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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Modern Society, by Julia Ward Howe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
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+
+Title: Modern Society
+
+Author: Julia Ward Howe
+
+Release Date: June 21, 2011 [EBook #36489]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN SOCIETY ***
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+Produced by Sharon Joiner, paksenarrion, Bryan Ness and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
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+
+            MODERN SOCIETY.
+                  BY
+           JULIA WARD HOWE.
+
+                BOSTON:
+           ROBERTS BROTHERS.
+                 1881.
+
+            COPYRIGHT, 1880,
+          BY ROBERTS BROTHERS.
+
+              PRINTED BY
+         ALFRED MUDGE AND SON.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+    MODERN SOCIETY                    5
+
+    CHANGES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY      49
+
+
+
+
+MODERN SOCIETY.
+
+
+What means this summons, oh friends! to the groves of Academe? I heard,
+in the distance, the measured tread of Philosophy. I mused: "How grave
+and deliberate is she! How she matches thought with thought! How
+patiently she questions inference and conclusion! No irrelevance, no
+empty ballooning, is allowed in that Concord school. Nothing frivolous
+need apply there for admission." And lo! in the midst of this severe
+entertainment an interlude is called for in the great theatre. The stage
+manager says, "Ring up Puck. Wanted, an Ariel." And no Shakespeare being
+at hand, I, of the sex much reproved for never having produced one, am
+invited to fly hither as well as my age and infirmities will allow, and
+to represent to you that airy presence whose folly, seen from the
+clouds, is wisdom; that presence which, changing with the changes of the
+year and of the day, may yet sing, equally with the steadfast stars and
+systematic planets,--
+
+    "The hand that made me is divine."
+
+Modern society, concerning which you have bid me discourse to you, is
+this tricksy spirit, many-featured and many-gestured, coming in a
+questionable shape, and bringing with it airs from heaven and blasts
+from hell. I have spoken to it, and it has shown me my father's ghost.
+How shall I speak of it, and tell you what it has taught me? You must
+think my alembic a nice one indeed, since you bid me to the analysis of
+those subtle and finely mingled forces. You have sent for me, perhaps,
+to receive a lesson instead of giving one. You may intend that, having
+tried and failed in this task, I shall learn, for the future, the
+difficult lesson of holding my peace. For so benevolent, so
+disinterested an intention, I may have more occasion to thank you
+beforehand, than you shall find to thank me, having heard me.
+
+But, since a text is supposed to make it sure that the sermon shall have
+in it one good sentence, let me take for my text a saying of the
+philosopher Kant, who, in one of his treatises, rests much upon the
+distinction to be made between logical and real or substantial
+opposition. According to him, a logical opposition is brought in view
+when one attribute of a certain thing is at once affirmed and denied.
+The statement of a body which should be at once stationary and in motion
+would imply such a contradiction, of which the result will be _nihil
+negativum irrepræsentabile_.
+
+A real or substantial opposition is found where two contradictory
+predicates are recognized as coexistent in the same subject. A body
+impelled in one direction by a given force, and in another by its
+opposite, is easily cogitable. One force neutralizes the other, but the
+result is something, viz., rest. Let us keep in mind this distinction
+between opposites which exclude each other, and opposites which can
+coexist, while we glance at the contradictions of all society, ancient
+as well as modern.
+
+How self-contradictory, in the first place, is the nature of man! How
+sociable he is! also how unsociable! We have among animals the
+gregarious and the solitary. But man is of all animals at once the most
+gregarious and the most solitary. This is the first and most universal
+contradiction, that of which you find at least the indication in every
+individual. But let us look for a moment at the contrasts which make one
+individual so unlike to another. We sometimes find it hard to believe
+the saying that God hath made of one blood all the nations of the earth.
+This in view of the contrast between savage and civilized nations, or
+between nations whose habits and beliefs differ one from the other. In
+the same race, in the same family also, we shall find the unlikeness
+which seems to set the bond of nature at defiance.
+
+See this sly priest, bland and benevolent in proportion to the narrow
+limits of the minds which he controls. He hears the shrift of the
+brigand and assassin, of the girl mastered by passion, of the unfaithful
+wife and avenging husband. He gives an admonition, perhaps a grave one.
+He inflicts a penance, light or severe. He does not trust his penitents
+with the secret which can heal the plague-sores of humanity,--the secret
+of its moral power. But see the meek flock who come to him. See the
+whole range of consciences which cannot rest without his dismissing
+_fiat_. The rugged peasant drops on his knees beside the confessional.
+His horny palm relinquishes, without hesitation, the coin upon which it
+has scarcely closed. Or here alights from her carriage some woman of the
+world, bright in silks and jewels. With a hush and a rustle, reaching
+the lowly bench, she, too, drops down, rehearses her wrong-doing,
+promises such reparation as is enjoined, and asks for the word of peace.
+Now this confessor, and one or more of his penitents, may be the
+children of the same father and mother, and yet they shall be as unlike
+in attitude and in character as two human beings can be. In the closest
+alliance of blood you may thus find the opposite poles of one humanity.
+
+Humanity is, then, a thing of oppositions, and of oppositions which are
+polar and substantial. Its contradictions do not exclude, but, on the
+contrary, complement each other, and the action and reaction of these
+contradictions result in the mighty agreements of the State and of the
+Church, the intense sympathies and antipathies which bind or sunder
+individuals, the affections and disaffections of the family.
+
+The opposite extremes of human nature embrace, between them, a wonderful
+breadth and scope. The correlation and coaction of this multitude of
+opposing forces on the wide arena of the world naturally give rise to a
+series of manifestations, voluntary and involuntary, changeful in form
+and color as a phantasmagoria, fitful as a fever-dream, but steadfast
+and substantial in the infinite science, out of which all things come.
+The unity in this web of contradictions is its great wonder. How if this
+unity prove to be the law of which the oppositions are but one clause?
+How if the perfect unity were only attainable through the freedom of the
+natural diversity? And what is the substance and sum of this fundamental
+agreement? The desire of good, the progressive conception of which
+marks, more than anything else, the progress of the race. We cannot tell
+out of what dynamics comes the initial of this fruitful and productive
+opposition. It is, perhaps, the very unity of the object which develops
+the diversity of action. In the progress of human society the diversity
+becomes constantly multiplied. Is the sense of the unity lost in
+consequence? No, it grows constantly with the growth of this opposing
+fact. As education is enlarged, as freedom becomes more general and
+entire, the agreement of mankind becomes greater in the objects to be
+attained for the promotion of their best interests.
+
+We can suppose a family cast upon a barren shore, or forced to sit down
+in the midst of an uninhabited region. All of its members will wish to
+secure the necessary conditions of life, such as food, fuel, shelter,
+safety from destructive agencies. If left to themselves, one will
+naturally bestir himself to find fish, game, or fruits; another will
+bring in firewood; a third will plan a tent or hut; a fourth will stand
+sentry against any possible alarm. So a camp is a world in miniature;
+and if food and drink be plenty, and there be time to think of
+recreation, some one will carve a pipe from reed or willow, and, in
+answer to the piping, will come the dance. Or, if our pilgrims are too
+mystic and solemn for this, hymns will be sung, and the voice of prayer
+will lift the soul out of the poverty of its surroundings into that
+realm of imagination whose wealth far exceeds that of Ormus or of Ind.
+
+I seem to hear at this point the _non placet_ of those who ask for one
+thing and receive another. I was not sent for to philosophize, but to
+represent; and, with regard to the former process, "how not to do it"
+should have been my study. Modern society is my theme. Where shall I
+find society for you? Henry Thoreau found it here, in the passionless
+face of Nature. Here, the shy Hawthorne could dwell unmolested, not even
+overshadowed by the revered sage who makes reserve and distance such
+important elements of good manners. Mr. Alcott has transplanted here
+those olives whose sacred chrism rests upon his honored brow. The
+society which my words shall introduce here must be neither vulgar nor
+dull.
+
+Now, if I had a flying-machine! Well, I have one, and its name is
+Memory. Sit with me, upon its movable platform, and I will give you some
+peeps at the thing itself, leaving you to discuss after me its _raison
+d'être_, its right to be. In experimental analysis, specimens are always
+exhibited. Let us look at modern society in Cairo, Shepherd's hotel, and
+the omnibus that bears one thither. The _table d'hôte_ unites a
+catalogue as various as that of Don Giovanni. Here sit Sir Samuel and
+Lady Baker, famous as African explorers. You may all know something of
+the entertaining volumes which chronicle their discoveries and
+adventures. Lady Baker wears, at times, a necklace made of tiger's
+claws. Her husband shot the tiger in the great wilds of Africa, she
+loading the gun with which he did it.
+
+She is Roumanian by birth, English by adoption, fair and comely. Sir
+Samuel is a burly Briton. They have with them a young African servant,
+dark and under-sized, with wild, crimped hair. Sir Samuel tells me that
+this is altogether the best human creature he ever knew. Lady Baker does
+not resent the extreme statement. I sit at table between a Russian count
+and an English baronet. The Russian and his two daughters are amiable
+and simple people. The baronet is a stanch Tory, as you will think
+natural when you hear his story. He was once a poor boy, hard at work in
+a coal mine. He used to walk six or seven miles daily, after working
+hours, in order to acquaint himself with those three Fates who are
+familiarly called the three R's. Becoming an expert in the coal
+business, he went through the upward grades of his profession, became a
+large owner of mines, and has now a heavy contract for supplying the
+Egyptian government with coal. He is a member of Parliament, and, when I
+saw him, was ready to start homeward on the first news of a division in
+the House. It was lately stated in a London paper that Lord Beaconsfield
+would probably raise him to the peerage before his own retirement from
+office. So, it may have been done by this time.
+
+My Russian neighbors are much troubled about the fate of a poor Italian
+family whose chief has lost his occupation, and which is thus reduced
+to the extreme of want. "Why not get up a subscription at this hotel?"
+say I. They are very willing that I should. I draw up a paper, we sign
+our names and contributions. Sir George snubs us dreadfully, but gives
+us a sovereign. Sir Samuel snubs, and gives nothing. The necessary sum
+of money is raised, and the family is sent to its own country. Here, you
+see, are Russia, England, and America, combining, on Egyptian soil, to
+save Italy. This strange mixture is characteristic of the medley of the
+time.
+
+We will not move yet, for the panorama of the table will save us that
+trouble. Here is one of the recognized beauties of London society. A
+very pretty woman, with dewy eyes, pearly teeth, dark, glossy hair, and
+a soft, fresh complexion. A French wardrobe sets off those natural
+advantages, with its happy disguises and apposite revelations. But it is
+not good for beauty that it should become a profession. This lady's fine
+eyes and teeth are made to do duty with such evident persistence of
+intention, that one absolutely dreads to see the glitter of the one and
+the flash of the other in the gymnastic of an advertised flirtation.
+
+I cannot yet release you. Here are two gentlemen who wear the
+_tarbouche_ with their European costume. They were rebels in our war of
+secession, and at its close took service with the Khedive. Ignoring
+ancient sectional differences, they are very cordial with us, their
+countrywomen. They would be glad to see their country again, but cannot
+get their salaries paid, the French and English commissioners having
+taken the direction of Egyptian finances, and making no allowance for
+the past services of these American officers, who were dismissed at
+their instance.
+
+We are still at Shepherd's _table d'hôte_, and before us sit an English
+nobleman and his wife, who have obtained permission to give a _fête_ at
+the Pyramids. A gay party of English residents and visitors are
+gathering to accompany them, and presently the carriages and cavalcade
+start, with a band of music, and a small army of servants. They
+illuminate the Great Pyramid with colored fires, race their horses and
+donkeys through the desert, sup and sleep in the Khedive's _kiosk_, not
+without much boisterous mirth and disturbance.
+
+Or, behold me on Bairam day, paying a New-Year's visit to the harem of
+the Khedive. A row of grinning eunuchs, black as night, guard the
+entrance. After various turns of ceremonial, we greet the three
+princesses, all wives of the Khedive, who has many others not of this
+rank. In order not to give offence, we are obliged to smoke the
+_chibouque_, a pipe about five feet in length. We smile and courtesy at
+the proper moment, but find conversation difficult. They are curious to
+hear where we came from, and whither we are going. I ask whether they,
+also, enjoy travelling, and am reminded that their institutions do not
+allow it. These poor princesses little knew that in two months from that
+time an involuntary journey awaited them, on the occasion of the
+Khedive's abdication, and departure from the country.
+
+We please ourselves, in these days, with the praise of Islamism, and
+think, quite rightly, that Mahomet and his Koran had their _raison
+d'être_, and have done their part for mankind. But here is Islamism in
+modern society. The howling dervishes sit on the ground groaning _Allah,
+Allah_. By and by they rise, and bend their heads backward and forward
+until the most eminent among them fall in fits, and are taken up in an
+unhappy condition. Within a short distance from our hotel, we hear of a
+company of men met for a religious exercise. One of them chews a glass
+goblet and swallows it. Another endeavors to swallow a small snake. A
+third gashes himself wildly with a sword. These are religious
+enthusiasts. If their faith be genuine, these dangerous experiments,
+they say, can do them no harm.
+
+These things remind us of the temptation of Christ: "If thou be the Son
+of God, cast thyself down from hence."
+
+But let us leave the city and hotel, and betake ourselves to the
+historic river, dumb with all its mouths, and poor with all its wealth.
+Modern society is well represented on board our steamer. Here are two
+Californian gentlemen, two sons of a Sandwich Island missionary, two or
+three Italians. Here is a sister-in-law of John Bright. She has visited
+Alaska, and considers this Nile trip a small parenthesis in her voyage
+round the world. Here are an English couple, belonging to fashionable
+life. Here is a clergyman of the same nation, who glories in the fact
+that Dr. Johnson hated, or said he hated, a Whig. Here is an American
+who cannot visit the ruins because his whole day is divided into so many
+glasses of milk, to be taken at such and such times.
+
+We land one day at Assiout, and visit its bazaars. The trade in ostrich
+feathers is brisk, the natives steadily raising their prices as the
+demand increases, until we find that the feathers might be more cheaply
+bought in London or Paris. Amid the general confusion of tongues I am
+accosted by a handsome youth, cleanly and civil, who speaks fair
+English, and asks if he can serve me.
+
+Who are you? A pupil of the American Mission School in this place. He
+brings two of his fellow-pupils to speak with me. One of these is a
+girl, whose innocent, uncovered face seems to rebuke the hidden faces of
+the Arab women, veiled and disfigured to evince their modesty, but
+making more evident the immodesty of the men.
+
+We return to our steamer, followed by a crowd of boys and girls,
+shrieking and naked, who plunge into the water to get the _backshish_,
+which some of our party throw them. On the bank stand two beautiful
+youths, nearly black, with eyes like sloes, and with crisped hair
+standing erect like a flame above their foreheads. They are clad in
+kilts of white cotton cloth. Struck with their beauty, we inquire of
+what tribe they are. "Of the Bischouri," says our dragoman, "a tribe of
+the desert, who feed only upon uncooked grain." To the last their bright
+smile pursues us with its pathos. Would that they, too, were pupils of
+the American Mission School. Would not our vegetarian chief send for
+them?[1]
+
+    [1] Mr. Alcott, Dean of the Concord School of Philosophy, has
+          always been known as a vegetarian.
+
+We gallop across the sands to a point opposite Philæ, and reach the
+sacred spot by boat. We picnic among its tombs, climb its _pylon_, and
+remark upon the beauty of the view. At the first cataract, which is very
+near this place, an Arab woman shows me her baby with the pride of Eve
+or Queen Victoria. It has a nose-ring of brass wire, and similar
+adornments in the top of each ear. On my way back to the boat, my pocket
+is picked by a cunning youth. The Arabs of the desert will compare in
+this respect with the Arabs of European streets. A little Arab girl
+offers to sell me her rag doll, whose veil is bedizened with spangles. A
+little water-carrier, proud of her English, says, "Lady, give me
+backshish."
+
+This shall end my peep at modern society in Egypt.
+
+But one more personal remembrance you must accord me. The scene is a
+dirty, muddy street in a Cyprus seaport. The time is not far from noon.
+I am exploring, with some curiosity, the new jewel which Lord
+Beaconsfield has added to the crown of Great Britain.
+
+What a mean, poor bazaar is this; what dull streets, what a barren place
+to live in, especially since _methymenic_ Albion has drunk up all the
+best of the wine! I pass a shop, and a bright presence beams out upon
+me. It is Lady Baker, with her fair, luminous face, full of energy and
+resource. Sir Samuel, she tells me, is in the back shop buying hardware
+for a hard journey. For they intend to travel through the island in a
+huge covered wagon, drawn by oxen, which will be to them at once vehicle
+and hotel. Where they went, and how they fared, I know not, nor would it
+here import us, if I did. I only mention the appearance of these friends
+in this place, because this appearance was so characteristic of modern
+society, and because so many of its elements appeared there in their
+persons. The education and high society of England, the court, the
+literary circles, the almighty publisher, for an intended volume was
+surely looming in the foreground of their picture. And here I have
+clearly got hold of one feature of modern society; this is, that
+everything is everywhere. The Zulus are in London, the Londoners in
+Zululand. Empress Eugenie, the exploded star of French fashion in its
+highest supremacy, visits Cape Town. The stars and stripes protect
+American professors on the shores of the Bosphorus, within view of Mount
+Lebanon. It would not surprise us to learn that a party of our
+countrymen had read the Declaration of Independence beside the Pools of
+Solomon, or within the desolate heart of Moab.
+
+In Jaffa of the Crusaders, Joppa of Peter and Paul, I find an American
+Mission School, kept by a worthy lady from Rhode Island. Prominent among
+its points of discipline is the clean-washed face which is so enthroned
+in the prejudices of Western civilization. One of her scholars, a youth
+of unusual intelligence, finding himself clean, observes himself to be
+in strong contrast with his mother's hovel, in which filth is just kept
+clear of fever point. "Why this dirt?" quoth he; "that which has made me
+clean, will cleanse this also." So without more ado, the process of
+scrubbing is applied to the floor, without regard to the danger of so
+great a novelty. This simple fact has its own significance, for if the
+innovation of soap and water can find its way to a Jaffa hut, where can
+the ancient, respectable, conservative dirt-devil feel himself secure?
+
+The maxim also becomes vain nowadays, that there should be a place for
+everything, and that everything should be in its place. Cleopatra's
+Needles point their moral in London and in New York. The Prince of Wales
+hunts tigers in the Punjaub. Hyde Park is in the desert or on the Nile.
+America is all over the world. Against this universal game of "Puss in
+the Corner," reaction must come, some day, in some shape, or anywhere
+will mean nowhere, for those who, starting in the geographical pursuit
+of pleasure, fail to find it and never return home.
+
+The oppositions of humanity have undergone many changes. Paul
+characterized them in his day as "Greek and Barbarian, bond and free,
+male and female." Christianity effaced old oppositions and created new
+ones. The old oppositions were national, personal, selfish. The new
+opposition was moral. It struck at evils, not at men, and tended to
+unite the latter in a patient and reasonable overcoming of the former. I
+know that the white heat at which its first blow was dealt left much for
+philosophy to elaborate, for science to adjust and apply. A Jesus,
+arrived at the plenitude of his intellectual vigor, could only have
+three years in which to formulate his weighty doctrine, and could not
+have had these without much care and hindrance. His work lay in the
+normal direction of human nature. In spite of lapses and relapses,
+mankind slowly creep towards the great unification which will make the
+savage animals and the selfish passions the only enemies of the human
+race. Modern society rests upon this unification as its basis of action.
+A positive philosophy which Auguste Comte did not elaborate absorbs its
+highest thought, and dictates its largest measures.
+
+And so prophetic souls bid farewell to the old negations. In their view,
+the lion is already reconciled to the lamb. The taming of the elements
+prefigures the general reconciliation. The deadly lightning runs on
+errands and carries messages. The Titan steam is the servant of commerce
+and industry, meek as Hercules when armed with the distaff of Omphale.
+Emulation, the desire to excel, exquisite, dangerous stimulant to
+exertion, is not in our day educated to the intensification of self, but
+to the enlargement of public spirit and of general interest. The
+constant discoveries of new treasures in our material world, of gold,
+silver, iron, and copper, of states to be built up and of harvests to be
+sown and reaped, are accompanied by corresponding discoveries
+concerning the variety of human gifts and their application to useful
+ends. What men and women can be good for may be more voluminously stated
+to-day than in any preceding age of the world's history.
+
+Comparison should be a strong point in modern society. When travelling
+was laborious and difficult, the masses of one country knew little
+concerning those of another. When learning was rare, and instruction
+costly and insufficient, the few knew the secrets of thought and
+science, the many not even knowing that such things were to be known.
+When wealth was uncommon, luxury was monopolized by a small class, the
+greater part of mankind earning only for themselves the right to live
+poorly. When distinctions were absolute, low life knew nothing of high
+life but what the novelist could invent, or the servant reveal. How
+changed is all this to-day! Competence, travel, tuition, and intelligent
+company are within the reach of all who will give themselves the trouble
+to attain them. The first consequence of this is that we become able to
+make the largest and most general comparison of human conditions which
+has ever been possible to humanity, nor does this ability regard the
+present alone. The unveiling of the treasures of the past, the
+interpretation of its experience and doctrine which we owe to the
+scholar and archæologist, enable us to compare remote antiquity with the
+things of the last minute. The work of antiquarian science culminates in
+the discovery of the prehistoric man. Theology had long before invented
+the post-historic angel. Now, indeed, we ought to be able to choose the
+best out of the best, since the whole is laid in order before us. But
+the chronic trouble hangs upon us still. Had we but such wisdom to
+choose as we have chance to see! The gifts of our future are still shown
+us in sealed caskets. Which of these conceals the condition of our true
+happiness? The leaden one, surely, of which we distrust the dull
+exterior, trusting in the inner brightness which it covers.
+
+What is the problem of modern society?
+
+How to use its vast resources. Here is where the office of true ethic
+comes in. No gift can make rich those who are poor in wisdom. The wealth
+which should build up society will pull it down if its possession lead
+to fatal luxury and indulgence. The freedom of intercourse which makes
+one nation known to another, and puts the culture of the most advanced
+at the service of the most barbarous, is like a flood which carries
+everywhere the seeds of good and of evil. The ripening of these depends
+much upon the accident of the human soil they may happen to find. But
+careful husbandry will have even more to do with the result.
+
+To America it was said at the outset, "Prepare to receive the World, and
+to make it free." Oh, World, so full of corruption and of slavery, wilt
+thou not rather bind us with thy gangrenous fetters? Wilt not the wail
+of thy old injustice and suffering prolong itself until the new strophe
+of hope shall be lost and forgotten?
+
+Where is God's image in this human brute who lands on our shores, full
+only of the insolence of beggary? Far, far be from us ever the methods
+and procedures which have made or left him what he is. Honor and glory
+to those patient, good men and women who will redeem his children from
+the degradation which seems almost proper to him. Theirs be a crown
+above that of the poet or orator!
+
+Modern society, then, is chiefly occupied with a vast assimilation of
+novelties. This task is by no means imposed upon us alone. While the
+New World has to digest races and traditions, the Old World has to
+digest ideas. Thanks to the good Puritan stomach which we inherit, the
+process goes on here, with little interruption. But across the seas, in
+Rome, in Germany, in Russia, what nausea, what quarrelling with the
+fatal morsel upon which Providence compels the lips to close!
+
+"_Non possumus!_" say the priests of the old order. "_Possum_," replies
+the eternal power. The French republic and the English monarchy succeed
+best in this altering of old habits to suit new emergencies. But where
+extremes are greatest, the contest is naturally fiercest. A Pope fears
+the cup of poisoned chocolate, and dares not drink the wine of the
+eucharist without a taster; the throne of the Russian autocrat is over
+the deadly mine of the Nihilist. German vanity and diplomacy bring back
+the shadow of the mediæval muddle. The living heart's blood of humanity
+comes to us out of these struggles, an immeasurable gift, for good or
+for evil. Can we be quick enough with our schools, just enough in our
+government, sincere and devout enough in our churches? What will Europe
+do with the ideas? What will America do with the people? These are the
+questions of the present time.
+
+One of the serious social questions of the day is the omnipotence of
+money. People often use this expression in a _quasi_ sarcastic sense,
+not seriously intending what they say. But the power of money nowadays
+is such that it becomes us seriously to ask whether there is anything
+that it cannot do. What ancient strongholds of taste, sentiment, and
+prejudice has it not stormed and carried?
+
+A servant, who sought a place during the first years of the shoddy
+inflation, asked a lady who was willing to engage her, "Are you shoddy,
+ma'am, or old family? I want to live with shoddy, because it pays the
+highest wages." The watchwords of society as often come from its humbler
+as from its higher level, and this woman unconsciously uttered the word
+which was to rule society from that time to this. Money, during the last
+twenty years, has swept over most of the old landmarks, and obliterated
+them.
+
+Religion itself stands aghast at this baptism of gold, which can convert
+the alien and the heathen, ay, the brigand and the robber, into saints
+of social prestige. For money bribes the court and pulpit, and buys the
+press; the highest rank, the highest genius, pay homage to it. If the
+duke has not money, he will seek in wedlock the most undesirable of
+women, if she be also the richest. Royalty bows to the splendid cloak of
+vulgarity, and invites it to dine and drive. Happy day, you will say,
+for labor, which money symbolizes. Monarchs may well show it respect.
+But money does not always symbolize honest and intelligent industry. A
+great fortune often represents transactions akin to theft; sometimes the
+thing itself, which the world is Spartan enough to approve of, if the
+criminal can only escape positive detection. Those, too, who have earned
+their money honestly, leave it to children who turn their back upon the
+class of which their parents came, and desire to know nothing of the
+bread-winning arts which they were constrained to practise.
+
+We have had, within the last ten years, a severe lesson concerning the
+instability of wealth in some of its most trusted forms. Yet are we not
+compelled by sympathy and antipathy, at the bottom of our hearts, to pay
+it an homage which our lips would not avow? Do we not desire wealth for
+our children as the condition which shall set our minds at rest
+concerning them? When we see mediocrity and vulgarity riding in the
+swift carriage, and wearing the jewels and the robes, bright in
+everybody's eyes and praised in everybody's mouth, do we not harbor
+somewhere a regret that we have not, in some way possible to us, set our
+best abilities to work to secure a similar distinction for ourselves?
+
+It should not frighten one to see the court and its underlings venal.
+Court and courtiers are a show, and money is the condition by which a
+show lives. But I look into the domain of letters, and ask whether that
+is still uncorrupted. I do not think that it is. The refined tastes of
+literary people lead them to value entertainment at the hands of the
+rich. The luxurious rooms, the abundant table, the easy _persiflage_ in
+which worldly tact knows enough to flatter recognized talent. Do not
+these _illicebræ_ seduce, to-day, even the stern heart of philosophy?
+
+How unkind was society to Margaret Fuller! It was reluctant to show her
+the courtesy due to a gentlewoman. Its mean gossip treated her as if she
+had been beyond the pale of elegance and good taste, verging away even
+from good behavior. What was her offence against society? A humanity too
+large and absorbing, a mind too brave and independent for its
+commonplace. Add to these the fact that she had neither fashion nor
+fortune. The things she asked for are granted to-day by every thinking
+mind, and she is remembered as illustrious. But if she could come back
+to-morrow as she was, poor in purse and plain in person, and assume her
+old leadership, would Boston treat her any better than it did in days of
+yore? Would she not find, even among Brook farmers, a looking toward
+Beacon Street which might surprise her? The literary man, who went so
+bravely from abstract philosophy to its concrete expression, whose
+learned hands took up the spade and hoe, and whose early peas were
+praised by those who contemned his principles, would he, at a later
+day,--grown urbane and fashionable,--would he have bowed without a pang
+to his former self, if he had met him, dusty and on foot, in Central
+Park, he himself being well mounted?
+
+I said just now that money could buy the press. This is shameful,
+because the press, more than any other power, can afford to be frank and
+sincere. Freedom is the very breath of life in its nostrils, yet is it
+to-day largely salaried by the enemies of freedom. While speaking of the
+press, I will mention the regret with which I lately read, in the
+"Boston Daily Advertiser," an editorial treating of the expulsion of the
+Jesuits from France. The writer, who denounced this measure with some
+severity, described the religious body with which it deals as a band of
+mild and inoffensive men, chiefly occupied with the tuition of youth. He
+might as well have characterized a tiger as a harmless creature,
+incapable of the use of firearms.
+
+To me the worship of wealth means, in the present, the crowning of low
+merit with undeserved honor,--the setting of successful villany above
+unsuccessful virtue. It means absolute neglect and isolation for the few
+who follow a high heart's love through want and pain, through evil and
+good report. It means the bringing of all human resources, material and
+intellectual, to one dead level of brilliant exhibition--a second Field
+of the Cloth of Gold--to show that the barbaric love of splendor still
+lives in man, with the thirst for blood, and other _quasi_ animal
+passions. It means, in the future, some such sad downfall as Spain had
+when the gold and silver of America had gorged her soldiers and nobles;
+something like what France experienced after Louis XIV. and XV. I am no
+prophet, and, least of all, a prophet of evil; but where, oh where,
+shall we find the antidote to this metallic poison? Perhaps in the
+homoeopathic principle of cure. When the money miracle shall be
+complete, when the gold Midas shall have turned everything to gold, then
+the human heart will cry for flesh and blood, for brain and muscles.
+Then shall manhood be at a premium, and money at a discount.
+
+The French have found, among many others, one fortunate expression. They
+speak of a life of representation, by which they mean the life of a
+person conspicuous in the great world. This society of representation
+has some recognition in every stage of civilization, since even nations
+which we consider barbarous have their festivals and processions. The
+ministerial balls in Paris, and perhaps many other entertainments in
+that city, are of this character.
+
+The guests are admitted in virtue of a card, which is really a ticket,
+though money cannot command it. Many of the persons entertained are not
+personally acquainted with either host or hostess, and do not
+necessarily make their acquaintance by going to their house. Everything
+is arranged with a view to large effects: music, decorations, supper,
+etc. A party of friends may go there for their own amusement, or a
+single individual for his own. But there are no general introductions
+given, there is no social fusion.
+
+Now this I call society of representation. It bears about the same
+relation to genuine society that scene-painting bears to a carefully
+finished picture. People of culture and education enjoy a peep at this
+spectacular drama of the social stage, but their idea of society would
+be something very different from this. Where this show-society
+monopolizes the resources of a community, it implies either a dearth of
+intellectual resources, or a great misapprehension of what is really
+delightful and profitable in social intercourse.
+
+Where the stage form of society predominates too largely, its intimate
+form languishes and declines. The communings of a chosen few around a
+table simply spread, with no view to the recognition of the great
+Babylon, but rather with a pleasure in its avoidance; refined sympathy
+and support given and received in a round of daily duties, by those
+whose hands are busy and whose minds are full; the inner sweetness of a
+beautiful song or poem, the kindling of mind from mind, till all become
+surprised at what each can do,--this sort of society maintains itself by
+keeping the noisy rush of the crowd at arm's length. Horace says,--
+
+    "Odo profanum vulgus et arceo,"
+
+and I, a democrat of the democrats, will say so too. I reverence the
+masses of mankind, rich or poor. My heart beats high when I think of the
+good which human society has already evolved, and of the greater good
+which is in store for those who are to come after us. But I hate the
+profane vulgarity which courts public notice and mention as the chief
+end of existence, and which, in so doing, puts out of sight those
+various ends and interests which each generation is bound to pursue for
+itself, and to promote for its successors.
+
+The time of poor Marie Antoinette was the culmination of such a period
+of show. Its glare and glitter, and its lavish waste, had put out of
+sight the true and intimate relations of man to man. And so, as the
+gilded portion of the age made its musters of beautiful empty heads, of
+vanities throned upon vanities, the ungilded part made its deadly muster
+of discontent, displeasure, and despair. The empty heads fell, and much
+that was precious and noble fell with them. The great stage produced its
+bloody drama, and the curtain of horror closed upon it.
+
+Critics of society usually direct their invective against the
+extravagance and shallowness of this exhibitory department, and would
+almost make these an excuse for the opposite extreme of misanthropic
+spleen and avoidance. They should remember that while society, from an
+inward necessity, provides for these musterings and displays, it is
+unable to provide for that intimate and personal intercourse which
+individuals must found and cultivate for themselves. So much is left for
+each one of us to do, to find our peers, and open with them an honest
+exchange of our best for their best. The family most easily begins this,
+with its intense and ever-enlarging interests. Out of true family life
+comes a neighborhood; out of a neighborhood the body politic, and the
+body sympathetic.
+
+If, in the matter of social intercourse, show is allowed to usurp the
+place of substance, the indolence of mankind must bear its part of the
+blame. It is far easier to order a suit for the great occasion, than to
+brighten one's mental jewels for the small one. Many a soldier is brave
+on parade, who would not shine on a field of battle. Many a woman will
+pass for elegant in a ball-room, or even at a court drawing-room, whose
+want of true breeding would become evident in a chosen company.
+
+The reason why education is usually so poor among women of fashion is,
+that it is not needed for the life which they elect to lead. With a good
+figure, good clothes, and a handsome equipage, with a little reading of
+the daily papers, and of the fashionable reviews, and above all, with
+the happy tact which often enables women to make a large display of very
+small acquirements, the woman of fashion may never feel the need of true
+education. We pity her none the less, since she will never know its
+peace and delight.
+
+In our own country, at this moment, and in Europe as well, ambitions
+seem to be unduly directed to this department of social action, the
+training and discipline for which differ widely from that proper to
+intimate and domestic life. Hence comes an observable regard, not to
+appearances only, but to appearance. As actors often paint their faces
+too highly for near effects, in order to look well at the farthest point
+of view, so the dress and manners of the day fit themselves for the
+stage of the great world, and their wearers seem to meditate not only
+what will not appear amiss, but what will attract attention by some
+singularity of becoming effect. Hence the supremacy for the time of
+those whose calling it is to minister to appearance. The tailor has
+long been a man of destiny, but the modern plainness of male attire has
+somewhat sobered his pretensions. But look at the sublime arrogance of
+the ladies' dressmaker, and the almost equally sublime meekness of the
+victim, who not only submits, but desires to be as wax in her hands.
+This supreme functionary has, of course, _carte blanche_ for her
+ordinances. The subject says to her, "Do what you will with me. Make me
+modest or immodest. Tie up my feet or straighten my arms till use of
+them becomes impossible. Deprive my figure of all drapery, or upholster
+it like a window-frame. Nay, set me in the centre of a movable tent, but
+array me so that people shall look at me, and shall say I look well."
+
+I cannot but hate, to-day, the slavish fashion which seems to have been
+invented in order to intensify that self-consciousness which is the
+worst enemy of beauty. It is administered by means of a system of lacets
+and whalebones, which everywhere impinge upon nature. A young lady who
+is in her dress like a sword in its scabbard (the French name for the
+fashion is _fourreau_), is made to think of this point, and of that,
+until her whole gait and movement become an interrogation of her silks
+and elastics. Can I sit? Can I walk? Can I put this foot forward, or
+lift this hand to my head? Ask the satin strait-jacket in which your
+artist has imprisoned you, receiving high compensation for the service.
+Much as I resent this constraint and restraint of the body, my saddest
+thought is, that where it is endured the mind has first been enslaved.
+
+Foreign travel is so established a feature in American life, that it may
+well become us to take account of what it costs and comes to.
+
+Our own importation of men and women is various and enormous. They who
+come to us poor and ignorant in one generation, are seen comfortable and
+well educated in the next. The disfranchised and landless man comes to
+us, and receives political rights, and the title of a farm in fee
+simple. No inordinate tribute robs him of the product of his industry,
+be it large or small. He pays to the State what it pays him well to
+afford, for protection and education. But how is it with the tribute
+which Europe levies upon us in the shape of our sons and daughters?
+
+Many polite tastes have, no doubt, been fostered in our young men by
+studies pursued in a German university, or art learned in a French
+studio. Some of the best scholars of the elder generation have profited,
+in their youth, by such advantages. But if we go beyond the limits of
+literary or professional life, we may not consider the results so
+fortunate. Our society-men sometimes become so depolarized in their
+tastes and feelings, as to be at ease nowhere but in Europe, and not
+much at ease there. Those who return bring back a love of betting and of
+horse-racing, and ape the display of European grandees as far as their
+fortunes will allow.
+
+And our young women? Some of them study soberly abroad, and return to
+give their countenance and support to all that is improving and refining
+in their own country. Some float hither and thither, between England and
+Italy, like a feather on the wave, disappearing at last. The Daisy
+Millerish chit is seen, offending in pure ignorance of what common-sense
+should easily teach mothers and daughters.
+
+Family groups of Americans are often met with in Europe, in which one
+figure is wanting. This is the father, absent, in America, working at
+his business or speculation. These ladies are often companionable
+people, who enjoy good hotels, galleries, music on the public square,
+and, above all, the sensation of being far from home.
+
+One feels about them a dreary atmosphere of homelessness. As the writer
+of the Potiphar papers, while watching a gay young mother's performance
+in the "German," was constrained to think of a complaining babe in her
+nursery, so, in hearing those ladies boast of their enjoyments, one
+cannot help remembering with commiseration the wifeless husband and
+daughterless father at home, who works like a steam-fan to keep these
+butterflies in motion.
