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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/36463-h.zip b/36463-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..05e2222 --- /dev/null +++ b/36463-h.zip diff --git a/36463-h/36463-h.htm b/36463-h/36463-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dedd15f --- /dev/null +++ b/36463-h/36463-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2936 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" /> +<meta content="pg2html (binary v0.18)" name="generator" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of + Glacier National Park [Montana], + by United States Department of the Interior. +</title> +<style type="text/css"> + body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } + p { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + font-size: 100%; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { text-align: center; } + hr { width: 50%; } + hr.full { width: 100%; } + a,img { border: none!important; text-decoration: none!important; } + .quote { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; text-indent: 0em; font-size: 90%; } + .figure { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; } + .center { text-indent: 0; text-align: center; } + .cright { text-indent: 0; text-align: right; display:block; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + span.pagenum { position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt; color: gray; background-color: inherit; } + .events { width: 75%; } + td { vertical-align: top; } + .events td { vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; padding: .5em 1em .5em 1em; text-indent: -1em;} + .listings { font-size: 90%; margin-left: 4%; margin-right: 4%; line-height: 1.5em; } + .references { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } + .references p { margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em; text-indent: -4em; } + .sc { font-variant: small-caps; } + +ul { width:80%; margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom:20px; overflow:hidden; } +li { line-height:1.5em; float:left; display:inline; list-style-type: none; } +#double li { width:50%;} + +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Glacier National Park [Montana], by +United States Dept. of the Interior + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Glacier National Park [Montana] + +Author: United States Dept. of the Interior + +Release Date: June 19, 2011 [EBook #36463] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GLACIER NATIONAL PARK [MONTANA] *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<a name="image-0001"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/cover-f.jpg"><img src="images/cover-s.jpg" width="300" height="463" +alt="(Front Cover)" /></a> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagei" name="pagei"></a>[pg]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0001" id="h2H_4_0001"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h1> + <big>Glacier</big><br /> +NATIONAL PARK [<small>MONTANA</small>] +</h1> + +<p class="center"> + <i>American Section</i> WATERTON-GLACIER<br /> + INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"> +United States Department of the Interior +</p> +<p class="center"> +<i>Harold L. Ickes, Secretary</i> +</p> +<p class="center"> +NATIONAL PARK SERVICE +</p> +<p class="center"> +<i>Arno B. Cammerer, Director</i> +</p> + +<a name="image-0002"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/logo-f.jpg"><img src="images/logo-s.jpg" width="100" height="100" +alt="Dept. of Interior logo" /></a> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"> +UNITED STATES <br /> +GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE <br /> +WASHINGTON: 1937 +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="pageii" name="pageii"></a>[pg]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0002" id="h2H_4_0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + RULES AND REGULATIONS +</h2> +<h3> + · Briefed · +</h3> +<p> +The Park Regulations are designed for the protection of the natural +beauties as well as for the comfort and convenience of visitors. The +complete regulations may be seen at the office of the superintendent +and at ranger stations. The following synopsis of the rules and +regulations is for the general guidance of visitors, who are requested +to assist in the administration of the park by observing them. +</p> +<p> +<b><i>Fires.</i></b>—Fires are the greatest menace to the forests of Glacier +National Park. Build camp fires only when necessary and at designated +places. Know that they are out before you leave them. Be sure your +cigarette, cigar, pipe ashes, and matches are out before you throw them +away. During periods of high fire hazard, camp fires are not permitted +at nondesignated camp grounds. +</p> +<p> +<b><i>Camps.</i></b>—Camping is restricted to designated campgrounds. Burn all +combustible garbage in your camp fire; place tin cans and unburnable +residue in garbage cans. There is plenty of pure water; be sure to get +it. Visitors must not contaminate water-sheds or water supplies. +</p> +<p> +<b><i>Natural features.</i></b>—The destruction, injury, or disturbance in any +way of the trees, flowers, birds, or animals is prohibited. Dead and +fallen wood may be used for firewood. Picking wild flowers and removing +plants are prohibited. +</p> +<p> +<b><i>Bears.</i></b>—It is prohibited and dangerous to feed the bears. Do not +leave foodstuffs in an unattended car or camp, for the bear will break +into and damage your car or camp equipment to secure food. Suspend +foodstuffs in a box, well out of their reach, or place in the care of +the camp tender. +</p> +<p> +<b><i>Dogs and cats.</i></b>—When in the park, dogs and cats must be kept under +leash, crated, or under restrictive control of the owner at all times. +</p> +<p> +<b><i>Fishing.</i></b>—No license for fishing in the park is required. Use of +live bait is prohibited. Ten fish (none under 6 inches) per day, per +person fishing is the usual limit; however, in some lakes the limit is +5 fish per day and in others it is 20. Visitors should contact the +nearest district ranger to ascertain the fish limits in the lakes. The +possession of more than 2 days' catch by any person at any one time +shall be construed as a violation of the regulations. +</p> +<p> +<b><i>Traffic.</i></b>—Speed regulations: 15 miles per hour on sharp curves and +through residential districts; 35 miles per hour on the straightaway. +Keep gears enmeshed and out of free wheeling on long grades. Keep +cutout closed. Drive carefully at all times. Secure automobile permit, +fee $1. +</p> +<p> +<b><i>Rangers.</i></b>—The rangers are here to assist and advise you as well as +to enforce the regulations. When in doubt consult a ranger. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="pageiii" name="pageiii"></a>[pg]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0003" id="h2H_4_0003"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<div style="width: auto; border: double black 3px; padding: 2em;"> + +<h2> + FOREST FIRES +</h2> +<p> +<span class="sc">Forest Fires</span> are a terrible and ever-present menace. There are +thousands of acres of burned forests in Glacier National Park. Most of +these "ghosts of forests" are hideous proofs of some person's criminal +carelessness or ignorance. +</p> +<p> +Build camp fires only at designated camp sites. At times of high +winds or exceptionally dry spell, build no fires outside, except in +stoves provided at the free auto camps. At times of extreme hazard, +it is necessary to restrict smoking to hotel and camp areas. Guests +entering the park are so informed, and prohibitory notices are posted +everywhere. Smoking on the highway, on trails, and elsewhere in the +park is forbidden at such times. During the dry period, permits to +build fires at any camp sites other than in auto camps must be procured +in advance from the district ranger. +</p> +<p> +Be absolutely sure that your camp fire is extinguished before you leave +it, even for a few minutes. +</p> +<p> +Do not rely upon dirt thrown on it for complete extinction. +</p> +<p> +<i>Drown</i> it completely with water. +</p> +<p> +Drop that lighted cigar or cigarette on the trail and step on it. +</p> +<p> +Do the same with every match that is lighted. +</p> +<p> +<i>Extreme caution is demanded at all times.</i> +</p> +<p> +Anyone responsible for a forest fire will be prosecuted to the full +extent of the law. +</p> +<p> +<i>If you discover a forest fire, report it to the nearest ranger +station or hotel.</i> +</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="pageiv" name="pageiv"></a>[pg]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0004" id="h2H_4_0004"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + <big>Events</big> +<br /> + <small>OF HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE</small> +</h2> +<p> +The heart of a territory so vast it was measured not in miles but +degrees, the site of Glacier National Park was indicated as terra +incognita or unexplored on most maps even as late as the dawn of the +present century. To its mountain fastness had come first the solitary +fur trader, the trapper, and the missionary; after them followed the +hunter, the pioneer, and the explorer; in the nineties were drawn the +prospector, the miner, and the picturesque trader of our last frontier; +today, the region beckons the scientist, the lover of the out-of-doors, +and the searcher for beauty. Throughout its days, beginning with the +Lewis and Clark Expedition, the Glacier country has been a lodestone +for the scientist, attracted from every corner of the earth by +the combination of natural wonder and beauty to be found here. +A chronological list of important events in the park's history +follows: +</p> + +<table class="events" align="center" +summary="Events of Historical Importance"> + + +<tr><td width="15%" align="right"> 1804–5 </td><td>Lewis and Clark Expedition. Meriwether Lewis reached a + point 40 miles east of the present park. Chief Mountain +was indicated as King Mountain on the expedition map. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1810</td> <td>First definitely known crossing of Marias Pass by white man. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1846</td> <td>Hugh Monroe, known to the Indians as Rising Wolf, +visited and named St. Mary Lake. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1853</td> <td>Cutbank Pass over the Continental Divide was crossed by +A. W. Tinkham, engineer of exploration party with Isaac +I. Stevens, Governor of Washington Territory. Tinkham +was in search of the present Marias Pass, described to +Governor Stevens by Little Dog, the Blackfeet chieftain. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1854</td> <td>James Doty explored the eastern base of the range and +camped on lower St. Mary Lake from May 28 to June 6. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1855</td> <td>Area now in park east of Continental Divide allotted as +hunting grounds to the Blackfeet by treaty. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1872</td> <td>International boundary survey authorized which fixed the +location of the present north boundary of the park. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1882–83</td> <td>Prof. Raphael Pumpelly made explorations in the region. +</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1885</td> <td>George Bird Grinnell made the first of many trips to the region. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1889</td> <td>J. F. Stevens explored Marias Pass as location of railroad line. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1891</td> <td>Great Northern Railroad built through Marias Pass. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1895</td> <td>Purchase of territory east of Continental Divide from the +Blackfeet Indians for $1,500,000, to be thrown open to +prospectors and miners. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1901</td> <td>George Bird Grinnell published an article in Century Magazine +which first called attention to the exceptional grandeur +and beauty of the region and need for its conservation. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1910</td> <td>Bill creating Glacier National Park was signed by President +Taft on May 11. Maj. W. R. Logan became first superintendent. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1932</td> <td>Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park dedicated. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1933</td> <td>Going-to-the-Sun Highway opened to travel throughout its +length. </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1934</td> <td>Franklin D. Roosevelt first President to visit Glacier National +Park. </td></tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagev" name="pagev"></a>[pg]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_TOC" id="h2H_TOC"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + Contents +</h2> + + +<table align="center" width="60%" summary="Table of Contents"> + +<tr><td colspan="2" align="right"> <i>Page</i></td></tr> + +<tr><td> International Peace Park </td><td align="right"><a href="#page1"> 1</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> How to Reach Glacier Park </td><td align="right"><a href="#page3"> 3</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> By Rail </td><td align="right"><a href="#page3"> 3</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> By Automobile </td><td align="right"><a href="#page3"> 3</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> By Airplane </td><td align="right"><a href="#page3"> 3</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Centers of Interest </td><td align="right"><a href="#page3"> 3</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Glacier Park Station </td><td align="right"><a href="#page3"> 3</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Two Medicine </td><td align="right"><a href="#page4"> 4</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Cutbank </td><td align="right"><a href="#page6"> 6</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Red Eagle </td><td align="right"><a href="#page6"> 6</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> St. Mary and Sun Camp </td><td align="right"><a href="#page6"> 6</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Many Glacier Region </td><td align="right"><a href="#page8"> 8</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Belly River Valley, Waterton Lake, and Goathaunt </td><td align="right"><a href="#page11">11</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Flattop Mountain and Granite Park </td><td align="right"><a href="#page13">13</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Logan Pass </td><td align="right"><a href="#page14">14</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Avalanche Camp </td><td align="right"><a href="#page14">14</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Lake McDonald </td><td align="right"><a href="#page15">15</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Sperry Chalets </td><td align="right"><a href="#page16">16</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Belton </td><td align="right"><a href="#page16">16</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> What to Do and See </td><td align="right"><a href="#page17">17</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Fishing </td><td align="right"><a href="#page17">17</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Hiking and Mountain Climbing </td><td align="right"><a href="#page18">18</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Popular trails </td><td align="right"><a href="#page21">21</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Swimming </td><td align="right"><a href="#page22">22</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Camping out </td><td align="right"><a href="#page22">22</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Photography </td><td align="right"><a href="#page22">22</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Park Highway System </td><td align="right"><a href="#page22">22</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> How to Dress </td><td align="right"><a href="#page23">23</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Accommodations </td><td align="right"><a href="#page24">24</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Saddle-Horse Trips </td><td align="right"><a href="#page25">25</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> All-Expense Tours by Bus </td><td align="right"><a href="#page26">26</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Transportation </td><td align="right"><a href="#page27">27</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Launches and Rowboats </td><td align="right"><a href="#page28">28</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Administration </td><td align="right"><a href="#page28">28</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Naturalist Service </td><td align="right"><a href="#page29">29</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Automobile Campgrounds </td><td align="right"><a href="#page29">29</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Post Offices </td><td align="right"><a href="#page29">29</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Miscellaneous </td><td align="right"><a href="#page29">29</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> The Park's Geologic Story </td><td align="right"><a href="#page30">30</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Flora and Fauna </td><td align="right"><a href="#page34">34</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Ideal Place to See American Indians </td><td align="right"><a href="#page34">34</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> References </td><td align="right"><a href="#page37">37</a> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> Government Publications </td><td align="right"><a href="#page40">40</a> </td></tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagevi" name="pagevi"></a>[pg]</span></p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0003"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-06-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-06-s.jpg" width="300" height="376" +alt="KINNERLY PEAK FROM KINTLA LAKE" /></a> +<br /> +<span class="cright"><i>Photo by Hileman.</i></span> +KINNERLY PEAK FROM KINTLA LAKE +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page1" name="page1"></a>[pg 1]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0005" id="h2H_4_0005"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + <big>GLACIER</big> +<br /> + <i>National Park</i> +</h2> + +<hr /> +<p class="center"> +· SEASON JUNE 15 TO SEPTEMBER 15 · +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p> +Glacier National Park, in the Rocky Mountains of northwestern Montana, +established by act of Congress May 11, 1910, contains 981,681 acres, or +1,534 square miles, of the finest mountain country in America. Nestled +among the higher peaks are more than 60 glaciers and 200 beautiful +lakes. During the summer months it is possible to visit most of the +glaciers and many of the lakes with relatively little difficulty. +Horseback and foot trails penetrate almost all sections of the park. +Conveniently located trail camps, operated at a reasonable cost, make +it possible for visitors to enjoy the mountain scenery without having +to carry food and camping equipment. Many travelers hike or ride +through the mountains for days at a time, resting each evening at one +of these high mountain camps. The glaciers found in the park are among +the few in the United States which are easily accessible. +</p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0006" id="h2H_4_0006"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK +</h2> + +<p> +The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park was established in 1932 +by Presidential proclamation, as authorized by the Congress of the +United States and the Canadian Parliament. +</p> +<p> +At the dedication exercises in June of that year, the following message +from the President of the United States was read: +</p> +<p class="quote"> + The dedication of the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park + is a further gesture of the good will that has so long blessed + our relations with our Canadian neighbors, and I am gratified by + the hope and the faith that it will forever be an appropriate + symbol of permanent peace and friendship. +</p> +<p> +In the administration of these areas each component part of the Peace +Park retains its nationality and individuality and functions as it did +before the union. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page2" name="page2"></a>[pg 2]</span></p> + +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0004"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-08-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-08-s.jpg" width="475" height="300" +alt="WATERTON LAKE--THE INTERNATIONAL PEACE LAKE" /></a> +<br /> +<span class="cright"><i>Copyright, Hileman.</i></span> +WATERTON LAKE—THE INTERNATIONAL PEACE LAKE +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page3" name="page3"></a>[pg 3]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0007" id="h2H_4_0007"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + HOW TO REACH GLACIER PARK +</h2> +<h3> +BY RAIL +</h3> +<p> +The park entrances are on the main transcontinental line of the Great +Northern Railway. Glacier Park Station, Mont., the eastern entrance, is +1,081 miles west of St. Paul, a ride of 30 hours. Belton, Mont., the +western entrance, is 637 miles east of Seattle, a ride of 20 hours. +</p> +<p> +For information regarding railroad fares, service, etc., apply to +railroad ticket agents or address A. J. Dickinson, passenger-traffic +manager, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn. +</p> +<p> +A regular bus schedule is maintained by the Glacier Park Transport Co. +to accommodate persons arriving by rail. +</p> +<h3> +BY AUTOMOBILE +</h3> +<p> +Glacier National Park may be reached by motorists over a number of +well-marked automobile roads. The park approach roads connect with +several transcontinental highways. From both the east and west sides +automobile roads run north and connect with the road system in Canada, +and motorists may continue over these roads to the Canadian national +parks. Glacier National Park is the western terminus of the Custer +Battlefield Highway. +</p> +<p> +A fee of $1 is charged for a permit to operate an automobile in Glacier +Park. This permit allows reentry into the park at any time during the +current season. Maximum speed limit in the park is 30 miles per hour. +On mountain climbs and winding roads, utmost care in driving is +demanded. All cautionary signs must be observed. +</p> +<h3> +BY AIRPLANE +</h3> +<p> +Fast de luxe airplane service is available by Northwest Airlines to +Missoula, Mont., and Spokane, Wash., as is transportation via United +Air Lines, from the east and west coasts to Spokane. National Park +Airlines has a service from Salt Lake City, Utah, to Great Falls, Mont. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0008" id="h2H_4_0008"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CENTERS OF INTEREST +</h2> +<h3> +GLACIER PARK STATION +</h3> +<p> +Glacier Park on the Great Northern Railway is the eastern entrance to +the park. It is located on the Great Plains, near the base of Glacier's +Rockies. It is on U S 2, which traverses from the east through northern +Montana along the southern boundary of the park to Belton, the western +entrance, and on to the Pacific coast. Glacier Park is also the southern + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page4" name="page4"></a>[pg 4]</span> + +terminus of the Blackfeet Highway which parallels the eastern boundary +of the park and connects with the Alberta highway system. It is the +southern end of the Inside Trail to Two Medicine, Cutbank, Red Eagle, +and Sun Camp. +</p> +<p> +The commodious Glacier Park Hotel, several lesser hotels, auto camps, +stores, an auxiliary park office, a Government fish hatchery, a post +office and other structures are located here. The village gives a +fine touch of western life, with Indians, cowboys, and picturesque +characters contributing to its color. An encampment of Blackfeet is +on Midvale Creek; these Indians sing, dance, and tell stories every +evening at the hotel. +</p> +<h3> +TWO MEDICINE +</h3> +<p> +Two Medicine presents a turquoise mountain lake surrounded by majestic +forest-covered peaks separated by deep glaciated valleys. A road leads +into it from the Blackfeet Highway and ends at the chalets near the +foot of Two Medicine Lake. Across the water rises Sinopah Mountain, +while to the north sweep upward the gray-green slopes of Rising Wolf +to terminate in purple-red argillites and snow banks. One of the most +inviting camp sites of the park is immediately below the outlet of the +lake, not far from the chalets. From it, one looks across a smaller +lake, banked with gnarled and twisted limber pines, to the superb +mountain scenery in every direction. +</p> +<p> +The cirques and broad mountain valleys above timberline are studded +with cobalt blue lakes, and carpeted with multicolored beds of flowers. +Mountain goats and sheep are frequently seen in these higher regions. +Beaver colonies are located at the outlet of Two Medicine Lake and +elsewhere around it, making this one of the best regions in the park +to study these interesting mammals. An abundance of brook and rainbow +trout in Two Medicine waters makes it a favorite spot for fishermen. +</p> + +<!--Full Page Illustration moved up one paragraph--> +<span class="pagenum" style="display: none;"><a id="page5" name="page5"></a>[pg 5]</span> + +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0004a"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-11-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-11-s.jpg" width="300" height="480" +alt="TRICK FALLS IN TWO MEDICINE CREEK" /></a> +<br /> +<span class="cright"><i>Photo by Hileman.</i></span> +TRICK FALLS IN TWO MEDICINE CREEK +</div> + +<p> +A campfire entertainment with a short popular talk is conducted every +evening in the campfire circle of the auto camp by a resident ranger +naturalist. Both chalet and campground guests avail themselves of the +opportunity to meet for pleasure and instruction under the stars. +Trails for hikers and saddle-horse parties radiate to adjacent points +of interest: to Glacier Park via Scenic Point and Mount Henry, to Upper +Two Medicine Lake and Dawson Pass, to Two Medicine Pass and Paradise +Park, and up the Dry Fork to Cutbank Pass and Valley. A daily afternoon +launch trip across Two Medicine Lake brings the visitor to the foot of +Sinopah, from which there is a short, delightful path through dense +evergreen forest to the foot of Twin Falls. Trick Falls, near the +highway bridge across Two + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page6" name="page6"></a>[pg 6]</span> + + Medicine River, 2 miles below the lake, is +more readily accessible and should be visited by everyone entering the +valley. A great portion of its water issues from a cave beneath its +brink. In the early season it appears a very proper waterfall, paneled +by lofty spruce with the purple, snow-crowned Rising Wolf Mountain in +the background. In late season water issues from the cave alone, with +the dry fall over its yawning opening. +</p> +<h3> +CUTBANK +</h3> +<p> +Cutbank is a primitive, densely wooded valley with a singing mountain +stream. Six miles above the Blackfeet Highway are a quiet chalet, +a ranger station, and a small grove for auto campers. A spur lane, +leaving the highway at Cutbank Bridge, 4 miles north of the Browning +Wye, brings the autoist to this terminus. A more popular means of +approach is on horseback, over Cutbank Pass from Two Medicine or over +Triple Divide Pass from Red Eagle. Cutbank is a favorite site for +stream fishermen. At the head of the valley above Triple Divide Pass is +the Triple Divide Peak (8,001 feet) which parts its waters between the +three oceans surrounding North America, i. e., its drainage is through +the Missouri-Mississippi system to the Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic), +through the Saskatchewan system to Hudson Bay (Arctic), and through the +Columbia system to the Pacific. +</p> +<h3> +RED EAGLE +</h3> +<p> +Red Eagle Lake in Red Eagle Valley is reached by trail only from +Cutbank over Triple Divide Pass or from St. Mary Chalets or Sun +Camp via the Many Falls Trail. From the lake rise imposing Split, +Almost-a-Dog, and Red Eagle Mountains. On its sloping forested sides +reposes Red Eagle Camp, which furnishes rest and shelter. It is a +stopping place for travelers on the Inside Trail from Sun Camp or St. +Mary to Glacier Park, and is a favorite spot for fishermen, as large, +gamey, cutthroat trout abound in the waters of the lake. Reached by a +secondary, picturesque trail that winds through magnificent forests, +the head of Red Eagle Creek originates in a broad, grassy area almost +as high as the Continental Divide. This bears Red Eagle Glacier and a +number of small unnamed lakes, and is hemmed in by imposing rock walls +and serrate peaks. +</p> +<h3> +ST. MARY AND SUN CAMP +</h3> +<p> +To many people Upper St. Mary Lake is the most sublime of all mountain +lakes of the world. From its foot roll the plains northeastward to +Hudson Bay and the Arctic. Its long and slender surface is deep emerald +green, nestled in a salient in the Front Range, with peaks rising +majestically + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page7" name="page7"></a>[pg 7]</span> + + a mile sheer over three of its sides. These for the most +part possess names of Indian origin: Going-to-the-Sun, Piegan, Little +Chief, Mahtotopa Red Eagle, and Curley Bear. +</p> + +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0005"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-13-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-13-s.jpg" width="300" height="255" +alt="GOING-TO-THE-SUN CHALETS" /></a> +<span class="cright"><i>Hileman photo.</i></span> +<br /> +GOING-TO-THE-SUN CHALETS +</div> + +<p> +St. Mary Chalet at the lower end of the lake, Going-to-the-Sun Chalets +(Sun Camp) near the upper end, Roes Creek Camp Grounds on the north +shore, and a hikers' camp at the outlet of Baring Creek furnish ample +accommodations for all classes of visitors. +</p> +<p> +The celebrated Going-to-the-Sun Highway from St. Mary Junction over +Logan Pass to Lake McDonald runs along the north shore of St. Mary Lake +past Roes Creek Camp. Spurs connect the chalets. Trails centering at +Sun Camp lead everywhere: Along the south shore (the Many Falls Trail) +to Red Eagle and St. Mary Chalets; up St. Mary Valley to Blackfeet +Glacier, Gunsight Lake, and over Gunsight Pass to Lake Ellen Wilson, +Sperry Chalets, and Lake McDonald; up Reynolds Creek over Logan Pass + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page8" name="page8"></a>[pg 8]</span> + + and along the Garden Wall to Granite Park; a spur from the trail up +the same creek turns right and joins at Preston Meadows, high on +Going-to-the-Sun Mountain, with another trail from Sun Camp which leads +up Baring Creek past Sexton Glacier and over Siyeh Pass; from Preston +Meadows over Piegan Pass and down Cataract Canyon to Many Glacier; up +Roes Creek to Roes Basin; up Mount Reynolds to a fire look-out. +</p> +<p> +A ranger naturalist is stationed at Sun Camp who conducts field trips +daily, lectures each evening in the chalet lobby, and maintains a +cut-flower exhibit there. Small stores are maintained at both chalets; +gasoline is obtainable at each. Scenic twilight launch rides on the +lake are featured when the waters are calm. The ranger-naturalist +generally accompanies these trips to impart interesting information +about the lake and mountains. +</p> +<p> +Walks and hikes are popular at Sun Camp—to Baring, St. Mary, Florence, +and Virginia Falls; to Roes and Baring Basins; to Sexton and Blackfeet +Glaciers; to the summit of Goat Mountain. Sunrift Gorge, 100 feet north +of the highway at Baring Creek Bridge, should be seen by everyone. It +can be reached by trail from Sun Camp. +</p> +<h3> +MANY GLACIER REGION +</h3> +<p> +For many Swiftcurrent Lake is the hub of points of interest, to be +surpassed by no other spot in the park. From it branch many deep and +interesting glacial valleys. Fishing, boating, swimming, hiking, +photographing, mountain climbing, horseback riding, and nature study +are to be enjoyed at their best here. It is reached by an excellent +spur road from the Blackfeet Highway at Babb, or by trail from Sun +Camp, Granite Park, and Waterton Lakes. +</p> +<p> +Many Glacier Hotel, the largest hotel in the park, is located on +Swiftcurrent Lake. Just beyond the hotel is an excellent auto camp and +a group of auto housekeeping cabins. The hotel has telegraph and +telephone services, an information desk, curio shop, a grill room and +soda fountain, swimming pool, barber and shoe-shining shop, photograph +shop, a first-aid medical establishment, and other services. A garage +is situated near the hotel. A store with an ample line of campers' +needs, including fresh meat, bread, butter, and eggs, is located in +the auto campground. +</p> +<p> +Ranger-naturalist service is available at Many Glacier. This includes +daily field walks; a nightly lecture augmented by motion pictures and +slides in the Convention Hall in the basement of the hotel; an evening +campfire entertainment in the auto camp; a cut-flower and geological +exhibit in the hotel lobby and in the auto camp; a small museum on the +opposite shore + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page9" name="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span> + + of the lake from the hotel, on the road leading to the +campground; a self-guiding trail around Swiftcurrent Lake; information +service in the museum; a naturalist-accompanied launch trip on +Swiftcurrent and Josephine Lakes in the afternoon. In addition to this +last-named, several other launch trips are taken daily on these lakes. +This service may be used to shorten hikers' distance to Grinnell Lake +and Glacier. +</p> + +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0006"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-15-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-15-s.jpg" width="440" height="300" +alt="PICTURESQUE GLACIER PARK HOTEL" /></a> +<span class="cright"><i>Grant photo.</i></span> +<br /> +PICTURESQUE GLACIER PARK HOTEL +</div> + +<p> +Many Glacier is a center for fishermen, as there are a dozen good +fishing lakes in the vicinity. Rainbow, brook, and cutthroat trout +abound in Swiftcurrent, Josephine, and Grinnell Lakes, and the lakes +of the Upper Swiftcurrent Valley. Wall-eyed pike are plentiful in Lake +Sherburne, the only body of water in the park in which these fish are +found. +</p> +<p> +There are many excellent trails in the Swiftcurrent region. Cracker +Lake, Morning Eagle Falls, Cataract Falls, Grinnell Lake, Grinnell +Glacier, Iceberg Lake, and Ptarmigan Lake are all reached by oiled +horseback trails. Good footpaths lead around Swiftcurrent and Josephine +Lakes to the summit of Mount Altyn and to Appekunny Falls and Cirque. +</p> + +<!--Full Page Illustration moved up one paragraph--> +<span class="pagenum" style="display: none;"> +<a id="page10" name="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span> +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0006a"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-16-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-16-s.jpg" width="480" height="300" +alt="BIGHORN RAMS ARE AMONG THE MANY INTERESTING ANIMALS TO BE SEEN IN GLACIER" /></a> +<span class="cright"><i>Hileman photo.</i></span> +<br /> +BIGHORN RAMS ARE AMONG THE MANY INTERESTING ANIMALS TO BE SEEN IN GLACIER +</div> + +<p> +The possibility of seeing and studying wildlife is best in the Many +Glacier region. Except during midsummer, mountain sheep are commonly +seen at close range around the chalets or in the flats above Lake +Sherburne. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page11" name="page11"></a>[pg 11]</span> + + Throughout summer they are high on the slopes of Mount Altyn +or Henkel. Mountain goats are often seen clinging to the precipitous +Pinnacle Wall on the way to Iceberg Lake, or on Grinnell Mountain while +en route to Grinnell Glacier, or on the trail to Cracker Lake. Black +bears and grizzlies occasionally visit the grounds near the hotel. +Conies are to be heard bleating among the rock slides back of the +ranger station along the trail to Iceberg Lake, or near the footpath +across the lake from the hotel. Early in the morning, or at twilight, +beavers are frequently seen swimming in the lake. Marmots are common in +many valleys near the hotel and auto camp. Deer infrequently visit the +region. Hikers, horseback riders, and rangers have reported seeing such +rare animals as foxes, wolves, and lynxes. Without moving from one's +comfortable chair on the veranda of the hotel one may watch the ospreys +soaring back and forth over the lake in quest of fish. These graceful +and interesting birds have their huge nest on top of a dead tree across +the lake from the hotel. The pair of birds return annually to the same +nest. Beside Swiftcurrent Falls, two families of nesting water ouzels +may be studied at close range. +</p> +<h3> +BELLY RIVER VALLEY, WATERTON LAKE, AND GOATHAUNT +</h3> +<p> +Though much like Swiftcurrent Valley in topographical make-up, the +Belly River district is much wilder and more heavily forested. It is +accessible by trail only from Many Glacier over Ptarmigan Wall or from +Waterton Lake over Indian Pass. These, with spur trails to Helen and +Margaret Lakes, make up the principal trail system. The Glacier Park +Saddle Horse Co. maintains a comfortable mountain camp on Crossley +Lake, where food and lodging are available at reasonable rates. Fishing +is good in the lakes of the Belly River country. The 33-mile trip from +Many Glacier to Waterton is one of the finest to be taken in the park. +Crossley Lake Camp is approximately midway. +</p> +<p> +The International Waterton Lake and the northern boundary line of +Glacier National Park mutually bisect each other at right angles. Mount +Cleveland rises 6,300 feet sheer above the head of the lake. Waterton +Lake townsite, Alberta, is located at the foot. It is reached by +highway from Glacier Park, Babb, Cardston, Lethbridge, Calgary, and +points in the Canadian Rockies. The modern Prince of Wales Hotel, +several other hostelries, cabin camps, garages, stores, and other +conveniences are in the settlement. A 12-mile spur highway leads to +Cameron Lake, another international body of water on whose northern +(Canadian) shore is a fine example of a sphagnum bog. Another winding +road leads to a colorful canyon known as "Red Rock." +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page12" name="page12"></a>[pg 12]</span></p> + +<p> +A picturesque cut-off highway over aspen-covered foothills around the +very base of majestic Chief Mountain, and beginning at a point 4 miles +north of Babb, leads to Waterton Lakes Park in Canada. +</p> +<p> +Trails lead from the village to principal points of interest in the +Canadian Park as well as up the west shore to the head of the lake at +which are situated the Government ranger station and Goathaunt Camp. +The head of the lake is more readily reached by the daily launch +service from Waterton Village, or over trail from Many Glacier by +Crossley Lake Camp, or by Granite Park and Flattop Mountain. A scenic +trail leads to Rainbow Falls and up Olson Valley to Browns Pass, Bowman +Lake, Hole-in-the-Wall Falls, Boulder Pass, and Kintla Lake in the +northwest corner of the park. There are no hotel or camp accommodations +at Bowman or Kintla Lakes. +</p> + +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0007"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-18-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-18-s.jpg" width="410" height="300" +alt="HORSEBACK PARTY ON BOULDER PASS" /></a> +<span class="cright"><i>Grant photo.</i></span> +<br /> +HORSEBACK PARTY ON BOULDER PASS +</div> + +<p> +Game is varied and abundant at Waterton Lake. Moose are sometimes seen +in the swampy lakes along Upper Waterton River. Later in the season, +bull elk are heard bugling their challenge through the night. Deer are +seen both at Waterton Lake Village and Goathaunt Camp. Sheep and goats +live on neighboring slopes. One does not have to leave the trail + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page13" name="page13"></a>[pg 13]</span> + + to see +evidence of the work of the beaver. The trail down Waterton Valley has +had to be relocated from time to time, as these industrious workers +flooded the right-of-way. A colony lives at the mouth of the creek +opposite Goathaunt Camp. Otters have been seen in the lakes in the +evening. Marten have bobbed up irregularly at the ranger station. +</p> +<p> +Bird life is abundant in this district, because of the variety of +cover. Waterfowl are frequently seen on the lake. A pair of ospreys +nest near the mouth of Olson Creek. Pine grosbeaks, warblers, vireos, +kinglets, and smaller birds abound in the hawthorne and cottonwood +trees, and in the alder thickets. +</p> +<h3> +FLATTOP MOUNTAIN AND GRANITE PARK +</h3> +<p> +Glacier Park has within its boundary two parallel mountain ranges. +The eastern, or front range, extends from the Canadian boundary almost +without a break to New Mexico. The western, or Livingston Range, rises +at the head of Lake McDonald, becomes the front range beyond the +international line, and runs northwestward to Alaska. Between these two +ranges in the center of the park is a broad swell which carries the +Continental Divide from one to the other. This is Flattop Mountain, +whose groves of trees are open and parklike, wholly unlike the dense +forests of the lowlands with which every park visitor is well +acquainted. +</p> +<p> +A trail leads south from Waterton over Flattop to the tent camp called +"Fifty Mountain" and to Granite Park, where a comfortable high-mountain +chalet is located. Here is exposed a great mass of lava, which once +welled up from the interior of the earth and spread over the region +which was then the bottom of a sea. The chalets command a fine view of +the majestic grouping of mountains around Logan Pass, of the noble +summits of the Livingston Range, and of systems far to the south and +west of the park. Extending in the near foreground are gentle slopes +covered with sparse clumps of stunted vegetation. In early July open +spaces are gold-carpeted with glacier lillies and bizarrely streaked +with lingering snow patches. Beyond are the deep, heavy forests of +Upper McDonald Valley. +</p> +<p> +The chalets may also be reached from Sun Camp and Logan Pass over a +trail along the Garden Wall, from the highway 2 miles above the western +switchback by a 4-mile trail, from Avalanche Camp and Lake McDonald +over the McDonald Valley trail, and from Many Glacier by the beautiful +trail over Swiftcurrent Pass. A short distance from the chalets a spur +from the trail to the Waterton Lake leads to Ahern Pass, from which +there is an unexcelled view of Ahern Glacier, Mount Merritt, Helen and +Elizabeth Lakes, and the South Fork of the Belly River. This spur is +only a mile + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page14" name="page14"></a>[pg 14]</span> + + from the chalets. At Fifty Mountain Camp, half-way between +Granite Park and Waterton, a second spur, a quarter of a mile long, +takes one above Flattop Mountain to the summit of the knife-edge. From +here there is a fine panorama of Mount Cleveland, Sue Lake, and Middle +Fork of Belly River. +</p> +<p> +A foot trail 1 mile long leads from the Granite Park chalet to the +summit of Swiftcurrent Mountain upon which a fire lookout is located. +For the small amount of effort required to make this ascent of 1,000 +feet, no more liberal reward of mountain scenery could be possible. +Another foot trail leads from the chalets to the rim of the Garden +Wall, from which there are splendid views of Grinnell Glacier and the +Swiftcurrent region. +</p> +<p> +Animal life is varied and easily studied at Granite Park. Bear and deer +are common in this section. Mountain goats are frequently seen above +Flattop Mountain or near Ahern Pass. Mountain sheep graze on the slopes +of the Garden Wall. Ptarmigan should be looked for, especially above +Swiftcurrent Pass. +</p> +<p> +Granite Park is a paradise for lovers of alpine flowers. On the Garden +Wall, the connoisseur should seek for the rare, heavenly blue alpine +columbine. Here are expanses of dryads, globe flowers, alpine firewood, +and a wealth of others. Early July is the best time for floral beauty. +</p> +<h3> +LOGAN PASS +</h3> +<p> +Logan Pass lies between the headwaters of Logan and Reynolds Creeks. It +crosses the Continental Divide and carries the Going-to-the-Sun Highway +from Lake McDonald to Upper St. Mary Lake and the trail from Sun Camp +to Granite Park. +</p> +<p> +Though there are no overnight stopping places on the pass, its +accessibility by automobile makes it a starting place for several +delightful walks, chiefly to Hidden Lake, which occupies a basin only +recently evacuated by ice, and tiny Clements Glacier, which sends its +water to both the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, and which has been termed +"Museum Glacier" because it encompasses in its few hundred acres of +surficial area all of the principal features of a major glacier. +</p> +<p> +Ranger-naturalist services, including short field trips, are available +daily throughout summer on the pass. +</p> +<h3> +AVALANCHE CAMP +</h3> +<p> +Avalanche auto camp is located in a grove of cedars and cottonwoods on +a picturesque flat at the mouth of Avalanche Creek. It is equipped with +modern toilets, showers, and laundry, but has no stores or gasoline +station. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page15" name="page15"></a>[pg 15]</span> + + A Government ranger naturalist and a camp tender serve the +camp, which is on Going-to-the-Sun Highway. +</p> +<p> +Near the upper end of the camp, Avalanche Creek has cut a deep, narrow +gorge through brilliant red argillite. It is filled with potholes +scoured out by stones swirled in the foaming torrent. Drooping +hemlocks, festooned with goatsbeard lichen, keep the spot in cool, +somber gloom even on the hottest midday. This gorge is the home of the +water ouzel, which is often seen flying back and forth in the spray. +</p> +<p> +From the gorge, a self-guiding trail leads 2 miles to Avalanche Basin, +a semicircular amphitheater with walls over 2,000 feet high over which +plunge a half dozen snowy waterfalls. A dense forest and calm lake +repose on the floor of the cirque. Fishing is good in the lake. The +narrow canyon through which the trail leads from the camp offers fine +views of Heaven's Peak, Mount Cannon, Bearhat Mountain, Gunsight +Mountain with the cirque bearing Sperry Glacier, and the canyon in +which Hidden Lake reposes. In the early season the walls of the basin +and canyon are draped with countless waterfalls. The sides of Cannon +and Bearhat offer one of the most opportune places for seeing mountain +goats. In late season huckleberries are abundant. +</p> +<p> +A ranger naturalist conducts an entertainment every evening in the +campfire circle in the auto camp. +</p> +<h3> +LAKE MCDONALD +</h3> +<p> +Lake McDonald is the largest lake in the park, being 10 miles long and +a mile wide. Its shores are heavily forested with cedar, hemlock, +white pine, and larch. At its head, impressive, rocky summits rise to +elevations 6,000 feet above its waters. The Going-to-the-Sun Highway +runs along its southeastern shore. Its outlet is 2 miles above Belton +station. +</p> +<p> +Lake McDonald Hotel is on the highway near the upper end of the lake. +It has a store for general supplies, a gasoline station, curio shop, +and all modern conveniences. Its dining room, facing the lake, is one +of the most appropriate and charming in the park. Its lobby is filled +with well-mounted animals and birds of the region. It is the focal +point for trails to Sperry Chalet and Gunsight Pass, Upper McDonald +Valley, the summit of Mount Brown, and Arrow Lake. There is good +fishing in Arrow and Snyder Lakes. +</p> +<p> +Private cabin camps are located at the head and foot of the lake. A +general store and gasoline filling station are located at the foot of +the lake. A well-equipped public auto campground is at Sprague Creek, +near Lake McDonald Hotel. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page16" name="page16"></a>[pg 16]</span></p> + +<p> +Ranger-naturalist services are available at the hotel. Lectures on +popular natural history are delivered each evening in the hotel lobby +and at the Sprague Creek campfire circle. A cut wild-flower exhibit is +also placed in the hotel. Self-guiding trails lead to Fish and Johns +Lakes, short distances from the hotel. +</p> +<h3> +SPERRY CHALETS +</h3> +<p> +Sperry Chalets are located in a picturesque high-mountain cirque, +with precipitous, highly colored Edwards, Gunsight, and Lincoln Peaks +hemming it in on three sides. It is reached by trail only from Lake +McDonald and from Sun Camp via Gunsight and Lincoln Passes. +</p> +<p> +Mountain climbing, exploring Sperry Glacier, fishing in nearby Lake +Ellen Wilson, and meeting mountain goats are the chief diversions of +this entrancing spot, located at timberline. During late afternoons +goats are to be seen perched against the cirque walls. Practically +every evening they start down for the chalets, to reach there after +midnight and fill expectant visitors with joy. Besides these, deer, +marmots, conies, and Clark nutcrackers and other wildlife are abundant. +</p> +<h3> +BELTON +</h3> +<p> +Belton, on the Great Northern Railway, is the entrance to the west +side of the park. It has stores, hotel, chalet, and a cabin camp to +accommodate the visitor. +</p> + +<a name="image-0008"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/i-22-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-22-s.jpg" width="525" height="300" +alt="ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT" /></a> +<span class="cright"><i>Hileman photo.</i></span> +<br /> +ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>[pg 17]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0009" id="h2H_4_0009"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + WHAT TO DO AND SEE +</h2> +<h3> +FISHING +</h3> +<p> +The waters of Glacier National Park abound in fish. All popular species +of trout have been planted. They have thrived owing to the abundant +natural fish foods and the nearly constant temperature of the waters +the year around. Cutthroat, eastern brook, and rainbow, are the most +abundant. Fly fishing is the greatest sport, but spinners and the +ever-abundant grasshopper may be used successfully by those not skilled +in the use of the fly. In the larger lakes a Mackinaw or Dolly Varden +weighing 40 pounds is a possibility. All fishing must be in conformity +with the park regulations. +</p> + +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0009"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-23-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-23-s.jpg" width="295" height="300" +alt="FISHING THE RAPIDS" /></a> +<span class="cright"><i>Hileman photo.</i></span> +<br /> +FISHING THE RAPIDS +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page18" name="page18"></a>[pg 18]</span></p> + +<div class="listings"> + +<p> +<i>Two Medicine Chalets.</i>—Two Medicine Lake has become well known for +its eastern brook and rainbow trout. Good fishing is also found in the +Two Medicine River below Trick Falls. This lake and stream are probably +better stocked than any in the park, because of the proximity to the +hatchery at the eastern entrance. +</p> +<p> +<i>Cut Bank Chalets.</i>—This camp is located on the banks of the North +Fork of Cut Bank Creek, which may be fished both ways from the camp for +a distance of from 3 to 5 miles. Cutthroat and eastern brook inhabit +this section, and the fisherman who takes the center of the stream and +fishes with skill is sure of a well-filled creel. The South Fork at Cut +Bank Creek is a wild little stream, well stocked, but little known. +</p> +<p> +<i>St. Mary Chalets.</i>—St. Mary Lake is the home of the Mackinaw trout, +as well as cutthroat and rainbow trout. Numerous streams empty into +this lake from which a goodly toll may be taken with fly or spinner. +Red Eagle Lake, easily reached by trail from St. Mary Chalets, is one +of the best fishing spots in the park. There is also good fishing in +Red Eagle Creek. +</p> +<p> +<i>Going-to-the-Sun Chalets.</i>—The lakes in Roes Creek Basin will furnish +excellent sport. For the large Mackinaw trout the upper end of St. Mary +Lake is a good place. Gunsight Lake, 9 miles distant, is well stocked +with rainbow trout. +</p> +<p> +<i>Many Glacier Hotel.</i>—Lake Sherburne contains pike, Lake Superior +whitefish, and rainbow and cutthroat trout. Pike, and often a +cutthroat, are readily taken with the troll. Swiftcurrent River affords +good stream fishing for the fly caster. Swiftcurrent, Grinnell, +Josephine, and Ptarmigan Lakes are famous for cutthroat, eastern brook, +and rainbow trout. The small lakes along the Swiftcurrent Pass Trail +abound in eastern brook and rainbow trout. Cracker Lake is always ready +to fill the creel with a small black-spotted trout. +</p> +<p> +The North and South Forks of Kennedy Creek are excellent for fishing. +Cutthroats are abundant in them and in Slide Lake. Lower Kennedy Lake +on the South Fork abounds in grayling. +</p> +<p> +<i>Lake McDonald Hotel.</i>—Fishing in Lake McDonald is good but there is +unusually good trout fishing in Fish Lake (2 miles), Avalanche Lake (9 +miles), Snyder Lake (5 miles), and Lincoln Lake (11 miles). Trout Lake +(7 miles) and Arrow Lake (11 miles), as well as McDonald Creek, also +furnish a good day's sport. +</p> +<p> +There is a good automobile road to within 3 miles of Avalanche Lake. +</p> +<p> +<i>Red Eagle Tent Camp.</i>—Red Eagle Lake and Red Eagle Creek, both above +and below the lake, abound in large cutthroat trout, some attaining the +weight of 7 pounds. +</p> +<p> +<i>Crossley Lake Tent Camp.</i>—Crossley and other lakes on the Middle Fork +of the Belly River furnish excellent sport. Cutthroat and Mackinaw +trout are found here. Large rainbow trout and grayling abound in +Elizabeth Lake. In the Belly River proper, rainbow and cutthroat trout +and grayling are plentiful. +</p> +<p> +<i>Goathaunt Tent Camp.</i>—Large Mackinaw and cutthroat trout are found in +Waterton Lake; eastern brook trout are numerous in Waterton River; Lake +Francis on Olson Creek abounds in rainbow trout. +</p> + +</div> + +<h3> +HIKING AND MOUNTAIN CLIMBING +</h3> +<p> +The park is a paradise for hikers and mountain climbers. There are +numerous places of interest near all hotels and chalets which can be +visited by easy walks. Or trips can be made to occupy one or more days, +stops being planned at various hostelries or camping sites en route. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page19" name="page19"></a>[pg 19]</span></p> + +<p> +Space does not permit giving detailed information regarding points +of interest along the trails, but this can be secured from Elrod's +Guidebook and the United States topographic map. Directional signs are +posted at all trail junctions. There is not the slightest danger of +hikers getting lost if they stay on the trails. It is safe to travel +any of these trails alone. Unless wild animals in the park are molested +or are protecting their young they never attack human beings. +</p> +<p> +Hikers should secure a topographic map of the park which shows all +streams, lakes, glaciers, mountains, and other principal features in +their proper positions. With a little practice it can be read easily. +The official map can be purchased for 25 cents at the superintendent's +office at Belton, the administration office at Glacier Park Station, +the hotels, and all registration stations at the park entrances. +</p> +<p> +The trip should not be ruined by attempting too much. An average of 2 +or 3 miles per hour is good hiking time in the rough park country. One +thousand feet of climb per hour is satisfactory progress over average +trails. In this rugged country hikes of 15 miles or more should be +attempted only by those who are accustomed to long, hard trips. An +attempt at mountain climbing or "stunts" should not be made alone +unless one is thoroughly acquainted with the nature of Glacier's +mountains and weather. Too often "stunts" result in serious body +injuries, or even death, as well as much arduous work for rangers and +others. Hikers should consult a ranger naturalist or information ranger +before venturing on a hazardous, novel, or new undertaking. No one but +an experienced mountaineer should attempt to spend a night in the open. +Shelter cabins, for free use by parties overtaken by a storm, have been +erected by the Government on Indian, Piegan, and Gunsight Passes. They +are equipped with flagstone floors, stoves, and a limited supply of +fuel wood. Mountain etiquette demands that they not be left in a +disorderly state, that no more fuel be consumed than is absolutely +necessary, and that their privileges and advantages not be abused. +</p> +<p> +Shelter is not available in some of the most beautiful sections of the +park. To those who are sufficiently sturdy to pack blankets, cooking +utensils, and provisions, and are sufficiently versed in woodcraft +to take care of themselves overnight, Glacier presents wonderful +opportunities. Provisions can be purchased at Glacier Park Station, +Belton, and at any hotel or chalet in the park. For fire prevention, +it is unlawful to build campfires (or fires of any kind) except at +designated places. The location of these sites can be ascertained from +park rangers. Unless one is an experienced mountaineer and thoroughly +familiar with the park, it is unwise to go far from the regular + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page20" name="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span> + + trails +alone. He should not scorn the services of a guide on such trips. +<i>Above all, he should not attempt to hike across country from one trail +to another.</i> The many sheer cliffs make this extremely dangerous. +</p> +<p> +If one is a veteran mountaineer and plans to climb peaks or explore +trackless country, he should take the precaution to leave an outline of +his plans at his hotel, chalet, or camp, giving especially the time he +expects to return or reach his next stopping place. +</p> +<p> +At each ranger station, hotel, chalet, and permanent camp in the park +will be found a "Hiker's Register" book. Everyone is urged for his own +protection to make use of these registers, entering briefly his name, +home address, time of departure, plans, and probability of taking side +trips or of changing plans. The hotel clerk should be informed of these +at the time of departure. If a ranger is not there, this information +should be entered in the register which will be found near the door +outside the building, so that when the ranger returns he can report +it to the next station or to headquarters. These precautions are to +protect the park visitor. In case of injury or loss, rangers will +immediately investigate. +</p> +<p> +In planning hiking trips, the following should also be taken into +consideration: At higher elevations one sunburns easily and painfully +because of the rarity of the atmosphere and intense brightness of the +sun. Hikers should include in their kits amber goggles and cold cream +for glacier and high mountain trips. +</p> +<p> +Footwear is most important. A hike should not be started with shoes +or boots that have not been thoroughly broken in. Because feet swell +greatly on a long trip, hiking shoes should be at least a half size +larger than street shoes. They need not be heavy, awkward shoes—in +fact, light shoes are much easier on the feet. Most people are made +uncomfortable by high-top boots or shoes which retard the circulation +of the calves. Six-or eight-inch tops are sufficient. Soles should be +flexible, preferably of some composition which is not slippery when +wet. Crepe soles are excellent for mountain climbing and for fishing. +Hobnailed shoes are necessary only for grassy slopes or cross-country +work. Hungarian nails are much to be preferred to hobs, and only a +light studding of soles and heels is most effective. White silk socks +should be worn next to the feet, a pair of heavy wool (German) socks +over them. Soaking the feet daily in salt or alum solution toughens +them. On a hike the feet should be bathed in cold water whenever +possible. +</p> +<p> +Hiking trips with ranger naturalists are described under that service. +There are many interesting short side trips from all hotels, chalets, +and camps. Short self-guiding trails upon which interesting objects +of natural history are fittingly labeled have been established at the +following places: +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page21" name="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span></p> + +<p> +1. Around Swiftcurrent Lake (2-1/2 miles). +</p> +<p> +2. From Lake McDonald Hotel to Fish Lake (2 miles). +</p> +<p> +3. From Lake McDonald Hotel to Johns Lake (2 miles). +</p> +<p> +4. From Avalanche Campground to Avalanche Lake (2 miles). +</p> +<p> +Lunches may be ordered from hotels and chalets the night before a trip. +If an early departure is planned, it should be so stated upon ordering +the lunch. +</p> +<h3> +POPULAR TRAILS +</h3> +<p class="center"> +(Figures indicate altitude in feet above sea level) +</p> + +<div class="listings"> + +<p> +Glacier Park Hotel (4,796) to Two Medicine Chalets (5,175) via Mount +Henry Trail (7,500). Distance, 11 miles. +</p> +<p> +Two Medicine Chalets to Cut Bank Chalets (5,100) via Cut Bank Pass +(7,600), 17-1/2 miles. +</p> +<p> +Cut Bank Chalets via Triple Divide Pass (7,400) and Triple Divide Peak +(8,001) to Red Eagle Camp on Red Eagle Lake (4,702), 16 miles. +</p> +<p> +Red Eagle Camp to St. Mary Chalets (4,500), 9 miles. +</p> +<p> +The Many Falls Trail: Red Eagle Camp via the south shore of St. Mary +Lake and Virginia Falls to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets (4,500), 11-1/2 +miles. +</p> +<p> +The 2-day trip, St. Mary Chalets to Red Eagle Camp (7 miles) and thence +over Many Falls Trail to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, is excellent. +</p> +<p> +Going-to-the-Sun Chalets via Sunrift Gorge (4,800), Siyeh (8,100), and +Piegan (7,800) Passes to Many Glacier Hotel (4,861), 17-1/2 miles. +</p> +<p> +Going-to-the-Sun Chalets via Reynolds Creek, Preston Park, and Piegan +Pass to Many Glacier Hotel, 19 miles. +</p> +<p> +Many Glacier Hotel to Granite Park Chalets (6,600) via Swiftcurrent +Pass (7,176), 9 miles. +</p> +<p> +Granite Park Chalets to Lake McDonald Hotel (3,167) via McDonald Creek, +18 miles. +</p> +<p> +Granite Park Chalets (6,600) via Logan Pass (6,654) to Going-to-the-Sun +Chalets (4,500), 18 miles. +</p> +<p> +Granite Park Chalets to the Going-to-the-Sun Highway (5,200) meeting it +2 miles above the switchback, 4 miles. +</p> +<p> +Granite Park Chalets to Goathaunt Camp at Waterton Lake (4,200) via +Flattop Mountain (6,500), 20 miles. A short side trail leads to Ahern +Pass, from which is obtained a splendid view of the valley of the South +Fork of Belly River. Another from Flattop Mountain to the Summit of the +Continental Divide overlooks Sue Lake and the Middle Fork of the Belly +River. Fifty Mountain Camp is midway between Granite Park and Goathaunt +Camp. +</p> +<p> +Goathaunt Camp to Browns Pass (6,450), Boulder Pass (8,200), and +Hole-in-the-Wall Falls, 15 miles. One of the most scenic trips in the +park. From Boulder Pass a trail leads to Kintla Lake; from Browns Pass +a trail to Bowman Lake. A secondary road leads from Kintla to Bowman +Lakes, 20 miles. +</p> +<p> +Goathaunt Camp via Indian Pass (7,400) to Crossley Lake Camp (4,855), +18 miles. +</p> +<p> +Crossley Lake Camp to Many Glacier Hotel (4,861) via the celebrated +Ptarmigan Trail which includes a 183-foot tunnel through Ptarmigan +Wall, 17 miles. +</p> +<p> +Lake McDonald Hotel to Avalanche Camp (3,400), 6-1/2 miles. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page22" name="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span></p> + +<p> +Avalanche Camp to Avalanche Lake (3,885), 2 miles. +</p> +<p> +Lake McDonald Hotel to Sperry Chalets (6,500), 6 miles. From Sperry +Chalets to Sperry Glacier, 2-1/2 miles. +</p> +<p> +Sperry Chalets to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets (4,500) via Lincoln (7,000) +and Gunsight (6,900) Passes, 13 miles. +</p> + +</div> + +<h3> +SWIMMING +</h3> +<p> +While it is possible for visitors to indulge in lake bathing, it will +be found that the water of the lakes, usually just from the melting +glaciers, is uncomfortably cold, and for this reason is not enjoyed +except by the most hardy. Swimming pools and plunges with warmed water +are provided at Glacier Park Hotel and Many Glacier Hotel. +</p> +<h3> +CAMPING OUT +</h3> +<p> +The traveler who is not in a hurry may camp out in the magnificent +wilderness of the park, carrying equipment in his automobile and +staying as long as he wishes in any of the free Government campgrounds, +or he may carry his bed and provisions on his back. With a competent +guide and a complete camping outfit the park visitor may set forth upon +the trails to wander at will. On such trips one may venture far afield, +explore glaciers, climb divides for extraordinary views, linger for the +best fishing, or spend idle days in spots of inspirational beauty. +</p> +<p> +The Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co. provides excellent small sleeping +tents and a complete outfitting of comforts for pack trips. +</p> +<p> +There are several important points to be remembered on such trips: +</p> +<p> +A Government topographic map should be procured and consulted +frequently. +</p> +<p> +Extreme care should be taken about fires. No fire should be left even +for a few minutes unless it is <i>entirely extinguished</i>. It should be +<i>drenched completely with water</i>. +</p> +<h3> +PHOTOGRAPHY +</h3> +<p> +Glacier offers exceptional views to delight the photographer. While +the scenic attractions are most commonly photographed, the animals, the +flowers, and the picturesque Blackfeet Indians provide interesting +subjects. Photographic laboratories are maintained at Many Glacier, +Lake McDonald, and Glacier Park Hotels, and at Belton village. Expert +information regarding exposures and settings is also available at +these places. +</p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0010" id="h2H_4_0010"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + PARK HIGHWAY SYSTEM +</h2> +<p> +The Blackfeet Highway, lying along the east side of the park, is an +improved highway, leading from Glacier Park Station to the Canadian + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page23" name="page23"></a>[pg 23]</span> + + line via Babb, Mont., and from the line to Waterton Lakes Park and +other Canadian points via Cardston, Alberta. There is also an improved +picturesque cut-off highway, which branches from this road at Kennedy +Creek Junction, 4 miles north of Babb, leading around the base of Chief +Mountain to Waterton Lakes Park. Improved highways lead from the +Blackfeet Highway to Two Medicine Lake, the Cutbank Chalets, and Many +Glacier Hotel on Swiftcurrent Lake. +</p> +<p> +The Theodore Roosevelt Highway (US 2) follows the southern boundary of +the park from Glacier Park Station to Belton, a distance of 58 miles, +and a trip over this highway affords views of excellent scenery. +</p> +<p> +The spectacular Going-to-the-Sun Highway, well known as one of the +outstanding scenic roadways of the world, links the east and west sides +of the park, crossing the Continental Divide through Logan Pass at an +altitude of 6,654 feet, and connects with the Blackfeet Highway at St. +Marys Junction, a distance of 51 miles from Belton. East of the divide +an improved spur road leads to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets on famous St. +Marys Lake. On the west side at Apgar, 2 miles above Belton, a narrow +dirt road follows the north fork of the Flathead River to Bowman and +Kintla Lakes. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0011" id="h2H_4_0011"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + HOW TO DRESS +</h2> +<p> +As a rule tourists are inclined to carry too much. There are no +unnecessary formalities and no need for formal clothes in Glacier Park, +where guests are expected to relax from everyday affairs of living. An +inexpensive and simple outfit is required—old clothes and stout shoes +are the rule. These, together with toilet articles, can be wrapped into +a compact bundle and put into a haversack or bag. For saddle trips, +hiking, or idling, both men and women wear riding breeches for greater +comfort and freedom. Golf knickers are also satisfactory. "Shorts", +such as are worn by Boy Scouts, are not generally feasible in this +park. Ordinary cotton khaki breeches will do, although woolen ones are +preferable; lightweight woolen underwear and overshirt are advised +because of rapid changes of temperature. A sweater or woolen mackinaw +jacket, 1 or 2 pairs of cotton gloves, and a raincoat are generally +serviceable. Waterproof slickers are furnished free with saddle horses. +</p> +<p> +Supplies and essential articles of clothing of good quality, including +boots, shoes, leggings, socks, haversacks, shirts, slickers, blankets, +camping equipment, and provisions, may be purchased at well-stocked +commissaries at Glacier Park, Many Glacier, and Lake McDonald Hotels +and at the camp store at Many Glacier campground. The Glacier Park Hotel + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page24" name="page24"></a>[pg 24]</span> + + Co., which operates these commissaries, also makes a practice of +renting, at a nominal figure, riding outfits, mackinaw coats, and other +overgarments. Stores carrying a similar general line of articles most +useful in making park trips are located at Belton and at Glacier Park +village. There is a store carrying provisions, cigars, tobacco, and +fishermen's supplies at the foot of Lake McDonald. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0012" id="h2H_4_0012"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ACCOMMODATIONS +</h2> +<p> +The Glacier Park Hotel Co., under franchise from the Department of the +Interior, operates the hotel and chalet system in the park and the +Belton Chalets. This system includes the Glacier Park Hotel at Glacier +Park Station, an imposing structure built of massive logs, nearly as +long as the Capitol at Washington, accommodating 400 guests; the Many +Glacier Hotel on Swiftcurrent Lake, accommodating over 500 guests; and +the Lake McDonald Hotel on Lake McDonald, with capacity for 100 guests. +</p> +<p> +The chalet groups are from 10 to 18 miles apart, but within hiking +distance of one another or of the hotels, and provide excellent +accommodations for trail tourists. They are located at Two Medicine, +Cutbank, St. Mary, Sun Camp, Granite Park, Sperry, and Belton. In +addition to these, the Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co. maintains tent +camps at Red Eagle Lake, Crossley Lake, Goathaunt, and Fifty Mountain. +</p> +<p> +There are also a few hotels and camps located on the west side, in +or adjacent to the park, on private lands. The National Park Service +exercises no control over their rates and operations. Private tourist +cabins and hotels are operated outside the park at Glacier Park +Station, Belton, St. Mary, Babb, and Browning Junction. +</p> +<h3> +RATES +</h3> +<p> +The Glacier Park, Many Glacier, and Lake McDonald Hotels are open from +June 15 to September 15. The American-plan rates range from $6.50 a day +for a room, without bath, to $14 a day for de luxe accommodations for +one. Rooms may also be obtained on the European plan. Breakfast and +lunch cost $1 each; dinner, $1.50. Children under 8 are charged half +rates, and a discount of 10 percent is allowed for stays of a week or +longer at any one hotel. Cabins are obtainable at Lake McDonald Hotel +at a rate of $5 each, American plan, for 3 persons in 1 room; 2 persons +in room, $5.50 each; 1 person, $6.50. +</p> +<p> +Chalets operated during 1937 will be open from June 15 to September 15, +except Sperry and Granite Park, which will open July I and close +September 1. Minimum rates are computed on a basis of $4.50 a day per +person, special accommodations ranging as high as $7.50. A 10-percent + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page25" name="page25"></a>[pg 25]</span> + + discount is allowed for stays of a week or more at any one chalet +group. Tent camp rates are $5 per day, per person, American plan. +</p> + +<a name="image-0010"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/i-31-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-31-s.jpg" width="480" height="300" +alt="HOUSEKEEPING CABINS AT MANY GLACIER CAMPGROUNDS" /></a> +<span class="cright"><i>Hileman photo.