do so.  _Whereabouts is it_?
+I suppose you have a chapel in the house also, for invalids, &c., in
+bad weather.
+
+God bless you all: Lady Bute and the children, especially the maiden
+who is working at Greek.[3]
+
+Ever your grateful
+  J. S.
+
+
+From John Smith's _quasi_-parental care, Bute passed in due time into
+the house of Mr. Westcott (afterwards Bishop of Durham), who occupied
+"Moretons," on the top of West Hill (now in the possession of Mr. M. C.
+Kemp).  The future bishop, with all his attainments, had not the
+reputation of a very successful teacher in class, nor of a good
+disciplinarian; but as a house-master he had many admirable qualities,
+and was greatly beloved by his pupils.  For him also Bute preserved a
+warm and lifelong sentiment of regard and gratitude; and to him, as to
+John Smith, he was accustomed to send every Easter a blessed palm from
+his private chapel, which Dr. Westcott preserved carefully in his own
+chapel at Auckland Castle.  "See that the Bishop of Durham gets his
+palm," were Lord Bute's whispered words as he was lying stricken by his
+last illness in the Holy Week of 1900.  The tribute of affectionate
+{23} remembrance had been an annual one for more than thirty years.
+
+[Sidenote: 1863, School friendships]
+
+Of all Bute's contemporaries at the great school, there were perhaps
+only two with whom he struck up a real and close friendship.  One was
+Adam Hay Gordon of Avochie (a cadet of the Tweeddale family), who was
+with him afterwards at Christ Church, and was one of his few intimate
+associates there.  The intimacy was not continued into later years, but
+the memory of it remained.  "I heard with sorrow," Bute recorded in his
+diary on July 12, 1894, "of the death of one of my dearest friends,
+Addle Hay Gordon.  Though at Harrow together, and very intimate at
+college, we had not met for many years.  In my Oxford days I several
+times stayed in Edinburgh with him and his parents, in Rutland Square.
+We were as brothers."[4]
+
+An even more intimate, and more lasting, friendship was that with
+George E. Sneyd, who was at Westcott's house with Bute, and who
+afterwards became his private secretary, married his cousin, Miss
+Elizabeth Stuart (granddaughter of Admiral Lord George Stuart) in 1880,
+and died in the same year as Adam Hay Gordon.  "It is difficult to
+say," wrote Bute in January, 1894, "what this loss is to me.  He had
+been an intimate friend ever since we were at Westcott's big house at
+Harrow--one of my few at all, the most intimate (unless Addle Hay
+Gordon) and the most trusted I ever had.  He had a very important place
+in my will.  For these two I had prayed by name regularly at every Mass
+I have heard for many, many years."
+
+{24}
+
+A school contemporary, who records Bute's close friendship with George
+Sneyd, mentions (as do others) his fancy for keeping Ligurian bees in
+his tiny study-bedroom.  "My only recollection of his room at Harrow,
+where I once visited him," writes Sir Herbert Maxwell, "is of an
+arrangement whereby bees entered from without into a hive within the
+room, where their proceedings could be watched."  A brother of Sir
+Redvers Buller, who boarded in the adjoining house, has recorded that
+"Bute's bees" were a perfect nuisance to him, as they had a way of
+flying in at his window instead of their own, and disturbing him at his
+studies or other employments.
+
+[Sidenote: 1863, Harrow school prizes]
+
+"At Harrow," said one of Bute's obituary notices, "the young Scottish
+peer was as poetical as Byron."  This rather absurd remark is perhaps
+to some extent justified by one episode in Bute's school career.  "I
+have a general recollection of him," writes a correspondent already
+quoted, "as a very amiable, though reserved, boy, not given to games,
+who astonished us all by securing the English Prize Poem.  He won this
+distinction (the assigned subject was 'Edward the Black Prince') in the
+summer of 1863, when only fifteen years of age."  "His winning this
+prize in 1863, when quite young," writes the Archbishop of Canterbury,
+who was in the same form as Bute at Harrow and knew him well, "was his
+most notable exploit.  There is a special passage about ocean waves and
+their 'decuman,' which has often been quoted as a remarkable effort on
+the part of a young boy.[5] {25} He was very quiet and unassuming in
+all his ways."
+
+A further honour gained by Bute in the same year (1863) was one of the
+headmaster's Fifth Form prizes for Latin Verse; but the text of this
+composition (it was a translation from English verse) has not been
+preserved.  The fact of his winning these two important prizes is a
+sufficient proof that, if not "as poetical as Byron," he had a distinct
+feeling for poetry, and that generally his industry and ability had
+enabled him to make up much, if not all, of the leeway caused by the
+imperfect and desultory character of his early education.  In other
+words he passed through his school course with credit and even
+distinction; and that he preserved a kindly memory of his Harrow days
+is sufficiently shown by the fact that he took the unusual
+step--unusual, that is, in the case of the head of a great Roman
+Catholic family--of sending all his three sons to be educated at the
+famous school on the Hill.
+
+Bute's career at Harrow, like his private school course, was an
+unusually short one, extending over only three years.  He left the
+school in the first term of 1865, presenting to the Vaughan Library at
+his departure a small collection of books, which it may be of some
+interest to enumerate.  They were Pierotti's _Jerusalem Explained_, 2
+vols. folio; {26} Digby's _Broadstone of Honour_, 3 vols.; Victor
+Hugo's _Les Miserables_, 3 vols.; Miss Proctor's _Legends and Lyrics_;
+Gil Blas, 2 vols. (illustrated); _Don Quixote_; Napier's _Memoirs of
+Montrose_, 3 vols.; and _Memoirs of Dundee_, 2 vols.
+
+He further evinced his interest in his old school by presenting to it,
+five years after leaving, a portrait of John first Marquess of Bute
+(then Lord Mountstuart), wearing the dress of the school Archery Corps
+of that day (1759).  This portrait (which is a copy of a well-known
+painting by Allan Ramsay) now hangs in the Vaughan Library.
+
+[Sidenote: 1865, Pilgrimage to Palestine]
+
+It was characteristic of the young Harrovian that, his school-days
+over, he took the very first opportunity to turn his steps towards the
+East, in which from his earliest boyhood he had always been curiously
+interested.  It was not the first occasion of his leaving England, for
+he had visited Brussels and other cities several times with his mother
+during his childhood, and used in later years to note in his diary the
+half-forgotten recollections of places which he had seen in those early
+and happy days.  But his visit to Palestine in the spring of 1865--the
+first of many journeys to the Holy Land--was an entirely new
+experience; and to this youth of seventeen, thoughtful and
+religious-minded beyond his years, it was no mere pleasure trip, but a
+veritable pilgrimage.  "I am sending you a copy," he wrote to a friend
+at Oxford in the autumn of this year, "of a document which I value more
+than anything I have ever received in my life: the certificate of my
+visit to the Holy Places of Jerusalem given to me by the Father
+Guardian of the Franciscan convent on Mount Sion.  Here it is:
+
+
+{27}
+
+[Illustration: Emblem]
+
+In Dei Nomine.  Amen.  Omnibus et singulis praesentes literas
+inspecturis, lecturis, vel legi audituris, fidem notumque facimus Nos
+Terrae Sanctae Custos, devotum Peregrinum Illustrissimum Dominum Dominum
+Joannem, Marchionem de Bute in Scotia, Jerusalem feliciter pervenisse
+die 10 Mensis Maii anni 1865; inde subsequentibus diebus praecipua
+Sanctuaria in quibus Mundi Salvator dilectum populum Suum, immo et
+totius generis humani perditam congeriem ab inferi servitute
+misericorditer liberavit, utpote Calvarium ... SS. Sepulchrum ... ac
+tandem ea omnia sacra Palestinae loca gressibus Domini ac Beatissimae
+ejus Matris Mariae consecrata, a Religiosis nostris et Peregrinis
+visitari solita, visitasse.
+
+In quorum fidem has scripturas Officii Nostri sigillo munitas per
+Secretarium expediri mandavimus.
+
+Datis apud S. Civitatem Jerusalem, ex venerabili Nostro Conventu SS.
+Salvatoris, die 29 Maii, 1865.
+
+L.S. De mandato Reverendiss. in Christo Patris
+
+F. REMIGIUS BUSELLI, S.T.L., secret.
+
++ Sigillum Guardiani Montis Sion.
+
+(There is an image of the Descent of the H. Spirit, and of the
+_Mandatum_.)
+
+
+"It touched and interested me extremely," Bute said many years later,
+"to find myself described in this document as 'devotus Peregrinus,' and
+this for more than one reason.  The phrase, in the first place, seemed
+to link me, a mere schoolboy, with the myriads of devout and holy men,
+saints and warriors, who had made the pilgrimage before me.  'Illuc
+enim ascenderunt tribus, tribus Domini.'  And then I remembered that I
+descended lineally through my mother's family, the Hastings', from a
+very famous pilgrim, the 'Pilgrim of Treves,' the Hebrew who went to
+Rome during the great Papal Schism, sat himself down on one of the
+Seven Hills, and dubbed himself Pope.  When Martin V. (Colonna) was
+recognised as lawful Pope, {28} my ancestor returned to Rome and, I
+believe, reverted to the Judaism from which he had temporarily lapsed.
+But this celebrated journey earned him the title, _par excellence_, of
+the Pilgrim of Treves; and the name of Peregrine has been borne since,
+all through the centuries, by many of his descendants, of whom I am
+one."  All this is so curiously characteristic of Lord Bute's half
+serious, half whimsical (and always original) manner of regarding
+out-of-the-way corners of history and genealogy, that it seems worth
+reproducing in this place.
+
+[Illustration: THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, AET. 17.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1866, Steeplechasing at Oxford]
+
+Soon after his return from his Palestine journey, Bute was duly
+matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, and he went into residence in
+the October term.  He was one of the last batch of peers who entered
+the university on the technical footing of "noblemen," with the
+privilege of wearing a distinctive dress, sitting at a special table in
+hall, and paying double for everything.  Among his contemporaries at
+the House were the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Rosebery, the seventh Duke of
+Northumberland, and Lords Cawdor, Doune, and Willoughby de Broke.  His
+cousin, the fourth and last Marquess of Hastings, who was five years
+his senior, had not long before gone down from the university, had been
+married for a year, and was at the height of the meteoric career which
+came to a premature and inglorious end just when Bute attained his
+majority.  The latter had that strong sense of family attachment which
+is so marked a characteristic of Scotsmen; and _noblesse oblige_ was a
+maxim which for him had a very real and serious meaning.  It is certain
+that the contemplation of his cousin's wasted life not only distressed
+him deeply, but tended to confirm in him an almost exaggerated {29}
+antipathy to the extravagant craze for racing, gambling and betting,
+which was the form of "sport" most prevalent among the young men of
+family and fashion who were his contemporaries at Oxford.  Bute's
+entire want of sympathy with such pursuits and such ideals thus
+inevitably cut him off from anything like intimate intercourse with the
+predominant members of the undergraduate society of his college.  He
+would not be persuaded to frequent their clubs or share in their
+amusements, which to him would have been no amusements at all; although
+he was elected a member of "Loders," to which the noblemen and
+gentlemen-commoners of the House as a matter of course belonged.  He
+was, however, induced, on the representations of one of his friends
+(probably Hay Gordon) to own and nominate a horse in the university
+steeplechases (or "grinds," as they were called).  "Some one, I do not
+know who," writes one of his contemporaries, "had informed him that I
+was the proper person to ride his horse.  When I interviewed him on the
+subject (which I did with some trepidation, as he was exceedingly shy
+and stiff with strangers), he evinced not the slightest interest either
+in his horse or the contest in which it was to take part.  The animal
+came in only third, but Bute showed neither disappointment nor pleasure
+in anything it did or failed to do either on this or on subsequent
+occasions."  Another anecdote in connection with this episode of
+"Bute's steeplechaser" is related by one of his fellow-undergraduates,
+who was charged, or had charged himself, with the duty of informing the
+owner of this unprofitable horse (for which, by the way, he had paid a
+good round sum) that it was among the "Also Rans" in the Christ Church
+{30} grinds.  "Ah! indeed?" was his only comment; "but now I want to
+know," he continued eagerly, "if you can help me to solve a much more
+important question.  What real claim had the [Greek: kremastoi kepoi]
+(the hanging gardens) of Semiramis at Babylon, to be classified, as
+they were in ancient times, among the Seven Wonders of the World?"
+
+Whilst on the subject of Bute's diversions at Christ Church (though
+steeplechasing, even vicariously, can hardly be said to have been one
+of them), reference may appropriately be made to a rather remarkable
+entertainment which he gave by way of repaying the hospitalities
+extended to him by his companions, including some of his former
+school-fellows at Harrow.  It took the form of a fancy-dress ball,
+which came off in the fine suite of rooms which he occupied in the
+north-west corner of Tom Quad (since subdivided).  Here is the
+invitation card, surmounted with the emblazoned arms of the House,
+which was sent out:
+
+
+            MARQUESS OF BUTE
+                AT HOME
+
+  La Morgue               Bal Masque
+    IV. I. Tom.            R.S.V.P.
+
+"La Morgue" was the room, adjacent to his own, which was, as a matter
+of fact, used as a mortuary when any death occurred within the college.
+The young host received his guests at the entrance to this apartment in
+the character of his Satanic Majesty, attired in a close-fitting
+garment of scarlet and black, with wings, horn, and tail; and most of
+the guests figured as dons, eminent churchmen, and other well-known
+personages in the university, the stately dean being, of course,
+represented, as well as {31} Mrs. Liddell, who afterwards expressed
+regret that she had not been present in person.  A fracas in the
+refreshment room resulted in a jockey (the Hon. H. Needham) being
+arrested by a policeman, who conducted him to the police-office before
+the culprit discovered that the supposed constable was one of his
+fellow-revellers.  The affair was altogether so successful that Bute
+designed to repeat it a year later; but the authorities of the House,
+who had given no permission for the original entertainment,
+peremptorily forbade its repetition.[6]
+
+[Sidenote: 1865, Oxford friends]
+
+Bute had come into residence at Oxford a few weeks after his eighteenth
+birthday; and the above reminiscences show that with all his
+serious-mindedness he possessed, as indeed might have been expected,
+something also, at that period, of what Disraeli called "the
+irresponsible frivolity of immature manhood."  His amiability of
+character and remarkable personal courtesy prevented him from being in
+any degree unpopular; but his intimate friends at Oxford were
+undoubtedly very few; and it is curious that the most intimate of them
+all was not an undergraduate, or an Oxford man at all, but a lady much
+his senior, Miss Felicia Skene, daughter of a well-known man of letters
+and friend of Walter Scott, long resident in Oxford.  Miss Skene was
+herself a person of remarkable attainments and qualities, one of them
+being a rare gift of sympathy, which seems to have won the heart of the
+solitary young Scotsman from the first {32} day of their acquaintance.
+Bute corresponded with her constantly and regularly, not only during
+his undergraduate days, but for many years subsequently; and his
+letters show to how large a degree he gave her his confidence in
+matters of the most intimate interest to himself.  One of the earliest
+of these is dated from Dumfries House, Ayrshire, in the Christmas
+vacation following his first term at Oxford.
+
+
+Dumfries House,
+  Cumnock,
+    _Christmas Day_ [1865].
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+A happy Xmas to you.  Mine is comfortable, if not merry nor ideal.  Let
+me say in black and white that I mean to pay for the meat and wine
+ordered by the doctor for the poor woman you mention....  Money I
+cannot send.  I have little more than L100 to spend myself.  My
+allowance is L2000, and I have overdrawn L1630, with a draft for L1000
+coming due.  I am trying to raise the wind here: it seems absurd that I
+should be "hard up," but it is a long story.  I am only sorry that the
+offerings I should make at this time to the "Little Child of Bethlehem"
+are not procurable.
+
+Ever yours most truly,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1865, At Dumfries House]
+
+Bute had now finally left Galloway House, which had been his holiday
+residence during his Harrow days; and his home when not at Oxford was
+at Dumfries House, his Ayrshire seat, then in the occupation of Sir
+James and Lady Edith Fergusson.  "I saw a good deal of him when he was
+living at Dumfries House under the tutelage of Sir James Fergusson,"
+writes one who had known him from {33} childhood.  "He used to come
+down to the smoking-room at night arrayed in a gorgeous garment of pale
+blue and gold: I think he said he had had it made on the pattern of a
+saintly bishop's vestment in a stained glass window of the Harrow
+Chapel.  Sir James was anxious to make a sportsman of Bute, and bought
+a hunter or two for him.  I remember his coming out one day with Lord
+Eglinton's hounds, but I never saw him take the field again."  The
+tyro, as a matter of fact, got a toss in essaying to jump a hedge; and
+so mortified was he by this public discomfiture that he not only never
+again appeared in the hunting-field, but he never quite forgave Sir
+James for being the indirect cause of the misadventure.
+
+Miss Skene not only acted to some extent as Bute's almoner during his
+Oxford days (it is fair to say that the "hard-up" condition alluded to
+in the above letter was due at least as much to his lavish almsgiving
+as to any personal extravagance), but was his adviser in regard to
+other matters.  "Mrs. Leighton [wife of the Warden of All Souls] has
+invited me," runs one of his notes, "to come and meet a Scottish bishop
+(St. Andrews) at dinner, and asks me in the same letter to give 'out of
+my abundance' a cheque to enlarge the Penitentiary chapel.  Now I
+dislike Scots Episcopalian bishops (not individually but officially),
+their genesis having been unblushingly Erastian, and their present
+status in Scotland being schismatic and dissenting; and my 'abundance'
+at present consists of a heavy overdraft at the bank.  Read and forward
+the enclosed reply, unless you think the lady will take offence, which
+can hardly be."
+
+He often copied for his friend extracts which {34} struck him from
+books he was reading.  "I have transcribed for you," he wrote a few
+weeks after his nineteenth birthday, "the account of the death of
+Krishna from the Vishnu Purana.  A hunter by accident shot him in the
+foot with an arrow.  When he saw what he had done he prostrated himself
+and implored pardon.  Krishna granted it and translated him at once to
+heaven.  'Then the illustrious Krishna, having united himself with his
+own pure, spiritual, inexhaustible, inconceivable, unborn, undecaying,
+imperishable and universal spirit, which is one with Vasundera,
+abandoned his mortal body and the condition of the threefold
+qualities.'  To my mind this description of the great Saviour becoming
+one with universal spirit approaches the sublime."
+
+At the end of his first summer term (June, 1866) Bute made his second
+tour in the East--a more extended one this time, visiting not only
+Constantinople and Palestine, but Kurdistan and Armenia.  His tutor,
+the Rev. S. Williams, accompanied him, as well as one or two friends,
+including Harman Grisewood, one of his associates at the House, and one
+of the few with whom he maintained an intimacy after their Oxford days.
+A diary kept by Bute of the first portion of this tour has been
+preserved: it describes his doings with great minuteness, and is a
+remarkable record for a youth of eighteen to have written.  In Paris
+nothing seems to have much interested him except the churches, and long
+antiquarian conversations with the Vicomte de Voguee and others.  "I
+again visited the Comte de V.,"[7] {35} runs one entry.  "We got into
+the Cities of Bashan, and stayed there three or four hours."  Many
+pages are devoted to a detailed description of Avignon, and later of
+St. John's Church at Malta, of Syracuse, Catania, and Messina.  At
+Malta he visited the tomb of his grandfather (the first Marquess of
+Hastings, who died when governor of Malta in 1826), and "was much
+pleased with it."  Describing the high mass in the Benedictine Church
+at Catania, he says, "At the end, during the Gospel of St. John, the
+organist (the organ is one of the finest in the world) played a
+military march so well that I, at least, could hardly be persuaded that
+the loud clear clash, the roll of the drums, the ring of the triangle,
+and the roar of the brass instruments were false.  It seemed to me that
+this passage, which was admirably executed, harmonised wonderfully well
+with the awful words of the part of the Mass which it accompanied."
+
+[Sidenote: 1866, Ascent of Mount Etna]
+
+The young diarist's vivid descriptive powers are well shown in his
+narrative of the ascent of Etna, and the impression it made on him:
+
+We dined [at Nicolosi] on omelet, bread, and figs, and the nastiest
+wine, and at about 7 p.m. started on mules.  These beasts had saddles
+more uncomfortable than words can describe.  Their pace was about 2-1/2
+miles per hour, which it was too easy to reduce, but quite impossible
+to accelerate.  Mine had for bridle a cord three feet long, tied to one
+of several large rings on one side of its head.  The journey lasted
+till 1.30 a.m. or later....  About {36} 1 in the morning, Mr. W. and
+one guide having long dropped far behind, where their shrieks and yells
+(now growing hoarse from despair) could be faintly heard in the
+darkness far down the mountain, we emerged upon the summit between the
+peaks; and at the same time the full moon, silver, intense, rose from
+behind the lower summit, and shed a flood of light over the tremendous
+scene of desolation.  As far as the eye could reach, there was nothing
+visible but cinders and sky.  At every step we sank eighteen inches
+into the black dust as we stumbled on in single file in perfect
+silence.  A couple of miles ahead rose the great crater peak, with
+patches of snow at its foot and the eternal white cloud emanating and
+writhing from the summit.  After an hour's rest at the Casa Inglese, a
+miserable hovel at the foot of the Cone, we started, wrapped in plaids,
+the cold being intense.  Mr. W. had now rejoined us.  The Cone is a
+hill about the size of Arthur's Seat, covered with rolling friable
+cinders, from which rise clouds of white sulphureous dust.  The ascent
+took rather more than an hour.  Mr. W. gave out half-way up, declaring
+he should faint.  The pungent sulphur-smoke came sweeping down the
+hill-side, choking and blinding one.  Eyes were smarting, lungs loaded,
+throat burnt, mouth dry and nostrils choked.  On we struggled till the
+very ground gave forth curling clouds of smoke from every cranny.  A
+few more steps and we were on the summit, at the very edge of the
+crater, which yawned into perdition within a few inches of one's foot.
+It is an immense glen, surrounded by a chain of heights, with
+tremendously precipitous sides, bright yellow in the depths, whence
+rises continually the cloud of smoke.  The whole scene is exactly like
+Dore's illustrations of the Inferno....  The sun rose over Italy as we
+sat with our heads wrapped up and handkerchiefs in our mouths; but
+there was no view at all, the height is too stupendous.  The {37}
+horror of the whole place cannot be depicted.  We were delighted to get
+back to the Casa Inglese, where we remounted our mules and crept away.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1866, Impressions of Eastern travel]
+
+From Sicily the travellers visited Smyrna and Chios on their way to
+Constantinople.  Pages of the diary are taken up with descriptions of
+churches, and functions attended in them, and it is of interest to note
+that, profoundly interested as Bute was in the Greek churches and the
+Greek liturgy, his religious sympathies were entirely with the Latin
+communion.  The "spiritual deadness," as he calls it, of the schismatic
+churches of the East, repelled and dismayed him.  "It strikes me as
+essentially dreadful," he writes of a visit to the Church of the
+Transfiguration at Syra, "that the Photian Tabernacle everywhere
+enshrines a deserted Saviour.  The daily sacrifice is not offered; the
+churches are closed and cold, save for a few hours on Sunday and
+festivals; visits to the B. Sacrament are unknown.  Pictures are
+exposed to receive an exaggerated homage, unknown and undreamt of in
+the West.  But it is absolutely true to say that the Perpetual Presence
+(to which no reverence at all is offered, by genuflection or otherwise)
+receives less respect than one ordinarily pays to any place of worship
+whatever, even a meeting-house or synagogue."  Later, recording a visit
+to the Greek cathedral at Pera, he describes the service there as "the
+most disagreeable function I ever attended: the church crammed with
+people in a state of restlessness and irreverence characteristic of
+Photian schismatics; and the whole service as much spoiled as slurring,
+drawling, utter irreverence, bad music, and bad taste could spoil it.
+After breakfast I {38} attended the High Mass at the Church of the
+Franciscans--a different thing indeed from the Photian Cathedral; and I
+went back there in the afternoon for Vespers and Benediction."
+
+It has been sometimes said that Bute, during the period immediately
+preceding his reception into the Catholic Church, was even more drawn
+towards the "Orthodox" form of belief than he was to the prevailing
+religion of Western Christendom.  The above extracts show that the very
+reverse was the case.  Genuine and earnest worship stirred and
+impressed him everywhere: thus he writes, after witnessing an elaborate
+ceremonial (including the dance of the dervishes) in a mosque at
+Constantinople: "I left the mosque very much wrought up and excited.
+There are those who are not impressed by this.  There are those also
+who laugh at a service in a language they do not know: there are those
+who see nothing august or awful even in the Holy Mass."  Slovenliness,
+irreverence, tepidity in religion were what pained and repelled him;
+and finding those characteristics everywhere in the liturgical services
+of those whom he called the Photians, he was so far from being
+attracted towards any idea of joining their communion, that he returned
+to England, and to Oxford, after this Eastern journey, with the whole
+bent of his religious aspirations set more and more in the direction of
+the Catholic and Roman Church.  His conversion was, in fact,
+accomplished before the end of this year, although circumstances, as
+will be seen, compelled the postponement for a considerable time of the
+public and formal profession of his faith.
+
+
+
+[1] The _Scottish Review_, which Lord Bute controlled at this time, and
+to which he contributed many articles.
+
+[2] This was the chapel on the edge of the sea, among the Mountstuart
+woods, which had been built for the convenience of the people living
+and working near the house.  Lord Bute used it as a domestic chapel
+until the new chapel at Mountstuart was opened.  He was buried there in
+1900.
+
+[3] Lord Bute's only daughter, Lady Margaret Crichton-Stuart, then in
+her twelfth year, and under the tutelage of a Greek governess.
+
+[4] Adam Hay Gordon married in 1873 the beautiful granddaughter of Sir
+Robert Dalrymple Horn Elphinstone, and died without issue, as above
+recorded, in July, 1894.
+
+[5] "'Tis said that when upon a rocky shore
+    The salt sea billows break with muffled roar,
+    And, launched in mad career, the thundering wave
+    Leaps booming through the weedy ocean cave;
+    Each tenth is grander than the nine before.
+    And breaks with tenfold thunder on the shore.
+    Alas! it is so on the sounding sea;
+    But so, O England, it is not with thee!
+    Thy decuman is broken on the shore:
+    A peer to him shall lave thee never more!"
+
+The text of the whole poem is given in Appendix I.
+
+[6] The particulars of this whimsical incident in Bute's university
+career have been kindly furnished by Mr. Algernon Turnor, C.B., who was
+his contemporary at Christ Church.  It was he who rode--though not to
+victory--the steeplechaser mentioned in the text.  Mr. Turner married
+in 1880 Lady Henrietta Stewart, one of Bute's early playmates and
+companions at Galloway House.
+
+[7] Eugene Vicomte de Voguee, whom Bute wrongly styles "Comte" in his
+diary, was a few months his junior.  One of the most brilliant and
+charming men of his generation, he was in turn soldier, diplomatist,
+politician, and _litterateur_.  He became a member of the Academy in
+1888 and died in 1910.  He published books and articles on a great
+variety of subjects, all marked with the profoundly religious feeling
+which characterised him.
+
+
+
+
+{39}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+RELIGIOUS INQUIRIES--RECEPTION POSTPONED--COMING OF AGE
+
+1867, 1868
+
+A well-meaning person thought well to compile and publish, some years
+ago, a volume in which a few distinguished Roman Catholics, and a great
+number of mediocrities, were invited to describe the process and
+motives which led them "to abandon" (as some cynic once expressed it)
+"the errors of the Church of England for those of the Church of Rome."
+Lord Bute, who was among the many more or less eminent people who
+received and declined invitations to contribute to this symposium, was
+certainly the last man likely to consent to recount his own religious
+experiences for the benefit of a curious public.  It is, therefore, all
+the more interesting that in a copy of the book above referred to,
+belonging to one of his most intimate friends,[1] was preserved a
+memorandum in Bute's writing, which throws an interesting light on
+some, at least, of the causes which were contributory to his own
+submission to the Roman Church.
+
+
+I came to see very clearly indeed that the Reformation was in England
+and Scotland--I had not studied it elsewhere--the work neither of God
+nor of the people, its real authors being, in the former country, {40}
+a lustful and tyrannical King, and in the latter a pack of greedy,
+time-serving and unpatriotic nobles.  (Almost the only real patriots in
+Scotland at that period were bishops like Elphinstone, Reid, and
+Dunbar.)
+
+I also convinced myself (1) that while the disorders rampant in the
+Church during the sixteenth century clamoured loudly for reform, they
+in no way justified apostacy and schism; and (2) that were I personally
+to continue, under that or any other pretext, to remain outside the
+Catholic and Roman Church, I should be making myself an accomplice
+after the fact in a great national crime and the most indefensible act
+in history.  And I refused to accept any such responsibility.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1860, Attraction to Roman Church]
+
+The late Jesuit historian, Father Joseph Stevenson, who spent a great
+number of years in laborious study (for his work in the Record Office)
+of the original documents and papers of the Reformation period, frankly
+avowed that it was what he learned in these researches, and no other
+considerations whatever, which convinced him--an elderly Anglican
+clergyman of the old school--that the Catholic Church was the Church of
+God, and the so-called Reformation the work of His enemies.  It was one
+of his colleagues in the Society of Jesus[2] who quoted this to Lord
+Bute, and his emphatic comment was, "That is a point of view which I
+thoroughly appreciate."  As to Bute himself, there were undoubtedly
+many sides of his character to which the appeal of the ancient Church
+would be strong and insistent.  Her august and venerable ritual, the
+ordered splendour of her ceremonial, the deep significance of her
+liturgy and worship, {41} could not fail to attract one who had learned
+to see in them far more than the mere outward pomp and beauty which are
+but symbols of their inward meaning.  The love and tenderness and
+compassion with which she is ever ready to minister to the least of her
+children would touch the heart of one who beneath a somewhat cold
+exterior had himself a very tender feeling for the stricken and the
+sorrowful.  The marvellous roll of her saints, the story of their
+lives, the record of their miracles, would stir the imagination and
+kindle the enthusiasm of one who loved to remember, as we have seen,
+that the blood of pilgrims flowed in his veins, and found one of his
+greatest joys in visiting the shrines, following in the footsteps,
+venerating the remains, and verifying the acts of the saints of God in
+many lands, even in the remotest corners of Christendom.  His mind and
+heart and soul found satisfaction in all these things; but most of all
+it was the historic sense which he possessed in so peculiar a degree,
+the craving for an exact and accurate presentment of the facts of
+history, which was one of his most marked characteristics--it was these
+which, during his many hours of painful and laborious searching into
+the records of the past, were the most direct and immediate factors in
+convincing his intellect, as his heart was already convinced, that the
+Catholic and Roman Church, and no other, was the Church founded by
+Christ on earth, and that to remain outside it was, for him, to incur
+the danger of spiritual shipwreck.
+
+Dr. Liddon, who was at this time a Senior Student of Christ Church, and
+resident in the college (he became Ireland Professor of Exegesis four
+years later, and a Canon of St. Paul's in the same year), {42} was wont
+to say that Bute was far too busy, during his undergraduate career, in
+"reconsidering and reconstructing his religious position," to give more
+than a secondary place to his regular academic studies.  His reading,
+which, undistracted by any of the ordinary dissipations of university
+life, he pursued with unflagging ardour, sitting at his books often far
+into the night, ranged over the whole field of comparative religion.
+Every form of ancient faith, Judaism, Buddhism, Islamism, the beliefs
+of old Egypt, Greece and Rome, as well as the creeds and worship of
+Eastern and Western Christendom, were the subject of his studies and
+his thoughts; and the more he read and pondered, the more clear became
+his conviction that in the Roman Church alone could his mind, his
+heart, and his imagination find rest and satisfaction.  No external
+influence of any kind helped to bring him to that conclusion.  In the
+conduct of his studies and the arrangement of his reading he freely
+sought and obtained the advice and assistance of tutors and professors,
+both belonging to the House and outside it.  But from no Roman Catholic
+source did he ask or receive counsel or direction at this time; and he
+once said that during the first year of his Oxford course he was not
+even aware of the existence of a Roman Catholic church in the
+university city.  Two or three Catholic undergraduates were in
+residence at Christ Church in his time, but he was not intimate with
+any of them.  He was fond of taking long walks, then, as always, almost
+the only form of bodily exercise he favoured, though he was a good
+swimmer and fencer; and it was in company with his most intimate
+friend, Adam Hay Gordon, that he once, after a visit to Wantage (the
+associations {43} of which with King Alfred greatly interested him),
+penetrated to the ancient Catholic chapel of East Hendred, not far
+distant.  He was greatly moved at learning that this venerable
+sanctuary was one of the very few in England in which, it was said, the
+lamp before the tabernacle had never been extinguished, and Mass had
+been celebrated all through the darkest days of penal times; and he
+knelt so long in prayer before the altar that he had twice to be
+reminded by his companion of the long walk home they had in prospect.
+This pilgrimage--Bute always considered it as such, and spoke of it
+with emotion long years afterwards--took place in the autumn of 1866;
+and before he left Oxford for the Christmas vacation of that year he
+had made up his mind to seek admission without delay into the Catholic
+fold, and (as he hoped) to make his first communion as a Catholic
+before the Easter festival of the following year.
+
+[Sidenote: 1866, Decision taken]
+
+Absorbed in his studies, and cheered and encouraged by the dawn of
+religious certainty, and his growing confidence in the sureness of the
+ground on which his feet were placed, Bute had, it is probable,
+reckoned little, if at all, on the storm of opposition, protest, and
+resentment which was bound to break out the moment his proposed change
+of religion became known.  Lady Edith Fergusson, his guardian's wife,
+for whom he had a sincere affection, first learned his intention from
+himself during his Christmas sojourn at Dumfries House.  The news came
+as a great blow to Sir James, who, with all his good qualities, had no
+intellectual equipment adequate to meeting the reasoned arguments of
+his young ward; and he fled up to London to take counsel with Bute's
+English guardians.  The tidings caused consternation in the {44} Lord
+Chancellor's Court, and (it was said) in a Court even more august; and
+the cry was for a scapegoat to bear the brunt of the general wrath.
+Who and where was the subtle Jesuit, the secret emissary of Rome, who
+had hatched the dark plot, had "got hold of" the guileless youth, and
+inveigled him away from the simple faith of his childhood?  Public
+indignation was heightened rather than allayed by the impossibility of
+identifying this sinister conspirator.  _Non est inventus_.  He had, in
+fact, no more existence than Mrs. Harris.  The circumstances of the
+case were patent and simple.  A young man of strong religious
+instincts, good parts, and studious habits, had, after much reading,
+grave consideration (and, it might be added, earnest prayer, but that
+was outside the public ken), come to the conclusion that the religion
+of the greater part of Christendom was right and that of the British
+minority wrong.  And what made matters worse was that he had in his
+constitution so large a share of native Scottish tenacity, that there
+seemed no possibility of inducing him to change his mind.  The obvious,
+and only alternative, policy was delay.  Get him to put off the evil
+day, and all might yet be well.  The _mot d'ordre_ was accordingly
+given; and a united crusade was entered on by kinsfolk and
+acquaintance, guardians, curators, and tutors-at-law, the Chancellor
+and his myrmidons, the family solicitors, and finally the dons and
+tutors at Oxford, to extract from the prospective convert, at whatever
+cost, a promise not to act on his convictions at least until after
+attaining his majority.  After that--well, anything might happen; and
+if during the interval of nearly two years he were to take to drink or
+gambling, to waste his substance on riotous living (like his {45}
+unfortunate cousin), or generally to go to the devil--it would be of
+course very regrettable, but anyhow he would be rescued from Popery,
+and that was the only thing that really mattered.
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, Oxford alarmed]
+
+In the midst of these alarums and excursions the young peer returned to
+Christ Church for the Lent term of 1867, and found himself the object
+of much more public attention and solicitude than he at all
+appreciated.  "Life is odious here at present," he wrote to the always
+faithful friend of whose sympathy he was sure, "and I am having a worse
+time even than I had during all the rows about my guardianship.
+Luckily I am better able to bear it, and nothing will ever change my
+resolution."
+
+Dr. Liddon concerned himself very actively with the project of getting
+Bute to agree to delay in carrying out his purpose; and with him was
+associated Dr. Mansel, at that time a Fellow of St. John's and
+Professor of Church History (he became Dean of St. Paul's in 1868).
+There were some advanced churchmen among the Senior Students[3] of that
+day, including the Rev. R. Benson, first superior of the Cowley
+brotherhood, and the Rev. T. Chamberlain of St. Thomas's, who claimed
+to be the first clergyman to have worn a chasuble in his parish church
+since the Reformation.[4]  Such men as these would naturally {46} point
+out that Bute could get all that he wanted in their section of the
+Anglican Church; but by another of the Students, Mr. Septimus Andrews,
+who afterwards followed Bute into the Catholic Church and became an
+Oblate of St. Charles, he was encouraged to remain faithful to his
+convictions, in spite of the strong pressure brought to bear on him
+from all quarters.  It was even said that Dr. Pusey (who seems to have
+taken no part in the agitation of the time) was to be asked to approach
+Dr. Newman in his retirement at Edgbaston, and beg him to use his
+influence to secure the delay which was all that was now hoped for.
+There is no evidence that this step was actually taken; but the
+success, such as it was, of these reiterated appeals for postponement
+of the final and definitive step is attested by the following deeply
+interesting letter, written by Bute to his friend at Oxford at the
+beginning of the Easter vacation of 1867.
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, A sad letter]
+
+
+122, George St.,
+  Edinburgh,
+    _Maundy Thursday_, 1867.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+On this day, which was to have seen my First Communion, I do not
+believe I should have the heart to write and tell you that it has all
+failed, if it were not for a sort of hard, cold, listless feeling of
+utter apathy to everything Divine which is new to me, but which has, as
+it were, petrified me since my fall.
+
+The long and short is that the Protestants--_i.e._ the Lord Chancellor
+and his Court; my Guardians; my friends and relations; and Mansel,
+Liddon, and Co. have extorted from me a promise not to become a
+Catholic till I am of age.  They are {47} jubilant with the jubilation
+of devils over a lost soul; but I am hopeless and weary to a degree.
+
+There remains nothing to say now, except that I am utterly wrecked.  I
+have not dared to pray since.  I have heard Mass twice, but I looked on
+with an indifference greater than if I had been at a play.  I feel no
+moral principle either.  It is simply all up.  Instead of feeling these
+holy days, the thought of the suffering of Christ simply haunts me like
+a nightmare.  I try to drown it and drive it away.
+
+There is no use in going on this way.  It is a triumph for which
+Mansel, etc., are _thanking God_ (_!_).  I know what my own position
+is.  It is hopeless, and graceless, and godless.
+
+Most sincerely yours,
+  BUTE AND DUMFRIES.
+
+
+If the well-meaning divines and others who had wrung from Bute, under
+the severest moral pressure, the much-desired promise, had had an
+opportunity of perusing the above letter, the "jubilation" of which he
+speaks would surely have been considerably modified.  It is a sad
+enough document to have been written by a youth in his twentieth year,
+to whom his opening manhood seemed to offer, from a worldly point of
+view, everything that was most brilliant and most desirable.  The day
+on which it was dated, and the thought of all that day was to have been
+to him, and yet was not, naturally deepened the depression under which
+it was penned, and led him perhaps to exaggerate the condition of
+spiritual dereliction which he so pathetically described.  But if his
+life was not in reality wrecked, if he had not in truth (and we know
+that he had not) lost all sense of moral principles, it is impossible
+to avoid the reflection that no thanks for this are due {48} to those
+who seem utterly to have misapprehended the strength and sincerity of
+his religious convictions, and the very grave responsibility they
+incurred (to say nothing of the risk to himself) in persuading him to
+stifle them, even for a time.  It was their hope, doubtless, that the
+delay they had secured would ultimately lead to the abandonment of his
+purpose; but nothing is more certain that while resolved to abide
+faithfully by his promise, he was inflexibly determined to follow his
+conscience and carry out his declared intention at the very moment that
+he was free to do so.  This resolution taken, his wonted tranquillity
+returned, and he went back to Christ Church for the summer term to
+resume undisturbed, and with a mind at rest, his quiet life of study
+and other congenial occupations.  Reproduced here is a rough sketch
+from his pen, dated at this time (May 13, 1867), but not otherwise
+described.  The drawing, which is not devoid of charm and power,
+depicts apparently the Communion of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland.
+On the same sheet is another sketch which seems to be a design for a
+stained glass window representing Scottish Saints.
+
+[Illustration: THE COMMUNION OF ST. MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND]
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, A long vacation cruise]
+
+A great part of the Long Vacation of 1867 was spent by Bute in a cruise
+to the north of Scotland and to Iceland, in the yacht _Ladybird_, which
+he had recently purchased.  "On Sundays in my yacht," he writes to a
+friend from Edinburgh on July 13, 1867, "I am to conduct Presbyterian
+services.  There is a book of prayers approved by the Church of
+Scotland for the purpose: instead of sermon, some immense bit of
+Scripture, _e.g._ the whole Epistle to the Romans."  This letter, by
+the way, is dated "Feast of S. Anicete"--a rare instance of
+hagiographical inaccuracy on the writer's part.  {49} July 13 is not
+the festival of St. Anicetus, P.M. (who is commemorated on April 17),
+but of an earlier Pope and Martyr, St. Anacletus.
+
+Bute visited St. Andrews during this cruise--a fact to which he made
+interesting reference on a memorable occasion many years
+subsequently.[5] It {50} was, however, in quest of the relics of
+another ancient saint and martyr, dear for centuries to Scottish
+Christians under the title of St. Magnus of Orkney, that Bute spent
+much time in far northern waters during the summer of 1867.  Magnus
+Earl of Orkney, if not a martyr in the technical sense any more than
+St. Oswald (called King and Martyr) and some others of the early
+English Saints, was yet a Christian hero who died a violent death at
+the hands of his enemies.  It was in the little island of Egilshay that
+he was slain in A.D. 1116 by his treacherous cousin Haco; and there
+Bute landed from his yacht, kissing (as he records) the sacred ground
+as he touched the land, and recommending--he does not say with what
+result--his companion, Mr. George Petrie, F.S.A., to do the same.
+After visiting the ancient church, dedicated to the saint, though its
+round tower is probably far older than the time of St. Magnus, Bute
+spent a long time at Kirkwall in the study of its noble cathedral,
+where he obtained leave to take the reputed bones of the saint from
+their resting-place in the great pier on the north side of the choir.
+A minute inspection of these bones, conducted by himself, Mr. Petrie,
+two local doctors, and an apothecary, convinced him that the skull (an
+unusually large one, of a very degenerate type, with an old sword-cut
+in it over which there was a new growth of bone) was not in the least
+likely to be that of St. Magnus; and there were other remains in the
+cavity, clearly those of a different person.  This conclusion was
+confirmed by subsequent investigations (nineteen {51} years later)
+which Bute made in Orkney, and to which reference is made on a later
+page.[6]  These details are worth mention, as testifying to the
+scrupulous care with which he was always anxious to examine any
+supposed relic of antiquity (whether the remains of a saint or anything
+else) before giving credence to its authenticity.
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, St. Magnus of Orkney]
+
+To the memory, and for the personality, of St. Magnus himself, Bute
+always cherished a lively devotion and veneration,[7] which was shown
+not only in some of his later writings, but in a hymn of seven stanzas
+which he composed at this time in honour of the saint, and which was
+printed in the _Orcadian_ over the signature "Oxonian."  It is a free
+paraphrase of the Latin vesper hymn assigned to St. Magnus in the
+Aberdeen Breviary on his feast day (April 16), and has more merit than
+was claimed for it by its author, who described it in a letter to Mr.
+Petrie as "a very indifferent attempt."  Another poetical composition
+of his dating from this period was a pretty set of verses entitled "Our
+Lady of the Snows," which was published anonymously this year in the
+_Union Review_ (then edited by Dr. F. J. Lee) after being declined by
+the editor of the _Month_.[8]  He wrote to Miss Skene from Thurso on
+July 16, 1867:
+
+
+{52}
+
+I am tickled pleasurably by the opinion of the editor of the _Union_
+about my little poem.  Are we to conclude that the standard of the
+_Month_ is the higher of the two, as it rejects what the Union admits,
+and even describes as "feeling and beautiful"?  I confess that till now
+that had not been the result produced on my mind by a comparison of
+their respective "Poet's Corners."
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, Lady Elizabeth Moore]
+
+Bute continued his yachting cruise from Orkney to Iceland, and spent
+there his twentieth birthday, viewing the volcano of Hecla in full
+eruption, as he had seen Etna a year previously.  One of his birthday
+letters was from Lady Elizabeth Moore, with whom he had renewed a
+regular correspondence, and who was now happy in the belief that her
+former ward's secession from Protestantism was postponed _sine die_.
+Her letters are always characteristically kind and affectionate, if
+every phrase is not altogether judicious.