+
+More sad still are my reflections, when I hear that numbers of American
+girls, with large or even moderate fortunes, go abroad and allow it to
+be known that they seek a husband with a title. These are to be had, of
+various grades, if the pecuniary consideration be only sufficient. And
+so many of our laborious men of business work hard in order to earn for
+themselves the luxury of a titled son-in-law, who has not the ability to
+earn his own support, and would scorn to do it if he had.
+
+American women with money are at a premium in fashionable Europe. Even
+without this supreme merit, they are favorites. A London journal calls
+attention to the fact that some of the leading ladies in the fashionable
+London of to-day are Americans. The versatility of mind and ease of
+manner which a free and social life develops, appear in strong contrast
+with the results of the more formal education, which are often seen in
+the opposite extremes of timidity and assurance.
+
+As our young men are often entrapped, while abroad, into marriages which
+prove to be very unwise and unsuitable, I wish very much that we might
+bring and keep our young people in a better understanding with each
+other, so that even the most ambitious among them should be content to
+marry with their peers, and abide in the home of their fathers.
+
+I have been surprised, at some periods of my late visit to Europe, to
+perceive the growing interest of thinking people in all that is most
+characteristic of American progress. Again and again, in private and in
+public, I have found myself invited to discourse concerning the happy
+country in which popular education has been so long established, that
+its results are no longer putative, but ascertained and verified. The
+country in which the fairest woman, provided she be a modest one, can
+walk abroad by day or night, unmolested and unsuspected, the country in
+which women have acquired the courage to think for themselves, and to
+stand by each other.
+
+These invitations, though not given in derision, yet seemed akin to the
+Hebrew refrain, "Sing us one of the songs of Zion!" And when I related
+the facts familiar to all of us, to those who listened with
+half-incredulous wonder, it was, indeed, like singing the Lord's song of
+freedom in a strange land.
+
+The reasons why Europe should come to America are obvious and pressing.
+The reasons why America should visit Europe are equally binding and
+cogent. The material and the moral life of to-day are kept at their
+height by this flux and reflux of human personality, which carries with
+it every variety of opinion and experience. Could we only send our best
+abroad, and for the best reasons! Could Europe only send her best, also,
+for their best help and study! But the human average profits first of
+all by its material enlargement, and will be received just as it is. So,
+our fools go abroad, to show that folly is a thing of all times and
+climes; and, along with the tidal wave of ignorance and bigotry, the
+dark, designing Jesuit seeks our shore, and spins his fatal web among
+our rose-trees. Sun of divine truth, storms of divine justice, sweep
+away the evil and ripen the good!
+
+When I see an American of either sex caught in the vortex of European
+attraction, depolarized from natural relations, and charmed into
+alliance with feudal barbarism and ignorance, my heart rings the bell of
+alarm which is hung at the gates of Paradise.
+
+From all these Western splendors can this shallow soul turn away? From
+these golden fields whose overflow gives Europe food, while her human
+overflow gives them labor? From this large construction of human right,
+which lifts the cruel yoke from the neck of labor, and gives him who
+earns the livelihood of many his own life to enjoy and perfect? From
+this holy record of pious endeavor, from these splendid achievements of
+souls inspired by freedom, thou canst go, joyous and triumphant, to pay
+homage to the lies which are no longer believed by those who profess
+them; lies whose fallacy America exposes every day and hour to the
+detection of the world.
+
+Thou wilt accept a title, empty as an egg-shell, for a thing truly
+noble! Thou wilt call a courtier's grimace polite, a courtesan's fashion
+elegant! Thou wilt curry favor in a vulgar court, courtesying low to a
+prince of harlequins and harlots! Thou, child of the Puritans, wilt
+kneel and kiss the hand which, still and sole, disputes with Christ the
+mastery of the world! Then art thou simply an anachronism! Some are born
+into the world centuries before their time, some centuries after it.
+
+Other attractions, innocent in themselves, and conceivable to all,
+detain some of our valued fellow-citizens in perpetual exile. The quiet
+and beauty of English country-life, the literary and artistic resources
+of a foreign capital, the romances of ancient chateaux and cathedrals,
+some delicious touch of climate, some throbbing beauty of a southern
+sky. How delightful we have found these, it is as much a pain as a
+pleasure to remember! But let us also call to mind the lesson of a
+well-known fairy tale. While Beauty prolongs her absence, the faithful
+Beast languishes and comes nigh unto death. While we enjoy these choice
+delights, the society to which we belong is sowing its wheat and its
+tares. We are far from the field in which the life of our own generation
+is planted and tended. Every honest heart, every thinking mind, has its
+value in the community to which it belongs. Our value, such as it is,
+remains wanting to our community, and, when its crises of trial shall
+come, we shall not have been trained by watchful experience to
+understand either their cause or their remedy.
+
+How delightful was Italy to Milton! His Allegro and Pensieroso show that
+he could fully appreciate both its mirth and its majesty. He returns not
+the less to live out a life of illustrious service in his own country,
+where his brave heart and philosophic mind were of more avail to his
+time than even his sacred song to ours.
+
+No one has any reason to be surprised at any new manifestation of human
+folly. Yet I am sometimes surprised, to-day, by the disrespect which is
+often shown to the word "Protestant." This name dates, at farthest, from
+the time of Luther, but the fact for which it stands is as old as human
+history. Moses made a protest when he led his people out of the luxury
+and slavery of Egypt to find the free hills of Judæa, and to build on
+one of them a temple to the God of freedom. Christ made His protest
+against the hypocrisy and injustice of the old social and ecclesiastical
+order. England and France have made their protests against monarchical
+supremacy. Both went back from their daring determination, but the
+lesson was not forgotten. The Puritans made their protest when they
+faced the frowning sea and the savage wilderness, in order that they
+might train their children, and live themselves in the freedom which
+conscience asks. Mr. Garrison and his associates made their protest
+against American slavery. Mrs. Butler, of England, makes her protest
+to-day against the personal degradation of women. Lucy Stone makes hers
+against their political enslavement.
+
+Does society inherit? Is man the heir of man? Whence come those
+creatures of the present day who smile, and shrug their shoulders, and
+feebly say, "We don't protest. Our fathers did something of the kind,
+upon what ground we cannot possibly imagine. But we are quite of another
+sort. We don't protest."
+
+To those courageous souls which, alone and unaided, have been able to
+face the world's passion and inertia,--to those leaders of forlorn hopes
+who have seen glory in the depths of death and have sought it there,--to
+those voices proclaiming in the wilderness the triumphant progress of
+truth,--to those brave spirits whose strength the fires of hell have
+annealed, not consumed,--my soul shall ever render its glad and duteous
+homage. And if, in my later age, I might seek the crowning honor of my
+life, I should seek it with that small, faithful band who have no choice
+but to utter their deepest conviction, and abide its issues. Fruitful
+shall be their pains and privations. They who have sown in tears the
+seeds of unpopular virtue, shall reap its happy harvest in the good and
+gratitude of mankind.
+
+
+
+
+CHANGES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY.
+
+
+I have been invited to speak to you to-day concerning changes in
+American society. In preparing to consider this subject, I cannot but
+remember that the very question of social change is to some people an
+open one. The supposition of any real onward movement in society is as
+unwelcome and as untrue to these persons as was Galileo's theory
+concerning the revolution of the earth around the sun. They will assert,
+as indeed they may, that the same crimes are committed in all ages, with
+the same good deeds to counterbalance them and that the capital
+tendencies of human nature are always substantially the same. This also
+must be allowed. The error of these friends consists in overlooking the
+most characteristic and human of these tendencies, which is that of
+progressive desire. This trait, deeper and stronger than the mere love
+of change, pushes the whole heterogeneous mass of humanity onward in a
+way from which there is no return.
+
+The laws of human motive and action, meanwhile, remain as steadfast and
+immovable as the laws by whose application Galileo made his discovery.
+To discern at once the steadfast truth and its metamorphic developments
+will be the task of the greatest wisdom.
+
+When Theodore Parker invited the religious world to consider the
+transient and the permanent elements of Christianity, he made a popular
+application of a truth long known to philosophy. This truth is that life
+in all of its aspects exhibits these two opposite qualities or
+conditions. Much is transient in the individual, more is permanent in
+the race.
+
+The study of anthropology, so greatly enriched to-day by discovery and
+investigation, would give us much to say under both of these heads, but
+most, I think, under the last.
+
+I remember that in reading Livy's history of the second Punic war, in
+our own war time, I was struck by certain resemblances between the time
+in which he wrote and that in which I read him. When I learned from his
+pages that the merchants and ship-owners of ancient Rome managed to
+impose the most worthless of their vessels upon the government for the
+transport of troops and provisions, I exclaimed, "What Yankees these
+Romans were!"
+
+In reading some well-known satires of Horace I have been struck with the
+resemblance of the ancient to the modern bore. Boileau's famous take-off
+of the dinner given by a _parvenu_ is scarcely more than a French
+adaptation of the feast of Nasidienus, as described by the Roman bard
+who was Boileau's model.
+
+In Virgil's account of the good housewife, who rises early in order to
+measure out the work of the household, and in Solomon's description of
+the thrifty woman of his time, one sees the value set upon feminine
+industry and economy in times far removed from our own, yet resembling
+it in this appreciation.
+
+On the other hand, the dissimilarity of ancient and modern society is
+equally seen in the same mirror of literature. The mention of matters
+which, by common consent, are banished from decent speech to-day, the
+position of Woman, from the vestal virgin buried alive for breach of
+trust to the _devium scortum_, whom Horace frankly invites to his feast,
+the gross superstition which saw in religion little save portents and
+propitiation,--these mark on the dial of history an hour as distant from
+our own in sympathy as in time.
+
+You will wish to hear from me some account of changes which have come
+within the sphere of my own observation, both as I have been able to see
+for myself, and to compare what I have seen with what I have received
+from the generation immediately preceding my own. Let me remind you
+that, with all the advantages of personal observation, it may be more
+difficult for us to give a true account of the age to which we belong
+than of more distant times, upon which thought and reflection have
+already done their critical and explanatory work. Familiarity so dulls
+the edge of perception, as to make us least acquainted with things and
+persons making part of our daily life. Mindful of these difficulties, I
+will do my best to characterize the threescore years which have carried
+me into and out of the heart of the nineteenth century.
+
+I have seen in this time a great growth in the direction of liberal
+thought, of popular government, of just laws and useful institutions. I
+have seen human powers so multiplied by mechanical appliances as to
+destroy the old measures of time and distance, and almost to justify
+the veto once laid by the great Napoleon upon the use of the word
+"impossible": "_Ne me dîtes jamais ce bête de mot_," said he; and it has
+now become more _bête_ than ever.
+
+What feature of society has not changed in the phantasmagoria of these
+wonderful lustres? Each decade has made a fool of the one which went
+before it. Whether in the region of extended observation and experiment,
+or in that of subtle and profound investigation, human effort has seemed
+in this time to put itself at compound interest, working at once with
+matters infinitely little and with matters infinitely great, and surely
+introducing mankind to a higher plane of comfort and co-operation than
+has been reached in anterior ages.
+
+While the mechanism of life has thus been brought much nearer to
+perfection by the labor of our age, the principles of life remain such
+as they have always been.
+
+Pile luxury as high as you will, health is better, and the body of a
+well-fed and not over-worked ploughman is, nine times out of ten, a
+better possession than the body of a man of fortune, especially if he be
+at the same time a man of pleasure. Marshal and gild the pomp of
+circumstance, and do it homage with bated breath, character remains the
+true majesty, honor and intelligence its prime ministers. Money can help
+people to education, by paying for the support of those who can give it.
+But money cannot excuse its possessor from the smallest of the mental
+operations through which, if at all, a man comes to know what, as a man,
+he should know.
+
+The great _desiderata_ of humanity still remain these: to preserve the
+integrity of nature, the purity of sentiment, and the coherence of
+thought. The great extension of educational opportunities which we see
+to-day should make the attainment of these objects easier than in ages
+of less instruction. But while the pursuit of them is ever normal to the
+human race, the inherent difficulties of their attainment remain
+undiminished. Without self-discipline and self-sacrifice, no man to-day
+attains true education, or the dignity of true manhood. For here comes
+in the terrible fact of man's freedom as a moral agent.
+
+Could our age possess and administer the powers of the universe to its
+heart's content, in that heart would yet rest the issues of its life and
+of its death.
+
+The period of which I have to speak has certainly witnessed great
+improvements in the theory of hygiene. The old heroic treatment of
+diseases has nearly disappeared. The nauseous draughts, the
+blood-letting and blisters, have given place to moderate medication, the
+choice of climate and the regulation of diet. Women have been admitted
+as copartners with men in the guardianship of the public health.
+Athletic sports help the student to fresh blood and efficient muscle,
+without which the brain sickens and perishes.
+
+But even in this department how much is left to desire and to do! Our
+greatest and richest city is still festering with the corruption that
+breeds disease. No board of health seems to have power to sweep its side
+streets and dark alleys. Fashion keeps her avenues clean, and neglects
+the rest of the vast domain, for which she has her reward in many a
+ghastly epidemic. The late Edward Clarke, of Boston,--heaven rest his
+soul!--could alarm the whole continent with his threats of the physical
+evils which the more perfect education of one sex would entail on both.
+But he has left no public protest against the monstrosities of toilet
+which deform and mutilate the bodies of women to-day, nor against the
+selfish frivolity of life in both sexes, which is equally inimical to
+true motherhood and to true fatherhood.
+
+I have seen in fashions of dress and furniture the curious cycle which
+my elders foretold, and which it takes, I should think, half a century
+to fulfil. My earliest childish remembrance is of the slim dresses which
+display as much as is possible of the outlines of the figure. I remember
+the _élégantes_ of Gotham walking the one fashionable street of
+fifty-five years ago, attired in pelisses of pink or blue satin. A white
+satin cloak trimmed with dark fur seemed, even to my childish
+observation, a chill costume for a pedestrian in the heart of winter. My
+mother's last Paris bonnet, bought probably in 1825, appeared to her
+children, twenty years later, such a caricature, that pious hands
+destroyed it, in order that we might have no ludicrous association with
+the sweet young creature whose death had left us babes in the nursery.
+
+After many fluctuations and oscillations, I have seen modern head-gear
+near of kin to the subject of this holocaust. I have seen the old forms
+and colors return to popular favor. I have even heard that the very
+white satin cloak, which seemed _outré_ to the critic of six years, has
+been worn and greatly admired in the recent gay world of Paris. The
+return in these cases, it must be said, is not to the identical point of
+departure. Progress, according to some thinkers, follows a spiral, and
+is neither shut in a circle nor extended in a straight line. The hoops
+of our great-grandmothers are not the hoops which we remember to have
+seen or worn. Their eelskin dresses are not the model of ours. Still,
+the recurrence of the same vein of fancy marks a periodical
+approximation to the region or belt of influence in which certain
+forgotten possibilities suggest themselves to the seeker of novelty, and
+in which the capricious, antithetical fancy delights to crown with honor
+all that it found most devoid of beauty a few lustres ago.
+
+Does this encyclical tendency in the familiar æsthetics of life imply a
+corresponding tendency in the moral and intellectual movement of
+mankind? I fear that it does. I fear that seriousness and frivolity,
+greed and disinterest, extravagance and economy, in so far as these are
+social and sympathetic phenomena, do succeed each other in the movement
+of the ages. But here the device of the spiral can save us. We must make
+the round, but we may make it with an upward inclination. "Let there be
+light!" is sometimes said in accents so emphatic, that the universe
+remembers and cannot forget it. We carry our problem slowly forward.
+With all the ups and downs of every age, humanity constantly rises.
+Individuals may preserve all its early delusions, commit all its
+primitive crimes; but to the body of civilized mankind, the return to
+barbarism is impossible.
+
+The æsthetic elaboration of ethical ideas, always a feature of
+civilization, becomes in our day a task of such prominence as to engage
+the zeal and labor of those even who have little natural facility for
+any of its processes.
+
+The ignoring of this department of culture by our Puritan ancestors, had
+much to do with the bareness of surrounding and poverty of amusement
+which almost affright us in the record of their society. With all their
+insufficiency, these periods of severe simplicity are of great
+importance in the history of a people. The temporary withdrawal from the
+sensible and pleasurable to the severe verities of ethical study
+accumulates a reserve force which is sure to be very precious in the
+emergencies to which all nations are exposed. The reaction against the
+extreme of this is as likely to be excessive as was the action itself.
+
+If we tend to any extreme, nowadays, it is to that of making art take
+the place of thought, as may somewhat appear in the general rage for
+illustration and decoration.
+
+The ministrations of art to ethics are indeed unspeakably grand and
+helpful. The cathedrals of the Old World, and its rich and varied
+galleries, preserve for us the fresh and naïve spirit of mediæval piety.
+Religious art, indeed, becomes almost secularized by its repetitions;
+yet each of its great works has the isolation of its own atmosphere, and
+speaks its own language, which we reverently learn while we look upon
+it.
+
+Of all arts, music is the one most intimately interwoven with the
+ethical consciousness of our own time. The oratorios of Handel and of
+Mendelssohn so blend the sacred text and the divine music, that we think
+of the two together, and almost as of things so wedded by God, that man
+must not seek to put them asunder. When I have sat to sing in the chorus
+of the Messiah, and have heard the tenor take up the sweet burden of
+"Comfort ye my people!" I have felt the whole chain of divine
+consolation which those historic words express, and which link the
+prophet of pre-Christian times to the saints and sinners of to-day. In
+far-off Palestine I have been shown the plain on which it is supposed
+that the shepherds were tending their flocks when the birth of the
+Messiah was announced to them. But as I turned my eyes to view it, my
+memory was full of that pastoral symphony of Handel's, in which the
+divine glory seems just muffled enough to be intelligible to our abrupt
+and hasty sense. Nay, I lately heard a beloved voice which read the
+chapter of Elijah's wonderful experiences in the wilderness. While I
+listened, bar after bar of Mendelssohn's music struck itself off in the
+resonant chamber of memory, and I thanked the Hebrew of our own time for
+giving the intensity of life to that mystical drama of insight and
+heroism.
+
+The transcendentalists of our own country made great account of the
+relation of art to ethics, and perhaps avenged the Puritan partiality by
+giving art the leading, and ethics the subordinate place in their
+statements and endeavors. But the masters of the transcendental
+philosophy in Europe did not so. Spinoza, Kant, and Fichte were
+idealists of the severest type. Standing for the moment between the two,
+I will only say that the danger of forgetting the high labors and
+rewards of thought in the pleasure of beautiful sights and sounds is
+one to which the highest civilization stands most exposed. To think
+aright, to resolve and pray aright, we must retire from those delights
+to the contemplation of that whose sublimity they can but faintly image,
+as we pass with joy from the likeness of our friend into his presence.
+
+Love of ornament is by no means synonymous with love of the beautiful.
+The taste which overloads dress and architecture with superfluous
+irrelevancies, is often quite in opposition to that true sense of beauty
+which is indispensable to the artist and precious to the philosopher.
+"[Greek: To kalon]," the Greeks said. Was it a naïve utterance on their
+part? Was it through their poverty of expression, or their want of
+experience, that the same word with them signified the good and the
+beautiful? No. It was through the depth of their insight, and the power
+of their mental appreciation, that they so stamped this golden word as
+that it should show the supreme of form on one of its faces, and the
+supreme of spirit on the other.
+
+The social domain of religion has also undergone a change. In my early
+life I remember that all earnest and religious people were supposed to
+live out of the great world, and to keep company only with one another
+and with the subjects of their charitable beneficence. The
+disadvantages of this course are easily seen. Free intercourse with the
+average of mankind is one of the most important agencies in enlarging
+and correcting the action of the human mind. The exigencies of ordinary
+intercourse develop a sense of the dependence of human beings upon each
+other, and a power corresponding to the needs involved in this
+interdependence. The religious susceptibilities of individuals, which
+are at once very strong in their character and very uncertain in their
+action, are liable to become either exaggerated or exhausted by a course
+of life which should rely wholly upon them for guidance and for
+interest.
+
+Let us, therefore, by all means have saints in the world, keeping to
+their pure standard, and recommending it more by their actions than by
+their professions. But these saints must be brave as well as pure.
+Unworthy doctrine must not escape their reprobation. When a just cause
+is contemned, they must stand by it. If the world shall cast them out in
+consequence, it will not be their fault. The social leagues which group
+themselves around the various churches of to-day, seem to me a feature
+of happy augury. It is the office of the church to inspire and direct
+the tone of social intercourse, and these associations should greatly
+help it to that end. I lately heard Wendell Phillips complain that
+church exercises nowadays largely consist of picnics and other
+merry-makings. Only a little before, Mr. Phillips, in his reply to Mr.
+Parkman's article against Woman Suffrage, had spoken of the growth of
+social influence as a good.
+
+It does, to be sure, look a little whimsical to read on the bulletin of
+a Methodist church such announcements as this,--"Private theatricals for
+the benefit of the Sunday school." But Wesley introduced the use of
+secular tunes in his church on the ground that the devil should not have
+all the good music. Neither should he monopolize the innocent amusements
+with which, if they are left to him, he does indeed play the devil.
+
+Although the great ocean will always hold Europe at arm's length from
+us, yet the currents of belief and sympathy bring its various peoples
+near to us in various ways. I remember to have taken note of this long
+before the ocean steamships brought the eastern hemisphere within a few
+days' journey from our own seaboard, and very long before the
+time-annihilating cables were dreamed of. The French have always had
+with us the prestige of their social tact and sumptuary elegance. The
+English manners are affected by those among us who mistake the
+aristocracy of position for the aristocracy of character. The Italians
+rule us by their great artists in the past, and by their subtle policy
+in the present. The Germans have, as they deserve, the pre-eminence in
+music, in metaphysics, and in many departments of high culture.
+
+I have not long since been taken to task by a writer in a prominent New
+York paper for some strictures regarding the quasi-omnipotence of money
+in the society of to-day. The writer in question enlarged somewhat upon
+the greatly increased expenditure of money in our own country, as if
+this must be considered as a good in itself. He concludes his statement
+by remarking that Mrs. Howe has never studied the proper significance of
+the money question. I desire to say here only that I have not neglected
+the study of this question, which so regards the very life of society.
+One of its problems I have ventured to decide for myself, viz., whether
+the luxury of the rich really supports the industry of the poor.
+
+The æsthetic of luxury is a mean and superficial one. The critique of
+luxury is compliant and cowardly; and, despite its glittering promise to
+pay any price for what it desires, luxury orders poorly, pays poorly,
+and in the end undermines the credit of the State, the very citadel of
+its solvency. I regret and deplore its prevalence to-day, and consider
+it not as the safeguard, but as the most dangerous enemy of republican
+institutions.
+
+In our America, ay, even in our Puritan New England, the day has come in
+which economy is a discredit and poverty a disgrace. With the common
+school ever at work to lift the social level, unfolding to the child of
+the day-laborer the page which instructs the son of the peer, the cry is
+still that money is God, and that there is none other. One may ask, in
+the business streets, whether rich people have any faults, or poor
+people any virtues. A woman who sells her beauty for a rich dower is
+honored in church and in State. Both alike bow to the money in her hand.
+One proverb says that Time is money, as if it were
+
+    "Only that, and nothing more."
+
+Another proverb says that Money is power. And in this form, no doubt, it
+receives the most fervent worship, for luxury palls sooner or later,
+while ambition is never satisfied. But we constantly meet, on the other
+hand, with instances in which money is not power. Money does not give
+talent or intelligence. You cannot buy good government, good manners, or
+good taste: You cannot buy health or life. Do some of you remember the
+shipwreck, some twenty years ago, of a steamer homeward-bound from
+California? The few survivors told how the desperate passengers brought
+their belts and bags of gold to the cabin, and threw them about with a
+bitter contempt of their worthlessness. States have such shipwrecks, in
+which avenging Fate seems to say to those who have sacrificed all for
+wealth, "Thy money perish with thee."
+
+The heroics of history are full of the story of great ends, accomplished
+by very small means. Now a handful of resolute men hold the forces of a
+great empire in check, and beat back the ocean surge of barbarism from
+the marble of their strong will. Now a single martyr turns the scale of
+the world's affection by throwing into the balance the weight of one
+small life. Now a State with every disadvantage of territory, cursed
+with sterility, or exposed to the murderous overflow of the salt sea,
+takes its stand upon the simple determination to conquer for itself a
+free and worthy existence. Frederick of Prussia and his small army,
+Washington, with his handful of men, in these and so many other
+instances, we admire the attainment of mighty ends through means which
+seem infinitesimal in proportion to them. How shall it be in our
+country, to which Nature has given the widest variety of climate, soil,
+and production? Shall we become a lesson to the world in the opposite
+direction? Shall we show how little a people may accomplish with every
+circumstance in its favor, and with nothing wanting to its success but
+the careful mind and resolute spirit? God forbid!
+
+The belief in pacific methods of settling international differences has
+made a noticeable progress in my time.
+
+In my school-days I remember a grave Presbyterian household at whose
+fireside I one day saw an elderly man seat himself, with little notice
+from the members of the family. I inquired who he might be, and was
+told, with some good-natured laughter, that this old gentleman was the
+American Peace Society, _i.e._, the last surviving member of that
+association. This was a humorous exaggeration of the truth. Judge Jay,
+of New York, was living at that time, and all the enthusiasm of the
+peace cause lived in him, and no doubt in many others. I have remembered
+the incident, nevertheless; and when I have seen the stately Peace
+Congresses held in Europe and elsewhere, when I have seen rapacious
+England submitting to arbitration, when I have seen the flag of military
+prestige go down before the white banner of Peace, as in the late change
+of the ministry in that country, I have remembered that day of small
+things, and have learned that the faith of individuals is the small seed
+from which spring the mighty growths of popular conviction and sympathy.
+
+The extensive wars which have taken place within the last forty years,
+as extensive and as deadly as any the world ever saw, are sometimes
+quoted in derision of those who believe, as I do, in the sober, steady
+growth of the pacific spirit among people of intelligence. The reasons
+for this advance lie deeper than the vision of the careless observer may
+reach. Within the period of our own century the value of human life to
+the individual has been greatly increased by the wide diffusion of the
+advantages of civilization. The value of the individual to the State has
+become greatly increased by the multiplication of industrial resources,
+and by the immense emigration which at times threatens to drain the
+older society of its working population. The spread of education has at
+once undermined the blind belief of the multitude in military leaders,
+and toned down the blind ferocity of instinct to which those leaders are
+forced to appeal. Wars of mere spoliation are scarcely permitted to-day.
+Wars of pure offence are deeply disapproved of.
+
+The military and diplomatic injustice of past times has left unsettled
+many questions of territory and boundary which will not rest until they
+shall be set right. The populations which war has plundered and
+subjugated, lay their cause before the world's tribunal. In aid of this,
+the friends of the true law and order are ever busy in forming a nucleus
+of moral power, which governments will be forced to respect. Thus,
+though the war-demon dies hard, he is doomed, and we shall yet see the
+battlements of his grim cathedrals places for lovers to woo and for
+babes to play in.
+
+In religion I have seen the dark ministrations of terror give way before
+the radiant gospel of hope. I remember when Doctrine sat beside the bed
+of death, and offered its flimsy synonym to the eyes upon which the
+awful, eternal truth was about to dawn. I remember when a man with a
+poor diploma and a human commission assumed to hold the keys of heaven
+and hell in his hands, and to dispense to those who would listen to him
+such immortality as he thought fit. I remember when it went hard with
+those who, in forming their religious opinions, persisted in daring to
+use the critical power of their own judgment. They were lonely saints;
+they wandered in highways and byways, unrecognized, excommunicated of
+men. No one had power to burn their bodies, but it was hoped that their
+souls would not escape the torment of eternal flame. I have seen this
+time, and I have lived to see a time in which these rejected stones,
+hewn and polished by God's hand, have come to be recognized as
+corner-stones in the practical religious building of the age. What a
+discredit was it once to hear Theodore Parker! How happy are they now
+esteemed who have heard him! Let not Mr. Emerson's urbanity lead him to
+forget the days in which polite Boston laughed him to scorn. Brook Farm
+was once looked upon as a most amusing caricature. But when the world
+learned something about Nathaniel Hawthorne, George Ripley, William
+Henry Channing, John Dwight, and George William Curtis, the public heart
+bowed itself with remorseful homage before the ruined threshold of what
+was, with all its shortcomings, a blameless temple to ideal humanity.
+
+It is quite true that every change which I have seen in the society of
+my time cannot be said to be, in itself, for the better. The price of
+progress, like that of liberty, is eternal vigilance.
+
+A time of religious enfranchisement may induce a period of religious
+indifference. Cosmopolitan enlargement may weaken the force of
+patriotism. The charity of society may degenerate into an indifference
+concerning private morals, which, if it could prevail, would go far
+towards destroying public ones. Humanity ever needs the watchman on the
+tower. It needs the warning against danger, the guidance out of it. I
+can imagine a set of prophets less absolute than the Hebrew seers, whose
+denunciation of evils, near or present, should always couple itself with
+profound and sober suggestions of help. And this will be the work of
+faith in our day, to believe in the good which can overcome the evil,
+and to seek it with earnest and brave persistence.
+
+Let me return for a moment, very briefly, to what I touched upon just
+now, the great changes in religious thought which this century has
+witnessed. What manifold contrasts have we observed in this domain! What
+a wild and wide chase in the fields of conjecture! What impatience with
+the idols of the past, historical and metaphysical! There have been
+moments in the last twenty years in which one might have said to the
+religious ideals of past ages that the time had come in which every one
+who raised his hand against them thought that he was doing God service.
+This iconoclasm had its time, and, one supposes, its office.
+
+But the religious necessities of mankind are permanent, and will outlast
+any and all systems of pure criticism. The question arises, in all this
+havoc of illusory impressions, Who is to provide for the culture and
+direction of those instincts of reverence which are so precious to, so
+ineradicable in the race? We must ask this service of those who believe
+that religion is, on the whole, wiser than its critics. Those who have
+been able to hold fast this persuasion will be the religious trainers of
+our youth. Those who have relinquished it will have no more skill to
+teach religion than a sculptor will have to feed an army.
+
+The greatest trouble with human society is, that its natural tendency
+leads it, not to learn right measure through one excess, but, on
+becoming convinced of this, to rush into an opposite excess with equal
+zeal and equal error. The mechanism of society requires constant
+correction in order to keep up the succession of order and progress
+through and despite this proneness to extravagance and loss of power.
+This rectification of direction without interruption of movement is the
+office of critical and constructive thought. Precious are the men, and
+rare as precious, who carry this balance in their minds, and, while the
+ship lurches now on this side and now on that, strain after the compass
+with masterful courage and patience. We have all known such men, but we
+have known, too, that their type is not a common one.
+
+Among all who are out of work to-day, so far as the market is concerned,
+those men of careful and critical judgment are the least called for, and
+the least wished for by the majority of men. Headlong enthusiasm,
+headlong activity, headlong doubt and cynicism, the prevalence of these
+shows the force with which the present whirl of the spindle was cast.
+Fair and softly, my quick-flying Century. To find out whether you are
+going right or wrong, whether you are faithful or faithless, solvent or
+bankrupt, you must have recourse to these same slow, patient men and
+women, who try such questions by a more accurate and difficult method
+than that of the popular inclination.
+
+I find that the philosopher Kant, writing more than a hundred years ago,
+remarks that in so sociable an age as his own Culture must naturally be
+expected to assume an encyclopedic character. It will, he says,
+necessarily desire to present a manifold number of agreeable and
+instructive acquisitions, easy of apprehension, for entertainment in
+friendly intercourse.
+
+These words seem prophetic of the efforts after general information,
+with a view to conversation as an accomplishment, which have constituted
+a marked feature of American and English society within forty years. In
+the dissolving view of the public predilection, this object has lost
+much of its prominence. The ornate and well-rounded periods of the
+conversationist are not more in request, nowadays, than were the
+high-sounding sentiments of Joseph Surface to Sir Peter Teazle, when
+experience had shown him their emptiness.
+
+Blunt speech and curt expression rather are in favor. The heroines of
+novels are supposed to fall in love with men of a somewhat brutal type.
+Adonis is out of fashion. Hercules pleases, and even Vulcan is
+preferred. One thinks that the influence of the mercantile spirit may be
+recognized in this change. Long speeches and roundabout statements are
+found not to pay. The man who listens to them with one ear, hearkens
+with the other for the ocean telegrams, news of the stock market,
+considers the maturing of a note, the success or failure of a scheme.
+When there is no one to listen, loquacity itself will grow economical of
+breath.
+
+The world is quite right in its tacit protest against over talk. A great
+deal of empty, irrelevant speech is liable to be imposed upon the
+good-nature of society in the garb of instructive conversation. It is
+weary to listen by the hour to men or women who principally teach you
+their own opinion of their own erudition. But woe to the world if its
+haste and greed should ever be such that the true teacher should want an
+audience, the long lessons of philosophy find interpreters, but no
+pupils.
+
+The present is, on the whole, an encyclopedic, cosmopolitan era. I
+suppose that it succeeds as a reaction to one of more special and
+isolated endeavor. The example and influence of Goethe have had much to
+do with the formation of the ideas of culture which have been prevalent
+in our time. This wonderful man went, with such a happy tact, from one
+thing to another. In poetry he did so much, in high criticism so much,
+in science so much, and in world-wisdom so much! How naturally were the
+lovers of study, who made him their model, led to undertake, as he did,
+to render the most eminent service, to attain the highest honors in a
+dozen different departments!
+
+But the man Goethe was more wonderful even than his writings. His
+individuality was too powerful to suffer loss through the variety of his
+pursuits. He could be at once a courtier and a philosopher, a poet and a
+scientist, a critic of morals and a man of the world, and in all things
+remain himself.
+
+I sometimes wonder why we Americans are so apt to show, in our conduct
+and remarks, an undue preponderance of what the phrenologists term love
+of approbation. This is an amiable and useful trait in human nature,
+which may degenerate into a weak and cowardly vanity, or even into a
+malignant selfishness. To desire the approbation which can enlighten us
+as to the merits of what we have done or attempted, is wise as well as
+graceful. To make constant laudation a prominent object in any life is a
+capital mistake in its ordering. To prefer the praise of men to the
+justification of conscience, is at once cowardly and criminal. I observe
+these three phases in American life. I value the first, compassionate
+the second, and reprobate the third. Surely, if there is any virtue
+which a republican people is bound to show, it is that self-respect
+which is the only true majesty, and which can afford to be as generous
+and gracious as majesty should be.
+
+It is, perhaps, natural that many of us should, through a want of
+experience, mistake the standpoint of people conspicuous in the older
+European society as greatly superior to our own. We can learn much,
+indeed, from the observation of such a standpoint; but, in order to do
+so, we must hold fast our own plain, honest judgment, as we derive it
+from education, inheritance, and natural ability.
+
+It must, I should think, be very tedious and very surprising to
+Europeans to hear Americans complain of being so young, so crude, so
+immature. This is not according to nature. Imagine a nursery full of
+babies who should bewail the fact of their infancy. Any one who should
+hear such a complaint would cry out, "Why, that's the best thing about
+you. You have the newness, the promise, the unwasted vigor of
+childhood,--gifts so great that Christ enjoined it upon holy men to
+recover, if they had lost them."
+
+If our society is young, its motto should be the saying of Saint Paul to
+Timothy, "Let no man despise thy youth." The great men of our early
+history deserve to rank with the ripest products of civilization. Was
+Washington crude? Was Franklin raw? Were Jay, Jefferson, and Hamilton
+immature? The authorities of the older world bowed down to them, and did
+them homage. The Republicans of France laid the key of the Bastille at
+the feet of Washington. Franklin was honored and admired in the court
+circle of Louis XVI. There was a twofold reason for this. These men
+represented the power and vigor of our youth; but our youth itself
+represented the eternal principles of truth and justice, for whose
+application the world had waited long. And thinking people saw in us the
+dignity of that right upon which we had founded our hope and belief as a
+nation.
+
+I will instance a single event of which I heard much during my last
+visit in Rome. A German, naturalized in America, and who had made a
+large fortune by a railroad contract in South America, had purchased
+from some European government the title of "Count." He was betrothed to
+the sister-in-law of a well-known California millionnaire, whose wife
+has been for some years a resident of Paris, where her silver, her
+diamonds, and her costly entertainments are matters of general remark.
+All of these parties are Roman Catholics. The wedding took place in
+Rome, and was signalized by a festival, at which twelve horses, belong
+to the bridegroom, were ridden in a race, whose prizes were bestowed by
+the hand of the bride. The invitations for this occasion were largely
+distributed by a monsignor of the Romish Church, and the king of Italy
+honored the newly married pair by his presence.
+
+Not long after this, I read in the Italian papers that this very count
+had become a candidate for a seat in the Italian Parliament. I suppose
+that money will assist an election as much in Italy as elsewhere. The
+monsignor who interested himself so efficiently about the invitations
+for the wedding party, was none other than the master of ceremonies of
+Pope Leo XIII. He would, no doubt, have taken even greater interest in
+the return of his friend to the Parliament. I do not know whether this
+gentleman has ever succeeded in usurping the place of a representative
+of the Italian people; but the chance of his being able to do so lay in
+the American gold of which he had become possessed. Here is one instance
+of the direct relations between Rome and America which Americans so
+placidly overlook.
+
+In this day of the world hope is so strong, and the desire for an
+improved condition so prevalent, that much may be looked for in Europe
+as the result of the legitimate action and influence of America. But if
+American capital busies itself with upholding the shams of the old
+world, if American taste and talent are led and pledged to work with the
+reactionary agents everywhere against the enfranchisement of the human
+race, where shall the hope of the world find refuge?