</i></span> +HOUSEKEEPING CABINS AT MANY GLACIER CAMPGROUNDS +</div> + +<p> +The Swiftcurrent auto cabins are located a little more than a mile from +Many Glacier Hotel. Here a 2-room cabin for 1 or 2 persons costs $2.50 +a day; 3 or 4 persons in a 3-room cabin, $4 a day. Blankets and linen +may be rented by the day. The 10 percent discount given at the hotels +and chalets also applies to the housekeeping cabins. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0013" id="h2H_4_0013"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + SADDLE-HORSE TRIPS +</h2> +<p> +Glacier National Park has the distinction of being the foremost trail +park. More saddle horses are used than in any other park or like +recreational region in this country. The Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co. +has available during the season about 800 saddle animals. There are +nearly 900 miles of trails in this park. +</p> +<p> +At Glacier Park, Many Glacier, and Lake McDonald Hotels, +Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, and Goathaunt Tent Camp, horses may be +engaged or released for trips in the park, including camping trips. +At Two Medicine Chalets horses may be engaged or released for local +rides only. +</p> +<p> +A wonderful 3-day excursion is afforded by the Logan Pass Triangle +trip. This trip may be started at either the Many Glacier Hotel and +Chalets or Going-to-the-Sun Chalets. Beginning at Many Glacier Hotel, +the first + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page26" name="page26"></a>[pg 26]</span> + + day's route follows up Swiftcurrent Pass to Granite Park +Chalets, where luncheon is served and the overnight stop made. The +second day the Garden Wall Trail to Logan Pass is followed, with a box +luncheon on the way, and Going-to-the-Sun Chalets is reached in late +afternoon in time for dinner. The return to Many Glacier Hotel is made +the third day via Piegan Pass, Grinnell Lake, and Josephine Lake. +</p> +<p> +The South Circle trip requires 5 days to complete and may be +started either from Many Glacier, Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, or Lake +McDonald Hotel on Lake McDonald. Three of the principal passes are +traversed—Swiftcurrent, Gunsight, and Piegan. The North Circle trip is +also a 5-day tour via tent camps, crossing Swiftcurrent Pass, Indian +Pass, and Ptarmigan Wall. The trip starts from Many Glacier Hotel, +Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, or Lake McDonald Hotel. +</p> +<p> +There is a 4-day inside trail trip from Glacier Park Hotel via Two +Medicine, Cut Bank, and Red Eagle to Sun Camp. +</p> +<p> +Many delightful specially scheduled trips of 1 and 2 days' duration are +also available. +</p> +<p> +Information about saddle-horse trips may be obtained at any of the +hotels or other points of concentration. Practically any type of +trip desired can be arranged, from short excursions to special points +of interest, such as the half-day trip from Glacier Park Hotel to +Forty-Mile Creek for $3.50, to pack trips of unlimited duration; the +larger the party, the cheaper the rates. For minimum parties of 3 +persons, the average rate for 1-day trips is $5 or $6. For parties of 3 +or more, the all-expense Fifty Mountain Trail trip of 3 days is $28.50; +the 5-day North Circle trip, $50.50. These are specifically mentioned +merely to give an idea of the cost; many other fine trips are available +at rates computed on a similar basis. +</p> +<p> +Special arrangements can be made for private camping parties making a +trip of 10 days or more at rates amounting to $11 a day each for groups +of 7 or more; $12 a day each for 6 persons; $13 for 5; $15 for 4; $16 +for 3; $18 for 2; and $27 for 1 person. A guide and cook, are furnished +for a party of one or more persons, and extra helpers are added, if the +number of persons require it. Private trips of less than 10 days may +also be arranged. +</p> +<p> +Experienced riders may rent horses for use on the floor of the valleys +at $1 an hour, $3 for 4 hours, and $5 for 8 hours. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0014" id="h2H_4_0014"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ALL-EXPENSE TOURS BY BUS +</h2> +<p> +The Glacier Park Transport Co. and the Glacier Park Hotel Co. have +jointly arranged some very attractive all-expense tours of 1, 2, 3, and +4 days' duration. These trips are priced reasonably and include auto +fare, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page27" name="page27"></a>[pg 27]</span> + + meals, and hotel lodgings. The trips begin at Glacier Park Station +for west-bound passengers and at Belton for east-bound passengers and +are made daily during the season. +</p> + +<a name="image-0011"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/i-33-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-33-s.jpg" width="530" height="300" +alt="RESTING AT THE SOUTH PORTAL OF THE TUNNEL ON PTARMIGAN WALL TRAIL" /></a> +<span class="cright"><i>Grant photo.</i></span> +RESTING AT THE SOUTH PORTAL OF THE TUNNEL ON PTARMIGAN WALL TRAIL +</div> + +<div class="listings"> + +<p> +<i>Trip No. 1.</i>—Logan Pass Detour.—Glacier Park Hotel to Going-to-the-Sun +Chalets, Lake McDonald Hotel, and Belton, Mont. Leave Glacier Park +Hotel at 2:30 p. m.; arrive Belton the next day, 2:05 p. m. All-expense +rate, $15.50. +</p> +<p> +<i>Trip No. 2.</i>—Glacier Park Hotel to Many Glacier Hotel, Going-to-the-Sun +Chalets, Lake McDonald Hotel, and Belton. Leave Glacier Park Hotel 2:30 +p. m.; arrive Belton on third day, 2:05 p. m. All-expense rate, $27.75. +</p> +<p> +<i>Trip No. 3.</i>—Glacier Park Hotel to Two Medicine Lake, Many Glacier +Hotel, Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, Lake McDonald, and Belton. Leave +Glacier Park Hotel 2 p. m.; arrive Belton on fourth day, 2:05 p. m. +All-expense rate, $38. +</p> +<p> +<i>Trip No. 4.</i>—Same as Trip No. 3, except an extra day at Many Glacier +Hotel, and the all-expense rate is $44.50. +</p> +<p> +All west-bound trips are scheduled to arrive at Belton at 2:05 p. m., +in time for the Empire Builder, west. The trips east bound all begin +at Belton and close at Glacier Park Station, in time for the Empire +Builder, east. The rates for these trips are: +</p> +<p class="center"> +No. 1—$16.50 No. 2—$30.25 No. 3—$36.75 No. 4—$45.00. +</p> +<p> +All trips, both east and west, are routed over the spectacular +Going-to-the-Sun Highway and Logan Pass. +</p> + +</div> + +<a name="h2H_4_0015" id="h2H_4_0015"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + TRANSPORTATION +</h2> +<p> +The Glacier Park Transport Co. is operated in the park under franchise +from the Department of the Interior. Daily stage service in each +direction is maintained between Glacier Park Hotel and St. Mary +Chalets, Many Glacier Hotel and Chalets, Waterton, and Going-to-the-Sun +Chalets, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page28" name="page28"></a>[pg 28]</span> + + Lake McDonald Hotel, and Belton Station. A daily bus trip is +made from Glacier Park Hotel to Two Medicine Chalets on Two Medicine +Lake, allowing sufficient time at the lake to fish or make the launch +trip. Regular motorbus service is maintained between Glacier Park Hotel +and Belton. On the west side daily bus service is maintained between +Belton, the foot of Lake McDonald, and the Lake McDonald Hotel at the +head of Lake McDonald, and between this hotel and Logan Pass on the +Continental Divide. +</p> +<p> +The transportation company and launch companies allow each passenger +to carry with him 25 pounds of hand baggage without extra charge, which +is usually sufficient for shorter trips. Trunks are forwarded at +extra expense. Arrangements can be made for caring for trunks left at +entrances during tour of park or rechecking them for passengers who +enter at one side and leave by the other. Storage charges on baggage at +Glacier Park Station and at Belton are waived while tourists are making +park trips. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0016" id="h2H_4_0016"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + LAUNCHES AND ROWBOATS +</h2> +<p> +The Glacier Park Hotel Co. operates launch service on Waterton Lake +between Goathaunt Camp in Glacier Park, and the Waterton Lake townsite +in Alberta, Canada, crossing the international boundary line about +half-way up the lake. One-way, the fare is 75 cents; round trip, $1.50. +</p> +<p> +Twilight launch rides on St. Mary and McDonald Lakes are featured +during fair weather. +</p> +<p> +The J. W. Swanson Boat Co. operates launch service on beautiful +Two Medicine Lake, at a charge of 75 cents each for four or more +passengers. For a smaller number the minimum charge for the trip around +the lake is $3. Trips around Josephine and Swiftcurrent Lakes may be +made for $1 each. The Swanson Co. also rents rowboats for 50 cents an +hour; $2.50 a day, or $15 a week for use on the following lakes: Two +Medicine, St. Mary, Swiftcurrent, Josephine, and McDonald. Outboard +motors may also be rented. +</p> +<p> +This booklet is issued once a year and the rates mentioned herein may +have changed slightly since issuance, but the latest rates approved by +the Secretary of the Interior are on file with the superintendent and +the park operators. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0017" id="h2H_4_0017"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ADMINISTRATION +</h2> +<p> +The representative of the National Park Service in immediate charge of +the park is the superintendent, E. T. Scoyen, Belton, Mont. +</p> +<p> +William H. Lindsay is United States commissioner for the park and holds +court in all cases involving violations of park regulations. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page29" name="page29"></a>[pg 29]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0018" id="h2H_4_0018"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + NATURALIST SERVICE +</h2> +<p> +A daily schedule of popular guided trips afield, all-day hikes, boat +trips, campfire entertainments, and illustrated lectures is maintained +at Many Glacier, Going-to-the-Sun, Two Medicine, Lake McDonald, Sprague +Creek, and Avalanche Auto Campgrounds, the leading tourist centers. +Naturalists who conduct local field trips and walks to nearby Hidden +Lake and Clements Glacier are stationed at Logan Pass daily from 9 to 4. +</p> +<p> +A small museum dealing with popular local natural history subjects is +maintained throughout July and August at Many Glacier Ranger Station. +Cut-flower exhibits are installed at various hotels and chalets, and an +exhibit of rock specimens is in the lobby of Many Glacier Hotel. +</p> +<p> +Requests from special parties desiring ranger naturalist assistance +are given every consideration. All park visitors are urged to avail +themselves of the services of the naturalists who are there to assist +them in learning of the untold wonders that abound everywhere in the +park. Acceptance of gratuities for this free service is strictly +forbidden. +</p> +<p> +For complete information on naturalist schedules and types of service +offered consult the free pamphlet, Ranger-Naturalist Service, Glacier +National Park. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0019" id="h2H_4_0019"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + AUTOMOBILE CAMPGROUNDS +</h2> +<p> +For the use of the motoring public a system of free automobile +campgrounds has been developed on both sides of the park. On the east +side, these camps are located at Two Medicine, Cutbank, Roes Creek, and +Many Glacier. The west side camps are at Bowman Lake, Fish Creek, +Avalanche Creek, and Lake McDonald. Pure water, firewood, cookstoves, +and sanitary facilities are available, but campers must bring their own +equipment. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0020" id="h2H_4_0020"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + POST OFFICES +</h2> +<p> +The United States post offices are located at Glacier Park, Mont., +Belton, Mont., Polebridge, Mont., and (during summer season) Lake +McDonald, Mont., at Lake McDonald Hotel, and Apgar, at the foot of Lake +McDonald. Mail for park visitors should include in the address the name +of the stopping place as well as the post office. +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0021" id="h2H_4_0021"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + MISCELLANEOUS +</h2> +<p> +Telegraph and express service is available at all points of concentration. +</p> +<p> +Qualified nurses are in attendance at the hotels and both sides of the +park, and there is a resident physician at Glacier Park Hotel. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page30" name="page30"></a>[pg 30]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0022" id="h2H_4_0022"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE PARK'S GEOLOGIC STORY +</h2> +<p> +The mountains of Glacier National Park are made up of many layers of +limestone and other rocks formed from sediments deposited under water. +The rocks show ripple marks which were made by waves when the rock +material was soft sand and mud. Raindrop impressions and sun cracks +show that the mud from time to time was exposed to rains and the drying +action of the air. These facts indicate that the area now known as +"Glacier National Park" was once covered by a shallow sea. At intervals +muds were laid down which later became consolidated into rocks known as +"shales" and "argillites." Limy or calcareous muds were changed into +limestone. The geologist estimates that these depositions were made +several hundred million years ago. +</p> +<p> +In the plains area east of the mountains are other lime and mud +formations. These are younger and softer than the rocks which make +up the mountains but were undoubtedly formed under much the same +conditions. These contain much higher forms of life, such as fish +and shells. +</p> +<p> +When originally laid down all these layers must have been nearly +horizontal, just as they are deposited today in bodies of standing +water all over the world. Then came a time when the sea slowly but +permanently withdrew from the area by an uplift of the land, which +since that time has been continuously above sea level. This uplift, one +of the greatest in the history of the region, marks the beginning of +a long period of erosion which has carved the mountains of Glacier +National Park. +</p> +<p> +The geologist observes that the rock layers are no longer in the +horizontal position in which they were laid down. There are folds +in the rocks and many breaks or faults cutting across the layers. +Furthermore, the oldest rocks in the region are found to be resting on +the younger rocks of the adjacent plains. One of the best examples of +this is to be seen at Chief Mountain where the ancient limestone rests +directly on the young shale below (fig. 1). The same relationship is +visible in Cutbank, St. Mary, and Swiftcurrent Valleys. In these areas, +however, the exact contact is not always so easy to locate principally +because of the debris of weathered rocks that have buried them. What +has happened? How did this peculiar relationship come about? The +answers to these questions unravel one of the grandest stories in earth +history. Forces deep in the earth slowly gathered energy until finally +the stress became so great that the rocky crust began to move. +</p> +<p> +The probable results of the movement in the crust of the earth are +shown in the diagram (fig. 2). Section A represents a cross section +of the Glacier Park region, as it most likely appeared, immediately +following the long + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page31" name="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span> + + period of sedimentation. The rock strata are +horizontal. Section B shows the same region after the rock layers have +been slightly wrinkled due to the forces from the southwest, which, +although slightly relieved by the bending, still persisted and the +folds were greatly enlarged as shown in section C. At this stage the +folds reached their breaking limit, and the strata broke in a number of +places as indicated by dotted lines in the diagram. As a result of this +fracturing, the rocks on the west side of the folds were pushed upward +and over the rocks on the east, as shown in section D. The mountain +rocks (represented by patterns of cross lines) were shoved over the +rocks of the plains (represented in white), producing what is known as +an "overthrust fault." It has been estimated that the rocks have moved +a distance of at least 15 miles. +</p> +<p> +As the rocks were thrust northeastward and upward they made a greatly +elevated region, but did not, however, at any time project into the +air, as indicated in section D, because as the rocky mass was being +uplifted, streams were wearing it away and cutting deep canyons in its +upland portion. The rocks of the mountains, owing to their resistant +character, are not worn away as rapidly as the plains formations with +the result that great thicknesses of limestone and argillite tower +above the plains. Where the older, more massive strata overlie the +soft rocks the mountains are terminated by precipitous walls as +shown in section E. This explains the absence of foothills that is +so conspicuous a feature of this mountain front and one in which it +differs from most other ranges. +</p> +<p> +While the region now known as "Glacier National Park" was being +uplifted and faulted, the streams were continually at work. The sand +and other abrasive material being swept along on the beds of the +streams slowly wore away much of the rock. The uplifting gave the +streams life and they consequently cut deep valleys into the mountain +area. They cut farther and farther back into the mountain mass until +they dissected it, leaving instead of an upland plateau a region of +ridges and sharp peaks. This erosional process which has carved the +mountains of Glacier Park has produced most of the mountains of the +world. +</p> +<p> +Following their early erosional history, there came a period of much +colder climate during which time heavy snows fell and large ice fields +were formed throughout the mountain region. At the same time huge +continental ice sheets formed in Canada and also in northern Europe. +This period, during which glaciers, sometimes over a mile thick, +covered many parts of the world including all of Canada and New England +and much of North Central United States, is known as the "Ice Age." +Such a tremendous covering of ice had an enduring and pronounced effect +upon the relief of the country. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page32" name="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span></p> + +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0012"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-38a-f.png"><img src="images/i-38a-s.png" width="400" height="215" +alt="Figure 1--Sketch showing structure of Chief Mountain." /></a> +<br /> +<span class="sc">Figure 1.</span>—<i>Sketch showing structure of Chief Mountain. The ancient +limestone above is not appreciably altered, but the lower part is +broken up by many oblique thrust faults. The entire mountain is +composed of ancient rocks and rests on shale of a very much younger +age. After Bailey Willis.</i> +</div> + +<div class="figure"> +<a name="image-0013"><!--IMG--></a> +<a href="images/i-38b-f.png"><img src="images/i-38b-s.png" width="400" height="310" +alt="Figure 2.--The Lewis overthrust." /></a> +<br /> +<span class="sc">Figure 2.</span>—<i>The Lewis overthrust. Diagram +illustrating how pressure from the northwest affected the rocks of the +Glacier Park region.</i> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page33" name="page33"></a>[pg 33]</span></p> + +<a name="image-0014"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/i-39-f.png"><img src="images/i-39-s.png" width="400" height="175" +alt="Figure 3.--A, B" /></a> +<br /> +<span class="sc">Figure 3.</span>—<i>A, An irregular V-shaped valley +produced by stream erosion; B, the same valley after it has been +occupied by a glacier. Note the smooth topography and U-shaped form.</i> +</div> + +<p> +In Glacier National Park some of the ice still remains in the higher +portions of the valleys and a study of these ice fields helps in +interpreting the history of the park during the Ice Age. It is evident +that ice did not cover the entire range, but that the higher peaks +stood out above the ice, which probably never reached a thickness of +over 3,000 feet in this region. The V-shaped valleys which had been +produced by stream erosion were filled with glaciers which moved slowly +down the valleys. The ice froze onto all loose rock material and +carried it forward, using it as abrasive to gouge out the rock, the +valley bottoms, and sides. Gradually the valleys were molded until they +had acquired a smooth U-shaped character (fig. 3). There are excellent +examples of this work of ice in the park, among which are Two Medicine, +Cut Bank, St. Mary, Swiftcurrent, and Belly River Valleys. +</p> +<p> +In addition to smoothing the valley down which they moved, the glaciers +produced many rock basins called cirques. These are the result of ice +plucking in the regions where the glaciers formed. Alternate freezing +and thawing cause the rock to break and the resulting fragments are +carried away by the moving ice mass. In the majority of cases the +cirques have lakes on their floors. The park is dotted with these +beautiful little lakes scattered throughout the high mountain country. +</p> +<p> +The valley lakes are usually larger than the cirque lakes and have a +different origin. As the glaciers melted they deposited huge loads of +sand, mud, and boulders in the valley bottoms called moraines. Debris +of this nature has helped to hold in the waters of St. Mary, Lower Two +Medicine, McDonald, Bowman, and numerous other lakes in the park. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page34" name="page34"></a>[pg 34]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0023" id="h2H_4_0023"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + FLORA AND FAUNA +</h2> +<p> +Glacier National Park is exceptionally rich in many kinds of wildlife. +Its rugged wilderness character, enhanced by numerous lakes and almost +unlimited natural alpine gardens, combine to offer an unexcelled +opportunity to enjoy and study nature. +</p> +<p> +Glacier is noted for its brilliant floral display which is most +striking in early July. Above timber line hardy plants such as mosses +and lichens, together with the delicately colored alpine flowers, are +found. Lower on the mountains are heather, gentians, wild heliotrope, +and stunted trees of alpine fir, white-barked pine, and alpine larch. +The valleys on the east bear Engelmann spruce, alpine fir, lodgepole +pine, Douglas fir, and limber pine. +</p> +<p> +The valleys of the west side are within an entirely different plant +life zone, typified by dense climax forests. For the most part these +forests consist of red cedar and hemlock, with intermediate forests of +larch, fir, spruce, and white pine. There are also younger stands of +larch and lodgepole pine. Some of the white pines in McDonald Valley +have reached huge dimensions. The deficiency of wild flowers found +there is in part made up by the presence of sphagnum bogs with a +typical fauna and flora of their own. +</p> +<p> +On the east, at lower elevations, representatives of the Great Plains +flora are found, such as the passion flower, carpet pink, shooting +star, scarlet paintbrush, red and white geraniums, bronze agoseris, the +gaillardia, wild hollyhock, asters, and many other composites. The bear +grass is one of the most characteristic plants of Glacier. +</p> +<p> +Of equal interest is the abundant animal life, including both the +larger and smaller forms. Bighorn, mountain goats, moose, wapiti, +grizzly and black bear, and western white-tailed and Rocky Mountain +mule deer exist in as natural a condition as is possible in an area +also utilized by man. Mountain caribou are occasional visitors to the +park. Mountain lions, bobcats, and coyotes are present, although the +first have been reduced greatly from their original numbers. The +beaver, marmot, otter, marten, cony, and a host of smaller mammals are +interesting and important members of the fauna. Among the birds, those +that attract the greatest interest are the osprey, water ouzel, +ptarmigan, Clark nutcracker, thrushes, and sparrows. +</p> + +<!