+
+
+MY VERY DEAR COUSIN,
+
+You are much in my thoughts this day....  My most affectionate good
+wishes on your entering your twenty-first year.  May the Almighty bless
+and protect you.  May you be preserved from evil doings and _erroneous
+opinions_, and prove a bright example of good to others in the elevated
+position of life in which God has placed you.  Ten years ago I spent
+September 12 at St. Andrews with a little boy, the cherished object of
+his mother's deepest affection.  We little thought how soon he would be
+deprived of that excellent parent, and how cruel would be the
+consequences that followed her sad loss.  You have wonderfully escaped
+the dangers and survived the difficulties of your too eventful life in
+early youth.  May the future be more calm, more happy! ... Your
+mother's _bequest_ to me has {53} been a source of more anxiety than
+you can ever know.  My consolation is that I firmly did my duty towards
+my cousin who trusted me, and towards her orphan child.
+
+
+Lady Elizabeth wrote a week later:
+
+
+MY DEAREST BUTE,
+
+I was charmed to receive your letter of the 16th, _with most
+interesting details_.  I pass it on to-day to Sir James Fergusson, who
+merits that attention.  I am thankful you are safe out of cold, dreary,
+_dangerous_ Iceland, though in after times it will be amusing to talk
+of your travels in such a curious unvisited country.  You are a dear
+good Boy for writing so often, and I thank you _very very_ much; only
+it vexed me to be forced to remain so long silent.  On your birthday we
+drank your health "with a sentiment," and the servants had a bottle of
+wine for the festive occasion, and Mungo [Bute's dog] was decorated
+with a new ribbon....  Mr. Henry Stuart has been extremely civil in
+sending me boxes of game and fruit from Mountstuart.  There were great
+doings on the 12th at Rothesay, from which I gather _you_ are now
+considered Somebody, instead of being Nobody (which I always felt you
+were wrong in ever permitting).  If Sir J. F. had been Guardian long
+ago, such a state of things would not have existed.
+
+
+Bute was called away from Oxford, soon after his return for the October
+term, to attend the funeral at Cheltenham of his last surviving aunt,
+Lady Selina Henry.  His mother had had three sisters, but he had never
+been intimate with any of them, although he appreciated their personal
+piety more, perhaps, than they did his.  "When I return," he wrote from
+Cheltenham to his Oxford {54} friend, "I shall be able, perhaps, to add
+to your knowledge of the ultra-Protestant school, as I have already
+added to my own.  It is wonderful how holy some people are in spite of
+everything."  Bute always recalled with pleasure the extreme piety of
+some of his Protestant forbears, notably that of his
+great-great-grandmother, Selina ninth Countess of Huntingdon,[9] after
+whom Lady Selina Henry was named.  He gave an old engraved portrait of
+this esteemed ancestress, who was as homely-looking as she was pious,
+to an intimate friend, with these words written under it by himself:
+"Fallax est gratia et vana pulchritudo: mulier timens Dominum ipsa
+laudabitur."[10]
+
+Not only tolerant of, but conspicuously fair-minded towards, the
+religious views of others, Bute gave evidence of this, as well as of
+his deep interest in theological questions, in a letter written early
+in 1868 on the subject of the _Filioque_ clause in the Creed, which
+divides East from West.  Himself persuaded of the truth of the doctrine
+on this, as on all other points, held in the Latin Church, he could not
+pass unchallenged defective or disingenuous arguments even on the right
+side.
+
+
+It is really breaking a fly on the wheel to attack the argument of the
+writer in the _Rock_.
+
+What he says is this: If the Spirit proceeds from the Father only, and
+not from the Father and the Son, then the Father, by this attribute of
+emitting {55} the Spirit, which the Son has not, is of a nature so
+different from that of the Son that they cannot be of one substance.
+
+This visibly ludicrous position can be shown to be an absurdity thus:
+The Son is by generation, the Spirit by procession, which is a much
+greater difference between them than there is between the Father and
+the Son by the Father's being Spirit-emitting and the Son not.
+Therefore, if this difference between the Father and the Son be
+sufficient to make them of different substances, how much more shall
+the Son and the Spirit be of different substances!
+
+Which is absurd.
+
+
+His characteristic reverence in approaching such subjects is shown in
+the postscript of this letter, dated from Christ Church, March 26, 1868:
+
+
+I have a great shrinking from writing or speaking upon this awful
+matter.  But as you wanted it, here it is.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, To Russia with Lord Rosebery]
+
+In the Long Vacation of this year--his last as an Oxford
+undergraduate--Bute again spent some weeks in a yachting cruise, not
+this time in Eastern waters, but in the North Sea and the Baltic, his
+companion being Lord Rosebery, who was just his own age, and had
+matriculated at Christ Church in the same term as himself.  At the end
+of August he returned home in view of his impending majority, which was
+celebrated in September all over his extensive estates with much
+rejoicing, the principal festivities being held at Cardiff.  "It will
+be a great ordeal," he wrote a few days previously, "and one which I
+wish it were possible to avoid."  It was in truth only the strong sense
+of duty by which he was {56} ever actuated that enabled him to overcome
+his natural repugnance to appearing as the principal figure in such
+demonstrations; but when the time came he enacted his part with dignity
+and success, and won golden opinions everywhere.  His personal
+appearance, hitherto unknown to thousands of those who acclaimed him in
+the streets, prepossessed them in his favour.  "His well-knit and
+stalwart form," writes one of those present, "and the combined
+expression of amiability and decision of character stamped upon his
+countenance, struck all present."  And the same observer commends in
+the young peer's speeches on this occasion, the "simplicity of style,
+conciseness of expression and depth of sentiment which showed him to be
+a man of thought and reflection, and one thoroughly alive to the great
+responsibility entailed on him by the heritage of wealth."  His
+principal speech was delivered at a great dinner given him by more than
+three thousand of the tradesmen and workers of Cardiff, and it very
+favourably impressed all who heard it.  In reply to the toast of his
+health, he said:
+
+
+I tell you that when I come into this great and growing town, and see
+the vast number of men who are nourished by its growing prosperity, and
+when I feel the ties of duty which bind me to them; when I consider the
+hopes which they fix on me and the affectionate and precious regard
+with which for my father's sake they look on me; when it comes home to
+me that I must perforce do great good or great evil to them; and when,
+on the other hand, my self-knowledge sets before me my own few years,
+my inexperience, my weakness, my many faults, my limited ability, my
+loneliness, the weight of responsibility which lies on me seems
+sometimes absolutely crushing.  But it will not do to be {57} crushed
+by it, and I do not mean to be.  I mean to try to do my best for this
+place to the end of my life, and to do this I would ask you to help me.
+
+
+[Illustration: CARDIFF CASTLE.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Rejoicings at Cardiff]
+
+The rejoicings at Cardiff, which lasted a full week, included the
+public roasting of two oxen, one in the old river-bed, the other at the
+head of the west dock.  The Corporation also entertained Bute to a
+banquet, of which the bill of fare is worth reproducing, as a specimen
+of the Gargantuan scale on which such things were done in mid-Victorian
+days:
+
+_Soups_.--Mock turtle, ox-tail, Julienne, vermicelli.
+
+_Fish_.--Turbot and lobster sauce, mullet _a la cardinal_, crimped cod
+and oyster sauce, filets de sole.
+
+_Removes_.--Haunch venison, boiled leg of lamb, roast beef, green
+goose, rouleau of veal, ragout sausages, roast chicken, boiled turkey
+(Bechamel), braised rump beef, saddle mutton, turkey _a la royale_,
+forced calves' head, ducks, rouleau of venison, boiled chicken,
+tongues, hams.
+
+_Entrees_.--Sweetbreads _a la Princesse_, lamb-cutlets au Jersey,
+compot of pigeons, fillet of chicken _a la royale_, filet de boeuf,
+kidneys au champagne, pork cutlets and tomato sauce, vol-au-vent.
+
+_Game_.--Partridges, hares, grouse.
+
+_Sweets_.--Ice pudding, Snowdon pudding, plum pie and cream, macaroni
+au gratin, Charlotte Russe, cabinet pudding, Italian cream, pastries
+(various), jellies (various).
+
+The dinner, it was reported, "gave great satisfaction"; and it is only
+to be hoped that those of the guests who worked conscientiously through
+the _menu_ did not live to repent it.
+
+Bute spent the rest of the autumn, after coming of age, quietly at
+Cardiff, reading much, and preparing {58} himself for the important
+step--his reception into the Catholic Church--which he now felt himself
+free to take.  He had already begun to obey the dietary rules
+prescribed to the faithful (he found them always extremely trying,
+though he observed them strictly all his life).
+
+
+My chief news [he wrote on October 24, 1868] is that I have begun to
+keep the laws of the Church about fasting and abstinence, and had my
+first fish dinner yesterday.  The series of messes, fish and eggs and
+puddings, nearly made me sick.
+
+
+In the same letter he refers to a more important matter, the breaking
+off of his projected marriage.  He had formed an attachment to the
+sixth of the seven beautiful daughters of a well-known peer; but the
+rumours of his conversion, which was now known to be certainly
+impending, had caused the lady's parents to withdraw their sanction to
+the proposed engagement.
+
+
+To-day's post [he writes] brings me a long letter from the Duchess of
+----.  It is very disheartening.  Unless the woman _lies_, she will do
+everything in her power to prevent the marriage.  She is, I think, too
+upright a woman to deceive.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, A ghostly warning]
+
+This autumn was overshadowed for Bute by an event which he felt much
+for several reasons, the death (on November 10), when only in his
+twenty-seventh year, of his cousin the fourth and last Marquess of
+Hastings, to whose unfortunate career reference has already been made.
+Bute had gone up to Scotland a few days previously, leaving at Cardiff
+Castle Mr. John Boyle (the brother of one of his former curators and a
+trustee of his father's {59} will), who on November 10 was expecting a
+friend to dinner.  Seated in the library, he heard a carriage roll
+through the great courtyard and stop at the door.  After an interval,
+thinking the bell must be broken, he came into the hall, but the
+butler, who was waiting there, assured him that no carriage had come.
+Next morning he received a telegram announcing that Lord Hastings had
+died suddenly the night before.  He only heard later, for the first
+time, that the arrival of a spectral carriage was said always to
+foretell the death of some member of the Hastings family.[11]
+
+
+
+[1] Hartwell Grissell, M.A., of Brasenose, and for many years attached
+to the Papal Court.
+
+[2] The late Father James MacSweeney, Bute's principal collaborator in
+his opus magnum, the translation of the Roman Breviary.
+
+[3] The Senior Students (now called "Students") of Christ Church
+correspond to the Fellows of other colleges.
+
+[4] The writer was told by Mr. Chamberlain himself, in his old age,
+that he had first worn a red chasuble at St. Thomas's Church on Whit
+Sunday, 1854.  Dr. Neale, however, had certainly worn the Eucharistic
+vestments before that in his chapel at East Grinstead; and they were
+introduced at Wilmscote (Warwickshire) as early as 1849.
+
+[5] "I remember when I was at Oxford," he said in his Rectorial address
+at St. Andrews a quarter of a century later (_post_, p. 187), "and was
+going one Long Vacation to Iceland in company with an English friend
+(now the secretary of one of Her Majesty's ministers), I stopped the
+yacht here [at St. Andrews] in order to show him with pride the only
+place in Scotland, as far as I know, whose appearance can boast any
+kinship with that of Oxford."
+
+[6] See _post_, pp. 150, 151.
+
+[7] "Isn't it perfectly monstrous," Bute is recorded to have once asked
+a lady in a London drawing-room, _a propos_ of nothing in particular,
+"that St. Magnus hasn't got an octave?"  What the lady said or thought
+is not recorded, but Bute had the satisfaction of knowing, before his
+death, that Pope Leo XIII. had at least authorised the keeping of St.
+Magnus's festival throughout Scotland; The Scots Benedictine Abbey of
+Fort Augustus is probably the only place in Christendom where the
+feast-day of the holy Earl (April 16) is annually celebrated by a
+solemn high Mass.
+
+[8] The text of these two poems is given in Appendices II. and III.
+
+[9] Patroness of George Whitefield (the inventor of Calvinistic
+Methodism), and founder of numerous chapels up and down England, which
+were under her absolute control.  The adherents of this sect (known as
+the "Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion") for the most part joined the
+Congregationalist body later.
+
+[10] "Favour is deceitful and beauty is vain: the woman that feareth
+the Lord, she shall be praised" (Prov. xxxi. 30).
+
+[11] Mr. Boyle's grandson, who communicates this incident, adds: "My
+grandfather always told this story very solemnly, and with the fullest
+conviction of its truth, although he was not at all apt to believe in
+anything except the most positive and material facts."
+
+Lady Margaret MacRae (Bute's only daughter) has assured the writer that
+on the eve of her father's death at Dumfries House (October 8, 1900),
+she was an ear-witness of a phenomenon precisely similar to that
+described in the text.
+
+
+
+
+{60}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+DANESFIELD--RECEPTION INTO CATHOLIC CHURCH
+
+1867-1869
+
+The conversion of Bute to the Roman Church, as to which his mind was
+practically made up before the end of 1866, though the actual step was
+delayed until nearly two years later, was brought about, as we have
+seen, chiefly by his own reading and reflection, combined with the
+impression wrought on his mind by foreign travel--not, it is to be
+noted, mainly in Catholic countries, but in those Eastern lands where
+he had every opportunity of studying at first hand the various forms of
+worship and belief in which he was so deeply interested.  None of his
+companions on these extended journeys were Roman Catholics, nor
+apparently in any degree sympathetic with the spirit in which the young
+Scottish pilgrim visited those historic spots.  A casual note in one of
+his journals reveals the fact that he defrayed in most cases the entire
+expenses of his fellow-travellers on these trips; but though he thus
+secured companionship, there is no evidence that his varied journeyings
+were carried out in society particularly congenial to him.  At Oxford,
+as has been already said, his only really intimate friends (in a host
+of acquaintances) were a lady already middle-aged, and two
+undergraduates, whose loyal affection for him certainly {61} did not
+include any intelligent sympathy with his religious aspirations.  It
+was not until the Christmas vacation of 1866, when his conversion was
+to all intents and purposes an accomplished fact, that he became for
+the first time intimate with a Catholic family, and through them with
+one who was destined to be the actual instrument of his reception into
+the Latin Communion.  Let us pause for a moment at the turning-point in
+his life which we have now reached, and look back some eighteen months
+to the beginning and the development of this new friendship.
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, Danesfield]
+
+Not far from the old town of Marlow, among chalky downs starred in
+early summer with masses of golden St. John's wort, stood in those days
+the pretty country seat of Danesfield, the home of Mr. Charles Scott
+Murray, a Catholic gentleman of Scottish descent and good estate.  He
+had married a daughter of the twelfth Lord Lovat, and had a large
+family; and both his country home and his house in Cavendish Square
+were centres of much pleasant hospitality.  Lord Bute stayed with him
+several times at Danesfield, and made there, early in 1867, the
+acquaintance of the Rev. T. W. (afterwards Monsignor) Capel, who acted
+as chaplain in the beautiful private chapel (one of Pugin's finest
+works) attached to the house.  "Lord Bute was often at Danesfield in
+those days," writes a daughter of the house, "and I remember him
+sitting for hours talking to my mother--almost always on religious
+subjects--and watching her embroidering vestments for the chapel."
+With the chaplain also he held many conversations, and informed himself
+through him about many points in Catholic practice and observance.  But
+he was already, as has been {62} seen, practically convinced of the
+truth of the Roman claims; and he subsequently took occasion more than
+once emphatically to deny that there was any truth whatever in the
+popular idea that he had been "converted" by Mgr. Capel.  Writing to an
+intimate friend,[1] four or five years later, on the subject of a
+biography of that prelate which it was proposed to publish, he says:
+
+
+If it does come out, the only thing I hope they won't put in is that he
+"converted" me, which would be, to put it plainly, a mere lie.  Mgr. C.
+performed the ceremony of reception in December, 1868.  I chose him for
+the purpose because, having several times met him at the Scott Murrays'
+the year before, I knew him fairly well, and was pleased with his clear
+and simple way of explaining certain things I wished to know.  I
+received much spiritual help from him at a time when I was greatly in
+need of such help, and yet was unable, for certain reasons, to take the
+final step; and I was, and am, grateful to him for this and for much
+else.  But that I was in any sense "converted" by him is simply
+untrue.[2]
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1867, Converts to Roman Church]
+
+Bute was greatly attracted by the kindness, good sense, and sterling
+Catholic piety of his host {63} at Danesfield, and had a sincere regard
+and affection for both him and his wife, and indeed for the whole
+family.  "His initial shyness once overcome," one of them writes, "he
+became like one of ourselves.  He shared all our home life, came to
+Mass and Benediction with us as a matter of course, and talked quite
+simply of how he longed to be a 'real' Catholic."  Of his postponed
+reception he wrote to Mr. Scott Murray in much the same terms (though
+more briefly) as he had written to his friend at Oxford.
+
+
+April 16, 1867.
+
+MY DEAR MR. SCOTT MURRAY,
+
+It is all over for the present.  I have yielded to the pressure of the
+Court of Chancery, my guardians, and the Oxford people, and given them
+a promise not to be received until I am of age.  I do assure you that
+the state of hopelessness in which I am is sad to a degree.  When I see
+you next I can tell you, if you like, the details of a very wretched
+business.
+
+I have a favour to ask, which is that you will get for me one of those
+crosses such as you have hanging on your beads.  I hope you will not
+refuse me this kindness, although I remain external to the Faith.
+
+Believe me always, with many thanks for all your kindness, most
+sincerely yours,
+
+BUTE.
+
+
+A letter to the same correspondent, towards the close of the year,
+mentions the names of some recent or prospective converts to the Roman
+Church, in whom Bute was naturally interested.
+
+
+Dumfries House,
+  _Christmas Eve_, 1867.
+
+I was for two nights at Blenheim at the end of term; they were rather
+full of Lady Portarlington's[3] {64} conversion, and told me also that
+the young Norths had been received and their mother was about to be.
+We heard there also of the reception of Lord Granard and Lord Louth--an
+unusual event, I imagine, in Ireland.
+
+I met at Blenheim an old Admiral, Sir Lucius Curtis[4] (at least
+eighty), who became a Catholic, he told me, soon after Newman, more
+than twenty years ago.  Two men connected with Aberdeen, George Akers
+of Oriel[5] and William Humphrey,[6] the Bishop of Brechin's chaplain,
+are both going over, I hear, almost at once.  Akers is, I believe, an
+able man; but a more distinguished convert is Clarke, fellow of St.
+John's[7] (and a famous rowing man).  George Lane Fox and Hartwell
+Grissell are both _certain_, I believe.  So you see Oxford is moving.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Fatality at Christ Church]
+
+The friendship between Bute and Capel, begun at Danesfield, was
+strengthened during the summer term of 1868, the latter part of which
+Mr. Capel spent at Oxford, in residence at the Catholic presbytery.  He
+arrived there a day or two after a sad fatality at Christ Church, the
+shock of which was deeply felt by all--even the most wild and
+thoughtless--of the members of the House.  A letter from Bute thus
+describes it:
+
+
+{65}
+
+Ch. Ch., _May_ 14, 1868.
+
+One of the most frightful accidents I have ever known took place here
+last night.  A man called Marriott, whom I knew well, one of the
+sporting set (he rode my horse in a steeplechase only last term), fell
+out of the top windows of Peckwater, and died in about half an hour.
+You may conceive what a state Ch. Ch. is in....  Mr. Capel is coming
+next Wednesday, and I am sure his visit will do good.  Indeed I think
+this opportunity an admirable one, when the sight of death has awakened
+many from the dream of sensuality in which they habitually lie asleep.
+
+
+A letter to the same correspondent next day gives a curious picture of
+the state of feeling at the House:
+
+
+Ch. Ch., _May_ 15, 1868.
+
+_Another_ fatal accident!  What days we are living in.  Yesterday
+afternoon some undergraduates were shooting crows with saloon pistols
+about Magdalen Walks, when one of them got shot through the stomach and
+died almost at once.  He was an Exeter man.
+
+We are all in black and white at the House, and _very_ sad and
+depressed.  Last night a number of us dined at the "Mitre," so as to
+keep away from the House.  It was a strange meal--much noisy talk and a
+good deal drunk, but every now and then came long miserable pauses, and
+talk about Marriott in low, frightened tones.  Afterwards they came
+down to my rooms for coffee, and as we sat here we could hear the
+passing bell tolling from St. Aldate's.  Some, almost in desperation,
+rushed off to the billiard-room and played pool in a gloomy sort of
+way.  It was anything to keep away out of the House.  I assure you the
+gloom and misery of it all are excessive.  I hear men saying that they
+simply _dare_ not die.
+
+{66}
+
+I do feel that Mr. Capel will find men here not unprepared to listen to
+him.  _Left to themselves_, they are evidently making desperate efforts
+to forget it all....
+
+I had seen him lying in the ground-floor room where he died--totally
+unconscious, and breathing with great difficulty.  The Senior Censor
+came in when I was there, and read over him the prayers for the dying.
+This was the very clergyman who told me a few months ago that he did
+not believe in prayer....  I went into the room again after the men had
+gone to the billiard-room.  It was the room of a friend of his: the
+walls covered with pictures of horses and actresses, and whips and
+spurs and pipes.  The body lay on a mattress on the floor, covered with
+a sheet.  It was all dreadful, and I tried in vain in that room to say
+a _De Profundis_ for him.  As I went out I met men coming in carrying
+the coffin.
+
+
+A letter three days later gives an account of the funeral:
+
+
+Oxford, _May_ 18.
+
+We all assembled in the cathedral, in mourning, at 2.30 p.m.  The Dean
+read the funeral service, making repeated and most painful slips of the
+tongue.  Then the choir sang a really lovely anthem, "In the sight of
+the unwise he seemed to die, but he is at peace."  All were much moved;
+and the man next me was, I think, crying, as indeed I was myself.  We
+walked in procession, two and two, to Peck., then formed a lane to
+Canterbury Gate, through which the hearse passed, his friends following
+it down to the station.  All in profound silence, broken only by the
+tramp of feet and the tolling of the bell.  Everything inky black,
+except as much of the Dean's surplice as a huge black scarf and stole
+let be seen.  The coffin was all black, with no cross {67} or anything
+else to relieve it.  I heard great disgust expressed at the godless
+gloom of it all.
+
+I have mentioned Mr. Capel's visit to several; and they have all hailed
+it, I may say, with pleasure.  What has happened here has made many
+think and say, "Now is the time to arise from sleep."  Only they are so
+chained by the habits of their lives and by the fear of what the
+worldly consequences may be if they follow their consciences.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Capel at Oxford]
+
+Mr. Capel, of whose visit to Oxford, and its possible results, his
+friend entertained such sanguine hopes, was at that time a man of very
+attractive personality, pleasing alike in appearance, manner, and
+address, and possessed of a singular gift of eloquence.  Bute's hope,
+no doubt, was that his earnestness, sympathy, and tact might have a
+soothing effect on the nerves of his friends, still quivering from the
+shock of the recent catastrophe; and to some extent his anticipations
+were justified.  Several of the undergraduates made Mr. Capel's
+acquaintance, and were pleased and touched by his unaffected kindness.
+One of them, he found, had been for some months resolved to make his
+submission to Rome; and by Mr. Capel's advice he asked for an interview
+with the Dean and frankly informed him of his intention, adding,
+apparently, that he thought it highly probable that his example would
+be followed by others.  Capel wrote on May 31 to Mrs. Scott Murray:
+
+
+The Dean of Christ Church is in a great state of mind, having just
+heard from B---- not only of his own decision, but of the likelihood of
+others taking a like step.  Pusey, I hear, has written to the Dean to
+the effect that any secessions which might take place were to be
+attributed not to the {68} teaching of the High Church party, but to
+his (the Dean's) bad government of the college!  Meanwhile Liddon has
+issued a peremptory mandate prohibiting the undergraduates of the House
+from making my acquaintance.  As Bute puts it, this is a clear case of
+shutting the stable door after the horse had been stolen.  All those
+who want to know me, I think, already do.
+
+
+Dr. Liddon expressed a desire, a little later, to meet Mr. Capel, who
+thus describes the interview:
+
+
+I saw Liddon for an hour and a half on Saturday.  Our meeting was quite
+cordial: our conversation quite courteous, but quite unsatisfactory,
+for he kept shifting his ground, and slipped away like an eel from
+every point I raised.  To me his mind seems as confused as Pusey's,
+which is saying much.  Yet to a section of people here he is more than
+Pope, a little God, whose every word they accept as an oracle from
+heaven.  Poor good people!  It is hard to understand such idolatry: it
+is, I think, a peculiar product of Oxford, and of one school here.
+
+Bute is in admirable dispositions, and during the month of May has been
+leading the life of a true Christian.  The long delay has tried him
+much: yet his spiritual progress since last summer has been
+extraordinary.  I am simply amazed at some of the things he has told
+me.  May our dear Lord be eternally blessed for all He has done, and is
+doing, for this soul so dear to Him.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Religious studies]
+
+The long vacation of 1868 was, as has been seen, chiefly devoted to a
+yachting tour in the North Sea, and a visit to Russia, undertaken by
+Bute in the companionship of Lord Rosebery.  The autumn months after
+the celebration of his majority were {69} spent quietly at Cardiff and
+in Scotland, as much time as he could spare being given to a course of
+reading recommended to him by Mr. Capel, partly by way of preparation
+for his reception into the Church of his choice.  He refers to this in
+an interesting letter to his attached friend at Oxford, written soon
+after his coming of age.
+
+
+_October_ 5, 1868.
+
+You may imagine how busy I have been and am since my birthday.  Still I
+find time every day for some serious reading, as to which I have had
+competent advice.  I am going through some of the writings of S.
+Cyprian, S. Ambrose, and S. Gregory, and doing a little liturgical
+study.  Then there are the 12th cent. lives of Ninian and Kentigern,
+and Adamnan's Columba, all of great interest to me; and I have sent for
+Boethius's lives of the Bishops of Aberdeen.  Theiner's great work, not
+long ago published in Rome,[8] I find most valuable, and throwing a
+flood of light on the mediaeval relations between Scotland and the Holy
+See.
+
+For devotion I have St. Bernard (his Letters): a very simple
+prayer-book, such as children use; and the Latin Psalter.  I wish you
+were able to use this;[9] there is a beauty and fulness of meaning in
+the Latin version which I think no modern language can give--except,
+you will say (and as to that you have a right to speak)[10] possibly
+Greek.  I sometimes dream of trying my hand at a new English version of
+the Psalms; but that is part of {70} a larger scheme which it is
+perhaps presumptuous of me even to think of.[11]
+
+
+It was natural that when the long-anticipated time at length came for
+actually taking the step prepared for with such anxious deliberation,
+Bute should turn to the only Catholic priest with whom he was in any
+degree intimate.  More than thirty years later Monsignor Capel, who had
+then been for some time resident in California, wrote in a San
+Francisco newspaper a short account of Bute's conversion, the steps
+that led up to it, and his own part in receiving him into the Church.
+
+
+A course of reading was suggested, I seeing him from time to time.
+Newman's pathetic hymn, "Lead, kindly Light, amid th' encircling
+gloom," was often on his lips.  In course of time he was fully
+convinced that the true Church is an organic body, a Divine
+institution, the source of all spiritual power and jurisdiction, and
+the channel of sacramental grace, under the Vicar of Christ, the Bishop
+of Rome.
+
+Finally, after an hour of prayer before the Blessed Sacrament in the
+convent chapel at Harley House, London,[12] he determined to ask
+admission to the Church.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Third visit to Holy Land]
+
+Bute's conditional baptism, profession of faith, and first Communion
+took place quite privately on December 8, 1868 (the Feast of the
+Immaculate Conception), in the chapel of the Sisters of Notre {71}
+Dame, Southwark.[13]  Mr. Capel officiated at all these acts, with the
+authorisation of the Bishop of Southwark (Dr. Grant), who himself
+assisted at them.  The event was not generally known until the New
+Year, and it was generally believed, and has indeed often been stated
+since, that the reception took place on Christmas Eve.  The young
+neophyte left England a few days after the event, and was well out of
+hearing by the time the excited comments of the public and the press on
+his action had begun to make themselves audible.
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  Cardiff,
+    _December_ 16, 1868.
+
+MY DEAR MRS. SCOTT MURRAY,
+
+Circumstances have induced me to come to the resolution of making the
+pilgrimage to the Holy Land a _third_ time.  Lady Loudoun and myself
+are going together in my yacht, which is coming round, with her in it,
+to Nice in January.
+
+I am going abroad on Monday next, and expect to arrive at Nice on
+Wednesday, this day week.  I venture on your kindness to propose myself
+as your guest.
+
+I will give no further information at present, but to say that thanks
+to the grace of God I am what I am.  You are so kind, I believe you
+will be glad to see me.
+
+Mr. Capel has been having most extraordinary success at Oxford.  He
+leaves it to-day, as the colleges are going down, and will be at Nice
+some time soon.  His health is giving way from the {72} perpetual
+physical and mental toil.  He is not going to return till May, when he
+will recommence.  For the present he has received some converts, is
+preparing some more, has awakened a great many, and, partially at
+least, sanctified the congregation, and reclaimed the wandering.  The
+mission has received an infusion of life.  On Saturday night he heard
+confessions till 11.30, and again in the morning.  They had general
+Communion, and renewal of baptismal vows; at 10.30 High Mass and
+sermon.  During the afternoon he operated privately on some
+rationalists: in the evening they had a very long sermon, and
+Benediction, with an immense congregation, among whom were a vast
+number of Protestants, _several Dons_, and the _President of Trinity
+College_!
+
+Yours ever very sincerely,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Christmas at Nice]
+
+One of the Scott Murray family writes of Bute at this time:
+
+
+Lord Bute was with us at Nice from December 24, 1868, until February 3,
+1869.  He was very shy, and refused all invitations to dances and
+picnics.  At one afternoon dance at our house we all insisted he should
+appear; and then he made himself charming, but he fled as soon as he
+possibly could.  He used to amuse us all at breakfast by reading out
+some of the wonderful begging-letters he received--from French girls
+asking him for a _dot_ so as to enable them to marry, _cures_ asking
+him to rebuild their churches, and many more wonderful requests.  I
+think most of the English begging-letters were seen to in England, and
+only a few of them sent on.  The numbers addressed to him every day,
+and by every post, were, I believe, quite incredible.
+
+It was during this visit to Nice that he told my father that he
+intended leaving directions in his will {73} that his heart should be
+sent at his death to Jerusalem to be buried there.
+
+He was very kind-hearted.  When leaving Nice at the end of his visit,
+he had got into the carriage to drive with us to the yacht, when he
+remembered that he had not said good-bye to my sister's ugly governess.
+He insisted on jumping out of the carriage and rushing up to the
+schoolroom for this purpose.
+
+He was a regular boy, and enjoyed games with us all: one, I remember,
+was pelting one another with oranges, the little hard ones which had
+fallen from the trees, he leading one side, and Basil (my schoolboy
+brother) the other.  He was always ready to join in any fun, as long as
+he had not to meet strangers.
+
+
+These details, which are wonderfully reminiscent of the childish days
+at Galloway House eight years before,[14] and show how like the young
+man of twenty-one was to the boy of thirteen, may be supplemented by an
+extract or two from the diary of another member of the same family:
+
+
+_Christmas Day_, 1868.--We had midnight Mass at St. Philip's, the
+little church in our garden.  Mgr. Capel said it, he, Lord Bute, and
+Basil having arrived from England the day before.  We all went to
+Communion together (Lord Bute had been received into the Church a short
+time previously).  Mgr. Capel said his two Christmas Masses, which we
+heard, early next morning; and then we went to the cathedral.  In the
+afternoon we went to Notre Dame, where Mgr. Capel preached.
+
+_Tuesday, February_ 2.--After Mass Lord Bute took us all over his
+yacht, the _Ladybird_, which had arrived on Saturday.  He gave us
+luncheon, and {74} we had to go a little before 2, as the Prince and
+Princess Charles of Prussia were going to see it.  The cabins are most
+comfortable, and the saloon beautifully decorated with the arms of the
+ports she has put in at.
+
+_February_ 3.---We drove with Lord Bute down to the port, and the
+_Ladybird_ left at 4 o'clock, with Lord Bute, Lady Loudoun, Mgr. Capel,
+Miss Eden, and Dr. Bell safely on board.
+
+
+From Nice Bute and his friends went straight to Rome--his first visit
+there--where he spent a week, including Ash Wednesday, on which day he
+received the blessed ashes from the hand of Pius IX. in the Sistine
+Chapel.  Next morning he communicated at the private Mass of the Holy
+Father, who afterwards administered to him the sacrament of
+confirmation.  Bute made a munificent offering of Peter's Pence to the
+Pope, who in turn presented him with a magnificent reliquary.  On
+February 23 he wrote to Mrs. Scott Murray from Sicily:
+
+
+R.Y.S. _Ladybird_,
+  Harbour of Messina.
+
+We arrived here safely last night, and are to continue our voyage this
+afternoon.  As we have spent so much time already we are not going to
+stop at Patmos on the way, but make straight for Jaffa, going north of
+Crete.
+
+As Mr. Murray prophesied, I was very "agreeably disappointed" in Rome.
+I went to only a few of the most celebrated sanctuaries, but I liked
+them very much.  The sight of the Holy Father had a very great effect
+on me, and it is impossible for me to speak too warmly of his kindness.
+Every one was most civil, which is a rarity for me to meet with.  The
+Holy Father has given all the permissions which we wanted, and we have
+had Mass {75} three times on board, making up a very nice altar in Mr.
+Capel's cabin.
+
+The odd thing is that we have not had a row yet, but are all quite on
+good terms, a state of things which I suppose one need not hope to
+continue.
+
+Accept my best wishes and continued thanks for kindnesses received, and
+believe me,
+
+Sincerely and gratefully, yours ever,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1868, Letter from Jerusalem]
+
+The journey to Palestine ("the continuation of my pilgrimage of
+thanksgiving," as Bute called it in a subsequent letter) was safely
+accomplished, and Mgr. Capel wrote to Mrs. Scott Murray on Palm Sunday
+from Jerusalem:
+
+
+Thank God, all is going well.  We have had some physical discomforts,
+indisposition, etc., but our pilgrimage viewed spiritually is
+singularly blessed.  I hope to lay in a store of grace for my future
+work.  Certainly nothing could be more touching than our visits to the
+Holy Places.  Bute gives great edification.  He communicates very
+frequently, and is growing rapidly in Catholic devotion.  Now that I
+live with him I see, of course, some weaknesses--among others a
+tendency to idleness; but he has much charm of character and
+personality.  You will probably know through the papers that he has
+accepted the Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.
+
+Our journey will be dreadfully prolonged.  I am afraid we shall not
+reach England until June: our plans change at every moment.  I send for
+you and Mr. Murray the enclosed pictures, which have touched the Holy
+Places.  My affectionate regards to you all, including _the_
+officer.[15]
+
+
+{76}
+
+Another letter from Mgr. Capel to Danesfield is dated, "In the
+_Ladybird_, about the Mediterranean, May 14, 1869."  It indicates that
+Bute had been, as usual, not particularly fortunate in securing
+congenial companionship for his journey.
+
+
+When we are ever to reach home I cannot say.  We have already been
+fourteen days at sea and have not yet reached our port.  Sicily is in
+sight, and I trust we may very soon reach Messina.  If not we shall be
+starved!  The steward solemnly tells us we have bread for only three
+days longer, and that the stores are almost all consumed.
+
+Of our party, I think I may say that Lady Loudoun, Miss Eden, and the
+doctor are the worse for their visit to Jerusalem.  They had the
+misfortune to make acquaintance with people, calling themselves
+religious, whose delight seems to be to deny the authenticity of every
+single sacred site.  The result has been, as might have been expected,
+a semi-disbelief in everything.
+
+I think, on the other hand, the pilgrimage has been very advantageous
+to Bute.  It has helped him to gather up his thoughts and prepare for
+action and the work of his life.  He has kindly appointed me his
+chaplain.  I am not to live at either of his houses, but to be ready
+when needed to go to him and to travel with him.  I cannot but feel
+that this arrangement (which is entirely his own idea) will allow me to
+do much more good than if I were settled in any one spot.  I hope it
+may turn to the advantage of my soul and to God's glory.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1869, Early Catholic experiences]
+
+Bute left his yacht at Marseilles (his companions continuing the voyage
+to England by Gibraltar and the Bay of Biscay), and repaired to Paris,
+to complete his pilgrimage by a visit of devotion and {77} thanksgiving
+to the famous shrine of Our Lady of Victories.  On returning home he
+went to Cardiff, and thence he wrote, later in the year, some account
+of himself and his doings in a long and interesting letter to his
+faithful friend at Oxford.
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  _November_ 5, 1869.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+During the past year I have had several kind letters from you, which
+have gone unanswered.  Before me lie the three first pages of a letter
+to you dated October 1, but never finished.  I had at that time only
+just received your last, as I had been away from home for some months,
+and had skilfully concealed my addresses from every one, lest any
+letters (mine are almost invariably business or beggars) should follow
+and find me out.
+
+The first thing you will want to know is how I am getting on in the
+Church.  I don't remember whether I ever wrote to you from Nice or not;
+but that, if I had, could only have been so soon after my reception as
+to make it almost valueless.  I have not been received a year, so I
+suppose what I say now is not worth very much.  I am, thank God, _very_
+comfortable.  I had, no doubt, a first flush of fervour and enthusiasm,
+but that soon passed away, and I became almost immediately quite a
+humdrum Catholic.  The practices, as you know, were already familiar to
+me; and I knew also a great many, if not all, of the practical
+drawbacks, of which florid figured music and appropriated and paid-for
+sittings in church are (to me) the most distasteful.  Florid forms of
+devotion and piety have never appealed to me any more than florid
+music; and in that respect I am (so I am told) considered like the
+slowest type of old English Catholicism.  The old-fashioned "Garden of
+the Soul" is my book, except when visiting some very holy shrine, when
+I find {78} myself able to use occasionally the "Prayers of St.
+Gertrude," or at least some of them.
+
+I am perfectly at peace in the Church, and have been.  My taste for
+controversy has gone, and for theological inquiry also, to great
+extent.  I think that when one has once entered the Church--well, one
+has jumped over the cliff and reached the bottom, safe and sound it is
+true, but in a condition that renders restlessness impossible and
+controversy absolutely superfluous.
+
+I left Nice, as you are aware, at the beginning of February, went to
+Rome for a week, to be confirmed by the Holy Father, and then continued
+the pilgrimage of thanksgiving to Jerusalem.  I performed the last
+ceremonies in the sanctuary of Our Lady of Victories in Paris about the
+beginning of June, and returned to England.  I had kept as much as
+possible out of the way of letters and newspapers, but had inevitably
+heard much that was very disagreeable--all sorts of lying stories, for
+instance, deliberately and maliciously circulated about me--and I
+arrived here in a state of very uncomfortable anticipation.  However, I
+found everything very much better than I anticipated.  Every one seemed
+glad to see me, and I received much kindness from all the people about.
+Religious matters were easily arranged; and though large mobs of people
+assembled to see me go to Mass, they were disappointed, as I had got a
+little oratory ready in the house, which is served every day by the
+Fathers of Charity.  And I have special permission from the Pope for
+myself, my "familiars" and guests to satisfy the obligation in it on
+every day in the year.  We have here between 9,000 and 10,000
+Catholics, who are of course delighted at what has happened.
+
+I am going to Rome about the 23rd of this month, and shall, I think,
+certainly stay there till about Septuagesima; but if I am tempted I
+shall stop over Easter.  When I return I shall go to {79} Bute.  Bute
+will be much stiffer than this: they got pictures of me and made them
+into cockshys; and I have had at least one threatening letter from
+there.  Besides that there are no Catholics that I know of,[16] and I
+cannot have a daily Mass.
+
+My old friends are all much the same, except Lady Elizabeth, who takes
+no more notice of me than if I were a dead dog.  I have written her
+letter after letter, without even acknowledgment.  The company of my
+dear friend, Sneyd, is a great pleasure to me.  He is my secretary.  He
+is, however, an awful liberal, and is even now reading Charles
+Kingsley's "Hypatia" with approval.  I consider it one of the most
+impure as well as heretical books I ever saw.  I have been reading
+lately, and with the greatest pleasure, Canon Jenkins's "Age of the
+Martyrs,"[17] which is really charming, and a worthy product of Oxford,
+where, however, I hear that the blighting disease of Liberalism has
+fairly set in.  You have, I hear, Mgr. Capel with you, lecturing on
+something or other; but I know not what success or effect he has had.
+Ever most sincerely yours,
+
+BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1869, at Mountstuart]
+
+There were reasons why the feeling in the island of Bute about the
+young peer's change of religion was, as he expressed it, "much stiffer"
+than it was in Cardiff.  The sentiments of resentful surprise which the
+Presbyterians felt at the lord of the island embracing a faith so alien
+from their own was fostered and aggravated by the disappointment with
+{80} which the local Liberals learned that he was politically quite out
+of sympathy with the Whig principles of his kinsman and former
+tutor-at-law, the Liberal M.P. for Cardiff and Lord-Lieutenant of
+Buteshire.[18]  One Radical newspaper asserted that Lord Bute had
+purposely delayed the profession of his new faith until after the
+general election, so that his influence as a Tory might help the
+Conservative candidate for the county to win the seat!  And the Liberal
+_Buteman_ thought fit to devote a page, a month after Bute's reception
+into the Church, to reprinting a _catena_ of the articles commenting on
+that event which had appeared in the principal newspapers of the
+country.  The feeling with which, in an age more tolerant or more
+indifferent, one peruses these journalistic effusions, is one of
+wonder, first at their extraordinary impertinence, and secondly at the
+cool audacity with which they sit in judgment on the action of one of
+whose character, personality, and motives they one and all show
+themselves to be in a state of absolutely abysmal ignorance.  The
+_Times_ summed up a spiteful article by concluding that the "defection
+of an average curate would have said more for the Roman Catholic
+religion, and might be expected to lead to more lasting results"; the
+_Daily News_ announced that the new convert "had taken up his honours,
+wealth, and influence, and laid them in the lap of the Church of Rome,"
+adding that it was "of course a pity when a man believed too much in
+religion"; a West of Scotland journal was "sure that the acquisition
+would, except in a pecuniary way, be of little advantage to those who
+had wheedled him out {81} of his wits and into their snares"; a Glasgow
+evening paper denounced the "Jesuitism" with which "his perverted
+lordship" had denied the fact of his reception in 1867, and the "fatal
+facility" with which he had been received in 1868; and another Scottish
+journal, after waxing eloquent over the "lithe figure, agile step, and
+penetrating eye of the handsome young peer," lamented that "the poorest
+labourer on his vast domains had an immediate access to truth and duty,
+to conscience, and to God, which since last Christmas was denied to his
+unfortunate lord."  The _Glasgow Herald_, after admitting that Lord
+Bute "_was believed_ to be a studious, thoughtful youth, with high
+ideas of the responsibility of his position," dolefully goes on: "If,
+_as is most likely_, this perversion is the result of priestly
+influences acting upon a weak, ductile, and naturally superstitious
+mind, we may expect a continual eclipse of all intellectual vigour."
+One wonders if this sapient prophet ever had the grace to acknowledge
+the falsity of his forecast.  The _Scotsman_ was an honourable
+exception to the general tone of the contemporary press.  It announced
+the event "not in the slightest degree in the spirit of taunt or
+reproach"; and the final sentence of a temperate article repudiated any
+desire "to reproach Lord Bute with a change of religious opinion, which
+even those who most deeply regret it must admit to be made at great
+sacrifices and under the influence only of conscience."
+
+On this reasonable and even generous note the subject may well be left.
+A man of sensitive and impressionable nature, and one who was himself
+possessed by an almost passionate love of truth, could not be
+insensible to public attacks on his {82} candour and honesty, or to
+mendacious statements of alleged facts, such as he refers to in his
+letter cited above.  But he bore them all in silence, with the quiet
+dignity characteristic of him, and trusting to time for the vindication
+of the rectitude of his motives and conduct.  How amply this trust was
+justified was shown by the mutual respect, regard, and affection which
+daily grew and strengthened between him and his friends, neighbours,
+and dependents, not only in Bute, but on his extensive estates in other
+parts of the country, during the next thirty years.
+
+
+
+[1] Hartwell Grissell.  The letter was dated from Mountstuart, November
+19, 1872.
+
+[2] Mr. Buckle, in Vol. V. of his "Life of Disraeli," quotes Mr.
+Montague Corry as writing (September 22, 1868): "Fergusson says no
+ingenuity can counteract the influence which certain priests and
+prelates have over him, chief among them being Monsignor Capel.  The
+speedy result is inevitable."
+
+Sir James Fergusson, as Bute's guardian, probably felt it necessary to
+take this view in self-vindication.  The fact, however, was, as is
+abundantly shown by the letter in the text, as well as by the authentic
+history of Bute's conversion as given in preceding pages, that the
+event was brought about by his own study, thought, and prayer, and was
+in no sense due to the influence of Capel, or of any other "priests or
+prelates."