+
+Goldsmith has a touching picture of the emigrants who, in his time, were
+compelled to leave the country which would not feed them, for a distant
+bourne, which could, by no means, be to them a home. But let us assist
+at the embarkation of another group of exiles. These people have been
+living abroad, and are about to return home. The rich, beautiful land
+whose discovery has changed the fortunes of the human race, invites them
+on the other side of the Atlantic. The flag which represents the noblest
+chapter of modern history waves over them.
+
+From dynastic, aristocratic Europe they go to inherit the work of an
+ancestry heroic in thought and action. They go to the land which still
+boasts a Longfellow, a Whittier, an Emerson, a Harriet Beecher Stowe.
+Are they glad? Are they happy? No. They have learned the follies of the
+old world, not its wisdom. They are not going home,--they are going into
+exile.
+
+Let us look a little at their record in the Europe which they regret so
+passionately. They went abroad with money, and the education which it
+commands, with leisure and health. What good deeds may they not have
+done! What gratifying remembrance may they have left behind them! Shall
+we not find them recorded as donors to many a noble charity, as students
+in many a lofty school? We shalt indeed, sometimes. But in many cases we
+shall hear only of their fine clothes and expensive entertainments, with
+possible mortifying anecdotes of their fast behavior.
+
+If the mother leaves a daughter behind her, it is likely to be as the
+wife of some needy European nobleman, who despises all that she is bound
+to hold dear, and is proud not to know that which it should be her glory
+to understand.
+
+I said at Concord, and I say it to-day, that the press is much affected
+by the money debauch of the period. Let us examine the way in which this
+result is likely to be brought about.
+
+A newspaper or periodical is almost always an investment in which the
+idea of gain is very prominent. This expectation may either regard what
+the proposed paper shall earn as a medium of information, or the profit
+of certain enterprises which its statements may actively promote.
+
+Special organs are founded for special emergencies, as is a campaign
+sheet, or for the advocate of special reforms, like the antislavery
+"Standard" of old, and the "Woman's Journal" of to-day. These papers
+rarely repay either the money advanced for them, or the literary labor
+bestowed upon them.
+
+Under the head of its earnings the newspaper depends upon two classes of
+persons, viz., its advertisers and its subscribers. Either or both of
+these may be displeased by the emphatic mention of some certain fact,
+the expression of some certain opinion. "If we tell this unwelcome
+truth," say the managers, "we shall lose such and such subscribers. If
+we take this stand, some of our wealthiest advertising firms will choose
+another medium of communicating with the public." The other set of
+considerations just spoken of, the enterprises which are to be favored
+and promoted, may still more seriously affect the tone and action of the
+paper, which will thus be drawn in a twofold way to lend itself to the
+publication only of what it will pay to say.
+
+The annals of journalism in this country will, no doubt, show a fair
+average of courageous and conscientious men among its chiefs. I am
+willing to believe all things and to hope all things in this direction.
+But I must confess that I fear all things, too, in view of a great
+power, whose position makes it almost an irresponsible one. And I should
+regard with great favor the formation of an unofficial censorship of
+public organs, in view not so much of what may be published, as of what
+is unfairly left out of the statements and counterstatements of
+conflicting interests.
+
+Of all the changes which I can chronicle as of my own time, the change
+in the position of women is perhaps the most marked and the least
+anticipated by the world at large. Whatever opinions heroic men and
+women may have held concerning this from Plato's time to our own, the
+most enlightened periods of history have hardly given room to hope that
+the sex in general would ever reach the enfranchisement which it enjoys
+to-day. I date the assurance of its freedom from the hour in which the
+first university received women graduates upon the terms accorded to
+pupils of the opposite sex. For education keeps the key of life, and a
+liberal education insures the first conditions of freedom, viz.,
+adequate knowledge and accustomed thought. This first and greatest step
+gained, the gate of professional knowledge and experience quickly
+opened, and that of political enfranchisement stands already ajar. The
+battle can have but one result, and it has been fought, with chivalrous
+temper and determination, not by one sex against the other, but by the
+very gospel of fairness and justice against the intrenched might of
+selfish passion, inertia, and prejudice. Equal conditions of life will
+lift the whole level of society, which is so entirely one body that the
+lifting or lowering of one half lifts or lowers the other half. This
+change, which in the end appeared to come suddenly, has been prepared by
+such gradual tentatives, by such long and sound labor, that we need not
+fear to lose sight of it in any sudden collapse. There are women of my
+age, and women of earlier generations, who have borne it in their hearts
+all their lives through, who have prayed and worked for it, without rest
+and without discouragement. Horace Mann was its apostle, Theodore Parker
+was its prophet, Margaret Fuller, Lucy Stone, and a host of wise and
+true-hearted women, whom the time would fail me to name, have been its
+female saints. It was in nature; they have brought it into life; even as
+Christ said, "My Father worketh hitherto, and I work." The slender
+thread which crossed the dark abyss of difficulty was not the silken
+spinning of vanity, nor the cobweb fibre of madness. From the faith of
+pure hearts the steadfast links were wrought, and the great chasm is
+spanned, and is ready to become the strong and sure highway of hope, for
+this nation and for the nations of the earth.
+
+The customs of society prescribe the mental garb and gait proper to
+those who desire the favorable notice of their peers in their own time.
+As these are partly matters of tradition and inheritance, we can learn
+something of the merits and demerits of a generation by studying the
+habits of familiar judgment which it hands down to its successor. A
+narrow, ill-educated generation leaves behind it corresponding garments
+of rule and prescription, to which the next generation must for a time
+accommodate itself, because a custom or a fashion is not made in a day.
+The rulers of society seem often more occupied in dwarfing the mind to
+suit the custom than in enlarging the custom so as to fit it to the
+growth of mind. The most dangerous rebellions, individual and social,
+are natural revolts against the small tyranny which perpetuates the
+insufficiency of the past.
+
+The copper shoes which so cramp the foot of a female infant in China as
+to destroy its power of growth, are not more cruel or deleterious than
+are the habits of unreflecting prejudice which compress the growth of
+human minds until they, too, lose their native power of expansion, and
+the idol Prejudice is enthroned and worshipped by those on whom it has
+imposed its own deformity as the standard of truth and beauty.
+
+The heavy tasks which nature imposes upon women leave them less at
+leisure than men to reform and readjust these inherited garments. The
+necessity for prompt and early action obliges them to follow the
+intuitive faculties, as all must do who have not time to work out the
+problems of the reasoning ones. The instinct of possession is a ruling
+one in human nature, and a woman inheriting a superstition or a
+prejudice holds fast to it because it is something, and she has got it.
+It seems to her a possession. It may be a mischievous and unfortunate
+one, but it will take a good deal of time and thought to find that out.
+Those who have the training of women's minds often train them away from
+such a use of time and from such a labor of thought. Hence the fatal
+persistence of large classes of women in superstitions which the
+thinking world has outgrown, and the equally fatal zeal with which they
+impose the same insufficient modes of judgment upon their children.
+
+I pray this generation of women, which has seen such enlargements of the
+old narrow order regarding the sex, I pray it to deserve its high post
+as guardian of the future. Let it bequeath to its posterity a noble
+standard of womanhood, free, pure, and, above all, laborious.
+
+The standard of manhood really derives from that of womanhood, and not
+_vice versa_, as many imagine. However we may receive from tradition the
+order of their material creation, in that of training and education,
+the woman's influence comes before that of the man, and outlasts it.
+
+The figure of the infant Christ dwells always in our mind, accompanied
+by that of the gracious mother who gave Him to the world. Let the fact
+of this great gift prefigure to us the august office of Woman. Hers be
+it also to preserve and transmit from age to age the Christian doctrine
+and the Christlike faith. And, in order that she may fully realize the
+glory and blessedness of giving, let her remember that what is worthily
+given to one time is given to all time.
+
+
+               *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                  UNIFORM WITH ARNOLD'S POEMS.
+
+
+         THE LIGHT OF ASIA; OR, The Great Renunciation.
+
+    Being the Life and Teaching of Gautama, Prince of India and Founder
+        of Buddhism (as told in verse by an Indian Buddhist).
+
+                     BY EDWIN ARNOLD, M.A.
+
+    "It is a work of great beauty. It tells a story of
+    intense interest, which never flags for a moment; its
+    descriptions are drawn by the hand of a master with the
+    eye of a poet and the familiarity of an expert with the
+    objects described; its tone is so lofty that there is
+    nothing with which to compare it but the New Testament;
+    it is full of variety, now picturesque, now pathetic,
+    now rising into the noblest realms of thought and
+    aspiration; it finds language penetrating, fluent,
+    elevated, impassioned, musical always, to clothe its
+    varied thoughts and sentiments."--OLIVER WENDELL
+    HOLMES, _International Review_, October, 1879.
+
+    "In Mr. Edwin Arnold, Indian poetry and Indian thought
+    have at length found a worthy English exponent. He
+    brings to his work the facility of a ready pen, a
+    thorough knowledge of his subject, a great sympathy for
+    the people of this country, and a command of public
+    attention at home."--_Calcutta Englishman._
+
+    "'The Light of Asia' is a remarkable poem, and worthy of
+    a place amongst the great poems of our time. Mr. Arnold
+    is far more than 'a coiner of sweet words'--he is the
+    exponent of noble impressions. He is a scholar and a
+    philosopher; but he is also a true singer."--_London
+    Daily Telegraph._
+
+
+    LIBRARY EDITION. 16mo. Cloth. Price       $1.00
+    CHEAP EDITION. 16mo. Paper. Price           .25
+
+    ROBERTS BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+           _Messrs. Roberts Brothers' Publications._
+
+                   ON THE RIGHT USE OF BOOKS.
+
+    A LECTURE. By WILLIAM P. ATKINSON, Professor of English
+    and History in the Massachusetts Institute of
+    Technology. 16mo. Cloth. Price 50 cents.
+
+      "Full of good sense, sound taste, and quiet
+      humor.... It is the easiest thing in the world to
+      waste time over books, which are merely tools of
+      knowledge like any other tools.... It is the
+      function of a good book not only to fructify, but
+      to inspire, not only to fill the memory with
+      evanescent treasures, but to enrich the imagination
+      with forms of beauty and goodness which leave a
+      lasting impression on the character."--_N. Y.
+      Tribune._
+
+      "Contains so many wise suggestions concerning
+      methods in study and so excellent a summary of the
+      nature and principles of a really liberal education
+      that it well deserves publication for the benefit of
+      the reading public. Though it makes only a slight
+      volume, its quality in thought and style is so
+      admirable that all who are interested in the subject
+      of good education will give to it a prominent and
+      honorable position among the many books upon
+      education which have recently been published. For it
+      takes only a brief reading to perceive that in this
+      single lecture the results of wide experience in
+      teaching and of long study of the true principles of
+      education are generalized and presented in a few
+      pages, each one of which contains so much that it
+      might be easily expanded into an excellent
+      chapter."--_The Library Table._
+
+
+                     READING AS A FINE ART.
+
+    By ERNEST LEGOUVÉ, of the Académie Française.
+    Translated from the Ninth Edition by ABBY LANGDON
+    ALGER. 16mo. Cloth. 50 cents.
+
+
+                        (_Dedication._)
+         TO THE SCHOLARS OF THE HIGH AND NORMAL SCHOOL.
+
+      For you this sketch was written: permit me to
+      dedicate it to you, in fact, to intrust it to your
+      care. Pupils to-day, to-morrow you will be
+      teachers; to-morrow, generation after generation of
+      youth will pass through your guardian hands. An
+      idea received by you must of necessity reach
+      thousands of minds. Help me, then, to spread abroad
+      the work in which you have some share, and allow me
+      to add to the great pleasure of having numbered you
+      among my hearers the still greater happiness of
+      calling you my assistants. E. LEGOUVÉ.
+
+      We commend this valuable little book to the
+      attention of teachers and others interested in the
+      instruction of the pupils of our public schools. It
+      treats of the "First Steps in Reading," "Learning-to
+      Read," "Should we read as we talk," "The Use and
+      Management of the Voice," "The Art of Breathing,"
+      "Pronunciation," "Stuttering," "Punctuation,"
+      "Readers and Speakers," "Reading as a Means of
+      Criticism," "On Reading Poetry," &c., and makes a
+      strong claim as to the value of reading aloud, as
+      being the most wholesome of gymnastics, for to
+      strengthen the voice is to strengthen the whole
+      system and develop vocal power.
+
+    _Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, by the
+    Publishers_,
+
+                   ROBERTS BROTHERS, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+                  THE NO NAME (SECOND) SERIES.
+                   SIGNOR MONALDINI'S NIECE.
+
+      _Extracts from some Opinions by well-known Authors._
+
+    "We have read 'Signor Monaldini's Niece' with intensest
+    interest and delight. The style is finished and
+    elegant, the atmosphere of the book is enchanting. We
+    seem to have lived in Italy while we were reading it.
+    The author has delineated with a hand as steady as it
+    is powerful and skilful some phases of human life and
+    experience that authors rarely dare attempt, and with
+    marvellous success. We think this volume by far the
+    finest of the No Name Series."
+
+    "It is a delicious story. I feel as if I had been to
+    Italy and knew all the people.... Miss Conroy is a
+    strong character, and her tragedy is a fine background
+    for the brightness of the other and higher natures. It
+    is all so dramatic and full of color it goes on like a
+    lovely play and leaves one out of breath when the
+    curtain falls."
+
+    "I have re-read it with great interest, and think as
+    highly of it as ever.... The characterization in it is
+    capital, and the talk wonderfully well done from first
+    to last."
+
+    "The new No Name is enchanting. It transcends the
+    ordinary novel just as much as a true poem by a true
+    poet transcends the thousand and one imitations.... It
+    is the episode, however, of Miss Conroy and Mrs. Brandon
+    that is really of most importance in this book.... I
+    hope every woman who reads this will be tempted to read
+    the book, and that she will in her turn bring it to the
+    reading of other women, especially if she can find any
+    Mrs. Brandon in her circle."
+
+    In one volume, 16mo, bound in green cloth, black and
+    gilt lettered. Price $1.00.
+
+    _Our publications are to be had of all Booksellers. When
+    not to be found, send directly to_
+
+                                   ROBERTS BROTHERS, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+                    The No Name (Second) Series.
+
+
+                     THE COLONEL'S OPERA CLOAK.
+
+    "A jollier, brighter, breezier, more entertaining book
+    than 'The Colonel's Opera Cloak' has not been published
+    for many a day. We defy the coldest-blooded reader to
+    lay it down before it is finished, or to read it
+    through without feeling his time well spent. There is
+    plenty of satire in its pages, but it is good-natured
+    satire. The characters are sharply drawn--some of them
+    from nature, we fancy--and there is spice enough in the
+    way of incident to satisfy the most exacting palate. Of
+    course, everybody will read it, and, in that
+    presumption, we promise everybody two hours of thorough
+    enjoyment."--_Boston Transcript._
+
+    "The No Name Series abounds in contrasts, and that
+    between 'Signor Monaldini's Niece' and the present story
+    is among the most decided it has offered. This we do not
+    mention by way of disparagement. On the contrary, we can
+    see a distinctive merit in a series which includes so
+    much variety of aim and interest as this does, without
+    any regard for the conventional demand that a succession
+    of stories in the same binding should all be of one
+    school and in something the same tone. We can see why an
+    admirer of the last novel may at first be taken aback by
+    the light tone of this, and in so far disappointed; but
+    we shall expend no sympathy on that person. 'The
+    Colonel's Opera Cloak' is a bright and thoroughly
+    alluring little book, with which it would be foolish to
+    find fault on any score. And, more than that, it is well
+    written and brimming over with wit. The notion of a
+    story in which there is avowedly no hero or heroine
+    excepting an old opera cloak, is clever, and, so far as
+    we know, quite new.... We can assure every one who
+    wishes the double pleasure of laughter and literary
+    enjoyment, that this is one of the books to carry to the
+    country."--_Boston Courier._
+
+    "The author's touch is always that of the artist; it
+    always has the magic power of portraying individual men
+    and women, never giving us shadowy outlines, however few
+    or hurried the strokes of the pencil may be, and saying
+    this we say that the author of 'The Colonel's Opera
+    Cloak' has in large measure the best and most necessary
+    qualification for doing really fine work in fiction. If
+    he is still young, as certain things in his story
+    indicate that he is, his future efforts may well be
+    looked for hopefully."--_N.Y. Evening Post._
+
+
+    In one volume. 16mo. Green cloth. Price $1.00.
+
+    _Our publications are to be had of all Booksellers.
+              When not to be found, send directly to_
+                        ROBERTS BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, =BOSTON=.
+
+
+
+
+                     SARAH TYTLER'S ART BOOKS.
+
+
+                 THE OLD MASTERS AND THEIR PICTURES.
+
+
+                MODERN PAINTERS AND THEIR PAINTINGS.
+
+    By SARAH TYTLER, author of "Papers for Thoughtful Girls."
+    16mo. Cloth, neat. Price of each, $1.50.
+
+      Designed for the use of Schools and Learners in Art,
+      and extensively used in Academies, Seminaries, &c.,
+      throughout the country.
+
+      "An excellent introduction to the history of
+      art."--_Daily News._
+
+      "These two books give in a simple and concise manner
+      the prominent facts that every one who desires to be
+      well informed should know about the great artists of
+      the world. For beginners in art and for school use
+      they are valuable."--_Courier-Journal._
+
+      "Really supplies what has long been a want."--_British
+      Quarterly Review._
+
+      "We are not aware of any work of the kind written with
+      so much intelligence which yet is so
+      untechnical."--_Nonconformist._
+
+      "Too much praise cannot be given the conscientious
+      manner in which the author has worked. There is no
+      obtrusion of useless details or of unwelcome
+      criticism; but in very pleasant style, with clear and
+      well-defined purpose, the story of the growth and
+      progress of art is told through the lives and works of
+      artists. The volumes are most agreeable reading and
+      profitable study."--_Boston Post._
+
+
+                 MUSICAL COMPOSERS AND THEIR WORKS.
+
+    For the Use of Schools and Students in America. By
+    SARAH TYTLER. 1 vol. 16mo. $1.50.
+
+      In this unostentatious but carefully written volume,
+      the author of "Old Masters" and "Modern Painters" has
+      given a simple account of the great musicians of the
+      world and of their works. The book is designed more
+      especially for the use of young people in the course
+      of their musical education, but the author
+      trusts--and with very good reason--that it will
+      commend itself also to older people, who are
+      interested in the subject, but who have not time or
+      opportunity to refer to original sources of
+      information. Not the least attractive portion of the
+      work is the sketch of Wagner with which it closes.
+
+
+
+
+                         [Illustration]
+
+                        "NO NAME SERIES."
+
+                 _The First Series, completed_,
+                 COMPRISES TWELVE NOVELS, VIZ.,
+
+    MERCY PHILBRICK'S CHOICE.      HETTY'S STRANGE HISTORY.
+    IS THAT ALL?                   WILL DENBIGH, EMAN.
+    KISMET.                        THE WOLF AT THE DOOR.
+    THE GREAT MATCH.               MARMORNE.
+    A MODERN MEPHISTOPHELES.       MIRAGE.
+    AFTERGLOW.                     GEMINI.
+
+                   AND TWO POETICAL VOLUMES:
+
+    DEIRDRÉ. A Novel in Verse.
+
+    A MASQUE OF POETS. Original Poems, by Fifty Poets,
+    written specially for this book; including "GUY VERNON,"
+    an entire Novelette in verse.
+
+    Fourteen volumes in all, uniformly bound in black cloth,
+    red and gilt lettered. Price $1.00 each.
+
+
+    NO NAME [SECOND] SERIES.
+
+    The new series will retain all the peculiar features
+    which made the first so popular, differing from it only
+    in the style of binding. Now ready,
+
+                             SIGNOR MONALDINI'S NIECE,
+                                 THE COLONEL'S OPERA CLOAK,
+                                     HIS MAJESTY, MYSELF,
+                                         MRS. BEAUCHAMP BROWN,
+            Price $1.00 each.               SALVAGE.
+
+        _Our publications are to be had of all booksellers.
+              When not to be found send directly to_
+
+           ROBERTS BROTHERS, Publishers, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+
+                     THE "NO NAME SERIES."
+
+                     KISMET. A Nile Novel.
+
+
+    Opinions, generous tributes to genius, by well-known authors
+    whose names are withheld.
+
+      "Well, I have read 'Kismet,' and it is certainly
+      very remarkable. The story is interesting,--any
+      well-told love story is, you know,--but the book
+      itself is a great deal more so. Descriptively and
+      sentimentally,--I use the word with entire
+      respect,--it is, in spots, fairly exquisite. It
+      seems to me all glowing and overflowing with what
+      the French call _beauté du diable_.... The
+      conversations are very clever, and the wit is often
+      astonishingly like the wit of an accomplished man
+      of the world. One thing which seems to me to show
+      promise--great promise, if you will--for the future
+      is that the author can not only reproduce the
+      conversation of one brilliant man, but can make two
+      men talk together as if they _were_ men,--not women
+      in manly clothes."
+
+      "It is a charming book. I have read it twice, and
+      looked it over again, and I wish I had it all new to
+      sit up with to-night. It is so fresh and sweet and
+      innocent and joyous, the dialogue is so natural and
+      bright, the characters so keenly edged, and the
+      descriptions so poetic. I don't know when I have
+      enjoyed any thing more,--never since I went sailing
+      up the Nile with Harriet Martineau.... You must give
+      the author love and greeting from one of the
+      fraternity. The hand that gives us _this_ pleasure
+      will give us plenty more of an improving quality
+      every year, I think."
+
+      "'Kismet' is indeed a delightful story, the best of
+      the series undoubtedly."
+
+      "If 'Kismet' is the first work of a young lady, as
+      reported, it shows a great gift of language, and
+      powers of description and of insight into character
+      and life quite uncommon.... Of the whole series so
+      far, I think 'Mercy Philbrick's Choice' is the best,
+      because it has, beside literary merit, some moral
+      tone and vigor. Still there are capabilities in the
+      writer of 'Kismet' even higher than in that of the
+      writer of 'Mercy Philbrick's Choice.'"
+
+      "I liked it extremely. It is the best in the series
+      so far, except in construction, in which 'Is That
+      All?' slight as it is, seems to me superior.
+      'Kismet' is winning golden opinions everywhere. I
+      have nothing but praises for it, and have nothing
+      but praise to give it."
+
+      "I have read 'Kismet' once, and mean to read it
+      again. It is thoroughly charming, and will be a
+      success."
+
+      One volume, bound in cardinal red and black. Price
+      $1.00.
+
+    Our publications are to be had of all booksellers. When
+    not to be found, send directly to
+
+                                      ROBERTS BROTHERS,
+                                      Publishers, Boston.
+
+
+
+
+                   PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT.
+              _From the Boston Daily Advertiser._
+
+
+                     THE "NO NAME SERIES."
+
+    "LEIGH HUNT, _in his 'Indicator,' has a pleasant
+    chapter on the difficulty he encountered in seeking a
+    suitable and fresh title for a collection of his
+    miscellaneous writings. Messrs. Roberts Brothers have
+    just overcome a similar difficulty in the simplest
+    manner. In selecting_ "NO NAME," _they have selected
+    the very best title possible for a series of Original
+    American Novels and Tales, to be published Anonymously.
+    These novels are to be written by eminent authors, and
+    in each case the authorship of the work is to remain an
+    inviolable secret. "No Name" describes the Series
+    perfectly. No name will help the novel, or the story,
+    to success. Its success will depend solely on the
+    writer's ability to catch and retain the reader's
+    interest. Several of the most distinguished writers of
+    American fiction have agreed to contribute to the
+    Series, the initial volume of which is now in press.
+    Its appearance will certainly be awaited with
+    curiosity_."
+
+                         [Illustration]
+
+    The plan thus happily foreshadowed will be immediately
+    inaugurated by the publication of "MERCY PHILBRICK'S
+    CHOICE," from the pen of a well-known and successful
+    writer of fiction.
+
+    It is intended to include in the Series a volume of
+    anonymous poems from famous hands, to be written
+    especially for it.
+
+    The "No Name Series" will be issued at convenient
+    intervals, in handsome library form, 16mo, cloth, price
+    $1.00 each.
+
+
+                  ROBERTS BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.
+                    BOSTON, Midsummer, 1876.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                      TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+
+    Punctuation has been normalized.
+
+    On page 52 "immediatly" changed to "immediately".
+      "... the generation immediately preceding my own."
+
+    On page 54 "self-dicipline" changed to "self-discipline".
+      "Without self-discipline and self-sacrifice...."
+
+    On page 61 "superflous" changed to "superfluous."
+      "... with superfluous irrelevancies...."
+
+    On page 72 "religous" changed to "religious."
+      "... will be the religious trainers...."
+
+    On page 72 capitalization in "Who" retained as printed.
+
+    On page 86 "aginst" changed to "against."
+      "... revolts against the small tyranny...."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Modern Society, by Julia Ward Howe
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN SOCIETY ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Modern Society, by Julia Ward Howe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Modern Society
+
+Author: Julia Ward Howe
+
+Release Date: June 21, 2011 [EBook #36489]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN SOCIETY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Sharon Joiner, paksenarrion, Bryan Ness and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="408" height="600" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1><span class="smcap">Modern Society.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="grande">BY</p>
+<p class="venti">JULIA WARD HOWE.</p>
+
+<p class="center">BOSTON:<br />
+ROBERTS BROTHERS.<br />
+1881.<br /></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><br /><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1880,<br />
+BY ROBERTS BROTHERS.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><br />
+PRINTED BY<br />
+ALFRED MUDGE AND SON.<br /></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Modern Society</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Changes in American Society&nbsp;</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Modern Society.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>What means this summons, oh friends! to the
+groves of Academe? I heard, in the distance, the
+measured tread of Philosophy. I mused: "How
+grave and deliberate is she! How she matches
+thought with thought! How patiently she questions
+inference and conclusion! No irrelevance,
+no empty ballooning, is allowed in that Concord
+school. Nothing frivolous need apply there for
+admission." And lo! in the midst of this severe
+entertainment an interlude is called for in the
+great theatre. The stage manager says, "Ring
+up Puck. Wanted, an Ariel." And no Shakespeare
+being at hand, I, of the sex much reproved
+for never having produced one, am invited to fly
+hither as well as my age and infirmities will allow,
+and to represent to you that airy presence whose
+folly, seen from the clouds, is wisdom; that presence
+which, changing with the changes of the year <span class="pagenum">
+<a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+and of the day, may yet sing, equally with the
+steadfast stars and systematic planets,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The hand that made me is divine."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Modern society, concerning which you have bid
+me discourse to you, is this tricksy spirit, many-featured
+and many-gestured, coming in a questionable
+shape, and bringing with it airs from heaven
+and blasts from hell. I have spoken to it, and it
+has shown me my father's ghost. How shall I
+speak of it, and tell you what it has taught me?
+You must think my alembic a nice one indeed,
+since you bid me to the analysis of those subtle
+and finely mingled forces. You have sent for me,
+perhaps, to receive a lesson instead of giving one.
+You may intend that, having tried and failed in
+this task, I shall learn, for the future, the difficult
+lesson of holding my peace. For so benevolent,
+so disinterested an intention, I may have more
+occasion to thank you beforehand, than you shall
+find to thank me, having heard me.</p>
+
+<p>But, since a text is supposed to make it sure
+that the sermon shall have in it one good sentence,
+let me take for my text a saying of the philosopher
+Kant, who, in one of his treatises, rests
+much upon the distinction to be made between <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+logical and real or substantial opposition. According
+to him, a logical opposition is brought in view
+when one attribute of a certain thing is at once
+affirmed and denied. The statement of a body
+which should be at once stationary and in motion
+would imply such a contradiction, of which the
+result will be <i>nihil negativum irrepræsentabile</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A real or substantial opposition is found where
+two contradictory predicates are recognized as
+coexistent in the same subject. A body impelled in
+one direction by a given force, and in another by
+its opposite, is easily cogitable. One force neutralizes
+the other, but the result is something, viz.,
+rest. Let us keep in mind this distinction between
+opposites which exclude each other, and opposites
+which can coexist, while we glance at the contradictions
+of all society, ancient as well as modern.</p>
+
+<p>How self-contradictory, in the first place, is the
+nature of man! How sociable he is! also how
+unsociable! We have among animals the gregarious
+and the solitary. But man is of all animals
+at once the most gregarious and the most
+solitary. This is the first and most universal contradiction,
+that of which you find at least the indication
+in every individual. But let us look for a
+moment at the contrasts which make one individual <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+so unlike to another. We sometimes find it
+hard to believe the saying that God hath made of
+one blood all the nations of the earth. This in
+view of the contrast between savage and civilized
+nations, or between nations whose habits and
+beliefs differ one from the other. In the same
+race, in the same family also, we shall find the unlikeness
+which seems to set the bond of nature
+at defiance.</p>
+
+<p>See this sly priest, bland and benevolent in proportion
+to the narrow limits of the minds which
+he controls. He hears the shrift of the brigand
+and assassin, of the girl mastered by passion, of the
+unfaithful wife and avenging husband. He gives
+an admonition, perhaps a grave one. He inflicts
+a penance, light or severe. He does not trust his
+penitents with the secret which can heal the
+plague-sores of humanity,&mdash;the secret of its
+moral power. But see the meek flock who come
+to him. See the whole range of consciences
+which cannot rest without his dismissing <i>fiat</i>.
+The rugged peasant drops on his knees beside the
+confessional. His horny palm relinquishes, without
+hesitation, the coin upon which it has scarcely
+closed. Or here alights from her carriage some
+woman of the world, bright in silks and jewels. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+With a hush and a rustle, reaching the lowly
+bench, she, too, drops down, rehearses her wrong-doing,
+promises such reparation as is enjoined,
+and asks for the word of peace. Now this confessor,
+and one or more of his penitents, may be
+the children of the same father and mother, and
+yet they shall be as unlike in attitude and in character
+as two human beings can be. In the closest
+alliance of blood you may thus find the opposite
+poles of one humanity.</p>
+
+<p>Humanity is, then, a thing of oppositions, and
+of oppositions which are polar and substantial.
+Its contradictions do not exclude, but, on the contrary,
+complement each other, and the action and
+reaction of these contradictions result in the
+mighty agreements of the State and of the
+Church, the intense sympathies and antipathies
+which bind or sunder individuals, the affections
+and disaffections of the family.</p>
+
+<p>The opposite extremes of human nature embrace,
+between them, a wonderful breadth and
+scope. The correlation and coaction of this multitude
+of opposing forces on the wide arena of the
+world naturally give rise to a series of manifestations,
+voluntary and involuntary, changeful in
+form and color as a phantasmagoria, fitful as a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+fever-dream, but steadfast and substantial in the
+infinite science, out of which all things come.
+The unity in this web of contradictions is its
+great wonder. How if this unity prove to be the
+law of which the oppositions are but one clause?
+How if the perfect unity were only attainable
+through the freedom of the natural diversity?
+And what is the substance and sum of this fundamental
+agreement? The desire of good, the progressive
+conception of which marks, more than
+anything else, the progress of the race. We
+cannot tell out of what dynamics comes the initial
+of this fruitful and productive opposition. It is,
+perhaps, the very unity of the object which develops
+the diversity of action. In the progress of
+human society the diversity becomes constantly
+multiplied. Is the sense of the unity lost in consequence?
+No, it grows constantly with the
+growth of this opposing fact. As education is
+enlarged, as freedom becomes more general and
+entire, the agreement of mankind becomes greater
+in the objects to be attained for the promotion of
+their best interests.</p>
+
+<p>We can suppose a family cast upon a barren
+shore, or forced to sit down in the midst of an
+uninhabited region. All of its members will wish <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+to secure the necessary conditions of life, such as
+food, fuel, shelter, safety from destructive agencies.
+If left to themselves, one will naturally
+bestir himself to find fish, game, or fruits; another
+will bring in firewood; a third will plan a tent or
+hut; a fourth will stand sentry against any possible
+alarm. So a camp is a world in miniature;
+and if food and drink be plenty, and there be time
+to think of recreation, some one will carve a
+pipe from reed or willow, and, in answer to the
+piping, will come the dance. Or, if our pilgrims
+are too mystic and solemn for this, hymns will be
+sung, and the voice of prayer will lift the soul out
+of the poverty of its surroundings into that realm
+of imagination whose wealth far exceeds that of
+Ormus or of Ind.</p>
+
+<p>I seem to hear at this point the <i>non placet</i> of
+those who ask for one thing and receive another.
+I was not sent for to philosophize, but to represent;
+and, with regard to the former process, "how
+not to do it" should have been my study. Modern
+society is my theme. Where shall I find society
+for you? Henry Thoreau found it here, in the passionless
+face of Nature. Here, the shy Hawthorne
+could dwell unmolested, not even overshadowed by
+the revered sage who makes reserve and distance <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+such important elements of good manners. Mr.
+Alcott has transplanted here those olives whose
+sacred chrism rests upon his honored brow. The
+society which my words shall introduce here must
+be neither vulgar nor dull.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if I had a flying-machine! Well, I have
+one, and its name is Memory. Sit with me, upon
+its movable platform, and I will give you some
+peeps at the thing itself, leaving you to discuss
+after me its <i>raison d'être</i>, its right to be. In
+experimental analysis, specimens are always exhibited.
+Let us look at modern society in Cairo,
+Shepherd's hotel, and the omnibus that bears one
+thither. The <i>table d'hôte</i> unites a catalogue as
+various as that of Don Giovanni. Here sit Sir
+Samuel and Lady Baker, famous as African explorers.
+You may all know something of the
+entertaining volumes which chronicle their discoveries
+and adventures. Lady Baker wears, at
+times, a necklace made of tiger's claws. Her
+husband shot the tiger in the great wilds of
+Africa, she loading the gun with which he did it.</p>
+
+<p>She is Roumanian by birth, English by adoption,
+fair and comely. Sir Samuel is a burly
+Briton. They have with them a young African
+servant, dark and under-sized, with wild, crimped <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+hair. Sir Samuel tells me that this is altogether
+the best human creature he ever knew. Lady
+Baker does not resent the extreme statement.
+I sit at table between a Russian count and an
+English baronet. The Russian and his two
+daughters are amiable and simple people. The
+baronet is a stanch Tory, as you will think
+natural when you hear his story. He was once
+a poor boy, hard at work in a coal mine. He used
+to walk six or seven miles daily, after working
+hours, in order to acquaint himself with those
+three Fates who are familiarly called the three
+R's. Becoming an expert in the coal business,
+he went through the upward grades of his profession,
+became a large owner of mines, and has
+now a heavy contract for supplying the Egyptian
+government with coal. He is a member of Parliament,
+and, when I saw him, was ready to start
+homeward on the first news of a division in the
+House. It was lately stated in a London paper
+that Lord Beaconsfield would probably raise him
+to the peerage before his own retirement from
+office. So, it may have been done by this time.</p>
+
+<p>My Russian neighbors are much troubled about
+the fate of a poor Italian family whose chief has
+lost his occupation, and which is thus reduced to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+the extreme of want. "Why not get up a subscription
+at this hotel?" say I. They are very
+willing that I should. I draw up a paper, we sign
+our names and contributions. Sir George snubs
+us dreadfully, but gives us a sovereign. Sir
+Samuel snubs, and gives nothing. The necessary
+sum of money is raised, and the family is sent
+to its own country. Here, you see, are Russia,
+England, and America, combining, on Egyptian
+soil, to save Italy. This strange mixture is characteristic
+of the medley of the time.</p>
+
+<p>We will not move yet, for the panorama of the
+table will save us that trouble. Here is one of
+the recognized beauties of London society. A
+very pretty woman, with dewy eyes, pearly teeth,
+dark, glossy hair, and a soft, fresh complexion.
+A French wardrobe sets off those natural advantages,
+with its happy disguises and apposite revelations.
+But it is not good for beauty that it should
+become a profession. This lady's fine eyes and
+teeth are made to do duty with such evident persistence
+of intention, that one absolutely dreads
+to see the glitter of the one and the flash of the
+other in the gymnastic of an advertised flirtation.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot yet release you. Here are two gentlemen
+who wear the <i>tarbouche</i> with their European <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+costume. They were rebels in our war of secession,
+and at its close took service with the Khedive.
+Ignoring ancient sectional differences, they are
+very cordial with us, their countrywomen. They
+would be glad to see their country again, but
+cannot get their salaries paid, the French and
+English commissioners having taken the direction
+of Egyptian finances, and making no allowance
+for the past services of these American officers,
+who were dismissed at their instance.</p>
+
+<p>We are still at Shepherd's <i>table d'hôte</i>, and
+before us sit an English nobleman and his wife,
+who have obtained permission to give a <i>fête</i> at
+the Pyramids. A gay party of English residents
+and visitors are gathering to accompany them,
+and presently the carriages and cavalcade start,
+with a band of music, and a small army of servants.