--Full Page Illustration moved up one paragraph--> +<span class="pagenum" style="display: none;"> +<a id="page35" name="page35"></a>[pg 35]</span> + +<a name="image-0014a"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/i-41-f.jpg"><img src="images/i-41-s.jpg" width="300" height="475" +alt="BEARGRASS" /></a> +<span class="cright"><i>Hileman photo.</i></span> +BEARGRASS +</div> + +<a name="h2H_4_0024" id="h2H_4_0024"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + IDEAL PLACE TO SEE AMERICAN INDIANS +</h2> +<p> +With the exception of the Kootenais, few Indians ventured into the +fastness of the park mountains before the coming of the white men. Yet +so frequently did a large number of tribes use its trails for hunting +and + + + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page36" name="page36"></a>[pg 36]</span> + + warfare, or camp in midsummer along its lakes and streams on the +edge of the plains, that the park has an Indian story intertwined with +its own that is unsurpassed in interest. Except for a few plateau +Indians who had strong plains' characteristics because they once lived +on the plains, all tribes were of that most interesting of Indian +types, the plains Indian. +</p> +<p> +The earliest peoples inhabiting the northern Montana plains of which +we have any record were apparently Snake Indians of Shoshonean stock. +Later Nez Perces, Flatheads, and Kootenais pushed eastward through +passes from the headwaters of the Columbia River system. Then came +horses and firearms, and the whites themselves to set up an entirely +different state of affairs in their hitherto relatively peaceful +existence. First, a growing and expounding Siouan race, pressed forward +also by an expanding irresistible Algonkian stock, occupied the high +plains and pushed back its peoples behind the wall of mountains. These +were the Crows from the south, the Assiniboins to the east. Lastly, +armed with strategy and Hudson's Bay Co. firearms, and given speed and +range with horses, the dauntless Blackfeet came forth from their +forests to become the terror of the north. They grew strong on the +abundance of food and game on the Great Plains, and pushed the Crows +beyond the Yellowstone River, until met by the forces of white soldiery +and the tide of civilization. +</p> +<p> +Today the Blackfeet on the reservation adjoining the park on the east +remain a pitiful but picturesque remnant of their former pride and +glory. They have laid aside their former intense hostility to the +whites and have reconciled themselves to the fate of irrepressible +civilization. Dressed in colorful native costume, a few families of +braves greet the park visitor at Glacier Park Station and Hotel. Here +they sing, dance, and tell stories of their former greatness. In these +are reflected in a measure the dignity, the nobility, the haughtiness, +and the savagery of one of the highest and most interesting of +aboriginal American peoples. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page37" name="page37"></a>[pg 37]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_REFE" id="h2H_REFE"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + REFERENCES +</h2> + +<div class="references"> + +<p> +<span class="sc">Albright, Horace M.</span>, and <span class="sc">Taylor, Frank J.</span> Oh, Ranger! +About the national parks. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Bowman, I.</span> Forest Physiography. New York, 1911. Illustrated; maps. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Eaton, Walter Pritchard.</span> Boy Scouts in Glacier Park. 1918. 336 pages. +</p> +<p> +—— Sky-line Camps. 1922. 268 pp., illustrated. A record of wanderings +in the Northwestern Mountains from Glacier National Park to Crater Lake +National Park in Oregon. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Elrod, Dr. Morton J.</span> Complete Guide to Glacier National Park. +1924. 208 pp. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Faris, John T.</span> Roaming the Rockies. 1930. 333 pp., +illustrated. Farrar & Rinehart, New York City, Glacier National Park on +pp. 42 to 80. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Holtz, Mathilde Edith</span>, and <span class="sc">Bemis, Katherine Isabel</span>. +Glacier National Park, Its Trails and Treasures. 1917. 262 pp., +illustrated. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Jeffers, Le Roy.</span> The Call of the Mountains. 1922. 282 pp., +illustrated. Dodd, Mead & Co. Glacier National Park on pp. 35-39. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Johnson, C.</span> Highways of Rocky Mountains. Mountains and Valleys +in Montana, pp. 194-215. Illustrated. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Kane, J. F.</span> Picturesque America. 1935. 256 pp., illustrated. +Frederick Gumbrecht, Brooklyn, N. Y. Glacier National Park on pp. +147-169. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Laut, Agnes C.</span> The Blazed Trail of the Old Frontier. Robt. M. +McBride & Co., New York, 1926. +</p> +<p> +—— Enchanted Trails of Glacier Park. Robt. M. McBride & Co., New +York. 1926. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Marshall, L.</span> Seeing America. Philadelphia, 1916. Illustrated. +Map. Chapter XXIII, Among the American Alps, Glacier National Park, pp. +193-200. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">McClintock, W.</span> The Old North Trail. 539 pp., illustrated, +maps. Macmillan Co. 1920. +</p> +<p> +—— Old Indian Trails, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1923. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Mills, Enos A.</span> Your National Parks. 532 pp., illustrated. +Houghton Mifflin Co. 1917. Glacier National Park on pp. 148-160, +475-487. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Rinehart, Mary Roberts.</span> Through Glacier Park. The Log of a +Trip with Howard Eaton. 1916. 92 pp., illustrated. +</p> +<p> +—— My Country 'Tis of Thee. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Rolfe, Mary A.</span> Our National Parks, Book Two. A supplementary +reader on the national parks for fifth- and sixth-grade students. Benj. +H. Sanborn & Co., Chicago. 1928. Glacier National Park on pp. 197-242. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Sanders, H. F.</span> Trails Through Western Woods. 1910. 310 pp., +illustrated. +</p> +<p> +—— History of Montana, vol. 1, 1913. 847 pp. Glacier National Park on +pp. 685-689. +</p> +<p> +—— The White Quiver. 344 pp., illustrated, Duffield & Co., New York. +1913. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Schultze, James Willard.</span> Blackfeet Tales of Glacier National +Park. 1916. 242 pp., illustrated. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Steele, David M.</span> Going Abroad Overland. 1917. 198 pp., +illustrated. Glacier National Park on pp. 92-101. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Stimson, Henry L.</span> The Ascent of Chief Mountain. In Hunting in +Many Lands, edited by Theodore Roosevelt and George B. Grinnell, 1895, +pp. 220-237. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Yard, Robert Sterling.</span> The Book of the National Parks. +Scribner's, 1926, 444 pp., 74 illustrations, 14 maps and diagrams. +Glacier National Park on pp. 251-283. +</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page38" name="page38"></a>[pg 38]</span></p> + +<a name="h2H_4_0026" id="h2H_4_0026"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS +</h2> + +<div class="references"> + +<p> +<b>Glimpses of Our National Parks.</b> Brief descriptions of national parks. +Address Director, National Park Service, Washington, D. C. Free. +</p> +<p> +<b>Recreational map.</b> Shows Federal and State recreational areas throughout +the United States and gives brief descriptions of principal ones. Address +as above. Free. +</p> + +</div> + +<p> +Illustrated booklets about the following national parks may be obtained +free of charge by writing to the Director, National Park Service: +</p> + +<ul id="double"> +<li> Acadia, Maine. </li> +<li> Carlsbad Caverns, N. Mex. </li> +<li> Crater Lake, Oreg. </li> +<li> General Grant, Calif. </li> +<li> Grand Canyon, Ariz. </li> +<li> Grand Teton, Wyo. </li> +<li> Great Smoky Mountains, N. C.-Tenn. </li> +<li> Hawaii, Hawaii. </li> +<li> Hot Springs, Ark. </li> +<li> Lassen Volcanic, Calif. </li> +<li> Mesa Verde, Colo. </li> +<li> Mount McKinley, Alaska. </li> +<li> Mount Rainier, Wash. </li> +<li> National Capital Parks, Washington, D. C. </li> +<li> Platt, Okla. </li> +<li> Rocky Mountain, Colo. </li> +<li> Sequoia, Calif. </li> +<li> Wind Cave, S. Dak. </li> +<li> Yellowstone, Wyo.-Mont.-Idaho. </li> +<li> Yosemite, Calif. </li> +<li> Zion and Bryce Canyon, Utah. </li> +</ul> + + +<p class="center"> +<big><b><span title="separator">+</span></b></big> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<big><i>Publications for sale in Glacier National Park</i></big> +</p> +<table align="center" width="80%" summary="Publications Listing"> +<tr><td> Wild Animals of Glacier National Park </td><td align="right">$1.00 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Plants of Glacier National Park </td><td align="right"> .50 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Origin of Scenic Features of Glacier </td><td align="right"> .20 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Geological Survey map of Glacier </td><td align="right"> .25 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Fauna of the National Parks </td><td align="right"> .20 </td></tr> +<tr><td> National Parks Portfolio </td><td align="right"> 1.50 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page39" name="page39"></a>[pg]</span></p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page40" name="page40"></a>[pg]</span></p> + +<a name="image-0015"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/endmap-f.png"><img src="images/endmap-s.png" width="600" height="425" +alt="AREAS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE" /></a> +<br /> +AREAS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page40a" name="page40a"></a>[foldout]</span></p> + +<a name="image-0016"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/foldoutl.jpg"><img src="images/foldouts.png" width="600" height="680" +alt="(foldout) MAP OF WATERTON-GLACIER INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK" /></a> +<br /> +MAP OF WATERTON-GLACIER INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK +</div> + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Glacier National Park [Montana], by +United States Dept. of the Interior + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GLACIER NATIONAL PARK [MONTANA] *** + +***** This file should be named 36463-h.htm or 36463-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/4/6/36463/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Glacier National Park [Montana] + +Author: United States Dept. of the Interior + +Release Date: June 19, 2011 [EBook #36463] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GLACIER NATIONAL PARK [MONTANA] *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Illustration: (Front Cover)] + + + + + + +Glacier NATIONAL PARK [MONTANA] + + _American Section_ WATERTON-GLACIER + INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK + +United States Department of the Interior + +_Harold L. Ickes, Secretary_ + +NATIONAL PARK SERVICE + +_Arno B. Cammerer, Director_ + +[Illustration] + + UNITED STATES + GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE + WASHINGTON: 1937 + + + + +RULES AND REGULATIONS + +Briefed + + +The Park Regulations are designed for the protection of the natural +beauties as well as for the comfort and convenience of visitors. The +complete regulations may be seen at the office of the superintendent +and at ranger stations. The following synopsis of the rules and +regulations is for the general guidance of visitors, who are requested +to assist in the administration of the park by observing them. + +=_Fires._=--Fires are the greatest menace to the forests of Glacier +National Park. Build camp fires only when necessary and at designated +places. Know that they are out before you leave them. Be sure your +cigarette, cigar, pipe ashes, and matches are out before you throw them +away. During periods of high fire hazard, camp fires are not permitted +at nondesignated camp grounds. + +=_Camps._=--Camping is restricted to designated campgrounds. Burn all +combustible garbage in your camp fire; place tin cans and unburnable +residue in garbage cans. There is plenty of pure water; be sure to get +it. Visitors must not contaminate water-sheds or water supplies. + +=_Natural features._=--The destruction, injury, or disturbance in any +way of the trees, flowers, birds, or animals is prohibited. Dead and +fallen wood may be used for firewood. Picking wild flowers and removing +plants are prohibited. + +=_Bears._=--It is prohibited and dangerous to feed the bears. Do not +leave foodstuffs in an unattended car or camp, for the bear will break +into and damage your car or camp equipment to secure food. Suspend +foodstuffs in a box, well out of their reach, or place in the care of +the camp tender. + +=_Dogs and cats._=--When in the park, dogs and cats must be kept under +leash, crated, or under restrictive control of the owner at all times. + +=_Fishing._=--No license for fishing in the park is required. Use of +live bait is prohibited. Ten fish (none under 6 inches) per day, per +person fishing is the usual limit; however, in some lakes the limit is +5 fish per day and in others it is 20. Visitors should contact the +nearest district ranger to ascertain the fish limits in the lakes. The +possession of more than 2 days' catch by any person at any one time +shall be construed as a violation of the regulations. + +=_Traffic._=--Speed regulations: 15 miles per hour on sharp curves and +through residential districts; 35 miles per hour on the straightaway. +Keep gears enmeshed and out of free wheeling on long grades. Keep +cutout closed. Drive carefully at all times. Secure automobile permit, +fee $1. + +=_Rangers._=--The rangers are here to assist and advise you as well as +to enforce the regulations. When in doubt consult a ranger. + + + + +FOREST FIRES + + +Forest Fires are a terrible and ever-present menace. There are +thousands of acres of burned forests in Glacier National Park. Most of +these "ghosts of forests" are hideous proofs of some person's criminal +carelessness or ignorance. + +Build camp fires only at designated camp sites. At times of high +winds or exceptionally dry spell, build no fires outside, except in +stoves provided at the free auto camps. At times of extreme hazard, +it is necessary to restrict smoking to hotel and camp areas. Guests +entering the park are so informed, and prohibitory notices are posted +everywhere. Smoking on the highway, on trails, and elsewhere in the +park is forbidden at such times. During the dry period, permits to +build fires at any camp sites other than in auto camps must be procured +in advance from the district ranger. + +Be absolutely sure that your camp fire is extinguished before you leave +it, even for a few minutes. + +Do not rely upon dirt thrown on it for complete extinction. + +_Drown_ it completely with water. + +Drop that lighted cigar or cigarette on the trail and step on it. + +Do the same with every match that is lighted. + +_Extreme caution is demanded at all times._ + +Anyone responsible for a forest fire will be prosecuted to the full +extent of the law. + +_If you discover a forest fire, report it to the nearest ranger +station or hotel._ + + + + +Events OF HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE + + +The heart of a territory so vast it was measured not in miles but +degrees, the site of Glacier National Park was indicated as terra +incognita or unexplored on most maps even as late as the dawn of the +present century. To its mountain fastness had come first the solitary +fur trader, the trapper, and the missionary; after them followed the +hunter, the pioneer, and the explorer; in the nineties were drawn the +prospector, the miner, and the picturesque trader of our last frontier; +today, the region beckons the scientist, the lover of the out-of-doors, +and the searcher for beauty. Throughout its days, beginning with the +Lewis and Clark Expedition, the Glacier country has been a lodestone +for the scientist, attracted from every corner of the earth by +the combination of natural wonder and beauty to be found here. +A chronological list of important events in the park's history +follows: + + --------+----------------------------------------------------------------- + 1804-5 | Lewis and Clark Expedition. Meriwether Lewis reached a + | point 40 miles east of the present park. Chief Mountain + | was indicated as King Mountain on the expedition map. + | + 1810 | First definitely known crossing of Marias Pass by white man. + | + 1846 | Hugh Monroe, known to the Indians as Rising Wolf, + | visited and named St. Mary Lake. + | + 1853 | Cutbank Pass over the Continental Divide was crossed by + | A. W. Tinkham, engineer of exploration party with Isaac + | I. Stevens, Governor of Washington Territory. Tinkham + | was in search of the present Marias Pass, described to + | Governor Stevens by Little Dog, the Blackfeet chieftain. + | + 1854 | James Doty explored the eastern base of the range and + | camped on lower St. Mary Lake from May 28 to June 6. + | + 1855 | Area now in park east of Continental Divide allotted as + | hunting grounds to the Blackfeet by treaty. + | + 1872 | International boundary survey authorized which fixed the + | location of the present north boundary of the park. + | + 1882-83 | Prof. Raphael Pumpelly made explorations in the region. + | + 1885 | George Bird Grinnell made the first of many trips to the region. + | + 1889 | J. F. Stevens explored Marias Pass as location of railroad line. + | + 1891 | Great Northern Railroad built through Marias Pass. + | + 1895 | Purchase of territory east of Continental Divide from the + | Blackfeet Indians for $1,500,000, to be thrown open to + | prospectors and miners. + | + 1901 | George Bird Grinnell published an article in Century Magazine + | which first called attention to the exceptional grandeur + | and beauty of the region and need for its conservation. + | + 1910 | Bill creating Glacier National Park was signed by President + | Taft on May 11. Maj. W. R. Logan became first superintendent. + | + 1932 | Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park dedicated. + | + 1933 | Going-to-the-Sun Highway opened to travel throughout its + | length. + | + 1934 | Franklin D. Roosevelt first President to visit Glacier National + | Park. + --------+----------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + +Contents + + + _Page_ + + International Peace Park 1 + + How to Reach Glacier Park 3 + By Rail 3 + By Automobile 3 + By Airplane 3 + + Centers of Interest 3 + Glacier Park Station 3 + Two Medicine 4 + Cutbank 6 + Red Eagle 6 + St. Mary and Sun Camp 6 + Many Glacier Region 8 + Belly River Valley, Waterton Lake, and Goathaunt 11 + Flattop Mountain and Granite Park 13 + Logan Pass 14 + Avalanche Camp 14 + Lake McDonald 15 + Sperry Chalets 16 + Belton 16 + + What to Do and See 17 + Fishing 17 + Hiking and Mountain Climbing 18 + Popular trails 21 + Swimming 22 + Camping out 22 + Photography 22 + + Park Highway System 22 + + How to Dress 23 + + Accommodations 24 + + Saddle-Horse Trips 25 + + All-Expense Tours by Bus 26 + + Transportation 27 + + Launches and Rowboats 28 + + Administration 28 + + Naturalist Service 29 + + Automobile Campgrounds 29 + + Post Offices 29 + + Miscellaneous 29 + + The Park's Geologic Story 30 + + Flora and Fauna 34 + + Ideal Place to See American Indians 34 + + References 37 + + Government Publications 40 + + +[Illustration: _Photo by Hileman._ KINNERLY PEAK FROM KINTLA LAKE] + + + + +GLACIER _National Park_ + +SEASON JUNE 15 TO SEPTEMBER 15 + + +Glacier National Park, in the Rocky Mountains of northwestern Montana, +established by act of Congress May 11, 1910, contains 981,681 acres, or +1,534 square miles, of the finest mountain country in America. Nestled +among the higher peaks are more than 60 glaciers and 200 beautiful +lakes. During the summer months it is possible to visit most of the +glaciers and many of the lakes with relatively little difficulty. +Horseback and foot trails penetrate almost all sections of the park. +Conveniently located trail camps, operated at a reasonable cost, make +it possible for visitors to enjoy the mountain scenery without having +to carry food and camping equipment. Many travelers hike or ride +through the mountains for days at a time, resting each evening at one +of these high mountain camps. The glaciers found in the park are among +the few in the United States which are easily accessible. + + + + +INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK + +The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park was established in 1932 +by Presidential proclamation, as authorized by the Congress of the +United States and the Canadian Parliament. + +At the dedication exercises in June of that year, the following message +from the President of the United States was read: + + + The dedication of the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park + is a further gesture of the good will that has so long blessed + our relations with our Canadian neighbors, and I am gratified by + the hope and the faith that it will forever be an appropriate + symbol of permanent peace and friendship. + + +In the administration of these areas each component part of the Peace +Park retains its nationality and individuality and functions as it did +before the union. + +[Illustration: _Copyright, Hileman._ WATERTON LAKE--THE INTERNATIONAL +PEACE LAKE] + + + + +HOW TO REACH GLACIER PARK + + +BY RAIL + +The park entrances are on the main transcontinental line of the Great +Northern Railway. Glacier Park Station, Mont., the eastern entrance, is +1,081 miles west of St. Paul, a ride of 30 hours. Belton, Mont., the +western entrance, is 637 miles east of Seattle, a ride of 20 hours. + +For information regarding railroad fares, service, etc., apply to +railroad ticket agents or address A. J. Dickinson, passenger-traffic +manager, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn. + +A regular bus schedule is maintained by the Glacier Park Transport Co. +to accommodate persons arriving by rail. + + +BY AUTOMOBILE + +Glacier National Park may be reached by motorists over a number of +well-marked automobile roads. The park approach roads connect with +several transcontinental highways. From both the east and west sides +automobile roads run north and connect with the road system in Canada, +and motorists may continue over these roads to the Canadian national +parks. Glacier National Park is the western terminus of the Custer +Battlefield Highway. + +A fee of $1 is charged for a permit to operate an automobile in Glacier +Park. This permit allows reentry into the park at any