+
+[3] Alexandrina Lady Portarlington (a daughter of the third Marquess of
+Londonderry) was sister-in-law to the seventh Duke of Marlborough,
+Bute's host at Blenheim.  Lord and Lady North, who were received into
+the Church about this time, were not very distant neighbours of
+Blenheim, living at Wroxton Abbey, near Banbury.
+
+[4] Second baronet of Gatcombe, Hants.  He died in 1869, in his
+eighty-third year.
+
+[5] A former curate of Dr. F. G. Lee at Aberdeen.  He became a canon of
+Westminster and president of St. Edmund's College, Ware.
+
+[6] M.A. of Aberdeen University; afterwards the distinguished Jesuit
+writer and preacher.
+
+[7] Became a Jesuit, rector of Wimbledon College, and later first
+Master of Campion Hall, Oxford.
+
+[8] This was Aug. Theiner's "Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum atque
+Scotorum, historiam illustrantia, 1216-1547," published at Rome in 1864.
+
+[9] More than a dozen years later Bute wrote to his friend regretting
+her ignorance of "the dead languages," and recommending her to begin
+the study of Hebrew!
+
+[10] Miss Skene had lived with her father at Athens continuously from
+her eighteenth to her twenty-fourth year, and was well acquainted with
+the language and literature of modern Greece.
+
+[11] The allusion, no doubt, is to his projected translation of the
+Roman Breviary, published eleven years later.
+
+[12] The convent of _Marie Reparatrice_, founded at Harley House,
+Marylebone, in 1862.  It was transferred in 1899 to Willesden, and a
+year later to its present site at Chiswick.
+
+[13] The temporary chapel, now used as the Sisters' community-room.
+Bishop Grant was at this time acting as chaplain to the nuns, and
+saying Mass for them daily.  Bute attended this Mass for a week
+previous to his reception, breakfasting afterwards with the bishop (who
+was giving him a course of instruction) in the convent parlour.
+
+[14] _Ante_, Chapter I, p. 11.
+
+[15] Charles Scott Murray, who had just got his commission in the 1st
+Life Guards.
+
+[16] The writer was misinformed as to this.  There had been a Catholic
+chapel at Rothesay since 1839; and a larger church (St. Andrew's) had
+been opened two years before Bute's conversion.  The number of
+Catholics at this time was probably between two and three hundred.
+
+[17] See _post_, pp. 102, 103.  This book had just been published at
+Oxford.  Two volumes of selections from Canon Jenkins's MSS. writings
+were issued in 1879, after his death.
+
+[18] Colonel James Frederick Crichton Stuart, Liberal for Cardiff from
+1857 to 1880.
+
+
+
+
+{83}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE WESTERN MAIL--ROME AND THE COUNCIL--RETURN TO MOUNTSTUART
+
+1869-1871
+
+Although Bute's attraction towards a life of simplicity and retirement
+was, even in his early manhood, as it remained throughout his life, one
+of his most marked characteristics, he never allowed this to interfere
+with such public duties as he conceived to be rendered incumbent on him
+by the responsibilities of his position.  His first public appearance
+in Cardiff, apart from the celebrations connected with his majority,
+seems to have been in his capacity as chairman of the local Benefit and
+Annuitants Society, when he acquitted himself to the general
+satisfaction.  In 1869 he accepted the honorary colonelcy of the
+Glamorgan Artillery Volunteers.  "It seemed to be expected of me," he
+wrote to a friend, "and though there was never a man of less military
+proclivities than myself, I regard the Volunteer movement as an
+excellent one, and desire to encourage it.[1]  I look forward also,
+under proper guidance, to learning something about {84} guns, though I
+fear ours can hardly be said to be altogether up-to-date.  But I hope
+to be instrumental in bringing about some improvement in that respect."
+On November 11, 1869, he appeared in uniform at the inspection of the
+regiment at the new drill-hall, which he had just erected at a cost of
+over L10,000.
+
+A few months previous to the date just mentioned, Bute had, not without
+serious consideration, embarked on an enterprise which, while entailing
+heavy expenditure on himself, was to have a considerable and permanent
+effect on the industrial and political life not only of the
+rapidly-growing town of Cardiff, but of the whole of South Wales.  This
+was the launch of the _Western Mail_ newspaper, of which the first
+number was published in May, 1869.  At this time the principal paper in
+the district was the Liberal (weekly) _Cardiff Times_, started in 1857,
+the year in which Colonel James Frederick Crichton Stuart was first
+elected M.P. for Cardiff.  Bute was entirely out of sympathy with the
+political views of his kinsman, and had openly declared himself on
+coming of age an adherent of the Conservative party.  He wrote to a
+friend at Oxford after the formation of Mr. Gladstone's first Ministry:
+
+
+I suppose I may call myself--you would certainly call me--an
+old-fashioned Tory.  The inclusion of Bright in the Cabinet shows that
+the new Government is Radical, naked and unashamed.  And whatever else
+I am, anyhow I am not a Radical.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1869, Launching a newspaper]
+
+Deeply and intelligently interested as he was in the future development
+of Cardiff, which he was to do so much to promote, Bute's conviction
+was that a really healthy public opinion in the district {85} could not
+be created or maintained if only one school of politicians was to have
+the chance of making its voice heard.  This was the main reason which
+determined him, with full foreknowledge of the heavy financial burden
+it would entail on him, of starting and supporting a Conservative daily
+paper in the heart of Liberal Wales.  The local Liberals were, of
+course, disappointed and indignant; and the "Leap of the wolf into the
+fold," as they described the new journalistic venture, was very
+bitterly commented on both in the _Cardiff Times_ and in its successor,
+the _South Wales Daily News_.  The "underhand influence of the Castle,"
+the "Castle propaganda," the "pouring out of gold from the Castle
+coffers," were the constant theme of discussion in the opposition
+press, whose acrimony was not diminished by the steadily growing power
+and influence of the Conservative organ.  Yet although Bute was for
+some years the actual owner of the _Western Mail_, not the slightest
+trace of his personal influence is to be found in its columns during
+those early years, nor the least suggestion that he made use of the
+paper to serve any private ends of his own.  "Not a single line that
+has ever appeared in the _Western Mail_ has been written or inspired by
+the Marquis of Bute," wrote the Editor when his paper had reached a
+position of security and success; and the statement was literally and
+exactly true.  The _Western Mail_ won the confidence of the people by
+strongly upholding their rights at such times of crisis as the serious
+upheaval in the coal and iron industries in 1873; and one of its most
+appreciated tributes was that received from a leading Nonconformist
+minister: "Though you are Conservative in name you are Liberal in
+practice."  After eight {86} years' connection with the paper Bute
+relinquished all financial interest in it in 1877.  He considered
+himself that this journalistic enterprise had cost him from first to
+last not less than L50,000.  "I have never grudged it," he once simply
+said when questioned on the subject.
+
+With these new interests at home, Bute did not lose sight of his
+intention (expressed in a letter quoted in the last chapter) of
+spending the winter of 1869 and the succeeding spring in Rome, and he
+arrived there in the last days of November, taking up his residence at
+the Palazzo Savielli in the Piazza SS. Apostoli.  He wrote shortly
+before Christmas:
+
+
+It is of particular interest to me to find myself living within a
+stone's-throw of the building which sheltered for so many years my
+unfortunate kinsmen (if I may be allowed so to call them) the exiled
+Stuarts.[2]  Their cenotaph by Canova in St. Peter's (paid for by their
+Hanoverian supplanter on the throne!) strikes me always as one of the
+most pathetic and beautiful monuments of modern Rome.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1869, Papal infallibility]
+
+Bute was of course drawn to Rome, like so many others at this time, by
+the event on which the eyes of all Christendom were turned with curious
+if widely varying interest--namely, the opening of the Vatican Council
+by Pius IX.  Bute was present at the solemn inauguration on December 8,
+when more than 700 mitred prelates walked in procession to St. Peter's,
+preceded by the splendid silver {87} processional cross, set with
+precious stones, which he had presented to the Pontiff a few days
+previously.  A day or two after the imposing ceremony he records a
+curious little incident in a letter to a friend:
+
+
+I heard that the titular Abbot of Westminster, the head of the
+Benedictine Order in England, called to report his arrival on some high
+dignitary, dressed not in his habit but in the get-up of an elderly
+English clergyman.  He was told that if he wanted to process with the
+abbots he must attire himself accordingly, and was asked if he
+possessed the insignia of his office.  "Certainly," he replied.  "I
+have the ring of the Abbots of Westminster," pulling out of his
+waistcoat pocket the identical ring worn by Feckenham, the last abbot
+in the reign of Queen Mary!  The lamentable sequel to the story is that
+as he was mounting the steps into St. Peter's on the opening day of the
+Council, the precious ring, which he had not taken the trouble to get
+fitted to his finger, fell off, rolled down the steps, and was never
+heard of again.  If this is true it seems very deplorable.
+
+
+During his sojourn in Rome Bute had opportunities, which he was not
+likely to neglect, of meeting many interesting people, and hearing much
+at first hand, and from both sides, of the weighty matters under
+discussion at the Council.  The prelate of whom he saw most, and to
+whom he was very sincerely attached, was Mgr. Clifford, Bishop of
+Clifton, who with the Archbishops of Paris, Vienna, and St. Louis, and
+Bishop Dupanloup of Orleans, were prominent among the opponents of the
+definition of Papal Infallibility.  With the leaders of the opposite
+party also he had from time to time considerable intercourse, and in a
+letter addressed to {88} him nearly thirty years later by the venerable
+Cardinal Gibbons, now (1920) the sole survivor of the Fathers of the
+Council, his Eminence reminded Bute of a long drive he had taken with
+himself and Archbishop Spalding of Baltimore, a very strong
+pro-definitionist, and of their interesting talk on that occasion about
+the great subject of the day.  Bute's own habit of mind, and the
+influence exercised on his judgment by Bishop Clifford, undoubtedly
+predisposed him to sympathise with those opposed to the definition; and
+he shared the apprehensions of many of his friends among that
+party--apprehensions not justified in the event--that the step if
+carried through might result in a serious defection from the Church.  A
+subsequent letter from him, however, will show what with instant and
+edifying submission of heart and mind he accepted the decree when once
+it had been promulgated by the supreme authority which he never for a
+moment questioned.
+
+[Sidenote: 1870, Society in Rome]
+
+Bute was not so preoccupied with these grave matters but that he found
+time for a certain amount of social intercourse with the distinguished
+and cosmopolitan society gathered that winter in the Eternal City.  He
+made friends with the Papal Zouaves, and often accepted the hospitality
+of the officers of that pleasant international corps, with one of whom,
+Captain the Hon. Walter Maxwell, he became very intimate.  He liked to
+watch the Zouaves at rifle-practice in the Borghese Gardens, visited
+the officers on guard at the Colosseum and elsewhere, and entertained
+them once at a famous supper of which the recollection long survived in
+the corps.  About Christmas time he was present at a great reception
+given at the Palazzo Bonimi by Mr. and Mrs. Delabarre Bodenham, and
+records a {89} "twenty minutes' conversation with Archbishop Manning,
+in a quite empty little room opening out of the reception hall."  Soon
+after New Year he attended a dinner given in a cafe in the Corso by the
+British Committee of the Sovereign Order of the Knights of Malta, and
+made a speech reported by one of those present to be "the best speech
+of the evening and very well received."  His name is also recorded as
+having been present at many notable religious functions--among others
+the imposing funeral service, in the church of the Holy Apostles, of
+the Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany, at which the Pope assisted and gave
+the final absolution.  Bute saw much, during these weeks in Rome, of
+the savants and scholars--by no means all sympathisers with the Papal
+regime--then resident in the city, and his modesty of demeanour,
+earnestness, and intelligence made a very favourable impression on the
+varied society with which he was brought into contact.  In those days
+he liked to be amused as well as interested; and there was plenty of
+amusement to be found at that time in the kaleidoscopic throngs of
+visitors which the unique and unrivalled charms of Rome attracted
+within her gates.  One of his most agreeable acquaintances--quite
+outside ecclesiastical and antiquarian circles--was Olivia Lady
+Sebright, the clever and charming sister of an Irish peer who had been
+his contemporary at Oxford.  Her lively persiflage was doubtless a
+pleasant and piquant contrast to the discourses of Bute's learned
+acquaintances; and it was often jestingly remarked in Anglo-Roman
+society that Lady Sebright seemed to do all the talking and Lord Bute
+all the listening.  He alludes to her in one of his letters as "a very
+vivacious lady, who would {90} have her joke even in the Catacombs."
+Lady Sebright was included in the party which Bute invited to join him
+in the yachting cruise in the Mediterranean which he made after leaving
+Italy in the summer of 1870.
+
+Bute did not remain in Rome for the final Congregation of the Council
+on July 18, 1870, when 533 bishops voted in favour of the _schema_ "De
+Ecclesia," with the added clauses on Papal Infallibility.  Two only
+voted "Non placet," the Bishops of Ajaccio and of Little Rock,
+U.S.A.[3]  The decree was immediately confirmed by the Pope in the
+midst of a terrific thunderstorm; and on the same day Napoleon III.
+declared war against Prussia.  In a letter to H. D. Grissell, dated
+five days before the occupation of Rome by the troops of Victor
+Emmanuel, Bute tells how he first heard of the momentous event:
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  _September_ 15, 1870.
+
+How can I tell in what a state this may find you at Rome? the Pope
+perhaps gone to Malta, and the whole place in revolution, tempered only
+by the presence of Italian troops.
+
+My first act on returning to England was to go to Clifton to see
+[Bishop] Clifford.  He was away, but two of his chaplains received me
+and told me {91} of the definition, of which I have now received from
+you the awful description.  My mind bowed itself at once before the
+definition, and I believed the doctrine _ex animo_.  I have since found
+that many most pious Catholics, most heartily willing to believe
+anything on the Church's authority, do not see that that authority
+exists in this case.  They argue in this way: I. It is admitted that an
+OEcumenical Council approved by the Pope can bind the soul.  II. To be
+OEcumenical it is necessary for the Council to be _closed_, the decrees
+signed by a majority of the Fathers, then published and received in the
+whole world.  III. This is not at present the case with the Vatican
+Council.[4]--_Ergo_.
+
+Whether there is anything in all this I am not personally concerned to
+enquire.  There seems to me no doubt that external disobedience and
+denial of the doctrine are, as things now are, sinful; though some may,
+and doubtless do, hold a hope that God will some day teach us by His
+Church that this definition of the Vatican Council is not, after all,
+part of the revealed truth.  Such thoughts sometimes make me unhappy,
+and I endeavour (which is what our confessors advise) to drown them by
+practical Catholic work and such attempts at piety as I am capable of.
+I repeat--from the moment of the definition I had not one doubt of the
+truth of the doctrine in the bottom of my soul.  The conviction that
+the doctrine is truly part of God's Eternal Truth--even though it may
+not yet be officially made known to us as part of that "faith" of which
+St. Paul speaks when he says, "Being justified by faith, we have peace
+with God through our Lord JESUS Christ"--still remains in me; and it
+seems to me that I could never cease to hold it until, or unless, the
+Church laid down the contrary.  {92} Let us leave the matter here: I
+shall write no more of it.
+
+Our voyage home was very happy and successful.  We travelled across
+Corsica by carriage, after a week in a quiet Sardinian bay, in sight of
+Garibaldi's home at Caprera.  We were nearly three weeks between Nice
+and Cannes, where Lady Sebright left us; then about a fortnight at the
+Balearic Isles--Palma is charming.  We touched at some Spanish ports,
+passed ten days at Gibraltar, and ran up from Cadiz for a week at
+Seville; then eight days at Lisbon and Cintra.  Never in England or out
+of it have I seen cathedrals worked so splendidly as the few Spanish I
+saw.  I could not have conceived the grandeur of the fabric,
+establishment, and functions of Seville--_infinitely better than St.
+Peter's_.  Not having witnessed any great solemnity, I fail to imagine
+what they must be like.  Some of the Peninsular practices are very
+interesting, such as the use of the double ambon, and the Portuguese
+practice of administering a glass chalice with wine to communicants.[5]
+
+George Lane Fox was married to Miss Slade by the Archbishop [Manning]
+on Saturday.  I gave her for a marriage present that rosary of emeralds
+you used to admire so much; and she at once wrote to ask my consent to
+its being altered into a necklace! which I refused to give.
+
+G---- (from Parker's) is down here working at my books; he wears a
+cassock, with red worsted slippers embroidered with coloured glass
+beads.  H told me (1) that Llandaff Cathedral was only a whited
+sepulchre, and (2) that he doubted if Liddon {93} would ever succeed in
+introducing Christianity into St. Paul's Cathedral.[6]
+
+Thank God, it is only within the Church (and that, one trusts and
+hopes, but for a season) that consciences have been disturbed by the
+troubles of the Definition.  These have had no apparent effect on the
+accession of converts.  Lord Robert Montagu has just been received, and
+I hear of others.  I had lately a long discussion with a clever,
+well-read, and agreeable Protestant, and he told me it appeared to him
+quite immaterial, once granted the infallibility of the Church--the
+only real question--in what precise place or person it resided.
+
+[Sidenote: 1870, Foundations at Cardiff]
+
+I have set up a great screen and rood in the Fathers of Charity's
+church here, and got it opened daily from 2 to 8 p.m., which enables me
+sometimes to pay a visit to the _Santissimo_.  The change seems
+appreciated, and many persons come to pray.  I hope Our Lord will
+sanctify them out of His holy Tabernacle.
+
+I am about starting a convent of Sisters of the Good Shepherd about a
+mile from this town, in a beautiful spot.  Their church will contain a
+tribune for the public, and they will sing High Mass, Vespers, and
+Benediction on Sundays and holidays of obligation.  Burges is to do the
+chapel, wherein I propose to erect a large gothic baldequin.  The
+building is now an old barn.  The whole will, I think, though simple,
+be very nice, and a great consolation to me.
+
+I expect to be here till the end of this month, and after that I have a
+few visits to pay; but I hope to be in Bute by November 1, and intend
+to stay there all the winter.  The place is very charming, {94} and is
+my real home.  I have not been there since I became Catholic, and the
+people are all, I fear, very strongly prejudiced; so I am afraid I
+shall have rather a rough time of it--at least at first.  Will you not
+leave Rome and all its troubles, and pay a good long visit to Sneyd and
+me in a country where the Church is in a missionary character?  If so,
+come and pass Christmas at least with me in Bute.  We shall be
+delighted to see you, and you will be away from all sorts of
+disagreeable things, for a time at least.
+
+Always yours most sincerely,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+Before leaving Cardiff for his home in Scotland, which he had not
+visited for two years, Bute attended the annual congress of the Iron
+and Steel Institute at Merthyr, was present at the banquet given to the
+congress by the South Wales ironmasters, and accompanied several of the
+excursions to the great works in the district in which he was
+interested.  The letter which he wrote on the day of his arrival in
+Bute to his old friend at Oxford showed what his feeling was about the
+usurpation of the States of the Church by the Sardinian monarch.
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  Rothesay,
+    _October_ 26, 1870.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+I ought to have written to you long ago, and really do not know what to
+say--except "mea culpa."  There will be much to tell you when we next
+meet.
+
+I am quite firm, thank GOD, in the Church.  I have outgrown any
+"convert enthusiasm" I may ever have possessed; but I have long ceased
+to think of anything else even as a possibility, or to {95} feel
+anything novel in Catholic practices.  I am quite quiet, and I think,
+thank GOD, so far doing pretty well.
+
+You ask me about Rome.  As to politics, my feeling in favour of the
+Temporal Power is very strong.  Of course it had its faults, the
+extreme leniency of the criminal tribunals being probably the worst;
+but, putting the question of right aside, a Christian could institute
+no comparison between the Italian and the Pontifical Governments.
+Religiously, Rome is neither so good nor so bad as the extreme people
+would make it out.  It was very edifying, and there was a great deal of
+piety--more conspicuous, perhaps, among the foreigners than the Romans,
+but of course that was to be expected, as the former came on purpose.
+The sanctuaries of Rome are very precious, especially the Holy Reliques
+and the graves of the Martyrs, and I love them very much.
+
+At the same time I think that this dreadful Revolution may be possibly
+a scourge in the hand of GOD to bring about His Will, though every
+Catholic must be appalled at the wickedness of the new Pontius Pilate
+and his accomplices.  Perhaps the fiery trial may destroy some abuses,
+stop some things one does not like to see, and bring about others more
+profitable to Rome herself and to us.
+
+As to the Greeks in America, it is impossible for me, I am sorry to
+say, to have anything to do with supplying them with my own or any
+other Liturgical books for use in their (as we believe) schismatic
+worship.
+
+Always most sincerely yours,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1870, The Roman situation]
+
+It is evident from one or two of his letters already quoted, that Bute,
+who was well aware of the strong feeling aroused among the people of
+his titular island by his conversion to the Roman Church, {96} had felt
+some natural apprehension as to their possible attitude towards him
+when he returned after a somewhat prolonged absence to live amongst
+them.  "I have been getting along very comfortably here," he wrote soon
+after his arrival at Mountstuart, "but have so far no opportunity of
+knowing what the people think of me behind my back."  A letter
+addressed a little later to the same correspondent in Oxford is
+interesting in this connection.
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _November_ 10.
+
+I am getting on very well here up to this, and doing my best to
+popularise myself by going about among the people.  Yesterday, for
+example, I attended both a funeral and a marriage.  I believe this was
+much appreciated, and at the marriage I was very warmly received, was
+begged to do them the honour of signing the "lines," etc., etc.  The
+oddest part of the matter was that at the funeral the Rothesay tag-rag
+outside _cheered_ me as I left the churchyard.  I thought the prayers
+at both ceremonies (of course extemporary) were intended to do me a
+little good: there was nothing in them with which I could not heartily
+concur, but a good deal of stress was laid on the "One Oblation offered
+once for all"--"the full and free Redemption which is by faith in
+Christ's death," etc., which are, I find, commonly supposed to be ideas
+irreconcileable with the teaching of the Holy Roman Church--why, I
+can't conceive, unless it is for want of reading St. Alphonsus Liguori.
+
+Here at Rothesay we have a chapel and schools, a superannuated bishop,
+Dr. Gray, and a young Scottish priest educated in France, Mr. George
+Smith, a man of piety and learning.[7]  The whole {97} island contains
+about 500 Catholics, either Highlanders or Irish.  I have had one of
+the rooms here made into a chapel, than which no meeting-house can be
+barer.  Mass is said here on Sundays and holidays, preceded by a very
+simple English service.  Last Sunday I was at Largs, on the mainland
+opposite, and heard an early Mass in a very poor cottage--said in the
+kitchen on a small chest of drawers.  The house was crowded by the
+congregation, standing on the stairs, in the passages, and all the
+rooms.  They are wonderfully devout.  Out of the East I never saw such
+a sight.
+
+Yours ever most sincerely,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1870, Life at Mountstuart]
+
+Bute spent nearly the whole winter and spring of 1870-1871 at his
+beautiful Scottish home, to which he was deeply attached.  As he came
+to know his neighbours better--and he took much pains to cultivate
+friendly relations with them all--the stiffness, which was, perhaps, as
+much the result of his own shyness and reserve as of their lack of
+sympathy with his religious opinions, to a great extent wore off, and
+his simplicity, courtesy, good sense, and kindness of heart won for him
+little by little the high place in their regard which he ever
+afterwards maintained.  He was from the first on the friendliest terms
+with the Presbyterian clergy of the island as well as with his own
+pastor, and had also established very cordial relations with Mr.
+(afterwards Sir) Charles Dalrymple, then and for the following fifteen
+years member for the county, and resident in the island.  This cordial
+acquaintanceship ripened, after the marriages of Bute and of Dalrymple,
+into a warm {98} friendship between the two families which terminated
+only with death.[8]
+
+Liturgical matters engrossed at this time, as always, a good deal of
+Bute's attention, and are dealt with in many of his letters.  Thus, in
+March, 1871, he writes very seriously about the "truly scandalous
+proceedings" at the London pro-cathedral, news of which had reached him
+in Scotland, and which the context shows to have consisted in the
+wearing of dalmatics instead of folded chasubles at some Lenten
+function in the church in question.  As will be seen from a later
+letter, he arranged for the ceremonial of Holy Week and Easter to be
+carried out as far as possible in his tiny chapel at Mountstuart; and
+we find him giving minute instructions to his friend Grissell, who was
+to spend that season as his guest in Bute, as to bringing the
+requisites for the celebrations, including "18 yellow candles, rather
+slim and 18 inches long, a paschal candle 3 feet long and 1-1/2 inches
+thick, a book on ceremonies, five grains of incense, and a wooden
+clapper for Maundy Thursday."  "We had the rites of the Holy Week," he
+wrote subsequently to Miss Skene, "performed in my little chapel, for
+the first time in Bute since the change of religion three centuries
+ago.  They seldom, if ever, take place in Scotland, and our priest here
+had never (so he told me) officiated in his life before on Good Friday!
+You may be surprised to hear that, having no choir to execute the
+liturgical chant, we adopt as far as {99} we can the methodist style of
+singing emotional hymns during the services."
+
+[Sidenote: 1871, Bute as philologist]
+
+After Easter Bute stayed for a while in London, and then returned to
+Cardiff, where he remained in residence for the greater part of the
+year.  He took regular lessons in Welsh at this time from one of the
+Cardiff clergy, and quickly mastered the language scientifically,
+though he never learned to speak it fluently.
+
+
+The science of philology (the late Dean Howell wrote) seemed to cost
+Lord Bute no effort, for he was a born philologist, and appeared to
+penetrate and solve linguistic difficulties as it were by instinct.
+Another thing that used to astonish me was his familiarity with, and
+wide knowledge of, the Authorised Version of the Bible; for at that
+time (1871) he could not have been more than 23 or 24 years of age.
+His retentive memory (which I have never seen equalled) enabled him to
+quote exactly lengthy passages; and if I chanced to quote a Welsh word
+from Scripture for illustrative purposes, he would give the English
+rendering of the whole passage from memory with ease and perfect
+accuracy.  His tastes and accomplishments were essentially mediaeval;
+and history, art, and archaeology had for him an inexhaustible charm.
+
+
+Bute had a little before this shown his practical interest in art by
+not only presiding at a Fine Art Exhibition in the drill-hall which he
+had erected, but by exhibiting there valuable plate and pictures,
+including a painting executed by himself.  A little later he was in the
+chair at the annual meeting held at Cardiff of the Palestine
+Exploration Fund, recounting in very interesting fashion his own
+travels in that country.  And in July, 1871, he took an {100} active
+part in the congress of the British Archaeological Institute held at the
+Town Hall, entertaining the members at a reception at the Castle and a
+banquet at Caerphilly.  He also spoke at the congress, taking many of
+the distinguished visitors by surprise with the extent of his knowledge
+and information on the subjects special to the Institute.
+
+[Sidenote: 1871, Belmont and Llanthony]
+
+Soon after the meeting of the Archaeological Congress, Bute left England
+for Ober Ammergau to witness the Passion Play, which had been postponed
+for a year owing to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War.  He then
+joined his yacht at St. Malo, and after a cruise off Devon, Cornwall,
+and the Channel Islands returned to Cardiff for the autumn.  During
+this time he paid several visits to the Benedictine Priory at Belmont,
+near Hereford, where his liturgical tastes found satisfaction in the
+solemn rendering of the Divine service by the monastic community.  One
+of the fathers then resident there[9] has some interesting
+recollections of these periodical visits:
+
+
+Lord Bute came to Belmont three or four times, I think, in the year
+before his marriage.  He left on us the impression of a modest,
+unassuming, and extremely intelligent young man with serious tastes,
+who seemed quite at home in the simple surroundings of a monastery.  He
+frequented the Divine Office regularly, and followed all the Church
+functions with interest.  He joined the Fathers at coffee after meals,
+and conversed very pleasantly, telling us sometimes of his Cardiff
+interests or of his early experiences and travels.  He was a good deal
+with {101} Prior Vaughan,[10] of course; but as I was acting
+guestmaster and about his own age, I walked out with him several times,
+and we talked of many subjects, chiefly, perhaps, archaeological or
+theological topics.  I remember his telling me of a conversation with a
+Protestant clergyman who came to interview him, possibly with hope of
+influencing an unformed mind.  Lord Bute proposed for discussion the
+precise theological value of the verse on the Precious Blood[11]--
+
+  "Cujus una stilla salvum facere
+  Totum mundum quit ab omni scelere;"
+
+and I gathered that they soon came to an end of the poor parson's
+divinity, and of his efforts to "snatch a brand from the burning."
+
+The prior took Lord Bute to Llanthony, where they saw "Father
+Ignatius," who told them that he reserved the Holy Eucharist under
+three rites--Anglican, Greek, and Roman.  He also said (which struck
+Lord Bute as very whimsical) that he insisted on his visitors keeping
+strict silence when walking over a field in which his cloisters were
+one day to be built.[12]
+
+
+
+[1] As a little boy of twelve Bute had been enrolled as an honorary
+member of the 1st Bute Rifle Volunteers, and had occasionally appeared
+in the dark-grey uniform with blue facings.  When the Cardiff Yeomanry
+went on service in the South African War, Bute showed his patriotism by
+subscribing L500 to the funds of the corps.
+
+[2] The kinship was undoubted, if somewhat remote.  Bute was fifteenth
+in direct male descent from King Robert II. of Scotland, the lineal
+ancestor of James VIII. (the "Chevalier de St. George"), to whom the
+Pope made over the Palazzo Santi Apostoli as a residence in 1720, the
+year of the birth of Prince Charles Edward.
+
+
+[3] The caustic comment in Vatican circles was, of course, that it was
+a case of the "Little Rock" in conflict with the Rock of Peter; but it
+should be added that the two dissentient prelates, immediately after
+voting against the decree, left their places and prostrated themselves
+before the Papal Chair in token of their submission.  Similarly every
+one of the eighty-eight bishops who had voted "Non placet" in the
+Congregation of July 13--not, of course, against the dogma, but against
+the opportuneness of its definition--accepted the decree without
+qualification as soon as it was officially promulgated.
+
+[4] On October 20, 1870, a month after the forcible occupation of Rome
+by the Piedmontese troops, Pius IX. issued a brief proroguing the
+Council.  It has never been either closed or reassembled.
+
+[5] Fr. Herbert Thurston, S.J., in a learned article in _The Month_
+(October, 1911), has shown that the custom of offering a "purification"
+of unconsecrated wine and water to lay communicants, after their
+reception of the Host, was practically universal in England down to the
+period of the Reformation, and was continued until the reign of James
+II.  The practice is still generally observed at Ordination Masses, and
+on one or two other rare and special occasions.
+
+[6] The learned and eloquent Professor of Exegesis had been appointed a
+canon of St. Paul's by Mr. Gladstone in the spring of this year, and
+had preached his first sermon under the dome as canon-in-residence on
+September 11, four days before the above letter was written.
+
+[7] Father George Smith, who had studied at St. Sulpice, and was an
+excellent scholar and theologian, became Bishop of Argyll and the Isles
+in 1893, occupying the see for a quarter of a century until his death
+in 1918.
+
+[8] Long after the termination of his political connection with Bute,
+Sir Charles Dalrymple used to recall with pleasure the remark once made
+to him on Rothesay Pier by a Buteshire farmer of the old school: "Weel,
+sir, we've got three things to be thankful for in the Isle of Bute, and
+forbye they all begin with an M: we've a gude mairquis, and a gude
+member, and a gude meenister."
+
+[9] Right Rev. J. I. Cummins, O.S.B., now (1920) titular Abbot of St.
+Mary's, York.
+
+[10] This was Dom Roger Bede Vaughan, younger brother of Cardinal
+Herbert Vaughan of Westminster.  He was cathedral prior of Belmont from
+1862 to 1872, and in 1877 became Archbishop of Sydney, N.S.W.  He died
+in 1883.
+
+[11] From the Eucharistic hymn _Adoro Te devoie_, written by St. Thomas
+of Aquin about A.D. 1260, and known as the "Rhythmus S. Thomae
+Aquinatis."  Sixteen English versions of it have been published at
+various times.
+
+[12] The Rev. J. Leycester Lyne--commonly known as "Father
+Ignatius"--was at this time endeavouring, with no great success, to
+establish an Anglican Benedictine monastery among the Black Mountains
+of Wales.  About a year previous to Bute's visit he had laid the
+foundation of the conventual buildings.
+
+
+
+{102}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+MARRIAGE--HOME AND FAMILY LIFE--VISIT TO MAJORCA
+
+1871-1874
+
+Included in Bute's great inheritance were a considerable number of
+advowsons, carrying the right of presentation to livings in the
+Established Church.  Nearly a dozen of these benefices were in
+Glamorgan, two (St. Mary's and Roath) being within the town of Cardiff.
+Bute was, of course, from the time of his conversion to the Roman
+Church, legally disabled from the exercise of his right of patronage in
+regard to these livings; but instead of allowing them to "lapse" (as
+the technical phrase is[1]) he from time to time made over the next
+presentations to two _quasi_-trustees, friends of his own, and members,
+of course, of the Church of England.  One of these "trustees" was for a
+time Canon John David Jenkins, a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, with
+whom Bute had become intimate during his university career.  Dr.
+Jenkins became vicar of Aberdare, one of the Bute livings, in 1870, and
+we find Bute writing to an Oxford friend about a year later:
+
+
+{103}
+
+Canon Jenkins has just appointed the Revs. Puller[2] and Stuart to two
+out of the three parishes here; and Puller, at any rate, will be
+inducted in Ember week.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1871, Church Patronage in Wales]
+
+The practice adopted by Bute with regard to the livings in his gift--a
+practice probably unique among Roman Catholic patrons, and one which,
+in the case of a man less conscientious and honourable than himself,
+might have been open to obvious objections--was not continued by his
+successor after his death; nor, indeed, could it have been, after the
+assignment of next presentations ceased to be legally permissible.  The
+ten family livings in the county of Glamorgan fell accordingly, as
+provided by the statute, to the gift of the University of Cambridge.[3]
+The advowsons of other livings, in Monmouthshire and Northumberland,
+were sold in Bute's lifetime or by his successor.
+
+The friendship between Canon Jenkins and Bute was maintained until the
+death of the former in 1876[4]; and he was one among the little group
+of learned men--scholars, antiquarians, and ecclesiastics--much senior
+in age to the young Scottish peer, whom he gathered round him at this
+time, and often invited to share the solitude of his Welsh {104} castle
+or his island home in Scotland.  That it was something of a solitude,
+and that he felt it to be so there are many indications in his letters
+at this period.  His only intimate friend of his own age was his old
+schoolfellow George Sneyd, with whose views on many subjects, sincere
+as was his affection for him, he was (as has been seen) in some
+respects entirely out of sympathy.  What he was longing for and looking
+forward to, as he found himself approaching his twenty-fourth birthday,
+was domestic happiness and the home life of which he had known so
+little since his early boyhood; and this, as was natural, he hoped to
+secure by an early and happy marriage.
+
+In the summer of 1871 his name was connected by the rumour, or gossip,
+of the day with that of the charming ward of a well-known Catholic
+peeress, whose hospitality had often been extended to him on the
+occasions of his visits to London.  Bute took the opportunity, when
+writing to an old friend on whose sympathy he could rely, to deny
+categorically the truth of the rumour in question, and at the same time
+to give expression with his usual frankness to the feelings of
+dissatisfaction and discontent with which he was entering on his
+twenty-fifth year.
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  _July_ 29, 1871.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+As there is, I fear, little chance of my being in Oxford just now, I
+will not delay longer in replying to your kind letter.
+
+I had not seen the reports to which you refer, although I knew that
+they had been circulated by the scandalmongers of the press.  I may
+tell you at {105} once--I had meant to do so before--that there is no
+truth in them whatever.  There is no engagement between Miss ---- and
+myself, and nothing is less likely than that there ever should be.  I
+will tell you all about it some day when I see you, or in a future
+letter: I cannot write more about it at present, except to say that
+here I am thrown out on the world again, feeling very lonely and
+desolate.  My future, indeed, looks pretty blank just now, as you may
+imagine easily enough.  There is nothing for it but to go on one's way,
+trying to do one's duty--and literature.  I have also a considerable
+taste for art and archaeology, and happily the means to indulge them.
+When I return from Ober Ammergau, whither I go next month, to see the
+Passion Play, I shall do a little yachting in home waters, and then
+return here for the autumn and winter.  There is plenty to do here, of
+course; and building, archaeology, and writing will perhaps help me to
+forget my troubles.  After Christmas this place will be unbearable, and
+I think I shall go to Bute.
+
+Yours ever very sincerely,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1872, Engagement and Marriage]
+
+Whatever may have been the disappointment or mortification occasioned
+to Bute by the episode in his life referred to in the above letter,
+they were amply compensated for, and indeed wholly forgotten, in the
+happiness of the event which he was able to announce to his friends at
+the close of this year.  This was his engagement to the Hon. Gwendoline
+FitzAlan Howard, eldest daughter of the first Lord Howard of Glossop by
+his first wife.  The marriage took place at the Oratory Church on April
+16, 1872, Archbishop Manning officiating, assisted by five Oratorian
+fathers.  Bute's cousin, Lord Mauchline (afterwards Earl of Loudoun),
+{106} wearing Highland dress, was the best man, the principal
+bridesmaid being the Hon. Alice Howard of Glossop, who married Lord
+Loudoun in 1880.  Mgr. Capel said the Nuptial Mass and preached the
+sermon; and the register was signed by the Duke of Cambridge, the Dukes
+of Northumberland and Argyll, and Mr. Disraeli.  The wedding aroused an
+extraordinary amount of popular interest and even excitement; and the
+_Spectator_ commented with satiric surprise on the fact that the London
+newspapers devoted entire pages to describing the ceremony, which
+actually occupied--but that perhaps was less astonishing--thirty
+columns of the Cardiff _Western Mail_.  How distasteful this public
+excitement was to the chief actors in the ceremony may be gathered from
+a letter written by Bute to a friend in Rome a fortnight later:
+
+
+Cardiff Castle,
+  _April_ 29, 1872.
+
+The whole thing went off very well; the religious part of it, which
+most concerned us, was very well done, and, I hear, pleased and
+impressed the many Protestants who were present.  I suppose you will
+have seen descriptions and pictures of it.  You will understand that to
+the principals the whole thing--I mean the secular part of it--was
+absolutely detestable.  As Lord Beauchamp says: "There is only one
+thing more disagreeable than being married in London, and that is being
+married in the country."  Of course we have been extremely quiet ever
+since, and expect to be so.  My Lady is the last person in the world to
+"rout one out" and want to make a flare-up and a splash.
+
+The Pope sent presents to us both,[5] and I wrote to Mgr. Howard to
+express our gratitude, enclosing {107} a letter of thanks in very
+indifferent Latin, which I composed and we both signed; but it was not
+to be given if it was contrary to etiquette.
+
+I find it the custom of Protestants, when they are married by an
+Archbishop, to present that dignitary with a pair of gloves--theirs
+being always white kid sewn with gold.  I think I shall have a pair of
+cloth-of-gold _chirothecae_ made for Abp. Manning, and shall get Burges
+to design them.  I know the Roman ones are often made of spun silk, but
+you can have them of other stuff, too, can you not?
+
+A relique of St. Margaret of Scotland has been got for me, and I think
+of having a bust made for it, of silver-gilt; but I have not yet
+received it and don't know what it is like.  I think also of sending to
+Chur (Choire) for a relique of St. Lucius of Glamorgan (Lleurwg
+Mawr).[6]  _A propos_ of Reliques, they have been making wonderful
+discoveries of the shrine of St. Alban in his abbey.[7]
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1872, Reception at Cardiff]
+
+Lord and Lady Bute had gone immediately after their marriage to
+Cardiff, where they received a very cordial welcome, the mayor reading
+an address to them at the Castle gates.  "I assure you," said Bute in
+his brief reply, "that my wife comes here to-day with a sincere desire
+to do what is right, and to be of service not to me only, but to all by
+whom {108} she is surrounded, and among whom her life is to be
+henceforth spent."  It is sufficient to say here that Bute's
+anticipations of the new happiness that this step would bring into his
+life were more than justified by the event.  "I cannot but thank God,
+and congratulate myself, on this marriage," he wrote in May, 1872; "and
+I hope and believe that it will bring me many blessings."  A little
+later he wrote to the same friend:
+
+
+I have done two good things (besides some foolish ones) since my
+twenty-first birthday; the first on December 8, 1868, when I was
+reconciled to the Catholic Church; the second on April 16, 1872, when
+the same Church blessed my happy marriage.  It is a satisfaction to
+feel that twice in one's life, at any rate, one has done what one is
+certain never to repent of nor to regret.  Do you not agree with me?
+
+
+Bute's marriage brought him into intimate relations, and indeed some
+degree of kinship, with some of the ancient Catholic families of
+England, of whom he had up to that time known very little.  Profoundly
+interested as he always was in every phase of religious belief and
+practice, he welcomed the opportunity now afforded him of witnessing a
+traditionally religious life as unostentatious as it was obviously
+sincere, and contrasting alike with the austere Puritanism of his
+childish days and the fussy restlessness which was the chief
+characteristic of the earlier adherents of the advanced school of
+Anglicanism.  Writing of some Catholics of the old school, to whose
+country home he and his wife had been paying a visit, he says:
+
+They have edifying habits of piety, but of a very Low Church type--the
+school of "Hymns Antient {109} and Modern without the Appendix," red
+baize boxes in galleries, family prayers and daily Mass in the most
+unadorned of private chapels, and an absolute minimum of ritual.  You
+will understand that the unassuming simplicity of it all appeals to a
+person like me--especially when I see the goodness that accompanies it.
+But some of our "advanced" Anglican friends would stare if they saw the
+good old-fashioned practices which prevail in old Catholic circles.  I
+only wish they could.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1873, Old English Catholic homes]
+
+A visit to Arundel Castle in the year following his marriage gave him
+evident pleasure; and a letter thence gives a pleasant glimpse of the
+home circle in that historic Catholic home:
+
+
+The party here is an entirely family one;[8] and Whitsuntide and the
+Month of Mary [May] add by a shade to the amount of church-going, which
+is considerable here always: for, as you know, they are a very devout
+as well as a very merry and very nice family.  I am rather looking
+forward to the procession of the Blessed Sacrament on Sunday week for
+Corpus Christi.  The "Fete-Dieu" in the streets of an English country
+town will be rather an experience.
+
+We have been down at the sea for the last month.  We have no London
+address, neither of us caring for the place, where no one left me an
+house and where I have not the least intention of buying one.
+
+
+Having at this time, as mentioned above, no London residence, Lord and
+Lady Bute spent their year chiefly between Cardiff and Mountstuart,
+with occasional visits to Dumfries House, for which Bute had always a
+particular affection.  The stay at {110} Cardiff after their marriage
+was unexpectedly prolonged owing to Lady Bute being laid up there with
+scarlet fever, while he had the misfortune to break his arm.  As soon
+as they could travel they went to Mountstuart for the autumn and
+winter, and Bute dictated thence the following letter, the last
+sentence of which illustrates the curious displeasure with which,
+notwithstanding his theoretical and archaeological admiration of
+monastic institutions, he always received the news of any friends of
+his own entering a religious order:[9]
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _September_ 23, 1872.
+
+You will perceive by the handwriting that I am still incapable of using
+my right hand, which is, indeed, tied up with a piece of wood.  I am
+glad to say that my Lady is now very nearly well; and I trust that her
+escape from the climate of Cardiff will soon complete her recovery.
+
+The quiet routine of my life here is the same as formerly.  My Lady
+plays the harmonium in our little chapel: we venture on nothing more
+than hymns, and get along pretty well.
+
+The histories one hears from Rome seem all to be so "cooked" to suit
+the varying views of people who retail them, that one really feels
+quite uncertain as to how things are going on.  I am told that there is
+an Italianising party among the Cardinals, from which much trouble may
+be expected in the event--may it be very far distant!--of the election
+of a successor to Pius IX.
+
+{111}
+
+I greatly regret to report that H---- G----[10] in a convent as a
+Redemptorist novice.  I can only say that I most sincerely trust, as
+far as I lawfully may, that he may soon find that he has made a mistake.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1873, Oxford revisited]
+
+The reference to the learned Jesuit Father MacSweeney in the following
+letter, written to his old Oxford friend in the spring of 1873, shows
+that Bute was now entering on what was to be the most considerable
+literary work of his life, namely, the translation into English of the
+entire Roman Breviary.
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _April_ 27, 1873.
+
+We are really coming south for a little, after a peaceful sojourn here
+of many months; and I hope for an opportunity of seeing you.  I am not
+forgetful, and it will be a great pleasure.  There is not much to bring
+me to Oxford now, as except yourself and very few others I have no
+friends there now, and I have not the footing I should have had if I
+had taken my degree.  One day, however, I am to come, and my wife is to
+be "lionised" by old Mr. Parker, between whom and me archaeology has
+formed ties.  I have also business with the erudite Jesuit Fr.