+They illuminate the Great Pyramid with
+colored fires, race their horses and donkeys through
+the desert, sup and sleep in the Khedive's <i>kiosk</i>,
+not without much boisterous mirth and disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>Or, behold me on Bairam day, paying a New-Year's
+visit to the harem of the Khedive. A row
+of grinning eunuchs, black as night, guard the
+entrance. After various turns of ceremonial, we <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+greet the three princesses, all wives of the Khedive,
+who has many others not of this rank. In
+order not to give offence, we are obliged to smoke
+the <i>chibouque</i>, a pipe about five feet in length. We
+smile and courtesy at the proper moment, but
+find conversation difficult. They are curious to
+hear where we came from, and whither we are
+going. I ask whether they, also, enjoy travelling,
+and am reminded that their institutions do not
+allow it. These poor princesses little knew that
+in two months from that time an involuntary journey
+awaited them, on the occasion of the Khedive's
+abdication, and departure from the country.</p>
+
+<p>We please ourselves, in these days, with the
+praise of Islamism, and think, quite rightly, that
+Mahomet and his Koran had their <i>raison d'être</i>,
+and have done their part for mankind. But here
+is Islamism in modern society. The howling dervishes
+sit on the ground groaning <i>Allah, Allah</i>.
+By and by they rise, and bend their heads backward
+and forward until the most eminent among
+them fall in fits, and are taken up in an unhappy
+condition. Within a short distance from our
+hotel, we hear of a company of men met for a
+religious exercise. One of them chews a glass
+goblet and swallows it. Another endeavors to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+swallow a small snake. A third gashes himself
+wildly with a sword. These are religious enthusiasts.
+If their faith be genuine, these dangerous
+experiments, they say, can do them no harm.</p>
+
+<p>These things remind us of the temptation of
+Christ: "If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself
+down from hence."</p>
+
+<p>But let us leave the city and hotel, and betake
+ourselves to the historic river, dumb with all its
+mouths, and poor with all its wealth. Modern
+society is well represented on board our steamer.
+Here are two Californian gentlemen, two sons of
+a Sandwich Island missionary, two or three Italians.
+Here is a sister-in-law of John Bright.
+She has visited Alaska, and considers this Nile
+trip a small parenthesis in her voyage round the
+world. Here are an English couple, belonging
+to fashionable life. Here is a clergyman of the
+same nation, who glories in the fact that Dr.
+Johnson hated, or said he hated, a Whig. Here
+is an American who cannot visit the ruins because
+his whole day is divided into so many glasses of
+milk, to be taken at such and such times.</p>
+
+<p>We land one day at Assiout, and visit its bazaars.
+The trade in ostrich feathers is brisk, the natives
+steadily raising their prices as the demand increases, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+until we find that the feathers might be
+more cheaply bought in London or Paris. Amid
+the general confusion of tongues I am accosted
+by a handsome youth, cleanly and civil, who
+speaks fair English, and asks if he can serve
+me.</p>
+
+<p>Who are you? A pupil of the American Mission
+School in this place. He brings two of his
+fellow-pupils to speak with me. One of these is
+a girl, whose innocent, uncovered face seems to
+rebuke the hidden faces of the Arab women, veiled
+and disfigured to evince their modesty, but making
+more evident the immodesty of the men.</p>
+
+<p>We return to our steamer, followed by a crowd
+of boys and girls, shrieking and naked, who plunge
+into the water to get the <i>backshish</i>, which some
+of our party throw them. On the bank stand two
+beautiful youths, nearly black, with eyes like sloes,
+and with crisped hair standing erect like a flame
+above their foreheads. They are clad in kilts of
+white cotton cloth. Struck with their beauty, we
+inquire of what tribe they are. "Of the Bischouri,"
+says our dragoman, "a tribe of the
+desert, who feed only upon uncooked grain." To
+the last their bright smile pursues us with its
+pathos. Would that they, too, were pupils of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+American Mission School. Would not our vegetarian
+chief send for them?<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mr. Alcott, Dean of the Concord School of Philosophy, has
+always been known as a vegetarian.</p></div>
+
+<p>We gallop across the sands to a point opposite
+Philæ, and reach the sacred spot by boat. We
+picnic among its tombs, climb its <i>pylon</i>, and
+remark upon the beauty of the view. At the
+first cataract, which is very near this place, an
+Arab woman shows me her baby with the pride
+of Eve or Queen Victoria. It has a nose-ring
+of brass wire, and similar adornments in the top
+of each ear. On my way back to the boat, my
+pocket is picked by a cunning youth. The Arabs
+of the desert will compare in this respect with
+the Arabs of European streets. A little Arab
+girl offers to sell me her rag doll, whose veil is
+bedizened with spangles. A little water-carrier,
+proud of her English, says, "Lady, give me backshish."</p>
+
+<p>This shall end my peep at modern society in
+Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>But one more personal remembrance you must
+accord me. The scene is a dirty, muddy street in
+a Cyprus seaport. The time is not far from noon.
+I am exploring, with some curiosity, the new jewel <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+which Lord Beaconsfield has added to the crown
+of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>What a mean, poor bazaar is this; what dull
+streets, what a barren place to live in, especially
+since <i>methymenic</i> Albion has drunk up all the
+best of the wine! I pass a shop, and a bright
+presence beams out upon me. It is Lady Baker,
+with her fair, luminous face, full of energy and
+resource. Sir Samuel, she tells me, is in the back
+shop buying hardware for a hard journey. For
+they intend to travel through the island in a huge
+covered wagon, drawn by oxen, which will be to
+them at once vehicle and hotel. Where they
+went, and how they fared, I know not, nor would
+it here import us, if I did. I only mention the
+appearance of these friends in this place, because
+this appearance was so characteristic of modern
+society, and because so many of its elements
+appeared there in their persons. The education
+and high society of England, the court, the literary
+circles, the almighty publisher, for an intended
+volume was surely looming in the foreground
+of their picture. And here I have clearly
+got hold of one feature of modern society; this
+is, that everything is everywhere. The Zulus
+are in London, the Londoners in Zululand. Empress <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+Eugenie, the exploded star of French fashion
+in its highest supremacy, visits Cape Town. The
+stars and stripes protect American professors on
+the shores of the Bosphorus, within view of Mount
+Lebanon. It would not surprise us to learn that
+a party of our countrymen had read the Declaration
+of Independence beside the Pools of Solomon,
+or within the desolate heart of Moab.</p>
+
+<p>In Jaffa of the Crusaders, Joppa of Peter and
+Paul, I find an American Mission School, kept by
+a worthy lady from Rhode Island. Prominent
+among its points of discipline is the clean-washed
+face which is so enthroned in the prejudices of
+Western civilization. One of her scholars, a youth
+of unusual intelligence, finding himself clean, observes
+himself to be in strong contrast with his
+mother's hovel, in which filth is just kept clear
+of fever point. "Why this dirt?" quoth he; "that
+which has made me clean, will cleanse this also."
+So without more ado, the process of scrubbing is
+applied to the floor, without regard to the danger
+of so great a novelty. This simple fact has its
+own significance, for if the innovation of soap and
+water can find its way to a Jaffa hut, where can
+the ancient, respectable, conservative dirt-devil
+feel himself secure? <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The maxim also becomes vain nowadays, that
+there should be a place for everything, and that
+everything should be in its place. Cleopatra's
+Needles point their moral in London and in New
+York. The Prince of Wales hunts tigers in the
+Punjaub. Hyde Park is in the desert or on the
+Nile. America is all over the world. Against this
+universal game of "Puss in the Corner," reaction
+must come, some day, in some shape, or anywhere
+will mean nowhere, for those who, starting in the
+geographical pursuit of pleasure, fail to find it and
+never return home.</p>
+
+<p>The oppositions of humanity have undergone
+many changes. Paul characterized them in his
+day as "Greek and Barbarian, bond and free, male
+and female." Christianity effaced old oppositions
+and created new ones. The old oppositions were
+national, personal, selfish. The new opposition
+was moral. It struck at evils, not at men, and
+tended to unite the latter in a patient and reasonable
+overcoming of the former. I know that the
+white heat at which its first blow was dealt left
+much for philosophy to elaborate, for science to
+adjust and apply. A Jesus, arrived at the plenitude
+of his intellectual vigor, could only have three
+years in which to formulate his weighty doctrine, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+and could not have had these without much care
+and hindrance. His work lay in the normal
+direction of human nature. In spite of lapses and
+relapses, mankind slowly creep towards the great
+unification which will make the savage animals
+and the selfish passions the only enemies of the
+human race. Modern society rests upon this unification
+as its basis of action. A positive philosophy
+which Auguste Comte did not elaborate
+absorbs its highest thought, and dictates its
+largest measures.</p>
+
+<p>And so prophetic souls bid farewell to the old
+negations. In their view, the lion is already reconciled
+to the lamb. The taming of the elements
+prefigures the general reconciliation. The deadly
+lightning runs on errands and carries messages.
+The Titan steam is the servant of commerce
+and industry, meek as Hercules when armed with
+the distaff of Omphale. Emulation, the desire
+to excel, exquisite, dangerous stimulant to exertion,
+is not in our day educated to the intensification
+of self, but to the enlargement of public
+spirit and of general interest. The constant discoveries
+of new treasures in our material world,
+of gold, silver, iron, and copper, of states to be
+built up and of harvests to be sown and reaped, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+are accompanied by corresponding discoveries concerning
+the variety of human gifts and their application
+to useful ends. What men and women can
+be good for may be more voluminously stated
+to-day than in any preceding age of the world's
+history.</p>
+
+<p>Comparison should be a strong point in modern
+society. When travelling was laborious and difficult,
+the masses of one country knew little concerning
+those of another. When learning was
+rare, and instruction costly and insufficient, the
+few knew the secrets of thought and science, the
+many not even knowing that such things were to
+be known. When wealth was uncommon, luxury
+was monopolized by a small class, the greater part
+of mankind earning only for themselves the right
+to live poorly. When distinctions were absolute,
+low life knew nothing of high life but what the
+novelist could invent, or the servant reveal. How
+changed is all this to-day! Competence, travel,
+tuition, and intelligent company are within the
+reach of all who will give themselves the trouble
+to attain them. The first consequence of this is
+that we become able to make the largest and most
+general comparison of human conditions which
+has ever been possible to humanity, nor does this <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+ability regard the present alone. The unveiling
+of the treasures of the past, the interpretation of
+its experience and doctrine which we owe to the
+scholar and archæologist, enable us to compare
+remote antiquity with the things of the last minute.
+The work of antiquarian science culminates
+in the discovery of the prehistoric man. Theology
+had long before invented the post-historic
+angel. Now, indeed, we ought to be able to
+choose the best out of the best, since the whole
+is laid in order before us. But the chronic trouble
+hangs upon us still. Had we but such wisdom to
+choose as we have chance to see! The gifts of
+our future are still shown us in sealed caskets.
+Which of these conceals the condition of our true
+happiness? The leaden one, surely, of which we
+distrust the dull exterior, trusting in the inner
+brightness which it covers.</p>
+
+<p>What is the problem of modern society?</p>
+
+<p>How to use its vast resources. Here is where
+the office of true ethic comes in. No gift can
+make rich those who are poor in wisdom. The
+wealth which should build up society will pull it
+down if its possession lead to fatal luxury and
+indulgence. The freedom of intercourse which
+makes one nation known to another, and puts the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+culture of the most advanced at the service of the
+most barbarous, is like a flood which carries everywhere
+the seeds of good and of evil. The ripening
+of these depends much upon the accident of
+the human soil they may happen to find. But
+careful husbandry will have even more to do with
+the result.</p>
+
+<p>To America it was said at the outset, "Prepare
+to receive the World, and to make it free."
+Oh, World, so full of corruption and of slavery,
+wilt thou not rather bind us with thy gangrenous
+fetters? Wilt not the wail of thy old injustice and
+suffering prolong itself until the new strophe of
+hope shall be lost and forgotten?</p>
+
+<p>Where is God's image in this human brute who
+lands on our shores, full only of the insolence of
+beggary? Far, far be from us ever the methods
+and procedures which have made or left him what
+he is. Honor and glory to those patient, good men
+and women who will redeem his children from the
+degradation which seems almost proper to him.
+Theirs be a crown above that of the poet or
+orator!</p>
+
+<p>Modern society, then, is chiefly occupied with a
+vast assimilation of novelties. This task is by no
+means imposed upon us alone. While the New <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+World has to digest races and traditions, the Old
+World has to digest ideas. Thanks to the good
+Puritan stomach which we inherit, the process
+goes on here, with little interruption. But across
+the seas, in Rome, in Germany, in Russia, what
+nausea, what quarrelling with the fatal morsel
+upon which Providence compels the lips to close!</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Non possumus!</i>" say the priests of the old
+order. "<i>Possum</i>," replies the eternal power. The
+French republic and the English monarchy succeed
+best in this altering of old habits to suit new
+emergencies. But where extremes are greatest,
+the contest is naturally fiercest. A Pope fears the
+cup of poisoned chocolate, and dares not drink the
+wine of the eucharist without a taster; the throne
+of the Russian autocrat is over the deadly mine of
+the Nihilist. German vanity and diplomacy bring
+back the shadow of the mediæval muddle. The
+living heart's blood of humanity comes to us out of
+these struggles, an immeasurable gift, for good or
+for evil. Can we be quick enough with our schools,
+just enough in our government, sincere and devout
+enough in our churches? What will Europe do
+with the ideas? What will America do with the
+people? These are the questions of the present
+time. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One of the serious social questions of the day
+is the omnipotence of money. People often use
+this expression in a <i>quasi</i> sarcastic sense, not seriously
+intending what they say. But the power of
+money nowadays is such that it becomes us seriously
+to ask whether there is anything that it
+cannot do. What ancient strongholds of taste,
+sentiment, and prejudice has it not stormed and
+carried?</p>
+
+<p>A servant, who sought a place during the first
+years of the shoddy inflation, asked a lady who
+was willing to engage her, "Are you shoddy,
+ma'am, or old family? I want to live with shoddy,
+because it pays the highest wages." The watchwords
+of society as often come from its humbler
+as from its higher level, and this woman unconsciously
+uttered the word which was to rule society
+from that time to this. Money, during the
+last twenty years, has swept over most of the old
+landmarks, and obliterated them.</p>
+
+<p>Religion itself stands aghast at this baptism of
+gold, which can convert the alien and the heathen,
+ay, the brigand and the robber, into saints of
+social prestige. For money bribes the court and
+pulpit, and buys the press; the highest rank, the
+highest genius, pay homage to it. If the duke <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+has not money, he will seek in wedlock the most
+undesirable of women, if she be also the richest.
+Royalty bows to the splendid cloak of vulgarity,
+and invites it to dine and drive. Happy day, you
+will say, for labor, which money symbolizes. Monarchs
+may well show it respect. But money does
+not always symbolize honest and intelligent industry.
+A great fortune often represents transactions
+akin to theft; sometimes the thing itself, which
+the world is Spartan enough to approve of, if the
+criminal can only escape positive detection. Those,
+too, who have earned their money honestly, leave
+it to children who turn their back upon the class
+of which their parents came, and desire to know
+nothing of the bread-winning arts which they were
+constrained to practise.</p>
+
+<p>We have had, within the last ten years, a
+severe lesson concerning the instability of wealth
+in some of its most trusted forms. Yet are we
+not compelled by sympathy and antipathy, at the
+bottom of our hearts, to pay it an homage which
+our lips would not avow? Do we not desire wealth
+for our children as the condition which shall set
+our minds at rest concerning them? When we see
+mediocrity and vulgarity riding in the swift carriage,
+and wearing the jewels and the robes, bright <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+in everybody's eyes and praised in everybody's
+mouth, do we not harbor somewhere a regret that
+we have not, in some way possible to us, set our
+best abilities to work to secure a similar distinction
+for ourselves?</p>
+
+<p>It should not frighten one to see the court and
+its underlings venal. Court and courtiers are a
+show, and money is the condition by which a show
+lives. But I look into the domain of letters, and
+ask whether that is still uncorrupted. I do not
+think that it is. The refined tastes of literary people
+lead them to value entertainment at the hands
+of the rich. The luxurious rooms, the abundant
+table, the easy <i>persiflage</i> in which worldly tact
+knows enough to flatter recognized talent. Do
+not these <i>illicebræ</i> seduce, to-day, even the stern
+heart of philosophy?</p>
+
+<p>How unkind was society to Margaret Fuller!
+It was reluctant to show her the courtesy due to
+a gentlewoman. Its mean gossip treated her as
+if she had been beyond the pale of elegance and
+good taste, verging away even from good behavior.
+What was her offence against society? A humanity
+too large and absorbing, a mind too brave and
+independent for its commonplace. Add to these
+the fact that she had neither fashion nor fortune. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+The things she asked for are granted to-day by
+every thinking mind, and she is remembered as
+illustrious. But if she could come back to-morrow
+as she was, poor in purse and plain in person, and
+assume her old leadership, would Boston treat her
+any better than it did in days of yore? Would
+she not find, even among Brook farmers, a looking
+toward Beacon Street which might surprise her?
+The literary man, who went so bravely from
+abstract philosophy to its concrete expression,
+whose learned hands took up the spade and hoe,
+and whose early peas were praised by those who
+contemned his principles, would he, at a later
+day,&mdash;grown urbane and fashionable,&mdash;would he
+have bowed without a pang to his former self, if
+he had met him, dusty and on foot, in Central
+Park, he himself being well mounted?</p>
+
+<p>I said just now that money could buy the press.
+This is shameful, because the press, more than
+any other power, can afford to be frank and sincere.
+Freedom is the very breath of life in its
+nostrils, yet is it to-day largely salaried by the
+enemies of freedom. While speaking of the press,
+I will mention the regret with which I lately read,
+in the "Boston Daily Advertiser," an editorial treating
+of the expulsion of the Jesuits from France. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+The writer, who denounced this measure with
+some severity, described the religious body with
+which it deals as a band of mild and inoffensive
+men, chiefly occupied with the tuition of youth.
+He might as well have characterized a tiger as
+a harmless creature, incapable of the use of firearms.</p>
+
+<p>To me the worship of wealth means, in the
+present, the crowning of low merit with undeserved
+honor,&mdash;the setting of successful villany
+above unsuccessful virtue. It means absolute
+neglect and isolation for the few who follow a
+high heart's love through want and pain, through
+evil and good report. It means the bringing of
+all human resources, material and intellectual, to
+one dead level of brilliant exhibition&mdash;a second
+Field of the Cloth of Gold&mdash;to show that the barbaric
+love of splendor still lives in man, with the
+thirst for blood, and other <i>quasi</i> animal passions.
+It means, in the future, some such sad downfall as
+Spain had when the gold and silver of America
+had gorged her soldiers and nobles; something
+like what France experienced after Louis XIV.
+and XV. I am no prophet, and, least of all, a
+prophet of evil; but where, oh where, shall we
+find the antidote to this metallic poison? Perhaps <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+in the hom&oelig;ig;opathic principle of cure.
+When the money miracle shall be complete, when
+the gold Midas shall have turned everything to
+gold, then the human heart will cry for flesh and
+blood, for brain and muscles. Then shall manhood
+be at a premium, and money at a discount.</p>
+
+<p>The French have found, among many others,
+one fortunate expression. They speak of a life
+of representation, by which they mean the life of
+a person conspicuous in the great world. This
+society of representation has some recognition in
+every stage of civilization, since even nations
+which we consider barbarous have their festivals
+and processions. The ministerial balls in Paris,
+and perhaps many other entertainments in that
+city, are of this character.</p>
+
+<p>The guests are admitted in virtue of a card,
+which is really a ticket, though money cannot
+command it. Many of the persons entertained
+are not personally acquainted with either host or
+hostess, and do not necessarily make their acquaintance
+by going to their house. Everything is
+arranged with a view to large effects: music, decorations,
+supper, etc. A party of friends may go
+there for their own amusement, or a single individual
+for his own. But there are no general
+introductions given, there is no social fusion. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now this I call society of representation. It
+bears about the same relation to genuine society
+that scene-painting bears to a carefully finished
+picture. People of culture and education enjoy
+a peep at this spectacular drama of the social
+stage, but their idea of society would be something
+very different from this. Where this show-society
+monopolizes the resources of a community,
+it implies either a dearth of intellectual
+resources, or a great misapprehension of what is
+really delightful and profitable in social intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>Where the stage form of society predominates
+too largely, its intimate form languishes and
+declines. The communings of a chosen few
+around a table simply spread, with no view to
+the recognition of the great Babylon, but rather
+with a pleasure in its avoidance; refined sympathy
+and support given and received in a round
+of daily duties, by those whose hands are busy
+and whose minds are full; the inner sweetness
+of a beautiful song or poem, the kindling of mind
+from mind, till all become surprised at what each
+can do,&mdash;this sort of society maintains itself by
+keeping the noisy rush of the crowd at arm's
+length. Horace says,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Odo profanum vulgus et arceo,"<br /></span>
+ <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<p>and I, a democrat of the democrats, will say
+so too. I reverence the masses of mankind, rich
+or poor. My heart beats high when I think of
+the good which human society has already
+evolved, and of the greater good which is in
+store for those who are to come after us. But
+I hate the profane vulgarity which courts public
+notice and mention as the chief end of existence,
+and which, in so doing, puts out of sight those
+various ends and interests which each generation
+is bound to pursue for itself, and to promote for
+its successors.</p>
+
+<p>The time of poor Marie Antoinette was the culmination
+of such a period of show. Its glare and
+glitter, and its lavish waste, had put out of sight
+the true and intimate relations of man to man.
+And so, as the gilded portion of the age made its
+musters of beautiful empty heads, of vanities
+throned upon vanities, the ungilded part made
+its deadly muster of discontent, displeasure, and
+despair. The empty heads fell, and much that
+was precious and noble fell with them. The
+great stage produced its bloody drama, and the
+curtain of horror closed upon it.</p>
+
+<p>Critics of society usually direct their invective
+against the extravagance and shallowness of this <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+exhibitory department, and would almost make
+these an excuse for the opposite extreme of misanthropic
+spleen and avoidance. They should
+remember that while society, from an inward
+necessity, provides for these musterings and displays,
+it is unable to provide for that intimate and
+personal intercourse which individuals must found
+and cultivate for themselves. So much is left for
+each one of us to do, to find our peers, and open
+with them an honest exchange of our best for their
+best. The family most easily begins this, with its
+intense and ever-enlarging interests. Out of true
+family life comes a neighborhood; out of a neighborhood
+the body politic, and the body sympathetic.</p>
+
+<p>If, in the matter of social intercourse, show is
+allowed to usurp the place of substance, the indolence
+of mankind must bear its part of the blame.
+It is far easier to order a suit for the great occasion,
+than to brighten one's mental jewels for the
+small one. Many a soldier is brave on parade,
+who would not shine on a field of battle. Many
+a woman will pass for elegant in a ball-room, or
+even at a court drawing-room, whose want of true
+breeding would become evident in a chosen company.</p>
+
+<p>The reason why education is usually so poor <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+among women of fashion is, that it is not needed
+for the life which they elect to lead. With a good
+figure, good clothes, and a handsome equipage,
+with a little reading of the daily papers, and of
+the fashionable reviews, and above all, with the
+happy tact which often enables women to make
+a large display of very small acquirements, the
+woman of fashion may never feel the need of true
+education. We pity her none the less, since she
+will never know its peace and delight.</p>
+
+<p>In our own country, at this moment, and in
+Europe as well, ambitions seem to be unduly
+directed to this department of social action, the
+training and discipline for which differ widely
+from that proper to intimate and domestic life.
+Hence comes an observable regard, not to appearances
+only, but to appearance. As actors often
+paint their faces too highly for near effects, in
+order to look well at the farthest point of view,
+so the dress and manners of the day fit themselves
+for the stage of the great world, and their wearers
+seem to meditate not only what will not appear
+amiss, but what will attract attention by some
+singularity of becoming effect. Hence the supremacy
+for the time of those whose calling it
+is to minister to appearance. The tailor has <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+long been a man of destiny, but the modern plainness
+of male attire has somewhat sobered his
+pretensions. But look at the sublime arrogance
+of the ladies' dressmaker, and the almost equally
+sublime meekness of the victim, who not only
+submits, but desires to be as wax in her hands.
+This supreme functionary has, of course, <i>carte
+blanche</i> for her ordinances. The subject says to
+her, "Do what you will with me. Make me
+modest or immodest. Tie up my feet or
+straighten my arms till use of them becomes
+impossible. Deprive my figure of all drapery,
+or upholster it like a window-frame. Nay, set
+me in the centre of a movable tent, but array me
+so that people shall look at me, and shall say I
+look well."</p>
+
+<p>I cannot but hate, to-day, the slavish fashion
+which seems to have been invented in order to
+intensify that self-consciousness which is the
+worst enemy of beauty. It is administered by
+means of a system of lacets and whalebones,
+which everywhere impinge upon nature. A
+young lady who is in her dress like a sword in
+its scabbard (the French name for the fashion
+is <i>fourreau</i>), is made to think of this point, and
+of that, until her whole gait and movement become <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+an interrogation of her silks and elastics.
+Can I sit? Can I walk? Can I put this foot
+forward, or lift this hand to my head? Ask the
+satin strait-jacket in which your artist has imprisoned
+you, receiving high compensation for the
+service. Much as I resent this constraint and
+restraint of the body, my saddest thought is, that
+where it is endured the mind has first been
+enslaved.</p>
+
+<p>Foreign travel is so established a feature in
+American life, that it may well become us to take
+account of what it costs and comes to.</p>
+
+<p>Our own importation of men and women is
+various and enormous. They who come to us
+poor and ignorant in one generation, are seen
+comfortable and well educated in the next. The
+disfranchised and landless man comes to us, and
+receives political rights, and the title of a farm in
+fee simple. No inordinate tribute robs him of
+the product of his industry, be it large or small.
+He pays to the State what it pays him well to
+afford, for protection and education. But how is
+it with the tribute which Europe levies upon us
+in the shape of our sons and daughters?</p>
+
+<p>Many polite tastes have, no doubt, been fostered
+in our young men by studies pursued in a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+German university, or art learned in a French
+studio. Some of the best scholars of the elder
+generation have profited, in their youth, by such
+advantages. But if we go beyond the limits of
+literary or professional life, we may not consider
+the results so fortunate. Our society-men sometimes
+become so depolarized in their tastes and
+feelings, as to be at ease nowhere but in Europe,
+and not much at ease there. Those who return
+bring back a love of betting and of horse-racing,
+and ape the display of European grandees as far
+as their fortunes will allow.</p>
+
+<p>And our young women? Some of them study
+soberly abroad, and return to give their countenance
+and support to all that is improving and
+refining in their own country. Some float hither
+and thither, between England and Italy, like a
+feather on the wave, disappearing at last. The
+Daisy Millerish chit is seen, offending in pure
+ignorance of what common-sense should easily
+teach mothers and daughters.</p>
+
+<p>Family groups of Americans are often met with
+in Europe, in which one figure is wanting. This
+is the father, absent, in America, working at his
+business or speculation. These ladies are often
+companionable people, who enjoy good hotels, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+galleries, music on the public square, and, above
+all, the sensation of being far from home.</p>
+
+<p>One feels about them a dreary atmosphere of
+homelessness. As the writer of the Potiphar
+papers, while watching a gay young mother's
+performance in the "German," was constrained to
+think of a complaining babe in her nursery, so, in
+hearing those ladies boast of their enjoyments, one
+cannot help remembering with commiseration the
+wifeless husband and daughterless father at home,
+who works like a steam-fan to keep these butterflies
+in motion.</p>
+
+<p>More sad still are my reflections, when I hear
+that numbers of American girls, with large or
+even moderate fortunes, go abroad and allow it to
+be known that they seek a husband with a title.
+These are to be had, of various grades, if the pecuniary
+consideration be only sufficient. And so
+many of our laborious men of business work hard
+in order to earn for themselves the luxury of a
+titled son-in-law, who has not the ability to earn
+his own support, and would scorn to do it if he
+had.</p>
+
+<p>American women with money are at a premium
+in fashionable Europe. Even without this supreme
+merit, they are favorites. A London journal calls <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+attention to the fact that some of the leading ladies
+in the fashionable London of to-day are Americans.
+The versatility of mind and ease of manner which
+a free and social life develops, appear in strong
+contrast with the results of the more formal education,
+which are often seen in the opposite
+extremes of timidity and assurance.</p>
+
+<p>As our young men are often entrapped, while
+abroad, into marriages which prove to be very
+unwise and unsuitable, I wish very much that
+we might bring and keep our young people in a
+better understanding with each other, so that
+even the most ambitious among them should
+be content to marry with their peers, and abide
+in the home of their fathers.</p>
+
+<p>I have been surprised, at some periods of my
+late visit to Europe, to perceive the growing interest
+of thinking people in all that is most characteristic
+of American progress. Again and again, in
+private and in public, I have found myself invited
+to discourse concerning the happy country in
+which popular education has been so long established,
+that its results are no longer putative, but
+ascertained and verified. The country in which
+the fairest woman, provided she be a modest one,
+can walk abroad by day or night, unmolested and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+unsuspected, the country in which women have
+acquired the courage to think for themselves, and
+to stand by each other.</p>
+
+<p>These invitations, though not given in derision,
+yet seemed akin to the Hebrew refrain, "Sing us
+one of the songs of Zion!" And when I related
+the facts familiar to all of us, to those who listened
+with half-incredulous wonder, it was, indeed, like
+singing the Lord's song of freedom in a strange
+land.</p>
+
+<p>The reasons why Europe should come to
+America are obvious and pressing. The reasons
+why America should visit Europe are equally
+binding and cogent. The material and the moral
+life of to-day are kept at their height by this flux
+and reflux of human personality, which carries
+with it every variety of opinion and experience.
+Could we only send our best abroad, and for the
+best reasons! Could Europe only send her best,
+also, for their best help and study! But the
+human average profits first of all by its material
+enlargement, and will be received just as
+it is. So, our fools go abroad, to show that
+folly is a thing of all times and climes; and,
+along with the tidal wave of ignorance and bigotry,
+the dark, designing Jesuit seeks our shore, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+and spins his fatal web among our rose-trees.
+Sun of divine truth, storms of divine justice,
+sweep away the evil and ripen the good!</p>
+
+<p>When I see an American of either sex caught
+in the vortex of European attraction, depolarized
+from natural relations, and charmed into alliance
+with feudal barbarism and ignorance, my heart
+rings the bell of alarm which is hung at the gates
+of Paradise.</p>
+
+<p>From all these Western splendors can this
+shallow soul turn away? From these golden
+fields whose overflow gives Europe food, while
+her human overflow gives them labor? From this
+large construction of human right, which lifts the
+cruel yoke from the neck of labor, and gives him
+who earns the livelihood of many his own life to
+enjoy and perfect? From this holy record of pious
+endeavor, from these splendid achievements of
+souls inspired by freedom, thou canst go, joyous
+and triumphant, to pay homage to the lies which
+are no longer believed by those who profess them;
+lies whose fallacy America exposes every day and
+hour to the detection of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Thou wilt accept a title, empty as an egg-shell,
+for a thing truly noble! Thou wilt call a courtier's
+grimace polite, a courtesan's fashion elegant! <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+Thou wilt curry favor in a vulgar court, courtesying
+low to a prince of harlequins and harlots!
+Thou, child of the Puritans, wilt kneel and kiss
+the hand which, still and sole, disputes with Christ
+the mastery of the world! Then art thou simply
+an anachronism! Some are born into the world
+centuries before their time, some centuries after it.</p>
+
+<p>Other attractions, innocent in themselves, and
+conceivable to all, detain some of our valued fellow-citizens
+in perpetual exile. The quiet and
+beauty of English country-life, the literary and
+artistic resources of a foreign capital, the romances
+of ancient chateaux and cathedrals, some delicious
+touch of climate, some throbbing beauty of a southern
+sky. How delightful we have found these,
+it is as much a pain as a pleasure to remember!
+But let us also call to mind the lesson of a well-known
+fairy tale. While Beauty prolongs her
+absence, the faithful Beast languishes and comes
+nigh unto death. While we enjoy these choice
+delights, the society to which we belong is sowing
+its wheat and its tares. We are far from the field
+in which the life of our own generation is planted
+and tended. Every honest heart, every thinking
+mind, has its value in the community to which it
+belongs. Our value, such as it is, remains wanting <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+to our community, and, when its crises of trial
+shall come, we shall not have been trained by
+watchful experience to understand either their
+cause or their remedy.</p>
+
+<p>How delightful was Italy to Milton! His Allegro
+and Pensieroso show that he could fully appreciate
+both its mirth and its majesty. He returns
+not the less to live out a life of illustrious service
+in his own country, where his brave heart and
+philosophic mind were of more avail to his time
+than even his sacred song to ours.</p>
+
+<p>No one has any reason to be surprised at any
+new manifestation of human folly. Yet I am
+sometimes surprised, to-day, by the disrespect
+which is often shown to the word "Protestant."
+This name dates, at farthest, from the time of
+Luther, but the fact for which it stands is as old
+as human history. Moses made a protest when
+he led his people out of the luxury and slavery
+of Egypt to find the free hills of Judæa, and
+to build on one of them a temple to the God
+of freedom. Christ made His protest against
+the hypocrisy and injustice of the old social
+and ecclesiastical order. England and France
+have made their protests against monarchical supremacy.
+Both went back from their daring determination, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+but the lesson was not forgotten. The
+Puritans made their protest when they faced the
+frowning sea and the savage wilderness, in order
+that they might train their children, and live themselves
+in the freedom which conscience asks. Mr.
+Garrison and his associates made their protest
+against American slavery. Mrs. Butler, of England,
+makes her protest to-day against the personal
+degradation of women. Lucy Stone makes hers
+against their political enslavement.</p>
+
+<p>Does society inherit? Is man the heir of man?
+Whence come those creatures of the present day
+who smile, and shrug their shoulders, and feebly
+say, "We don't protest. Our fathers did something
+of the kind, upon what ground we cannot
+possibly imagine. But we are quite of another
+sort. We don't protest."</p>
+
+<p>To those courageous souls which, alone and unaided,
+have been able to face the world's passion
+and inertia,&mdash;to those leaders of forlorn hopes who
+have seen glory in the depths of death and have
+sought it there,&mdash;to those voices proclaiming in
+the wilderness the triumphant progress of truth,&mdash;to
+those brave spirits whose strength the fires of
+hell have annealed, not consumed,&mdash;my soul shall
+ever render its glad and duteous homage. And if, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+in my later age, I might seek the crowning honor
+of my life, I should seek it with that small, faithful
+band who have no choice but to utter their
+deepest conviction, and abide its issues. Fruitful
+shall be their pains and privations. They who
+have sown in tears the seeds of unpopular virtue,
+shall reap its happy harvest in the good and gratitude
+of mankind. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Changes in American Society.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>I have been invited to speak to you to-day
+concerning changes in American society. In
+preparing to consider this subject, I cannot but
+remember that the very question of social change
+is to some people an open one. The supposition
+of any real onward movement in society is as
+unwelcome and as untrue to these persons as was
+Galileo's theory concerning the revolution of the
+earth around the sun. They will assert, as indeed
+they may, that the same crimes are committed in all
+ages, with the same good deeds to counterbalance
+them and that the capital tendencies of human
+nature are always substantially the same. This
+also must be allowed. The error of these friends
+consists in overlooking the most characteristic and
+human of these tendencies, which is that of progressive
+desire. This trait, deeper and stronger
+than the mere love of change, pushes the whole <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+heterogeneous mass of humanity onward in a way
+from which there is no return.</p>
+
+<p>The laws of human motive and action, meanwhile,
+remain as steadfast and immovable as the
+laws by whose application Galileo made his discovery.
+To discern at once the steadfast truth
+and its metamorphic developments will be the
+task of the greatest wisdom.</p>
+
+<p>When Theodore Parker invited the religious
+world to consider the transient and the permanent
+elements of Christianity, he made a popular
+application of a truth long known to philosophy.
+This truth is that life in all of its aspects exhibits
+these two opposite qualities or conditions. Much
+is transient in the individual, more is permanent
+in the race.</p>
+
+<p>The study of anthropology, so greatly enriched
+to-day by discovery and investigation, would give
+us much to say under both of these heads, but
+most, I think, under the last.</p>
+
+<p>I remember that in reading Livy's history of
+the second Punic war, in our own war time, I
+was struck by certain resemblances between the
+time in which he wrote and that in which I read
+him. When I learned from his pages that the
+merchants and ship-owners of ancient Rome managed <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+to impose the most worthless of their vessels
+upon the government for the transport of troops
+and provisions, I exclaimed, "What Yankees
+these Romans were!"</p>
+
+<p>In reading some well-known satires of Horace
+I have been struck with the resemblance of the
+ancient to the modern bore. Boileau's famous
+take-off of the dinner given by a <i>parvenu</i> is scarcely
+more than a French adaptation of the feast of
+Nasidienus, as described by the Roman bard who
+was Boileau's model.</p>
+
+<p>In Virgil's account of the good housewife, who
+rises early in order to measure out the work of
+the household, and in Solomon's description of
+the thrifty woman of his time, one sees the value
+set upon feminine industry and economy in times
+far removed from our own, yet resembling it in
+this appreciation.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the dissimilarity of ancient
+and modern society is equally seen in the same
+mirror of literature. The mention of matters
+which, by common consent, are banished from
+decent speech to-day, the position of Woman,
+from the vestal virgin buried alive for breach of
+trust to the <i>devium scortum</i>, whom Horace frankly
+invites to his feast, the gross superstition which <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+saw in religion little save portents and propitiation,&mdash;these
+mark on the dial of history an hour
+as distant from our own in sympathy as in time.</p>
+
+<p>You will wish to hear from me some account
+of changes which have come within the sphere of
+my own observation, both as I have been able to
+see for myself, and to compare what I have seen
+with what I have received from the generation
+immediately preceding my own. Let me remind
+you that, with all the advantages of personal
+observation, it may be more difficult for us to give
+a true account of the age to which we belong
+than of more distant times, upon which thought
+and reflection have already done their critical
+and explanatory work. Familiarity so dulls the
+edge of perception, as to make us least acquainted
+with things and persons making part of our daily
+life. Mindful of these difficulties, I will do my
+best to characterize the threescore years which
+have carried me into and out of the heart of the
+nineteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen in this time a great growth in the
+direction of liberal thought, of popular government,
+of just laws and useful institutions. I have seen
+human powers so multiplied by mechanical appliances
+as to destroy the old measures of time and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+distance, and almost to justify the veto once laid
+by the great Napoleon upon the use of the word
+"impossible": "<i>Ne me dîtes jamais ce bête de mot</i>,"
+said he; and it has now become more <i>bête</i> than
+ever.</p>
+
+<p>What feature of society has not changed in
+the phantasmagoria of these wonderful lustres?