time during the +current season. Maximum speed limit in the park is 30 miles per hour. +On mountain climbs and winding roads, utmost care in driving is +demanded. All cautionary signs must be observed. + + +BY AIRPLANE + +Fast de luxe airplane service is available by Northwest Airlines to +Missoula, Mont., and Spokane, Wash., as is transportation via United +Air Lines, from the east and west coasts to Spokane. National Park +Airlines has a service from Salt Lake City, Utah, to Great Falls, Mont. + + + + +CENTERS OF INTEREST + + +GLACIER PARK STATION + +Glacier Park on the Great Northern Railway is the eastern entrance to +the park. It is located on the Great Plains, near the base of Glacier's +Rockies. It is on U S 2, which traverses from the east through northern +Montana along the southern boundary of the park to Belton, the western +entrance, and on to the Pacific coast. Glacier Park is also the southern +terminus of the Blackfeet Highway which parallels the eastern boundary +of the park and connects with the Alberta highway system. It is the +southern end of the Inside Trail to Two Medicine, Cutbank, Red Eagle, +and Sun Camp. + +The commodious Glacier Park Hotel, several lesser hotels, auto camps, +stores, an auxiliary park office, a Government fish hatchery, a post +office and other structures are located here. The village gives a +fine touch of western life, with Indians, cowboys, and picturesque +characters contributing to its color. An encampment of Blackfeet is +on Midvale Creek; these Indians sing, dance, and tell stories every +evening at the hotel. + + +TWO MEDICINE + +Two Medicine presents a turquoise mountain lake surrounded by majestic +forest-covered peaks separated by deep glaciated valleys. A road leads +into it from the Blackfeet Highway and ends at the chalets near the +foot of Two Medicine Lake. Across the water rises Sinopah Mountain, +while to the north sweep upward the gray-green slopes of Rising Wolf +to terminate in purple-red argillites and snow banks. One of the most +inviting camp sites of the park is immediately below the outlet of the +lake, not far from the chalets. From it, one looks across a smaller +lake, banked with gnarled and twisted limber pines, to the superb +mountain scenery in every direction. + +The cirques and broad mountain valleys above timberline are studded +with cobalt blue lakes, and carpeted with multicolored beds of flowers. +Mountain goats and sheep are frequently seen in these higher regions. +Beaver colonies are located at the outlet of Two Medicine Lake and +elsewhere around it, making this one of the best regions in the park +to study these interesting mammals. An abundance of brook and rainbow +trout in Two Medicine waters makes it a favorite spot for fishermen. + +[Illustration: _Photo by Hileman._ TRICK FALLS IN TWO MEDICINE CREEK] + +A campfire entertainment with a short popular talk is conducted every +evening in the campfire circle of the auto camp by a resident ranger +naturalist. Both chalet and campground guests avail themselves of the +opportunity to meet for pleasure and instruction under the stars. +Trails for hikers and saddle-horse parties radiate to adjacent points +of interest: to Glacier Park via Scenic Point and Mount Henry, to Upper +Two Medicine Lake and Dawson Pass, to Two Medicine Pass and Paradise +Park, and up the Dry Fork to Cutbank Pass and Valley. A daily afternoon +launch trip across Two Medicine Lake brings the visitor to the foot of +Sinopah, from which there is a short, delightful path through dense +evergreen forest to the foot of Twin Falls. Trick Falls, near the +highway bridge across Two Medicine River, 2 miles below the lake, is +more readily accessible and should be visited by everyone entering the +valley. A great portion of its water issues from a cave beneath its +brink. In the early season it appears a very proper waterfall, paneled +by lofty spruce with the purple, snow-crowned Rising Wolf Mountain in +the background. In late season water issues from the cave alone, with +the dry fall over its yawning opening. + + +CUTBANK + +Cutbank is a primitive, densely wooded valley with a singing mountain +stream. Six miles above the Blackfeet Highway are a quiet chalet, +a ranger station, and a small grove for auto campers. A spur lane, +leaving the highway at Cutbank Bridge, 4 miles north of the Browning +Wye, brings the autoist to this terminus. A more popular means of +approach is on horseback, over Cutbank Pass from Two Medicine or over +Triple Divide Pass from Red Eagle. Cutbank is a favorite site for +stream fishermen. At the head of the valley above Triple Divide Pass is +the Triple Divide Peak (8,001 feet) which parts its waters between the +three oceans surrounding North America, i. e., its drainage is through +the Missouri-Mississippi system to the Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic), +through the Saskatchewan system to Hudson Bay (Arctic), and through the +Columbia system to the Pacific. + + +RED EAGLE + +Red Eagle Lake in Red Eagle Valley is reached by trail only from +Cutbank over Triple Divide Pass or from St. Mary Chalets or Sun +Camp via the Many Falls Trail. From the lake rise imposing Split, +Almost-a-Dog, and Red Eagle Mountains. On its sloping forested sides +reposes Red Eagle Camp, which furnishes rest and shelter. It is a +stopping place for travelers on the Inside Trail from Sun Camp or St. +Mary to Glacier Park, and is a favorite spot for fishermen, as large, +gamey, cutthroat trout abound in the waters of the lake. Reached by a +secondary, picturesque trail that winds through magnificent forests, +the head of Red Eagle Creek originates in a broad, grassy area almost +as high as the Continental Divide. This bears Red Eagle Glacier and a +number of small unnamed lakes, and is hemmed in by imposing rock walls +and serrate peaks. + + +ST. MARY AND SUN CAMP + +To many people Upper St. Mary Lake is the most sublime of all mountain +lakes of the world. From its foot roll the plains northeastward to +Hudson Bay and the Arctic. Its long and slender surface is deep emerald +green, nestled in a salient in the Front Range, with peaks rising +majestically a mile sheer over three of its sides. These for the most +part possess names of Indian origin: Going-to-the-Sun, Piegan, Little +Chief, Mahtotopa Red Eagle, and Curley Bear. + +[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ GOING-TO-THE-SUN CHALETS] + +St. Mary Chalet at the lower end of the lake, Going-to-the-Sun Chalets +(Sun Camp) near the upper end, Roes Creek Camp Grounds on the north +shore, and a hikers' camp at the outlet of Baring Creek furnish ample +accommodations for all classes of visitors. + +The celebrated Going-to-the-Sun Highway from St. Mary Junction over +Logan Pass to Lake McDonald runs along the north shore of St. Mary Lake +past Roes Creek Camp. Spurs connect the chalets. Trails centering at +Sun Camp lead everywhere: Along the south shore (the Many Falls Trail) +to Red Eagle and St. Mary Chalets; up St. Mary Valley to Blackfeet +Glacier, Gunsight Lake, and over Gunsight Pass to Lake Ellen Wilson, +Sperry Chalets, and Lake McDonald; up Reynolds Creek over Logan Pass +and along the Garden Wall to Granite Park; a spur from the trail up +the same creek turns right and joins at Preston Meadows, high on +Going-to-the-Sun Mountain, with another trail from Sun Camp which leads +up Baring Creek past Sexton Glacier and over Siyeh Pass; from Preston +Meadows over Piegan Pass and down Cataract Canyon to Many Glacier; up +Roes Creek to Roes Basin; up Mount Reynolds to a fire look-out. + +A ranger naturalist is stationed at Sun Camp who conducts field trips +daily, lectures each evening in the chalet lobby, and maintains a +cut-flower exhibit there. Small stores are maintained at both chalets; +gasoline is obtainable at each. Scenic twilight launch rides on the +lake are featured when the waters are calm. The ranger-naturalist +generally accompanies these trips to impart interesting information +about the lake and mountains. + +Walks and hikes are popular at Sun Camp--to Baring, St. Mary, Florence, +and Virginia Falls; to Roes and Baring Basins; to Sexton and Blackfeet +Glaciers; to the summit of Goat Mountain. Sunrift Gorge, 100 feet north +of the highway at Baring Creek Bridge, should be seen by everyone. It +can be reached by trail from Sun Camp. + + +MANY GLACIER REGION + +For many Swiftcurrent Lake is the hub of points of interest, to be +surpassed by no other spot in the park. From it branch many deep and +interesting glacial valleys. Fishing, boating, swimming, hiking, +photographing, mountain climbing, horseback riding, and nature study +are to be enjoyed at their best here. It is reached by an excellent +spur road from the Blackfeet Highway at Babb, or by trail from Sun +Camp, Granite Park, and Waterton Lakes. + +Many Glacier Hotel, the largest hotel in the park, is located on +Swiftcurrent Lake. Just beyond the hotel is an excellent auto camp and +a group of auto housekeeping cabins. The hotel has telegraph and +telephone services, an information desk, curio shop, a grill room and +soda fountain, swimming pool, barber and shoe-shining shop, photograph +shop, a first-aid medical establishment, and other services. A garage +is situated near the hotel. A store with an ample line of campers' +needs, including fresh meat, bread, butter, and eggs, is located in +the auto campground. + +Ranger-naturalist service is available at Many Glacier. This includes +daily field walks; a nightly lecture augmented by motion pictures and +slides in the Convention Hall in the basement of the hotel; an evening +campfire entertainment in the auto camp; a cut-flower and geological +exhibit in the hotel lobby and in the auto camp; a small museum on the +opposite shore of the lake from the hotel, on the road leading to the +campground; a self-guiding trail around Swiftcurrent Lake; information +service in the museum; a naturalist-accompanied launch trip on +Swiftcurrent and Josephine Lakes in the afternoon. In addition to this +last-named, several other launch trips are taken daily on these lakes. +This service may be used to shorten hikers' distance to Grinnell Lake +and Glacier. + +[Illustration: _Grant photo._ PICTURESQUE GLACIER PARK HOTEL] + +Many Glacier is a center for fishermen, as there are a dozen good +fishing lakes in the vicinity. Rainbow, brook, and cutthroat trout +abound in Swiftcurrent, Josephine, and Grinnell Lakes, and the lakes +of the Upper Swiftcurrent Valley. Wall-eyed pike are plentiful in Lake +Sherburne, the only body of water in the park in which these fish are +found. + +There are many excellent trails in the Swiftcurrent region. Cracker +Lake, Morning Eagle Falls, Cataract Falls, Grinnell Lake, Grinnell +Glacier, Iceberg Lake, and Ptarmigan Lake are all reached by oiled +horseback trails. Good footpaths lead around Swiftcurrent and Josephine +Lakes to the summit of Mount Altyn and to Appekunny Falls and Cirque. + +[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ BIGHORN RAMS ARE AMONG THE MANY +INTERESTING ANIMALS TO BE SEEN IN GLACIER] + +The possibility of seeing and studying wildlife is best in the Many +Glacier region. Except during midsummer, mountain sheep are commonly +seen at close range around the chalets or in the flats above Lake +Sherburne. Throughout summer they are high on the slopes of Mount Altyn +or Henkel. Mountain goats are often seen clinging to the precipitous +Pinnacle Wall on the way to Iceberg Lake, or on Grinnell Mountain while +en route to Grinnell Glacier, or on the trail to Cracker Lake. Black +bears and grizzlies occasionally visit the grounds near the hotel. +Conies are to be heard bleating among the rock slides back of the +ranger station along the trail to Iceberg Lake, or near the footpath +across the lake from the hotel. Early in the morning, or at twilight, +beavers are frequently seen swimming in the lake. Marmots are common in +many valleys near the hotel and auto camp. Deer infrequently visit the +region. Hikers, horseback riders, and rangers have reported seeing such +rare animals as foxes, wolves, and lynxes. Without moving from one's +comfortable chair on the veranda of the hotel one may watch the ospreys +soaring back and forth over the lake in quest of fish. These graceful +and interesting birds have their huge nest on top of a dead tree across +the lake from the hotel. The pair of birds return annually to the same +nest. Beside Swiftcurrent Falls, two families of nesting water ouzels +may be studied at close range. + + +BELLY RIVER VALLEY, WATERTON LAKE, AND GOATHAUNT + +Though much like Swiftcurrent Valley in topographical make-up, the +Belly River district is much wilder and more heavily forested. It is +accessible by trail only from Many Glacier over Ptarmigan Wall or from +Waterton Lake over Indian Pass. These, with spur trails to Helen and +Margaret Lakes, make up the principal trail system. The Glacier Park +Saddle Horse Co. maintains a comfortable mountain camp on Crossley +Lake, where food and lodging are available at reasonable rates. Fishing +is good in the lakes of the Belly River country. The 33-mile trip from +Many Glacier to Waterton is one of the finest to be taken in the park. +Crossley Lake Camp is approximately midway. + +The International Waterton Lake and the northern boundary line of +Glacier National Park mutually bisect each other at right angles. Mount +Cleveland rises 6,300 feet sheer above the head of the lake. Waterton +Lake townsite, Alberta, is located at the foot. It is reached by +highway from Glacier Park, Babb, Cardston, Lethbridge, Calgary, and +points in the Canadian Rockies. The modern Prince of Wales Hotel, +several other hostelries, cabin camps, garages, stores, and other +conveniences are in the settlement. A 12-mile spur highway leads to +Cameron Lake, another international body of water on whose northern +(Canadian) shore is a fine example of a sphagnum bog. Another winding +road leads to a colorful canyon known as "Red Rock." + +A picturesque cut-off highway over aspen-covered foothills around the +very base of majestic Chief Mountain, and beginning at a point 4 miles +north of Babb, leads to Waterton Lakes Park in Canada. + +Trails lead from the village to principal points of interest in the +Canadian Park as well as up the west shore to the head of the lake at +which are situated the Government ranger station and Goathaunt Camp. +The head of the lake is more readily reached by the daily launch +service from Waterton Village, or over trail from Many Glacier by +Crossley Lake Camp, or by Granite Park and Flattop Mountain. A scenic +trail leads to Rainbow Falls and up Olson Valley to Browns Pass, Bowman +Lake, Hole-in-the-Wall Falls, Boulder Pass, and Kintla Lake in the +northwest corner of the park. There are no hotel or camp accommodations +at Bowman or Kintla Lakes. + +[Illustration: _Grant photo._ HORSEBACK PARTY ON BOULDER PASS] + +Game is varied and abundant at Waterton Lake. Moose are sometimes seen +in the swampy lakes along Upper Waterton River. Later in the season, +bull elk are heard bugling their challenge through the night. Deer are +seen both at Waterton Lake Village and Goathaunt Camp. Sheep and goats +live on neighboring slopes. One does not have to leave the trail to see +evidence of the work of the beaver. The trail down Waterton Valley has +had to be relocated from time to time, as these industrious workers +flooded the right-of-way. A colony lives at the mouth of the creek +opposite Goathaunt Camp. Otters have been seen in the lakes in the +evening. Marten have bobbed up irregularly at the ranger station. + +Bird life is abundant in this district, because of the variety of +cover. Waterfowl are frequently seen on the lake. A pair of ospreys +nest near the mouth of Olson Creek. Pine grosbeaks, warblers, vireos, +kinglets, and smaller birds abound in the hawthorne and cottonwood +trees, and in the alder thickets. + + +FLATTOP MOUNTAIN AND GRANITE PARK + +Glacier Park has within its boundary two parallel mountain ranges. +The eastern, or front range, extends from the Canadian boundary almost +without a break to New Mexico. The western, or Livingston Range, rises +at the head of Lake McDonald, becomes the front range beyond the +international line, and runs northwestward to Alaska. Between these two +ranges in the center of the park is a broad swell which carries the +Continental Divide from one to the other. This is Flattop Mountain, +whose groves of trees are open and parklike, wholly unlike the dense +forests of the lowlands with which every park visitor is well +acquainted. + +A trail leads south from Waterton over Flattop to the tent camp called +"Fifty Mountain" and to Granite Park, where a comfortable high-mountain +chalet is located. Here is exposed a great mass of lava, which once +welled up from the interior of the earth and spread over the region +which was then the bottom of a sea. The chalets command a fine view of +the majestic grouping of mountains around Logan Pass, of the noble +summits of the Livingston Range, and of systems far to the south and +west of the park. Extending in the near foreground are gentle slopes +covered with sparse clumps of stunted vegetation. In early July open +spaces are gold-carpeted with glacier lillies and bizarrely streaked +with lingering snow patches. Beyond are the deep, heavy forests of +Upper McDonald Valley. + +The chalets may also be reached from Sun Camp and Logan Pass over a +trail along the Garden Wall, from the highway 2 miles above the western +switchback by a 4-mile trail, from Avalanche Camp and Lake McDonald +over the McDonald Valley trail, and from Many Glacier by the beautiful +trail over Swiftcurrent Pass. A short distance from the chalets a spur +from the trail to the Waterton Lake leads to Ahern Pass, from which +there is an unexcelled view of Ahern Glacier, Mount Merritt, Helen and +Elizabeth Lakes, and the South Fork of the Belly River. This spur is +only a mile from the chalets. At Fifty Mountain Camp, half-way between +Granite Park and Waterton, a second spur, a quarter of a mile long, +takes one above Flattop Mountain to the summit of the knife-edge. From +here there is a fine panorama of Mount Cleveland, Sue Lake, and Middle +Fork of Belly River. + +A foot trail 1 mile long leads from the Granite Park chalet to the +summit of Swiftcurrent Mountain upon which a fire lookout is located. +For the small amount of effort required to make this ascent of 1,000 +feet, no more liberal reward of mountain scenery could be possible. +Another foot trail leads from the chalets to the rim of the Garden +Wall, from which there are splendid views of Grinnell Glacier and the +Swiftcurrent region. + +Animal life is varied and easily studied at Granite Park. Bear and deer +are common in this section. Mountain goats are frequently seen above +Flattop Mountain or near Ahern Pass. Mountain sheep graze on the slopes +of the Garden Wall. Ptarmigan should be looked for, especially above +Swiftcurrent Pass. + +Granite Park is a paradise for lovers of alpine flowers. On the Garden +Wall, the connoisseur should seek for the rare, heavenly blue alpine +columbine. Here are expanses of dryads, globe flowers, alpine firewood, +and a wealth of others. Early July is the best time for floral beauty. + + +LOGAN PASS + +Logan Pass lies between the headwaters of Logan and Reynolds Creeks. It +crosses the Continental Divide and carries the Going-to-the-Sun Highway +from Lake McDonald to Upper St. Mary Lake and the trail from Sun Camp +to Granite Park. + +Though there are no overnight stopping places on the pass, its +accessibility by automobile makes it a starting place for several +delightful walks, chiefly to Hidden Lake, which occupies a basin only +recently evacuated by ice, and tiny Clements Glacier, which sends its +water to both the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, and which has been termed +"Museum Glacier" because it encompasses in its few hundred acres of +surficial area all of the principal features of a major glacier. + +Ranger-naturalist services, including short field trips, are available +daily throughout summer on the pass. + + +AVALANCHE CAMP + +Avalanche auto camp is located in a grove of cedars and cottonwoods on +a picturesque flat at the mouth of Avalanche Creek. It is equipped with +modern toilets, showers, and laundry, but has no stores or gasoline +station. A Government ranger naturalist and a camp tender serve the +camp, which is on Going-to-the-Sun Highway. + +Near the upper end of the camp, Avalanche Creek has cut a deep, narrow +gorge through brilliant red argillite. It is filled with potholes +scoured out by stones swirled in the foaming torrent. Drooping +hemlocks, festooned with goatsbeard lichen, keep the spot in cool, +somber gloom even on the hottest midday. This gorge is the home of the +water ouzel, which is often seen flying back and forth in the spray. + +From the gorge, a self-guiding trail leads 2 miles to Avalanche Basin, +a semicircular amphitheater with walls over 2,000 feet high over which +plunge a half dozen snowy waterfalls. A dense forest and calm lake +repose on the floor of the cirque. Fishing is good in the lake. The +narrow canyon through which the trail leads from the camp offers fine +views of Heaven's Peak, Mount Cannon, Bearhat Mountain, Gunsight +Mountain with the cirque bearing Sperry Glacier, and the canyon in +which Hidden Lake reposes. In the early season the walls of the basin +and canyon are draped with countless waterfalls. The sides of Cannon +and Bearhat offer one of the most opportune places for seeing mountain +goats. In late season huckleberries are abundant. + +A ranger naturalist conducts an entertainment every evening in the +campfire circle in the auto camp. + + +LAKE MCDONALD + +Lake McDonald is the largest lake in the park, being 10 miles long and +a mile wide. Its shores are heavily forested with cedar, hemlock, +white pine, and larch. At its head, impressive, rocky summits rise to +elevations 6,000 feet above its waters. The Going-to-the-Sun Highway +runs along its southeastern shore. Its outlet is 2 miles above Belton +station. + +Lake McDonald Hotel is on the highway near the upper end of the lake. +It has a store for general supplies, a gasoline station, curio shop, +and all modern conveniences. Its dining room, facing the lake, is one +of the most appropriate and charming in the park. Its lobby is filled +with well-mounted animals and birds of the region. It is the focal +point for trails to Sperry Chalet and Gunsight Pass, Upper McDonald +Valley, the summit of Mount Brown, and Arrow Lake. There is good +fishing in Arrow and Snyder Lakes. + +Private cabin camps are located at the head and foot of the lake. A +general store and gasoline filling station are located at the foot of +the lake. A well-equipped public auto campground is at Sprague Creek, +near Lake McDonald Hotel. + +Ranger-naturalist services are available at the hotel. Lectures on +popular natural history are delivered each evening in the hotel lobby +and at the Sprague Creek campfire circle. A cut wild-flower exhibit is +also placed in the hotel. Self-guiding trails lead to Fish and Johns +Lakes, short distances from the hotel. + + +SPERRY CHALETS + +Sperry Chalets are located in a picturesque high-mountain cirque, +with precipitous, highly colored Edwards, Gunsight, and Lincoln Peaks +hemming it in on three sides. It is reached by trail only from Lake +McDonald and from Sun Camp via Gunsight and Lincoln Passes. + +Mountain climbing, exploring Sperry Glacier, fishing in nearby Lake +Ellen Wilson, and meeting mountain goats are the chief diversions of +this entrancing spot, located at timberline. During late afternoons +goats are to be seen perched against the cirque walls. Practically +every evening they start down for the chalets, to reach there after +midnight and fill expectant visitors with joy. Besides these, deer, +marmots, conies, and Clark nutcrackers and other wildlife are abundant. + + +BELTON + +Belton, on the Great Northern Railway, is the entrance to the west +side of the park. It has stores, hotel, chalet, and a cabin camp to +accommodate the visitor. + +[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT] + + + + +WHAT TO DO AND SEE + + +FISHING + +The waters of Glacier National