+MacSweeney,[11] who has just been sent there.  Most of my Oxford
+friends are married and changed and away--and I suppose I am very much
+changed myself.  I fear I am not less indolent than I was, and my life
+is devoid of stirring incidents.  My luxury is art, and perhaps the
+favourite pursuit Antiquarianism, as {112} History is the favourite
+reading.  I study, too, a little science.  I wish I were better as
+regards devotion--I want stirring up in that; but my associations of
+that kind are so much with the South, and so difficult to adapt (though
+I know I ought to try to adapt them) to the environment in which one
+has to live.  We are both, however, looking forward to a Mediterranean
+trip next winter.
+
+
+The projected visit to Oxford--Bute's first since his change of
+religion five years previously--duly came off, and he thus refers to it:
+
+
+To "do" Oxford in a day is suggestive of the American tourists who "do"
+Rome in three; but my wife saw the most noteworthy things under the
+skilled guidance of old Parker, whom I fear we unduly fatigued.  You
+may imagine the feelings and memories that came over me as I led my
+young wife through Christ Church.  It is difficult to estimate exactly
+what I owe to Oxford, but the debt is a heavy one....  Materially the
+place seemed to me very little changed.  The newest thing I noticed was
+St. Barnabas's, which impressed me.  Only I wish they'd had the courage
+to Romanise it enough to put the Altar so--
+
+[Illustration: Sketch of altar arrangements]
+
+Apropos of Americans "doing" Italy, Story told me that Gibson, the
+American sculptor, once met and talked with a countryman of his, who
+was "doing" Italy in some incredibly short space of time.  "Yes, I
+guess I have been nearly everywhere," he said (the conversation took
+place in a North Italian {113} railway-carriage), "and one place that
+struck me very much was--I can't remember the name, but it begins with
+R."  Gibson suggested Ravenna, Reggio, Recanati, and other names.  "No,
+no, it was a shorter name than any of those: there was a big church
+with a dome, and a colonnade and fountains in front."  "Good heavens!
+you surely don't mean _Rome_?" said Gibson, aghast.  "Yes, that was
+it--Rome.  I knew it was a short name, but I couldn't recall it for the
+moment."  This is a fact, as newspapers sometimes say after telling a
+more than usually unbelievable story.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1873, A winter in Majorca]
+
+The second winter after his marriage Bute had the pleasure of spending
+in the south which he loved so well, and in more congenial and
+sympathetic company than he had always secured for his bachelor
+journeyings, even those which in some degree partook of the nature of a
+pilgrimage.  "Our plan," he wrote on November 6, 1873, "is to dawdle
+through France and winter by the Mediterranean--we have been thinking
+of the Island of Majorca."  The project was successfully carried out,
+and we see, from a letter written early in the following spring to the
+same friend, how much quiet enjoyment he was deriving from the rest and
+sunshine which he found in the Balearic Isles.  The latter part of the
+letter refers to the recent death of his first cousin Edith Countess of
+Loudoun, who, it will be remembered, had been one of the party that
+accompanied him to the Holy Land a few weeks after his reception into
+the Roman Church.
+
+
+Bendinat,
+  Palma, Mallorca,
+    _February_ 24, 1874.
+
+This is a very fair place indeed, the best of it being the climate.
+I'm nearly always happy when {114} I'm abroad, particularly in the
+Mediterranean.  I suppose there's something in fogs and perpetual rain
+and cold and darkness which is especially uncongenial to me.  Also
+there are no business and bothers here to speak of, which is certainly
+a great change from home.  We have the quiet and peace which we both
+enjoy and value, and I am glad to say that I have been getting on very
+well with the Breviary; for whereas I had hoped before returning to
+have reached Ascension Day, I now venture to think of the third Sunday
+after Pentecost.
+
+A drawback (my Lady reminds me) to our residence here is its distance
+from any church, our only accessible service being one Low Mass each
+Sunday.  There's an impressive, and very Spanish, Cathedral at Palma,
+with functions well and carefully done; but it is remote from us here.
+
+The death of Edith[12] was a great shock to me, as well as a source of
+sincere sorrow.  _Requiescat in pace_.  We shall all go the same way in
+the long run, 100 years {115} hence it'll be all the same; but it does
+seem rather hard that the axe should fall on the neck of all of us
+(however much it may grieve or inconvenience the survivors), and cut us
+off from the only world we have any experience of.  Not, for the matter
+of that, that it's much worth stopping in--still, it's all we've got.
+However, crying over this spilt milk--and I confess to having shed some
+tears since I heard the news--will never put it back into the pitcher,
+so perhaps there is not much use in crying.  But I am sincerely
+grateful for your kind sympathy.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1874, Domestic happiness]
+
+Later in the same year, after his return to England, Bute took
+occasion, in a letter to his ever-faithful friend at Oxford, to repel
+with indignation some malevolent rumours which had reached him to the
+effect that he had not found in his home life the happiness which he
+had anticipated.
+
+
+Not one jot of truth is there, or has there ever been, in these
+iniquitous calumnies.  Our happiness indeed is complete, and the terms
+on which we live completely affectionate and intimate.  I find myself
+more attached to G. the longer I have the privilege and honour of
+living with her, and of seeing, as St. Augustine says of St. Monica,
+"her walk with God, how godly and holy it is, and to us-ward so sweet
+and gentle."
+
+
+This letter was written from Heath House, Weybridge--"a little house,"
+writes Bute, "which we have hired for a month or two.  I go hence to
+London nearly every day to read Hebrew with a Rabbi [this was in view
+of the new version of the Psalms for his projected translation of the
+Breviary], and all sorts of things with a Jesuit.  Besides the sacred
+language 'in which the Eternal spoke,' and certain branches {116} of
+Liturgiology, I continue, as formerly, to read history and
+science--very humbly.
+
+"We go to Scotland this month, but perhaps shall be at Cardiff for
+Christmastide, though Mountstuart, as you know, is the home of our
+predilection."
+
+Before Christmas of this year, which Bute spent not at Cardiff but at
+Mountstuart, he published (anonymously) a little book containing a
+translation of the Christmas Offices from the Roman Breviary.  "I hope
+and believe," he wrote, "that it may be of some service to those (there
+must be many) who desire to follow with intelligence the Liturgy of
+that holy season, but are prevented from doing so by their partial or
+total ignorance of the language of the Church.  For this reason I
+should wish the booklet made known through the ordinary channels--a
+matter in which I confess to thinking our Catholic publishers very much
+less enterprising and business-like than those who cater for devout
+Anglicans.  But for this state of things, I fear, _non c'e remedio_."
+
+In Bute's own chapel he was accustomed to have the church offices (with
+the exception, of course, of the Mass) recited in the vernacular.
+"Christmas went well here," he wrote to a friend in January, 1875.  "We
+had the Monsignor [Capel] down.  Mattins and Lauds were said in
+English, the altar being incensed at the _Benedictus_; and Mgr. C.
+treated us to a short and rather eloquent _fervorino_ after the gospel
+at Mass.  By the way, the progress of my Breviary is most
+discouragingly slow: _eppur si muove_."
+
+
+
+[1] "Lapsed" livings are those in the gift of Catholics, who are
+legally incapable of presenting to them.  By statutes passed in 1603
+and 1715, the patronage of such livings is vested, according to their
+situation, in the universities of Oxford or Cambridge.  All such
+benefices in Glamorgan were assigned to Cambridge.
+
+[2] The Rev. F. W. Puller, the well-known Anglican divine and
+controversialist, resigned the vicarage of Roath in 1880 to join the
+Society of St. John the Evangelist at Cowley.
+
+[3] The Welsh Disestablishment Act of 1920 has, of course, abolished
+private patronage in Wales.
+
+[4] Canon Jenkins had held one of the "missionary fellowships" founded
+at Jesus by his namesake Sir Leoline Jenkins in the seventeenth
+century, and had accordingly gone out to Natal in 1853, and become a
+canon of Maritzburg.  He had returned to Oxford when Bute came into
+residence at Christ Church, and was successively dean and bursar of
+Jesus between 1864 and 1870.  A fine portrait of him by Holman Hunt
+hangs in the common-room of his college.
+
+[5] Pius IXth's wedding gifts were beautiful cameos set in gold.
+
+[6] The (probably mythical) "king of Britain" whom Bede reports to have
+written to Pope Eleutherius asking for instruction in Christianity.
+Lucius is supposed to have left Britain, preached among the Rhaetian
+Alps, and died at Chur or Coire, where he is still venerated as a
+saint.  The Welsh legend makes him founder of the churches of Llandaff,
+Roath, etc.  Lleurwg or Lleurfer (Light-bearer) is the Welsh rendering
+of Lucius.
+
+[7] More than 2000 fragments of the fourteenth-century base of St.
+Alban's shrine were discovered in 1872, built into the walls, and were
+pieced together again with extraordinary patience and skill, and
+re-erected on the original site.
+
+[8] The Duke of Norfolk and his four unmarried sisters were at this
+time living at Arundel with their widowed mother.
+
+[9] One recalls in this connection the cases of two of the most devout
+and accomplished Catholic writers of the nineteenth century, the Count
+de Montalembert and Kenelm Digby.  Both expended the utmost enthusiasm
+and eloquence in their description of the religious life of the Middle
+Ages; and both resisted to the utmost, and not without bitterness, the
+entry into religion of members of their own immediate family circles.
+
+[10] A contemporary of Bute's at Harrow and Christ Church.  He had
+become a Catholic in 1871.
+
+[11] In the preface to his translation of the Breviary, published six
+years later, Bute pays a handsome tribute to the "long pains and
+unwearied patience and kindness" which the learned Jesuit had expended
+in assisting him in the work.  Father MacSweeney read the whole of it
+in proof, and contributed much valuable criticism, especially in
+connection with the translation of the Psalter.
+
+[12] One of the testamentary dispositions of Edith Lady Loudoun, who
+had succeeded to the Scottish earldom in 1868 on the premature death of
+her brother, fourth and last Marquis of Hastings, curiously recalls a
+provision afterwards made by Bute in his own will.  Lady Loudoun
+directed that her right hand should be severed after death, and buried
+apart from her body (which was interred in the family vault in
+Scotland) in the park at her husband's seat at Donington, her home
+before she inherited her brother's title.  Curiously enough, a similar
+provision had been made by her grandfather (and Bute's), the first
+Marquis of Hastings, the distinguished Governor-General of India, who
+died in Malta in 1826, his wife and children being at the time in
+Scotland.  He was buried at Malta, but his right hand was by his wish
+carried to Loudoun, and placed in the grave destined for his wife.
+When the latter was dying fourteen years later, her daughter Sophia,
+afterwards Marchioness of Bute, wrote a note to the parish minister,
+asking him to bring her a small iron box which he would find in the
+family vault.  "There must be no delay," the missive ended.  The young
+minister did Lady Sophia's bidding: the box was taken to her mother's
+deathbed, and two days later was enclosed in her coffin according to
+her husband's desire.  This minister was the Rev. Norman Macleod,
+afterwards the chaplain and intimate friend of Queen Victoria.
+
+
+
+
+{117}
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+WINE-GROWING--LITERARY WORK--THE _SCOTTISH REVIEW_
+
+1875-1886
+
+Bute's domestic happiness was crowned, at the close of the year 1875,
+by the birth of his eldest (and for some years his only) child, the
+event taking place at Mountstuart on December 24, 1875.  "At twenty
+minutes to five a.m. on Christmas Eve," he wrote to a friend, "the
+first cries of my daughter were heard, and the little thing is and has
+been in excellent health and strength.  I cannot believe there is ever
+much likeness in babies to one parent or the other; but what she has
+_absolutely_, such as the colour of the eyes, formation of the ears,
+etc., is after me, and not after her mother ...  She was baptised that
+evening at six, I asking the farmers round about.  Mgr. Capel made a
+kind of little sermon for the occasion, very well done."
+
+The autumn of the following year was marked by a Royal visit to the
+Isle of Bute--a rare event in those parts, and one which for that
+reason aroused all the greater interest and appreciation.  H.R.H.
+Prince Leopold was the guest of Lord and Lady Bute for four days at
+Mountstuart, arriving in the evening in Lord Glasgow's yacht _Valetta_
+at the picturesque harbour of Rothesay, which was illuminated for the
+occasion.  The Prince next day paid a kind of official visit to the
+{118} Aquarium (the chief public attraction of Rothesay), and had a
+most enthusiastic reception.  On Sunday he attended service in the
+parish church, accompanied by the Protestant members of the
+house-party; and in the evening he was present at the Catholic service
+of vespers in Lord Bute's private chapel.  A ball was given at
+Mountstuart during his visit; and he much enjoyed a cruise in the yacht
+round the islands, as well as a visit to the interesting colony of
+beavers which Bute had established some little time before on a spot
+adapted for their damming and tree-cutting operations.
+
+
+[Illustration: CASTELL COCH, GLAMORGAN]
+
+[Sidenote: 1875, The Cardiff vintage]
+
+From his boyhood Bute had been a lover of animals, though, unlike the
+young hero of "The Mill on the Floss" (who "was very fond of
+animals--that is, of throwing stones at them"), he took no interest
+whatever in their destruction.  Besides the beavers, to whose
+constitutions the dampness of the Bute climate ultimately proved fatal,
+he introduced a number of kangaroos (or rather wallabies) into the
+sheltered woods round Mountstuart; and his visitors used to view with
+surprise these agile little marsupials leaping about among the bushes,
+as much at home as, and indeed much less shy than, the familiar hare or
+rabbit of our English coverts.  The acclimatisation of exotic shrubs in
+the grounds of his island home (where the prevailing mildness of
+temperature encouraged such experiments) was always a source of
+interest to him; whilst at Cardiff he derived particular pleasure from
+the success of his efforts to grow grapes there for wine-producing
+purposes.  Vines were selected from the colder districts of France, and
+were planted in 1875 on the slopes of Castell Coch, near Cardiff, in
+light fibrous loam soil.  One particular vine, the _Gamay Noir_ (a
+favourite in the Paris {119} district), so flourished that a second and
+larger vineyard was propagated from it.  Forty gallons of wine were
+made in the second year after planting, and after two or three bad
+seasons so good a vintage was secured in 1881 that the wine, pronounced
+by connoisseurs to resemble good still champagne, was all sold at
+excellent prices.  The record year, however, was 1893, when the entire
+crop of forty hogsheads, or over a thousand dozen, of the wine realised
+a price which recouped all the expenses incurred during the previous
+eighteen years.  Dr. Lawson Tait, as famous for his taste in wine as
+for his surgical skill, bought some of it; and when sold with the rest
+of his cellar after his death it fetched 115_s._ a dozen.[1]  The
+success of Bute's viticultural experiments aroused very general
+interest in England; and it is perhaps worth while putting on record,
+as a good specimen of the now discredited art of the punster, a notice
+of the new industry which appeared, now nearly half a century ago, in
+the principal comic paper of the day:
+
+
+The Marquis of Bute has, it appears, a Bute-iful vineyard at Castle
+Coch, near Cardiff, where it is to be hoped such wine will be produced
+that in future Hock will be superseded by Coch, and the unpronounceable
+vintages of the Rhine will yield to the unpronounceable vintages of the
+Taff.  Cochheimer is as yet a wine _in potentia_, but the vines are
+planted, and the gardener, Mr. Pettigrew, anticipates no petty growth.
+
+
+No distinctive name was, as a matter of fact, ever given to the wine
+made from the Castle Coch grapes; {120} and Bute on more than one
+occasion asked good Welsh scholars (including some of the Cardiff
+clergy) to dinner, in order to consult with them as to this point.  The
+site of one of the vineyards was a place called Swanbridge
+(Pont-yr-alarch), and it was suggested that "Sparkling
+Pont-yr-alarch"[2] would look well in a wine merchant's list.  "True,"
+was Bute's comment, made in the serious vein in which he loved to treat
+such subjects: "yet I fear that such a name would militate against the
+casual demand for my wine in hotels or restaurants.  One can hardly
+imagine the ordinary diner calling for a bottle of Pont-yr-alarch at
+the beginning of his meal, still less asking for a second bottle at a
+more advanced stage of the repast.  All orders for this particular
+vintage would have, in practice, to be given in writing."  The wine
+continued to be anonymous; and Bute, who frequently had it served at
+his own table, used to puzzle his guests by asking their candid opinion
+of it.  "Well, now, Lord Bute," said a distinguished connoisseur once,
+after tasting the 1893 vintage and rolling it over his palate _secundum
+artem_, "this is what I should call an _interesting_ wine."  "I wonder
+what Sir H---- M---- exactly meant by that," Bute would sometimes say
+afterwards, recalling the incident.
+
+[Sidenote: 1875, Order of the Thistle]
+
+The year 1875 was marked for Bute by an incident which gratified him
+not a little, namely, the {121} bestowal on him by Queen Victoria of
+the Knighthood of the Thistle.  It was characteristic of him that he
+did not accept this honour, as some noblemen of high rank and large
+possessions might easily have done, as a mere matter of course.  He
+regarded it, on the contrary, as a recognition of the services he had
+endeavoured to render to education, learning, and the civic life; and
+he valued and appreciated it accordingly.  Apart from any question of
+personal merit, he was gratified, as a patriotic Scot, by his admission
+into the most exclusive order of chivalry in the kingdom, and one which
+had been conferred for generations on the most eminent of his
+countrymen.  He had held for some years the Grand Cross of two
+distinguished Papal Orders--those of St. Gregory and of the Holy
+Sepulchre; but on the occasion of his next ceremonial visit to Rome and
+to the Pope, it was remarked at the Vatican (where such details never
+pass unnoticed) that he was not wearing the Pontifical decorations, but
+only the insignia of the Scottish Order.[3]
+
+The loyal affection cherished by Bute for his few near relatives has
+already been mentioned; and it may therefore be easily imagined with
+what sympathetic interest he learned in the summer of 1875 that his
+cousin Lady Flora Hastings, elder sister of Lord Loudoun, had been
+received into the Catholic Church, and was in consequence being
+subjected to a species of domestic persecution which seems strange in
+these more tolerant days, but was {122} by no means uncommon fifty
+years ago.  Bute wrote as to this to an intimate friend:
+
+
+_Jan._ 10, 1876.
+
+The treatment to which she has been submitted at home has naturally
+been extremely trying and painful to her;[4] but she has endured it
+with admirable patience, being reinforced and supported by the
+remarkable kindness of her brother.  Loudoun's behaviour has indeed
+been considerate to a degree that can hardly be imagined, and far more
+so than could have been at all expected.  You will understand, without
+my saying more, what we all feel about this.  Norfolk has been kindness
+itself to her, and so, too, have others.
+
+
+An interesting sequel to the reference in the last sentence was the
+happy engagement concluded in 1877 between the Duke of Norfolk and Lady
+Flora.  As first cousins respectively to the bride and bridegroom, Lord
+and Lady Bute were of course very specially interested in this
+marriage, which took place at the Oratory on November 21, 1877.  "We
+are all occupied all day here," Bute wrote from a London hotel on
+November 16, "talking about the wedding next week, and some of us with
+other things besides talk, for there is much business to be done and
+settled."
+
+Neither on this nor on any other occasion did Lord and Lady Bute care
+to remain away from their own home longer than was absolutely
+necessary.  Bute wrote a few days afterwards from Lord Glasgow's seat
+in Fife, where they were paying a short visit:
+
+
+{123}
+
+We quitted London--as usual, with much satisfaction--the very day after
+the ceremony, which was decorously done, and the mob of sightseers was,
+I am inclined to think, better behaved (anyhow inside the church) than
+at our marriage five years ago.  Lord Beaconsfield, who was in the
+front row next to Princess Louise, sat throughout the function wrapped
+in his long drab overcoat, and gazing at the altar with Sphinx-like
+immobility.  He told me at the reception afterwards that he had thought
+the music (which at Norfolk's express wish was plain-chant throughout)
+"strangely impressive."
+
+The bridegroom, by the way, forgot to order a carriage to take them
+away after the ceremony, but finding his father-in-law's carriage at
+the church door, handed in the bride with great presence of mind.  They
+were just driving off when Mr. Hastings came out fuming, and insisted
+on a seat in his own carriage.  So they all drove away together, quite
+in violation, I imagine, of the established etiquette on such occasions.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1877, Burning of Mountstuart]
+
+Bute's hopes of spending the winter of 1877-1878 quietly at his old
+home near Rothesay were rudely frustrated by the catastrophe of
+December 3, 1877, when Mountstuart House was practically burnt to the
+ground, only the two wings (one of them containing the little private
+chapel) escaping the flames.  He wrote early in December, in reply to a
+letter of condolence:
+
+
+Many thanks for the kind expressions in your letter.  It has all been,
+of course, very distressing.  Nearly all moveables (including books and
+pictures) were most fortunately saved,[5] but the confusion is {124}
+and has been so great that I am practically bookless for a while, and
+feel like a snail that has lost its shell.  But the Breviary is slowly
+proceeding.
+
+
+The destruction of his birthplace was, of course, far from leaving Bute
+in any sense homeless; for Cardiff Castle as well as Dumfries House,
+the fine old seat of the Crichtons, were still at his disposition, and
+to these he added in course of time two other country-places in
+Scotland, besides leasing for a term of years first the Duke of
+Devonshire's cedar-shaded villa at Chiswick, and later the beautiful
+domain of St. John's Lodge, in Regent's Park, which was almost as much
+a _rus in urbe_ as Holland House itself.  Superficially, and in one
+respect, he may thus be said to have resembled the anonymous duke in
+Disraeli's most popular novel, who was the owner of so many magnificent
+seats that he could never feel (it was his one grievance) that he
+possessed a home.  But Bute, who considered it a matter of duty and
+conscience to spend a certain time at all his places in turn, contrived
+to find in each of them the _Lar domestico_ (as the Portuguese call it)
+which makes a house a veritable home.  Happy in the society of his wife
+and growing family (three sons were born to him between 1880 and 1887)
+and surrounded by the books which he loved, he was well contented to
+live remote from cities, although quite devoid of any instincts
+whatever for the sports which alone make country life tolerable to so
+many Englishmen.  A good swimmer and fencer (as we have seen) in his
+early manhood, he indulged in middle life in no other bodily exercise
+than that of country walks; and even in these, given a congenial
+companion, what is called the "object of the walk" was often forgotten
+in the interest of some conversation on {125} topics strangely remote
+from the picturesque surroundings of a Scottish country house.  One who
+was often his associate in such rambles, perhaps on the high moorlands
+above Mountstuart, recalls how they would pause at some notable point
+of view, and how his companion, gazing with unseeing eye (though in
+reality far from insensible to the beauties of nature) at the matchless
+panorama of woods and mountains, sea, and sky spread out before them,
+would dismiss the prospect, as it were, with a wave of the hand, and
+continue his discourse on the claim of some mediaeval anti-pope to the
+recognition of Christendom, or the precise relation between the
+liturgical language employed by the Coptic Church and the tongue of
+ancient Egypt as spoken by the Pharaohs.
+
+[Sidenote: 1877, Bute as a landowner]
+
+Bute was scrupulous and exact in the performance of his duties as a
+landowner; he kept himself informed of all the details connected with
+the management of his extensive estates, and never grudged the demands
+on his time and patience made by the lawyers, agents, and others for
+business interviews extending over many hours and sometimes even days.
+That he found these prolonged transactions irksome and fatiguing enough
+is clear from some expressions in his correspondence; and it was always
+a pleasure and relief to him to get back to his books and literary
+work, which were, perhaps, on the whole the chief interest of his life.
+Although he expended annually a considerable sum on the equipment of
+his libraries, Bute was no bibliophile in the sense in which that word
+is now often used.  Tall-paper copies, first editions, volumes unique
+for their rarity, and publications de luxe had no interest for him at
+all.  What he aimed at was to surround himself with a first-rate
+working library, furnished especially with those {126} works of
+reference--_sources_, as the French term is--most likely to be of
+service to him in the historical and liturgical researches with which
+he was chiefly occupied.  His librarian had standing orders, in the
+case of new books of interest and utility, to purchase three copies, so
+that wherever he chanced to be resident he found the tools of his craft
+ready to his hand.[6]  A letter written in the autumn of 1877 shows
+that the work at that time occupying most of his attention was his
+translation of the Roman Breviary, which after several years of
+assiduous (though not, of course, continuous) labour was now nearing
+its completion.
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _August_ 28, 1877.
+
+At last I am relieved from a more than usually tedious spell of
+business with lawyers and factors, and am able to fulfil my promise to
+tell you of my liturgical _opus magnum_ (I call it so, though my office
+has been but the humble one of the translator).  For the present, keep
+the matter to yourself.
+
+I have been engaged since the winter of 1870 in translating the whole
+of the Roman Breviary into English; and the MS. is nearly finished, and
+the printing now going on.  I expect it will be published next year.  I
+have learnt Hebrew (more or less) for the purpose, and done an amount
+of reading which it quite frightens me to think of.  This translation
+is _my beloved child_.  I send you a volume of proof, and will give you
+a copy of the two volumes when they come out.  Please keep it quiet: I
+don't want to be badgered about it, as I should be if people knew that
+I was doing it.
+
+{127}
+
+I am executing a paraphrase in English prose, with a critical
+commentary, introduction, notes, analysis, and all the rest of it, of
+the Scots metrical romance upon the Life of William Wallace, written by
+"Blind Harry" in the XVth century.
+
+From my Scotch historical reading, I am gradually compiling a skeleton
+chronology of the History of Scotland, with references to every fact:
+it is intended to stretch from the fall of Macbeth to that of
+Mary--_i.e._ the national, Catholic, and feudal period.
+
+And--pleasure after business--I have in hand a translation of the
+Targum (Paraphrastic Commentary by the Jewish Fathers) upon the Song of
+Solomon, from the Latin version published at Antwerp in 1570.  This has
+just been rejected by the Jesuits for one of their publications as
+"dull."  As I did not compose it, I feel free to differ from their
+verdict.  I think now of offering it to _Good Words_.  It is mystic
+(not fleshly) and very wild, picturesque, and diffuse--indeed, in my
+opinion, touching not infrequently on the sublime.
+
+So you see I have lots of work in hand.
+
+
+Bute took an infinity of pains over his English Breviary, polishing and
+repolishing his version of the mediaeval Latin text over and over again,
+and correcting and revising the proofs with such meticulous care as
+greatly to add to the expense of the production (which was defrayed by
+himself, not by the publishers) and also to the delay in bringing out
+the work.  Probably few books of the size and character of these two
+portly volumes were ever printed with a smaller proportion of
+typographical errors; but Bute professed himself far from satisfied
+with the work on its appearance.  Sending a copy to a friend, he wrote:
+
+
+There are a good many things in it--blunders and {128} oversights
+(mostly mine, not the printers', who have done their work
+extraordinarily well)--which make me anything but contented with it.  I
+am on the whole, seeing the book in print, least dissatisfied with the
+rendering of the _prayers_, in which I venture to think I have not
+quite failed to reproduce to some extent the measured and sonorous
+dignity of the original Latin.
+
+
+Reviewers, as a rule, received the Breviary with respectful admiration,
+their tributes being, however, paid in many cases less to the work
+itself than to the astonishing industry of the translator.  Bute
+himself was disappointed at the slowness of the sale.  "I hope," he
+wrote to a friend at Oxford, "you will speak of it if occasion offers,
+as the circulation is not large."  And some months later he wrote
+again, "I am very glad that you find the Breviary of use, and that
+there are others who do the same.  It is not, however, a feeling as yet
+very widely disseminated among the public, seeing that I am still L300
+out of pocket by having published it."
+
+There was, in truth, no very considerable body of educated
+English-speaking readers to whom these two ponderous and necessarily
+expensive tomes were likely to appeal.  The Catholic clergy had no
+money to spare for literary luxuries, and felt no special need of an
+English version of their familiar office-book: the Catholic laity,
+devoid for the most part of all liturgical taste, and nurtured on
+modern methods and manuals of devotion, knew and cared little about the
+ancient and official prayer of the Church, either in Latin or in
+English; and thus those chiefly interested in this really monumental
+work, to which the translator had devoted such prolonged and unwearied
+labour, proved to be, not (pathetically enough) his own
+co-religionists, but a small group of scholars and devotees mostly
+{129} belonging to one section of the Church of England, and including
+liturgiologists of acknowledged eminence.  In some religious houses,
+however, both of men and women, the Breviary was introduced, and
+greatly valued, as a means of instructing novices and others in the
+Divine Office; and in a certain number of Anglican communities,
+especially in the United States, it was brought into use as the regular
+office-book.  Bute always heard with sincere gratification of any
+instances of this which were brought to his knowledge.[7]
+
+[Sidenote: 1882, The _Scottish Review_]
+
+Next to the Breviary, the "_beloved child_" of his brain, which was
+published in the autumn of 1879, Bute's chief literary labours may be
+said to have been in connection with the quarterly _Scottish Review_,
+to which he first became a contributor in 1882, and of which he
+afterwards assumed the control, purchasing the periodical outright in
+1886.  A series of his letters dealing with the _Review_, all eminently
+characteristic of the writer, have been preserved, mostly addressed to
+the editor, the Rev. W. Metcalfe, an Established Church minister of
+Paisley, who was afterwards closely associated with him during his
+Rectorship of St. Andrews University, and was during a long series of
+years one of his most intimate friends and most regular correspondents.
+One of his first letters, in reply to one suggesting certain subjects
+for possible articles from his pen, shows the complete frankness with
+which, when necessary, he acknowledged his own ignorance.
+
+
+{130}
+
+Dumfries House,
+  _October_ 10, 1882.
+
+I am sensible of the kindness of your offer, but I know my own
+limitations.  About prehistoric antiquities I can write nothing, for I
+know nothing; and of the Scots Men-at-Arms I know if possible even
+less.  For the latter subject I could no doubt "mug up," as Arthur
+Pendennis did for his articles in the _Pall Mall Gazette_; but _cui
+bono_?  As for early Scottish Christianity, the subject is too vast:
+you might almost as well ask me for an article on the history of the
+human race.  It must be done in _fragments_.  I think I might try my
+hand on some scrap, say the ancient Celtic Hymns, in Latin; and I am
+now taking steps to ascertain if there are known to be any more of such
+compositions than I already possess--also to get a legible transcript
+of one of mine, a (to me) illegible lithographic facsimile of an
+ancient Codex....  As to the Men-at-Arms, I am of opinion that Mrs.
+Maxwell Scott of Abbotsford would do this well.  She is somewhat of an
+invalid, and spends much time in study, in which she has the advantage
+both of great natural ability and of her illustrious
+great-grandfather's admirable library.  She is (unreasonably)
+diffident; but were the article once written, I feel sure you would not
+find yourself in search of any excuse not to print it.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1883, Contributions to the _Scottish Review_]
+
+Bute's own paper on "Ancient Celtic Latin Hymns" appeared in February,
+1883, and was the first of over twenty articles contributed by him to
+the _Scottish Review_.[8]  Other articles followed, dealing
+respectively with St. Patrick, the Scottish Peerage, and the Bayreuth
+Festival, which he attended for the first time in 1886, the same year
+in which he acquired {131} control of the _Review_.  The last-named
+article has a particular interest of its own, as having been written by
+a man quite devoid (as he himself frankly acknowledged)[9] of any
+aesthetic appreciation of music, but who was yet moved and impressed to
+an extraordinary degree by the Wagnerian cycle as presented at
+Bayreuth.  "Had you not better," he writes to the editor in sending the
+Bayreuth article, "submit my _Festival_ to some expert musician of
+Wagnerian mind, that he may add a few technicalities at appropriate
+places?  (I have indicated in pencil where I think this may fitly be
+done.)"
+
+The article on St. Patrick aroused some interest, especially in the
+perennial question of the Saint's birthplace--a subject to which Bute
+makes whimsical reference in a letter relating to hoped-for
+contributions from the Rev. Colin Grant,[10] the learned priest of
+Eskadale.
+
+
+He (G.) is at all sorts of things at this moment, including a memoir of
+Simon Lord Lovat, also a {132} formal attack on a priest (one M----)
+who writes an article every six months, making St. Patrick be born in a
+new place every time, as readily as if he were a kind of early Celtic
+Homer or Gladstone.  Grant swears by Dumbarton; but whenever he crushes
+M---- in one place it is only to find him giving birth to the Saint
+again in a new one.
+
+[Sidenote: 1886, A troublesome Greek]
+
+A note to the editor of the _Review_ on the proper designation of a
+Greek named Bikelas, who had contributed an article, shows the extreme
+attention paid by Bute to such comparatively subsidiary points.  The
+note was addressed from Dresden, which Lord and Lady Bute were visiting
+after their pilgrimage to Bayreuth, and where they prolonged their stay
+for several days (in spite of their usual eagerness to get home), in
+order to witness there another performance of the Nibelungen Tetralogy
+which they had seen at Bayreuth a few days previously.
+
+
+_Sept._ 14, 1886.
+
+Bikelas kicks against being called "the K. Bikelas": he wants the title
+"Mr."  I tell him that we usually give foreigners the title they use
+themselves--not "Mr."  Thus we say "M." not "Mr." Grevy--"Signor" not
+"Mr." Depretis--Herr not "Mr." von Hartmann--"Senor" not "Mr."
+Canovas."  Greeks are vulgarly designated "M.," which must be wrong,
+as, whatever they are, they are not Frenchmen, nor are we.  It is a
+mere blunder founded on ignorance.  They themselves always use the
+style [Greek: _ho kurios_]--e.g. [Greek: _ho_ K. _peparregopoulos_].
+Consequently I maintain that they should be called in English "the K."
+So-and-so.[11]
+
+
+{133}
+
+Under Bute's regime the columns of the _Scottish Review_ were open to
+capable writers professing any religion or none; but he seems to have
+found the latitudinarian views of "[Greek: _ho K. Bikelas_]" as
+troublesome as his title.
+
+
+_December_ 11, 1886.
+
+B. is very tiresome indeed.  The fact is, the man has lived more at
+Paris than has been good for him, and looks on anybody taking any
+interest in religion as a folly to be apologised for.  This is a state
+of mind which will appear as strange and shocking in this country as it
+would in his own.  I told him therefore that I thought I must "cook"
+his most free-thinking paragraphs, and he assented.  Now he insists on
+having it all scepticised.  I suppose that I must do as he wishes, and
+leave him--and ourselves--to the fate that may befall us.  I fear,
+however, he won't be redeemed even by being sandwiched in between the
+Unknowable in front and the miracles of St. Magnus behind.  There is,
+however, just the hope that the country ministers who do the notices
+won't see what he's driving at.
+
+
+Bute's view about the application of the term "British" to his
+countrymen is expressed in a note referring to an article written for
+the number of January, 1887, by Amin Nassif, a Syrian _protege_ of his,
+translated from the Arabic by Professor Robertson, and prefaced by a
+rather mysterious foreword, apparently from Bute's pen.
+
+
+I would not call Nassif's article "Egypt under the British," but "Egypt
+under the English invasion."[12]  I dislike the word "British," which
+really only means Cymro-Celtic.  It has a tendency to confound us with
+{134} the English, and to obscure to the popular mind the extent to
+which our forefathers in 1706 tried to make us a mere English
+province.[13]  To every one their due: to the Westminster Parliament
+that of the bombardment of Alexandria and the rest of it.
+
+
+The appearance of the first number of the _Review_ published subsequent
+to Bute assuming control of the periodical is referred to with some
+complacency, in a letter written from Mountstuart on April 16, 1887:
+
+
+It seems to me the best number of the _S.R._ that I have ever seen.
+But as I have had more to do with it than with any other, I probably
+see it with prejudiced eyes.  The first newspaper notice or two will
+display it in its true light, in the same way that the impressions of
+Moliere's housekeeper on his literary efforts were a precursor of those
+of his public audiences.
+
+
+The "first newspaper notice" which came to hand, that in the _Ayr
+Observer_, evoked a comment which seemed to show that Bute was not then
+so hardened as he afterwards became to the depreciatory remarks of
+"irresponsible reviewers."
+
+
+_May_ 9, 1887.
+
+The _Ayr Observer_ man had clearly not even glanced at any of the
+articles except the first and one other (to which he was attracted by
+my name as of local interest).  He seems to believe the word
+"Byzantine," now seen by him for the first time, to be a synonym for
+"German" or "Russian."  As none of the sentences parse, I conceive that
+the notice was {135} written in the small hours (from a dogged
+determination not to go to bed without getting it done), after
+separating from some scene freely enlivened by alcoholic stimulants.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1887, A London garden party]
+
+A long letter to the editor written on June 18, 1887, contains, _inter
+alia_, lamentations on the writer's "hard fate" at having to return to
+London in mid-summer, and attend, incidentally, a crowded garden party
+there.
+
+
+Fancy leaving this place [Mountstuart] at its very best, in order to be
+jammed in a stuffy back garden in London, in a hollow surrounded by
+houses, for hours on a midsummer's afternoon.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT HALL, MOUNTSTUART]
+
+I see astrologically that Mars has a good deal to say with regard to
+the *******;[14] it may possibly mean sunstroke or apoplexy as well as
+dynamite.  Really one would think they ought to provide not only an
+ambulance tent and nurses, but also a dead-house and a competent staff
+of undertakers.[15]
+
+
+William Skene, the eminent Celtic scholar and historiographer-royal for
+Scotland, had proposed writing an article for the _Review_ on the
+question of reunion between the Episcopalian and Presbyterian Churches;
+and this gave Bute an opportunity of ventilating his deep-seated
+animosity against what he considered the hopelessly Erastian element
+inherent {136} in, and (as he believed) essential to, Anglicanism.  He
+wrote from Raby Castle on October 11, 1887:
+
+
+If Dr. Skene advocates Bishop Wordsworth's views, he is likely to find
+himself strongly controverted in the next number.  What the Bishop
+means by reunion is the unconditional surrender of the Scottish nation
+to a foreign body, whose marriages form 2 per cent. of those celebrated
+in Scotland.  This seems to me simply insane impertinence.  A reunion
+between Presbyterians and Catholics looks to me far less unlikely; for
+the very essence of the Presbyterian position--that the sacramental
+character of Order belongs only to the presbyterate, the episcopate
+being merely its full exercise--is at least a discutable[16] question
+with _us_, and we are already agreed on Christ's Divine Headship "on
+earth as it is in heaven": whereas the Anglicans have nailed their
+colours to the mast on the first point, and have abandoned every shred
+of Catholic principle on the second.  Their doing this last is indeed
+the sole reason why they exist at all, either in England or in Scotland.
+
+
+The withers of the historiographer-royal were probably quite unwrung by
+this rather polemical outburst, the fact being that Dr. Skene had (as
+he himself mildly explained) no sympathy at all with Bishop
+Wordsworth's views on reunion, which his article was designed not to
+support but to confute.[17]
+
+
+
+[1] The vintage of 1885 was also a very good one.  "The Mayor of
+Cardiff," Bute noted in his diary in July, 1892, "has bought three
+dozen of my 1885 wine--like, but in his opinion better (and I really
+think it is) than, my Falernian here."
+
+[2] It may be worth while to point out that the suggested Welsh name
+for the wine is based on a mistaken etymology.  The word "Swanbridge"
+has nothing to do with swans, but is from the Norse or Danish proper
+name Sweyn (Swegen, Swain or Svend).  The narrow neck of land
+connecting the place, at low tide, with the island of Sully is the
+"bridge" or "brigg" forming the second half of the word.  Norse names
+are common all along the south coast of Glamorgan.
+
+[3] It is to be observed, in reference to this, that the occasion
+referred to was that of an exclusively Scottish deputation to Pope Pius
+IX.--an occasion on which Bute doubtless thought it congruous and
+becoming to appear wearing only the decoration of the highest Order of
+Scottish chivalry.
+
+[4] By a singular sequence of events, the persecuting parent (who was
+afterwards created Lord Donington) followed his daughter's example a
+few years later, and died a devout member of the Catholic Church in
+1895.
+
+[5] Much of the credit of this was due to the sailors from the Clyde
+guardship, who arrived on the scene in time to render invaluable
+service in the work of salvage.
+
+[6] The writer has been reminded, since the above sentence was penned,
+that another standing order to the librarian was to purchase annually
+one or two works of fiction among those most in demand during the
+current year.
+
+[7] A tale (possibly _ben trovato_) in this connection was told of a
+certain nun, a blonde of very homely appearance, whose intonation in
+choir of the antiphon, "I am black but comely," provoked such unseemly
+giggles in the community, that the Superior promptly ordered the
+English Breviary to be discarded, and the Latin one adopted in its
+place.
+
+[8] Afterwards reprinted in book form (_post_, p. 143, note).  A
+complete bibliography of Bute's published writings is given in Appendix
+VI.
+
+[9] "Since I have been here," he wrote in January, 1887, from Oban,
+where he had built a church and established a choir of men and boys for
+the daily celebration of the Liturgy, "I have been attending choir
+myself very regularly.  I have no natural musical gifts at all, as you
+(being musical yourself) are well aware; but I think it better to put
+on a surplice when here, as it shows fellow-feeling."  The Emperor
+Charlemagne, we are told, presided regularly over the choir in his
+private chapel; but beyond the fact that he coughed or sneezed
+(_sternutabat_) when he wished the lessons to stop, we do not hear of
+his taking any audible part in the service.  Probably both he and Lord
+Bute, having instituted a choir to do the singing, thought it best
+themselves to follow the injunction which is, or was, posted up in the
+ante-chapel of Magdalen College, Oxford, bidding visitors "join in the
+service silently."
+
+[10] One of the most deeply learned men of his time in Scotland,
+especially on the lore and history of the early Celtic Church.  He was
+appointed to the See of Aberdeen in 1889, but--to the great loss of
+Scottish learning--died only six weeks after his episcopal
+consecration.  See _post_, p. 147.
+
+[11] The articles contributed by this writer were, as a matter of fact,
+signed [Greek: _Demetrios Bikelas_, and appear in the index under the
+name of D. Bikelas.  In some reviews of his writings he is, however,
+styled "the K."  His "Seven Essays on Christian Greece," translated by
+Bute, appeared in book form in 1890.
+
+[12] The title of the article as published was "Egypt on the Eve of the
+English Invasion."  It was anonymous.
+
+[13] One cannot but recall, in this connection, Mr. Putney Giles's
+words to Lothair in regard to the preparations for the celebration of
+his majority.  "Great disappointment would prevail among your
+Lordship's friends in Scotland, if that country on this occasion were
+placed on the same level as a mere English county.  It must be regarded
+as a Kingdom."--"Lothair," Chap. XXVII.
+
+[14] The asterisked word is, of course, "Jubilee."  Some time before
+this Bute had written: "I am dabbling, among other things, in
+astrology, and find it a curious and in some ways fascinating study."
+See _post_, p. 176.
+
+[15] A curious parallel to this curious passage occurs in a letter
+written by Disraeli to Lady Chesterfield on July 14, 1887 ("Life," vol.
+vi. p. 169).  "Garden parties in London are wells, full of dank air.
+Sir William Gull told me that if the great garden parties in future are
+held at Buckingham Palace and Marlboro' House instead of Chiswick and
+so on, his practice will be doubled."
+
+[16] This odd synonym for "discussible" seems almost an [Greek: _hapax
+legomenon_].  The Oxford Dictionary gives but one example of its use,
+from an article in the _Saturday Review_ of 1893.
+
+[17] Dr. Skene's article did not, as a matter of fact, appear in the
+_Review_.
+
+
+
+
+{137}
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+LITERARY WORK (_CONTINUED_)
+
+1886, 1887
+
+"They will say that we are dull, of course," Bute wrote to his editor
+in 1887, discussing the contents of a forthcoming number of the
+_Scottish Review_.  "But they say that anyhow, without reading us,
+whatever we put in or leave out."  Bute did not always feel sure that
+his own contributions, written as they were with an immensity of care
+and painstaking, were not open to this charge.  "I feel rather low
+about the 'Coronations,'"[1] he wrote a few weeks later.  "It seems to
+me dull, very long, and intensely technical....  It is true that the
+Lord Lyon has returned my proof with a note calling the article 'most
+valuable,' and saying he could scarcely suggest any improvement.  So
+far so good; but then he is a professional State Master of Ceremonies."
+
+At other times Bute appeared rather to resent the charge of "heaviness"
+not infrequently applied to his _Review_.  "They call us
+_ponderous_--it is their favourite adjective," he wrote in this mood a
+little later.  "It is easy to bandy epithets, but I should say that we
+are positively _light_ in comparison with {138} some other quarterlies
+I could name.  I was drowsing for two hours last night over one of
+them, which I can designate by no other word than _stodgy_."