+Each decade has made a fool of the one which
+went before it. Whether in the region of extended
+observation and experiment, or in that of
+subtle and profound investigation, human effort
+has seemed in this time to put itself at compound
+interest, working at once with matters
+infinitely little and with matters infinitely great,
+and surely introducing mankind to a higher plane
+of comfort and co-operation than has been
+reached in anterior ages.</p>
+
+<p>While the mechanism of life has thus been
+brought much nearer to perfection by the labor of
+our age, the principles of life remain such as they
+have always been.</p>
+
+<p>Pile luxury as high as you will, health is better,
+and the body of a well-fed and not over-worked
+ploughman is, nine times out of ten, a better possession
+than the body of a man of fortune, especially
+if he be at the same time a man of pleasure. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+Marshal and gild the pomp of circumstance, and
+do it homage with bated breath, character remains
+the true majesty, honor and intelligence its
+prime ministers. Money can help people to education,
+by paying for the support of those who can
+give it. But money cannot excuse its possessor
+from the smallest of the mental operations
+through which, if at all, a man comes to know
+what, as a man, he should know.</p>
+
+<p>The great <i>desiderata</i> of humanity still remain
+these: to preserve the integrity of nature, the
+purity of sentiment, and the coherence of thought.
+The great extension of educational opportunities
+which we see to-day should make the attainment
+of these objects easier than in ages of less instruction.
+But while the pursuit of them is ever normal
+to the human race, the inherent difficulties of
+their attainment remain undiminished. Without
+self-discipline and self-sacrifice, no man to-day
+attains true education, or the dignity of true manhood.
+For here comes in the terrible fact of
+man's freedom as a moral agent.</p>
+
+<p>Could our age possess and administer the powers
+of the universe to its heart's content, in that
+heart would yet rest the issues of its life and of its
+death. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The period of which I have to speak has certainly
+witnessed great improvements in the theory
+of hygiene. The old heroic treatment of diseases
+has nearly disappeared. The nauseous draughts,
+the blood-letting and blisters, have given place to
+moderate medication, the choice of climate and
+the regulation of diet. Women have been admitted
+as copartners with men in the guardianship
+of the public health. Athletic sports help
+the student to fresh blood and efficient muscle,
+without which the brain sickens and perishes.</p>
+
+<p>But even in this department how much is left
+to desire and to do! Our greatest and richest city
+is still festering with the corruption that breeds
+disease. No board of health seems to have power
+to sweep its side streets and dark alleys. Fashion
+keeps her avenues clean, and neglects the rest
+of the vast domain, for which she has her reward
+in many a ghastly epidemic. The late Edward
+Clarke, of Boston,&mdash;heaven rest his soul!&mdash;could
+alarm the whole continent with his threats of the
+physical evils which the more perfect education of
+one sex would entail on both. But he has left no
+public protest against the monstrosities of toilet
+which deform and mutilate the bodies of women
+to-day, nor against the selfish frivolity of life in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+both sexes, which is equally inimical to true
+motherhood and to true fatherhood.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen in fashions of dress and furniture
+the curious cycle which my elders foretold, and
+which it takes, I should think, half a century to
+fulfil. My earliest childish remembrance is of the
+slim dresses which display as much as is possible
+of the outlines of the figure. I remember the
+<i>élégantes</i> of Gotham walking the one fashionable
+street of fifty-five years ago, attired in pelisses of
+pink or blue satin. A white satin cloak trimmed
+with dark fur seemed, even to my childish observation,
+a chill costume for a pedestrian in the heart
+of winter. My mother's last Paris bonnet, bought
+probably in 1825, appeared to her children, twenty
+years later, such a caricature, that pious hands
+destroyed it, in order that we might have no ludicrous
+association with the sweet young creature
+whose death had left us babes in the nursery.</p>
+
+<p>After many fluctuations and oscillations, I have
+seen modern head-gear near of kin to the subject
+of this holocaust. I have seen the old forms and
+colors return to popular favor. I have even heard
+that the very white satin cloak, which seemed
+<i>outré</i> to the critic of six years, has been worn and
+greatly admired in the recent gay world of Paris. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+The return in these cases, it must be said, is not
+to the identical point of departure. Progress,
+according to some thinkers, follows a spiral, and
+is neither shut in a circle nor extended in a
+straight line. The hoops of our great-grandmothers
+are not the hoops which we remember
+to have seen or worn. Their eelskin dresses are
+not the model of ours. Still, the recurrence of the
+same vein of fancy marks a periodical approximation
+to the region or belt of influence in which
+certain forgotten possibilities suggest themselves
+to the seeker of novelty, and in which the capricious,
+antithetical fancy delights to crown with
+honor all that it found most devoid of beauty a
+few lustres ago.</p>
+
+<p>Does this encyclical tendency in the familiar
+æsthetics of life imply a corresponding tendency
+in the moral and intellectual movement of mankind?
+I fear that it does. I fear that seriousness
+and frivolity, greed and disinterest, extravagance
+and economy, in so far as these are social
+and sympathetic phenomena, do succeed each
+other in the movement of the ages. But here
+the device of the spiral can save us. We must
+make the round, but we may make it with an upward
+inclination. "Let there be light!" is sometimes <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+said in accents so emphatic, that the universe
+remembers and cannot forget it. We carry
+our problem slowly forward. With all the ups
+and downs of every age, humanity constantly
+rises. Individuals may preserve all its early delusions,
+commit all its primitive crimes; but to the
+body of civilized mankind, the return to barbarism
+is impossible.</p>
+
+<p>The æsthetic elaboration of ethical ideas, always
+a feature of civilization, becomes in our day a task
+of such prominence as to engage the zeal and
+labor of those even who have little natural facility
+for any of its processes.</p>
+
+<p>The ignoring of this department of culture by
+our Puritan ancestors, had much to do with the
+bareness of surrounding and poverty of amusement
+which almost affright us in the record of
+their society. With all their insufficiency, these
+periods of severe simplicity are of great importance
+in the history of a people. The temporary
+withdrawal from the sensible and pleasurable to
+the severe verities of ethical study accumulates
+a reserve force which is sure to be very precious
+in the emergencies to which all nations are exposed.
+The reaction against the extreme of this
+is as likely to be excessive as was the action itself. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If we tend to any extreme, nowadays, it is to
+that of making art take the place of thought, as
+may somewhat appear in the general rage for illustration
+and decoration.</p>
+
+<p>The ministrations of art to ethics are indeed
+unspeakably grand and helpful. The cathedrals
+of the Old World, and its rich and varied galleries,
+preserve for us the fresh and naïve spirit of mediæval
+piety. Religious art, indeed, becomes almost
+secularized by its repetitions; yet each of its great
+works has the isolation of its own atmosphere, and
+speaks its own language, which we reverently
+learn while we look upon it.</p>
+
+<p>Of all arts, music is the one most intimately
+interwoven with the ethical consciousness of our
+own time. The oratorios of Handel and of Mendelssohn
+so blend the sacred text and the divine
+music, that we think of the two together, and
+almost as of things so wedded by God, that man
+must not seek to put them asunder. When I
+have sat to sing in the chorus of the Messiah, and
+have heard the tenor take up the sweet burden of
+"Comfort ye my people!" I have felt the whole
+chain of divine consolation which those historic
+words express, and which link the prophet of pre-Christian
+times to the saints and sinners of to-day. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+In far-off Palestine I have been shown the plain
+on which it is supposed that the shepherds were
+tending their flocks when the birth of the Messiah
+was announced to them. But as I turned my
+eyes to view it, my memory was full of that pastoral
+symphony of Handel's, in which the divine
+glory seems just muffled enough to be intelligible
+to our abrupt and hasty sense. Nay, I lately
+heard a beloved voice which read the chapter of
+Elijah's wonderful experiences in the wilderness.
+While I listened, bar after bar of Mendelssohn's
+music struck itself off in the resonant chamber of
+memory, and I thanked the Hebrew of our own
+time for giving the intensity of life to that mystical
+drama of insight and heroism.</p>
+
+<p>The transcendentalists of our own country
+made great account of the relation of art to ethics,
+and perhaps avenged the Puritan partiality by giving
+art the leading, and ethics the subordinate
+place in their statements and endeavors. But
+the masters of the transcendental philosophy in
+Europe did not so. Spinoza, Kant, and Fichte
+were idealists of the severest type. Standing for
+the moment between the two, I will only say that
+the danger of forgetting the high labors and rewards
+of thought in the pleasure of beautiful <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+sights and sounds is one to which the highest civilization
+stands most exposed. To think aright,
+to resolve and pray aright, we must retire from
+those delights to the contemplation of that whose
+sublimity they can but faintly image, as we pass with
+joy from the likeness of our friend into his presence.</p>
+
+<p>Love of ornament is by no means synonymous
+with love of the beautiful. The taste which overloads
+dress and architecture with superfluous irrelevancies,
+is often quite in opposition to that true
+sense of beauty which is indispensable to the artist
+and precious to the philosopher. "Το καλον," the
+Greeks said. Was it a naïve utterance on their
+part? Was it through their poverty of expression,
+or their want of experience, that the same
+word with them signified the good and the beautiful?
+No. It was through the depth of their insight,
+and the power of their mental appreciation,
+that they so stamped this golden word as that it
+should show the supreme of form on one of its
+faces, and the supreme of spirit on the other.</p>
+
+<p>The social domain of religion has also undergone
+a change. In my early life I remember
+that all earnest and religious people were supposed
+to live out of the great world, and to keep
+company only with one another and with the subjects <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+of their charitable beneficence. The disadvantages
+of this course are easily seen. Free
+intercourse with the average of mankind is one
+of the most important agencies in enlarging and
+correcting the action of the human mind. The
+exigencies of ordinary intercourse develop a sense
+of the dependence of human beings upon each
+other, and a power corresponding to the needs involved
+in this interdependence. The religious
+susceptibilities of individuals, which are at once
+very strong in their character and very uncertain
+in their action, are liable to become either
+exaggerated or exhausted by a course of life which
+should rely wholly upon them for guidance and
+for interest.</p>
+
+<p>Let us, therefore, by all means have saints in
+the world, keeping to their pure standard, and
+recommending it more by their actions than by
+their professions. But these saints must be brave
+as well as pure. Unworthy doctrine must not
+escape their reprobation. When a just cause is
+contemned, they must stand by it. If the world
+shall cast them out in consequence, it will not be
+their fault. The social leagues which group themselves
+around the various churches of to-day,
+seem to me a feature of happy augury. It is the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+office of the church to inspire and direct the
+tone of social intercourse, and these associations
+should greatly help it to that end. I lately heard
+Wendell Phillips complain that church exercises
+nowadays largely consist of picnics and other
+merry-makings. Only a little before, Mr. Phillips,
+in his reply to Mr. Parkman's article against
+Woman Suffrage, had spoken of the growth of
+social influence as a good.</p>
+
+<p>It does, to be sure, look a little whimsical to
+read on the bulletin of a Methodist church such
+announcements as this,&mdash;"Private theatricals for
+the benefit of the Sunday school." But Wesley
+introduced the use of secular tunes in his church
+on the ground that the devil should not have all
+the good music. Neither should he monopolize
+the innocent amusements with which, if they are
+left to him, he does indeed play the devil.</p>
+
+<p>Although the great ocean will always hold Europe
+at arm's length from us, yet the currents of belief
+and sympathy bring its various peoples near to us
+in various ways. I remember to have taken note
+of this long before the ocean steamships brought
+the eastern hemisphere within a few days' journey
+from our own seaboard, and very long before
+the time-annihilating cables were dreamed of. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+French have always had with us the prestige of
+their social tact and sumptuary elegance. The
+English manners are affected by those among
+us who mistake the aristocracy of position for the
+aristocracy of character. The Italians rule us by
+their great artists in the past, and by their subtle
+policy in the present. The Germans have, as
+they deserve, the pre-eminence in music, in
+metaphysics, and in many departments of high
+culture.</p>
+
+<p>I have not long since been taken to task by a
+writer in a prominent New York paper for some
+strictures regarding the quasi-omnipotence of
+money in the society of to-day. The writer in
+question enlarged somewhat upon the greatly
+increased expenditure of money in our own country,
+as if this must be considered as a good in
+itself. He concludes his statement by remarking
+that Mrs. Howe has never studied the proper significance
+of the money question. I desire to
+say here only that I have not neglected the study
+of this question, which so regards the very life of
+society. One of its problems I have ventured to
+decide for myself, viz., whether the luxury of the
+rich really supports the industry of the poor.</p>
+
+<p>The æsthetic of luxury is a mean and superficial <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+one. The critique of luxury is compliant and
+cowardly; and, despite its glittering promise to
+pay any price for what it desires, luxury orders
+poorly, pays poorly, and in the end undermines
+the credit of the State, the very citadel of its solvency.
+I regret and deplore its prevalence to-day,
+and consider it not as the safeguard, but as the
+most dangerous enemy of republican institutions.</p>
+
+<p>In our America, ay, even in our Puritan New
+England, the day has come in which economy is a
+discredit and poverty a disgrace. With the common
+school ever at work to lift the social level,
+unfolding to the child of the day-laborer the page
+which instructs the son of the peer, the cry is still
+that money is God, and that there is none other.
+One may ask, in the business streets, whether rich
+people have any faults, or poor people any virtues.
+A woman who sells her beauty for a rich dower is
+honored in church and in State. Both alike bow
+to the money in her hand. One proverb says that
+Time is money, as if it were</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Only that, and nothing more."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Another proverb says that Money is power.
+And in this form, no doubt, it receives the most
+fervent worship, for luxury palls sooner or later, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+while ambition is never satisfied. But we constantly
+meet, on the other hand, with instances
+in which money is not power. Money does not
+give talent or intelligence. You cannot buy good
+government, good manners, or good taste: You
+cannot buy health or life. Do some of you remember
+the shipwreck, some twenty years ago,
+of a steamer homeward-bound from California?
+The few survivors told how the desperate passengers
+brought their belts and bags of gold
+to the cabin, and threw them about with a bitter
+contempt of their worthlessness. States have
+such shipwrecks, in which avenging Fate seems to
+say to those who have sacrificed all for wealth,
+"Thy money perish with thee."</p>
+
+<p>The heroics of history are full of the story of
+great ends, accomplished by very small means.
+Now a handful of resolute men hold the forces
+of a great empire in check, and beat back the
+ocean surge of barbarism from the marble of their
+strong will. Now a single martyr turns the scale
+of the world's affection by throwing into the balance
+the weight of one small life. Now a State
+with every disadvantage of territory, cursed with
+sterility, or exposed to the murderous overflow of
+the salt sea, takes its stand upon the simple determination <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+to conquer for itself a free and worthy
+existence. Frederick of Prussia and his small
+army, Washington, with his handful of men, in
+these and so many other instances, we admire the
+attainment of mighty ends through means which
+seem infinitesimal in proportion to them. How
+shall it be in our country, to which Nature has
+given the widest variety of climate, soil, and production?
+Shall we become a lesson to the world
+in the opposite direction? Shall we show how
+little a people may accomplish with every circumstance
+in its favor, and with nothing wanting to
+its success but the careful mind and resolute
+spirit? God forbid!</p>
+
+<p>The belief in pacific methods of settling international
+differences has made a noticeable progress
+in my time.</p>
+
+<p>In my school-days I remember a grave Presbyterian
+household at whose fireside I one day saw
+an elderly man seat himself, with little notice from
+the members of the family. I inquired who he
+might be, and was told, with some good-natured
+laughter, that this old gentleman was the American
+Peace Society, <i>i.e.</i>, the last surviving member
+of that association. This was a humorous exaggeration
+of the truth. Judge Jay, of New <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+York, was living at that time, and all the enthusiasm
+of the peace cause lived in him, and no
+doubt in many others. I have remembered the
+incident, nevertheless; and when I have seen the
+stately Peace Congresses held in Europe and elsewhere,
+when I have seen rapacious England submitting
+to arbitration, when I have seen the flag
+of military prestige go down before the white
+banner of Peace, as in the late change of the
+ministry in that country, I have remembered that
+day of small things, and have learned that the
+faith of individuals is the small seed from which
+spring the mighty growths of popular conviction
+and sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>The extensive wars which have taken place
+within the last forty years, as extensive and as
+deadly as any the world ever saw, are sometimes
+quoted in derision of those who believe, as I do, in
+the sober, steady growth of the pacific spirit
+among people of intelligence. The reasons for
+this advance lie deeper than the vision of the
+careless observer may reach. Within the period
+of our own century the value of human life to the
+individual has been greatly increased by the wide
+diffusion of the advantages of civilization. The
+value of the individual to the State has become <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+greatly increased by the multiplication of industrial
+resources, and by the immense emigration
+which at times threatens to drain the older society
+of its working population. The spread of education
+has at once undermined the blind belief of
+the multitude in military leaders, and toned down
+the blind ferocity of instinct to which those leaders
+are forced to appeal. Wars of mere spoliation are
+scarcely permitted to-day. Wars of pure offence
+are deeply disapproved of.</p>
+
+<p>The military and diplomatic injustice of past
+times has left unsettled many questions of territory
+and boundary which will not rest until they
+shall be set right. The populations which war
+has plundered and subjugated, lay their cause
+before the world's tribunal. In aid of this, the
+friends of the true law and order are ever busy in
+forming a nucleus of moral power, which governments
+will be forced to respect. Thus, though
+the war-demon dies hard, he is doomed, and we
+shall yet see the battlements of his grim cathedrals
+places for lovers to woo and for babes to
+play in.</p>
+
+<p>In religion I have seen the dark ministrations
+of terror give way before the radiant gospel of
+hope. I remember when Doctrine sat beside the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+bed of death, and offered its flimsy synonym to
+the eyes upon which the awful, eternal truth was
+about to dawn. I remember when a man with a
+poor diploma and a human commission assumed
+to hold the keys of heaven and hell in his hands,
+and to dispense to those who would listen to him
+such immortality as he thought fit. I remember
+when it went hard with those who, in forming
+their religious opinions, persisted in daring to use
+the critical power of their own judgment. They
+were lonely saints; they wandered in highways and
+byways, unrecognized, excommunicated of men.
+No one had power to burn their bodies, but it was
+hoped that their souls would not escape the torment
+of eternal flame. I have seen this time, and
+I have lived to see a time in which these rejected
+stones, hewn and polished by God's hand, have
+come to be recognized as corner-stones in the practical
+religious building of the age. What a discredit
+was it once to hear Theodore Parker! How
+happy are they now esteemed who have heard him!
+Let not Mr. Emerson's urbanity lead him to forget
+the days in which polite Boston laughed him to
+scorn. Brook Farm was once looked upon as a
+most amusing caricature. But when the world
+learned something about Nathaniel Hawthorne, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+George Ripley, William Henry Channing, John
+Dwight, and George William Curtis, the public
+heart bowed itself with remorseful homage before
+the ruined threshold of what was, with all its shortcomings,
+a blameless temple to ideal humanity.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite true that every change which I have
+seen in the society of my time cannot be said to
+be, in itself, for the better. The price of progress,
+like that of liberty, is eternal vigilance.</p>
+
+<p>A time of religious enfranchisement may induce
+a period of religious indifference. Cosmopolitan
+enlargement may weaken the force of patriotism.
+The charity of society may degenerate into an indifference
+concerning private morals, which, if it
+could prevail, would go far towards destroying
+public ones. Humanity ever needs the watchman
+on the tower. It needs the warning against
+danger, the guidance out of it. I can imagine a
+set of prophets less absolute than the Hebrew
+seers, whose denunciation of evils, near or present,
+should always couple itself with profound and
+sober suggestions of help. And this will be the
+work of faith in our day, to believe in the good
+which can overcome the evil, and to seek it with
+earnest and brave persistence.</p>
+
+<p>Let me return for a moment, very briefly, to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+what I touched upon just now, the great changes in
+religious thought which this century has witnessed.
+What manifold contrasts have we observed in this
+domain! What a wild and wide chase in the fields
+of conjecture! What impatience with the idols of
+the past, historical and metaphysical! There have
+been moments in the last twenty years in which
+one might have said to the religious ideals of past
+ages that the time had come in which every one
+who raised his hand against them thought that he
+was doing God service. This iconoclasm had its
+time, and, one supposes, its office.</p>
+
+<p>But the religious necessities of mankind are permanent,
+and will outlast any and all systems of
+pure criticism. The question arises, in all this
+havoc of illusory impressions, Who is to provide
+for the culture and direction of those instincts of
+reverence which are so precious to, so ineradicable
+in the race? We must ask this service of those
+who believe that religion is, on the whole, wiser
+than its critics. Those who have been able to hold
+fast this persuasion will be the religious trainers of
+our youth. Those who have relinquished it will
+have no more skill to teach religion than a sculptor
+will have to feed an army.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest trouble with human society is, that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+its natural tendency leads it, not to learn right
+measure through one excess, but, on becoming
+convinced of this, to rush into an opposite excess
+with equal zeal and equal error. The mechanism
+of society requires constant correction in
+order to keep up the succession of order and
+progress through and despite this proneness to
+extravagance and loss of power. This rectification
+of direction without interruption of movement
+is the office of critical and constructive
+thought. Precious are the men, and rare as precious,
+who carry this balance in their minds, and,
+while the ship lurches now on this side and now
+on that, strain after the compass with masterful
+courage and patience. We have all known such
+men, but we have known, too, that their type is
+not a common one.</p>
+
+<p>Among all who are out of work to-day, so far as
+the market is concerned, those men of careful and
+critical judgment are the least called for, and the
+least wished for by the majority of men. Headlong
+enthusiasm, headlong activity, headlong doubt
+and cynicism, the prevalence of these shows the
+force with which the present whirl of the spindle
+was cast. Fair and softly, my quick-flying Century.
+To find out whether you are going right or <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+wrong, whether you are faithful or faithless, solvent
+or bankrupt, you must have recourse to these
+same slow, patient men and women, who try such
+questions by a more accurate and difficult method
+than that of the popular inclination.</p>
+
+<p>I find that the philosopher Kant, writing more
+than a hundred years ago, remarks that in so
+sociable an age as his own Culture must naturally
+be expected to assume an encyclopedic character.
+It will, he says, necessarily desire to present a
+manifold number of agreeable and instructive
+acquisitions, easy of apprehension, for entertainment
+in friendly intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>These words seem prophetic of the efforts after
+general information, with a view to conversation
+as an accomplishment, which have constituted a
+marked feature of American and English society
+within forty years. In the dissolving view of the
+public predilection, this object has lost much of its
+prominence. The ornate and well-rounded periods
+of the conversationist are not more in request, nowadays,
+than were the high-sounding sentiments of
+Joseph Surface to Sir Peter Teazle, when experience
+had shown him their emptiness.</p>
+
+<p>Blunt speech and curt expression rather are in
+favor. The heroines of novels are supposed to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+fall in love with men of a somewhat brutal type.
+Adonis is out of fashion. Hercules pleases, and
+even Vulcan is preferred. One thinks that the
+influence of the mercantile spirit may be recognized
+in this change. Long speeches and roundabout
+statements are found not to pay. The man
+who listens to them with one ear, hearkens with
+the other for the ocean telegrams, news of the
+stock market, considers the maturing of a note,
+the success or failure of a scheme. When there
+is no one to listen, loquacity itself will grow economical
+of breath.</p>
+
+<p>The world is quite right in its tacit protest
+against over talk. A great deal of empty, irrelevant
+speech is liable to be imposed upon the good-nature
+of society in the garb of instructive conversation.
+It is weary to listen by the hour to men or
+women who principally teach you their own opinion
+of their own erudition. But woe to the world
+if its haste and greed should ever be such that the
+true teacher should want an audience, the long
+lessons of philosophy find interpreters, but no
+pupils.</p>
+
+<p>The present is, on the whole, an encyclopedic,
+cosmopolitan era. I suppose that it succeeds as
+a reaction to one of more special and isolated <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+endeavor. The example and influence of Goethe
+have had much to do with the formation of the ideas
+of culture which have been prevalent in our time.
+This wonderful man went, with such a happy tact,
+from one thing to another. In poetry he did so
+much, in high criticism so much, in science so
+much, and in world-wisdom so much! How
+naturally were the lovers of study, who made him
+their model, led to undertake, as he did, to render
+the most eminent service, to attain the highest
+honors in a dozen different departments!</p>
+
+<p>But the man Goethe was more wonderful even
+than his writings. His individuality was too
+powerful to suffer loss through the variety of his
+pursuits. He could be at once a courtier and a
+philosopher, a poet and a scientist, a critic of
+morals and a man of the world, and in all things
+remain himself.</p>
+
+<p>I sometimes wonder why we Americans are so
+apt to show, in our conduct and remarks, an undue
+preponderance of what the phrenologists term
+love of approbation. This is an amiable and useful
+trait in human nature, which may degenerate into
+a weak and cowardly vanity, or even into a
+malignant selfishness. To desire the approbation
+which can enlighten us as to the merits of what <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+we have done or attempted, is wise as well as
+graceful. To make constant laudation a prominent
+object in any life is a capital mistake in its
+ordering. To prefer the praise of men to the
+justification of conscience, is at once cowardly and
+criminal. I observe these three phases in American
+life. I value the first, compassionate the
+second, and reprobate the third. Surely, if there
+is any virtue which a republican people is bound
+to show, it is that self-respect which is the only
+true majesty, and which can afford to be as generous
+and gracious as majesty should be.</p>
+
+<p>It is, perhaps, natural that many of us should,
+through a want of experience, mistake the standpoint
+of people conspicuous in the older European
+society as greatly superior to our own. We can
+learn much, indeed, from the observation of such
+a standpoint; but, in order to do so, we must
+hold fast our own plain, honest judgment, as we
+derive it from education, inheritance, and natural
+ability.</p>
+
+<p>It must, I should think, be very tedious and
+very surprising to Europeans to hear Americans
+complain of being so young, so crude, so immature.
+This is not according to nature. Imagine
+a nursery full of babies who should bewail the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+fact of their infancy. Any one who should hear
+such a complaint would cry out, "Why, that's
+the best thing about you. You have the newness,
+the promise, the unwasted vigor of childhood,&mdash;gifts
+so great that Christ enjoined it upon
+holy men to recover, if they had lost them."</p>
+
+<p>If our society is young, its motto should be the
+saying of Saint Paul to Timothy, "Let no man
+despise thy youth." The great men of our early
+history deserve to rank with the ripest products
+of civilization. Was Washington crude? Was
+Franklin raw? Were Jay, Jefferson, and Hamilton
+immature? The authorities of the older
+world bowed down to them, and did them homage.
+The Republicans of France laid the key of
+the Bastille at the feet of Washington. Franklin
+was honored and admired in the court circle
+of Louis XVI. There was a twofold reason for
+this. These men represented the power and vigor
+of our youth; but our youth itself represented
+the eternal principles of truth and justice, for
+whose application the world had waited long.
+And thinking people saw in us the dignity of
+that right upon which we had founded our hope
+and belief as a nation.</p>
+
+<p>I will instance a single event of which I heard <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+much during my last visit in Rome. A German,
+naturalized in America, and who had made a large
+fortune by a railroad contract in South America,
+had purchased from some European government
+the title of "Count." He was betrothed to the sister-in-law
+of a well-known California millionnaire,
+whose wife has been for some years a resident of
+Paris, where her silver, her diamonds, and her
+costly entertainments are matters of general
+remark. All of these parties are Roman Catholics.
+The wedding took place in Rome, and
+was signalized by a festival, at which twelve
+horses, belong to the bridegroom, were ridden
+in a race, whose prizes were bestowed by the
+hand of the bride. The invitations for this occasion
+were largely distributed by a monsignor of
+the Romish Church, and the king of Italy honored
+the newly married pair by his presence.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after this, I read in the Italian papers
+that this very count had become a candidate for a
+seat in the Italian Parliament. I suppose that
+money will assist an election as much in Italy as
+elsewhere. The monsignor who interested himself
+so efficiently about the invitations for the
+wedding party, was none other than the master
+of ceremonies of Pope Leo XIII. He would, no <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+doubt, have taken even greater interest in the
+return of his friend to the Parliament. I do not
+know whether this gentleman has ever succeeded
+in usurping the place of a representative of the
+Italian people; but the chance of his being able
+to do so lay in the American gold of which he
+had become possessed. Here is one instance of
+the direct relations between Rome and America
+which Americans so placidly overlook.</p>
+
+<p>In this day of the world hope is so strong, and
+the desire for an improved condition so prevalent,
+that much may be looked for in Europe as the
+result of the legitimate action and influence of
+America. But if American capital busies itself
+with upholding the shams of the old world, if
+American taste and talent are led and pledged to
+work with the reactionary agents everywhere
+against the enfranchisement of the human race,
+where shall the hope of the world find refuge?</p>
+
+<p>Goldsmith has a touching picture of the emigrants
+who, in his time, were compelled to leave
+the country which would not feed them, for a distant
+bourne, which could, by no means, be to them
+a home. But let us assist at the embarkation of
+another group of exiles. These people have been
+living abroad, and are about to return home. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+rich, beautiful land whose discovery has changed
+the fortunes of the human race, invites them on
+the other side of the Atlantic. The flag which
+represents the noblest chapter of modern history
+waves over them.</p>
+
+<p>From dynastic, aristocratic Europe they go to
+inherit the work of an ancestry heroic in thought
+and action. They go to the land which still boasts
+a Longfellow, a Whittier, an Emerson, a Harriet
+Beecher Stowe. Are they glad? Are they happy?
+No. They have learned the follies of the old world,
+not its wisdom. They are not going home,&mdash;they
+are going into exile.</p>
+
+<p>Let us look a little at their record in the Europe
+which they regret so passionately. They went
+abroad with money, and the education which it
+commands, with leisure and health. What good
+deeds may they not have done! What gratifying
+remembrance may they have left behind them!
+Shall we not find them recorded as donors to
+many a noble charity, as students in many a lofty
+school? We shalt indeed, sometimes. But in
+many cases we shall hear only of their fine clothes
+and expensive entertainments, with possible mortifying
+anecdotes of their fast behavior.</p>
+
+<p>If the mother leaves a daughter behind her, it <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+is likely to be as the wife of some needy European
+nobleman, who despises all that she is bound to
+hold dear, and is proud not to know that which
+it should be her glory to understand.</p>
+
+<p>I said at Concord, and I say it to-day, that the
+press is much affected by the money debauch of
+the period. Let us examine the way in which this
+result is likely to be brought about.</p>
+
+<p>A newspaper or periodical is almost always an
+investment in which the idea of gain is very prominent.
+This expectation may either regard what
+the proposed paper shall earn as a medium of information,
+or the profit of certain enterprises which
+its statements may actively promote.</p>
+
+<p>Special organs are founded for special emergencies,
+as is a campaign sheet, or for the advocate of
+special reforms, like the antislavery "Standard"
+of old, and the "Woman's Journal" of to-day.
+These papers rarely repay either the money advanced
+for them, or the literary labor bestowed
+upon them.</p>
+
+<p>Under the head of its earnings the newspaper
+depends upon two classes of persons, viz., its advertisers
+and its subscribers. Either or both of
+these may be displeased by the emphatic mention
+of some certain fact, the expression of some certain <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+opinion. "If we tell this unwelcome truth,"
+say the managers, "we shall lose such and such
+subscribers. If we take this stand, some of our
+wealthiest advertising firms will choose another
+medium of communicating with the public." The
+other set of considerations just spoken of, the enterprises
+which are to be favored and promoted, may
+still more seriously affect the tone and action of
+the paper, which will thus be drawn in a twofold
+way to lend itself to the publication only of what
+it will pay to say.</p>
+
+<p>The annals of journalism in this country will,
+no doubt, show a fair average of courageous and
+conscientious men among its chiefs. I am willing
+to believe all things and to hope all things in this
+direction. But I must confess that I fear all things,
+too, in view of a great power, whose position makes
+it almost an irresponsible one. And I should regard
+with great favor the formation of an unofficial
+censorship of public organs, in view not so
+much of what may be published, as of what is unfairly
+left out of the statements and counterstatements
+of conflicting interests.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the changes which I can chronicle as of
+my own time, the change in the position of women
+is perhaps the most marked and the least anticipated <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+by the world at large. Whatever opinions
+heroic men and women may have held concerning
+this from Plato's time to our own, the most enlightened
+periods of history have hardly given room to
+hope that the sex in general would ever reach the
+enfranchisement which it enjoys to-day. I date
+the assurance of its freedom from the hour in which
+the first university received women graduates
+upon the terms accorded to pupils of the opposite
+sex. For education keeps the key of life, and a
+liberal education insures the first conditions of
+freedom, viz., adequate knowledge and accustomed
+thought. This first and greatest step gained, the
+gate of professional knowledge and experience
+quickly opened, and that of political enfranchisement
+stands already ajar. The battle can have
+but one result, and it has been fought, with chivalrous
+temper and determination, not by one sex
+against the other, but by the very gospel of fairness
+and justice against the intrenched might of
+selfish passion, inertia, and prejudice. Equal conditions
+of life will lift the whole level of society,
+which is so entirely one body that the lifting or
+lowering of one half lifts or lowers the other half.
+This change, which in the end appeared to come
+suddenly, has been prepared by such gradual tentatives, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+by such long and sound labor, that we need
+not fear to lose sight of it in any sudden collapse.
+There are women of my age, and women of earlier
+generations, who have borne it in their hearts all
+their lives through, who have prayed and worked
+for it, without rest and without discouragement.
+Horace Mann was its apostle, Theodore Parker was
+its prophet, Margaret Fuller, Lucy Stone, and a
+host of wise and true-hearted women, whom the
+time would fail me to name, have been its female
+saints. It was in nature; they have brought it
+into life; even as Christ said, "My Father worketh
+hitherto, and I work." The slender thread
+which crossed the dark abyss of difficulty was not
+the silken spinning of vanity, nor the cobweb fibre
+of madness. From the faith of pure hearts the
+steadfast links were wrought, and the great chasm
+is spanned, and is ready to become the strong and
+sure highway of hope, for this nation and for the
+nations of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>The customs of society prescribe the mental
+garb and gait proper to those who desire the favorable
+notice of their peers in their own time. As
+these are partly matters of tradition and inheritance,
+we can learn something of the merits and
+demerits of a generation by studying the habits of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+familiar judgment which it hands down to its successor.
+A narrow, ill-educated generation leaves
+behind it corresponding garments of rule and prescription,
+to which the next generation must for a
+time accommodate itself, because a custom or a
+fashion is not made in a day. The rulers of society
+seem often more occupied in dwarfing the mind to
+suit the custom than in enlarging the custom so as
+to fit it to the growth of mind. The most dangerous
+rebellions, individual and social, are natural
+revolts against the small tyranny which perpetuates
+the insufficiency of the past.</p>
+
+<p>The copper shoes which so cramp the foot of a
+female infant in China as to destroy its power of
+growth, are not more cruel or deleterious than are
+the habits of unreflecting prejudice which compress
+the growth of human minds until they, too,
+lose their native power of expansion, and the
+idol Prejudice is enthroned and worshipped by
+those on whom it has imposed its own deformity
+as the standard of truth and beauty.</p>
+
+<p>The heavy tasks which nature imposes upon
+women leave them less at leisure than men to reform
+and readjust these inherited garments. The
+necessity for prompt and early action obliges them
+to follow the intuitive faculties, as all must do who <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+have not time to work out the problems of the
+reasoning ones. The instinct of possession is a
+ruling one in human nature, and a woman inheriting
+a superstition or a prejudice holds fast to it
+because it is something, and she has got it. It
+seems to her a possession. It may be a mischievous
+and unfortunate one, but it will take a
+good deal of time and thought to find that out.