Park abound in fish. All popular species +of trout have been planted. They have thrived owing to the abundant +natural fish foods and the nearly constant temperature of the waters +the year around. Cutthroat, eastern brook, and rainbow, are the most +abundant. Fly fishing is the greatest sport, but spinners and the +ever-abundant grasshopper may be used successfully by those not skilled +in the use of the fly. In the larger lakes a Mackinaw or Dolly Varden +weighing 40 pounds is a possibility. All fishing must be in conformity +with the park regulations. + +[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ FISHING THE RAPIDS] + +_Two Medicine Chalets._--Two Medicine Lake has become well known for +its eastern brook and rainbow trout. Good fishing is also found in the +Two Medicine River below Trick Falls. This lake and stream are probably +better stocked than any in the park, because of the proximity to the +hatchery at the eastern entrance. + +_Cut Bank Chalets._--This camp is located on the banks of the North +Fork of Cut Bank Creek, which may be fished both ways from the camp for +a distance of from 3 to 5 miles. Cutthroat and eastern brook inhabit +this section, and the fisherman who takes the center of the stream and +fishes with skill is sure of a well-filled creel. The South Fork at Cut +Bank Creek is a wild little stream, well stocked, but little known. + +_St. Mary Chalets._--St. Mary Lake is the home of the Mackinaw trout, +as well as cutthroat and rainbow trout. Numerous streams empty into +this lake from which a goodly toll may be taken with fly or spinner. +Red Eagle Lake, easily reached by trail from St. Mary Chalets, is one +of the best fishing spots in the park. There is also good fishing in +Red Eagle Creek. + +_Going-to-the-Sun Chalets._--The lakes in Roes Creek Basin will furnish +excellent sport. For the large Mackinaw trout the upper end of St. Mary +Lake is a good place. Gunsight Lake, 9 miles distant, is well stocked +with rainbow trout. + +_Many Glacier Hotel._--Lake Sherburne contains pike, Lake Superior +whitefish, and rainbow and cutthroat trout. Pike, and often a +cutthroat, are readily taken with the troll. Swiftcurrent River affords +good stream fishing for the fly caster. Swiftcurrent, Grinnell, +Josephine, and Ptarmigan Lakes are famous for cutthroat, eastern brook, +and rainbow trout. The small lakes along the Swiftcurrent Pass Trail +abound in eastern brook and rainbow trout. Cracker Lake is always ready +to fill the creel with a small black-spotted trout. + +The North and South Forks of Kennedy Creek are excellent for fishing. +Cutthroats are abundant in them and in Slide Lake. Lower Kennedy Lake +on the South Fork abounds in grayling. + +_Lake McDonald Hotel._--Fishing in Lake McDonald is good but there is +unusually good trout fishing in Fish Lake (2 miles), Avalanche Lake (9 +miles), Snyder Lake (5 miles), and Lincoln Lake (11 miles). Trout Lake +(7 miles) and Arrow Lake (11 miles), as well as McDonald Creek, also +furnish a good day's sport. + +There is a good automobile road to within 3 miles of Avalanche Lake. + +_Red Eagle Tent Camp._--Red Eagle Lake and Red Eagle Creek, both above +and below the lake, abound in large cutthroat trout, some attaining the +weight of 7 pounds. + +_Crossley Lake Tent Camp._--Crossley and other lakes on the Middle Fork +of the Belly River furnish excellent sport. Cutthroat and Mackinaw +trout are found here. Large rainbow trout and grayling abound in +Elizabeth Lake. In the Belly River proper, rainbow and cutthroat trout +and grayling are plentiful. + +_Goathaunt Tent Camp._--Large Mackinaw and cutthroat trout are found in +Waterton Lake; eastern brook trout are numerous in Waterton River; Lake +Francis on Olson Creek abounds in rainbow trout. + + +HIKING AND MOUNTAIN CLIMBING + +The park is a paradise for hikers and mountain climbers. There are +numerous places of interest near all hotels and chalets which can be +visited by easy walks. Or trips can be made to occupy one or more days, +stops being planned at various hostelries or camping sites en route. + +Space does not permit giving detailed information regarding points +of interest along the trails, but this can be secured from Elrod's +Guidebook and the United States topographic map. Directional signs are +posted at all trail junctions. There is not the slightest danger of +hikers getting lost if they stay on the trails. It is safe to travel +any of these trails alone. Unless wild animals in the park are molested +or are protecting their young they never attack human beings. + +Hikers should secure a topographic map of the park which shows all +streams, lakes, glaciers, mountains, and other principal features in +their proper positions. With a little practice it can be read easily. +The official map can be purchased for 25 cents at the superintendent's +office at Belton, the administration office at Glacier Park Station, +the hotels, and all registration stations at the park entrances. + +The trip should not be ruined by attempting too much. An average of 2 +or 3 miles per hour is good hiking time in the rough park country. One +thousand feet of climb per hour is satisfactory progress over average +trails. In this rugged country hikes of 15 miles or more should be +attempted only by those who are accustomed to long, hard trips. An +attempt at mountain climbing or "stunts" should not be made alone +unless one is thoroughly acquainted with the nature of Glacier's +mountains and weather. Too often "stunts" result in serious body +injuries, or even death, as well as much arduous work for rangers and +others. Hikers should consult a ranger naturalist or information ranger +before venturing on a hazardous, novel, or new undertaking. No one but +an experienced mountaineer should attempt to spend a night in the open. +Shelter cabins, for free use by parties overtaken by a storm, have been +erected by the Government on Indian, Piegan, and Gunsight Passes. They +are equipped with flagstone floors, stoves, and a limited supply of +fuel wood. Mountain etiquette demands that they not be left in a +disorderly state, that no more fuel be consumed than is absolutely +necessary, and that their privileges and advantages not be abused. + +Shelter is not available in some of the most beautiful sections of the +park. To those who are sufficiently sturdy to pack blankets, cooking +utensils, and provisions, and are sufficiently versed in woodcraft +to take care of themselves overnight, Glacier presents wonderful +opportunities. Provisions can be purchased at Glacier Park Station, +Belton, and at any hotel or chalet in the park. For fire prevention, +it is unlawful to build campfires (or fires of any kind) except at +designated places. The location of these sites can be ascertained from +park rangers. Unless one is an experienced mountaineer and thoroughly +familiar with the park, it is unwise to go far from the regular trails +alone. He should not scorn the services of a guide on such trips. +_Above all, he should not attempt to hike across country from one trail +to another._ The many sheer cliffs make this extremely dangerous. + +If one is a veteran mountaineer and plans to climb peaks or explore +trackless country, he should take the precaution to leave an outline of +his plans at his hotel, chalet, or camp, giving especially the time he +expects to return or reach his next stopping place. + +At each ranger station, hotel, chalet, and permanent camp in the park +will be found a "Hiker's Register" book. Everyone is urged for his own +protection to make use of these registers, entering briefly his name, +home address, time of departure, plans, and probability of taking side +trips or of changing plans. The hotel clerk should be informed of these +at the time of departure. If a ranger is not there, this information +should be entered in the register which will be found near the door +outside the building, so that when the ranger returns he can report +it to the next station or to headquarters. These precautions are to +protect the park visitor. In case of injury or loss, rangers will +immediately investigate. + +In planning hiking trips, the following should also be taken into +consideration: At higher elevations one sunburns easily and painfully +because of the rarity of the atmosphere and intense brightness of the +sun. Hikers should include in their kits amber goggles and cold cream +for glacier and high mountain trips. + +Footwear is most important. A hike should not be started with shoes +or boots that have not been thoroughly broken in. Because feet swell +greatly on a long trip, hiking shoes should be at least a half size +larger than street shoes. They need not be heavy, awkward shoes--in +fact, light shoes are much easier on the feet. Most people are made +uncomfortable by high-top boots or shoes which retard the circulation +of the calves. Six-or eight-inch tops are sufficient. Soles should be +flexible, preferably of some composition which is not slippery when +wet. Crepe soles are excellent for mountain climbing and for fishing. +Hobnailed shoes are necessary only for grassy slopes or cross-country +work. Hungarian nails are much to be preferred to hobs, and only a +light studding of soles and heels is most effective. White silk socks +should be worn next to the feet, a pair of heavy wool (German) socks +over them. Soaking the feet daily in salt or alum solution toughens +them. On a hike the feet should be bathed in cold water whenever +possible. + +Hiking trips with ranger naturalists are described under that service. +There are many interesting short side trips from all hotels, chalets, +and camps. Short self-guiding trails upon which interesting objects +of natural history are fittingly labeled have been established at the +following places: + +1. Around Swiftcurrent Lake (2-1/2 miles). + +2. From Lake McDonald Hotel to Fish Lake (2 miles). + +3. From Lake McDonald Hotel to Johns Lake (2 miles). + +4. From Avalanche Campground to Avalanche Lake (2 miles). + +Lunches may be ordered from hotels and chalets the night before a trip. +If an early departure is planned, it should be so stated upon ordering +the lunch. + + +POPULAR TRAILS + +(Figures indicate altitude in feet above sea level) + +Glacier Park Hotel (4,796) to Two Medicine Chalets (5,175) via Mount +Henry Trail (7,500). Distance, 11 miles. + +Two Medicine Chalets to Cut Bank Chalets (5,100) via Cut Bank Pass +(7,600), 17-1/2 miles. + +Cut Bank Chalets via Triple Divide Pass (7,400) and Triple Divide Peak +(8,001) to Red Eagle Camp on Red Eagle Lake (4,702), 16 miles. + +Red Eagle Camp to St. Mary Chalets (4,500), 9 miles. + +The Many Falls Trail: Red Eagle Camp via the south shore of St. Mary +Lake and Virginia Falls to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets (4,500), 11-1/2 +miles. + +The 2-day trip, St. Mary Chalets to Red Eagle Camp (7 miles) and thence +over Many Falls Trail to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, is excellent. + +Going-to-the-Sun Chalets via Sunrift Gorge (4,800), Siyeh (8,100), and +Piegan (7,800) Passes to Many Glacier Hotel (4,861), 17-1/2 miles. + +Going-to-the-Sun Chalets via Reynolds Creek, Preston Park, and Piegan +Pass to Many Glacier Hotel, 19 miles. + +Many Glacier Hotel to Granite Park Chalets (6,600) via Swiftcurrent +Pass (7,176), 9 miles. + +Granite Park Chalets to Lake McDonald Hotel (3,167) via McDonald Creek, +18 miles. + +Granite Park Chalets (6,600) via Logan Pass (6,654) to Going-to-the-Sun +Chalets (4,500), 18 miles. + +Granite Park Chalets to the Going-to-the-Sun Highway (5,200) meeting it +2 miles above the switchback, 4 miles. + +Granite Park Chalets to Goathaunt Camp at Waterton Lake (4,200) via +Flattop Mountain (6,500), 20 miles. A short side trail leads to Ahern +Pass, from which is obtained a splendid view of the valley of the South +Fork of Belly River. Another from Flattop Mountain to the Summit of the +Continental Divide overlooks Sue Lake and the Middle Fork of the Belly +River. Fifty Mountain Camp is midway between Granite Park and Goathaunt +Camp. + +Goathaunt Camp to Browns Pass (6,450), Boulder Pass (8,200), and +Hole-in-the-Wall Falls, 15 miles. One of the most scenic trips in the +park. From Boulder Pass a trail leads to Kintla Lake; from Browns Pass +a trail to Bowman Lake. A secondary road leads from Kintla to Bowman +Lakes, 20 miles. + +Goathaunt Camp via Indian Pass (7,400) to Crossley Lake Camp (4,855), +18 miles. + +Crossley Lake Camp to Many Glacier Hotel (4,861) via the celebrated +Ptarmigan Trail which includes a 183-foot tunnel through Ptarmigan +Wall, 17 miles. + +Lake McDonald Hotel to Avalanche Camp (3,400), 6-1/2 miles. + +Avalanche Camp to Avalanche Lake (3,885), 2 miles. + +Lake McDonald Hotel to Sperry Chalets (6,500), 6 miles. From Sperry +Chalets to Sperry Glacier, 2-1/2 miles. + +Sperry Chalets to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets (4,500) via Lincoln (7,000) +and Gunsight (6,900) Passes, 13 miles. + + +SWIMMING + +While it is possible for visitors to indulge in lake bathing, it will +be found that the water of the lakes, usually just from the melting +glaciers, is uncomfortably cold, and for this reason is not enjoyed +except by the most hardy. Swimming pools and plunges with warmed water +are provided at Glacier Park Hotel and Many Glacier Hotel. + + +CAMPING OUT + +The traveler who is not in a hurry may camp out in the magnificent +wilderness of the park, carrying equipment in his automobile and +staying as long as he wishes in any of the free Government campgrounds, +or he may carry his bed and provisions on his back. With a competent +guide and a complete camping outfit the park visitor may set forth upon +the trails to wander at will. On such trips one may venture far afield, +explore glaciers, climb divides for extraordinary views, linger for the +best fishing, or spend idle days in spots of inspirational beauty. + +The Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co. provides excellent small sleeping +tents and a complete outfitting of comforts for pack trips. + +There are several important points to be remembered on such trips: + +A Government topographic map should be procured and consulted +frequently. + +Extreme care should be taken about fires. No fire should be left even +for a few minutes unless it is _entirely extinguished_. It should be +_drenched completely with water_. + + +PHOTOGRAPHY + +Glacier offers exceptional views to delight the photographer. While +the scenic attractions are most commonly photographed, the animals, the +flowers, and the picturesque Blackfeet Indians provide interesting +subjects. Photographic laboratories are maintained at Many Glacier, +Lake McDonald, and Glacier Park Hotels, and at Belton village. Expert +information regarding exposures and settings is also available at +these places. + + + + +PARK HIGHWAY SYSTEM + + +The Blackfeet Highway, lying along the east side of the park, is an +improved highway, leading from Glacier Park Station to the Canadian +line via Babb, Mont., and from the line to Waterton Lakes Park and +other Canadian points via Cardston, Alberta. There is also an improved +picturesque cut-off highway, which branches from this road at Kennedy +Creek Junction, 4 miles north of Babb, leading around the base of Chief +Mountain to Waterton Lakes Park. Improved highways lead from the +Blackfeet Highway to Two Medicine Lake, the Cutbank Chalets, and Many +Glacier Hotel on Swiftcurrent Lake. + +The Theodore Roosevelt Highway (US 2) follows the southern boundary of +the park from Glacier Park Station to Belton, a distance of 58 miles, +and a trip over this highway affords views of excellent scenery. + +The spectacular Going-to-the-Sun Highway, well known as one of the +outstanding scenic roadways of the world, links the east and west sides +of the park, crossing the Continental Divide through Logan Pass at an +altitude of 6,654 feet, and connects with the Blackfeet Highway at St. +Marys Junction, a distance of 51 miles from Belton. East of the divide +an improved spur road leads to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets on famous St. +Marys Lake. On the west side at Apgar, 2 miles above Belton, a narrow +dirt road follows the north fork of the Flathead River to Bowman and +Kintla Lakes. + + + + +HOW TO DRESS + + +As a rule tourists are inclined to carry too much. There are no +unnecessary formalities and no need for formal clothes in Glacier Park, +where guests are expected to relax from everyday affairs of living. An +inexpensive and simple outfit is required--old clothes and stout shoes +are the rule. These, together with toilet articles, can be wrapped into +a compact bundle and put into a haversack or bag. For saddle trips, +hiking, or idling, both men and women wear riding breeches for greater +comfort and freedom. Golf knickers are also satisfactory. "Shorts", +such as are worn by Boy Scouts, are not generally feasible in this +park. Ordinary cotton khaki breeches will do, although woolen ones are +preferable; lightweight woolen underwear and overshirt are advised +because of rapid changes of temperature. A sweater or woolen mackinaw +jacket, 1 or 2 pairs of cotton gloves, and a raincoat are generally +serviceable. Waterproof slickers are furnished free with saddle horses. + +Supplies and essential articles of clothing of good quality, including +boots, shoes, leggings, socks, haversacks, shirts, slickers, blankets, +camping equipment, and provisions, may be purchased at well-stocked +commissaries at Glacier Park, Many Glacier, and Lake McDonald Hotels +and at the camp store at Many Glacier campground. The Glacier Park Hotel +Co., which operates these commissaries, also makes a practice of +renting, at a nominal figure, riding outfits, mackinaw coats, and other +overgarments. Stores carrying a similar general line of articles most +useful in making park trips are located at Belton and at Glacier Park +village. There is a store carrying provisions, cigars, tobacco, and +fishermen's supplies at the foot of Lake McDonald. + + + + +ACCOMMODATIONS + + +The Glacier Park Hotel Co., under franchise from the Department of the +Interior, operates the hotel and chalet system in the park and the +Belton Chalets. This system includes the Glacier Park Hotel at Glacier +Park Station, an imposing structure built of massive logs, nearly as +long as the Capitol at Washington, accommodating 400 guests; the Many +Glacier Hotel on Swiftcurrent Lake, accommodating over 500 guests; and +the Lake McDonald Hotel on Lake McDonald, with capacity for 100 guests. + +The chalet groups are from 10 to 18 miles apart, but within hiking +distance of one another or of the hotels, and provide excellent +accommodations for trail tourists. They are located at Two Medicine, +Cutbank, St. Mary, Sun Camp, Granite Park, Sperry, and Belton. In +addition to these, the Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co. maintains tent +camps at Red Eagle Lake, Crossley Lake, Goathaunt, and Fifty Mountain. + +There are also a few hotels and camps located on the west side, in +or adjacent to the park, on private lands. The National Park Service +exercises no control over their rates and operations. Private tourist +cabins and hotels are operated outside the park at Glacier Park +Station, Belton, St. Mary, Babb, and Browning Junction. + + +RATES + +The Glacier Park, Many Glacier, and Lake McDonald Hotels are open from +June 15 to September 15. The American-plan rates range from $6.50 a day +for a room, without bath, to $14 a day for de luxe accommodations for +one. Rooms may also be obtained on the European plan. Breakfast and +lunch cost $1 each; dinner, $1.50. Children under 8 are charged half +rates, and a discount of 10 percent is allowed for stays of a week or +longer at any one hotel. Cabins are obtainable at Lake McDonald Hotel +at a rate of $5 each, American plan, for 3 persons in 1 room; 2 persons +in room, $5.50 each; 1 person, $6.50. + +Chalets operated during 1937 will be open from June 15 to September 15, +except Sperry and Granite Park, which will open July I and close +September 1. Minimum rates are computed on a basis of $4.50 a day per +person, special accommodations ranging as high as $7.50. A 10-percent +discount is allowed for stays of a week or more at any one chalet +group. Tent camp rates are $5 per day, per person, American plan. + +[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ HOUSEKEEPING CABINS AT MANY GLACIER +CAMPGROUNDS] + +The Swiftcurrent auto cabins are located a little more than a mile from +Many Glacier Hotel. Here a 2-room cabin for 1 or 2 persons costs $2.50 +a day; 3 or 4 persons in a 3-room cabin, $4 a day. Blankets and linen +may be rented by the day. The 10 percent discount given at the hotels +and chalets also applies to the housekeeping cabins. + + + + +SADDLE-HORSE TRIPS + + +Glacier National Park has the distinction of being the foremost trail +park. More saddle horses are used than in any other park or like +recreational region in this country. The Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co. +has available during the season about 800 saddle animals. There are +nearly 900 miles of trails in this park. + +At Glacier Park, Many Glacier, and Lake McDonald Hotels, +Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, and Goathaunt Tent Camp, horses may be +engaged or released for trips in the park, including camping trips. +At Two Medicine Chalets horses may be engaged or released for local +rides only. + +A wonderful 3-day excursion is afforded by the Logan Pass Triangle +trip. This trip may be started at either the Many Glacier Hotel and +Chalets or Going-to-the-Sun Chalets. Beginning at Many Glacier Hotel, +the first day's route follows up Swiftcurrent Pass to Granite Park +Chalets, where luncheon is served and the overnight stop made. The +second day the Garden Wall Trail to Logan Pass is followed, with a box +luncheon on the way, and Going-to-the-Sun Chalets is reached in late +afternoon in time for dinner. The return to Many Glacier Hotel is made +the third day via Piegan Pass, Grinnell Lake, and Josephine Lake. + +The South Circle trip requires 5 days to complete and may be +started either from Many Glacier, Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, or Lake +McDonald Hotel on Lake McDonald. Three of the principal passes are +traversed--Swiftcurrent, Gunsight, and Piegan. The North Circle trip is +also a 5-day tour via tent camps, crossing Swiftcurrent Pass, Indian +Pass, and Ptarmigan Wall. The trip starts from Many Glacier Hotel, +Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, or Lake McDonald Hotel. + +There is a 4-day inside trail trip from Glacier Park Hotel via Two +Medicine, Cut Bank, and Red Eagle to Sun Camp. + +Many delightful specially scheduled trips of 1 and 2 days' duration are +also available. + +Information about saddle-horse trips may be obtained at any of the +hotels or other points of concentration. Practically any type of +trip desired can be arranged, from short excursions to special points +of interest, such as the half-day trip from Glacier Park Hotel to +Forty-Mile Creek for $3.50, to pack trips of unlimited duration; the +larger the party, the cheaper the rates. For minimum parties of 3 +persons, the average rate for 1-day trips is $5 or $6. For parties of 3 +or more, the all-expense Fifty Mountain Trail trip of 3 days is $28.50; +the 5-day North Circle trip, $50.50. These are specifically mentioned +merely to give an idea of the cost; many other fine trips are available +at rates computed on a similar basis. + +Special arrangements can be made for private camping parties making a +trip of 10 days or more at rates amounting to $11 a day each for groups +of 7 or more; $12 a day each for 6 persons; $13 for 5; $15 for 4; $16 +for 3; $18 for 2; and $27 for 1 person. A guide and cook, are furnished +for a party of one or more persons, and extra helpers are added, if the +number of persons require it. Private trips of less than 10 days may +also be arranged. + +Experienced riders may rent horses for use on the floor of the valleys +at $1 an hour, $3 for 4 hours, and $5 for 8 hours. + + + + +ALL-EXPENSE TOURS BY BUS + + +The Glacier Park Transport Co. and the Glacier Park Hotel Co. have +jointly arranged some very attractive all-expense tours of 1, 2, 3, and +4 days' duration. These trips are priced reasonably and include auto +fare, meals, and hotel lodgings. The trips begin at Glacier Park Station +for west-bound passengers and at Belton for east-bound passengers and +are made daily during the season. + +[Illustration: _Grant photo._ RESTING AT THE SOUTH PORTAL OF THE TUNNEL +ON PTARMIGAN WALL TRAIL] + +_Trip No. 1._--Logan Pass Detour.