+Nevertheless it must be frankly admitted that Bute did not possess the
+power of treating with any kind of light touch (or perhaps of inspiring
+others to do the same) the various interesting and important subjects
+which were the staple of the _Review_.  The gift of humour he certainly
+possessed, and in a high degree: he could see as well as any man the
+incongruous and ridiculous side of the most serious subject: he liked a
+good story, and could tell one himself, with a sort of solemn jocosity
+which, combined with his singular felicity in the choice of language,
+added vastly to the effect of the anecdote.  Moreover, he could write
+as well as talk wittily, as is evident from the caustic and sometimes
+mordant humour which characterises many of his letters.  But this
+feature is almost or wholly absent from his published writings; and in
+these he seems to have adopted the principle which Dr. Johnson
+certainly practised as well as preached: "The dignity of literature is
+little enhanced by what passes for humour and wit; and the true man of
+letters will do well to reserve his jests for the ears of his private
+friends, and to treat serious subjects, on the printed page, in a
+serious manner."
+
+Bute hardly seemed to realise that the following of the sage counsel
+just quoted could be any bar to the popularity of the _Review_ with the
+general reader; and he was at times almost querulous with what he
+called the "unaccountable apathy" of the Scottish public in particular.
+"I think," he wrote to a literary friend, "you ought to pitch strongly
+into the Scottish people for their distaste for anything like serious
+reading.  I am told that of the books borrowed from {139} the Edinburgh
+Public Library for home perusal, more than 75 per cent. are works of
+fiction.  One thing which I have particularly noticed about them is
+crass ignorance of their own history, to a point which is really quite
+astonishing."
+
+In order to increase the circulation of the _Review_, and make it if
+possible self-supporting ("a state of things which, for the sake of the
+principle involved," wrote Bute, "I am extremely desirous to bring
+about,") the desperate expedient was proposed of transferring the
+_Review_ to London, following the precedents of the _Edinburgh_ and the
+_North British_.  But this was too much for Bute's _amor patriae_.  He
+wrote to the Oxford friend from whom the suggestion had emanated:
+
+
+_October_ 1, 1887.
+
+One might, of course, do better business by dropping it as a _Scottish_
+review, and starting another English magazine in London under the same
+name, and with a continuity of numeration.  This, however, would be to
+destroy in its very essence the attempt to keep going a Scottish
+quarterly in Scotland.  It must be owned that the apathy of the
+Scottish public is quite enough to drive any one to such a course, and
+it would be entirely their own fault if it were taken.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Bute's historical method]
+
+A typical example of Bute's method of treating subjects drawn from the
+byways of history may be seen in his studies on the trial and execution
+of Giordano Bruno,[2] whose memory a noisy party in Italy was at that
+time (1888) endeavouring to exalt as that of an innocent victim and
+martyr.  The opinion of educated Catholics might have been thought
+pretty well made up as to the justice of the {140} sentence on the
+notorious Neapolitan philosopher and ex-Dominican, of whom not a Roman
+Inquisitor, but a Protestant divine, had said that he was "a man of
+great capacity, with infinite knowledge, but not a particle of
+religion."  Bute, however, approached the subject in his usual attitude
+of complete intellectual detachment, with no trace of _parti pris_.
+"There is much obscurity about the whole matter," he wrote from
+Sorrento on March 21, 1888, "but I flatter myself that my paper will at
+least be a triumph of impartiality, of absolutely colourless
+neutrality."  It is sufficient to record here that his conclusion,
+after many months of patient sifting of evidence, much of it drawn from
+contemporary sources hitherto unexplored, was much the same as that of
+Bruno's accusers and judges in Venice and in Rome.  He wrote as follows
+to Dr. Metcalfe, before his articles appeared in print:
+
+
+What I fail to understand is why they executed him at all.  If the
+Church Courts had kept him to themselves and imprisoned him for life,
+he could not have done any one any harm, and might with advancing age
+have repudiated and repented some of his blasphemous utterances (one
+being that Christ was not God, but only a magician of extraordinary
+cunning).[3]  In the case of this obscure and repulsive vagabond, whose
+chief literary work could not be printed to-day without the author
+being prosecuted for obscenity, there was surely no need of a terrible
+public example, such as might have been (and was) urged in the case of
+the burning of Servetus.
+
+
+{141}
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Garibaldi's Autobiography]
+
+Equally characteristic of his zeal for what he calls "colourless
+neutrality" in the presentment of historic facts are his observations
+on a proposed article for the _Review_ on the autobiography of
+Garibaldi, then recently published.  As to this he writes (February,
+1888):
+
+
+Perhaps the Contessa M---- C---- could do it; and if the book is on the
+Index (which is not unlikely),[4] she could easily get a dispensation
+by stating her object in wishing to read it.  I suppose she is not a
+Garibaldian, by the way? that would never do.  She should express as
+little opinion of any sort as possible--I don't mean, of course, that
+she should abstain from stating known facts--and should leave the man
+to speak for himself by an analysis and a string of quotations, which
+must be given from the Italian text, and severely literal.
+
+
+The above example--many others could of course be cited--are sufficient
+to indicate the spirit of rigid impartiality in which Bute treated, and
+desired that others should treat, historical questions of every kind,
+and his almost passionate endeavours to follow in all such researches
+the old maxim, _Audi alteram partem_.  It must be confessed,
+however--indeed he himself practically owned--that were his
+historiographical principles universally adopted, English literature,
+if not the cause of historic truth, would be the poorer.  "Most
+history," he said in one of his addresses to a body of university
+students, "is not history at all, but romance, sometimes fascinating
+but seldom trustworthy, coloured, as it often is deeply, with the
+prejudices and prepossessions of its {142} writers.
+Names--facts--dates--there is true history; but when a man gets beyond
+that, when he begins to dissect characters, to attribute motives, to
+analyse principles of action, then in nine cases out of ten he ceases
+to be a historian and becomes a romancer.  Gibbon, with his enormous
+erudition, could have presented to us all the details of Rome's decline
+as they really were---he has given us instead a travesty of them
+distorted by his own devilish hatred of Christianity.  Macaulay, whose
+whiggery may have been all very well on the hustings, disgusts us by
+intruding it into every page of his so-called "History of England."
+Froude vaunts that his history of the English Reformation is entirely
+based on original documents; by which he really means that he has used
+all those which have helped him in his self-imposed task of
+whitewashing Henry VIII., and has suppressed all the rest.[5]  I need
+not give other instances."
+
+Bute might have pointed to his own laborious work on Scottish
+Chronology in illustration of his theory of how history should be
+written--the immense folio volumes, specially constructed for the
+purpose, in which day by day and year by year he inserted dates, with
+the barest and briefest statement of facts bearing on the history of
+Scotland and her early kings, as he encountered them in the course of
+his omnivorous reading.  He could hardly have seriously maintained the
+paradox that history in this skeleton {143} form was the only true
+history worthy of the name.  But no historic student (and he disclaimed
+for himself any higher title) ever aimed more anxiously than he did, in
+every line that he wrote, to set forth the plain facts of history
+absolutely uncoloured by any views or prepossessions of his own.  It
+was this marked characteristic, coupled (it is not necessary to say
+contrasted) with his complete and unquestioning loyalty to the
+teachings of his Church, which, especially to those who knew him, gave
+a unique interest to everything that came from his pen.  Genuine
+erudition--a virile independence of thought and judgment--an engaging
+personal diffidence and a complete absence of anything like obtrusion
+of the writer's own opinions, combined with a gift of expression and a
+command of language which often soars to real, if sober,
+eloquence--these qualities may all be found in the essays which he
+wrote during the years which were the most intellectually productive of
+his life; and it is well that they have been rescued from the _pozzo
+profondo_ of the pages of a provincial periodical of limited
+circulation, and are accessible, in two handsome volumes,[6] to all who
+care to read them.
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Tribute from Lord Rosebery]
+
+It may be well at this point, and in this connection, to cite an
+interesting tribute to Bute's literary abilities paid by one who had
+been among the earliest friends of his dawning manhood, and whose own
+distinction in the world of letters gives a particular value to his
+judgment.  Lord Rosebery said of him as follows:--[7]
+
+
+{144}
+
+The late Lord Bute was a remarkable character to the world at large,
+whether they knew him well or did not.  To some it may often have
+seemed that he was out of place in the nineteenth century.  His mind,
+his thoughts, his studies were so entirely thrown back into a past more
+or less remote; and I think, had he had more incentive to make known
+the objects and subjects of his researches, he would have left no mean
+name in the republic of letters.  And even as it is he has left behind
+him a rectorial address to the University of St. Andrews, which
+contains, I think, one of the strangest, most pathetic, most striking
+passages of eloquence with which I am acquainted in any modern
+deliverance.
+
+
+This is high praise; but to those who are familiar with the passages to
+which Lord Rosebery refers, it will not seem exaggerated or misplaced.
+They form the peroration to Bute's inaugural address delivered at St.
+Andrews on the occasion of his election to the lord-rectorship of that
+University; and they run as follows:--
+
+
+On the 5th of March, in this year, I took a walk with Professor Knight
+to Drumcarrow.  It was a fine, sunny day.  We stood among the remains
+of the prehistoric fort, and looked over the bright view, the glorious
+landscape enriched by so many memories, the city of St. Andrews
+enthroned upon her sea-girt promontory, the German Ocean stretching to
+the horizon, from where it chafes upon the cliffs which support her
+walls.  And we remarked how God and man, how nature and history, had
+alike marked this place as an ideal home of learning and culture.  And
+then the view and the name of the Apostle together carried my thoughts
+away to another land and a narrower and land-locked sea.  I do not mean
+that where Patrai, the scene of Andrew's death, looks from the shores
+of Achaia towards the home of {145} Ulysses over waters rendered for
+ever glorious by the victory of Lepanto.  I do not mean the City of
+Constantine, where the first Christian Emperor enshrined his body, and
+where the union of ineffably debased luxury and ineffably debased
+misery, which drains into the Sea of Marmora, excites a disgust which
+almost chokes grief and humiliation.  Neither do I mean those sun-baked
+precipices which, by the shores of the Gulf of Salerno, beetle over the
+grave where lies the body that was conformed in death to the likeness
+of the death of the Lord.  I mean the land of Andrew's birth--the hot,
+brown hills, which, far below the general sea-level of the world, gird
+in the Lake of Gennesareth--that strange landscape which also is not
+unknown to me, the environing circle of arid steeps, at whose feet,
+nevertheless, the occasional brakes of oleander raise above the line of
+the waters their masses of pink blossom, and whence the eye can see the
+snows of Hermon glistering against the sky far away;--and I pray that
+some words which he heard uttered upon one of those hills may be
+realised here--that the physical situation of this place may be but a
+parable of its moral position--and that it may yet be said of the House
+of the Apostle that "the rain descended, and the floods came, and the
+winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not, for it was
+founded upon a rock."[8]
+
+
+In 1888 Mr. Gardner of Paisley, publisher of the _Review_, was honoured
+with the appointment of publisher to the Queen.  Bute, who was
+interested in every detail concerning the periodical, wrote to the
+editor with one of his quaint comments:
+
+
+_September_ 30, 1888.
+
+I think it would be just as well that Gardner should put his Royal
+title at the foot of the title-page, as in his other publications, and
+just in the same way.  {146} I suppose H.M. will not consider that she
+is thus made responsible for all the opinions to be found within.  If
+she does, it will be time for her to say so when it strikes her.
+
+I have just attacked a great frequenter and pillar of the Athenaeum Club
+for not having us taken in there; and I hope he will succeed in wiping
+this reproach from the institution.
+
+
+Bute's control of the _Scottish Review_ was maintained until the end of
+his life.  The seventy-second and final number appeared in October,
+1900, the month in which he died.  Occasional entries in his diaries
+show that he had incurred very heavy expenses in connection with the
+_Review_--perhaps, from first to last, almost as heavy as those
+entailed on him by the establishment and support, twenty years before,
+of a Conservative daily newspaper in the heart of Liberal Wales.  As he
+had not grudged that outlay in what he believed to be a good cause, so
+he did not consider the money expended on this literary enterprise to
+have been expended in vain.  If the _Scottish Review_ under his control
+had not proved precisely a commercial success--and perhaps he had never
+really expected that it would--its conduct and management had at least
+provided him with congenial work and occupation during a period
+extending over several years.  It afforded him a convenient vehicle for
+the publication of his curious researches into some of the obscurer
+corners of ecclesiastical and general history: it brought him into
+contact, either personally or by correspondence, with many
+distinguished scholars and men of letters whom he might otherwise have
+had no opportunity of knowing: it led indirectly to the forming of at
+least one intimate friendship which was the source of pleasure and
+interest to him until the {147} end of his life; and it brought him
+opportunities which he valued of playing the part of an unostentatious
+Maecenas--in other words, of giving practical encouragement to literary
+beginners in whom he discerned actual ability or promise for the
+future, enabling them to make their first public appearance in a
+periodical of repute, and thus assisting them to mount at least the
+first slopes of the Parnassus to which they aspired.
+
+[Sidenote: 1889, Death of Bishop Grant]
+
+Reserved, undemonstrative, and cold as Bute was often deemed, there is
+abundant evidence that his colleagues and collaborators on the
+_Scottish Review_ appreciated highly the uniform courtesy,
+consideration, and kindness which they received at his hands.  His real
+warmth of heart and loyal affection to his friends are well shown in
+the touching letter which he wrote on hearing of the death of his old
+and dear friend Bishop Colin Grant, who had not only contributed to the
+_Review_, but had given him, for many years past, constant and very
+highly valued assistance in his researches into the early history of
+Scotland.
+
+
+_September_ 28, 1889.
+
+My own feelings are divided between grief for the loss of my old and
+esteemed personal friend, and a sense of desolation, almost amounting
+to despair, at the loss which Scottish historical science has
+sustained.  There must be among his papers masses of notes which ought
+not to be lost to the world.  I have written to his nephew to implore
+him not to let a single scrap of paper be destroyed.  As for himself,
+if we can only put aside our grief at the loss to ourselves, and at the
+apparent loss to the Church upon earth, we can only feel a curious joy
+as we picture his admission, far beyond the sphere where time works,
+into the blessed company of the just made perfect (especially those of
+our own land, on whose {148} earthly lives he loved so much to
+dwell[9]) and above all, into the very presence of their Divine Head,
+the great Shepherd of the sheep, Whom to please he so humbly and
+cheerfully devoted a lifetime in striving to serve His flock.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Scottish Home Rule]
+
+A short time before writing this tribute to his old friend and
+fellow-worker, Bute had attended a meeting held at Dundee to advocate
+the claims of Scotland to Home Rule--a claim which he regarded with a
+great deal of interest and not a little sympathy, as is evident from
+the article he wrote for the _Scottish Review_ (October, 1889) on
+"Parliament in Scotland."  He thus gives his impressions of the meeting:
+
+
+The Home Rule meeting in Dundee seemed to me to be really a sort of
+battle between Dr. Clark and the Edinburgh Executive on the one hand,
+who gave me the impression of being well-informed, able, and educated
+people, either Tories or very moderate Liberals, with whom I get on
+perfectly; and on the other hand the great body of delegates, who
+seemed to me to be extreme Radicals unconscious of their own ignorance.
+Mrs. Maxwell Scott has read the proof of my forthcoming article, and is
+exceedingly pleased with it.  The Home Rule people all wanted to know
+whether the _Scottish Review_ could not be turned into their monthly
+organ!  but I replied that such a change would be equivalent to
+annihilation of what the _S.R._ was designed to be, has always been,
+and is.
+
+
+Bute had already accepted an engagement to preside this year (1889) at
+the St. Andrew's Day dinner of the Scottish Corporation in London, but
+{149} was extremely dubious as to what kind of reception he would have
+from a company of whom many were doubtless quite out of sympathy with
+the views on Scottish Home Rule set forth in this article.  His letter
+on this subject, expressing his obvious relief at the manner in which
+things had turned out, makes amusing reading:
+
+
+Chiswick House,
+  _December_ 1, 1889.
+
+The St. Andrew's Day dinner came off last night.  I had been extremely
+nervous about it, so that I could really take up nothing else until it
+was over.  This was folly, and really almost sinful folly, because the
+desire to be liked is only vanity at bottom, and vanity is a bastard
+cousin to pride.  But I knew also (and there I was on fair enough
+ground) that, although politics were not to be mentioned, the thing was
+in fact to be a political demonstration, and that it was not yours
+truly, John M. of B., who was to be placed in the chair, but the author
+of "Parliament in Scotland"; and the question was, how the Scottish
+commercial colony in London would receive him.  It had even been
+publicly suggested in print that the charity should be boycotted
+because I had been asked to take the chair, "although, no doubt," (the
+writer charitably added,) "that must have been done before the article
+appeared."  Well, the festival duly came off, and I think I was never
+more cheered in my life.  They cheered for quite long periods every
+time I had to come forward, from the time I entered the drawing-room
+before the dinner.  And I will not quote the language which was used to
+me about the speech which I made.
+
+
+The interest which Bute had always felt in St. Magnus of Orkney since
+his visit, or pilgrimage, to the scene of the saint's martyrdom in his
+under-graduate days,[10] was evinced by the new and careful {150}
+investigations which he undertook in 1886, in view of an article on the
+subject in his _Review_.  His cautious, yet reverent, attitude towards
+the supernatural is well shown in a passage of a letter to his
+publisher, relating to the local tradition about a perennially green
+spot of ground said to mark the site of Magnus's death in the isle of
+Egilsay:
+
+
+I own that, with such information as I have ever had, together with my
+own recollections of the place, I am inclined to think that the
+phenomenon is, if not strictly miraculous, in the strongest sense of
+the word, a special intervention of Divine Providence, which may be
+called a preternatural testimony of God's favour towards His martyred
+servant.
+
+
+Bute later entered into negotiations for the purchase of the site above
+referred to, with a view to its preservation; but this was not carried
+out.  He also wrote at considerable length to his correspondents in
+Orkney, throwing great doubts (as he had done nineteen years
+previously) on the supposed bones (or "reliques," as he calls them) of
+St. Magnus preserved at Kirkwall--chiefly on account of the degenerate
+type of the skull.  "It may be," he characteristically says, "that this
+only indicates a triumph of grace over nature.  But it seems to me to
+be incompatible, I will not say with holiness, but with the
+intellectual, high-minded, and beautiful character and tastes of the
+Martyr."  On these and other grounds he urges that the local
+photographer of the skull must be strictly enjoined not to circulate
+the photograph under false pretences.
+
+{151}
+
+[Sidenote: Relics of St. Magnus]
+
+A letter which Bute addressed (in Latin) to the Cardinal Archbishop of
+Prague as to reputed "reliques" of St. Magnus preserved in the
+cathedral there elicited no response.  "The reliques of St. Magnus
+themselves," Bute wrote in some displeasure, "could not be more
+voiceless than the Cardinal of Prague in regard to my (I hope)
+courteously-worded request."  Through Cardinal Manning, however,
+information finally reached him that the relics at Prague (venerated
+there for several centuries) included a shoulder-blade.  This was
+missing from the bones in Kirkwall Cathedral--so far satisfactory; but
+they also included a shin-bone (_crus_), whereas the shin-bones
+(_crura_) at Kirkwall were complete and intact.[11]  Bute's final
+conclusion (and the incident is recorded as showing the curious
+interest with which he pursued such minute investigations) was that the
+bones at Kirkwall were not St. Magnus's at all, but probably those of
+Earl St. Rognwald, nephew to St. Magnus, another Norse saint and hero
+venerated in the same locality.  He thought it worth while to insert in
+the _Review_ a letter from Orkney informing him that there was a
+tradition in Egilsay that one would always find an open flower on the
+site of the martyrdom, and that the writer had found there on December
+10, after heavy snow and gales, several daisies in full bloom.[12]
+
+{152}
+
+The first two years of Bute's connection with the _Scottish Review_
+were perhaps among the busiest of his life, not only because of the
+assiduous care which, as we have seen, he devoted to the conduct and
+control of that journal, but also by reason of the increasing duties
+which devolved on him in connection with his extensive estates.  To the
+latter he made very considerable additions at this period, increasing
+his Buteshire property in 1886 by the acquisition of the island of
+Cumbrae from the trustees of the sixth Earl of Glasgow, and also
+purchasing in the following year the important estate of Falkland in
+Fife, to which was annexed an office of the greatest interest to him,
+the hereditary keepership of the ancient palace of Falkland.  In
+Cardiff, also, there was a great increase of business connected with
+the reorganisation of the vast docks.  The new Roath Dock was opened in
+1887 by his six-year-old heir, Lord Dumfries (his first appearance in
+public), and on the same day his youthful daughter cut the first sod of
+Roath Park, for which he had made a free gift of land valued at
+L50,000.  His generosity was further shown after the disastrous failure
+of the Cardiff Savings Bank, when it was sought to make him liable as
+honorary president of the institution.  As soon as it was judicially
+decided that there was no claim whatever against him, he voluntarily
+contributed L3,000 towards making up the deficiency.  In the previous
+year he had manifested his liberality towards his Scottish tenants by
+obtaining (in view {153} of the prevalent agricultural depression) an
+independent valuation of his farms in Bute, and reducing the rents by a
+third.  It was not without reason that the local Liberal newspaper, in
+many respects even vehemently hostile to him, described him as "a just
+and generous landowner"; whilst in Cardiff this handsome tribute was
+paid to him by one extremely well qualified to pronounce an opinion:
+"As regarded his estates, he was, of course, a most excellent and
+liberal landlord, as all who had the privilege of being his tenants
+would certainly admit."
+
+[Illustration: FALKLAND PALACE.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1889, A cathedral foundation]
+
+Much of Bute's correspondence at this period is taken up with a scheme
+which he had greatly at heart, namely, the establishment of the full
+liturgical service of the Church at Oban, where his diocesan (the
+Bishop of Argyll and the Isles) had his see, and where he himself had
+built a handsome church.  He was concerned that the canonical office of
+the Roman Breviary, for which he had so high a veneration, should not
+be recited daily in a single cathedral church throughout Britain;[13]
+and he incurred a great deal of trouble and expense in his efforts that
+this reproach should be wiped out at least in one church in Scotland.
+He defrayed the whole cost of organ and organist, choirmen and
+chorister-boys, instituted and supported a convent-school for the
+education of the last-named, and paid a chaplain for the exclusive work
+of presiding in choir and singing the daily Mass.  The question of
+providing a chaplain {154} exercised him much, and he wrote to a friend
+in Italy on this point:
+
+
+_May_ 8, 1886.
+
+I imagined that, the duties being light and the remuneration (I venture
+to think) adequate, a chaplain could easily be found; but the
+difficulties seem endless.  Whether the cause be chronic ill-health,
+constitutional indolence, or an entire want of interest in the Liturgy,
+I know not; but so far no priest has been found in England or Scotland
+able or willing to celebrate the daily sung Mass.  Kindly set on foot
+inquiries among the unattached clergy of Rome, popularly known as
+_preti di piazza_--many of them, I believe, estimable priests,
+unoccupied through no fault of their own--and see if one can be found
+to supply our needs.  Unexceptionable references would be, of course,
+required.
+
+
+This and other difficulties were in time overcome, and the daily choral
+office was duly carried out for a period extending over several years,
+and was much appreciated by the numerous Catholic visitors who
+frequented Oban during the summer and autumn.  Unfortunately it was not
+found possible to continue the daily services for any long time after
+the death of the founder.
+
+Bute expressed, with his usual frankness, his sentiments on the subject
+of the rather nondescript festivals commonly known as "church openings":
+
+
+Chiswick House,
+  _April_ 17, 1886.
+
+I am suffering much at present from the persistent wish of my Lord of
+Argyll to have what he calls an "opening" of the tin temple[14] in
+August--_i.e._ {155} during the tourist and shooting season.  This
+anomalous celebration is not designed in honour of the inauguration for
+public worship, which was last Sunday; nor its ecclesiastical blessing,
+which is arranged for an earlier date, nor the inception of the Divine
+office--but something in the nature of the "opening" of the Westminster
+Aquarium, a new Dissenting Chapel, municipal washhouses, or a fancy
+fair, with (I presume) tickets, placards, and posters, and probably
+excursion-trains.  The bishop seems moved by a conviction that the
+local Protestants are anticipating a junketing of this kind with even
+more eagerness than the Catholics.  But he is a gentleman; and I am
+sure when he knows how I hate the whole thing he will give it up.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1886, Church building in Scotland]
+
+Besides the pro-cathedral at Oban, Bute was interesting himself this
+year (1886) in building a church at a mining town in Ayrshire, near
+Loudoun Castle, the ancestral home of his mother's family.  Discarding,
+as usual, conventional ideas, he chose for his model the great church
+of St. Sophia at Constantinople, of which the church at Galston was a
+carefully-executed miniature copy.  One of the first solemn services
+held in it was a Requiem Mass celebrated for Lord Loudoun's sister,
+Flora Duchess of Norfolk, who died on April 11, 1887.  Lord and Lady
+Bute attended her funeral at Arundel, and also that of Clara Lady
+Howard of Glossop, Lady Bute's sister-in-law, whose death occurred a
+few days later.
+
+
+
+[1] "The Earliest Scottish Coronations": "The Coronation of Charles I.
+at Holyrood"; "The Coronation of Charles II. at Scone."  These appeared
+in the _Review_, 1887-1888, and were reprinted, with an additional
+article and an Appendix, in 1902, after Bute's death.
+
+[2] "Giordano Bruno before the Venetian Inquisition" (July, 1888): "The
+Ultimate Fate of Giordano Bruno" (October, 1888).
+
+[3] In his first trial (at Venice) Bruno tried to defend himself on the
+principle of "two-fold truth," maintaining that he had held and taught
+the errors imputed to him "as a philosopher, and not as an honest
+Christian."
+
+[4] It does not appear on the official _Index Librorum Prohibitorum_
+published at the Vatican Press.
+
+[5] This may seem a severe judgment; but some contemporary French
+critics of Mr. Froude had much harder things to say about his literary
+honesty.  "L'historien d' Henry VIII. et d'Elizabeth," wrote M. de
+Wyzewa, "etait victime de ce q'un critique a appele 'la folie
+d'inexactitude.'  Il ne pouvait pas copier un document sans y
+introduire des variantes qui souvent en alteraient le sens."--"Rev. des
+Deux Mondes," tom. xv. (1903), p. 937.
+
+[6] "Essays on Foreign Subjects" (1901), and "Essays on Home Subjects"
+(1904).
+
+[7] The occasion of this striking utterance was an annual meeting of
+the Scottish History Society, held subsequent to Bute's death.
+
+[8] Reprinted in "Essays on Home Subjects" (1904), pp. 263, 264.
+
+[9] Bishop Grant was, among other things, a noted hagiographer, having
+made profound studies of the lives and acts of the early Celtic saints
+of Scotland.
+
+[10] See _ante_, p. 50.  The writing of the article on St. Magnus was
+entrusted to Mrs. Maxwell Scott of Abbotsford, but illness prevented
+her from completing it, and Bute himself, as he says, "saw it through."
+It was published in January, 1887.
+
+[11] Although the high authority of the Bollandists (_Acta Sanctorum_,
+April, tom. II. p. 435) is on the side of the relics at Prague being
+actually those of St. Magnus of Orkney, King and Martyr, it is
+impossible not to remember that there was another St. Magnus (popularly
+known as St. Mang), monk of St. Gall and Apostle of the Algau, who was
+greatly venerated in Germany, and whose _cultus_ would seem more
+antecedently probable at Prague than that of the holy Norse Earl.
+
+[12] In March, 1919, thirty-three years after Bute's second
+investigation of the supposed relics of St. Magnus, a discovery was
+made fully justifying his grave doubts as to the identity of the bones
+interred in the north pillar of the choir of Kirkwall Cathedral.  A
+casket was found in one of the _southern_ pillars of the choir,
+containing remains (including a skull with a clean cut in the parietal
+bone and a sword-cut through the jaw,) which there seems reason to
+believe may be the actual relics of St. Magnus.
+
+[13] At Belmont Abbey, until recently cathedral of the diocese of
+Newport (in which Cardiff lay), the daily Divine office has been
+chanted by monks without intermission for more than sixty years; but
+their office is of course the Benedictine, not the Roman.  The latter
+has been recited daily, and continuously, in Westminster Cathedral
+since its opening in 1902.
+
+[14] The Oban pro-cathedral was a provisional structure of iron, but
+its interior was handsomely and even richly fitted up at Bute's
+expense.  He usually gave the name of "tin temples" to the iron chapels
+which he set up in various parts of the country.
+
+
+
+
+{156}
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+FOREIGN TRAVEL--ST. JOHN'S LODGE--MAYOR OF CARDIFF
+
+1888-1891
+
+Notwithstanding the increasing and incessant claims on his time and
+attention of literature, business, and family duties, there were few,
+if any, years in which Bute was not able to secure an interval of what
+to him was real enjoyment, in foreign travel.  Even from such
+journeys--and they were not infrequent--as were undertaken purely for
+reasons of health, he seldom failed to derive both pleasure and profit.
+"I am ordered abroad at once," he wrote on one occasion, "to drink the
+waters of Chales, in Savoy.  They are, I believe, exceptionally nasty,
+but you know how I like being abroad, and I am quite in spirits at the
+prospect of the trip."  He never travelled very far afield, his most
+distant journeyings having been, perhaps, to Petersburg (in Lord
+Rosebery's company) and to Teneriffe in 1891.  The countries bordering
+on the Mediterranean, France and Italy, Spain and Portugal, Palestine,
+Egypt and Greece, were the scenes of most of his foreign sojournings;
+and in them all he found sources of continual and inexhaustible
+interest.  He had travelled a good deal abroad with his mother in his
+childhood, and often recalls in his diary these early visits:
+
+
+{157}
+
+_July_ 30, 1886.  The very same rooms at the Belle Vue, Brussels, as we
+had when I came here in childhood....  The house is full of Americans,
+as like one another (to English eyes) as Chinese or negroes.  It is
+impossible to tell them apart.[1]
+
+
+At Dresden also, a few months later, he records his vivid recollections
+of an early visit to that capital.  This was the year of his first
+pilgrimage to the shrine of Wagner at Bayreuth (he attended the
+festival there also in 1888 and 1891).  Many of his letters to the
+editor of the _Scottish Review_ are dated from foreign addresses; and
+interspersed in these with business and literary details are numerous
+picturesque notes on the customs and doings of the people among whom he
+was living.  The descriptions of the religious observances of the
+inhabitants of Sorrento have a certain piquancy, when one remembers
+that they were addressed to a minister of the Scottish Presbyterian
+Church.  Bute wrote on such matters _currente calamo_, and took for
+granted--no doubt with reason--that his friend would be as much
+interested in such matters as he was himself.
+
+
+Rome,
+  _February_ 15, 1888.
+
+We had a magnificent voyage, which made me feel immediately in a most
+robust and lively condition.  I find, however, that a calm in the Bay
+of Biscay, such as we had, is considered ill-omened by the sailors; and
+one of the passengers committed {158} suicide on the night before we
+left Gibraltar.  Curiously enough, the same thing happened in the same
+circumstances on another occasion which I remember of a calm in the
+same spot.  We landed at Naples last Saturday.  The lewdness, cruelty,
+etc., of the Neapolitans seems as bad as usual; but some non-Neapolitan
+clergy have lately been introduced, who say Mass very reverently, and
+preach and pray in the vernacular.  I hear they are beginning to do
+much good.  We arrived here yesterday, and are fasting to-day (Ash
+Wednesday) in great discomfort.  Rome is crowded.  The Scotch
+deputation (about 140 persons) is to be received by the Pope to-morrow
+at 10.30 a.m.
+
+
+Bute read the address to Pope Leo XIII. on behalf of the Scottish
+pilgrimage, which had come to Rome to join with the rest of Christendom
+in congratulating the venerable Pontiff on the celebration of his
+sacerdotal jubilee.  From Sorrento, where he afterwards spent several
+weeks, he wrote to Dr. Metcalfe on Holy Saturday:
+
+
+The people had their fill (I should hope) of services, and especially
+of preaching, yesterday (Good Friday).  They began with a procession
+round the town at 4 a.m., which I did _not_ join, commemorative of the
+procession to Calvary.  The Liturgy began in the cathedral at 8, and
+ended at 11.  At 1 a man began preaching in the cathedral and went on
+till 4.15--I wonder he could do it.  The church was full, and all, even
+small boys and girls, very attentive.  He preached nine sermons, or
+rather one enormous sermon in nine points, with short and very sweet
+Italian anthems sung between each.  Many of the congregation were
+affected to tears.  The service of _Tenebrae_ began at 5 and lasted an
+hour and a half; then they began another procession through the
+streets, this time in commemoration of Christ being {159} borne to the
+grave.  A spectator said to me quite cheerily that this procession was
+going the round of seven churches; and that there would be a sermon in
+each.  At 9.30 p.m. I heard from our garden the town band (which
+accompanied the procession) still playing in the distance sacred music
+and funeral marches.  The people are now buying at the confectioners'
+small lambs made of the least indigestible sugar procurable, so that
+they may "eat the lamb this night" without violating the Lenten law of
+abstinence from flesh meat.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Easter at Sorrento]
+
+A long letter addressed to the same correspondent on Easter Monday
+seems worth reproducing almost in its entirety.  It affords testimony,
+more convincing than any words of a biographer could be, of Bute's
+extraordinary interest in the religious services of his Church, and of
+the vivid and even moving eloquence which inspired his pen when
+describing the worship and the devotion of the simple Campanian folk
+among whom he was temporarily sojourning:
+
+
+The people go on hearing sermons.  There were at least two delivered in
+the Cathedral on Sunday, at 7 and 10 a.m.  These preachments have their
+peculiar features, besides their length.  They seem very often to
+conclude with an _extempore_ prayer.  I call it _extempore_, although
+it is of course prepared beforehand, and, in the works at any rate of
+St. Alfonso Liguori, these prayers are printed along with the sermons
+to which they belong; but no MS. is used.  When the prayer begins the
+people generally kneel down, and sometimes the preacher asks them to
+join with him, in which case he prays very slowly, and they repeat
+after him.  One day I went into the large Church of the Saviour at
+Meta.  There was barely standing-room.  A man was preaching against
+{160} blasphemous swearing.  After a time he dictated to the
+congregation a sort of pledge never to commit this sin again, and many
+of them repeated it after him.  He then, after the manner of old
+precentors I have heard of in the Highlands, when the people could not
+read, sang an hymn line by line, the people singing every line after
+him.  After this he knelt down in the pulpit and offered a long and
+vehement _extempore_ prayer; and when this was over he rose and began
+on the same subject again.  I then left.
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Church services at Sorrento]
+
+On the Feast of St. Benedict there were special services in the
+Benedictine convent church here.  Before Benediction, the Archbishop
+officiating, the whole congregation sang the _Te Deum_ together by
+heart, in Latin.  Then the Archbishop began to preach, from the
+altar--a series of puns on the name of Benedict (_Benedetto_,
+"Blessed"), very well done.  He spoke of the blessedness of the
+servants of God, here and hereafter, and in reference, no doubt, to the
+nuns behind their grating as well as to the women in the church, made
+allusion to the special blessedness of the women who serve God.  This
+was followed by a long _extempore_ prayer, the people (who had stood
+while he preached) sinking on their knees.  He besought a blessing on
+himself and his flock, naming the different classes of his people in
+turn with great simplicity and fervour.  The final supplication that
+all--not one being missing from the flock--might at last be brought
+together in the glory of heaven, was very moving.  Then he gave the
+Sacramental benediction.
+
+The use of the vernacular seems to be very considerable.  At the
+parochial Mass on Sundays, besides the sermon, and Italian prayers
+before Mass begins, at certain moments the whole congregation repeat
+Italian prayers together.  The similarity of their language to Latin
+robs the latter of much of its terror.  Many of the commoner Latin
+hymns, etc., they seem all to know by heart quite familiarly.  {161} I
+have spoken of the _Te Deum_.  On Saturday they all sang the Litany,
+repeating every clause after the precentors.  On Thursday, while the
+Sacrament for next day's Communion was being carried to the Chapel of
+Repose, the whole congregation sang on their knees the hymn of Thomas
+Aquinas upon the Last Supper; and the sublimity of the words, the
+spectacle of the kneeling multitude, and the solemnity of the
+procession moving through the church, made a very impressive whole.
+The clergy here are all extremely clean and respectable-looking, and
+very decorous and reverential, both out of church and in.  And this
+remark applies also to the whole of the Divinity students, and the
+whole choir and staff of the Cathedral.  The music--even when poor--is
+very grave and solemn; the services are conducted (and evidently
+prepared) with the utmost care, and a certain effect of subdued
+splendour is produced--with the air of being produced incidentally and
+unintentionally--by the real costliness and richness, combined with
+scrupulous cleanliness and neatness, of every object and garment
+employed, in their several degrees.
+
+The admirably conducted services in the Cathedral have had a damaging
+effect on the Anglican chapel, some of the congregation of which have
+been assiduously attending them, to the not unnatural annoyance of the
+clergyman in charge, whose own domestic circle is not unaffected by the
+contagion.  The erratic sheep, when summoned to private interviews of
+remonstrance, meet their pastor with questions as to what possible
+grounds Bishop Sandford of Gibraltar can have for pretending to possess
+and exercise Episcopal authority in the diocese of Sorrento.
+
+I hope these details may interest you.
+
+
+It may be said that practically every one of Bute's journeyings to
+foreign lands either partook {162} more or less of the nature of a
+pilgrimage, or else was made in search of health.  Pre-eminent among
+the first class were his frequent visits to the Holy Land, of which
+some account has already been given.  Except for occasional references
+in his letters, we have little about these from his own pen.  "My
+latest pilgrimage to the Holy Places," he writes on one occasion, "has
+been extraordinarily blessed to me."  It is of interest in this
+connection to cite some passages inserted in the fly-leaf of a copy of
+Stanley's "Sinai and Palestine," presented by Bute to a friend.  They
+are not in his own handwriting--except the Latin quotation (from St.
+Luke xii. 34) at the end--nor is there any evidence as to their
+authorship; but their sentiment is undoubtedly one which would strongly
+appeal to him:
+
+
+The attractions of Rome and Jerusalem are not comparable, and should
+not be compared.  The interest of Rome is of course by far the more
+varied.  Not all who journey thither go to venerate the Tombs of the
+Apostles.  There are those to whom the Palace of the Caesars appeals
+more than do basilicas built by Popes, who regard the Colosseum rather
+as the monument of emperors than as the palaestra of martyrs, to whom
+the Mamertine prison speaks of Catiline rather than of St. Peter.[2]
+People throng {163} to Rome not only to pray, but to study art,
+antiquities, and music, to enjoy the most cosmopolitan society in
+Europe, sometimes to hunt foxes on the Campagna.  Jerusalem, on the
+other hand, is a city of faith, and (roughly speaking) all who visit it
+do so as pilgrims.  _Illuc enim ascenderunt tribus, tribus Domini_.
+Rome has a thousand charms--Jerusalem one, but that one transcendent.
+Its sacred soil has been trodden by the feet of God made man, and it is
+the Holy City as no other city can ever be.  _Ubi enim thesaurus vesler
+est, ibi cor vestrum erit_.[3]
+
+
+The last words, written by Bute himself at the foot of the manuscript
+just quoted, are of particular interest, referring, as they doubtless
+do, to his long-cherished resolve that his heart, after his death,
+should mingle with the sacred dust of the Mount of Olives.
+
+[Sidenote: At Ober-Ammergau]
+
+The visits to the Ober-Ammergau Passion-play, which Bute made in 1871,
+in company with Bishop Clifford and two Oxford friends, again in 1880
+with his wife, and also in 1890, were undertaken, too, in the pilgrim
+spirit.  "We start for Ober-Ammergau on Monday," he wrote on September
+11, 1880, "and are both hoping to reap spiritual good from our stay
+there."  A letter to his old friend at Oxford on his return home gives
+some interesting impressions:
+
+
+The new theatre looks like a railway station, and the stage
+arrangements are considerably more elaborate than they were nine years
+ago.  The crowd, too, was infinitely greater, but its behaviour was on
+the whole decent, except for some attempts to applaud (emanating, I
+fear, from our countrymen), {164} which were extremely distressing.
+The play itself was not less impressive than I remember it; and I was
+pleased with the simplicity and piety of the people, who seem unspoilt
+by the leap within recent years of their retired village into fame.  I
+ventured to express, through a German-speaking friend, my satisfaction
+on this point to one of the most respected inhabitants of the place
+(one of the principal actors); and his reply (of which my friend gave
+me a translation) pleased me very much.  "God be thanked," he said,
+"that is true; but it would not be so if we accepted the many offers
+made to us to give representations of the Passion-play in various
+cities of Europe.  Also it is well for our people that the play is
+given but once in ten years; for in the intervals we lead our
+accustomed quiet life in this valley, and a new generation of children
+has time to grow up in the old traditions of the place."[4]
+
+
+Bute refers later, in letters written from Bayreuth, to what he calls
+the "outrage" of applause from the audience during the performance of
+_Parsifal_, in terms which indicates how strongly he felt the religious
+appeal of the Wagnerian drama:
+
+
+Bayreuth,
+  _July_ 23, 1888.
+
+On Sunday the illiterate part of the audience insisted on applauding
+Acts II. and III. of _Parsifal_, in spite of all the protests of the
+cultured hearers; and the effect was most distressing and shocking.
+The {165} allusions to the Eucharist are of such a nature that it was
+almost as unseemly as it would be to clap a church choir during the
+Communion Service; and putting aside the gross irreverence and
+unseemliness of such conduct, it is an outrage and fraud on the public,
+who are at these moments wrapped in religious thought, and whom it is
+brutal and shameful to disturb by a revolting noise.
+
+
+In his diary for 1891, Bute notes that he had written a letter to Frau
+Wagner, begging her to take steps to prevent any applause during the
+representation of _Parsifal_; but it is not recorded if this appeal had
+the desired effect.
+
+[Sidenote: Incognito in Sicily]
+
+The travels on the Continent were carried out without any sort of
+ostentation; and Bute found it even expedient occasionally to preserve
+his incognito when abroad.  Thus he wrote on one occasion to one of his
+oldest friends:
+
+
+_Ascension Day_, 1882.
+  Aci Reale, Sicily.
+
+The outside of your letter gave me, I confess, less pleasure than any I
+have ever had from you.  You know the state of Sicily, and the way
+brigands have with people whom they believe to have money.
+Consequently, when ordered here by the doctors I was urged both in
+Naples and Messina to drop my title absolutely; and I am known here
+only as "B. Crichton Stuart."  You may thus imagine the discontent with
+which I saw "The Marquess of Bute" staring me in the face out of the
+letter-rack in the hall.
+
+Pray be most careful both to address me only as B.C.S., and also to
+keep your knowledge of my whereabouts most strictly to yourself.  I
+need not point out the great annoyance and possible danger to which you
+might otherwise expose me.
+
+I have been very ailing for more than a year.  {166} Sometimes I feel
+as though the horizon of life were closing in, and wish I could recall
+the rest of the verse beginning:
+
+  When languor and disease invade
+    This trembling house of clay....[5]
+
+But the warmth and sunshine here are helping me.  I propose, when my
+"cure" is over (for good or evil), to go to Greece, and look for
+quarters in Athens where I may spend the winter with my wife and child.
+
+I prefer this place to Italy, at least to Naples, whose people on the
+whole impress me as the off-scourings of humanity.  The great
+difference between Sicily and Italy strikes me very much: it is,
+perhaps, due to the fact that Sicily belongs (I believe), both
+geographically and geologically, to Africa.
+
+
+From Egypt, where he spent one spring, being ordered a spell of dry
+desert air by the doctors, he wrote characteristically to a friend (a
+Benedictine monk), then resident in a remote corner of Brazil:
+
+
+Helouan, Egypt.
+
+I deserve your reproaches for not writing before.  But really one has a
+feeling (I know _I_ have) that writing to a distant address is,
+literally and physically, an heavier undertaking than writing to a near
+one.  Query: If some philosophers are right in thinking that space, as
+well as time, is purely subjective, may not this have something to do
+with it?
+
+
+One or two notes from his diary in Egypt are interesting:
+
+"_March_ 7.  Amin Nassif brought a "professed {167} sorcerer to see me"
+(a later note adds, "I believe him to be a pure impostor").
+
+"_March_ 15.  Tried the ascent of the great Pyramid, but collapsed from
+giddiness half-way.  Margaret [his daughter, then aged sixteen] had no
+difficulty."[6]
+
+"_April_ 6.  Monophysite Copts do not now reserve the B. Sacrament
+(although they formerly did so), because the species was once eaten by
+a snake, which was then eaten by a priest, who died in consequence!"
+
+"_April_ 24 (Alexandria).  At the Greek Catholic church the new French
+Consul was received with extraordinary honour by three priests, vested
+respectively in red, white, and blue!  There was no sermon, but a
+speech in which the benefits conferred by France on Syria and Egypt
+were highly praised."
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1891, Trip to Teneriffe]
+
+Another journey which may be mentioned here was his trip to Teneriffe
+in the spring of 1891.  His health at this time was far from robust,
+and was indeed causing some anxiety to his friends; but he was
+determined as usual to gain from his visit intellectual profit as well
+as (if possible) some benefit to his health.  He wrote to H. D.