+Those who have the training of women's minds
+often train them away from such a use of time
+and from such a labor of thought. Hence the
+fatal persistence of large classes of women in
+superstitions which the thinking world has outgrown,
+and the equally fatal zeal with which they
+impose the same insufficient modes of judgment
+upon their children.</p>
+
+<p>I pray this generation of women, which has seen
+such enlargements of the old narrow order regarding
+the sex, I pray it to deserve its high post as
+guardian of the future. Let it bequeath to its
+posterity a noble standard of womanhood, free,
+pure, and, above all, laborious.</p>
+
+<p>The standard of manhood really derives from
+that of womanhood, and not <i>vice versa</i>, as many
+imagine. However we may receive from tradition
+the order of their material creation, in that of training <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+and education, the woman's influence comes
+before that of the man, and outlasts it.</p>
+
+<p>The figure of the infant Christ dwells always in
+our mind, accompanied by that of the gracious
+mother who gave Him to the world. Let the fact
+of this great gift prefigure to us the august office
+of Woman. Hers be it also to preserve and transmit
+from age to age the Christian doctrine and
+the Christlike faith. And, in order that she may
+fully realize the glory and blessedness of giving,
+let her remember that what is worthily given to
+one time is given to all time.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><b>UNIFORM WITH ARNOLD'S POEMS.</b></p>
+
+<p class="venti">THE LIGHT OF ASIA;</p>
+<p class="center"><b>OR,</b></p>
+<p class="grande">The Great Renunciation.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Being the Life and Teaching of Gautama, Prince of India
+and Founder of Buddhism (as told in verse by an
+Indian Buddhist).<br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> EDWIN ARNOLD, M.A.<br />
+<br /></p>
+<p>"It is a work of great beauty. It tells a story of intense interest, which
+never flags for a moment; its descriptions are drawn by the hand of a
+master with the eye of a poet and the familiarity of an expert with the
+objects described; its tone is so lofty that there is nothing with which to
+compare it but the New Testament; it is full of variety, now picturesque,
+now pathetic, now rising into the noblest realms of thought and aspiration;
+it finds language penetrating, fluent, elevated, impassioned, musical always,
+to clothe its varied thoughts and sentiments."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Oliver Wendell
+Holmes</span>, <i>International Review</i>, October, 1879.<br /></p>
+
+<p>"In Mr. Edwin Arnold, Indian poetry and Indian thought have at length
+found a worthy English exponent. He brings to his work the facility of a
+ready pen, a thorough knowledge of his subject, a great sympathy for the
+people of this country, and a command of public attention at home."&mdash;<i>Calcutta
+Englishman.</i><br /></p>
+
+<p>"'The Light of Asia' is a remarkable poem, and worthy of a place
+amongst the great poems of our time. Mr. Arnold is far more than 'a
+coiner of sweet words'&mdash;he is the exponent of noble impressions. He is
+a scholar and a philosopher; but he is also a true singer."&mdash;<i>London Daily
+Telegraph.</i><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Library Edition.</span> 16mo. Cloth. Price</td><td align="right">$1.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cheap Edition.</span> 16mo. Paper. Price</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right">ROBERTS BROTHERS, <span class="smcap">Publishers, &nbsp; &nbsp; <br />
+Boston</span>.
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><i>Messrs. Roberts Brothers' Publications.</i></p>
+
+<p class="grande">ON THE RIGHT USE OF BOOKS.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Lecture.</span> By <span class="smcap">William P. Atkinson</span>, Professor of English
+and History in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
+16mo. Cloth. Price 50 cents.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Full of good sense, sound taste, and quiet humor.... It is the easiest thing
+in the world to waste time over books, which are merely tools of knowledge like
+any other tools.... It is the function of a good book not only to fructify, but
+to inspire, not only to fill the memory with evanescent treasures, but to enrich
+the imagination with forms of beauty and goodness which leave a lasting impression
+on the character."&mdash;<i>N. Y. Tribune.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Contains so many wise suggestions concerning methods in study and so
+excellent a summary of the nature and principles of a really liberal education that
+it well deserves publication for the benefit of the reading public. Though it
+makes only a slight volume, its quality in thought and style is so admirable that
+all who are interested in the subject of good education will give to it a prominent
+and honorable position among the many books upon education which have
+recently been published. For it takes only a brief reading to perceive that in
+this single lecture the results of wide experience in teaching and of long study of
+the true principles of education are generalized and presented in a few pages,
+each one of which contains so much that it might be easily expanded into an
+excellent chapter."&mdash;<i>The Library Table.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="grande">READING AS A FINE ART.</p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">Ernest Legouvé</span>, of the Académie Française. Translated
+from the Ninth Edition by <span class="smcap">Abby Langdon Alger</span>. 16mo.
+Cloth. 50 cents.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>Dedication.</i>)<br />
+<br />
+TO THE SCHOLARS OF THE HIGH AND NORMAL SCHOOL.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>For you this sketch was written: permit me to dedicate it to you, in fact,
+to intrust it to your care. Pupils to-day, to-morrow you will be teachers; to-morrow,
+generation after generation of youth will pass through your guardian
+hands. An idea received by you must of necessity reach thousands of minds.
+Help me, then, to spread abroad the work in which you have some share, and
+allow me to add to the great pleasure of having numbered you among my hearers
+the still greater happiness of calling you my assistants. <span class="smcap">E. Legouvé.</span></p>
+
+<p>We commend this valuable little book to the attention of teachers and others
+interested in the instruction of the pupils of our public schools. It treats of the
+"First Steps in Reading," "Learning-to Read," "Should we read as we talk,"
+"The Use and Management of the Voice," "The Art of Breathing," "Pronunciation,"
+"Stuttering," "Punctuation," "Readers and Speakers," "Reading as
+a Means of Criticism," "On Reading Poetry," &amp;c., and makes a strong claim as
+to the value of reading aloud, as being the most wholesome of gymnastics, for to
+strengthen the voice is to strengthen the whole system and develop vocal power.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, by the Publishers</i>,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+ROBERTS BROTHERS, <span class="smcap">Boston</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="grande">THE NO NAME (SECOND) SERIES.</p>
+
+<p class="venti"><span class="smcap">Signor Monaldini's Niece.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Extracts from some Opinions by well-known Authors.</i></p>
+
+<p>"We have read 'Signor Monaldini's Niece' with intensest
+interest and delight. The style is finished and elegant, the atmosphere
+of the book is enchanting. We seem to have lived in
+Italy while we were reading it. The author has delineated with a
+hand as steady as it is powerful and skilful some phases of human
+life and experience that authors rarely dare attempt, and with
+marvellous success. We think this volume by far the finest of
+the No Name Series."</p>
+
+<p>"It is a delicious story. I feel as if I had been to Italy and
+knew all the people.... Miss Conroy is a strong character, and
+her tragedy is a fine background for the brightness of the other
+and higher natures. It is all so dramatic and full of color it goes
+on like a lovely play and leaves one out of breath when the curtain
+falls."</p>
+
+<p>"I have re-read it with great interest, and think as highly of it
+as ever.... The characterization in it is capital, and the talk
+wonderfully well done from first to last."</p>
+
+<p>"The new No Name is enchanting. It transcends the ordinary
+novel just as much as a true poem by a true poet transcends the
+thousand and one imitations.... It is the episode, however, of
+Miss Conroy and Mrs. Brandon that is really of most importance
+in this book.... I hope every woman who reads this will be
+tempted to read the book, and that she will in her turn bring it to
+the reading of other women, especially if she can find any Mrs.
+Brandon in her circle."</p>
+
+<p class="center">In one volume, 16mo, bound in green cloth, black and gilt lettered.
+Price $1.00.<br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Our publications are to be had of all Booksellers. When
+not to be found, send directly to</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">ROBERTS BROTHERS, <span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>The No Name (Second) Series.</b></p>
+
+<p class="venti">THE COLONEL'S OPERA CLOAK.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>"A jollier, brighter, breezier, more entertaining book than 'The Colonel's
+Opera Cloak' has not been published for many a day. We defy the coldest-blooded
+reader to lay it down before it is finished, or to read it through without
+feeling his time well spent. There is plenty of satire in its pages, but it is good-natured
+satire. The characters are sharply drawn&mdash;some of them from nature,
+we fancy&mdash;and there is spice enough in the way of incident to satisfy the most
+exacting palate. Of course, everybody will read it, and, in that presumption, we
+promise everybody two hours of thorough enjoyment."&mdash;<i>Boston Transcript.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The No Name Series abounds in contrasts, and that between 'Signor Monaldini's
+Niece' and the present story is among the most decided it has offered.
+This we do not mention by way of disparagement. On the contrary, we can see
+a distinctive merit in a series which includes so much variety of aim and interest
+as this does, without any regard for the conventional demand that a succession of
+stories in the same binding should all be of one school and in something the same
+tone. We can see why an admirer of the last novel may at first be taken aback
+by the light tone of this, and in so far disappointed; but we shall expend no
+sympathy on that person. 'The Colonel's Opera Cloak' is a bright and
+thoroughly alluring little book, with which it would be foolish to find fault on any
+score. And, more than that, it is well written and brimming over with wit.
+The notion of a story in which there is avowedly no hero or heroine excepting an
+old opera cloak, is clever, and, so far as we know, quite new.... We can
+assure every one who wishes the double pleasure of laughter and literary enjoyment,
+that this is one of the books to carry to the country."&mdash;<i>Boston Courier.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The author's touch is always that of the artist; it always has the magic power
+of portraying individual men and women, never giving us shadowy outlines, however
+few or hurried the strokes of the pencil may be, and saying this we say that
+the author of 'The Colonel's Opera Cloak' has in large measure the best and
+most necessary qualification for doing really fine work in fiction. If he is still
+young, as certain things in his story indicate that he is, his future efforts may well
+be looked for hopefully."&mdash;<i>N.Y. Evening Post.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="center">
+In one volume. 16mo. Green cloth. Price $1.00.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Our publications are to be had of all Booksellers. When
+not to be found, send directly to</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+ROBERTS BROTHERS, <span class="smcap">Publishers</span>, &nbsp; &nbsp; <br />
+<b>BOSTON</b>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="grande"><br />SARAH TYTLER'S ART BOOKS.</p>
+
+
+<p><big><span class="smcap">The Old Masters and their Pictures.</span></big></p>
+
+<p><big><span class="smcap">Modern Painters and their Paintings.</span></big></p>
+
+<p> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; By <span class="smcap">Sarah Tytler</span>, author of "Papers for Thoughtful Girls."
+16mo. Cloth, neat. Price of each, $1.50.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Designed for the use of Schools and Learners in Art, and extensively used in
+Academies, Seminaries, &amp;c., throughout the country.</p>
+
+<p>"An excellent introduction to the history of art."&mdash;<i>Daily News.</i></p>
+
+<p>"These two books give in a simple and concise manner the prominent facts
+that every one who desires to be well informed should know about the great
+artists of the world. For beginners in art and for school use they are valuable."&mdash;<i>Courier-Journal.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Really supplies what has long been a want."&mdash;<i>British Quarterly Review.</i></p>
+
+<p>"We are not aware of any work of the kind written with so much intelligence
+which yet is so untechnical."&mdash;<i>Nonconformist.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Too much praise cannot be given the conscientious manner in which the
+author has worked. There is no obtrusion of useless details or of unwelcome
+criticism; but in very pleasant style, with clear and well-defined purpose, the
+story of the growth and progress of art is told through the lives and works of
+artists. The volumes are most agreeable reading and profitable study."&mdash;<i>Boston
+Post.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><big><span class="smcap">Musical Composers and their Works.</span></big></p>
+
+<p>For the Use of Schools and Students in America. By
+<span class="smcap">Sarah Tytler</span>. 1 vol. 16mo. $1.50.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>In this unostentatious but carefully written volume, the author of "Old
+Masters" and "Modern Painters" has given a simple account of the great
+musicians of the world and of their works. The book is designed more especially
+for the use of young people in the course of their musical education, but the
+author trusts&mdash;and with very good reason&mdash;that it will commend itself also to
+older people, who are interested in the subject, but who have not time or opportunity
+to refer to original sources of information. Not the least attractive portion
+of the work is the sketch of Wagner with which it closes.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 125px;">
+<img src="images/deco1.png" width="125" height="180" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="venti">"NO NAME SERIES."</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The First Series, completed</i>,</p>
+
+<p class="center">COMPRISES TWELVE NOVELS, VIZ.,</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">MERCY PHILBRICK'S CHOICE.</td><td align="left">HETTY'S STRANGE HISTORY.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">IS THAT ALL?</td><td align="left">WILL DENBIGH, <span class="smcap">Nobleman</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">KISMET.</td><td align="left">THE WOLF AT THE DOOR.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">THE GREAT MATCH.</td><td align="left">MARMORNE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A MODERN MEPHISTOPHELES.&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">MIRAGE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">AFTERGLOW.</td><td align="left">GEMINI.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>
+AND TWO POETICAL VOLUMES:</b><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><b>DEIRDRÉ.</b> A Novel in Verse.</p>
+
+<p><b>A MASQUE OF POETS.</b> Original Poems, by Fifty Poets, written specially
+for this book; including "<span class="smcap">Guy Vernon</span>," an entire Novelette in
+verse.</p>
+
+<p>Fourteen volumes in all, uniformly bound in black cloth, red
+and gilt lettered. Price $1.00 each.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><b>NO NAME [SECOND] SERIES.</b></p>
+
+<p>The new series will retain all the peculiar features which
+made the first so popular, differing from it only in the style
+of binding. Now ready,</p>
+
+<p>
+SIGNOR MONALDINI'S NIECE,<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; THE COLONEL'S OPERA CLOAK,<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; HIS MAJESTY, MYSELF,<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; MRS. BEAUCHAMP BROWN,<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; SALVAGE.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">Price $1.00 each.</p>
+
+<p><i>Our publications are to be had of all booksellers. When
+not to be found send directly to</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+ROBERTS BROTHERS, Publishers, &nbsp; &nbsp;<br />
+<span class="smcap">Boston</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="venti">THE "NO NAME SERIES."</p>
+
+
+<p class="grande">KISMET. A Nile Novel.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Opinions, generous tributes to genius, by well-known authors
+whose names are withheld.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>"Well, I have read 'Kismet,' and it is certainly very remarkable. The
+story is interesting,&mdash;any well-told love story is, you know,&mdash;but the book itself is
+a great deal more so. Descriptively and sentimentally,&mdash;I use the word with
+entire respect,&mdash;it is, in spots, fairly exquisite. It seems to me all glowing and
+overflowing with what the French call <i>beauté du diable</i>.... The conversations
+are very clever, and the wit is often astonishingly like the wit of an accomplished
+man of the world. One thing which seems to me to show promise&mdash;great
+promise, if you will&mdash;for the future is that the author can not only reproduce
+the conversation of one brilliant man, but can make two men talk together as
+if they <i>were</i> men,&mdash;not women in manly clothes."</p>
+
+<p>"It is a charming book. I have read it twice, and looked it over again, and
+I wish I had it all new to sit up with to-night. It is so fresh and sweet and innocent
+and joyous, the dialogue is so natural and bright, the characters so keenly
+edged, and the descriptions so poetic. I don't know when I have enjoyed
+any thing more,&mdash;never since I went sailing up the Nile with Harriet Martineau....
+You must give the author love and greeting from one of the fraternity.
+The hand that gives us <i>this</i> pleasure will give us plenty more of an improving
+quality every year, I think."</p>
+
+<p>"'Kismet' is indeed a delightful story, the best of the series undoubtedly."</p>
+
+<p>"If 'Kismet' is the first work of a young lady, as reported, it shows a great
+gift of language, and powers of description and of insight into character and life
+quite uncommon.... Of the whole series so far, I think 'Mercy Philbrick's
+Choice' is the best, because it has, beside literary merit, some moral tone and
+vigor. Still there are capabilities in the writer of 'Kismet' even higher than in
+that of the writer of 'Mercy Philbrick's Choice.'"</p>
+
+<p>"I liked it extremely. It is the best in the series so far, except in construction,
+in which 'Is That All?' slight as it is, seems to me superior.
+'Kismet' is winning golden opinions everywhere. I have nothing but praises
+for it, and have nothing but praise to give it."</p>
+
+<p>"I have read 'Kismet' once, and mean to read it again. It is thoroughly
+charming, and will be a success."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="center">One volume, bound in cardinal red and black. Price $1.00.</p>
+
+
+<p>Our publications are to be had of all booksellers. When not
+to be found, send directly to</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+ROBERTS BROTHERS, Publishers, Boston.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT.</h3>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>From the Boston Daily Advertiser.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE "NO NAME SERIES."</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Leigh Hunt</span>, <i>in his 'Indicator,' has a pleasant chapter
+on the difficulty he encountered in seeking a suitable and fresh
+title for a collection of his miscellaneous writings. Messrs.
+Roberts Brothers have just overcome a similar difficulty in
+the simplest manner. In selecting</i> "<span class="smcap">No Name</span>," <i>they have
+selected the very best title possible for a series of Original
+American Novels and Tales, to be published Anonymously.
+These novels are to be written by eminent authors, and in
+each case the authorship of the work is to remain an inviolable
+secret. "No Name" describes the Series perfectly. No name
+will help the novel, or the story, to success. Its success will
+depend solely on the writer's ability to catch and retain the
+reader's interest. Several of the most distinguished writers
+of American fiction have agreed to contribute to the Series,
+the initial volume of which is now in press. Its appearance
+will certainly be awaited with curiosity</i>."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/deco2.png" width="100" height="165" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The plan thus happily foreshadowed will be immediately
+inaugurated by the publication of "<span class="smcap">Mercy Philbrick's
+Choice</span>," from the pen of a well-known and successful writer
+of fiction.</p>
+
+<p>It is intended to include in the Series a volume of anonymous
+poems from famous hands, to be written especially for it.</p>
+
+<p>The "No Name Series" will be issued at convenient intervals,
+in handsome library form, 16mo, cloth, price $1.00 each.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+ROBERTS BROTHERS, <span class="smcap"> Publishers</span>.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Boston</span>, Midsummer, 1876.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><b>Transcriber's Notes:</b></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Punctuation normalized.<br /><br /></li>
+<li>On page 52 "immediatly" changed to "immediately".<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp;      "... the generation immediately preceding my own."<br /><br /></li>
+
+<li>On page 54 "self-dicipline" changed to "self-discipline".<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp;       "Without self-discipline and self-sacrifice...."<br /><br /></li>
+
+<li>On page 61 "superflous" changed to "superfluous."<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp;       "... with superfluous irrelevancies...."<br /><br /></li>
+
+<li>On page 72 "religous" changed to "religious."<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp;       "... will be the religious trainers...."<br /><br /></li>
+
+<li>On page 72 capitalization in "Who" retained as printed.<br /><br /></li>
+
+<li>On page 86 "aginst" changed to "against."<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp;       "... revolts against the small tyranny...."<br /><br /></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Modern Society, by Julia Ward Howe
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN SOCIETY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 36489-h.htm or 36489-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Modern Society, by Julia Ward Howe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Modern Society
+
+Author: Julia Ward Howe
+
+Release Date: June 21, 2011 [EBook #36489]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN SOCIETY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Sharon Joiner, paksenarrion, Bryan Ness and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+            MODERN SOCIETY.
+                  BY
+           JULIA WARD HOWE.
+
+                BOSTON:
+           ROBERTS BROTHERS.
+                 1881.
+
+            COPYRIGHT, 1880,
+          BY ROBERTS BROTHERS.
+
+              PRINTED BY
+         ALFRED MUDGE AND SON.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+    MODERN SOCIETY                    5
+
+    CHANGES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY      49
+
+
+
+
+MODERN SOCIETY.
+
+
+What means this summons, oh friends! to the groves of Academe? I heard,
+in the distance, the measured tread of Philosophy. I mused: "How grave
+and deliberate is she! How she matches thought with thought! How
+patiently she questions inference and conclusion! No irrelevance, no
+empty ballooning, is allowed in that Concord school. Nothing frivolous
+need apply there for admission." And lo! in the midst of this severe
+entertainment an interlude is called for in the great theatre. The stage
+manager says, "Ring up Puck. Wanted, an Ariel." And no Shakespeare being
+at hand, I, of the sex much reproved for never having produced one, am
+invited to fly hither as well as my age and infirmities will allow, and
+to represent to you that airy presence whose folly, seen from the
+clouds, is wisdom; that presence which, changing with the changes of the
+year and of the day, may yet sing, equally with the steadfast stars and
+systematic planets,--
+
+    "The hand that made me is divine."
+
+Modern society, concerning which you have bid me discourse to you, is
+this tricksy spirit, many-featured and many-gestured, coming in a
+questionable shape, and bringing with it airs from heaven and blasts
+from hell. I have spoken to it, and it has shown me my father's ghost.
+How shall I speak of it, and tell you what it has taught me? You must
+think my alembic a nice one indeed, since you bid me to the analysis of
+those subtle and finely mingled forces. You have sent for me, perhaps,
+to receive a lesson instead of giving one. You may intend that, having
+tried and failed in this task, I shall learn, for the future, the
+difficult lesson of holding my peace. For so benevolent, so
+disinterested an intention, I may have more occasion to thank you
+beforehand, than you shall find to thank me, having heard me.
+
+But, since a text is supposed to make it sure that the sermon shall have
+in it one good sentence, let me take for my text a saying of the
+philosopher Kant, who, in one of his treatises, rests much upon the
+distinction to be made between logical and real or substantial
+opposition. According to him, a logical opposition is brought in view
+when one attribute of a certain thing is at once affirmed and denied.
+The statement of a body which should be at once stationary and in motion
+would imply such a contradiction, of which the result will be _nihil
+negativum irrepraesentabile_.
+
+A real or substantial opposition is found where two contradictory
+predicates are recognized as coexistent in the same subject. A body
+impelled in one direction by a given force, and in another by its
+opposite, is easily cogitable. One force neutralizes the other, but the
+result is something, viz., rest. Let us keep in mind this distinction
+between opposites which exclude each other, and opposites which can
+coexist, while we glance at the contradictions of all society, ancient
+as well as modern.
+
+How self-contradictory, in the first place, is the nature of man! How
+sociable he is! also how unsociable! We have among animals the
+gregarious and the solitary. But man is of all animals at once the most
+gregarious and the most solitary. This is the first and most universal
+contradiction, that of which you find at least the indication in every
+individual. But let us look for a moment at the contrasts which make one
+individual so unlike to another. We sometimes find it hard to believe
+the saying that God hath made of one blood all the nations of the earth.
+This in view of the contrast between savage and civilized nations, or
+between nations whose habits and beliefs differ one from the other. In
+the same race, in the same family also, we shall find the unlikeness
+which seems to set the bond of nature at defiance.
+
+See this sly priest, bland and benevolent in proportion to the narrow
+limits of the minds which he controls. He hears the shrift of the
+brigand and assassin, of the girl mastered by passion, of the unfaithful
+wife and avenging husband. He gives an admonition, perhaps a grave one.
+He inflicts a penance, light or severe. He does not trust his penitents
+with the secret which can heal the plague-sores of humanity,--the secret
+of its moral power. But see the meek flock who come to him. See the
+whole range of consciences which cannot rest without his dismissing
+_fiat_. The rugged peasant drops on his knees beside the confessional.
+His horny palm relinquishes, without hesitation, the coin upon which it
+has scarcely closed. Or here alights from her carriage some woman of the
+world, bright in silks and jewels. With a hush and a rustle, reaching
+the lowly bench, she, too, drops down, rehearses her wrong-doing,
+promises such reparation as is enjoined, and asks for the word of peace.
+Now this confessor, and one or more of his penitents, may be the
+children of the same father and mother, and yet they shall be as unlike
+in attitude and in character as two human beings can be. In the closest
+alliance of blood you may thus find the opposite poles of one humanity.
+
+Humanity is, then, a thing of oppositions, and of oppositions which are
+polar and substantial. Its contradictions do not exclude, but, on the
+contrary, complement each other, and the action and reaction of these
+contradictions result in the mighty agreements of the State and of the
+Church, the intense sympathies and antipathies which bind or sunder
+individuals, the affections and disaffections of the family.
+
+The opposite extremes of human nature embrace, between them, a wonderful
+breadth and scope. The correlation and coaction of this multitude of
+opposing forces on the wide arena of the world naturally give rise to a
+series of manifestations, voluntary and involuntary, changeful in form
+and color as a phantasmagoria, fitful as a fever-dream, but steadfast
+and substantial in the infinite science, out of which all things come.
+The unity in this web of contradictions is its great wonder. How if this
+unity prove to be the law of which the oppositions are but one clause?
+How if the perfect unity were only attainable through the freedom of the
+natural diversity? And what is the substance and sum of this fundamental
+agreement? The desire of good, the progressive conception of which
+marks, more than anything else, the progress of the race. We cannot tell
+out of what dynamics comes the initial of this fruitful and productive
+opposition. It is, perhaps, the very unity of the object which develops
+the diversity of action. In the progress of human society the diversity
+becomes constantly multiplied. Is the sense of the unity lost in
+consequence? No, it grows constantly with the growth of this opposing
+fact. As education is enlarged, as freedom becomes more general and
+entire, the agreement of mankind becomes greater in the objects to be
+attained for the promotion of their best interests.
+
+We can suppose a family cast upon a barren shore, or forced to sit down
+in the midst of an uninhabited region. All of its members will wish to
+secure the necessary conditions of life, such as food, fuel, shelter,
+safety from destructive agencies. If left to themselves, one will
+naturally bestir himself to find fish, game, or fruits; another will
+bring in firewood; a third will plan a tent or hut; a fourth will stand
+sentry against any possible alarm. So a camp is a world in miniature;
+and if food and drink be plenty, and there be time to think of
+recreation, some one will carve a pipe from reed or willow, and, in
+answer to the piping, will come the dance. Or, if our pilgrims are too
+mystic and solemn for this, hymns will be sung, and the voice of prayer
+will lift the soul out of the poverty of its surroundings into that
+realm of imagination whose wealth far exceeds that of Ormus or of Ind.
+
+I seem to hear at this point the _non placet_ of those who ask for one
+thing and receive another. I was not sent for to philosophize, but to
+represent; and, with regard to the former process, "how not to do it"
+should have been my study. Modern society is my theme. Where shall I
+find society for you? Henry Thoreau found it here, in the passionless
+face of Nature. Here, the shy Hawthorne could dwell unmolested, not even
+overshadowed by the revered sage who makes reserve and distance such
+important elements of good manners. Mr. Alcott has transplanted here
+those olives whose sacred chrism rests upon his honored brow. The
+society which my words shall introduce here must be neither vulgar nor
+dull.
+
+Now, if I had a flying-machine! Well, I have one, and its name is
+Memory. Sit with me, upon its movable platform, and I will give you some
+peeps at the thing itself, leaving you to discuss after me its _raison
+d'etre_, its right to be. In experimental analysis, specimens are always
+exhibited. Let us look at modern society in Cairo, Shepherd's hotel, and
+the omnibus that bears one thither. The _table d'hote_ unites a
+catalogue as various as that of Don Giovanni. Here sit Sir Samuel and
+Lady Baker, famous as African explorers. You may all know something of
+the entertaining volumes which chronicle their discoveries and
+adventures. Lady Baker wears, at times, a necklace made of tiger's
+claws. Her husband shot the tiger in the great wilds of Africa, she
+loading the gun with which he did it.
+
+She is Roumanian by birth, English by adoption, fair and comely. Sir
+Samuel is a burly Briton. They have with them a young African servant,
+dark and under-sized, with wild, crimped hair. Sir Samuel tells me that
+this is altogether the best human creature he ever knew. Lady Baker does
+not resent the extreme statement. I sit at table between a Russian count
+and an English baronet. The Russian and his two daughters are amiable
+and simple people. The baronet is a stanch Tory, as you will think
+natural when you hear his story. He was once a poor boy, hard at work in
+a coal mine. He used to walk six or seven miles daily, after working
+hours, in order to acquaint himself with those three Fates who are
+familiarly called the three R's. Becoming an expert in the coal
+business, he went through the upward grades of his profession, became a
+large owner of mines, and has now a heavy contract for supplying the
+Egyptian government with coal. He is a member of Parliament, and, when I
+saw him, was ready to start homeward on the first news of a division in
+the House. It was lately stated in a London paper that Lord Beaconsfield
+would probably raise him to the peerage before his own retirement from
+office. So, it may have been done by this time.
+
+My Russian neighbors are much troubled about the fate of a poor Italian
+family whose chief has lost his occupation, and which is thus reduced
+to the extreme of want. "Why not get up a subscription at this hotel?"
+say I. They are very willing that I should. I draw up a paper, we sign
+our names and contributions. Sir George snubs us dreadfully, but gives
+us a sovereign. Sir Samuel snubs, and gives nothing. The necessary sum
+of money is raised, and the family is sent to its own country. Here, you
+see, are Russia, England, and America, combining, on Egyptian soil, to
+save Italy. This strange mixture is characteristic of the medley of the
+time.
+
+We will not move yet, for the panorama of the table will save us that
+trouble. Here is one of the recognized beauties of London society. A
+very pretty woman, with dewy eyes, pearly teeth, dark, glossy hair, and
+a soft, fresh complexion. A French wardrobe sets off those natural
+advantages, with its happy disguises and apposite revelations. But it is
+not good for beauty that it should become a profession. This lady's fine
+eyes and teeth are made to do duty with such evident persistence of
+intention, that one absolutely dreads to see the glitter of the one and
+the flash of the other in the gymnastic of an advertised flirtation.
+
+I cannot yet release you. Here are two gentlemen who wear the
+_tarbouche_ with their European costume. They were rebels in our war of
+secession, and at its close took service with the Khedive. Ignoring
+ancient sectional differences, they are very cordial with us, their
+countrywomen. They would be glad to see their country again, but cannot
+get their salaries paid, the French and English commissioners having
+taken the direction of Egyptian finances, and making no allowance for
+the past services of these American officers, who were dismissed at
+their instance.
+
+We are still at Shepherd's _table d'hote_, and before us sit an English
+nobleman and his wife, who have obtained permission to give a _fete_ at
+the Pyramids. A gay party of English residents and visitors are
+gathering to accompany them, and presently the carriages and cavalcade
+start, with a band of music, and a small army of servants. They
+illuminate the Great Pyramid with colored fires, race their horses and
+donkeys through the desert, sup and sleep in the Khedive's _kiosk_, not
+without much boisterous mirth and disturbance.
+
+Or, behold me on Bairam day, paying a New-Year's visit to the harem of
+the Khedive. A row of grinning eunuchs, black as night, guard the
+entrance. After various turns of ceremonial, we greet the three
+princesses, all wives of the Khedive, who has many others not of this
+rank. In order not to give offence, we are obliged to smoke the
+_chibouque_, a pipe about five feet in length. We smile and courtesy at
+the proper moment, but find conversation difficult. They are curious to
+hear where we came from, and whither we are going. I ask whether they,
+also, enjoy travelling, and am reminded that their institutions do not
+allow it. These poor princesses little knew that in two months from that
+time an involuntary journey awaited them, on the occasion of the
+Khedive's abdication, and departure from the country.
+
+We please ourselves, in these days, with the praise of Islamism, and
+think, quite rightly, that Mahomet and his Koran had their _raison
+d'etre_, and have done their part for mankind. But here is Islamism in
+modern society. The howling dervishes sit on the ground groaning _Allah,
+Allah_. By and by they rise, and bend their heads backward and forward
+until the most eminent among them fall in fits, and are taken up in an
+unhappy condition. Within a short distance from our hotel, we hear of a
+company of men met for a religious exercise. One of them chews a glass
+goblet and swallows it. Another endeavors to swallow a small snake. A
+third gashes himself wildly with a sword. These are religious
+enthusiasts. If their faith be genuine, these dangerous experiments,
+they say, can do them no harm.
+
+These things remind us of the temptation of Christ: "If thou be the Son
+of God, cast thyself down from hence."
+
+But let us leave the city and hotel, and betake ourselves to the
+historic river, dumb with all its mouths, and poor with all its wealth.
+Modern society is well represented on board our steamer. Here are two
+Californian gentlemen, two sons of a Sandwich Island missionary, two or
+three Italians. Here is a sister-in-law of John Bright. She has visited
+Alaska, and considers this Nile trip a small parenthesis in her voyage
+round the world. Here are an English couple, belonging to fashionable
+life. Here is a clergyman of the same nation, who glories in the fact
+that Dr. Johnson hated, or said he hated, a Whig. Here is an American
+who cannot visit the ruins because his whole day is divided into so many
+glasses of milk, to be taken at such and such times.
+
+We land one day at Assiout, and visit its bazaars. The trade in ostrich
+feathers is brisk, the natives steadily raising their prices as the
+demand increases, until we find that the feathers might be more cheaply
+bought in London or Paris. Amid the general confusion of tongues I am
+accosted by a handsome youth, cleanly and civil, who speaks fair
+English, and asks if he can serve me.
+
+Who are you? A pupil of the American Mission School in this place. He
+brings two of his fellow-pupils to speak with me. One of these is a
+girl, whose innocent, uncovered face seems to rebuke the hidden faces of
+the Arab women, veiled and disfigured to evince their modesty, but
+making more evident the immodesty of the men.
+
+We return to our steamer, followed by a crowd of boys and girls,
+shrieking and naked, who plunge into the water to get the _backshish_,
+which some of our party throw them. On the bank stand two beautiful
+youths, nearly black, with eyes like sloes, and with crisped hair
+standing erect like a flame above their foreheads. They are clad in
+kilts of white cotton cloth. Struck with their beauty, we inquire of
+what tribe they are. "Of the Bischouri," says our dragoman, "a tribe of
+the desert, who feed only upon uncooked grain." To the last their bright
+smile pursues us with its pathos. Would that they, too, were pupils of
+the American Mission School. Would not our vegetarian chief send for
+them?[1]
+
+    [1] Mr. Alcott, Dean of the Concord School of Philosophy, has
+          always been known as a vegetarian.
+
+We gallop across the sands to a point opposite Philae, and reach the
+sacred spot by boat. We picnic among its tombs, climb its _pylon_, and
+remark upon the beauty of the view. At the first cataract, which is very
+near this place, an Arab woman shows me her baby with the pride of Eve
+or Queen Victoria. It has a nose-ring of brass wire, and similar
+adornments in the top of each ear. On my way back to the boat, my pocket
+is picked by a cunning youth. The Arabs of the desert will compare in
+this respect with the Arabs of European streets. A little Arab girl
+offers to sell me her rag doll, whose veil is bedizened with spangles. A
+little water-carrier, proud of her English, says, "Lady, give me
+backshish."
+
+This shall end my peep at modern society in Egypt.
+
+But one more personal remembrance you must accord me. The scene is a
+dirty, muddy street in a Cyprus seaport. The time is not far from noon.
+I am exploring, with some curiosity, the new jewel which Lord
+Beaconsfield has added to the crown of Great Britain.
+
+What a mean, poor bazaar is this; what dull streets, what a barren place
+to live in, especially since _methymenic_ Albion has drunk up all the
+best of the wine! I pass a shop, and a bright presence beams out upon
+me. It is Lady Baker, with her fair, luminous face, full of energy and
+resource. Sir Samuel, she tells me, is in the back shop buying hardware
+for a hard journey. For they intend to travel through the island in a
+huge covered wagon, drawn by oxen, which will be to them at once vehicle
+and hotel. Where they went, and how they fared, I know not, nor would it
+here import us, if I did. I only mention the appearance of these friends
+in this place, because this appearance was so characteristic of modern
+society, and because so many of its elements appeared there in their
+persons. The education and high society of England, the court, the
+literary circles, the almighty publisher, for an intended volume was
+surely looming in the foreground of their picture. And here I have
+clearly got hold of one feature of modern society; this is, that
+everything is everywhere. The Zulus are in London, the Londoners in
+Zululand. Empress Eugenie, the exploded star of French fashion in its
+highest supremacy, visits Cape Town. The stars and stripes protect
+American professors on the shores of the Bosphorus, within view of Mount
+Lebanon. It would not surprise us to learn that a party of our
+countrymen had read the Declaration of Independence beside the Pools of
+Solomon, or within the desolate heart of Moab.
+
+In Jaffa of the Crusaders, Joppa of Peter and Paul, I find an American
+Mission School, kept by a worthy lady from Rhode Island. Prominent among
+its points of discipline is the clean-washed face which is so enthroned
+in the prejudices of Western civilization. One of her scholars, a youth
+of unusual intelligence, finding himself clean, observes himself to be
+in strong contrast with his mother's hovel, in which filth is just kept
+clear of fever point. "Why this dirt?" quoth he; "that which has made me
+clean, will cleanse this also." So without more ado, the process of
+scrubbing is applied to the floor, without regard to the danger of so
+great a novelty. This simple fact has its own significance, for if the
+innovation of soap and water can find its way to a Jaffa hut, where can
+the ancient, respectable, conservative dirt-devil feel himself secure?
+
+The maxim also becomes vain nowadays, that there should be a place for
+everything, and that everything should be in its place. Cleopatra's
+Needles point their moral in London and in New York. The Prince of Wales
+hunts tigers in the Punjaub. Hyde Park is in the desert or on the Nile.
+America is all over the world. Against this universal game of "Puss in
+the Corner," reaction must come, some day, in some shape, or anywhere
+will mean nowhere, for those who, starting in the geographical pursuit
+of pleasure, fail to find it and never return home.
+
+The oppositions of humanity have undergone many changes. Paul
+characterized them in his day as "Greek and Barbarian, bond and free,
+male and female." Christianity effaced old oppositions and created new
+ones. The old oppositions were national, personal, selfish. The new
+opposition was moral. It struck at evils, not at men, and tended to
+unite the latter in a patient and reasonable overcoming of the former. I
+know that the white heat at which its first blow was dealt left much for
+philosophy to elaborate, for science to adjust and apply. A Jesus,
+arrived at the plenitude of his intellectual vigor, could only have
+three years in which to formulate his weighty doctrine, and could not
+have had these without much care and hindrance. His work lay in the
+normal direction of human nature. In spite of lapses and relapses,
+mankind slowly creep towards the great unification which will make the
+savage animals and the selfish passions the only enemies of the human
+race. Modern society rests upon this unification as its basis of action.