--Glacier Park Hotel to Going-to-the-Sun +Chalets, Lake McDonald Hotel, and Belton, Mont. Leave Glacier Park +Hotel at 2:30 p.m.; arrive Belton the next day, 2:05 p.m. All-expense +rate, $15.50. + +_Trip No. 2._--Glacier Park Hotel to Many Glacier Hotel, Going-to-the-Sun +Chalets, Lake McDonald Hotel, and Belton. Leave Glacier Park Hotel 2:30 +p.m.; arrive Belton on third day, 2:05 p.m. All-expense rate, $27.75. + +_Trip No. 3._--Glacier Park Hotel to Two Medicine Lake, Many Glacier +Hotel, Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, Lake McDonald, and Belton. Leave +Glacier Park Hotel 2 p.m.; arrive Belton on fourth day, 2:05 p.m. +All-expense rate, $38. + +_Trip No. 4._--Same as Trip No. 3, except an extra day at Many Glacier +Hotel, and the all-expense rate is $44.50. + +All west-bound trips are scheduled to arrive at Belton at 2:05 p.m., +in time for the Empire Builder, west. The trips east bound all begin +at Belton and close at Glacier Park Station, in time for the Empire +Builder, east. The rates for these trips are: + +No. 1--$16.50 No. 2--$30.25 No. 3--$36.75 No. 4--$45.00. + +All trips, both east and west, are routed over the spectacular +Going-to-the-Sun Highway and Logan Pass. + + + + +TRANSPORTATION + + +The Glacier Park Transport Co. is operated in the park under franchise +from the Department of the Interior. Daily stage service in each +direction is maintained between Glacier Park Hotel and St. Mary +Chalets, Many Glacier Hotel and Chalets, Waterton, and Going-to-the-Sun +Chalets, Lake McDonald Hotel, and Belton Station. A daily bus trip is +made from Glacier Park Hotel to Two Medicine Chalets on Two Medicine +Lake, allowing sufficient time at the lake to fish or make the launch +trip. Regular motorbus service is maintained between Glacier Park Hotel +and Belton. On the west side daily bus service is maintained between +Belton, the foot of Lake McDonald, and the Lake McDonald Hotel at the +head of Lake McDonald, and between this hotel and Logan Pass on the +Continental Divide. + +The transportation company and launch companies allow each passenger +to carry with him 25 pounds of hand baggage without extra charge, which +is usually sufficient for shorter trips. Trunks are forwarded at +extra expense. Arrangements can be made for caring for trunks left at +entrances during tour of park or rechecking them for passengers who +enter at one side and leave by the other. Storage charges on baggage at +Glacier Park Station and at Belton are waived while tourists are making +park trips. + + + + +LAUNCHES AND ROWBOATS + + +The Glacier Park Hotel Co. operates launch service on Waterton Lake +between Goathaunt Camp in Glacier Park, and the Waterton Lake townsite +in Alberta, Canada, crossing the international boundary line about +half-way up the lake. One-way, the fare is 75 cents; round trip, $1.50. + +Twilight launch rides on St. Mary and McDonald Lakes are featured +during fair weather. + +The J. W. Swanson Boat Co. operates launch service on beautiful +Two Medicine Lake, at a charge of 75 cents each for four or more +passengers. For a smaller number the minimum charge for the trip around +the lake is $3. Trips around Josephine and Swiftcurrent Lakes may be +made for $1 each. The Swanson Co. also rents rowboats for 50 cents an +hour; $2.50 a day, or $15 a week for use on the following lakes: Two +Medicine, St. Mary, Swiftcurrent, Josephine, and McDonald. Outboard +motors may also be rented. + +This booklet is issued once a year and the rates mentioned herein may +have changed slightly since issuance, but the latest rates approved by +the Secretary of the Interior are on file with the superintendent and +the park operators. + + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + +The representative of the National Park Service in immediate charge of +the park is the superintendent, E. T. Scoyen, Belton, Mont. + +William H. Lindsay is United States commissioner for the park and holds +court in all cases involving violations of park regulations. + + + + +NATURALIST SERVICE + + +A daily schedule of popular guided trips afield, all-day hikes, boat +trips, campfire entertainments, and illustrated lectures is maintained +at Many Glacier, Going-to-the-Sun, Two Medicine, Lake McDonald, Sprague +Creek, and Avalanche Auto Campgrounds, the leading tourist centers. +Naturalists who conduct local field trips and walks to nearby Hidden +Lake and Clements Glacier are stationed at Logan Pass daily from 9 to 4. + +A small museum dealing with popular local natural history subjects is +maintained throughout July and August at Many Glacier Ranger Station. +Cut-flower exhibits are installed at various hotels and chalets, and an +exhibit of rock specimens is in the lobby of Many Glacier Hotel. + +Requests from special parties desiring ranger naturalist assistance +are given every consideration. All park visitors are urged to avail +themselves of the services of the naturalists who are there to assist +them in learning of the untold wonders that abound everywhere in the +park. Acceptance of gratuities for this free service is strictly +forbidden. + +For complete information on naturalist schedules and types of service +offered consult the free pamphlet, Ranger-Naturalist Service, Glacier +National Park. + + + + +AUTOMOBILE CAMPGROUNDS + + +For the use of the motoring public a system of free automobile +campgrounds has been developed on both sides of the park. On the east +side, these camps are located at Two Medicine, Cutbank, Roes Creek, and +Many Glacier. The west side camps are at Bowman Lake, Fish Creek, +Avalanche Creek, and Lake McDonald. Pure water, firewood, cookstoves, +and sanitary facilities are available, but campers must bring their own +equipment. + + + + +POST OFFICES + + +The United States post offices are located at Glacier Park, Mont., +Belton, Mont., Polebridge, Mont., and (during summer season) Lake +McDonald, Mont., at Lake McDonald Hotel, and Apgar, at the foot of Lake +McDonald. Mail for park visitors should include in the address the name +of the stopping place as well as the post office. + + + + +MISCELLANEOUS + + +Telegraph and express service is available at all points of concentration. + +Qualified nurses are in attendance at the hotels and both sides of the +park, and there is a resident physician at Glacier Park Hotel. + + + + +THE PARK'S GEOLOGIC STORY + + +The mountains of Glacier National Park are made up of many layers of +limestone and other rocks formed from sediments deposited under water. +The rocks show ripple marks which were made by waves when the rock +material was soft sand and mud. Raindrop impressions and sun cracks +show that the mud from time to time was exposed to rains and the drying +action of the air. These facts indicate that the area now known as +"Glacier National Park" was once covered by a shallow sea. At intervals +muds were laid down which later became consolidated into rocks known as +"shales" and "argillites." Limy or calcareous muds were changed into +limestone. The geologist estimates that these depositions were made +several hundred million years ago. + +In the plains area east of the mountains are other lime and mud +formations. These are younger and softer than the rocks which make +up the mountains but were undoubtedly formed under much the same +conditions. These contain much higher forms of life, such as fish +and shells. + +When originally laid down all these layers must have been nearly +horizontal, just as they are deposited today in bodies of standing +water all over the world. Then came a time when the sea slowly but +permanently withdrew from the area by an uplift of the land, which +since that time has been continuously above sea level. This uplift, one +of the greatest in the history of the region, marks the beginning of +a long period of erosion which has carved the mountains of Glacier +National Park. + +The geologist observes that the rock layers are no longer in the +horizontal position in which they were laid down. There are folds +in the rocks and many breaks or faults cutting across the layers. +Furthermore, the oldest rocks in the region are found to be resting on +the younger rocks of the adjacent plains. One of the best examples of +this is to be seen at Chief Mountain where the ancient limestone rests +directly on the young shale below (fig. 1). The same relationship is +visible in Cutbank, St. Mary, and Swiftcurrent Valleys. In these areas, +however, the exact contact is not always so easy to locate principally +because of the debris of weathered rocks that have buried them. What +has happened? How did this peculiar relationship come about? The +answers to these questions unravel one of the grandest stories in earth +history. Forces deep in the earth slowly gathered energy until finally +the stress became so great that the rocky crust began to move. + +The probable results of the movement in the crust of the earth are +shown in the diagram (fig. 2). Section A represents a cross section +of the Glacier Park region, as it most likely appeared, immediately +following the long period of sedimentation. The rock strata are +horizontal. Section B shows the same region after the rock layers have +been slightly wrinkled due to the forces from the southwest, which, +although slightly relieved by the bending, still persisted and the +folds were greatly enlarged as shown in section C. At this stage the +folds reached their breaking limit, and the strata broke in a number of +places as indicated by dotted lines in the diagram. As a result of this +fracturing, the rocks on the west side of the folds were pushed upward +and over the rocks on the east, as shown in section D. The mountain +rocks (represented by patterns of cross lines) were shoved over the +rocks of the plains (represented in white), producing what is known as +an "overthrust fault." It has been estimated that the rocks have moved +a distance of at least 15 miles. + +As the rocks were thrust northeastward and upward they made a greatly +elevated region, but did not, however, at any time project into the +air, as indicated in section D, because as the rocky mass was being +uplifted, streams were wearing it away and cutting deep canyons in its +upland portion. The rocks of the mountains, owing to their resistant +character, are not worn away as rapidly as the plains formations with +the result that great thicknesses of limestone and argillite tower +above the plains. Where the older, more massive strata overlie the +soft rocks the mountains are terminated by precipitous walls as +shown in section E. This explains the absence of foothills that is +so conspicuous a feature of this mountain front and one in which it +differs from most other ranges. + +While the region now known as "Glacier National Park" was being +uplifted and faulted, the streams were continually at work. The sand +and other abrasive material being swept along on the beds of the +streams slowly wore away much of the rock. The uplifting gave the +streams life and they consequently cut deep valleys into the mountain +area. They cut farther and farther back into the mountain mass until +they dissected it, leaving instead of an upland plateau a region of +ridges and sharp peaks. This erosional process which has carved the +mountains of Glacier Park has produced most of the mountains of the +world. + +Following their early erosional history, there came a period of much +colder climate during which time heavy snows fell and large ice fields +were formed throughout the mountain region. At the same time huge +continental ice sheets formed in Canada and also in northern Europe. +This period, during which glaciers, sometimes over a mile thick, +covered many parts of the world including all of Canada and New England +and much of North Central United States, is known as the "Ice Age." +Such a tremendous covering of ice had an enduring and pronounced effect +upon the relief of the country. + +[Illustration: Figure 1.--_Sketch showing structure of Chief Mountain. +The ancient limestone above is not appreciably altered, but the lower +part is broken up by many oblique thrust faults. The entire mountain +is composed of ancient rocks and rests on shale of a very much younger +age. After Bailey Willis._] + +[Illustration: Figure 2.--_The Lewis overthrust. Diagram illustrating +how pressure from the northwest affected the rocks of the Glacier Park +region._] + +[Illustration: Figure 3.--_A, An irregular V-shaped valley produced +by stream erosion; B, the same valley after it has been occupied by +a glacier. Note the smooth topography and U-shaped form._] + +In Glacier National Park some of the ice still remains in the higher +portions of the valleys and a study of these ice fields helps in +interpreting the history of the park during the Ice Age. It is evident +that ice did not cover the entire range, but that the higher peaks +stood out above the ice, which probably never reached a thickness of +over 3,000 feet in this region. The V-shaped valleys which had been +produced by stream erosion were filled with glaciers which moved slowly +down the valleys. The ice froze onto all loose rock material and +carried it forward, using it as abrasive to gouge out the rock, the +valley bottoms, and sides. Gradually the valleys were molded until they +had acquired a smooth U-shaped character (fig. 3). There are excellent +examples of this work of ice in the park, among which are Two Medicine, +Cut Bank, St. Mary, Swiftcurrent, and Belly River Valleys. + +In addition to smoothing the valley down which they moved, the glaciers +produced many rock basins called cirques. These are the result of ice +plucking in the regions where the glaciers formed. Alternate freezing +and thawing cause the rock to break and the resulting fragments are +carried away by the moving ice mass. In the majority of cases the +cirques have lakes on their floors. The park is dotted with these +beautiful little lakes scattered throughout the high mountain country. + +The valley lakes are usually larger than the cirque lakes and have a +different origin. As the glaciers melted they deposited huge loads of +sand, mud, and boulders in the valley bottoms called moraines. Debris +of this nature has helped to hold in the waters of St. Mary, Lower Two +Medicine, McDonald, Bowman, and numerous other lakes in the park. + + + + +FLORA AND FAUNA + + +Glacier National Park is exceptionally rich in many kinds of wildlife. +Its rugged wilderness character, enhanced by numerous lakes and almost +unlimited natural alpine gardens, combine to offer an unexcelled +opportunity to enjoy and study nature. + +Glacier is noted for its brilliant floral display which is most +striking in early July. Above timber line hardy plants such as mosses +and lichens, together with the delicately colored alpine flowers, are +found. Lower on the mountains are heather, gentians, wild heliotrope, +and stunted trees of alpine fir, white-barked pine, and alpine larch. +The valleys on the east bear Engelmann spruce, alpine fir, lodgepole +pine, Douglas fir, and limber pine. + +The valleys of the west side are within an entirely different plant +life zone, typified by dense climax forests. For the most part these +forests consist of red cedar and hemlock, with intermediate forests of +larch, fir, spruce, and white pine. There are also younger stands of +larch and lodgepole pine. Some of the white pines in McDonald Valley +have reached huge dimensions. The deficiency of wild flowers found +there is in part made up by the presence of sphagnum bogs with a +typical fauna and flora of their own. + +On the east, at lower elevations, representatives of the Great Plains +flora are found, such as the passion flower, carpet pink, shooting +star, scarlet paintbrush, red and white geraniums, bronze agoseris, the +gaillardia, wild hollyhock, asters, and many other composites. The bear +grass is one of the most characteristic plants of Glacier. + +Of equal interest is the abundant animal life, including both the +larger and smaller forms. Bighorn, mountain goats, moose, wapiti, +grizzly and black bear, and western white-tailed and Rocky Mountain +mule deer exist in as natural a condition as is possible in an area +also utilized by man. Mountain caribou are occasional visitors to the +park. Mountain lions, bobcats, and coyotes are present, although the +first have been reduced greatly from their original numbers. The +beaver, marmot, otter, marten, cony, and a host of smaller mammals are +interesting and important members of the fauna. Among the birds, those +that attract the greatest interest are the osprey, water ouzel, +ptarmigan, Clark nutcracker, thrushes, and sparrows. + +[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ BEARGRASS] + + + + +IDEAL PLACE TO SEE AMERICAN INDIANS + + +With the exception of the Kootenais, few Indians ventured into the +fastness of the park mountains before the coming of the white men. Yet +so frequently did a large number of tribes use its trails for hunting +and warfare, or camp in midsummer along its lakes and streams on the +edge of the plains, that the park has an Indian story intertwined with +its own that is unsurpassed in interest. Except for a few plateau +Indians who had strong plains' characteristics because they once lived +on the plains, all tribes were of that most interesting of Indian +types, the plains Indian. + +The earliest peoples inhabiting the northern Montana plains of which +we have any record were apparently Snake Indians of Shoshonean stock. +Later Nez Perces, Flatheads, and Kootenais pushed eastward through +passes from the headwaters of the Columbia River system. Then came +horses and firearms, and the whites themselves to set up an entirely +different state of affairs in their hitherto relatively peaceful +existence. First, a growing and expounding Siouan race, pressed forward +also by an expanding irresistible Algonkian stock, occupied the high +plains and pushed back its peoples behind the wall of mountains. These +were the Crows from the south, the Assiniboins to the east. Lastly, +armed with strategy and Hudson's Bay Co. firearms, and given speed and +range with horses, the dauntless Blackfeet came forth from their +forests to become the terror of the north. They grew strong on the +abundance of food and game on the Great Plains, and pushed the Crows +beyond the Yellowstone River, until met by the forces of white soldiery +and the tide of civilization. + +Today the Blackfeet on the reservation adjoining the park on the east +remain a pitiful but picturesque remnant of their former pride and +glory. They have laid aside their former intense hostility to the +whites and have reconciled themselves to the fate of irrepressible +civilization. Dressed in colorful native costume, a few families of +braves greet the park visitor at Glacier Park Station and Hotel. Here +they sing, dance, and tell stories of their former greatness. In these +are reflected in a measure the dignity, the nobility, the haughtiness, +and the savagery of one of the highest and most interesting of +aboriginal American peoples. + + + + +REFERENCES + + +ALBRIGHT, HORACE M., and TAYLOR, FRANK J. Oh, Ranger! About the + national parks. + +BOWMAN, I. Forest Physiography. New York, 1911. Illustrated; maps. + +EATON, WALTER PRITCHARD. Boy Scouts in Glacier Park. 1918. 336 pages. + +---- Sky-line Camps. 1922. 268 pp., illustrated. A record of wanderings + in the Northwestern Mountains from Glacier National Park to Crater + Lake National Park in Oregon. + +ELROD, Dr. MORTON J. Complete Guide to Glacier National Park. 1924. + 208 pp. + +FARIS, JOHN T. Roaming the Rockies. 1930. 333 pp., illustrated. Farrar + & Rinehart, New York City, Glacier National Park on pp. 42 to 80. + +HOLTZ, MATHILDE EDITH, and BEMIS, KATHERINE ISABEL. Glacier National + Park, Its Trails and Treasures. 1917. 262 pp., illustrated. + +JEFFERS, Le ROY. The Call of the Mountains. 1922. 282 pp., illustrated. + Dodd, Mead & Co. Glacier National Park on pp. 35-39. + +JOHNSON, C. Highways of Rocky Mountains. Mountains and Valleys in + Montana, pp. 194-215. Illustrated. + +KANE, J. F. Picturesque America. 1935. 256 pp., illustrated. Frederick + Gumbrecht, Brooklyn, N. Y. Glacier National Park on pp. 147-169. + +LAUT, AGNES C. The Blazed Trail of the Old Frontier. Robt. M. McBride & + Co., New York, 1926. + +---- Enchanted Trails of Glacier Park. Robt. M. McBride & Co., New + York. 1926. + +MARSHALL, L. Seeing America. Philadelphia, 1916. Illustrated. Map. + Chapter XXIII, Among the American Alps, Glacier National Park, + pp. 193-200. + +McCLINTOCK, W. The Old North Trail. 539 pp., illustrated, maps. + Macmillan Co. 1920. + +---- Old Indian Trails, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1923. + +MILLS, ENOS A. Your National Parks. 532 pp., illustrated. Houghton + Mifflin Co. 1917. Glacier National Park on pp. 148-160, 475-487. + +RINEHART, MARY ROBERTS. Through Glacier Park. The Log of a Trip with + Howard Eaton. 1916. 92 pp., illustrated. + +---- My Country 'Tis of Thee. + +Rolfe, Mary A. Our National Parks, Book Two. A supplementary reader on + the national parks for fifth- and sixth-grade students. Benj. H. + Sanborn & Co., Chicago. 1928. Glacier National Park on pp. 197-242. + +SANDERS, H. F. Trails Through Western Woods. 1910. 310 pp., illustrated. + +---- History of Montana, vol. 1, 1913. 847 pp. Glacier National Park on + pp. 685-689. + +---- The White Quiver. 344 pp., illustrated, Duffield & Co., New York. + 1913. + +SCHULTZE, JAMES WILLARD. Blackfeet Tales of Glacier National Park. 1916. + 242 pp., illustrated. + +STEELE, DAVID M. Going Abroad Overland. 1917. 198 pp., illustrated. + Glacier National Park on pp. 92-101. + +STIMSON, HENRY L. The Ascent of Chief Mountain. In Hunting in Many + Lands, edited by Theodore Roosevelt and George B. Grinnell, 1895, + pp. 220-237. + +YARD, ROBERT STERLING. The Book of the National Parks. Scribner's, + 1926, 444 pp., 74 illustrations, 14 maps and diagrams. Glacier + National Park on pp. 251-283. + + + + +GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS + + +=Glimpses of Our National Parks.= Brief descriptions of national parks. +Address Director, National Park Service, Washington, D. C. Free. + +=Recreational map.= Shows Federal and State recreational areas throughout +the United States and gives brief descriptions of principal ones. Address +as above. Free. + +Illustrated booklets about the following national parks may be obtained +free of charge by writing to the Director, National Park Service: + + Acadia, Maine. + Carlsbad Caverns, N. Mex. + Crater Lake, Oreg. + General Grant, Calif. + Grand Canyon, Ariz. + Grand Teton, Wyo. + Great Smoky Mountains, N. C.-Tenn. + Hawaii, Hawaii. + Hot Springs, Ark. + Lassen Volcanic, Calif. + Mesa Verde, Colo. + Mount McKinley, Alaska. + Mount Rainier, Wash. + National Capital Parks, Washington, D. C. + Platt, Okla. + Rocky Mountain, Colo. + Sequoia, Calif. + Wind Cave, S. Dak. + Yellowstone, Wyo.-Mont.-Idaho. + Yosemite, Calif. + Zion and Bryce Canyon, Utah. + + * * * * * + + +_Publications for sale in Glacier National Park_ + + + Wild Animals of Glacier National Park $1.00 + Plants of Glacier National Park .50 + Origin of Scenic Features of Glacier .20 + Geological Survey map of Glacier .25 + Fauna of the National Parks .20 + National Parks Portfolio 1.50 + + +[Illustration: AREAS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE] + + +[Illustration: MAP OF WATERTON-GLACIER INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Glacier National Park [Montana], by +United States Dept. of the Interior + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GLACIER NATIONAL PARK [MONTANA] *** + +***** This file should be named 36463.txt or 36463.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/4/6/36463/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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