+Grissell on March 16, 1891:
+
+
+Orotava, Teneriffe.
+
+I date to you from this eccentric place, whither I have come to try and
+patch myself together by a stay of a few weeks.  Of course these
+islands are utterly unknown to me, and the vegetation in particular is
+at first sight quite startlingly novel.  The air is delicious, but I
+feel the want of sun, and there is much cold wind.  As Piazzi Smyth
+speaks much of the clouds here, I suspect that this stupendous {168}
+mountain (of which we rarely see the top, and only in early morning or
+late evening) has much to do with it.
+
+
+The outcome of Bute's sojourn in the Canary Islands was a remarkable
+paper, "On the Ancient Language of the Inhabitants of Teneriffe," which
+he read at the meeting that summer of the British Association at
+Cardiff, and afterwards published in the _Scottish Review_.  Like most
+of his writings on such recondite subjects, it was more or less
+"caviare to the general"; but it aroused considerable attention among
+philologists, who recognised it as a genuine and valuable contribution
+to linguistic science.  Professor Sayce wrote to him from Queen's
+College, Oxford:
+
+
+_October_ 17, 1891.
+
+Many thanks for your kindness in sending me your monograph on the
+extinct language of Teneriffe.  I wish that all linguistic
+investigations had been conducted with similar care and caution; we
+should have had fewer difficulties to contend with in the study of
+linguistic science.  You have shown us exactly what are the materials
+on which we can base our opinion on the ancient language of Teneriffe,
+and how far those materials can be trusted.  For this reason your paper
+seems to me to be of very real value.
+
+
+It seems right to refer in this place to another and later tribute paid
+by another and equally distinguished man of science, who in his
+estimate of Bute's remarkable attainments makes special allusion to the
+article we are now considering.  Sir William Huggins, who was very
+intimate with him in the later years of his life, wrote as follows:
+
+
+The Marquess of Bute was one of those, the deeper side of whose mind
+and character could be duly {169} appreciated only by those who had the
+privilege of his friendship.  A man of great natural gifts, he was
+highly cultured on many sides; and the extent and the variety of his
+information on a vast variety of subjects was really remarkable.  No
+scientist[7] could discuss a scientific matter with him without being
+struck by the clear-sighted way in which he saw into the heart of the
+matter, and the fairness and patience with which he would weigh and
+consider it from various points of view.  These qualities were well
+shown in the very interesting and valuable paper on "The Ancient
+Language of the Natives of Teneriffe" contributed by him to the British
+Association when it met at Cardiff....  Lord Bute's sensitive nature
+revolted from the killing of any living thing.  But he was keenly
+interested in natural history, and had a knowledge of many creatures
+and of their habits as intimate and searching as that of the most
+scientific sportsman.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Home in Regent's Park]
+
+The reference in the last paragraph recalls the fact that when (in
+1888) Lord Bute first acquired a London domicile, purchasing the
+twenty-seven years' lease of St. John's Lodge, in Regent's Park, he was
+particularly interested in finding himself in close proximity to both
+the Zoological and the Botanic Gardens.  A priest who was often his
+guest there used to say that he could walk on the terrace, with its
+matchless view of garden and park and forest trees, and recite his
+Office in perfect quietness, with the tumult of London reduced to a
+distant hum, and the silence only occasionally broken by the roar of
+wild beasts in the "Zoo" not far away.  Bute was {170} a fellow of both
+societies, and often strolled in one or other of the gardens with his
+guests or members of his family of a Sunday afternoon, talking freely
+with the custodians of animals and plants, and not infrequently
+astonishing them with the variety of his knowledge.  One of his guests
+was looking, in the Botanic Gardens, at a remarkable and
+recently-acquired collection of dwarf Japanese trees, and observed that
+Lord Bute would be interested in seeing them.  "Yes," was the reply,
+"his lordship knows a lot about plants.  But then, he knows a lot about
+most things, don't he, sir?"[8]
+
+[Sidenote: 1888, Hospitalities in London]
+
+That Bute did know "a lot about most things" was undoubtedly true; and
+what used often to strike those who were intimate with him was the
+singular _orderliness_ of his knowledge.  "His memory was prodigious,"
+writes one who often consulted him on points of history, "and he seemed
+to me to keep everything which he had ever learned or read stored away,
+so to speak, in watertight compartments of his brain, ready for instant
+use when called for."  But he never paraded his knowledge of history or
+anything else, and one of his most engaging characteristics was the
+extreme respect and, indeed, deference which he paid to acknowledged
+masters of any branch of learning or science.  He welcomed the
+opportunity which his occasional periods of residence in London
+afforded him of offering hospitality to such.  "My experience of men of
+intellectual eminence," he once said, "has been that they are not only
+interesting, {171} but as a rule extremely agreeable."  Among those who
+from time to time were his guests at St. John's Lodge were men of such
+varied distinction as Lord Halsbury, Lord Rosebery, Mr. W. H. Mallock,
+Sir Ernest A. W. Budge, F.S.A., Cardinal Vaughan, Sir William Huggins,
+Mr. Walter Birch, Mr. Westlake, Sir William Crookes, Mr. F. W. H.
+Myers, etc.  Later on, after the presentation of his only daughter, his
+charming house in Regent's Park (which, as well as its spacious
+gardens, he did much to improve and adorn) became the centre of much
+agreeable hospitality of a more general kind.  Bute himself was pleased
+to think that the entertainments given there in the beautiful
+ball-room--lit from garlands of Venetian glass, and opening on to the
+illuminated grounds--were popular and appreciated by society.  "I
+really think," he wrote, "that people enjoy making up parties to come
+to us on these occasions.  Regent's Park is a _terra incognita_ to a
+great many Londoners; and there is perhaps a certain piquancy about a
+place which almost simulates to be a country house and is yet only a
+shilling cab-fare from Piccadilly Circus."
+
+In 1888, the same year in which he acquired his London residence, Bute
+paid his first visit to Falkland, his new possession in Fife--his
+first, that is, as owner of the estate and keeper of the ancient
+palace; for (as he notes in his diary) he had visited it as a boy of
+thirteen, nearly thirty years previously, in the company of Lady
+Elizabeth Moore, and had been there before more than once with his
+mother.  The firstfruits of his new connection with the place was a
+carefully-written paper on "David Duke of Rothesay," the hapless heir
+of Robert III., said to have been starved to death in Falkland Palace
+in March, {172} 1402.[9]  Of this article the friendly critic already
+quoted[10] appreciatively writes:
+
+
+Lord Bute's qualities as a historian appear conspicuously in the
+lecture on David Duke of Rothesay, where the scanty material available
+about this unfortunate prince is treated in a truly scientific spirit.
+The zeal for truth shown in it is only equalled by his noble desire,
+even at the eleventh hour, to do justice to the poor lad so cruelly
+murdered by his contemporaries and misrepresented by posterity.
+
+
+A rumour had been widely current, in the year of Queen Victoria's
+golden jubilee, that Bute was to be created "Jubilee" Duke of
+Glamorgan.  It is permissible to question whether his patriotism would
+have allowed him to consent to the merging of his historic Scottish
+title in a brand-new one derived from a Welsh county; but his only
+written reference to the matter appears in a letter to a friend who had
+sent him a newspaper-cutting on the subject:
+
+
+I cannot believe that there is anything in the report to which you have
+called my attention.  Were it so, I imagine that I should have heard of
+it before now through some other channel than the Society columns of a
+halfpenny newspaper.
+
+
+In the spring of 1890 the office of Lord-Lieutenant of Glamorganshire,
+then vacant, was offered to him {173} by the Prime Minister (Lord
+Salisbury), but he did not see his way to accept it.  A single line in
+his diary records the fact; but there is a brief further mention of it
+in a letter written at the time:
+
+
+I have little or no acquaintance with the county, or with "them that
+dwell therein" beyond the limits of Cardiff and of my own property.
+For this and other more personal reasons, I have--in, I hope, a not
+unbecoming letter--begged leave to decline the honour.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1890, Mayor of Cardiff]
+
+With another offer made to him a little later in the same year Bute
+found himself able to comply, much to the satisfaction of all
+concerned.  This was a requisition that he should allow himself to be
+nominated as Mayor of Cardiff for 1890-91.  It is a point of
+considerable interest, and one certainly illustrative of the strong
+sense of duty which always animated him, that the first peer to hold
+the highest municipal office in any English or Welsh borough for
+several generations--certainly since the Reform Bill--should have been
+one whom his natural love of retirement, and aversion from public
+display, might have prompted to refuse any office of the kind.  Once
+elected, he attended with sedulous care to such duties as devolved on
+him in virtue of his office; and early in 1891 he wrote to his old
+friend Miss Skene, giving a cheerful account of his stewardship.  The
+last part of this letter, in which some of his deeper feelings are
+touchingly disclosed, would have appealed with very special force to
+his correspondent, one of the chief works of whose life at Oxford was
+the rescue of girls and women; and for that reason a portion of her
+reply is appended:
+
+
+{174}
+
+Cardiff,
+  _January_ 23, 1891.
+
+MY DEAR MISS SKENE,
+
+This gorgeous paper[11] is that which the town of Cardiff supplies for
+the use of its mayors.  As I have had nothing to do personally with
+originating it, I may freely say that I think it very pretty.  And the
+arms of the town are certainly interesting historically, as a memorial
+of the De Clares, Lords of Glamorgan, of whom the last male
+representative fell at Bannockburn in 1314.
+
+I get on pretty well with my civic government here.  My official
+confidants are nearly all Radical Dissenters, but we manage in quite a
+friendly way.  They only elected me as a kind of figure-head; and
+although they are good enough to be glad whenever I take part in
+details, I am willing to leave these in the hands of people with more
+experience than myself, as far as I properly and conscientiously can do
+so.
+
+I have, however, felt it to be my duty (owing to some terrible facts)
+to insist upon the enforcement of the laws for the protection of little
+girls; and here I find unanimous and hearty support from quite a
+majority of the officials, who differ from one another as widely as
+possible upon every religious, political, and social question.  I
+learned yesterday of a certain lot of children whom I have been
+honoured to be the instrument of getting out of a bad house of the
+worst kind.  This will cheer me on my death-bed--or beyond, for I shall
+have forgotten, but Another will not.
+
+Sincerely yours,
+  BUTE.
+
+
+======================================================================
+
+{175}
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE LETTER FROM THE MARQUESS OF BUTE TO MISS SKENE]
+
+======================================================================
+
+{176}
+
+Miss Skene replied a few days later:
+
+
+I cannot tell you what immense pleasure it gave me to receive your kind
+letter, and I think you were indeed most good, in the midst of all your
+work, to write to me yourself....  I am most deeply interested in what
+you have been able to do for the rescue of the poor little victims of
+evil-doers.  I wish with all my heart that the mayors of other towns
+would take the same view of their duty in these matters; but alas! this
+is not always the case....  I am sure it will always be a happiness to
+yourself to feel that you have saved the poor children of whom you
+speak.  These things are not forgotten in heaven.
+
+Ever your faithful old friend,
+  FELICIA SKENE.
+
+
+[Illustration: _The Marquess of Bute, Mayor of Cardiff, 1890-1891_]
+
+Bute gave his mayoral banquet in the Drill Hall at Cardiff on February
+4, 1891, wearing the beautiful chain which he had had specially
+designed and made for the chief magistrate of the borough.  Some alarm
+was caused, in the middle of the dinner, by the sudden breaking out of
+fire in the decorations of the roof; but no one was injured, and
+(largely owing to Bute's own coolness) there was no panic of any kind.
+In one of his letters he makes this curious comment on the mishap:
+
+
+I should have been prepared for the misadventure, for I was suffering
+at the time under an evil direction of [Symbol: Mercury], who was just
+then in [Symbol: Mars] with [Symbol: Uranus], so that I was almost
+bound to anticipate some untoward happening.[12]
+
+
+{177}
+
+On his return from Teneriffe, Bute spent several months at Cardiff,
+where, as already mentioned, he entertained the Royal Association at
+their meeting there, and read his paper on the ancient language of the
+islanders.  He attended the corporation-meetings regularly between
+April and November, and was able to note in his diary in the latter
+month that his year of municipal office had been a success.  He was
+particularly gratified by a letter from the Duke of Norfolk, himself
+the mayor-elect for Sheffield, asking his advice on various points
+connected with the office--"advice," added the Duke, "which your most
+successful tenure of the mayoralty of Cardiff renders you so admirably
+qualified to give."  Bute showed this letter to a friend, remarking in
+his quiet way: "The local press has spoken very kindly of my conduct as
+mayor, but I value this letter more than any number of newspaper
+articles."
+
+Bute went up from Cardiff in May to attend the Royal Academy dinner, as
+he did on several subsequent occasions.  It was of a later one of these
+entertainments that he noted: "The Academy was bad, and the dinner the
+dullest I have been at, only redeemed by Rosebery's very witty speech,
+which was, however, obviously the result of long toil.  The Lord
+Chancellor's [Halsbury] seemed much more spontaneous."  Bute does not
+seem to have spoken at any of these functions, as he did occasionally
+at the dinners of the Scottish Academy in Edinburgh.
+
+{178}
+
+Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff records in his diary the impression made on
+Sir Alexander Grant, at one of these dinners, by Bute's oration.
+
+
+I met Sir A. Grant, who was full of the speech which Lord Bute
+delivered the other night at the Scottish Academy dinner, in which he
+said that "Athens and Assisi had spoilt him for everything else."[13]
+
+
+
+[1] Froude makes the same remark ("Oceana," Chap. XIV.) about the
+Chinamen on board the steamer by which he travelled from Australia to
+New Zealand.  "I suppose," he adds, "that to Chinamen the separate
+personalities are as easily recognised as ours.  To me they seemed only
+what Schopenhauer says that all individual existences are--'accidental
+illustrations of a single idea under the conditions of space and time.'"
+
+[2] A friend of J. H. Newman, referring to some papers contributed by
+him, under the title of "Home Thoughts Abroad," to the _British
+Magazine_, after his memorable tour in Italy and Sicily in 1833, says:
+"These papers were the first to turn people's thoughts from the
+classical antiquities and fine arts of Rome to its Christian
+associations.  It was a new idea to me when I read the papers, and, I
+really think, to everybody else.  Now (1885) any one would say it never
+was otherwise; the fact was, however, that no one then thought of Rome
+in connection with St. Peter and Paul, much less St. Leo and St.
+Gregory, or of sumptuous worship as anything but a kind of theatrical
+sight."  This paper was reprinted in 1872, in the volume called
+"Discussions and Arguments," under the new title of "How to Accomplish
+it."
+
+[3] "For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also."
+
+[4] The original German text (of which Bute's letter contained a copy)
+ran as follows: "Got sei Dank, das ist wahr; aber es waere nicht so,
+wenn wir die vielen Anerbieten, das Passionspiel in verschiedenen
+Stadten Europas aufzufuehren, annehmen wuerden.  Es ist auch gut fuer
+unsere Bevoelkerung, dass das Spiel nur alle zehn Jahre gegeben wird,
+denn in der Zwischenzeit fuehren wir unser gewohntes und ruhiges Leben
+in diesen Tale, und ein neues Geschlecht von Kindern hat Zeit
+heranzuwachsen in den alten Ueberlieferungen unseres Ortes."
+
+[5] Bute was only in his thirty-fifth year when he wrote these words.
+
+[6] He had made the ascent of the Pyramids before--in 1865, when in his
+eighteenth year, and again in 1879.
+
+[7] The eminent astronomer was, of course, himself a man of science
+rather than a man of letters, and as such must be pardoned the use of
+the uncouth word "scientist," which disfigures his otherwise eloquent
+tribute to his friend.
+
+[8] Bute was interested in the longevity of parrots, and had many talks
+on the subject with the intelligent parrot-keeper at the Zoological
+Gardens.  "The parrot they had longest," he notes, "lived with them
+fifty-four years; but they do not know how old it was when they got it."
+
+[9] This article, published in the _Scottish Review_ in April, 1892,
+was in substance a reproduction of a lecture given by Bute in January,
+1872, to the Associated Societies of Edinburgh University, of which he
+was honorary president.
+
+[10] Sir William Huggins.
+
+[11] Emblazoned with the scarlet and gold arms of Cardiff--or three
+chevronels gules.  Since 1906 this charming and historic coat-armorial
+has unfortunately given place to one described by a respected citizen
+of Cardiff as "an abomination"--a shield bespattered with red dragons
+and leeks, and other Welsh emblems, and surmounted by three ostrich
+feathers.  The last-named assumption is particularly indefensible, the
+ostrich plume being, of course, the badge of the King's son and heir,
+and not of the Prince of Wales as such.
+
+[12] Bute's interest in astrology has been already noted (_ante_, p.
+135), and is also referred to in Mr. Myers' obituary notice (_post_,
+Appendix V.).  He was not, of course, unaware that the _practice_ of
+astrology had been forbidden to the Christians of the early Church, and
+condemned by a sixteenth-century Pope.  But he also had the authority
+of St. Thomas for believing, if he desired to do so, that the heavenly
+bodies do influence the bodies of men, and so indirectly their passions
+and their conduct.  This is a matter of science, not of theology, which
+forbids, not the study of the science, but the belief, once so widely
+current, that the astrologer can predict with certainty the course of
+events and man's future actions.
+
+[13] _Notes from a Diary_ (1873-1881), vol. ii. p. 101.
+
+
+
+
+{179}
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+FREEDOM OF GLASGOW--BENEFACTIONS TO WALES--LORD RECTOR OF ST. ANDREWS
+
+1891-1894
+
+An incident which gave Bute sincere pleasure, during the year of his
+mayoralty of Cardiff, was the presentation to him of the freedom of the
+city of Glasgow, which took place on October 7, 1891.  The honour was
+conferred on him, according to the burgess-ticket which he received,
+"in recognition of the distinguished services he has rendered to
+Scotland, by erecting and gifting[1] to Glasgow the Bute Hall, by his
+personal contributions to literature, and by the warm sympathy he has
+ever shown in whatever is fitted to promote the interests of art and
+science."
+
+Bute replied to the presentation in a speech which he himself described
+in anticipation as "maddeningly dull," but which was nevertheless very
+well received; and on the same day he performed the opening ceremony of
+the new Mitchell Library, delivering an address which he thought, in
+contrast with the other, appeared "almost lively, with a tendency even
+to flippancy."  It was not his first public appearance in Glasgow; for
+some time before this he had made an oration at the opening {180} of
+the new Jesuit College of St. Aloysius, and had warmly congratulated
+Scottish Catholics on taking another step in the resumption of a
+tradition which identified higher culture with the Catholic Church.[2]
+
+Cherishing as he did, to the end of his life, feelings of grateful
+affection towards all those who had shown him kindness during his
+somewhat solitary childhood, Bute was sincerely grieved to hear, in the
+autumn of 1892, of the death of Lady Elizabeth Moore, one of his
+earliest and most devoted friends.  The temporary estrangement between
+them caused by his change of religion had long passed away; and only
+nine days before her death, on the occasion of her eighty-eighth
+birthday, his daughter had written to her a letter of good wishes which
+Lord and Lady Bute and all their children signed.  He wrote thus
+feelingly of this loss:
+
+
+Of her affection for me, and mine for her, I cannot speak too strongly.
+It is an event which finally cuts me off (till my own death) from the
+generation to which my mother belonged, and in which I was born....  A
+great friend of my mother's, and a second mother to me; and I am ever
+grateful to her for her defence of me against General Stuart and others
+in 1860.
+
+
+By a strange coincidence, General Stuart himself died two days later.
+The death of Colonel J. B. Crichton Stuart, Bute's former tutor-at-law,
+had occurred in the previous year; and the Lord-Lieutenancy of
+Buteshire, which he had held since 1859, {181} was in due course
+offered to Bute and accepted by him.  He performed all the duties
+pertaining to the office with the scrupulous conscientiousness which
+characterised him; and he told a friend, some time afterwards, that he
+had been particularly gratified by the Lord Chancellor expressing his
+approbation of the care which he (Bute) had exercised in the
+recommendation of persons for the commission of peace in his titular
+county.
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, Benefactions to South Wales]
+
+In September, 1892, Bute attended the meeting of the National
+Eisteddfod, and delivered an address with which he was himself
+extremely dissatisfied, though it is only fair to say that on such
+occasions he was the severest critic of his own orations, with which
+his audiences appeared well content.  He had always been warmly
+interested in the Eisteddfodan, had subscribed liberally to their
+funds, and had presided and given an address at a previous meeting held
+at Cardiff in 1882.  He also gave generous assistance to the
+Cymrodorion Society for its publication of Welsh Records, and enabled
+the Cardiff Library, by his subscription of L1000, to acquire the
+valuable MSS. which had belonged to Sir Thomas Phillips.  Nor was it
+only the cause of learning which he assisted by his judicious
+benefactions.  Every scheme set on foot for the benefit of the
+districts with which he was connected found in him a generous
+supporter.  To King Edward VII.'s Hospital (then the Glamorgan and
+Monmouthshire Infirmary) he gave a site for the new building worth some
+L5000, having before this paid off the debt on the institution.  For
+many years he maintained entirely a cottage hospital at Aberdare; he
+gave a large donation to the building fund of the Merthyr Hospital, and
+a still larger one to the Seamen's {182} Hospital at Cardiff, and
+contributed liberally both to the "Rest" at Porthcawl, and to the
+Miners' Relief Fund for Monmouthshire and South Wales.
+
+Unostentatious as were his innumerable charities, it is right that
+these things (which include his benefactions in South Wales alone)
+should be recorded.  Bute's name was known in his lifetime, and has
+been handed down to posterity, as that of a munificent patron of
+scholarship and learning, of science and architecture and art.  He
+richly deserves this tribute; but it is not to be forgotten that he was
+also a wise, discriminating,[3] and most generous benefactor of a score
+of institutions designed only for the relief of the distressed, the
+needy, and the suffering.  Every one knew him to be a scholar, and a
+friend and patron of scholars, but it was only his innermost circle of
+friends, and the countless beneficiaries of his far-reaching
+generosity, who knew how truly, how continually, his heart was open to
+the calls of mercy and of charity.
+
+Bute never hesitated about expressing his opinion of men whom the world
+called famous, but whose claim to any such distinction he failed to
+recognise.  Writing of Lord Randolph Churchill, whom he had met at
+luncheon in September, 1892, he says:
+
+
+He seemed to me ill-informed, ill-mannered, and stupid.  I used to know
+him slightly at Oxford, and thought little of him there.  I wonder
+whether his wife writes his speeches.
+
+
+{183} His notes on Royalties are, on occasion, quite as frank as on any
+one else.  After attending the Lord Mayor's dinner in October, 1892, he
+wrote:
+
+
+The Maharajah of Baroda (it is a mere ignorant vulgarism to call him
+"the Gaikwar") spoke, I found, much better English than the Duke of
+----.  The latter went off home from the Lady Mayoress's boudoir,
+whither we men were taken to smoke, without returning to the
+drawing-room to wish her good-night.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, Relations with Universities]
+
+The closing weeks of 1892 were marked by an event which brought Bute
+into intimate connection with the oldest of the four Scottish
+Universities, namely, his unanimous election as Lord Rector of St.
+Andrews.  The honour was one which he very greatly appreciated, and the
+duties of the office would have been not only extremely interesting,
+but altogether congenial to him, had he not been involved by the
+peculiar circumstances of the time in a series of highly contentious
+questions, which, in his somewhat enfeebled state of health, caused him
+for a period of time extending over several years considerable trouble
+and anxiety.
+
+Bute's keen and practical interest in educational matters, and
+especially in the promotion of higher studies throughout the country,
+had naturally brought him into relation, at different times of his
+life, with several of the national universities.  With Oxford, since
+his student days there at the most memorable crisis in his life, he had
+little subsequent connection.  He refers occasionally in his letters to
+the disadvantage which he had suffered from having been prevented by
+circumstances from taking his degree; and Oxford never saw fit to
+honour him, {184} or herself, by conferring on him an honorary degree
+in recognition of his services to learning and scholarship.  He never,
+however, lost his interest in his original _Alma Mater_; and nothing
+gave him greater pleasure, during the closing years of his life, than
+the news of the removal of the restrictions which had hitherto
+prevented Roman Catholic students from frequenting the universities of
+Oxford and Cambridge.  A friend, head of one of the Oxford Halls, was
+visiting him in London some time subsequently, and informed him that
+there were already, in consequence of this change of policy, more than
+seventy Catholic undergraduates in residence at that university.  Bute,
+who was at that time quite an invalid, raised himself on his couch, and
+said with the quiet emphasis with which he always spoke when strongly
+moved: "I wish there were seven hundred."  He only visited Oxford once
+or twice after his marriage, but his continued affection for it was
+evinced in many ways; and the Catholic church and mission there, as in
+so many places, benefited by his munificence.[4]
+
+The establishment of a University College at Cardiff was to Bute
+naturally a matter of great interest, of which he gave many practical
+proofs.  He accepted the presidency of the institution in 1890, when he
+contributed generously to the foundation of a chair of engineering; and
+six years later he gave a special donation of L10,000 to the funds.
+Besides his inaugural address, he gave another, in 1891, to the pupils
+of the science and art schools.  His many gifts to the college included
+a complete {185} set of the valuable _Acta Sanctorum_ of the
+Bollandists; and he was particularly gratified by the very appreciative
+acknowledgment of this present which he received from the librarian.
+Bute proposed Mr. Gladstone as the first Chancellor of the University
+of Wales.  Although profoundly opposed to some of the political views
+of that statesman, he had an admiration for his character and
+attainments; and he looked on it as a special honour, some years later,
+to receive the Honorary Doctorate of St. Andrews on the same occasion
+as the veteran Liberal leader.
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, Honorary Doctorates]
+
+The first of the Scottish universities with which Bute found himself
+practically connected was that of Glasgow, to which he presented in
+1877 the noble hall, for graduation and other ceremonies, since known
+as the Bute Hall.  Two years later, in recognition of this splendid
+gift, which is said to have cost him nearly L50,000, the Honorary
+Doctorate of Laws was bestowed on him by the university.  He received
+the same honour from Edinburgh in 1882, and from St. Andrews in 1893,
+the first year of his rectorship.  In 1883 he was invited to stand for
+the Lord Rectorship of Glasgow University, being nominated in the
+Conservative interest against Mr. Fawcett as the Liberal candidate.
+John Ruskin was also nominated.  A regrettable element of religious
+animus was introduced into the contest, but the leading Glasgow journal
+warmly supported Bute.  Mr. Fawcett was elected, the figures
+being--Fawcett 796, Bute 690, Ruskin 329.
+
+By his appointment in 1889 as a member of the Scottish Universities
+Commission, Bute came, of course, into intimate relation with the
+affairs of all the four universities.  He was an active member of the
+Commission, attending its meetings regularly, {186} and giving much
+time and attention to the important questions which came up for
+discussion and solution.  But as a member of a mixed body of this kind,
+of which some--and these not the least distinguished--were sure to
+hold, and to express, views sharply conflicting with his own, Bute was
+not, it must be frankly said, at his best or happiest.  The candid
+biographer must admit that, with all his admirable qualities, he was
+not of a temperament that could easily or patiently brook opposition to
+his matured views.  The absolute impartiality and freedom from
+prejudice with which, as we have seen, he approached the consideration
+of any subject, literary or other, on which he had to form an opinion,
+made him, perhaps not unnaturally, all the more tenacious of that
+opinion when once formed.  "I know no one," remarked one of his friends
+and admirers, "to whom the description of Horace, _Justum et tenacem
+propositi virum_, could be applied with greater truth"; and the tribute
+was a deserved one.  But he did not always find it easy to realise that
+the views of those opposed to him might be as considered and as
+conscientious as his own; and he was, perhaps, too apt to regard their
+opposition in the light of personal hostility to himself.  "It might, I
+think, have been observed," he wisely says in one of his university
+addresses, with reference to Peter de Luna's disputed claim to the
+Papacy, "that where so many learned and able persons were divided in
+opinion, a difference of judgment from one side or the other did not
+necessarily imply moral obliquity."  It is not suggested that Bute
+imputed "moral obliquity" to those who differed from him either on the
+Universities Commission, or afterwards in the vexed questions which he
+had to encounter at St. Andrews.  But {187} that he resented their
+action, and in some cases even with a certain bitterness, is clear from
+many passages of his correspondence; and this feeling was in one
+instance sufficiently acute to interrupt and suspend a friendship which
+had lasted for nearly a quarter of a century, though it is pleasant to
+add that the breach was entirely healed, and cordial relations resumed,
+long before his death.
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, Rectorial address]
+
+Bute's election to the Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews took place on
+November 24, 1892.  "I had great difficulty in accepting," he wrote to
+his friend Dr. Metcalfe, "because I had already declined Glasgow[5] on
+the grounds of want of unanimity and probable inability to fulfil the
+duties, and only accepted St. Andrews on an assurance of unanimity, and
+that the duties are almost nominal."  The latter hope was disproved by
+the event; but whether light or heavy, Bute entered on the duties of
+his office with his usual conscientious resolve to fulfil them all to
+the utmost of his ability,[6] and for the benefit of the ancient seat
+of Scottish learning which he had loved and venerated from his earliest
+years.  He alluded in his inaugural address, with charming simplicity,
+to these childish memories, "associated with that of the only parent
+whom I ever knew, and with those of friends of hers, nearly all of whom
+are now passed away":
+
+
+I dimly recall the old garden of St. Leonard's and a variety of
+mechanical toys working by wind and water, with which Sir Hugh Playfair
+had adorned it.  I remember gazing from St. Andrews at the {188} great
+comet which there was about the time of the Indian Mutiny; and when we
+were living in the Principal of St. Mary's House, my kinsman, Charles
+MacLean,[7] came home wounded from India and stayed with us, and with
+his maimed hand gave me some elementary lessons in fortification, with
+wet sand in a box.  I find in my diary, under date of July 20, 1889:
+"To St. Andrews ... saw the last of the old garden of St. Mary's
+College, where I used to play (and eat unripe pears) as a child: they
+are going to build the library extension over it."  Well, I can only
+hope that the fruits of the tree of knowledge, to the cultivation of
+which that spot is now dedicated, may prove less crude and more
+wholesome than the grosser dainties, to the attractions of which I
+there formerly yielded.
+
+
+It was an undoubted satisfaction to the new Lord Rector to be able to
+nominate, as he did in the month following his own election, to the
+office of his assessor his old friend and fellow-worker on the
+_Scottish Review_.  He gives his reasons, with his usual clearness, in
+a letter addressed to Dr. Metcalfe himself:
+
+
+I have come to the conclusion to nominate you, because you are a man of
+public position versed in these matters--you are (if you will allow me
+to say so) on most friendly and even intimate terms with me for years
+past--we are, I believe, after many conversations with you, quite at
+one upon University questions--and you are almost bound to be _persona
+grata_, having quite recently received the Honorary Doctorate of the
+University.  Besides which, I think that an outside expert is better
+adapted to see questions fairly than somebody who is necessarily inside
+some local groove.
+
+
+{189}
+
+[Sidenote: 1892, St. Andrews and Dundee]
+
+Dr. Metcalfe was duly appointed to the assessorship; and with one at
+his side in whose sound judgment as well as his personal attachment to
+himself he had the fullest confidence, Bute was greatly encouraged in
+the assumption of his important duties with regard to the university,
+in which he had already shown his practical interest by giving it, at a
+time of some financial distress, very timely and welcome help.  This
+help had been all the more welcome in view of the unsympathetic
+attitude of successive Governments towards St. Andrews.  Mr. Arthur
+Balfour had indeed during his Rectorship (1886-1889) persuaded the
+administration of which he was a member to build the addition to the
+library to which Bute refers in the extract from his diary quoted
+above.  But, generally speaking, Tories and Liberals alike had shown
+towards the premier university of Scotland the minimum of interest and
+generosity.  This was the more remarkable, inasmuch as the patronage of
+the principalships of the United College as well as of St. Mary's, and
+also of the chairs of Church History, Biblical Criticism, and Hebrew
+and Oriental Languages, was vested in the Crown.  In 1889 Parliament
+had actually entrusted to the newly appointed Universities Commission
+powers to abolish St. Andrews University altogether--a proposal which
+found a certain measure of support in Dundee, where University College
+had been founded in the same year.  The relations of this new college
+to the ancient university were still indeterminate when Bute took
+office in 1892; but its medical possibilities, situated as it was in
+the heart of a populous and growing city, had of course become quickly
+apparent to its managers.
+
+It must be borne in mind that medical degrees had all along been
+granted by St. Andrews itself after due {190} examination by the
+professors of the university, who were assisted by external examiners
+of high distinction.  The number of such degrees, originally unlimited,
+had been afterwards reduced to ten.  At the time of Bute's coming into
+office there were two main contentions as to medical teaching at St.
+Andrews.  The first was that provision should be made for one _annus
+medicus_ only, so that practically the whole weight of medical teaching
+should be thrown on Dundee.  The second was that there should be two
+complete _anni medici_ in St. Andrews; but this was at the time
+impracticable, owing to the insufficiency of adequate medical teaching.
+Bute saw clearly that if, as was his great desire, the science of
+medicine should be worthily represented in the university, proper
+provision for the teaching of that science must be made in St. Andrews
+itself, and students of medicine must be encouraged to come to St.
+Andrews for the completion of their medical course.  At no stage of the
+long controversy between St. Andrews and Dundee did he ever seek or
+propose to establish a complete medical school at St. Andrews; and he
+would have been the first, with his robust common sense, to see the
+absurdity of such a proposal as regarded the university city, where
+there was not even a hospital, and therefore no opportunity for the
+necessary clinical instruction.  Unguarded language on this subject may
+have been employed by some of his supporters, but never by himself.  He
+aimed only at what was practicable and desirable, and this he made it
+possible to attain by instituting a lectureship (now the Bute
+professorial chair) of Anatomy, by promoting the refoundation of the
+Chair of Physiology,[8] and by {191} building at his own cost the new
+medical school, the completion of which, though he did not live to see
+it, was a source of satisfaction to him only a few weeks before his
+death.  It would have been not less gratifying to him to foresee, had
+that been possible, the natural result and development of his
+enlightened munificence, as shown in the following figures.  The number
+of students of anatomy in the Bute Medical School was, in 1914,
+eighteen; in 1915-16 thirty; in 1916-17 thirty-seven; in 1917-18
+fifty-four; and in 1919-20 ninety.
+
+It would be doing Bute a great injustice to suppose that in his
+attitude towards Dundee he was actuated by any feeling of hostility
+towards the newly-founded college.  The very contrary was indeed the
+case.  Keenly interested as he was in the higher education of the
+people, especially in large centres of population, he was naturally as
+favourably disposed towards University College, Dundee, as he had shown
+himself to be towards University College, Cardiff.  But he could not
+view with equanimity the prospect which was, as he well knew, hopefully
+contemplated by some of the supporters of the new college, namely, that
+of its ultimately not only absorbing the ancient university to which it
+had been united within the last three years, but even possibly of
+crushing it out of existence altogether.  Of this prospect he wrote on
+March 12, 1893:
+
+
+The object of the Dundee people is evidently to obtain entire command
+of the university, which they {192} will employ by secularising St.
+Mary's and translating all the Science subjects to Dundee, as well as
+starting, I take it, a complete Arts curriculum there, possibly
+allowing the United College to exist as a kind of outhouse.
+
+
+"It has been said, and said publicly, by one of that party," he wrote
+on another occasion, "'Give us two years more of the union, and we will
+drag St. Andrews at our chariot wheels.'"  To Bute, with his almost
+passionate veneration for the ancient university, which for centuries
+had been the chief home of religion and learning in Scotland, it was
+intolerable to think of St. Andrews being deposed from its pride of
+place and sinking into a decaying village, a mere resort of sea-bathers
+and golfers.  From this fate he was resolute, if possible, to save the
+"House of the Apostle" (as he loved to call it), at whatever cost to
+himself.  "For months past," he wrote a little later, "I have been
+slaving for St. Andrews.  The people--or some of them--may not be worth
+saving, but the place surely is.  My vital force is, it is plain to
+myself, much diminished by all this anxiety and strain; but I shall
+work on as long as I have strength to do so."
+
+In the long and elaborate memorandum which he drew up in the second
+year of his Rectorship, on the four possible relations in which the
+University of St. Andrews and the college at Dundee might conceivably
+stand to one another, Bute gives clear evidence of his genuine desire
+that the cause of education and learning should flourish equally in
+both institutions.  But both he and those who thought and acted with
+him were perfectly convinced that this would never be so long as Dundee
+continued its intrigues to become the predominant partner in {193} what
+he calls the "ill-assorted union" between them; and he was equally
+convinced that an absolutely essential preliminary step in this
+direction was the dissolution of the Order of the University Commission
+of March 21, 1890 (_dies nefastus_, as Bute calls it in one of his
+notes), by which the existing union between St. Andrews and Dundee had
+been brought about.  It was with this object that an action was brought
+in the Court of Session in July, 1894, for the "reduction" of the union
+in question, and also that a bill was introduced into the House of
+Lords by the Chancellor of the university, the Duke of Argyll, whose
+sympathies were entirely with Bute in the question at issue.[9]
+
+[Sidenote: 1893, St. Andrews and Oxford]
+
+"I have sometimes dreamt," wrote Bute in one of the most picturesque
+passages of his Rectorial Address, "of the primeval headland, still
+lifting skyward its crown of ancient towers, but with that crown
+encircled by an aureola of affiliated colleges--a commonwealth of seats
+of learning, an Oxford of the North."  It may have been with some such
+vision as this before him that Bute had suggested to his assessor, some
+time before drawing up the memorandum above referred to, another
+solution of the difficulty:
+
+
+{194}
+
+_March_ 28, 1893.
+
+Why should it not be suggested to Dundee, that instead of a division of
+forces, difference of place, etc., etc., they should build a college
+for themselves at St. Andrews, just as we hope Blairs will do, confined
+to Dundee people?  I think that would meet the foundress's intention,
+and it might be called Dundee College.  This would be transferring her
+benefaction to St. Andrews, instead of St. Andrews being bled into such
+veins as Dundee possesses.
+
+I do not see why St. Andrews, holding a unique position, geographically
+and otherwise, should not also hold a unique position in being
+constituted, as Oxford and Cambridge are, of a congeries of free and
+affiliated colleges.
+
+
+The above mention of "Blairs" has reference to another scheme which
+Bute hoped might, if carried out, fulfil the two-fold object of
+strengthening the position of St. Andrews, and of raising the
+educational standard--an object he had much at heart--of his
+co-religionists in Scotland.  With this view he had proposed the
+transference to St. Andrews, and the affiliation to the university, of
+the College of Blairs, near Aberdeen, the training-school of the Scots
+Catholic clergy; and had promised substantial help both towards the
+acquirement of a site, and in the endowment of the new seminary.  The
+success of such a scheme obviously depended to great extent, if not
+entirely, on the concurrence of the ecclesiastical authorities.  They
+were divided on the matter, among those opposed to the plan being the
+then Metropolitan of Scotland, as well as the rector of the college;
+and finally the Holy See, much to Bute's disappointment, decided
+against the project.  An alternative scheme, providing for the
+establishment in {195} the university city of a house of studies in
+connection with the abbey of Fort Augustus, also proved impracticable.
+The Benedictines were only invited to make the foundation on the
+understanding that, and as long as, Bute's offer was not taken
+advantage of by the secular clergy, and they did not see their way to
+accept it under those conditions.
+
+[Sidenote: 1894, Interest in the Jews]
+
+Simultaneously with the plan just referred to, Bute likewise cherished
+the hope of attracting to the university members of the Jewish body, in
+which he had always been warmly interested.  He wrote as to this on
+June 8, 1894:
+
+
+Mr. Mocatta has given me a tract, and talked to me at length of the
+religious desolation of the young Jews who are sent to Christian
+schools and colleges without any provision for their own religious
+instruction and practices.  I am trying to persuade him and others that
+all they seek to gain would be gained, and all they deplore avoided, by
+starting a Jewish college at St. Andrews.  I think the idea is dawning
+on them.
+
+
+Three months later he wrote to the Chief Rabbi that he was much
+gratified at the prospect of young Hebrews matriculating at St.
+Andrews.  "I do not pretend," he added, "to have any other motive in
+the matter than zeal for the good of the university; but I sincerely
+think that the benefits would be reciprocal."[10]  Bute was not a
+little incensed at this time by what he called a "most unseemly" letter
+written to the newspapers by one of the professors, who said that he
+would much prefer that a group of Jewish students should have "a
+comfortable {196} berth in Abraham's bosom" than that they should come
+to St. Andrews.  A question subsequently arose as to the unsuitability
+of a certain Saturday--which was not only, of course, the Hebrew
+Sabbath, but chanced to be also their solemn Day of Atonement--for the
+entrance examination of Jewish candidates.  The Principal suggested, as
+an alternative, holding an examination on the following Sunday--a
+proposal that drew from Bute a characteristic protest, in which he
+gives interesting proof of his sympathy with Hebrew religious ideals:
+
+
+The Day of Atonement is, as the Chief Rabbi feelingly wrote me, the
+most solemn day in all their year....  Anything more defiantly
+contemptuous of their race and religion than the original selection of
+that particular day for the examination can hardly be conceived, nor
+any device better calculated to raise contempt for St. Andrews in the
+whole Jewish world.  I fear it can hardly have been inadvertent....
+The amended proposal, of holding the examination on the Sunday, seems
+to me hardly less objectionable.  I had suggested Thursday, in order
+that the young men's minds might be as free as possible on their
+solemnity.  On the Principal's plan, they would have to reach St.
+Andrews--a place utterly strange to them--on Friday evening and there
+pass the Day of Atonement alone, presumably in an inn.  When night set
+in on Saturday, they would have been 26 hours without so much as a
+crumb or a drop of water--unwashed, barefooted, and probably dressed in
+grave-clothes--their minds having been fixed as far as possible on Sin,
+Death, and Eternity--and worn out by hours of recitation of Hebrew
+prayers.  Would they be likely in this state to do themselves justice
+in an examination held a few hours later?
+
+
+{197}
+
+[Sidenote: 1893, Bute's disinterestedness]
+
+It seems unnecessary, after a lapse of a quarter of a century, to enter
+into further details of the regrettable controversy between St. Andrews
+and Dundee, which persisted throughout Bute's term of office in the
+university, but of which all, or nearly all, the protagonists have now
+passed over
+
+  "To where, beyond these voices, there is peace."
+
+There is no doubt but that the part taken by Bute in the affair was
+much misinterpreted in many quarters; and he in turn may have to some
+extent misunderstood, and unconsciously misjudged, the actions and
+motives of his opponents.  Enough, however, has perhaps been said to
+show, what no impartial person can question, that he was throughout
+animated by a single-hearted desire to act for the best, and to promote
+by every means in his power the highest interest of the university
+which he loved so well.  That this was the view of those whose
+suffrages had placed him in office, and with whom he had never ceased
+to maintain the most cordial relations, namely, the students of the
+university, was shown by the substantial majority by which, as will be
+seen, they voted for his re-election to the Rectorship.
+
+
+
+[1] It is to be feared, from their use of this particularly
+objectionable word, that the then Glasgow Corporation did not combine a
+literary sense with their other (doubtless) admirable qualities.
+
+[2] Bute's speech on this occasion, delivered in reply to two addresses
+presented to him, was in Latin.  Some of those present were rather
+disconcerted by this classical outburst, for which they were not in the
+least prepared.
+
+[3] Bute's far-reaching charities were regulated, like everything else
+in his busy life, by strictly business-like methods.  Every appeal for
+help which reached him was carefully sifted and inquired into through
+the almoner to whom, from the time of his coming of age, he entrusted
+the investigation of all such cases before dealing with them himself.
+
+[4] The marble altar in the church was given by him.  An inscription on
+it, inconspicuous yet visible to every priest who celebrates there,
+asks for prayers for Bute himself and for his wife.
+
+[5] This was on a subsequent occasion to the election of 1883, referred
+to on a previous page.
+
+[6] "I pray God bless my Rectorship of St. Andrews," he wrote in his
+diary on the last day of this year.
+
+[7] It was to this same kinsman that Bute, then in his thirteenth year,
+had addressed the remarkable letter quoted on p. 6.
+
+[8] A condition attached by Bute to his foundation of the Chair of
+Anatomy was that a new Chair of Physiology should be constituted from
+the former Chair of Medicine, which a majority of the University
+Commissioners had wished to transfer to History.
+
+[9] The Court of Session refused to grant the "reduction" of the union;
+and the House of Lords, after some further litigation, finally decided,
+on July 27, 1896, that Dundee College was not merely affiliated to, but
+actually incorporated in, the University of St. Andrews, and that the
+union between them was valid, permanent, and irreversible.  In
+November, 1900, a month after Bute's death, the same tribunal dismissed
+an action raised by certain members of St. Andrews University, craving
+the reduction of all the documents constituting the Union.  Since the
+last-named date the union has remained as constituted in 1890, except
+that University College, Dundee, is no longer represented by two
+members in the University Court.