+A positive philosophy which Auguste Comte did not elaborate absorbs its
+highest thought, and dictates its largest measures.
+
+And so prophetic souls bid farewell to the old negations. In their view,
+the lion is already reconciled to the lamb. The taming of the elements
+prefigures the general reconciliation. The deadly lightning runs on
+errands and carries messages. The Titan steam is the servant of commerce
+and industry, meek as Hercules when armed with the distaff of Omphale.
+Emulation, the desire to excel, exquisite, dangerous stimulant to
+exertion, is not in our day educated to the intensification of self, but
+to the enlargement of public spirit and of general interest. The
+constant discoveries of new treasures in our material world, of gold,
+silver, iron, and copper, of states to be built up and of harvests to be
+sown and reaped, are accompanied by corresponding discoveries
+concerning the variety of human gifts and their application to useful
+ends. What men and women can be good for may be more voluminously stated
+to-day than in any preceding age of the world's history.
+
+Comparison should be a strong point in modern society. When travelling
+was laborious and difficult, the masses of one country knew little
+concerning those of another. When learning was rare, and instruction
+costly and insufficient, the few knew the secrets of thought and
+science, the many not even knowing that such things were to be known.
+When wealth was uncommon, luxury was monopolized by a small class, the
+greater part of mankind earning only for themselves the right to live
+poorly. When distinctions were absolute, low life knew nothing of high
+life but what the novelist could invent, or the servant reveal. How
+changed is all this to-day! Competence, travel, tuition, and intelligent
+company are within the reach of all who will give themselves the trouble
+to attain them. The first consequence of this is that we become able to
+make the largest and most general comparison of human conditions which
+has ever been possible to humanity, nor does this ability regard the
+present alone. The unveiling of the treasures of the past, the
+interpretation of its experience and doctrine which we owe to the
+scholar and archaeologist, enable us to compare remote antiquity with the
+things of the last minute. The work of antiquarian science culminates in
+the discovery of the prehistoric man. Theology had long before invented
+the post-historic angel. Now, indeed, we ought to be able to choose the
+best out of the best, since the whole is laid in order before us. But
+the chronic trouble hangs upon us still. Had we but such wisdom to
+choose as we have chance to see! The gifts of our future are still shown
+us in sealed caskets. Which of these conceals the condition of our true
+happiness? The leaden one, surely, of which we distrust the dull
+exterior, trusting in the inner brightness which it covers.
+
+What is the problem of modern society?
+
+How to use its vast resources. Here is where the office of true ethic
+comes in. No gift can make rich those who are poor in wisdom. The wealth
+which should build up society will pull it down if its possession lead
+to fatal luxury and indulgence. The freedom of intercourse which makes
+one nation known to another, and puts the culture of the most advanced
+at the service of the most barbarous, is like a flood which carries
+everywhere the seeds of good and of evil. The ripening of these depends
+much upon the accident of the human soil they may happen to find. But
+careful husbandry will have even more to do with the result.
+
+To America it was said at the outset, "Prepare to receive the World, and
+to make it free." Oh, World, so full of corruption and of slavery, wilt
+thou not rather bind us with thy gangrenous fetters? Wilt not the wail
+of thy old injustice and suffering prolong itself until the new strophe
+of hope shall be lost and forgotten?
+
+Where is God's image in this human brute who lands on our shores, full
+only of the insolence of beggary? Far, far be from us ever the methods
+and procedures which have made or left him what he is. Honor and glory
+to those patient, good men and women who will redeem his children from
+the degradation which seems almost proper to him. Theirs be a crown
+above that of the poet or orator!
+
+Modern society, then, is chiefly occupied with a vast assimilation of
+novelties. This task is by no means imposed upon us alone. While the
+New World has to digest races and traditions, the Old World has to
+digest ideas. Thanks to the good Puritan stomach which we inherit, the
+process goes on here, with little interruption. But across the seas, in
+Rome, in Germany, in Russia, what nausea, what quarrelling with the
+fatal morsel upon which Providence compels the lips to close!
+
+"_Non possumus!_" say the priests of the old order. "_Possum_," replies
+the eternal power. The French republic and the English monarchy succeed
+best in this altering of old habits to suit new emergencies. But where
+extremes are greatest, the contest is naturally fiercest. A Pope fears
+the cup of poisoned chocolate, and dares not drink the wine of the
+eucharist without a taster; the throne of the Russian autocrat is over
+the deadly mine of the Nihilist. German vanity and diplomacy bring back
+the shadow of the mediaeval muddle. The living heart's blood of humanity
+comes to us out of these struggles, an immeasurable gift, for good or
+for evil. Can we be quick enough with our schools, just enough in our
+government, sincere and devout enough in our churches? What will Europe
+do with the ideas? What will America do with the people? These are the
+questions of the present time.
+
+One of the serious social questions of the day is the omnipotence of
+money. People often use this expression in a _quasi_ sarcastic sense,
+not seriously intending what they say. But the power of money nowadays
+is such that it becomes us seriously to ask whether there is anything
+that it cannot do. What ancient strongholds of taste, sentiment, and
+prejudice has it not stormed and carried?
+
+A servant, who sought a place during the first years of the shoddy
+inflation, asked a lady who was willing to engage her, "Are you shoddy,
+ma'am, or old family? I want to live with shoddy, because it pays the
+highest wages." The watchwords of society as often come from its humbler
+as from its higher level, and this woman unconsciously uttered the word
+which was to rule society from that time to this. Money, during the last
+twenty years, has swept over most of the old landmarks, and obliterated
+them.
+
+Religion itself stands aghast at this baptism of gold, which can convert
+the alien and the heathen, ay, the brigand and the robber, into saints
+of social prestige. For money bribes the court and pulpit, and buys the
+press; the highest rank, the highest genius, pay homage to it. If the
+duke has not money, he will seek in wedlock the most undesirable of
+women, if she be also the richest. Royalty bows to the splendid cloak of
+vulgarity, and invites it to dine and drive. Happy day, you will say,
+for labor, which money symbolizes. Monarchs may well show it respect.
+But money does not always symbolize honest and intelligent industry. A
+great fortune often represents transactions akin to theft; sometimes the
+thing itself, which the world is Spartan enough to approve of, if the
+criminal can only escape positive detection. Those, too, who have earned
+their money honestly, leave it to children who turn their back upon the
+class of which their parents came, and desire to know nothing of the
+bread-winning arts which they were constrained to practise.
+
+We have had, within the last ten years, a severe lesson concerning the
+instability of wealth in some of its most trusted forms. Yet are we not
+compelled by sympathy and antipathy, at the bottom of our hearts, to pay
+it an homage which our lips would not avow? Do we not desire wealth for
+our children as the condition which shall set our minds at rest
+concerning them? When we see mediocrity and vulgarity riding in the
+swift carriage, and wearing the jewels and the robes, bright in
+everybody's eyes and praised in everybody's mouth, do we not harbor
+somewhere a regret that we have not, in some way possible to us, set our
+best abilities to work to secure a similar distinction for ourselves?
+
+It should not frighten one to see the court and its underlings venal.
+Court and courtiers are a show, and money is the condition by which a
+show lives. But I look into the domain of letters, and ask whether that
+is still uncorrupted. I do not think that it is. The refined tastes of
+literary people lead them to value entertainment at the hands of the
+rich. The luxurious rooms, the abundant table, the easy _persiflage_ in
+which worldly tact knows enough to flatter recognized talent. Do not
+these _illicebrae_ seduce, to-day, even the stern heart of philosophy?
+
+How unkind was society to Margaret Fuller! It was reluctant to show her
+the courtesy due to a gentlewoman. Its mean gossip treated her as if she
+had been beyond the pale of elegance and good taste, verging away even
+from good behavior. What was her offence against society? A humanity too
+large and absorbing, a mind too brave and independent for its
+commonplace. Add to these the fact that she had neither fashion nor
+fortune. The things she asked for are granted to-day by every thinking
+mind, and she is remembered as illustrious. But if she could come back
+to-morrow as she was, poor in purse and plain in person, and assume her
+old leadership, would Boston treat her any better than it did in days of
+yore? Would she not find, even among Brook farmers, a looking toward
+Beacon Street which might surprise her? The literary man, who went so
+bravely from abstract philosophy to its concrete expression, whose
+learned hands took up the spade and hoe, and whose early peas were
+praised by those who contemned his principles, would he, at a later
+day,--grown urbane and fashionable,--would he have bowed without a pang
+to his former self, if he had met him, dusty and on foot, in Central
+Park, he himself being well mounted?
+
+I said just now that money could buy the press. This is shameful,
+because the press, more than any other power, can afford to be frank and
+sincere. Freedom is the very breath of life in its nostrils, yet is it
+to-day largely salaried by the enemies of freedom. While speaking of the
+press, I will mention the regret with which I lately read, in the
+"Boston Daily Advertiser," an editorial treating of the expulsion of the
+Jesuits from France. The writer, who denounced this measure with some
+severity, described the religious body with which it deals as a band of
+mild and inoffensive men, chiefly occupied with the tuition of youth. He
+might as well have characterized a tiger as a harmless creature,
+incapable of the use of firearms.
+
+To me the worship of wealth means, in the present, the crowning of low
+merit with undeserved honor,--the setting of successful villany above
+unsuccessful virtue. It means absolute neglect and isolation for the few
+who follow a high heart's love through want and pain, through evil and
+good report. It means the bringing of all human resources, material and
+intellectual, to one dead level of brilliant exhibition--a second Field
+of the Cloth of Gold--to show that the barbaric love of splendor still
+lives in man, with the thirst for blood, and other _quasi_ animal
+passions. It means, in the future, some such sad downfall as Spain had
+when the gold and silver of America had gorged her soldiers and nobles;
+something like what France experienced after Louis XIV. and XV. I am no
+prophet, and, least of all, a prophet of evil; but where, oh where,
+shall we find the antidote to this metallic poison? Perhaps in the
+homoeopathic principle of cure. When the money miracle shall be
+complete, when the gold Midas shall have turned everything to gold, then
+the human heart will cry for flesh and blood, for brain and muscles.
+Then shall manhood be at a premium, and money at a discount.
+
+The French have found, among many others, one fortunate expression. They
+speak of a life of representation, by which they mean the life of a
+person conspicuous in the great world. This society of representation
+has some recognition in every stage of civilization, since even nations
+which we consider barbarous have their festivals and processions. The
+ministerial balls in Paris, and perhaps many other entertainments in
+that city, are of this character.
+
+The guests are admitted in virtue of a card, which is really a ticket,
+though money cannot command it. Many of the persons entertained are not
+personally acquainted with either host or hostess, and do not
+necessarily make their acquaintance by going to their house. Everything
+is arranged with a view to large effects: music, decorations, supper,
+etc. A party of friends may go there for their own amusement, or a
+single individual for his own. But there are no general introductions
+given, there is no social fusion.
+
+Now this I call society of representation. It bears about the same
+relation to genuine society that scene-painting bears to a carefully
+finished picture. People of culture and education enjoy a peep at this
+spectacular drama of the social stage, but their idea of society would
+be something very different from this. Where this show-society
+monopolizes the resources of a community, it implies either a dearth of
+intellectual resources, or a great misapprehension of what is really
+delightful and profitable in social intercourse.
+
+Where the stage form of society predominates too largely, its intimate
+form languishes and declines. The communings of a chosen few around a
+table simply spread, with no view to the recognition of the great
+Babylon, but rather with a pleasure in its avoidance; refined sympathy
+and support given and received in a round of daily duties, by those
+whose hands are busy and whose minds are full; the inner sweetness of a
+beautiful song or poem, the kindling of mind from mind, till all become
+surprised at what each can do,--this sort of society maintains itself by
+keeping the noisy rush of the crowd at arm's length. Horace says,--
+
+    "Odo profanum vulgus et arceo,"
+
+and I, a democrat of the democrats, will say so too. I reverence the
+masses of mankind, rich or poor. My heart beats high when I think of the
+good which human society has already evolved, and of the greater good
+which is in store for those who are to come after us. But I hate the
+profane vulgarity which courts public notice and mention as the chief
+end of existence, and which, in so doing, puts out of sight those
+various ends and interests which each generation is bound to pursue for
+itself, and to promote for its successors.
+
+The time of poor Marie Antoinette was the culmination of such a period
+of show. Its glare and glitter, and its lavish waste, had put out of
+sight the true and intimate relations of man to man. And so, as the
+gilded portion of the age made its musters of beautiful empty heads, of
+vanities throned upon vanities, the ungilded part made its deadly muster
+of discontent, displeasure, and despair. The empty heads fell, and much
+that was precious and noble fell with them. The great stage produced its
+bloody drama, and the curtain of horror closed upon it.
+
+Critics of society usually direct their invective against the
+extravagance and shallowness of this exhibitory department, and would
+almost make these an excuse for the opposite extreme of misanthropic
+spleen and avoidance. They should remember that while society, from an
+inward necessity, provides for these musterings and displays, it is
+unable to provide for that intimate and personal intercourse which
+individuals must found and cultivate for themselves. So much is left for
+each one of us to do, to find our peers, and open with them an honest
+exchange of our best for their best. The family most easily begins this,
+with its intense and ever-enlarging interests. Out of true family life
+comes a neighborhood; out of a neighborhood the body politic, and the
+body sympathetic.
+
+If, in the matter of social intercourse, show is allowed to usurp the
+place of substance, the indolence of mankind must bear its part of the
+blame. It is far easier to order a suit for the great occasion, than to
+brighten one's mental jewels for the small one. Many a soldier is brave
+on parade, who would not shine on a field of battle. Many a woman will
+pass for elegant in a ball-room, or even at a court drawing-room, whose
+want of true breeding would become evident in a chosen company.
+
+The reason why education is usually so poor among women of fashion is,
+that it is not needed for the life which they elect to lead. With a good
+figure, good clothes, and a handsome equipage, with a little reading of
+the daily papers, and of the fashionable reviews, and above all, with
+the happy tact which often enables women to make a large display of very
+small acquirements, the woman of fashion may never feel the need of true
+education. We pity her none the less, since she will never know its
+peace and delight.
+
+In our own country, at this moment, and in Europe as well, ambitions
+seem to be unduly directed to this department of social action, the
+training and discipline for which differ widely from that proper to
+intimate and domestic life. Hence comes an observable regard, not to
+appearances only, but to appearance. As actors often paint their faces
+too highly for near effects, in order to look well at the farthest point
+of view, so the dress and manners of the day fit themselves for the
+stage of the great world, and their wearers seem to meditate not only
+what will not appear amiss, but what will attract attention by some
+singularity of becoming effect. Hence the supremacy for the time of
+those whose calling it is to minister to appearance. The tailor has
+long been a man of destiny, but the modern plainness of male attire has
+somewhat sobered his pretensions. But look at the sublime arrogance of
+the ladies' dressmaker, and the almost equally sublime meekness of the
+victim, who not only submits, but desires to be as wax in her hands.
+This supreme functionary has, of course, _carte blanche_ for her
+ordinances. The subject says to her, "Do what you will with me. Make me
+modest or immodest. Tie up my feet or straighten my arms till use of
+them becomes impossible. Deprive my figure of all drapery, or upholster
+it like a window-frame. Nay, set me in the centre of a movable tent, but
+array me so that people shall look at me, and shall say I look well."
+
+I cannot but hate, to-day, the slavish fashion which seems to have been
+invented in order to intensify that self-consciousness which is the
+worst enemy of beauty. It is administered by means of a system of lacets
+and whalebones, which everywhere impinge upon nature. A young lady who
+is in her dress like a sword in its scabbard (the French name for the
+fashion is _fourreau_), is made to think of this point, and of that,
+until her whole gait and movement become an interrogation of her silks
+and elastics. Can I sit? Can I walk? Can I put this foot forward, or
+lift this hand to my head? Ask the satin strait-jacket in which your
+artist has imprisoned you, receiving high compensation for the service.
+Much as I resent this constraint and restraint of the body, my saddest
+thought is, that where it is endured the mind has first been enslaved.
+
+Foreign travel is so established a feature in American life, that it may
+well become us to take account of what it costs and comes to.
+
+Our own importation of men and women is various and enormous. They who
+come to us poor and ignorant in one generation, are seen comfortable and
+well educated in the next. The disfranchised and landless man comes to
+us, and receives political rights, and the title of a farm in fee
+simple. No inordinate tribute robs him of the product of his industry,
+be it large or small. He pays to the State what it pays him well to
+afford, for protection and education. But how is it with the tribute
+which Europe levies upon us in the shape of our sons and daughters?
+
+Many polite tastes have, no doubt, been fostered in our young men by
+studies pursued in a German university, or art learned in a French
+studio. Some of the best scholars of the elder generation have profited,
+in their youth, by such advantages. But if we go beyond the limits of
+literary or professional life, we may not consider the results so
+fortunate. Our society-men sometimes become so depolarized in their
+tastes and feelings, as to be at ease nowhere but in Europe, and not
+much at ease there. Those who return bring back a love of betting and of
+horse-racing, and ape the display of European grandees as far as their
+fortunes will allow.
+
+And our young women? Some of them study soberly abroad, and return to
+give their countenance and support to all that is improving and refining
+in their own country. Some float hither and thither, between England and
+Italy, like a feather on the wave, disappearing at last. The Daisy
+Millerish chit is seen, offending in pure ignorance of what common-sense
+should easily teach mothers and daughters.
+
+Family groups of Americans are often met with in Europe, in which one
+figure is wanting. This is the father, absent, in America, working at
+his business or speculation. These ladies are often companionable
+people, who enjoy good hotels, galleries, music on the public square,
+and, above all, the sensation of being far from home.
+
+One feels about them a dreary atmosphere of homelessness. As the writer
+of the Potiphar papers, while watching a gay young mother's performance
+in the "German," was constrained to think of a complaining babe in her
+nursery, so, in hearing those ladies boast of their enjoyments, one
+cannot help remembering with commiseration the wifeless husband and
+daughterless father at home, who works like a steam-fan to keep these
+butterflies in motion.
+
+More sad still are my reflections, when I hear that numbers of American
+girls, with large or even moderate fortunes, go abroad and allow it to
+be known that they seek a husband with a title. These are to be had, of
+various grades, if the pecuniary consideration be only sufficient. And
+so many of our laborious men of business work hard in order to earn for
+themselves the luxury of a titled son-in-law, who has not the ability to
+earn his own support, and would scorn to do it if he had.
+
+American women with money are at a premium in fashionable Europe. Even
+without this supreme merit, they are favorites. A London journal calls
+attention to the fact that some of the leading ladies in the fashionable
+London of to-day are Americans. The versatility of mind and ease of
+manner which a free and social life develops, appear in strong contrast
+with the results of the more formal education, which are often seen in
+the opposite extremes of timidity and assurance.
+
+As our young men are often entrapped, while abroad, into marriages which
+prove to be very unwise and unsuitable, I wish very much that we might
+bring and keep our young people in a better understanding with each
+other, so that even the most ambitious among them should be content to
+marry with their peers, and abide in the home of their fathers.
+
+I have been surprised, at some periods of my late visit to Europe, to
+perceive the growing interest of thinking people in all that is most
+characteristic of American progress. Again and again, in private and in
+public, I have found myself invited to discourse concerning the happy
+country in which popular education has been so long established, that
+its results are no longer putative, but ascertained and verified. The
+country in which the fairest woman, provided she be a modest one, can
+walk abroad by day or night, unmolested and unsuspected, the country in
+which women have acquired the courage to think for themselves, and to
+stand by each other.
+
+These invitations, though not given in derision, yet seemed akin to the
+Hebrew refrain, "Sing us one of the songs of Zion!" And when I related
+the facts familiar to all of us, to those who listened with
+half-incredulous wonder, it was, indeed, like singing the Lord's song of
+freedom in a strange land.
+
+The reasons why Europe should come to America are obvious and pressing.
+The reasons why America should visit Europe are equally binding and
+cogent. The material and the moral life of to-day are kept at their
+height by this flux and reflux of human personality, which carries with
+it every variety of opinion and experience. Could we only send our best
+abroad, and for the best reasons! Could Europe only send her best, also,
+for their best help and study! But the human average profits first of
+all by its material enlargement, and will be received just as it is. So,
+our fools go abroad, to show that folly is a thing of all times and
+climes; and, along with the tidal wave of ignorance and bigotry, the
+dark, designing Jesuit seeks our shore, and spins his fatal web among
+our rose-trees. Sun of divine truth, storms of divine justice, sweep
+away the evil and ripen the good!
+
+When I see an American of either sex caught in the vortex of European
+attraction, depolarized from natural relations, and charmed into
+alliance with feudal barbarism and ignorance, my heart rings the bell of
+alarm which is hung at the gates of Paradise.
+
+From all these Western splendors can this shallow soul turn away? From
+these golden fields whose overflow gives Europe food, while her human
+overflow gives them labor? From this large construction of human right,
+which lifts the cruel yoke from the neck of labor, and gives him who
+earns the livelihood of many his own life to enjoy and perfect? From
+this holy record of pious endeavor, from these splendid achievements of
+souls inspired by freedom, thou canst go, joyous and triumphant, to pay
+homage to the lies which are no longer believed by those who profess
+them; lies whose fallacy America exposes every day and hour to the
+detection of the world.
+
+Thou wilt accept a title, empty as an egg-shell, for a thing truly
+noble! Thou wilt call a courtier's grimace polite, a courtesan's fashion
+elegant! Thou wilt curry favor in a vulgar court, courtesying low to a
+prince of harlequins and harlots! Thou, child of the Puritans, wilt
+kneel and kiss the hand which, still and sole, disputes with Christ the
+mastery of the world! Then art thou simply an anachronism! Some are born
+into the world centuries before their time, some centuries after it.
+
+Other attractions, innocent in themselves, and conceivable to all,
+detain some of our valued fellow-citizens in perpetual exile. The quiet
+and beauty of English country-life, the literary and artistic resources
+of a foreign capital, the romances of ancient chateaux and cathedrals,
+some delicious touch of climate, some throbbing beauty of a southern
+sky. How delightful we have found these, it is as much a pain as a
+pleasure to remember! But let us also call to mind the lesson of a
+well-known fairy tale. While Beauty prolongs her absence, the faithful
+Beast languishes and comes nigh unto death. While we enjoy these choice
+delights, the society to which we belong is sowing its wheat and its
+tares. We are far from the field in which the life of our own generation
+is planted and tended. Every honest heart, every thinking mind, has its
+value in the community to which it belongs. Our value, such as it is,
+remains wanting to our community, and, when its crises of trial shall
+come, we shall not have been trained by watchful experience to
+understand either their cause or their remedy.
+
+How delightful was Italy to Milton! His Allegro and Pensieroso show that
+he could fully appreciate both its mirth and its majesty. He returns not
+the less to live out a life of illustrious service in his own country,
+where his brave heart and philosophic mind were of more avail to his
+time than even his sacred song to ours.
+
+No one has any reason to be surprised at any new manifestation of human
+folly. Yet I am sometimes surprised, to-day, by the disrespect which is
+often shown to the word "Protestant." This name dates, at farthest, from
+the time of Luther, but the fact for which it stands is as old as human
+history. Moses made a protest when he led his people out of the luxury
+and slavery of Egypt to find the free hills of Judaea, and to build on
+one of them a temple to the God of freedom. Christ made His protest
+against the hypocrisy and injustice of the old social and ecclesiastical
+order. England and France have made their protests against monarchical
+supremacy. Both went back from their daring determination, but the
+lesson was not forgotten. The Puritans made their protest when they
+faced the frowning sea and the savage wilderness, in order that they
+might train their children, and live themselves in the freedom which
+conscience asks. Mr. Garrison and his associates made their protest
+against American slavery. Mrs. Butler, of England, makes her protest
+to-day against the personal degradation of women. Lucy Stone makes hers
+against their political enslavement.
+
+Does society inherit? Is man the heir of man? Whence come those
+creatures of the present day who smile, and shrug their shoulders, and
+feebly say, "We don't protest. Our fathers did something of the kind,
+upon what ground we cannot possibly imagine. But we are quite of another
+sort. We don't protest."
+
+To those courageous souls which, alone and unaided, have been able to
+face the world's passion and inertia,--to those leaders of forlorn hopes
+who have seen glory in the depths of death and have sought it there,--to
+those voices proclaiming in the wilderness the triumphant progress of
+truth,--to those brave spirits whose strength the fires of hell have
+annealed, not consumed,--my soul shall ever render its glad and duteous
+homage. And if, in my later age, I might seek the crowning honor of my
+life, I should seek it with that small, faithful band who have no choice
+but to utter their deepest conviction, and abide its issues. Fruitful
+shall be their pains and privations. They who have sown in tears the
+seeds of unpopular virtue, shall reap its happy harvest in the good and
+gratitude of mankind.
+
+
+
+
+CHANGES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY.
+
+
+I have been invited to speak to you to-day concerning changes in
+American society. In preparing to consider this subject, I cannot but
+remember that the very question of social change is to some people an
+open one. The supposition of any real onward movement in society is as
+unwelcome and as untrue to these persons as was Galileo's theory
+concerning the revolution of the earth around the sun. They will assert,
+as indeed they may, that the same crimes are committed in all ages, with
+the same good deeds to counterbalance them and that the capital
+tendencies of human nature are always substantially the same. This also
+must be allowed. The error of these friends consists in overlooking the
+most characteristic and human of these tendencies, which is that of
+progressive desire. This trait, deeper and stronger than the mere love
+of change, pushes the whole heterogeneous mass of humanity onward in a
+way from which there is no return.
+
+The laws of human motive and action, meanwhile, remain as steadfast and
+immovable as the laws by whose application Galileo made his discovery.
+To discern at once the steadfast truth and its metamorphic developments
+will be the task of the greatest wisdom.
+
+When Theodore Parker invited the religious world to consider the
+transient and the permanent elements of Christianity, he made a popular
+application of a truth long known to philosophy. This truth is that life
+in all of its aspects exhibits these two opposite qualities or
+conditions. Much is transient in the individual, more is permanent in
+the race.
+
+The study of anthropology, so greatly enriched to-day by discovery and
+investigation, would give us much to say under both of these heads, but
+most, I think, under the last.
+
+I remember that in reading Livy's history of the second Punic war, in
+our own war time, I was struck by certain resemblances between the time
+in which he wrote and that in which I read him. When I learned from his
+pages that the merchants and ship-owners of ancient Rome managed to
+impose the most worthless of their vessels upon the government for the
+transport of troops and provisions, I exclaimed, "What Yankees these
+Romans were!"
+
+In reading some well-known satires of Horace I have been struck with the
+resemblance of the ancient to the modern bore. Boileau's famous take-off
+of the dinner given by a _parvenu_ is scarcely more than a French
+adaptation of the feast of Nasidienus, as described by the Roman bard
+who was Boileau's model.
+
+In Virgil's account of the good housewife, who rises early in order to
+measure out the work of the household, and in Solomon's description of
+the thrifty woman of his time, one sees the value set upon feminine
+industry and economy in times far removed from our own, yet resembling
+it in this appreciation.
+
+On the other hand, the dissimilarity of ancient and modern society is
+equally seen in the same mirror of literature. The mention of matters
+which, by common consent, are banished from decent speech to-day, the
+position of Woman, from the vestal virgin buried alive for breach of
+trust to the _devium scortum_, whom Horace frankly invites to his feast,
+the gross superstition which saw in religion little save portents and
+propitiation,--these mark on the dial of history an hour as distant from
+our own in sympathy as in time.
+
+You will wish to hear from me some account of changes which have come
+within the sphere of my own observation, both as I have been able to see
+for myself, and to compare what I have seen with what I have received
+from the generation immediately preceding my own. Let me remind you
+that, with all the advantages of personal observation, it may be more
+difficult for us to give a true account of the age to which we belong
+than of more distant times, upon which thought and reflection have
+already done their critical and explanatory work. Familiarity so dulls
+the edge of perception, as to make us least acquainted with things and
+persons making part of our daily life. Mindful of these difficulties, I
+will do my best to characterize the threescore years which have carried
+me into and out of the heart of the nineteenth century.
+
+I have seen in this time a great growth in the direction of liberal
+thought, of popular government, of just laws and useful institutions. I
+have seen human powers so multiplied by mechanical appliances as to
+destroy the old measures of time and distance, and almost to justify
+the veto once laid by the great Napoleon upon the use of the word
+"impossible": "_Ne me dites jamais ce bete de mot_," said he; and it has
+now become more _bete_ than ever.
+
+What feature of society has not changed in the phantasmagoria of these
+wonderful lustres? Each decade has made a fool of the one which went
+before it. Whether in the region of extended observation and experiment,
+or in that of subtle and profound investigation, human effort has seemed
+in this time to put itself at compound interest, working at once with
+matters infinitely little and with matters infinitely great, and surely
+introducing mankind to a higher plane of comfort and co-operation than
+has been reached in anterior ages.
+
+While the mechanism of life has thus been brought much nearer to
+perfection by the labor of our age, the principles of life remain such
+as they have always been.
+
+Pile luxury as high as you will, health is better, and the body of a
+well-fed and not over-worked ploughman is, nine times out of ten, a
+better possession than the body of a man of fortune, especially if he be
+at the same time a man of pleasure. Marshal and gild the pomp of
+circumstance, and do it homage with bated breath, character remains the
+true majesty, honor and intelligence its prime ministers. Money can help
+people to education, by paying for the support of those who can give it.
+But money cannot excuse its possessor from the smallest of the mental
+operations through which, if at all, a man comes to know what, as a man,
+he should know.
+
+The great _desiderata_ of humanity still remain these: to preserve the
+integrity of nature, the purity of sentiment, and the coherence of
+thought. The great extension of educational opportunities which we see
+to-day should make the attainment of these objects easier than in ages
+of less instruction. But while the pursuit of them is ever normal to the
+human race, the inherent difficulties of their attainment remain
+undiminished. Without self-discipline and self-sacrifice, no man to-day
+attains true education, or the dignity of true manhood. For here comes
+in the terrible fact of man's freedom as a moral agent.
+
+Could our age possess and administer the powers of the universe to its
+heart's content, in that heart would yet rest the issues of its life and
+of its death.
+
+The period of which I have to speak has certainly witnessed great
+improvements in the theory of hygiene. The old heroic treatment of
+diseases has nearly disappeared. The nauseous draughts, the
+blood-letting and blisters, have given place to moderate medication, the
+choice of climate and the regulation of diet. Women have been admitted
+as copartners with men in the guardianship of the public health.
+Athletic sports help the student to fresh blood and efficient muscle,
+without which the brain sickens and perishes.
+
+But even in this department how much is left to desire and to do! Our
+greatest and richest city is still festering with the corruption that
+breeds disease. No board of health seems to have power to sweep its side
+streets and dark alleys. Fashion keeps her avenues clean, and neglects
+the rest of the vast domain, for which she has her reward in many a
+ghastly epidemic. The late Edward Clarke, of Boston,--heaven rest his
+soul!--could alarm the whole continent with his threats of the physical
+evils which the more perfect education of one sex would entail on both.
+But he has left no public protest against the monstrosities of toilet
+which deform and mutilate the bodies of women to-day, nor against the
+selfish frivolity of life in both sexes, which is equally inimical to
+true motherhood and to true fatherhood.
+
+I have seen in fashions of dress and furniture the curious cycle which
+my elders foretold, and which it takes, I should think, half a century
+to fulfil. My earliest childish remembrance is of the slim dresses which
+display as much as is possible of the outlines of the figure. I remember
+the _elegantes_ of Gotham walking the one fashionable street of
+fifty-five years ago, attired in pelisses of pink or blue satin. A white
+satin cloak trimmed with dark fur seemed, even to my childish
+observation, a chill costume for a pedestrian in the heart of winter. My
+mother's last Paris bonnet, bought probably in 1825, appeared to her
+children, twenty years later, such a caricature, that pious hands
+destroyed it, in order that we might have no ludicrous association with
+the sweet young creature whose death had left us babes in the nursery.
+
+After many fluctuations and oscillations, I have seen modern head-gear
+near of kin to the subject of this holocaust. I have seen the old forms
+and colors return to popular favor. I have even heard that the very
+white satin cloak, which seemed _outre_ to the critic of six years, has
+been worn and greatly admired in the recent gay world of Paris. The
+return in these cases, it must be said, is not to the identical point of
+departure. Progress, according to some thinkers, follows a spiral, and
+is neither shut in a circle nor extended in a straight line. The hoops
+of our great-grandmothers are not the hoops which we remember to have
+seen or worn. Their eelskin dresses are not the model of ours. Still,
+the recurrence of the same vein of fancy marks a periodical
+approximation to the region or belt of influence in which certain
+forgotten possibilities suggest themselves to the seeker of novelty, and
+in which the capricious, antithetical fancy delights to crown with honor
+all that it found most devoid of beauty a few lustres ago.
+
+Does this encyclical tendency in the familiar aesthetics of life imply a
+corresponding tendency in the moral and intellectual movement of
+mankind? I fear that it does. I fear that seriousness and frivolity,
+greed and disinterest, extravagance and economy, in so far as these are
+social and sympathetic phenomena, do succeed each other in the movement
+of the ages. But here the device of the spiral can save us. We must make
+the round, but we may make it with an upward inclination. "Let there be
+light!" is sometimes said in accents so emphatic, that the universe
+remembers and cannot forget it. We carry our problem slowly forward.
+With all the ups and downs of every age, humanity constantly rises.
+Individuals may preserve all its early delusions, commit all its
+primitive crimes; but to the body of civilized mankind, the return to
+barbarism is impossible.
+
+The aesthetic elaboration of ethical ideas, always a feature of
+civilization, becomes in our day a task of such prominence as to engage
+the zeal and labor of those even who have little natural facility for
+any of its processes.
+
+The ignoring of this department of culture by our Puritan ancestors, had
+much to do with the bareness of surrounding and poverty of amusement
+which almost affright us in the record of their society. With all their
+insufficiency, these periods of severe simplicity are of great
+importance in the history of a people. The temporary withdrawal from the
+sensible and pleasurable to the severe verities of ethical study
+accumulates a reserve force which is sure to be very precious in the
+emergencies to which all nations are exposed. The reaction against the
+extreme of this is as likely to be excessive as was the action itself.
+
+If we tend to any extreme, nowadays, it is to that of making art take
+the place of thought, as may somewhat appear in the general rage for
+illustration and decoration.
+
+The ministrations of art to ethics are indeed unspeakably grand and
+helpful. The cathedrals of the Old World, and its rich and varied
+galleries, preserve for us the fresh and naive spirit of mediaeval piety.
+Religious art, indeed, becomes almost secularized by its repetitions;
+yet each of its great works has the isolation of its own atmosphere, and
+speaks its own language, which we reverently learn while we look upon
+it.
+
+Of all arts, music is the one most intimately interwoven with the
+ethical consciousness of our own time. The oratorios of Handel and of
+Mendelssohn so blend the sacred text and the divine music, that we think
+of the two together, and almost as of things so wedded by God, that man
+must not seek to put them asunder. When I have sat to sing in the chorus
+of the Messiah, and have heard the tenor take up the sweet burden of
+"Comfort ye my people!" I have felt the whole chain of divine
+consolation which those historic words express, and which link the
+prophet of pre-Christian times to the saints and sinners of to-day. In
+far-off Palestine I have been shown the plain on which it is supposed
+that the shepherds were tending their flocks when the birth of the
+Messiah was announced to them. But as I turned my eyes to view it, my
+memory was full of that pastoral symphony of Handel's, in which the
+divine glory seems just muffled enough to be intelligible to our abrupt
+and hasty sense. Nay, I lately heard a beloved voice which read the
+chapter of Elijah's wonderful experiences in the wilderness. While I
+listened, bar after bar of Mendelssohn's music struck itself off in the
+resonant chamber of memory, and I thanked the Hebrew of our own time for
+giving the intensity of life to that mystical drama of insight and
+heroism.
+
+The transcendentalists of our own country made great account of the
+relation of art to ethics, and perhaps avenged the Puritan partiality by
+giving art the leading, and ethics the subordinate place in their
+statements and endeavors. But the masters of the transcendental
+philosophy in Europe did not so. Spinoza, Kant, and Fichte were
+idealists of the severest type. Standing for the moment between the two,
+I will only say that the danger of forgetting the high labors and
+rewards of thought in the pleasure of beautiful sights and sounds is
+one to which the highest civilization stands most exposed. To think
+aright, to resolve and pray aright, we must retire from those delights
+to the contemplation of that whose sublimity they can but faintly image,
+as we pass with joy from the likeness of our friend into his presence.
+
+Love of ornament is by no means synonymous with love of the beautiful.
+The taste which overloads dress and architecture with superfluous
+irrelevancies, is often quite in opposition to that true sense of beauty
+which is indispensable to the artist and precious to the philosopher.
+"[Greek: To kalon]," the Greeks said. Was it a naive utterance on their
+part? Was it through their poverty of expression, or their want of
+experience, that the same word with them signified the good and the
+beautiful? No. It was through the depth of their insight, and the power
+of their mental appreciation, that they so stamped this golden word as
+that it should show the supreme of form on one of its faces, and the
+supreme of spirit on the other.