+
+[10] In the same letter Bute expresses his willingness to give a site
+for the new synagogue to be erected at Cardiff.  He did, as a matter of
+fact, a little later grant a ninety-nine years' lease, on very
+favourable terms, of an excellent site for the Jewish place of worship.
+
+
+
+
+{198}
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+NOTES AND ANECDOTES--SECOND RECTORSHIP OF ST. ANDREWS--PROVOST OF
+ROTHESAY
+
+1894-1897
+
+Although Bute (who was not given to exaggeration) found occasion to
+write at the end of 1894, in his usual brief summary of the events of
+the past twelve-month, "The whole year has been spent in the struggle
+for the University of St. Andrews," he nevertheless found time, with
+the ordered industry which was one of his marked characteristics, not
+only for the numerous other duties incumbent on him, but also for the
+social amenities which the _debut_ of his only daughter had brought
+into his retired life.  His note on the Caledonian ball in London,
+which he attended this year, is amusing, if not altogether appreciative:
+
+
+The ball was doubtless a great success as regarded the charity which
+benefited by it; but it was mismanaged, crowded, and hot beyond
+expression, and the dancing was a mere rough-and-tumble (as seems to be
+the way now), with neither science, grace, nor even an elementary idea
+of time.  The poetry of motion seems to be asleep.
+
+
+A dinner given to Lord Rosebery[1] by his old {199} contemporaries at
+Christ Church, which Bute attended, must have evoked curious memories
+of long-past days.
+
+
+R's cynical witticisms (when the doors were shut) on the state of
+politics were quite startling: we were all his political opponents
+except one.  The well-remembered names and changed faces were rather
+pathetic.
+
+
+Bute has a note on the famous Ardlamont murder trial, which was
+arousing general interest in the early days of 1894:
+
+
+Lord Kingsburgh said that ten of the jury were determined to hang
+Monson, and _he_ was determined they should not, as he did not consider
+the evidence legally conclusive.  Nobody doubts M.'s guilt morally.[2]
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1894, Maiden speech in Parliament]
+
+On June 4 Bute made his maiden speech in Parliament (it was his last as
+well as his first,) in reference to certain petitions he had occasion
+to present on the affairs of St. Andrews University.  He wrote of this
+to Dr. Metcalfe:
+
+
+I had a conversation with Lord Salisbury on Saturday, and consequently
+made my maiden speech in the House of Lords to-day.  There were only
+two {200} or three Peers present, but I was so nervous that I don't
+know what I said.  However, Lord Windsor told me that I had been
+perfectly smooth and lucid, so I suppose I repeated mechanically the
+few sentences I had prepared.
+
+
+A sequel, and to himself a very interesting one, to Bute's new and
+intimate connection with St. Andrews was his acquisition of the site of
+the ancient priory of canons-regular adjoining the ruined cathedral.
+Part of this was occupied by a modern villa, around and under which
+Bute carried out a series of exploratory excavations which must have
+been somewhat disconcerting to the occupants of the house.  The
+discoveries consequent on these digging operations (_Scotice_
+"howkings"), including that of a hitherto unknown vaulted chamber
+beneath the old refectory, were a very welcome diversion from the
+harassing duties of the Lord Rectorship.  Bute always undertook and
+pursued such researches with the acutest zest and interest.  "I think,"
+a friend wrote of him with kindly humour, "some of the happiest hours
+of his life were spent standing by, wrapped in his long cloak and
+smoking innumerable cigarettes, while a band of workmen, directed by
+one of his many architects, dug out the foundations of a mediaeval
+lady-chapel, or broke through a nineteenth-century wall in search of a
+thirteenth-century doorway."
+
+How seriously Bute took his unremitting efforts "to save St. Andrews,"
+as his own expression was, is shown in a characteristic passage of one
+of his letters describing a recent discovery among the priory remains:
+
+
+A head of Christ in stone, seemingly life-size, has just been found
+under the earth at the Priory.  {201} I would I could take this as an
+intimation of His favour towards the [Greek: _temenos_] of His [Greek:
+_protokletos_].[3]  I have written for much prayer at the grave of the
+Apostle, primarily thanksgiving for the graces bestowed upon him in
+time and eternity.
+
+
+Bute had of course visited more than once the tomb of St. Andrew at
+Amain, of which he speaks in the striking peroration, already quoted,
+of his Rectorial address.  At his request the Archbishop of Amalfi sent
+him a large number of photographs, including some of the tomb, and one,
+specially taken, of the skull of the Apostle, which Bute, who attached
+much importance to craniological evidence, greatly valued.
+
+[Sidenote: 1894, Winter sports in Scotland]
+
+The winter of 1894-1895 was an unusually severe one, even in the mild
+and sheltered Isle of Bute; and Bute, always complacent towards the
+frolics of the younger generation, speaks of curling, sleighing, and
+tobogganing as the order of the day, and of the "extraordinary descent
+of a snow-covered slope by Mr. S---- (a distinguished architect at that
+time a guest at Dumfries House) upon, or rather with, a tea-tray."  He
+writes further, in this connection, of his schoolboy sons:
+
+
+J---- and N---- seem both devoted to curling; and this fact, and the
+way in which it associates them with the people, delights me.[4]
+
+
+{202}
+
+The latter reference is interesting, and even pathetic, recalling as it
+does the pleasure Bute himself had always taken from his boyhood,
+notwithstanding his natural shyness, in associating on kindly terms,
+whether at weddings or less formal social gatherings, whenever
+opportunity offered, with his humbler neighbours in Buteshire and
+elsewhere.  It was this characteristic, combined with his singular
+courtesy and unpretentiousness of manner, which won the affection as
+well as the respect of the reserved and undemonstrative people among
+whom, for the most part, his life was spent.[5]
+
+[Illustration: _The Marquess of Bute, Lord Rector of St. Andrews
+University, 1892-1897_]
+
+A letter written in March, 1895, just after the death of Professor
+Blackie, gives a thumbnail sketch of that eccentric scholar, who was as
+unconventional in dress as in everything else:
+
+
+The last time I met him (by invitation) he was dressed in a long velvet
+gown bound with a bright cherry-coloured sash, and a big _sombrero_
+hat.  There was a middle-aged lady present, to whom he introduced me,
+and whom he insisted on my _kissing_.  I think we kissed to please him.
+His accent (pronunciation) was so vile in Greek, and I believe in
+Gaelic, as almost to argue a physical defect of ear.
+
+
+In this same spring Bute visited Sanquhar, where {203} he had lately
+bought back the ancient Crichton Peel tower, which the first Earl of
+Dumfries had sold to the Buccleuch family in 1639.  "The Duke," he
+notes, "had allowed the tower to fall almost completely down.  I bought
+some mugs here--'Presents from Sanquhar'--for the children, and found
+on investigation that they were made in Germany!"
+
+An interesting little bit of Fife folk-lore is noted on April 6:
+
+
+I found the children of Falkland rolling Easter eggs downhill, calling
+the day "Pace (Pasch) Saturday."  It was a week too soon, according to
+the Kalendar; but one little girl said that Pace Saturday was always
+the first Saturday in April.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1895, Lord Acton]
+
+Bute received this summer a letter, which pleased him much, from the
+eminent historian Lord Acton, a recently "capped" doctor of St. Andrews
+University, to whom Bute had presented a hood made in the mediaeval
+fashion.[6]
+
+
+The Athenaeum,
+  _July_ 5, 1895.
+
+DEAR LORD BUTE,
+
+I have just received the historic and venerable hood you are so very
+kind as to bestow on me.  It has a very real value to me as coming from
+you, personally as well as from your sovereign position in the
+university to which I am proud to belong; and I beg to thank you for it
+as heartily and sincerely as it is possible to acknowledge an act of
+friendship.
+
+If I was not one of your own recommendation,[7] {204} I shall deem
+henceforward that you have adopted me, just as if you had named me for
+the distinguished honour I have received.
+
+Believe me, most sincerely and gratefully yours,
+
+ACTON.
+
+
+Towards the close of his three years' Rectorship, Bute showed his
+interest in the city, as well as the university, of St. Andrews, by
+presenting to it a handsome chain of office for the use of the
+provosts.  A member of the council, who had himself passed the civic
+chair, wrote thus to him in reference to this gift:
+
+
+_February_ 3, 1893.
+
+I need not say what our appreciation is of your most handsome act.  In
+an informal conversation held yesterday by the Provost, Dr. Anderson
+and myself, it was agreed that while it was in the power of any wealthy
+man to perform the mere act, yet there was only one nobleman in the
+three kingdoms who could perform it in the delicate and gracious way in
+which it will now come before the Town Council.
+
+
+In the early autumn of 1895 Bute was able, in the course of a cruise in
+his yacht _Christine_, to revisit the Orkneys, and to set foot again in
+Kirkwall, Egilsay, and other spots sacred in his eyes to the memory of
+St. Magnus, as he had done when a youth of twenty, nearly thirty years
+previously.  "These islands," he notes, "are far more picturesque than
+I remember them before, and I am much struck by the number, industry,
+and wealth of their inhabitants."
+
+[Sidenote: 1895, Bute opposed by Lord Peel]
+
+A cause of special satisfaction to Bute, and that for more than one
+reason, was his re-election, at the end {205} of November, 1895, to the
+Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews University.  Viscount Peel had been
+nominated for the office by the party opposed to Bute's policy, and the
+Master of Balliol had sent to the students a printed testimonial to
+Lord Peel's qualifications, and an urgent appeal to them to support his
+candidature.  "This," wrote a member of the professorial staff to Bute,
+"is quite a new departure in Rectorial elections, and its legality is,
+I should say, as questionable as its taste."  He adds in the same
+letter:
+
+
+We had a very large and influential meeting [in London] last evening of
+the St. Andrews Graduates' Association.  The President, Sir Benjamin
+Ward Richardson, made a very strong speech in your favour.  It was
+followed by what was virtually an ovation, so enthusiastic was the
+whole assemblage.
+
+
+A letter to the press, shortly before the election, stated that the
+writer could not understand how any man of honour and intelligence,
+_knowing all the facts_, could possibly stand in opposition to Bute.
+His comment on this letter was as follows:
+
+
+I cannot for a single moment believe that Lord Peel knows the facts, or
+that he in the least realises the fearfully burdensome nature of the
+duties.  His only alternative, if elected, would be either to take that
+yoke upon him, or to neglect the duty of doing so.  The writers of some
+things that have appeared in the papers seem to be under the impression
+that the Lord Rector's sole duty is to deliver a literary address!
+
+I enclose a letter received a few months ago: you may show it to any
+one you please.  It may be good for some people at this juncture to
+know what the great Presbyterian Duke thinks.
+
+
+{206}
+
+The last sentence, of course, refers to the Duke of Argyll, Chancellor
+of St. Andrews University since 1851, whose eminent abilities and
+distinguished personal character placed him at that time in the very
+forefront of the Scottish nobility.  The Duke had written:
+
+
+Inveraray,
+  _March_ 7, 1895.
+
+I wish I could accept your invitation, but in my present state of
+health, barely recovered from a sharp attack of this insidious
+epidemic, it is impossible.  You have always made Falkland very
+pleasant to me, and I enjoy seeing the great public spirit with which
+you discharge all your duties.  I hope I need not assure you of the
+indignation with which I have seen the attempt to arouse a sectarian
+spirit against you,[8] whose whole course of conduct has been so
+signally liberal, in the best sense of that much-abused word.
+
+
+On learning the result of the election, in which Bute defeated his
+opponent by a majority of forty votes, the Duke at once wrote:
+
+
+Inveraray,
+  _November_ 28, 1895.
+
+The telegram this afternoon was very acceptable.  I am glad that the
+University has not disgraced itself by electing _any one_ else than you
+at this juncture.  As to Lord Peel himself, I suspect that he now feels
+very much relieved.
+
+
+No one of the many congratulatory letters received by Bute on his
+re-election gave him more {207} sincere pleasure than the following,
+written by a member of the students' committee:
+
+
+The 120 who won the election were the resident students of the
+university--those who, without distinction of sect or political
+partisanship, were most touched with the spirit and traditions of the
+place.  We feel sure that you look on this circumstance as having a
+value far above the mere figures of the majority.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1896, A scheme that failed]
+
+It was during his second term of office that Bute conceived the
+project--which would probably have occurred to no one but himself--of
+restoring the vast ruined Cathedral of St. Andrews, or a portion of it,
+for the purposes of a university church.  The plan might, he thought,
+be realised if every member of the Scottish peerage could be induced to
+subscribe a thousand pounds towards it.  But there were at least three
+reasons which militated against the success of the proposal.  In the
+first place, the pedigrees of the peers of Scotland were in most cases
+a great deal longer than their purses; in the second, few of them were
+probably much interested in university education in general, or in St.
+Andrews in particular; in the third, the majority of them were members
+of the Episcopalian body, not of the Established Church, to which the
+university church would as a matter of course be aggregated.  It is
+curious that the only promise of substantial support received by the
+Catholic Rector towards a scheme which must, it is to be feared, be
+pronounced fantastic, came from a wealthy nobleman who was not a member
+of either the Episcopalian or the Established Church, but a devoted and
+almost fanatical Free Churchman.
+
+{208}
+
+Bute's academic labours and anxieties were diversified at this time by
+the preparation of a book in which he took great interest, on the
+subject of the "Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of
+Scotland."  The study of heraldry had always had an attraction for him,
+although he was perhaps, in practice, sometimes more inclined to follow
+his own fancy than the rigid rules of that most exact of sciences.  "I
+call Bute a sentimental rather than a scientific herald," a friend much
+interested in the subject once said of him; and perhaps the criticism
+was a just one.  In any case, his curious and out-of-the-way erudition
+found its scope in the production of this volume, which he published in
+collaboration with Mr. S. R. N. Macphail and Mr. H. W. Lonsdale in
+1897.  A copy with plates specially coloured under Bute's supervision,
+and handsomely bound, was presented by the Town Council of Rothesay to
+Queen Victoria, who accepted it very graciously.[9]
+
+An acquisition which Bute was able to make at the beginning of 1896,
+and which gave him great satisfaction, appealing as it did to his
+intense veneration for the religious monuments of the past, was that of
+the ancient friary and chapel of the Greyfriars in Elgin.  He restored
+the chapel in its original Franciscan simplicity, and made it over for
+the use of the Sisters of Mercy, already established in Elgin.  The
+ancient stone tabernacle or sacrament-house, detached from the altar,
+was still preserved in the chapel; and a long letter from the Bishop of
+Aberdeen (then in Rome), among Bute's papers, shows that the {209}
+latter was engaged in the difficult task of trying to induce the Sacred
+Congregation of Rites to derogate from modern rules and practice, and
+to allow this interesting relic of the past to be again used for the
+purpose for which it had been originally intended.[10]  Writing to the
+Provost of Elgin, in acknowledgment of a presentation made to him by
+the contractors and clerk of works employed at Greyfriars, Bute said
+with his usual felicity of expression:
+
+
+My purchase was one on which I must congratulate myself, not only
+because in interest it has exceeded my expectation, but because it has
+enabled me to be of some service to Elgin by preserving an historical
+monument of considerable value to the town and district.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1896, Elected Provost of Rothesay]
+
+Bute had several years before this been solicited to allow himself to
+be nominated to the provostship of the Royal Burgh of Rothesay.  He had
+not seen his way at that time to accept the offer, but when it was
+renewed in the autumn of 1896, he signified his willingness to
+undertake the office, and he was unanimously elected on November 6,
+1896.  It was a source of legitimate pride to him to be called to the
+chief magistracy of the ancient burgh with which his family had been
+associated for five hundred years, and in which five of his lineal
+ancestors had held the office of provost.[11]  He applied himself to
+the duties {210} of the position with his habitual assiduity and care,
+not infrequently travelling long distances to attend the meetings of
+the corporation, and presiding at them with a combined dignity and
+aptitude for business which favourably impressed all with whom he was
+brought into contact.  He only once took the chair in the police-court,
+sensibly leaving that department, as he had done at Cardiff, to the
+charge of those better versed in police administration than himself;
+nor, as it happened, was he qualified to preside at licensing-courts,
+owing to the fact that he was himself a licence-holder for the sale of
+the produce of his Cardiff vineyards.
+
+No extensive schemes were carried out in Rothesay during Bute's tenure
+of the provostship; but it is of interest to note that whereas the
+harbour had been greatly improved, and gas first introduced into the
+town, during the time (1829-1839) that his father was provost, he
+himself, during his term of office, made a large extension of the pier,
+and introduced the electric light.  He also interested himself in the
+sanitary improvement of the burgh, and entertained the members of the
+Sanitary Congress, which met at Rothesay in 1898, at a garden party at
+Mountstuart.  Following his own precedent at Cardiff, St. Andrews, and
+Falkland, he presented to the corporation a beautiful chain of office
+for the use of the provosts.
+
+The occurrence of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee during Bute's
+provostship gave occasion for his further munificence; and in
+commemoration of the event he placed in the council-chambers a series
+of heraldic stained-glass windows.  To each of the Town Councillors he
+presented a replica of the medal which he and the other provosts of
+Scottish burghs received at a special audience given to them by the
+{211} Queen.  Bute gave pleasure to the councillors by reminding them
+that the Scriptural quotation on the obverse of the medal--"Longitudo
+dierum in dextera ejus, et in sinistra gloria"[12]--would probably be
+more familiar to them all in the rendering of the Scottish Paraphrase:
+
+  In her right hand she holds to view
+    A length of happy days:
+  Riches with splendid honours joined
+    Are what her left displays.
+
+
+Bute himself drafted the jubilee address from the corporation to her
+Majesty, and had it engrossed in facsimile after the original charter
+to the burgh of the year 1400 A.D., preserved in the British Museum.
+Sealed with the ancient seal of the burgh, and enclosed in a box made
+of the old oak beams of the drawbridge of Rothesay Castle, lined with
+cloth of gold, the address was, at Bute's instance, presented to the
+Queen by H.R.H. the Duke of Rothesay (Prince of Wales).  It was one of
+the very few addresses on exhibition in London, where it aroused
+considerable attention and admiration.
+
+An anniversary of more personal interest to Bute in the spring of 1897
+was his own "silver wedding day."  The event was celebrated with quiet
+happiness in the family circle, and, later in the year, by a great
+reception in the Exhibition-building at Cardiff, at which some three
+thousand guests were entertained.  Bute, who received a congratulatory
+{212} address on the occasion, enclosed in a silver casket, from his
+Town Council at Rothesay, gave public and permanent expression to his
+thankfulness for twenty-five years of happy married life, by
+instituting both there and at Cardiff, what came to be known as the
+"Bute Dowry."  This was the provision of an annual sum to be handed, on
+the recommendation of the municipal authorities, to some girl or girls
+of the poorer classes, to enable her to get married.  The religious
+spirit in which Bute founded this benefaction is seen from a letter he
+addressed to the minister of Rothesay, announcing his intention of
+attending on the first occasion of the dowry being awarded:
+
+
+Mountstuart,
+  _December_ 23, 1897.
+
+I will put on the chain, but not, I think, the gown, as I will leave
+the religious ceremony entirely to you; and I think it would be better
+if _you_ read John ii. 1-11 (as well as the passage from Ephesians).
+The only reason why I stipulated for the reading of John ii. 1-11 as a
+part of the ceremony, was to impress the idea that that marriage is
+truly blessed to which Jesus is called by humble prayer, and at which
+nothing takes place but the natural and harmless gaiety which is
+consonant with His sacred presence and approval.  It does not matter at
+all who reads it.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1899, Failing health]
+
+The success of Bute's three years' tenure of the office of provost was
+proved by the unanimity with which the council, at its conclusion,
+expressed its wish that he would accept re-election for another term.
+This would have included the fifth centenary of the erection of the
+royal burgh, which it was proposed to celebrate in 1900; and Bute,
+notwithstanding his rapidly failing powers (of which no one {213} was
+more conscious than himself), consented to be nominated for a second
+term on certain conditions, one of which was that he should be
+permitted to resign the office immediately after the centenary.  In his
+letter thanking the council for their invitation he thus alluded to his
+state of health:
+
+
+I spoke of this, when I first entered on the provostship, by saying
+that I realised that circumstances might arise in which I should feel
+myself unable any longer to be of service to the burgh, and should
+consequently be obliged to resign; but that in any case nothing could
+reverse the past or delete the fact of the honour of the office having
+once been conferred upon me.  Should the council re-elect me, I can
+only say the same thing again....  I take this opportunity of thanking
+each and all of the Members of Council for the honour they have paid me
+now for the second time, as well as for all the kindness which I have
+always received at their hands.
+
+
+While fulfilling his municipal duties at Rothesay to the satisfaction
+of every one concerned, Bute had continued, to the best of his ability,
+and with undiminished interest, to discharge his functions as Lord
+Rector of St. Andrews.  He was still able to carry out, though not
+without fatigue and strain, what he called the "routine work" of his
+office; but he was no longer physically able to take the strenuous part
+he had formerly done in the government of the university, and the
+defence of her interests at the University Court and elsewhere.  Early
+in 1897 he had heard with some dismay of the urgent desire of the
+students (who were doubtless very imperfectly acquainted with the
+condition of his health) that he should deliver a second Rectorial
+address, on the occasion of his re-election.  To this {214} effort he
+felt absolutely unequal, and he wrote as follows to his assessor:
+
+
+_Jan._ 19, 1897.
+
+You must do what you can to prevent the students insisting on another
+address.  They cannot know what they are asking.  I can get through my
+ordinary business, but cannot attempt the impossible, such as a
+Rectorial address.  If I did, my failure would be as annoying to them
+as it would be painful to myself.  Please try to make them understand
+this.
+
+I do not complain.  "The night cometh when no man can work," sooner or
+later.  It has come to me through overwork and anxiety as Rector, and
+it is perhaps better that way than many others.  But I am sure that
+those on whose behalf I have incurred it would not try to goad me into
+a fiasco which could only be distressing to all concerned.
+
+
+Bute probably knew well that this pathetic appeal to the good sense and
+good feeling of the St. Andrews students would not be made in vain.
+Between them and himself the feeling had never been otherwise than
+kindly and cordial, with no trace of the misunderstandings or
+bitterness which had sometimes clouded his relations with other
+sections of the university.  They respected him as a great Scottish
+noble: they admired his zeal for, and jealousy of, the honour and
+reputation of their Alma Mater: they were proud of his position in the
+world of letters, of his deserved distinction as a munificent and
+discriminating patron of learning, science, and art.  Most of all, they
+were grateful to him for his continual and unfailing kindness towards
+themselves--kindness which he had proved not only by the generosity of
+his public gifts, but by acts of private beneficence of which the
+outside world knew nothing, and which he himself would have been the
+last to wish made public.
+
+
+
+[1] Lord Rosebery's brief tenure of the Premiership (1894-95) had just
+commenced at the date of this entertainment.  He had been Foreign
+Secretary during the two previous years.
+
+[2] The verdict was the unsatisfactory one of "Not
+Proven"--unsatisfactory, that is, to the public, although doubtless
+preferable from the prisoner's point of view to one of "Guilty."  The
+present writer, who chanced to hear the concluding part of the case,
+well remembers the surprise caused, both within and without the court,
+by the judge's strong summing up in the prisoner's favour.  A legal
+kinsman of the writer told him subsequently what he had never before
+heard--that a Scottish judge, unlike an English one, considered it his
+duty not merely to sum up the evidence impartially, but also to direct
+the jury how to regard it from the point of view of a trained mind.
+
+[3] Bute felicitously applies to St. Andrews, seat of the first-called
+([Greek: _protokletos_]) of the Apostles, the word [Greek:
+_temenos_]--land "cut off" and assigned or dedicated to divine or
+sacred purposes.  Syracuse was of old the [Greek: _temenos_] of Ares
+(Mars), as the Acropolis at Athens was that of Pallas Athene.
+
+[4] Bute himself was a keen curler, thoroughly enjoying a spell at the
+"roaring game" with his country neighbours.  A family tradition records
+how, night falling before the end of a hotly-contested march on The
+Moss, above Mountstuart, Bute sent for footmen to bear lighted candles
+round the rink, so that the game might be concluded that evening.
+
+[5] See _ante_, p. 96.  The popular appreciation of such kindly
+intercourse could hardly be shown more neatly, and at the same time
+more humorously, than it was on the occasion of a garden party given at
+Mountstuart, some years later, in celebration of the majority of Bute's
+eldest son and successor.  Sir Charles Dalrymple, who was present,
+remarked on the success of the fete to one of the guests, a Buteshire
+farmer.  "Ou ay," was the reply, "it was just grand a'thegither; and
+the young Mairquis--did ye obsairve, Sir Charles?--he was _mixing
+fine_."
+
+[6] It is probable that the hood given to Lord Acton was a facsimile of
+that worn by Bute himself with his academic robes.  This was copied by
+the university robe-maker (but in richer material and colours) from the
+ancient form of hood as worn by a Scots Benedictine monk who
+occasionally acted as his chaplain.
+
+[7] University College, Dundee, had the right of presenting certain
+candidates for the Honorary Doctorate of St. Andrews University; and
+Lord Acton was one of those so nominated.
+
+[8] The allusion is to an unworthy effort which had been made in
+certain quarters to stir up an _odium theologicum_ against Bute, in
+connection with the proposed transference of Blairs College to St.
+Andrews.
+
+[9] A supplementary volume, "The Arms of the Baronial and Police Burghs
+of Scotland," in which Messrs Stevenson and Lonsdale collaborated, was
+published in 1903.
+
+[10] An attempt had been made in Belgium, at the time of the Gothic
+revival, to restore the ancient use of detached Sacrament-houses, but
+it had been very decidedly negatived by the Roman authorities.  In 1863
+the Sacred Congregation of Rites definitely prohibited the placing of
+the tabernacle elsewhere than in the middle of the altar.
+
+[11] Portraits of four of these--the second and fourth Earls, John
+Viscount Mountstuart, and the second Marquess, were presented by Bute
+to the Town Council of Rothesay.
+
+[12] "Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left hand riches
+and glory."--Prov. iii. 16.  Bute's Presbyterian friends and neighbours
+knew and respected his familiarity with, and veneration for, the
+Scriptures.  "He was a Bible-loving man, and very religious-minded,"
+one of them said of him: "I have heard that he always opened the
+meetings [of the Town Council] with a prayer he wrote himself."  See as
+to this, Appendix IV.
+
+
+
+
+{215}
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+PLUSCARDEN--BUTE AS ARCHITECT--PSYCHICAL INTERESTS--CONCLUSION
+
+1898-1900
+
+The latest addition made by Bute to his large landed possessions in
+Scotland was one which on several accounts was the source of much
+interest to him during the last years of his life.  Just as the chief
+attraction of Falkland, which he purchased in 1887, had been the fact
+that it included the ancient royal palace and its hereditary
+Keepership, so the principal inducement to him to acquire, as he did in
+1897 from the Earl of Fife, the Morayshire estate of Pluscarden, was
+that he thereby came into possession also of one of the most beautiful
+and interesting ecclesiastical relics in Scotland.[1]  This was the
+roofless church, as well as considerable remains of the domestic
+buildings, of Pluscarden Priory, founded by King Alexander III. seven
+centuries before for monks of the little-known Order of the
+Cabbage-valley.[2]  In {216} the middle of the fifteenth century
+Pluscarden had passed into Benedictine possession; and connected with
+this change of ownership were several architectural problems of the
+kind which it always interested Bute to attempt to solve.  He had a
+dislike of the word "restoration," as applied to ancient edifices which
+were, and still are, so often spoiled in the process; but he expended
+much time and care, and not inconsiderable sums of money, in putting
+the different portions of the venerable buildings--choir,
+chapter-house, dormitory, and calefactory--into such repair as was
+possible.  He was deeply moved and gratified at being able to arrange,
+in the summer of 1898, for the celebration of Mass (the first for fully
+three hundred years) by a Scottish Benedictine monk, in the
+perfectly-preserved oratory of the prior's lodgings.
+
+[Illustration: PLUSCARDEN PRIORY.]
+
+It was characteristic of Bute's scrupulous regard for tradition and
+order, that before taking possession of Pluscarden he applied to Rome,
+through the Bishop of Aberdeen, for a _sanatio_, in other words, a
+sanction of his acquisition of the property of the Church, and asked if
+he should, as a preliminary step, give the refusal of the buildings to
+the Benedictines of Fort Augustus.  A reply was received in September,
+1897, from Cardinal Ledochowski, Prefect of the Congregation of
+Propaganda, to the effect that such an offer was not necessary, and
+that the great benefactions already made by Lord Bute to the Catholic
+Church were to be considered as ample compensation.
+
+{217}
+
+[Sidenote: Building achievements]
+
+Pluscarden Priory was the last, and to himself not the least
+interesting, of the many ancient and historic buildings to the
+maintenance of which Bute was in a position to apply his profound
+archaeological knowledge as well as the architectural skill and taste
+which made him, as it was expressed by one well qualified to pronounce
+an opinion, "the best unprofessional architect of his generation."  It
+will be appropriate in this place to give a brief _conspectus_ of the
+principal building operations which he undertook in the course of the
+thirty-two years between his coming of age and his too early death.
+
+The restoration and partial rebuilding of Cardiff Castle was the
+earliest work of the kind undertaken by Bute.  The lofty tower
+conspicuous on the southwest of the castle enclosure, the restoration
+of the great southern curtain wall, with its covered way, and the
+erection of the noble staircase were among the most important of his
+building operations at Cardiff, which included also the discovery and
+partial restoration of the old Roman walls and gateway, the
+re-excavation of the moat, and the clearing and re-marking the sites of
+the mediaeval friaries of the Dominicans and Franciscans.  Most of the
+work at Cardiff was carried out under the direction of the
+distinguished architect William Burges, who was responsible for the
+whole of the fanciful and elaborate interior decoration both of the
+castle and of Castell Coch, the thirteenth-century fortress some five
+miles north of Cardiff.  This castle, which was in a completely ruined
+condition, was restored by Bute, under Burges's direction, to its
+original state; and experts in such works have pronounced it one of the
+most perfect restorations ever carried out.
+
+Two anecdotes of Burges, whose personality and {218} genius were both
+somewhat of the eccentric order, may be here related on the authority
+of a distinguished and venerable member of his own profession, who knew
+him well.  Bute invited him to come and see his new house at
+Mountstuart, then nearly complete, and took him into the great
+drawing-room, where he called his attention to the ceiling with its
+lining of panelled mirrors, on which were painted clusters of grapes
+and vine-leaves.  Burges looked up, shrugged his shoulders, muttered "I
+call that damnable," and walked on.
+
+Burges was accustomed to keep with him in his office a favourite
+terrier, which made itself occasionally disagreeable to visitors who
+called.  When it was pointed out that the effect of this might be to
+keep away possible clients, Burges only grumbled out, "A good thing
+too!  I have far too many as it is."  Once a sporting friend came in to
+see him, bringing his own terrier, which he boasted was the best ratter
+in the country.  Burges would not hear of this, and the matter was at
+once put to the test.  The office-boy was sent out to some neighbouring
+purlieu for a sack of rats: a rat-pit was extemporised out of
+drawing-boards, architectural folios, and other paraphernalia of the
+office; and an elderly and distinguished client who chanced to call,
+intent on business, found the rat-hunt in full cry, and the eminent
+architect and his friend in their shirt-sleeves, hallooing on their
+respective champions to the slaughter.
+
+[Sidenote: Restorations in Bute]
+
+Bute contributed handsomely to the restoration funds of such historic
+edifices as St. John's Church at Cardiff and others on his Glamorgan
+estate; and he re-roofed and put in complete repair the small
+twelfth-century church of Cogan, near Cardiff, which {219} had fallen
+into decay.  It may be of interest, in this connection, to quote a
+letter which he addressed to his brother-in-law and fellow-Catholic,
+Lord Merries, who had consulted him as to the propriety of his
+subscribing to the restoration fund of Selby Abbey, which had been in
+great part destroyed by fire:
+
+
+The question is one of some delicacy; but its solution is facilitated
+by the circular which you have sent me, which specifies various objects
+for which subscriptions are invited.  I can only advise you in
+accordance with my own practice in such matters.  You may reasonably
+decline to provide such adjuncts or accessories to Anglican worship as
+pulpits and litany-desks, service-books and altar-cloths, lecterns and
+candlesticks.  But to give a donation towards the actual rebuilding of
+a most venerable monument of Christian piety (which your ancestors
+probably helped originally to erect) is a thing which, I conceive, you
+may very properly do--and all the more so in view of your official
+connection with the county.[3]
+
+
+Bute's native and titular island, which within its comparatively small
+area contains perhaps as many interesting remains of feudal and
+ecclesiastical antiquity as any district in the kingdom, afforded him,
+of course, many opportunities of applying his archaeological and
+architectural knowledge to the congenial task of repairing and
+preserving these venerable fragments of the past.  Prominent among them
+is the ruined eleventh-century castle in the middle of Rothesay, of
+which Bute was hereditary keeper, and of which he restored the gateway,
+drawbridge, and moat, clearing away the mean modern {220} tenements
+abutting on the castle, and also re-building and re-roofing the great
+hall.  The ruined church of St. Blane, also of the eleventh century,
+was likewise partially restored by Bute four years before his death,
+when a large number of interesting objects were discovered among the
+foundations of the early Celtic buildings.[4]  Bute also restored the
+ancient castle of Wester Kames, and rebuilt the wall round the
+venerable chapel of St. Michael in North Bute, to preserve it from
+further depredations.
+
+The greatest architectural enterprise undertaken by Bute in his native
+island, or, indeed, anywhere else, was the erection, from the designs
+of Mr. (afterwards Sir Robert) Rowand Anderson, of the palatial house
+of Mountstuart, which replaced the plain old mansion burned down in
+1877.  This great pile of pink sandstone, with its curious upper storey
+of brick and oak, vast marble hall and staircase, high-pitched roofs,
+corbelled oriel windows, and beautiful private chapel with vaulted
+crypt, was begun in 1879, and at Bute's death twenty-one years later
+was still unfinished.  His characteristic slowness in completing any
+architectural work which absorbed him is treated of, with much else of
+interest in the same connection, by Sir R. Rowand Anderson in his
+valuable appreciation of Bute in his relation to architecture and
+architects.[5]
+
+[Sidenote: Work at Falkland Palace]
+
+Bute's acquisition in 1887 of the estate of Falkland, carrying with it
+the hereditary keepership of the ancient royal palace, gave him even
+more scope {221} than Mountstuart for indulging what some one once
+designated his "passion for stone and lime," or, as the phrase would
+run in England, for bricks and mortar.  Falkland appealed to him not
+only as an architect, but as an antiquarian.  The varied beauty of its
+sadly-dilapidated buildings, and the long and romantic story of the
+palace and its occupants, were to him of equally absorbing interest.
+He spared neither time nor money in his work of restoring the historic
+pile to something of its ancient grandeur; and it was said that for a
+number of years he devoted the whole available income of the estate to
+his building operations at the palace.  The corridors and floors were
+laid with oak and teak; many of the rooms were elaborately panelled in
+oak, and their ceilings emblazoned with heraldic and other devices;
+while in the Chapel Royal, the royal pew and ancient pulpit, and the
+magnificent oaken screen, were completely and carefully restored.[6]
+Besides the costly interior work, mostly in the main or southern block,
+Bute executed much judicious excavation in and about the palace; and it
+was a great satisfaction to him to discover in the garden the
+foundations of the great twelfth-century round tower, dating from the
+time when Falkland was in the possession of the Earls of Fife.  Another
+interesting work was the restoration of the old royal tennis-court,
+which Bute was accustomed to say had been, he believed, last used for
+play in the reign of James V., the father of Mary Queen of Scots.
+
+{222}
+
+Mention has already been made of Bute's purchase of the site and
+remains of the Augustinian priory of St. Andrews, where he did a great
+deal of careful excavation and made many valuable discoveries.  At
+Elgin, too, as has been seen, he was able to acquire the interesting
+old monastery and church of the Greyfriars; and it was a particular
+happiness to him, as it has been also to his youngest son, who
+inherited his property in the county of Elgin, that this unpretending
+sanctuary--now a convent of Sisters of Mercy--should have been once
+again, after more than three centuries, made available for the
+religious worship to which it was originally dedicated.
+
+[Sidenote: 1899, Catholicity of taste]
+
+It is unnecessary, even were it possible, to give anything like a
+_catalogue raisonne_ of Bute's less important architectural
+achievements.  For more than thirty years, in the graphic phrase cited
+by one of the most distinguished members of the profession, "his hands
+were never out of the mortar-tub."  No one familiar with the
+multitudinous and varied work executed under his immediate supervision
+during those years could fail to be struck by the catholicity of his
+taste, as well as by his curious and detailed knowledge of all
+architectural styles and periods.  The feudal massiveness of Cardiff
+and Castell Coch, of Rothesay Castle and Mochrum, the graceful Gothic
+of Pluscarden, the Franciscan austerity of Elgin, the rich Renaissance
+and Jacobean details of Falkland, the Byzantine perfection of Sancta
+Sophia (copied by him in miniature at Galston)--all these appealed to
+him, each in its degree, with equal interest and force; and this
+catholicity of taste was reflected not only in the new buildings which
+he raised, but in the ancient buildings which he {223} repaired,
+re-roofed, or restored with such careful reverence.  Every detail of
+such work was personally supervised by himself; and he would be equally
+at home, and equally absorbed, in working out an heraldic design for
+the roof of an abbey church,[7] excavating among the almost shapeless
+ruins of a mediaeval cathedral,[8] elaborating a purely Greek scheme of
+decoration for the oratory of his house in London,[9] or studying the
+details of the Sainte Chapelle at Paris, the upper basilica of Assisi,
+and the Gothic dome of Zaragoza,[10] in order to reproduce something of
+their varied beauties in his exquisite private chapel at Mountstuart.
+The transparent honesty which was part of his character was manifested
+in such restorations as he undertook at Cardiff, Rothesay, and St.
+Andrews, where at the cost of some aesthetic sacrifice, and often at
+much added expense (for the materials had sometimes to be brought from
+afar), he carried out the work in a stone different in colour from the
+ancient building, so that there should be no possible future confusion
+between the old and the new.  Altogether it must be said that to Bute's
+other titles of honour is to be added that of a noble patron of a noble
+art.  He enriched his native land with many splendid edifices, and he
+probably did more than any man of his generation to preserve and secure
+for posterity the venerable and priceless relics of his country's'
+past.  _Cor suum dabat in consummationem operum, et vigilia sua ornabat
+in perfectionem_.[11]
+
+One of the last publications issued by Bute (it {224} appeared in 1899)
+was a book entitled "The Alleged Haunting of B---- House," a curious,
+if not altogether convincing, account of certain phenomena said to have
+occurred at a country residence in Perthshire, which Bute had leased
+for the purpose of psychical investigation.  He had always, and more
+especially in the later years of his life, been attracted by such
+questions, and was at the time of his death a vice-president of the
+Society for Psychical Research.  He was particularly interested in the
+subject of second sight, of which he endeavoured to obtain first-hand
+evidence by instituting inquiries among the Catholic Highlanders of
+north-west Scotland; but the person whom he commissioned to conduct the
+inquiry was to a great extent baffled by the insuperable reluctance of
+the Highlanders to communicate on such matters with a stranger.  Bute
+himself maintained a very open mind as to all such phenomena, although
+he did not of course dispute their objective possibility.  He had a
+profound distrust of paid and professional mediums, and was fully alive
+to the physical, moral, and spiritual risks attendant on all such
+researches unless conducted with due precaution and under proper
+guidance.
+
+One of the chief ornaments of the judicial bench, who knew Bute well,
+once observed of him that if his vocation had been to the law, he might
+have reasonably looked to attain the highest honours of that profession:
+
+
+Industry, learning, patience, impartiality, capacity for work, a
+remarkable power of grasping facts and weighing evidence, clearness of
+expression, and a single-minded desire for truth--if these, combined
+with a noble presence and a lofty integrity {225} of character, are
+qualifications for judicial office, Bute possessed them all, and in a
+high degree.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1899, Effect of psychical study]
+
+Such qualities, or most of them, were no doubt equally serviceable when
+brought to bear on the obscure phenomena of psychical research, which
+Bute approached with the same unprejudiced detachment as he did the
+study of astrology, or the problems from the nooks and corners of
+history with which he loved to grapple.  A friend ventured to ask him,
+not very long before his death, if he grudged the many hours he had
+devoted to these recondite investigations.  He replied emphatically in
+the negative, adding after a pause: "I cannot conceive any Christian,
+or, indeed, any believer in life after death, _not_ being painfully and
+deeply interested in such questions.  For my own part, I have never
+doubted that there is permitted at times a real communication between
+the dead and the living, but I am bound to say that I have never
+personally had any first-hand evidence of such communication which I
+could call absolutely convincing."  The last words were spoken with a
+certain melancholy earnestness which made a deep impression on the
+hearer.  That Bute's interest in these matters had no frightening or
+depressing effect on himself is shown clearly enough from a note in his
+diary in which, after referring to his own rapidly-declining health, he
+adds: "My study of things connected with the S.P.R. has had the effect
+of very largely robbing death of its terrors."[12]
+
+With the resignation of his Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews at the end
+of his second term of office, {226} Bute's public work may be said to
+have come to an end.  He had, as has been seen, conditionally accepted
+his re-election as Provost of Rothesay, but as the time drew near his
+resumption of the office was seen to be impossible.  It was, in fact,
+in August, 1899, three months before the time due for the election,
+that he was struck down with what proved to be the beginning of his
+fatal illness.  He rallied for a time, and his mind remained as
+unclouded, and his interest in many things as keen, as they had ever
+been; but it became before long increasingly evident that there was no
+prospect of any return to the activities of the past.  1900 was the
+year of the Passion-play at Ober-Ammergau; and he had always hoped to
+go thither once again with his family, and to renew in their company
+the well-remembered impressions made by his three previous visits.
+When this could not be, he rejoiced that his children were able to make
+the pilgrimage under the escort of an old friend, and he interested
+himself in every detail of their journey.
+
+As time passed on, and his weakness increased, reading and writing,
+which had been the chief solace of his life, were of course no longer
+possible to him.  He suffered little bodily pain during his last
+illness, but much weariness and depression, which he bore with his
+usual quiet fortitude and patience; and the gradual declension of his
+remarkable mental faculties, his keen intellect, vivid imagination, and
+retentive memory, was (it is a consolation to believe) far less
+distressing to himself than it was to the devoted watchers at his
+sick-bed.  In the summer of 1900 he was removed to Dumfries House, in
+the hope that its more bracing air might be beneficial to him.  He had
+always, as has been already remarked, loved {227} the beautiful old
+home of his Crichton ancestors, which both within and without was one
+of the most notable works of the brothers Adam, although the amenity of
+its surroundings had been to some extent spoiled by the numerous
+coalpits.  "Falkland is probably, the most luxurious of my houses," he
+had once remarked, "but I think Dumfries House is, perhaps, the
+homeliest of them all."  The improvement to his health wrought by this
+change was unhappily only transient: he grew gradually weaker, and on
+October 9, 1900, a few hours after being attacked by a second stroke,
+he quietly breathed his last, being then in the fifty-fourth year of
+his age.
+
+[Sidenote: 1900, Death and funeral]
+
+Bute was buried, according to his own wish, in the chapel close to the
+sea, within the grounds of Mountstuart, which he had fitted up some
+twenty years previously for Catholic worship.  The funeral service was
+all the more impressive because of hired pomp and grandeur there was
+absolutely none.  His coffin, made by his own carpenters, was borne by
+his own workmen from Dumfries House to the little wayside station,
+whence it was conveyed to the sea, and thence across the Firth of Clyde
+to Kilchattan Bay, in Bute, where a great assemblage awaited its
+arrival, and followed it for nearly five miles on foot, the only
+carriage being that of the widow.  One who was present thus describes
+the sad procession:
+
+
+Through the russet and gold of the October woods it passed, preceded by
+the cross and a long array of bishops and clergy, and followed by the
+young sons, the Duke of Norfolk, Lords Loudoun, Glasgow, and Herries,
+and many other notable people.  Night was falling as our _cortege_
+reached the little chapel on {228} the shore where the remains were to
+rest; and the pine torches carried by the assistants threw a sombre
+glare on the coffin, on which were laid a black and gold pall, and the
+dead peer's coronet and the chain and green velvet mantle of the
+Thistle.  Vespers of the dead were sung: black-robed sisters watched by
+the bier all night; and next morning the dirge was chanted, the requiem
+mass celebrated, the five absolutions reserved for prelates and great
+nobles solemnly pronounced.  The single bell tolled from the little
+turret as the mourners silently dispersed, leaving John Lord Bute to
+rest in peace within the ivy-covered walls washed by the waves which
+encircled his island home.
+
+
+A few days after the last sad rites, Bute's widow, with her daughter
+and three sons, left England for the Holy Land, in order to carry out
+his long-cherished desire that his heart should be interred in the
+sacred soil of Olivet.  It was reverently laid in the tiny garden of
+the Franciscans, outside the humble chapel known as _Dominus
+Flevit_--"The Lord wept"--the traditional spot, half-way up the holy
+mountain, where the Saviour shed tears over the approaching fate of the
+beloved city.  An oleander tree alone marks the place of sepulture; but
+at the entrance of the little sanctuary is affixed a marble tablet
+bearing the following inscription:[13]
+
+
+{229}
+
+PAX ESTO AETERNA
+
+ANIMAE PIENTISSIMAE
+
+JOANNIS PATRICII MARCHIONIS III DE BUTE
+
+IN SCOTIA
+
+VII ID OCTOBR
+
+ANNO DOMINI MDCCCC
+
+MORTEM IN CHRISTO OBEUNTIS
+
+CUJUS COR
+
+IN TERRAM SANCTAM
+
+SUPREMA TESTAMENTI CAUTIONE
+
+DELATUM
+
+GUENDOLINA CONJUX
+
+IN HORTO
+
+HUIC DOMINUS FLEVIT AEDICULAE
+
+ANNEXO
+
+QUATUOR ADSISTENTIBUS FILIIS
+
+ID NOVEMBR EODEM ANNO
+
+PROPRIIS RELIGIOSE MANIBUS
+
+SEPELIVIT
+
+
+
+[1] Conversing with a friend not long before his death, Bute thus
+characteristically referred to the point of view from which he regarded
+his acquisition of these two interesting estates.  "Having bound myself
+to provide landed property of a certain value for my younger sons, I
+looked about for places which I might play with during my own life, and
+leave to them afterwards.  Hence Falkland and Pluscarden."
+
+[2] The Valliscaulians ("Val des Choux" was the name of their first
+house, in Burgundy), founded about 1193 by Viard, a Carthusian
+lay-brother, had about thirty houses, most of them in France.  There
+were none in England, but three in Scotland--Pluscarden, Beauly, and
+Ardchattan, of which the last two became Cistercian priories a century
+before the Reformation.  The Order dwindled and became finally extinct
+about thirty years prior to the French Revolution.
+
+[3] Lord Merries held the office of Lord-Lieutenant of the East Riding
+of Yorks from 1880 until his death in 1908.
+
+[4] These are described in much detail, and copiously illustrated, in
+the "Proceedings of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scotland" (vol. x. 3rd
+series, pp. 307 _seq._).
+
+[5] This appreciation, specially written by the distinguished architect
+for the present biography, is given in Appendix V.
+
+[6] Lord Bute's second son (and successor as Keeper of Falkland
+Palace), the late Lieut.-Col. Lord Ninian Stuart, M.P., who fell
+gallantly in action in 1915, further enriched the Chapel Royal in 1906,
+by hanging on its walls some magnificent Flemish "verdure" tapestries
+of the seventeenth century.
+
+[7] Paisley.
+
+[8] Whithorn.
+
+[9] St. John's Lodge.
+
+[10] Called by the people the "media naranja," or half orange.
+
+[11] "He gave his heart to the consummation of his works, and by his
+watchful care brought them to perfection."--Ecclesiast. xxxviii. 31.
+
+[12] See Mr. F. W. H. Myers' remarkable obituary notice Appendix VI.
+
+[13] Written by Dowager Lady Bute, and translated into Latin at her
+request by the author of this memoir.
+
+
+
+
+{231}
+
+APPENDIX I (p. 2)
+
+ENGLISH PRIZE POEM
+
+(Written by Bute at Harrow School, _aet._ 15-1/2.)
+
+_Subject_: EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE.
+
+(The footnotes are the young author's own)
+
+
+  When the long requiem's assuaging strain
+  Sounds high and solemn through the holy fane,
+  And loud and frequent in the darkened pile
+  The organ's heavy swell is heard the while,
+  Askest thou, pilgrim stranger, wherefore low,
+  In prayer unceasing, mournful hundreds bow;
+  Why choral hymns unceasingly arise,
+  And thuribles with incense cloud the skies,
+  While dying tapers glimmer pale and low
+  Upon the bloodless alabaster brow
+  That only represents the hero now?
+  Read sculptured on a grave that royal name,
+  So often blown abroad by noisy fame:
+  Yes; low as other men, the caitiff tomb
+  Has dared to shroud his splendour in its gloom!
+  Edward, who once the Knight of England shone,
+  Lies cold and stiff beneath this sculptured stone.
+  The brilliant Phosphor of a brighter day
+  Too soon in night is passed for aye away!
+  The lordly thistle blooms in purple pride;
+  The shamrock clusters by her sheltering side;[1]
+  And, though from each full many a spray is riven,
+  Unshaken yet they rise to friendly heaven.
+  The golden lily, even in her tears,
+  Full many a flower of vernal promise bears;
+  {232}
+  The pomegranate hangs fruitful on the tree;
+  The olive waves o'er many an eastern sea;
+  And strong beneath her eagle's sable wings
+  The pine upon her fir-clad mountains clings;
+  The rose alone, the fairest of them all,[2]
+  Is doomed to see her bud of promise fall!
+  The green genista's golden bloom is shed,
+  Her brightest offspring numbered with the dead.
+  O! plundered flower, O! doubly plundered bloom
+  Whose fairest fragrance only feeds the tomb!
+    'Tis said that when upon a rocky shore
+  The salt sea billows break with muffled roar,
+  And, launched in mad career, the thundering wave
+  Leaps booming through the weedy ocean cave;
+  Each tenth is grander than the nine before,
+  And breaks with tenfold thunder on the shore.
+  Alas! it is so on the sounding sea;
+  But so, O England, it is not with thee!
+  Thy decuman is broken on the shore:
+  A peer to him shall lave thee never more!
+
+  Ring forth, O mournful harp--no nobler strain
+  Than this to-day shall e'er be thine again.
+  See where amid her ruined towns and towers
+  France broods upon her country's shattered powers.
+  Ask her his glories--at the fatal name
+  Her olive cheek grows red with burning shame,
+  The tear starts flashing to her careworn eye,
+  She points where stiff and cold her children lie,
+  Beneath the bloody sod of many a plain,
+  By victor Edward's dreaded arrows slain;
+  From where on Cressy's dark and trodden ground
+  Two kings were slain and princes died around,
+  To where Limoges' streets ran red with blood,
+  And lives of thousands fed the crimson flood;
+  Or where, again, in Poitiers' fatal lane
+  The flower of all her gay noblesse were slain,
+  And trodden down amid the gory clay,
+  In useless valour threw their lives away;
+  {233}
+  While many a lordly tower and holy spire
+  Fell blackened ruins to the invader's fire.
+
+  But not upon thy fields, O France, alone
+  Like meteor shot from sphere of light he shone.
+  Rise, Spain, and witness how thy fair Castile
+  Has bled upon Najarra's fatal hill,
+  When sullen Najarilla's voiceless flow
+  Rang to the buckler's clang and falchion's blow,
+  And legions melted as a morning's snow.
+  But own that, when before his victor brand
+  He stretched defenceless all the humbled land,
+  It then was Edward's voice that stemmed the tide,
+  And Guzman only for his treason died.
+  Ungrateful Pedro! gilt and sceptred slave!
+  Ill hast thou merited the crown he gave!
+
+  "The crown he gave," and now, alas! has he
+  Who was the heir to England's sovereignty
+  No diadem except the cerecloth band,
+  No sceptre but the taper in his hand!
+  The glory that embalms his brilliant name
+  Alone is deathless through the voice of fame;
+  Or where, adorned in many a loyal heart,
+  It burns unmoved till life itself shall part--
+  It lives undying there.  What other throne
+  So meet for him who called those hearts his own?
+
+  But O! when history with frigid eye
+  Shall write the lengthened list of deeds gone by,
+  And deal with justice, passionless but true,
+  The meed deserved the living never knew,
+  Forbid it, Heaven! her voice divine should stay
+  The tide of praise that swells his name to-day.
+  Tell how, when victory had wreathed his arms,
+  And peace at length replaced war's dread alarms,
+  (Such peace is theirs who can resist no more)
+  When captive led from France's vanquished shore
+  A conquered monarch graced the victor's car,
+  The splendid trophy of the finished war.
+  Say how, eclipsed in an inferior's guise,
+  He scorned to feed with show the people's eyes;
+  {234}
+  And spurning Roman conqueror's gaudy pride,
+  Rode, humble, by the French usurper's side.
+  Such deed as this shall live to mock decay
+  When time has borne war's fading wreaths away.
+
+  The golden corn shall wave on Cressy's plain,
+  The thrush shall sing in Poitier's woods again;
+  The rosemaries upon Najarra's hill
+  Shall perfume Najarilla's noiseless rill;
+  The fields of France shall bloom in verdant pride,
+  Unstained by ruthless conquest's crimson tide;
+  The summer roses bloom in far Castile--
+  While, levelled by the dart we all must feel,
+  The mortal victor lies--a wreck of clay,
+  Once brilliant and as perishing as they.
+  There mark the armour that in life he wore
+  Hangs o'er his dreamless head!  O never more
+  Shall coat so princely fence so meet a heart!
+  And still, as if demanding ne'er to part,
+  There yet the leopards in their sanguine shield
+  Alternate with the lilies' heavenly field.
+
+    One step aside, and blazing through the gloom,
+  The pinnacles that deck the martyr's[3] tomb
+  Rise high and glittering o'er the golden urn;
+  And there for aye the dying tapers burn,
+  As if they cried to men in protest high
+  That soon their earthly honours all must die;
+  But that upon the Christian's sainted shade
+  Alone is bound a wreath that cannot fade.
+  O! ye who lie together, levelled here,
+  In life so sundered and in death so near--
+  He who has shed men's blood to win a throne,
+  And he who for Religion shed his own;
+  What thoughts unnumbered on the rapid mind
+  Arise, with mingled grief and awe combined!
+
+    O! for a worthier art with skill to paint
+  The light eternal that surrounds the saint:
+  And justly mete the song of swelling praise
+  The hero's virtues force our hearts to raise!
+  {235}
+  Shades of the great, the holy, and the brave,
+  Whose earthly vestment slumbers in the grave,
+  Teach us by bright example each to tread
+  The heavenward pathway hallowed by the dead.
+  What though the trembling element of earth
+  May swell again the clay that gave it birth;
+  What though again the wanton breeze reclaim
+  The vital breath it lent to warm your frame;
+  Not less ye live because our feebler race
+  Your lordly presence now no more shall grace.
+  Where'er the wild and careless winds can blow,
+  Where'er the ocean's cold, dark waters flow,
+  Where'er the heart heroic dares to die,
+  There--there your fadeless memory lives for aye,
+  Till Ruin claims her universal sway,
+  And worn-out Time himself shall pass away.
+
+  BUTE.
+
+
+
+[1] Edward Bruce was once King of Northern Ireland.
+
+[2] The symbols of the chief powers of Europe are taken from a royal
+masque in the reign of Henry VIII.  The pomegranate represents Spain,
+the olive Italy, and the pine-cone Germany.
+
+[3] St. Thomas of Canterbury.
+
+
+
+
+{236}
+
+APPENDIX II (p. 51)
+
+HYMN ON ST. MAGNUS
+
+(Written by Bute at Kirkwall during a visit to Orkney, in July, 1867,
+_aet._ 19.)
+
+
+  Glory be to Jesus
+  In the highest heaven,
+  For His grace triumphant
+  Unto Magnus given--
+  Wondrous grace that made him,
+  Looking on the Cross,
+  For the love of Jesus
+  Count all things but loss.
+
+  Born to all earth's splendour,
+  Cradled by a throne,
+  He in very childhood
+  Knew God's love alone;
+  Nazareth's holy stripling
+  Boyhood's pattern made;
+  Through the years of manhood
+  By his Saviour stayed.
+
+  Like to Paul converted
+  From a world of sin,
+  He into our Master's
+  Sheepfold entered in--
+  Till God's love within him
+  Lit and warmed him through,
+  As the bush of Horeb
+  Burned but ever grew.
+
+  With the saintly maiden.
+  Whom he made his bride,
+  For ten years a virgin
+  Lay he side by side;
+  {237}
+  Like unto the angels
+  Of our God in heaven,
+  Who in carnal wedlock
+  Give not nor are given.
+
+  From the Lord's own altar
+  Haled, the martyr died;
+  Him the Lord's own offering
+  His last breath supplied.
+  Earthy lilies stricken
+  Perish on the ground,
+  But God's witness dying
+  Fadeless glory found.
+
+  Jesus, by whose mercy
+  Magnus was victorious,
+  Give us grace to follow
+  In his footsteps glorious;
+  So by Thee, our Saviour,
+  Truth, and life, and way,
+  We may come where he is
+  In undying day.
+
+  Glory to the Father,
+  Glory to the Son,
+  Glory to the Spirit,
+  Three, and three in one,
+  Glory from his creatures
+  Both in earth and heaven
+  To the King of Martyrs
+  Endlessly be given.  Amen.
+
+
+
+
+{238}
+
+APPENDIX III (p. 51)
+
+"OUR LADY OF THE SNOWS"
+
+(Written by Bute in November, 1867, _aet._ 20.)
+
+
+  The world is very foul and dark,
+    And sin has marred its outline fair;
+  But we are taught to look above,
+    And see another image there.
+  And I will raise my eyes above--
+    Above a world of sin and woe,
+  Where sinless, griefless, near her Son,
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow.
+
+  Mankind seems very foul and dark,
+    In some lights that we see it in,
+  Lo! as the tide of life goes by,
+    How many thousands lie in sin.
+  But I will raise my eyes above--
+    Above the world's unthinking flow,
+  To where, so human yet so fair,
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow.
+
+  My heart is very foul and dark;
+    Yes, strangely foul sometimes to me
+  Glare up the images of sin
+    My tempter loves to make me see.
+  Then may I lift my eyes above--
+    Above these passions vile and low,
+  To where, in pleading contrast bright,
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow!
+
+  And oft that throne, so near our Lord's,
+    To earth some of its radiance lends;
+  And Christians learn from her to shun
+    The path impure that hellward tends,
+  {239}
+  For they have learnt to look above--
+    Above the prizes here below,
+  To where, crowned with a starry crown,
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow.
+
+  Blest be the whiteness of her throne;
+    That shines so purely, grandly there!
+  With such a glory passing bright,
+    Where all is bright and all is fair!
+  God make me lift my eyes above,
+    And love its holy radiance so
+  That some day I may come where still
+    Sits Mary on her throne of snow.
+
+
+
+
+{240}
+
+APPENDIX IV (p. 211)
+
+A PROVOST'S PRAYER
+
+The following was the prayer always said by Bute at the opening of the
+meetings of the Town Council of Rothesay, during the term of his
+provostship.  It was composed by himself, or rather compiled from two
+prayers contained in the Roman Breviary--one the Collect for
+Whit-Sunday, and the other a prayer at the end of the Litany of the
+Saints.
+
+
+PRAYER.
+
+"O God, Who dost teach the hearts of Thy people by sending to them the
+light of Thine Holy Spirit; grant unto us that the same Thy Spirit may
+inspire us in all our doings by His heavenly grace, and bless us
+therein by His continual help, that every prayer and work of ours may
+begin from Thee and by Thee be duly ended, and that we, who cannot do
+anything that is good without Thee, may so by Thee be enabled to act
+according to Thy will, which is our sanctification; through Jesus
+Christ our Lord, Who liveth and reigneth with Thee and the Holy Spirit,
+one God, world without end.  Amen."
+
+
+
+
+{241}
+
+APPENDIX V (p. 220)
+
+RECOLLECTIONS BY SIR R. ROWAND ANDERSON
+
+
+16, Rutland Square, Edinburgh,
+  _October_ 4, 1920.
+
+I quite appreciate your desire that I should send you something of my
+recollections of the late Marquis of Bute, for whom I had the honour of
+doing some important work.  Lord Bute's architects certainly had
+considerable opportunity of meeting him and getting to know him as he
+appeared in their department, for one of the outstanding facts of his
+life was that he was never out of the mortar-tub.
+
+It was one of his brothers-in-law, the late Lord Herries, I think, who
+used to tell him that he would go down to posterity as the
+Brick-and-Mortar Lord.  But no one who had the privilege of knowing him
+ever associated his works with any of the ideas of quantity, monotony,
+and mere utilitarianism, which the mention of the humblest of building
+materials might conjure up in the minds of people who had not that
+privilege.  Quantity of production, and expenditure of time and money
+had no prescribed relations to each other when time or money was
+required to procure the most appropriate material, or time was required
+to determine the precise design.  I remember saying to him once, when
+something had been delayed till I thought it must be tiresome to him,
+"Why not let it be finished, and off your mind?"  His reply was, "But
+why should I hurry over what is my chief pleasure?  I have
+comparatively little interest in a thing after it is finished."  That
+saying supplied the key to much that, without it, might be misconstrued
+in the annals of his architectural undertakings.  What he did not
+consider of importance was allowed to go through at once.  What he
+thought of importance he made a matter for his personal thought, and no
+detail was so small as to be secure of passing unobserved, or so
+apparently insignificant {242} that an indefinite delay might not be
+suffered till he had determined whether it was to be converted into a
+feature, or at least the vehicle of an allusion to some idea which
+interested him.
+
+The fact is that Lord Bute possessed great imagination, learning, and
+taste, and an inexhaustible patience and power of calm deliberation
+before coming to any conclusion which he deemed to be of any
+importance; and it so came about that he seldom, if ever, changed his
+mind and ordered anything to be altered after it had once been done.
+
+I have heard a tale which was supposed to exemplify the nicety of his
+taste and the grand scale on which he gratified it.  The story may have
+been meant for a parable only, but it narrated circumstantially how
+that his architect had imported a shipload of marble columns from
+Italy, and put them up in a certain palace which he was building for
+the Marquis, but that when his lordship came to see them, behold, they
+were not of the exact tint which he wanted, so incontinently they were
+thrown out, and another shipload was brought, which turned out, of
+course, to be perfection, of which the pillars themselves, as they
+stand there to-day, are the lively proof.
+
+That the story of the throwing out of the pillars, like the tale of the
+three hundred and sixty Celtic Crosses in Iona, which were said to have
+been thrown into the sea, is apocryphal, I gravely suspect.  The thing
+which it professes to relate never occurred in connection with any work
+in which I was concerned, and I think I would have heard of it had it
+happened in any of Lord Bute's other undertakings, at least in
+Scotland.  The unlikely part of the story is that he had allowed
+himself to be landed with a vast quantity of the wrong stuff for such
+an important purpose.  The rest of it, his fabled measures for getting
+himself out of the difficulty, is quite true to his character.  I, at
+least, never knew him to be diverted from his intention on the score of
+delay or cost.
+
+I remember a case which is somewhat in point, his choice of the
+railings for the gallery of the great hall of his house, or, rather,
+palace of Mountstuart, although the case is more interesting as an
+illustration of his mind in a more important aspect.  I had proposed,
+in accordance with my duty, a design strictly in keeping with the
+mediaeval character of the building.  Lord Bute, however, had seen and
+{243} remembered the ancient and curious bronze railings which stand
+round the tomb of Charlemagne at Aix-la-Chapelle, and he determined to
+take, what was to him the opportunity of erecting a facsimile of them
+in Scotland.  I went, therefore, to Aix and made measured drawings of
+them on the spot.  By his directions I had the copies cast in
+Edinburgh, and they stand now in their place in Mountstuart in all the
+variety and yet unity of their originals.  They are not Florentine, but
+if you ask me what should have prevented a Florentine nobleman from
+erecting them in his palace in Florence, I could not tell you.
+Sentimentally, at any rate, they would have been appropriate.  I refer,
+of course, to the historical fact, of which I am sure the Marquis was
+aware, that it was no other than Charlemagne who relieved the
+Florentines from the tyranny of the Longobards, and conferred upon them
+the freedom of a municipal government.
+
+The influence of the art of Peter de Luna, as seen in the style which
+was chosen by Lord Bute in matters connected with the Chapel at
+Mountstuart, occurs to mind in this context.  That the famous Spaniard
+was an architect, or a discriminating patron of architecture, Saragossa
+testifies; but he was more to Lord Bute, he was the Pope, the Benedict
+XIII., whose papal bull confirmed the foundation charter of St. Andrews
+University.  He was not acknowledged as Pope by England or Italy, but
+he was acknowledged by Scotland, and that went a long way with Lord
+Bute.  That his lordship reflected on the possibility of his choice
+giving pain to any one who did not accept de Luna's pontificate is, I
+think, unlikely, seeing that without question, he was confiding the
+execution of his whole ideas to an architect who was actually a member
+of a Reformed Church.  I pointedly omit to make any allusion in this
+context to the traditional authorship of the design of the Cathedral of
+Cologne.
+
+Lord Bute's mind was steeped in history; and on that account, though he
+by no means always bowed the knee to authority, his ideas, like his
+conversation, in matters of architecture were always interesting.  Soon
+after the first occasion on which he did me the honour to consult me,
+he told me that he made it his practice not to give all his
+undertakings into the hands of any one architect, that he liked always
+to be in touch with several of the profession; it was to his advantage,
+he was good enough to say, as well {244} as his pleasure, to hear the
+opinions of different men on the things of their trade.  If I may judge
+by the numbers of specialists in very different departments, whom I
+used to meet on my visits to his lordship, he had a satisfaction in
+their conversation and their ways of looking at things which was
+perhaps similar to that which Sir Walter Scott records in his Journal
+that he had found in the conversation of Robert Stevenson, the engineer
+to the Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses.
+
+So far as I know, Lord Bute never had any building done for himself in
+this country after any varieties of the style of Ancient Greece.  That
+this abstention in his particular case should be credited only to his
+wise sense of its unfitness for his purposes in a climate such as ours,
+must be the opinion of any one, who, like myself, ever had the
+privilege of visiting the remains of Ancient Greece in his company, and
+of observing the extraordinarily deep impression which they made on him.
+
+R. ROWAND ANDERSON.
+
+
+P.S.--By way of footnote to the paragraph in which I mention Peter de
+Luna, I may say that it was on a visit which I made to Saragossa on
+Lord Bute's behalf that I was fortunate enough to procure a cast of de
+Luna's now mummified head.  The cast I have now confided to the care of
+St. Andrews University.
+
+
+
+
+{245}
+
+APPENDIX VI (p. 225)
+
+OBITUARY NOTICE BY MR. F. W. H. MYERS
+
+(From the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, November,
+1900.)
+
+
+THE MARQUIS OF BUTE, K.T. (VICE-PRESIDENT, S.P.R.).
+
+_Magnus civis obit_.  The death of the Marquis of Bute has removed from
+earth a great chieftain, a great magnate, a great proprietor, yet
+withal a figure, a character, which carried one back into the Ages of
+Faith.  Many will mourn the close of that life,--magnificent at once
+and munificent; far-governing, and yet gently thoughtful in minute
+detail.  Some will miss in more intimate fashion the massive simplicity
+of his presence; the look in his eyes of trustfulness at once and
+tenacity--that look which we call doglike, when we mean to imply that
+dogs are nobler than men.  The youth whose vast wealth and eager
+religion suggested (it was said) to Lord Beaconsfield the idea of his
+"Lothair" had become constantly wealthier and more religious as years
+went on.  Amid the palaces of his structure and of his inheritance he
+lived a life simple and almost solitary; a life of long walks and long
+conversations on the mysteries of the world unseen.  To a fervent Roman
+Catholicism he joined a ready openness to the elements of a more
+Catholic faith.  That same yearning for communion with the invisible
+which showed itself in his Prayer-books and Missals, his Byzantine
+Churches restored, his English Churches built, showed itself also in
+the great crystal hung in his chapel at St. John's Lodge; as it were
+the mystic focus of that green silence in the heart of London's roar;
+and in the horoscope of his nativity painted on the dome of his study
+at Mountstuart; and in that vaster, strange-illumined vault of
+Mountstuart's central hall.
+
+[Greek: _'En de ta teirei panta ta t' ou'ranos e'stephanotai_]
+
+{246} Hardly had such a sight been seen since Hephaestus wrought in
+flaming gold the Signs of Heaven, and zoned the Shield of Achilles with
+the firmament and the sea.  For in like manner at Lord Bute's bidding
+was that great vault encircled with a translucent zone which pictured
+the constellations of the Ecliptic; the starry lights represented by
+prisms inserted in that "dome of many-coloured glass."  Therethrough,
+as through a fictive Zodiac, travelled the sun all day; with many a
+counterchange of azure stains or emerald on the broad floor below, and
+here and there the dazzling flash of a sudden-kindled star.  It seemed
+the work of one who wished, by sign at least and symbol, to call down
+"an intermingling of heaven's pomp" upon that pavement which might have
+been traversed only by the pacings of earthly power and pride.
+
+Through such scenes their fashioner would walk; weary and weighted
+often with the encumbering flesh; but always in slow meditative
+brooding on the Spiritual City, and a house not made with hands.  "A
+cruel superstition!" he said once of those who would presume to fetter
+or forbid our communication with beloved and blessed Souls behind the
+veil.  A cruel superstition indeed! and hardly with any truer word upon
+his lips might a man pass from the company of those who listen, to
+those who speak.[1]
+
+F. W. H. M.
+
+
+
+[1] Mr. Myers himself died on January 17, 1901, only a few weeks after
+penning this striking tribute to his departed friend.
+
+
+
+{247}
+
+APPENDIX VII
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+LORD BUTE'S PUBLISHED WRITINGS.
+
+(This list does not include certain articles separately reprinted from
+the _Scottish Review_, and all contained later in the two volumes of
+"Essays on Home and Foreign Subjects," published after his death.)
+
+Order of Divine Service for Christmas Day, according to the Use of the
+Church of Rome.  1875.
+
+The Early Days of Sir William Wallace.  1876.
+
+The Burning of the Barns of Ayr.  1878.
+
+The Roman Breviary: translated out of Latin into English.  2 vols.
+1879.
+
+The Altus of St. Columba, with prose paraphrase and notes.  1882.
+
+The Coptic Morning Service for the Lord's Day.  1882.
+
+Address written for the Rhyl Eisteddfod.  1892.  (English and Welsh.)
+
+Address delivered November 20, 1893, at University of St. Andrews
+(inaugural address as Lord Rector).  1894.
+
+A Form of Prayer following the Church Office, for the use of Catholics
+unable to hear Mass upon Sundays and Holidays.  1896.
+
+On the Ancient Language of the Natives of Teneriffe.  1897.
+
+The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of Scotland (in
+collaboration with J. R. N. Macphail and H. W. Lonsdale).  1897.
+
+Order of Divine Service for Palm Sunday and Whitsuntide. 1898.
+
+{248}
+
+The Alleged Haunting of B---- House (in collaboration with A. G.
+Freer).  1899.
+
+The Blessing of the Waters on the Eve of the Epiphany (in collaboration
+with E. A. W. Budge).  1901.
+
+Essays on Foreign Subjects (reprinted from the _Scottish Review_).
+1901.
+
+Essays on Home Subjects (reprinted from the _Scottish Review_).  1904.
+
+The Arms of the Baronial and Police Burghs of Scotland (in
+collaboration with J. H. Stevenson and H. W. Lonsdale).  1903.
+
+The Inquisition in the Canary Islands: Catalogue of a collection of
+original MSS. formerly belonging to the Holy Office.  1903.
+
+Lenten Readings from the Writings of the Fathers.  1906.
+
+
+
+
+{249}
+
+INDEX
+
+
+ACTON, John Lord, letter to Bute from, 203
+
+Advowsons owned by Bute, 84
+
+Akers, George, 64
+
+Anderson, Sir R. Rowand (architect), 3, 220; his recollections of Bute,
+241-244
+
+Andrews, Septimus, at Ch. Ch., 45
+
+Ardlamont murder trial, 199
+
+Argyll, George 8th Duke of, witnesses Bute's marriage, 106; letters to
+Bute from, 206
+
+Argyll and the Isles, Angus Bishop of, 153, 154
+
+-- -- -- --, George Bishop of, 96, _note_
+
+Arundel Castle, Bute at, 109
+
+Astrology, Bute's interest in, 135, 176, _note_
+
+
+BALFOUR, Arthur J., Lord Rector of St. Andrews University, 189
+
+Baroda, Maharajah Gaikwar of, 183
+
+Bayreuth, festival at, 131, 132, 157, 164, 165
+
+Bellingham, Sir Henry, at Harrow, 20
+
+Belmont, Benedictine Priory at, 100, 153, _note_
+
+Benson, Rev. R., at Ch. Ch., 45
+
+Bikelas, [Greek: _ho kurios_], 132, 133
+
+Black Prince, Bute's poem on the, 24, 231
+
+Blackie, Professor, death of, 202
+
+Blairquhan Castle, 4
+
+Blairs College, 194, 206, _note_
+
+Bodenham, Delabarro, in Rome, 88
+
+Boyle, Archibald, curator to Bute, 19
+
+-- John, 58
+
+Breviary, Roman, Bute's first idea of translating the, 70, _note_; work
+begun, 115, 116; his "beloved child," 126; published, 129
+
+Bruno, Giordano, Bute's studies on, 139, 140
+
+Burges, William (architect), anecdotes of, 217, 218
+
+Bute, John 3rd Earl of, 1; monument to, 3
+
+-- -- 1st Marquess of, 2; portrait of, as Harrovian, 26
+
+-- -- 2nd Marquess of, character of, 2; early death of, 3; Provost of
+Rothesay, 210
+
+-- -- 3rd Marquess of, his descent, 1; childhood of, 3, 4; litigation
+about, 5, 6; at Galloway House, 9-14; at private school, 14-17; at
+Harrow, 19-26; first visits Holy Land, 26, 27; at Ch. Ch., 28 _et
+seq._; travels in East, 34-38; religious studies of, 39-43; postpones
+reception, 40, 63; facsimile of sketch by, 49; his cruise to Iceland,
+52; and St. Magnus, 50, 150, 151; poems written by, 24, 25, 51,
+231-239; to Russia, 55, 68; comes of age, 55-57; at Danesfield, 61;
+received into Roman Church, 71, 72; to Rome, 74; to Palestine, 75; on
+his conversion, 77, 78; the newspaper press on, 80, 81; founds _Western
+Mail_, 84-86; at Rome during Vatican Council, 86-90; at Cardiff and
+Mountstuart, 78, 90-98; as philologist, 99; marriage of, 105, 106;
+visits Majorca, 113, 114; his love of animals, 118, 169; created K.T.,
+121; as landowner, 125; acquires _Scottish Review_, 129; his
+contributions to it, 130, 143; as historical student, 143; a Home Ruler
+for Scotland, 149; and foreign travel, 156-168; _incog._ in Sicily,
+165; mayor of Cardiff, 173, 174; receives freedom of Glasgow, 179;
+Lord-Lieutenant of Buteshire, 180; his benefactions to S. Wales, 181,
+182; Hon. LL.D. of three Scottish universities, 185; on Universities
+Commission, _ib._; Lord Rector of St. Andrews, 187 _et seq._;
+interested in Jews, 195, 196; makes maiden speech in Parliament, 199;
+re-elected Lord Rector, 206; as a herald, 208; acquires Greyfriars,
+Elgin, 208, 209; Provost of Rothesay, 209-213; "silver wedding day" of,
+211; purchases Pluscarden Priory, 215; his achievements as a builder,
+217-222; his interest in psychical research, 224, 225; end of his
+public work, 226; last illness and death of, 226, 227; funeral of, 227;
+his heart taken to Jerusalem, 228; obituary notice of, by F. W. H.
+Myers, 245; bibliography of, 247
+
+Bute, Gwendoline, Marchioness of, marriage of, 105; takes her husband's
+heart to Jerusalem, 228
+
+--, Sophia, Marchioness of, 3; her character, 4; death of, 5
+
+
+CANTERBURY, Randall, Archbishop of; on Bute as a Harrovian, 24
+
+Capel, Rev. T. W. (Mgr.), at Danesfield, 61; at Oxford, 67 _et seq._;
+his interview with Liddon, 68; receives Bute into Church, 71; preaches
+at Oxford, 71, 72, 79; at Nice, 73; to Palestine, 74-76; at
+Mountstuart, 116, 117
+
+Cardiff, coming-of-age celebrations at, 56, 57; _Western Mail_ started
+at, 84; wine-growing at, 118-120; Bute mayor of, 173, 174; arms of,
+174, _note_; University College at, 184: restoration of castle at, 217
+
+Castell Coch, vineyards at, 118; restored, 217
+
+Chamberlain, Rev. T., at Ch. Ch., 45
+
+Chiswick House, leased by Bute, 124
+
+Christ Church (Oxford), Bute at, 28 _et seq._; his contemporaries at,
+_ib._; he gives ball at, 30; fatal accident at, 65, 66; revisited by
+Bute, 112
+
+Churchill, Lord Randolph, 182
+
+Clarke, William, at Oxford, 64
+
+Clifford, Bishop William, at Vatican Council, 87, 88
+
+Constantinople, visit to, 34, 38; Bute on, 145
+
+Crichton-Stuart, Col. Jas. Frederick; Bute's tutor-at-law, 8, 12; M.P.
+for Cardiff, 80, 84; death of, 180
+
+-- -- Lady Margaret, 22, _note_; psychical experience of, 59, _note_,
+117, 152, 167
+
+Cumbrae, Greater, bought by Bute, 152
+
+Cummins, Abbot, 100, _note_
+
+Curtis, Admiral Sir Lucius, 64
+
+
+DALRYMPLE, Sir Charles, 97, 98; at Mountstuart, 202, _note_
+
+Danesfield, Bute's intimacy at, 61 _et seq._
+
+Disraeli, B., witnesses Bute's marriage, 106; at Norfolk's marriage,
+123; his novel of "Lothair," 124, 134, _note_
+
+Dumfries, John Earl of, opens Roath Dock, 152; at garden party, 131,
+_note_
+
+Dumfries House, 32, 109; death of Bute at, 227
+
+Dundee University College, its relations with St. Andrews, 189 _et seq._
+
+Dupanloup, Bishop, at Vatican Council, 87
+
+
+EAST HENDRED, chapel at, 43
+
+Egypt, visit of Bute to, 166
+
+Elgin, Bute acquires Greyfriars in, 208, 222
+
+Essex, Thomas (schoolmaster), 14; his report of Bute, 13
+
+Etna, Mount, ascent of, 35; Bute's description of, 35-37
+
+
+FALKLAND, purchased by Bute, 152; visit to, 171; Easter eggs at, 203;
+restorations at, 221
+
+Fergusson, Lady Edith, 43
+
+-- Sir James, curator to Bute, 19; at Dumfries House, 32, 43, 53; on
+Bute's conversion 62, _note_
+
+Fort Augustus, Benedictines of, 195
+
+
+GALLOWAY, Randolph 9th Earl of, appointed Bute's custodier, 9, 19
+
+Galloway House, Bute's boyhood at, 9-14
+
+Galston, new church at, 155
+
+Gardner, Alexander, 145
+
+Garibaldi's Autobiography, Bute on, 141
+
+Gibbon as historian, Bute's estimate of, 142
+
+Gibbons, Bishop (afterwards Cardinal) James, at Vatican Council, 88
+
+Gilbert, Sir F. Hastings, 5, 19
+
+Gladstone, W. E., first Chancellor of University of Wales, 185; Hon.
+LL.D. of St. Andrews University, _ib._
+
+Glasgow, Bute receives freedom of, 179; presents Bute Hall to, 185; Hon
+LL.D. of, _ib._
+
+Glasgow, George 6th Earl of, 117, 122, 152
+
+Granard, George 7th Earl of, 64
+
+Grant, Bishop Colin (of Aberdeen), and the _Scottish Review_, 131;
+Bute's grief at the death of, 147
+
+-- Bishop Thomas (of Southwark) assists at Bute's reception, 71
+
+Grisewood, Harman, at Ch. Ch., 34
+
+Grissell, Hartwell, 39 _note_; conversion of, 64; letters to, 62, 90,
+167
+
+
+HALSBURY, Earl of, 171, 177
+
+Harrow, Bute at, 19-26
+
+Hastings, Francis 1st Marquess of, tomb of, at Malta, 35
+
+--, Henry 4th Marquess of, at Ch. Ch., 28; early death of, 58
+
+--, Lady Flora, conversion and marriage of, 122; death of, 155
+
+Hay-Gordon, Adam, 23, 29
+
+Henry, Lady Selina, death of, 53
+
+Home Rule for Scotland, Bute in favour of, 148, 149
+
+Howard of Glossop, Clare Lady, death of, 155
+
+-- -- --, Hon. Alice, married to Earl of Loudoun, 106
+
+-- -- --, Hon. Gwendoline, Bute's marriage to, 105
+
+Howell, Dean, on Bute as a philologist, 99
+
+Huggins, Sir William, tribute paid to Bute by, 168, 172
+
+Humphrey, William, 64
+
+Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, Bute's veneration for, 54
+
+"Hypatia" (Kingsley's), Bute's opinion of, 79
+
+
+ICELAND, Bute's cruise to, 48, 52
+
+"Ignatius, Father," at Llanthony, 101
+
+
+JENKINS, Canon, books by, 79, 102, 103
+
+Jerusalem, Bute's first visit to, 26, 27; subsequent pilgrimages to,
+34, 75; compared with Rome, 162; Bute's heart buried at, 228
+
+Jews, Bute's interest in, 195, 196
+
+
+LANE FOX, GEORGE, conversion of, 64; married, 92
+
+Leighton, Mrs., 33
+
+Leo XIII., Pope, sacerdotal jubilee of, 142
+
+Leopold, H.R.H., at Mountstuart, 116, 117
+
+Liddon, Dr. H. P., at Ch. Ch., 41, 45; his interview with Capel, 68; at
+St. Paul's, 92, 93
+
+Llanthony, visit to "Father Ignatius" at, 101
+
+Loudoun, Charles 11th Earl of, 105, 106
+
+--, Edith Countess of, accompanies Bute to Palestine, 74, 76; death of,
+113-115
+
+Louth, Randall 13th Lord, conversion of, 64
+
+
+MACSWEENEY, Father James, S.J., 40, _note_; 111
+
+Magnus, St., visit to shrine of, 50; relics of, 50, 150, 151; Bute's
+hymn on, 51, 238; investigations as to, 150, 151, 204
+
+Majorca, visit of Bute to, 113, 114
+
+Malta, visit of Bute to, 35
+
+Malvern Wells, Bute's private school at, 14-17
+
+Manning, Archbishop, in Rome, 89, 92; officiates at Bute's marriage,
+105; cloth-of-gold gloves for, 107
+
+Mansel, Dr. H. L., at Ch. Ch., 45, 47
+
+Maxwell, Sir Herbert, on Bute's bees, 24
+
+--, Hon. Walter, in Papal Zouaves, 88
+
+Maxwell-Scott of Abbotsford, Hon. Mrs., and the _Scottish Review_, 130,
+148, 150, _note_
+
+Metcalfe, Rev. Dr., editor of _Scottish Review_, 129; assessor to Bute
+at St. Andrews, 188, 189
+
+Montagu, Lord Robert, conversion of, 93
+
+Moore, Lady Elizabeth, co-guardian to Bute, 5; removed from office, 8;
+letters from, 52, 53; death of, 180
+
+Mountstuart, old house of, 3; Bute at, 94-98, 111; beavers and
+wallabies at, 118; burnt down, 123; description of new house at, 220;
+Bute buried at, 227
+
+Myers, F. W. H., obituary notice of Bute by, 245
+
+
+NAPLES, Bute on the people of, 158, 166
+
+Newspaper press, the, on Bute's conversion, 80, 81
+
+Nice, visit of Bute to, 64
+
+Norfolk, Henry 15th Duke of, at Arundel, 109; marriage of, 122; Mayor
+of Sheffield, 177
+
+--, Flora Duchess of, _see_ Hastings, Lady Flora.
+
+North, Lord and Lady, conversion of, 64
+
+Northumberland, Henry 7th Duke of, 28; witnesses Bute's marriage, 106
+
+
+OBAN, cathedral, services at, 131, _note_, 153
+
+Ober-Ammergau, visits to, 100, 163, 226
+
+Orkney, Bute's cruises to, 50, 204
+
+"Our Lady of the Snows," Bute's hymn on, 51, 238
+
+Oxford, Bute at, _see_ Christ Church; Mgr. Capel at, 67, 71; visit of
+Lord and Lady Bute to, 111, 112; St. Barnabas' Church at, 112; Bute's
+interest in, 184
+
+
+PARIS, visits of Bute to, 34, 76
+
+Patrick, St., the birthplace of, 131, 132
+
+Peel, Arthur 1st Viscount, opposes Bute at St. Andrews, 205; defeated,
+206
+
+Pius IX., Pope, receives Bute, 74; opens Vatican Council, 86; prorogues
+Council, 91, _note_; sends marriage presents to Bute, 106
+
+Pluscarden Priory, purchased by Bute, 215
+
+Portarlington, Alexandrina Countess of, 63
+
+"Provost's Prayer, A," 240
+
+Psychical Research, Bute's interest in, 224, 225
+
+Puller, Rev. F. W., Vicar of Roath, 103
+
+Pusey, Dr. E. B., at Ch. Ch., 46; on secessions to Rome, 67
+
+
+ROME, Bute's first visit to, 74; during Vatican Council, 86-90; his
+views on situation in, 91, 95, 110; anecdote of American in, 112; with
+Scottish pilgrimage in, 158; compared with Jerusalem, 162
+
+Rosebery, Archibald 5th Earl of, at Ch. Ch., 28; to Russia with Bute,
+55, 68; his tribute to Bute, 143; speech of, at R. Academy banquet,
+177; Ch. Ch. dinner given to, 198
+
+Rothesay, catholics at, 79; Royal visit to, 117, 118; Bute Provost of,
+209-213
+
+Rothesay, David Duke of, Bute's paper on, 171, 172
+
+Ruskin, John, candidate for Lord Rectorship at Glasgow, 185
+
+
+ST. ANDREWS, Bute's visits to, 49, etc., 188, 200; Lord Rector, 187 _et
+seq._; his rectorial address at, 143, 187, 193; he acquires
+priory-buildings at, 200; his re-election at, 206, 207; proposed
+restoration of cathedral at, 267 [Transcriber's note: no such page
+exists in the source book]
+
+St. John's Lodge, leased by Bute, 169; hospitalities at, 171
+
+Sanquhar, purchase of Peel tower at, 202
+
+Sayce, Professor, letter to Bute from, 168
+
+Scott-Murray, Charles, 61; at Nice, 72
+
+_Scottish Review_, the, Bute's connection with, 21, _note_; acquired by
+him, 129; his articles in, 130, 136 _et seq._; proposed transference to
+London of, 139; Bute's contributions to, 143
+
+Sebright, Olivia Lady, 89, 92
+
+Sicily, Bute _incog._ in, 165; contrasted with Italy, 166
+
+Sinclair, Archdeacon William, 14, 15
+
+Skene, Felicia, Bute's early friendship with, 31; letter to Bute from,
+175
+
+--, Dr. William, 31; and the _Scottish Review_, 135, 136
+
+Smith, Bishop George, of Argyll, 96, _note_
+
+Sneyd, George E., at Harrow, 23; "an awful liberal," 79, 94
+
+Sorrento, Bute's letters from, 158-161
+
+Spain, impressions of cathedrals in, 92
+
+Spalding, Archbishop Martin, of Baltimore, at Vatican Council, 87
+
+Stevenson, Father J., S.J., on the Reformation, 40
+
+Stewart, Hon. Fitzroy, 12; Hon. Walter, 11
+
+Stuart, _see_ Crichton-Stuart.
+
+--, General Charles, Bute's co-guardian, 5 _et seq._; death of, 180
+
+
+TENERIFFE, Bute visits, 167; on the ancient language of, 168
+
+
+VALLISCAULIANS, Order of the, 215, _note_
+
+Vatican Council, the, 86; opened by Pius IX., _ibid._; prorogued, 91,
+_note_; decree of the, 90, 91
+
+Vaughan, Archbishop Bede, O.S.B., 101, _note_.
+
+--, Cardinal Herbert, at St. John's Lodge, 171
+
+Victoria, Queen, golden jubilee of, 135, 172; diamond jubilee of, 210;
+address of Rothesay corporation, to, 211
+
+Voguee, Eugene Vicomte de, 34, _note_.
+
+
+WESTCOTT, Bishop, a master at Harrow, 22
+
+_Western Mail_, the, started at Cardiff, 84-86; on Bute's marriage, 106
+
+Westminster, anecdote of the titular abbot of, 87
+
+Westminster Cathedral, divine office chanted in, 153, _note_
+
+Wine-growing at Cardiff, 118-120
+
+
+ZOOLOGICAL Gardens, Bute at the, 169, 170
+
+
+
+
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+
+LONDON AND BECCLES, ENGLAND.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute,
+K.T., by David Hunter Blair
+
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