+
+The social domain of religion has also undergone a change. In my early
+life I remember that all earnest and religious people were supposed to
+live out of the great world, and to keep company only with one another
+and with the subjects of their charitable beneficence. The
+disadvantages of this course are easily seen. Free intercourse with the
+average of mankind is one of the most important agencies in enlarging
+and correcting the action of the human mind. The exigencies of ordinary
+intercourse develop a sense of the dependence of human beings upon each
+other, and a power corresponding to the needs involved in this
+interdependence. The religious susceptibilities of individuals, which
+are at once very strong in their character and very uncertain in their
+action, are liable to become either exaggerated or exhausted by a course
+of life which should rely wholly upon them for guidance and for
+interest.
+
+Let us, therefore, by all means have saints in the world, keeping to
+their pure standard, and recommending it more by their actions than by
+their professions. But these saints must be brave as well as pure.
+Unworthy doctrine must not escape their reprobation. When a just cause
+is contemned, they must stand by it. If the world shall cast them out in
+consequence, it will not be their fault. The social leagues which group
+themselves around the various churches of to-day, seem to me a feature
+of happy augury. It is the office of the church to inspire and direct
+the tone of social intercourse, and these associations should greatly
+help it to that end. I lately heard Wendell Phillips complain that
+church exercises nowadays largely consist of picnics and other
+merry-makings. Only a little before, Mr. Phillips, in his reply to Mr.
+Parkman's article against Woman Suffrage, had spoken of the growth of
+social influence as a good.
+
+It does, to be sure, look a little whimsical to read on the bulletin of
+a Methodist church such announcements as this,--"Private theatricals for
+the benefit of the Sunday school." But Wesley introduced the use of
+secular tunes in his church on the ground that the devil should not have
+all the good music. Neither should he monopolize the innocent amusements
+with which, if they are left to him, he does indeed play the devil.
+
+Although the great ocean will always hold Europe at arm's length from
+us, yet the currents of belief and sympathy bring its various peoples
+near to us in various ways. I remember to have taken note of this long
+before the ocean steamships brought the eastern hemisphere within a few
+days' journey from our own seaboard, and very long before the
+time-annihilating cables were dreamed of. The French have always had
+with us the prestige of their social tact and sumptuary elegance. The
+English manners are affected by those among us who mistake the
+aristocracy of position for the aristocracy of character. The Italians
+rule us by their great artists in the past, and by their subtle policy
+in the present. The Germans have, as they deserve, the pre-eminence in
+music, in metaphysics, and in many departments of high culture.
+
+I have not long since been taken to task by a writer in a prominent New
+York paper for some strictures regarding the quasi-omnipotence of money
+in the society of to-day. The writer in question enlarged somewhat upon
+the greatly increased expenditure of money in our own country, as if
+this must be considered as a good in itself. He concludes his statement
+by remarking that Mrs. Howe has never studied the proper significance of
+the money question. I desire to say here only that I have not neglected
+the study of this question, which so regards the very life of society.
+One of its problems I have ventured to decide for myself, viz., whether
+the luxury of the rich really supports the industry of the poor.
+
+The aesthetic of luxury is a mean and superficial one. The critique of
+luxury is compliant and cowardly; and, despite its glittering promise to
+pay any price for what it desires, luxury orders poorly, pays poorly,
+and in the end undermines the credit of the State, the very citadel of
+its solvency. I regret and deplore its prevalence to-day, and consider
+it not as the safeguard, but as the most dangerous enemy of republican
+institutions.
+
+In our America, ay, even in our Puritan New England, the day has come in
+which economy is a discredit and poverty a disgrace. With the common
+school ever at work to lift the social level, unfolding to the child of
+the day-laborer the page which instructs the son of the peer, the cry is
+still that money is God, and that there is none other. One may ask, in
+the business streets, whether rich people have any faults, or poor
+people any virtues. A woman who sells her beauty for a rich dower is
+honored in church and in State. Both alike bow to the money in her hand.
+One proverb says that Time is money, as if it were
+
+    "Only that, and nothing more."
+
+Another proverb says that Money is power. And in this form, no doubt, it
+receives the most fervent worship, for luxury palls sooner or later,
+while ambition is never satisfied. But we constantly meet, on the other
+hand, with instances in which money is not power. Money does not give
+talent or intelligence. You cannot buy good government, good manners, or
+good taste: You cannot buy health or life. Do some of you remember the
+shipwreck, some twenty years ago, of a steamer homeward-bound from
+California? The few survivors told how the desperate passengers brought
+their belts and bags of gold to the cabin, and threw them about with a
+bitter contempt of their worthlessness. States have such shipwrecks, in
+which avenging Fate seems to say to those who have sacrificed all for
+wealth, "Thy money perish with thee."
+
+The heroics of history are full of the story of great ends, accomplished
+by very small means. Now a handful of resolute men hold the forces of a
+great empire in check, and beat back the ocean surge of barbarism from
+the marble of their strong will. Now a single martyr turns the scale of
+the world's affection by throwing into the balance the weight of one
+small life. Now a State with every disadvantage of territory, cursed
+with sterility, or exposed to the murderous overflow of the salt sea,
+takes its stand upon the simple determination to conquer for itself a
+free and worthy existence. Frederick of Prussia and his small army,
+Washington, with his handful of men, in these and so many other
+instances, we admire the attainment of mighty ends through means which
+seem infinitesimal in proportion to them. How shall it be in our
+country, to which Nature has given the widest variety of climate, soil,
+and production? Shall we become a lesson to the world in the opposite
+direction? Shall we show how little a people may accomplish with every
+circumstance in its favor, and with nothing wanting to its success but
+the careful mind and resolute spirit? God forbid!
+
+The belief in pacific methods of settling international differences has
+made a noticeable progress in my time.
+
+In my school-days I remember a grave Presbyterian household at whose
+fireside I one day saw an elderly man seat himself, with little notice
+from the members of the family. I inquired who he might be, and was
+told, with some good-natured laughter, that this old gentleman was the
+American Peace Society, _i.e._, the last surviving member of that
+association. This was a humorous exaggeration of the truth. Judge Jay,
+of New York, was living at that time, and all the enthusiasm of the
+peace cause lived in him, and no doubt in many others. I have remembered
+the incident, nevertheless; and when I have seen the stately Peace
+Congresses held in Europe and elsewhere, when I have seen rapacious
+England submitting to arbitration, when I have seen the flag of military
+prestige go down before the white banner of Peace, as in the late change
+of the ministry in that country, I have remembered that day of small
+things, and have learned that the faith of individuals is the small seed
+from which spring the mighty growths of popular conviction and sympathy.
+
+The extensive wars which have taken place within the last forty years,
+as extensive and as deadly as any the world ever saw, are sometimes
+quoted in derision of those who believe, as I do, in the sober, steady
+growth of the pacific spirit among people of intelligence. The reasons
+for this advance lie deeper than the vision of the careless observer may
+reach. Within the period of our own century the value of human life to
+the individual has been greatly increased by the wide diffusion of the
+advantages of civilization. The value of the individual to the State has
+become greatly increased by the multiplication of industrial resources,
+and by the immense emigration which at times threatens to drain the
+older society of its working population. The spread of education has at
+once undermined the blind belief of the multitude in military leaders,
+and toned down the blind ferocity of instinct to which those leaders are
+forced to appeal. Wars of mere spoliation are scarcely permitted to-day.
+Wars of pure offence are deeply disapproved of.
+
+The military and diplomatic injustice of past times has left unsettled
+many questions of territory and boundary which will not rest until they
+shall be set right. The populations which war has plundered and
+subjugated, lay their cause before the world's tribunal. In aid of this,
+the friends of the true law and order are ever busy in forming a nucleus
+of moral power, which governments will be forced to respect. Thus,
+though the war-demon dies hard, he is doomed, and we shall yet see the
+battlements of his grim cathedrals places for lovers to woo and for
+babes to play in.
+
+In religion I have seen the dark ministrations of terror give way before
+the radiant gospel of hope. I remember when Doctrine sat beside the bed
+of death, and offered its flimsy synonym to the eyes upon which the
+awful, eternal truth was about to dawn. I remember when a man with a
+poor diploma and a human commission assumed to hold the keys of heaven
+and hell in his hands, and to dispense to those who would listen to him
+such immortality as he thought fit. I remember when it went hard with
+those who, in forming their religious opinions, persisted in daring to
+use the critical power of their own judgment. They were lonely saints;
+they wandered in highways and byways, unrecognized, excommunicated of
+men. No one had power to burn their bodies, but it was hoped that their
+souls would not escape the torment of eternal flame. I have seen this
+time, and I have lived to see a time in which these rejected stones,
+hewn and polished by God's hand, have come to be recognized as
+corner-stones in the practical religious building of the age. What a
+discredit was it once to hear Theodore Parker! How happy are they now
+esteemed who have heard him! Let not Mr. Emerson's urbanity lead him to
+forget the days in which polite Boston laughed him to scorn. Brook Farm
+was once looked upon as a most amusing caricature. But when the world
+learned something about Nathaniel Hawthorne, George Ripley, William
+Henry Channing, John Dwight, and George William Curtis, the public heart
+bowed itself with remorseful homage before the ruined threshold of what
+was, with all its shortcomings, a blameless temple to ideal humanity.
+
+It is quite true that every change which I have seen in the society of
+my time cannot be said to be, in itself, for the better. The price of
+progress, like that of liberty, is eternal vigilance.
+
+A time of religious enfranchisement may induce a period of religious
+indifference. Cosmopolitan enlargement may weaken the force of
+patriotism. The charity of society may degenerate into an indifference
+concerning private morals, which, if it could prevail, would go far
+towards destroying public ones. Humanity ever needs the watchman on the
+tower. It needs the warning against danger, the guidance out of it. I
+can imagine a set of prophets less absolute than the Hebrew seers, whose
+denunciation of evils, near or present, should always couple itself with
+profound and sober suggestions of help. And this will be the work of
+faith in our day, to believe in the good which can overcome the evil,
+and to seek it with earnest and brave persistence.
+
+Let me return for a moment, very briefly, to what I touched upon just
+now, the great changes in religious thought which this century has
+witnessed. What manifold contrasts have we observed in this domain! What
+a wild and wide chase in the fields of conjecture! What impatience with
+the idols of the past, historical and metaphysical! There have been
+moments in the last twenty years in which one might have said to the
+religious ideals of past ages that the time had come in which every one
+who raised his hand against them thought that he was doing God service.
+This iconoclasm had its time, and, one supposes, its office.
+
+But the religious necessities of mankind are permanent, and will outlast
+any and all systems of pure criticism. The question arises, in all this
+havoc of illusory impressions, Who is to provide for the culture and
+direction of those instincts of reverence which are so precious to, so
+ineradicable in the race? We must ask this service of those who believe
+that religion is, on the whole, wiser than its critics. Those who have
+been able to hold fast this persuasion will be the religious trainers of
+our youth. Those who have relinquished it will have no more skill to
+teach religion than a sculptor will have to feed an army.
+
+The greatest trouble with human society is, that its natural tendency
+leads it, not to learn right measure through one excess, but, on
+becoming convinced of this, to rush into an opposite excess with equal
+zeal and equal error. The mechanism of society requires constant
+correction in order to keep up the succession of order and progress
+through and despite this proneness to extravagance and loss of power.
+This rectification of direction without interruption of movement is the
+office of critical and constructive thought. Precious are the men, and
+rare as precious, who carry this balance in their minds, and, while the
+ship lurches now on this side and now on that, strain after the compass
+with masterful courage and patience. We have all known such men, but we
+have known, too, that their type is not a common one.
+
+Among all who are out of work to-day, so far as the market is concerned,
+those men of careful and critical judgment are the least called for, and
+the least wished for by the majority of men. Headlong enthusiasm,
+headlong activity, headlong doubt and cynicism, the prevalence of these
+shows the force with which the present whirl of the spindle was cast.
+Fair and softly, my quick-flying Century. To find out whether you are
+going right or wrong, whether you are faithful or faithless, solvent or
+bankrupt, you must have recourse to these same slow, patient men and
+women, who try such questions by a more accurate and difficult method
+than that of the popular inclination.
+
+I find that the philosopher Kant, writing more than a hundred years ago,
+remarks that in so sociable an age as his own Culture must naturally be
+expected to assume an encyclopedic character. It will, he says,
+necessarily desire to present a manifold number of agreeable and
+instructive acquisitions, easy of apprehension, for entertainment in
+friendly intercourse.
+
+These words seem prophetic of the efforts after general information,
+with a view to conversation as an accomplishment, which have constituted
+a marked feature of American and English society within forty years. In
+the dissolving view of the public predilection, this object has lost
+much of its prominence. The ornate and well-rounded periods of the
+conversationist are not more in request, nowadays, than were the
+high-sounding sentiments of Joseph Surface to Sir Peter Teazle, when
+experience had shown him their emptiness.
+
+Blunt speech and curt expression rather are in favor. The heroines of
+novels are supposed to fall in love with men of a somewhat brutal type.
+Adonis is out of fashion. Hercules pleases, and even Vulcan is
+preferred. One thinks that the influence of the mercantile spirit may be
+recognized in this change. Long speeches and roundabout statements are
+found not to pay. The man who listens to them with one ear, hearkens
+with the other for the ocean telegrams, news of the stock market,
+considers the maturing of a note, the success or failure of a scheme.
+When there is no one to listen, loquacity itself will grow economical of
+breath.
+
+The world is quite right in its tacit protest against over talk. A great
+deal of empty, irrelevant speech is liable to be imposed upon the
+good-nature of society in the garb of instructive conversation. It is
+weary to listen by the hour to men or women who principally teach you
+their own opinion of their own erudition. But woe to the world if its
+haste and greed should ever be such that the true teacher should want an
+audience, the long lessons of philosophy find interpreters, but no
+pupils.
+
+The present is, on the whole, an encyclopedic, cosmopolitan era. I
+suppose that it succeeds as a reaction to one of more special and
+isolated endeavor. The example and influence of Goethe have had much to
+do with the formation of the ideas of culture which have been prevalent
+in our time. This wonderful man went, with such a happy tact, from one
+thing to another. In poetry he did so much, in high criticism so much,
+in science so much, and in world-wisdom so much! How naturally were the
+lovers of study, who made him their model, led to undertake, as he did,
+to render the most eminent service, to attain the highest honors in a
+dozen different departments!
+
+But the man Goethe was more wonderful even than his writings. His
+individuality was too powerful to suffer loss through the variety of his
+pursuits. He could be at once a courtier and a philosopher, a poet and a
+scientist, a critic of morals and a man of the world, and in all things
+remain himself.
+
+I sometimes wonder why we Americans are so apt to show, in our conduct
+and remarks, an undue preponderance of what the phrenologists term love
+of approbation. This is an amiable and useful trait in human nature,
+which may degenerate into a weak and cowardly vanity, or even into a
+malignant selfishness. To desire the approbation which can enlighten us
+as to the merits of what we have done or attempted, is wise as well as
+graceful. To make constant laudation a prominent object in any life is a
+capital mistake in its ordering. To prefer the praise of men to the
+justification of conscience, is at once cowardly and criminal. I observe
+these three phases in American life. I value the first, compassionate
+the second, and reprobate the third. Surely, if there is any virtue
+which a republican people is bound to show, it is that self-respect
+which is the only true majesty, and which can afford to be as generous
+and gracious as majesty should be.
+
+It is, perhaps, natural that many of us should, through a want of
+experience, mistake the standpoint of people conspicuous in the older
+European society as greatly superior to our own. We can learn much,
+indeed, from the observation of such a standpoint; but, in order to do
+so, we must hold fast our own plain, honest judgment, as we derive it
+from education, inheritance, and natural ability.
+
+It must, I should think, be very tedious and very surprising to
+Europeans to hear Americans complain of being so young, so crude, so
+immature. This is not according to nature. Imagine a nursery full of
+babies who should bewail the fact of their infancy. Any one who should
+hear such a complaint would cry out, "Why, that's the best thing about
+you. You have the newness, the promise, the unwasted vigor of
+childhood,--gifts so great that Christ enjoined it upon holy men to
+recover, if they had lost them."
+
+If our society is young, its motto should be the saying of Saint Paul to
+Timothy, "Let no man despise thy youth." The great men of our early
+history deserve to rank with the ripest products of civilization. Was
+Washington crude? Was Franklin raw? Were Jay, Jefferson, and Hamilton
+immature? The authorities of the older world bowed down to them, and did
+them homage. The Republicans of France laid the key of the Bastille at
+the feet of Washington. Franklin was honored and admired in the court
+circle of Louis XVI. There was a twofold reason for this. These men
+represented the power and vigor of our youth; but our youth itself
+represented the eternal principles of truth and justice, for whose
+application the world had waited long. And thinking people saw in us the
+dignity of that right upon which we had founded our hope and belief as a
+nation.
+
+I will instance a single event of which I heard much during my last
+visit in Rome. A German, naturalized in America, and who had made a
+large fortune by a railroad contract in South America, had purchased
+from some European government the title of "Count." He was betrothed to
+the sister-in-law of a well-known California millionnaire, whose wife
+has been for some years a resident of Paris, where her silver, her
+diamonds, and her costly entertainments are matters of general remark.
+All of these parties are Roman Catholics. The wedding took place in
+Rome, and was signalized by a festival, at which twelve horses, belong
+to the bridegroom, were ridden in a race, whose prizes were bestowed by
+the hand of the bride. The invitations for this occasion were largely
+distributed by a monsignor of the Romish Church, and the king of Italy
+honored the newly married pair by his presence.
+
+Not long after this, I read in the Italian papers that this very count
+had become a candidate for a seat in the Italian Parliament. I suppose
+that money will assist an election as much in Italy as elsewhere. The
+monsignor who interested himself so efficiently about the invitations
+for the wedding party, was none other than the master of ceremonies of
+Pope Leo XIII. He would, no doubt, have taken even greater interest in
+the return of his friend to the Parliament. I do not know whether this
+gentleman has ever succeeded in usurping the place of a representative
+of the Italian people; but the chance of his being able to do so lay in
+the American gold of which he had become possessed. Here is one instance
+of the direct relations between Rome and America which Americans so
+placidly overlook.
+
+In this day of the world hope is so strong, and the desire for an
+improved condition so prevalent, that much may be looked for in Europe
+as the result of the legitimate action and influence of America. But if
+American capital busies itself with upholding the shams of the old
+world, if American taste and talent are led and pledged to work with the
+reactionary agents everywhere against the enfranchisement of the human
+race, where shall the hope of the world find refuge?
+
+Goldsmith has a touching picture of the emigrants who, in his time, were
+compelled to leave the country which would not feed them, for a distant
+bourne, which could, by no means, be to them a home. But let us assist
+at the embarkation of another group of exiles. These people have been
+living abroad, and are about to return home. The rich, beautiful land
+whose discovery has changed the fortunes of the human race, invites them
+on the other side of the Atlantic. The flag which represents the noblest
+chapter of modern history waves over them.
+
+From dynastic, aristocratic Europe they go to inherit the work of an
+ancestry heroic in thought and action. They go to the land which still
+boasts a Longfellow, a Whittier, an Emerson, a Harriet Beecher Stowe.
+Are they glad? Are they happy? No. They have learned the follies of the
+old world, not its wisdom. They are not going home,--they are going into
+exile.
+
+Let us look a little at their record in the Europe which they regret so
+passionately. They went abroad with money, and the education which it
+commands, with leisure and health. What good deeds may they not have
+done! What gratifying remembrance may they have left behind them! Shall
+we not find them recorded as donors to many a noble charity, as students
+in many a lofty school? We shalt indeed, sometimes. But in many cases we
+shall hear only of their fine clothes and expensive entertainments, with
+possible mortifying anecdotes of their fast behavior.
+
+If the mother leaves a daughter behind her, it is likely to be as the
+wife of some needy European nobleman, who despises all that she is bound
+to hold dear, and is proud not to know that which it should be her glory
+to understand.
+
+I said at Concord, and I say it to-day, that the press is much affected
+by the money debauch of the period. Let us examine the way in which this
+result is likely to be brought about.
+
+A newspaper or periodical is almost always an investment in which the
+idea of gain is very prominent. This expectation may either regard what
+the proposed paper shall earn as a medium of information, or the profit
+of certain enterprises which its statements may actively promote.
+
+Special organs are founded for special emergencies, as is a campaign
+sheet, or for the advocate of special reforms, like the antislavery
+"Standard" of old, and the "Woman's Journal" of to-day. These papers
+rarely repay either the money advanced for them, or the literary labor
+bestowed upon them.
+
+Under the head of its earnings the newspaper depends upon two classes of
+persons, viz., its advertisers and its subscribers. Either or both of
+these may be displeased by the emphatic mention of some certain fact,
+the expression of some certain opinion. "If we tell this unwelcome
+truth," say the managers, "we shall lose such and such subscribers. If
+we take this stand, some of our wealthiest advertising firms will choose
+another medium of communicating with the public." The other set of
+considerations just spoken of, the enterprises which are to be favored
+and promoted, may still more seriously affect the tone and action of the
+paper, which will thus be drawn in a twofold way to lend itself to the
+publication only of what it will pay to say.
+
+The annals of journalism in this country will, no doubt, show a fair
+average of courageous and conscientious men among its chiefs. I am
+willing to believe all things and to hope all things in this direction.
+But I must confess that I fear all things, too, in view of a great
+power, whose position makes it almost an irresponsible one. And I should
+regard with great favor the formation of an unofficial censorship of
+public organs, in view not so much of what may be published, as of what
+is unfairly left out of the statements and counterstatements of
+conflicting interests.
+
+Of all the changes which I can chronicle as of my own time, the change
+in the position of women is perhaps the most marked and the least
+anticipated by the world at large. Whatever opinions heroic men and
+women may have held concerning this from Plato's time to our own, the
+most enlightened periods of history have hardly given room to hope that
+the sex in general would ever reach the enfranchisement which it enjoys
+to-day. I date the assurance of its freedom from the hour in which the
+first university received women graduates upon the terms accorded to
+pupils of the opposite sex. For education keeps the key of life, and a
+liberal education insures the first conditions of freedom, viz.,
+adequate knowledge and accustomed thought. This first and greatest step
+gained, the gate of professional knowledge and experience quickly
+opened, and that of political enfranchisement stands already ajar. The
+battle can have but one result, and it has been fought, with chivalrous
+temper and determination, not by one sex against the other, but by the
+very gospel of fairness and justice against the intrenched might of
+selfish passion, inertia, and prejudice. Equal conditions of life will
+lift the whole level of society, which is so entirely one body that the
+lifting or lowering of one half lifts or lowers the other half. This
+change, which in the end appeared to come suddenly, has been prepared by
+such gradual tentatives, by such long and sound labor, that we need not
+fear to lose sight of it in any sudden collapse. There are women of my
+age, and women of earlier generations, who have borne it in their hearts
+all their lives through, who have prayed and worked for it, without rest
+and without discouragement. Horace Mann was its apostle, Theodore Parker
+was its prophet, Margaret Fuller, Lucy Stone, and a host of wise and
+true-hearted women, whom the time would fail me to name, have been its
+female saints. It was in nature; they have brought it into life; even as
+Christ said, "My Father worketh hitherto, and I work." The slender
+thread which crossed the dark abyss of difficulty was not the silken
+spinning of vanity, nor the cobweb fibre of madness. From the faith of
+pure hearts the steadfast links were wrought, and the great chasm is
+spanned, and is ready to become the strong and sure highway of hope, for
+this nation and for the nations of the earth.
+
+The customs of society prescribe the mental garb and gait proper to
+those who desire the favorable notice of their peers in their own time.
+As these are partly matters of tradition and inheritance, we can learn
+something of the merits and demerits of a generation by studying the
+habits of familiar judgment which it hands down to its successor. A
+narrow, ill-educated generation leaves behind it corresponding garments
+of rule and prescription, to which the next generation must for a time
+accommodate itself, because a custom or a fashion is not made in a day.
+The rulers of society seem often more occupied in dwarfing the mind to
+suit the custom than in enlarging the custom so as to fit it to the
+growth of mind. The most dangerous rebellions, individual and social,
+are natural revolts against the small tyranny which perpetuates the
+insufficiency of the past.
+
+The copper shoes which so cramp the foot of a female infant in China as
+to destroy its power of growth, are not more cruel or deleterious than
+are the habits of unreflecting prejudice which compress the growth of
+human minds until they, too, lose their native power of expansion, and
+the idol Prejudice is enthroned and worshipped by those on whom it has
+imposed its own deformity as the standard of truth and beauty.
+
+The heavy tasks which nature imposes upon women leave them less at
+leisure than men to reform and readjust these inherited garments. The
+necessity for prompt and early action obliges them to follow the
+intuitive faculties, as all must do who have not time to work out the
+problems of the reasoning ones. The instinct of possession is a ruling
+one in human nature, and a woman inheriting a superstition or a
+prejudice holds fast to it because it is something, and she has got it.
+It seems to her a possession. It may be a mischievous and unfortunate
+one, but it will take a good deal of time and thought to find that out.
+Those who have the training of women's minds often train them away from
+such a use of time and from such a labor of thought. Hence the fatal
+persistence of large classes of women in superstitions which the
+thinking world has outgrown, and the equally fatal zeal with which they
+impose the same insufficient modes of judgment upon their children.
+
+I pray this generation of women, which has seen such enlargements of the
+old narrow order regarding the sex, I pray it to deserve its high post
+as guardian of the future. Let it bequeath to its posterity a noble
+standard of womanhood, free, pure, and, above all, laborious.
+
+The standard of manhood really derives from that of womanhood, and not
+_vice versa_, as many imagine. However we may receive from tradition the
+order of their material creation, in that of training and education,
+the woman's influence comes before that of the man, and outlasts it.
+
+The figure of the infant Christ dwells always in our mind, accompanied
+by that of the gracious mother who gave Him to the world. Let the fact
+of this great gift prefigure to us the august office of Woman. Hers be
+it also to preserve and transmit from age to age the Christian doctrine
+and the Christlike faith. And, in order that she may fully realize the
+glory and blessedness of giving, let her remember that what is worthily
+given to one time is given to all time.
+
+
+               *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                  UNIFORM WITH ARNOLD'S POEMS.
+
+
+         THE LIGHT OF ASIA; OR, The Great Renunciation.
+
+    Being the Life and Teaching of Gautama, Prince of India and Founder
+        of Buddhism (as told in verse by an Indian Buddhist).
+
+                     BY EDWIN ARNOLD, M.A.
+
+    "It is a work of great beauty. It tells a story of
+    intense interest, which never flags for a moment; its
+    descriptions are drawn by the hand of a master with the
+    eye of a poet and the familiarity of an expert with the
+    objects described; its tone is so lofty that there is
+    nothing with which to compare it but the New Testament;
+    it is full of variety, now picturesque, now pathetic,
+    now rising into the noblest realms of thought and
+    aspiration; it finds language penetrating, fluent,
+    elevated, impassioned, musical always, to clothe its
+    varied thoughts and sentiments."--OLIVER WENDELL
+    HOLMES, _International Review_, October, 1879.
+
+    "In Mr. Edwin Arnold, Indian poetry and Indian thought
+    have at length found a worthy English exponent. He
+    brings to his work the facility of a ready pen, a
+    thorough knowledge of his subject, a great sympathy for
+    the people of this country, and a command of public
+    attention at home."--_Calcutta Englishman._
+
+    "'The Light of Asia' is a remarkable poem, and worthy of
+    a place amongst the great poems of our time. Mr. Arnold
+    is far more than 'a coiner of sweet words'--he is the
+    exponent of noble impressions. He is a scholar and a
+    philosopher; but he is also a true singer."--_London
+    Daily Telegraph._
+
+
+    LIBRARY EDITION. 16mo. Cloth. Price       $1.00
+    CHEAP EDITION. 16mo. Paper. Price           .25
+
+    ROBERTS BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+           _Messrs. Roberts Brothers' Publications._
+
+                   ON THE RIGHT USE OF BOOKS.
+
+    A LECTURE. By WILLIAM P. ATKINSON, Professor of English
+    and History in the Massachusetts Institute of
+    Technology. 16mo. Cloth. Price 50 cents.
+
+      "Full of good sense, sound taste, and quiet
+      humor.... It is the easiest thing in the world to
+      waste time over books, which are merely tools of
+      knowledge like any other tools.... It is the
+      function of a good book not only to fructify, but
+      to inspire, not only to fill the memory with
+      evanescent treasures, but to enrich the imagination
+      with forms of beauty and goodness which leave a
+      lasting impression on the character."--_N. Y.
+      Tribune._
+
+      "Contains so many wise suggestions concerning
+      methods in study and so excellent a summary of the
+      nature and principles of a really liberal education
+      that it well deserves publication for the benefit of
+      the reading public. Though it makes only a slight
+      volume, its quality in thought and style is so
+      admirable that all who are interested in the subject
+      of good education will give to it a prominent and
+      honorable position among the many books upon
+      education which have recently been published. For it
+      takes only a brief reading to perceive that in this
+      single lecture the results of wide experience in
+      teaching and of long study of the true principles of
+      education are generalized and presented in a few
+      pages, each one of which contains so much that it
+      might be easily expanded into an excellent
+      chapter."--_The Library Table._
+
+
+                     READING AS A FINE ART.
+
+    By ERNEST LEGOUVE, of the Academie Francaise.
+    Translated from the Ninth Edition by ABBY LANGDON
+    ALGER. 16mo. Cloth. 50 cents.
+
+
+                        (_Dedication._)
+         TO THE SCHOLARS OF THE HIGH AND NORMAL SCHOOL.
+
+      For you this sketch was written: permit me to
+      dedicate it to you, in fact, to intrust it to your
+      care. Pupils to-day, to-morrow you will be
+      teachers; to-morrow, generation after generation of
+      youth will pass through your guardian hands. An
+      idea received by you must of necessity reach
+      thousands of minds. Help me, then, to spread abroad
+      the work in which you have some share, and allow me
+      to add to the great pleasure of having numbered you
+      among my hearers the still greater happiness of
+      calling you my assistants. E. LEGOUVE.
+
+      We commend this valuable little book to the
+      attention of teachers and others interested in the
+      instruction of the pupils of our public schools. It
+      treats of the "First Steps in Reading," "Learning-to
+      Read," "Should we read as we talk," "The Use and
+      Management of the Voice," "The Art of Breathing,"
+      "Pronunciation," "Stuttering," "Punctuation,"
+      "Readers and Speakers," "Reading as a Means of
+      Criticism," "On Reading Poetry," &c., and makes a
+      strong claim as to the value of reading aloud, as
+      being the most wholesome of gymnastics, for to
+      strengthen the voice is to strengthen the whole
+      system and develop vocal power.
+
+    _Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, by the
+    Publishers_,
+
+                   ROBERTS BROTHERS, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+                  THE NO NAME (SECOND) SERIES.
+                   SIGNOR MONALDINI'S NIECE.
+
+      _Extracts from some Opinions by well-known Authors._
+
+    "We have read 'Signor Monaldini's Niece' with intensest
+    interest and delight. The style is finished and
+    elegant, the atmosphere of the book is enchanting. We
+    seem to have lived in Italy while we were reading it.
+    The author has delineated with a hand as steady as it
+    is powerful and skilful some phases of human life and
+    experience that authors rarely dare attempt, and with
+    marvellous success. We think this volume by far the
+    finest of the No Name Series."
+
+    "It is a delicious story. I feel as if I had been to
+    Italy and knew all the people.... Miss Conroy is a
+    strong character, and her tragedy is a fine background
+    for the brightness of the other and higher natures. It
+    is all so dramatic and full of color it goes on like a
+    lovely play and leaves one out of breath when the
+    curtain falls."
+
+    "I have re-read it with great interest, and think as
+    highly of it as ever.... The characterization in it is
+    capital, and the talk wonderfully well done from first
+    to last."
+
+    "The new No Name is enchanting. It transcends the
+    ordinary novel just as much as a true poem by a true
+    poet transcends the thousand and one imitations.... It
+    is the episode, however, of Miss Conroy and Mrs. Brandon
+    that is really of most importance in this book.... I
+    hope every woman who reads this will be tempted to read
+    the book, and that she will in her turn bring it to the
+    reading of other women, especially if she can find any
+    Mrs. Brandon in her circle."
+
+    In one volume, 16mo, bound in green cloth, black and
+    gilt lettered. Price $1.00.
+
+    _Our publications are to be had of all Booksellers. When
+    not to be found, send directly to_
+
+                                   ROBERTS BROTHERS, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+                    The No Name (Second) Series.
+
+
+                     THE COLONEL'S OPERA CLOAK.
+
+    "A jollier, brighter, breezier, more entertaining book
+    than 'The Colonel's Opera Cloak' has not been published
+    for many a day. We defy the coldest-blooded reader to
+    lay it down before it is finished, or to read it
+    through without feeling his time well spent. There is
+    plenty of satire in its pages, but it is good-natured
+    satire. The characters are sharply drawn--some of them
+    from nature, we fancy--and there is spice enough in the
+    way of incident to satisfy the most exacting palate. Of
+    course, everybody will read it, and, in that
+    presumption, we promise everybody two hours of thorough
+    enjoyment."--_Boston Transcript._
+
+    "The No Name Series abounds in contrasts, and that
+    between 'Signor Monaldini's Niece' and the present story
+    is among the most decided it has offered. This we do not
+    mention by way of disparagement. On the contrary, we can
+    see a distinctive merit in a series which includes so
+    much variety of aim and interest as this does, without
+    any regard for the conventional demand that a succession
+    of stories in the same binding should all be of one
+    school and in something the same tone. We can see why an
+    admirer of the last novel may at first be taken aback by
+    the light tone of this, and in so far disappointed; but
+    we shall expend no sympathy on that person. 'The
+    Colonel's Opera Cloak' is a bright and thoroughly
+    alluring little book, with which it would be foolish to
+    find fault on any score. And, more than that, it is well
+    written and brimming over with wit. The notion of a
+    story in which there is avowedly no hero or heroine
+    excepting an old opera cloak, is clever, and, so far as
+    we know, quite new.... We can assure every one who
+    wishes the double pleasure of laughter and literary
+    enjoyment, that this is one of the books to carry to the
+    country."--_Boston Courier._
+
+    "The author's touch is always that of the artist; it
+    always has the magic power of portraying individual men
+    and women, never giving us shadowy outlines, however few
+    or hurried the strokes of the pencil may be, and saying
+    this we say that the author of 'The Colonel's Opera
+    Cloak' has in large measure the best and most necessary
+    qualification for doing really fine work in fiction. If
+    he is still young, as certain things in his story
+    indicate that he is, his future efforts may well be
+    looked for hopefully."--_N.Y. Evening Post._
+
+
+    In one volume. 16mo. Green cloth. Price $1.00.
+
+    _Our publications are to be had of all Booksellers.
+              When not to be found, send directly to_
+                        ROBERTS BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, =BOSTON=.
+
+
+
+
+                     SARAH TYTLER'S ART BOOKS.
+
+
+                 THE OLD MASTERS AND THEIR PICTURES.
+
+
+                MODERN PAINTERS AND THEIR PAINTINGS.
+
+    By SARAH TYTLER, author of "Papers for Thoughtful Girls."
+    16mo. Cloth, neat. Price of each, $1.50.
+
+      Designed for the use of Schools and Learners in Art,
+      and extensively used in Academies, Seminaries, &c.,
+      throughout the country.
+
+      "An excellent introduction to the history of
+      art."--_Daily News._
+
+      "These two books give in a simple and concise manner
+      the prominent facts that every one who desires to be
+      well informed should know about the great artists of
+      the world. For beginners in art and for school use
+      they are valuable."--_Courier-Journal._
+
+      "Really supplies what has long been a want."--_British
+      Quarterly Review._
+
+      "We are not aware of any work of the kind written with
+      so much intelligence which yet is so
+      untechnical."--_Nonconformist._
+
+      "Too much praise cannot be given the conscientious
+      manner in which the author has worked. There is no
+      obtrusion of useless details or of unwelcome
+      criticism; but in very pleasant style, with clear and
+      well-defined purpose, the story of the growth and
+      progress of art is told through the lives and works of
+      artists. The volumes are most agreeable reading and
+      profitable study."--_Boston Post._
+
+
+                 MUSICAL COMPOSERS AND THEIR WORKS.
+
+    For the Use of Schools and Students in America. By
+    SARAH TYTLER. 1 vol. 16mo. $1.50.
+
+      In this unostentatious but carefully written volume,
+      the author of "Old Masters" and "Modern Painters" has
+      given a simple account of the great musicians of the
+      world and of their works. The book is designed more
+      especially for the use of young people in the course
+      of their musical education, but the author
+      trusts--and with very good reason--that it will
+      commend itself also to older people, who are
+      interested in the subject, but who have not time or
+      opportunity to refer to original sources of
+      information. Not the least attractive portion of the
+      work is the sketch of Wagner with which it closes.
+
+
+
+
+                         [Illustration]
+
+                        "NO NAME SERIES."
+
+                 _The First Series, completed_,
+                 COMPRISES TWELVE NOVELS, VIZ.,
+
+    MERCY PHILBRICK'S CHOICE.      HETTY'S STRANGE HISTORY.
+    IS THAT ALL?                   WILL DENBIGH, EMAN.
+    KISMET.                        THE WOLF AT THE DOOR.
+    THE GREAT MATCH.               MARMORNE.
+    A MODERN MEPHISTOPHELES.       MIRAGE.
+    AFTERGLOW.                     GEMINI.
+
+                   AND TWO POETICAL VOLUMES:
+
+    DEIRDRE. A Novel in Verse.
+
+    A MASQUE OF POETS. Original Poems, by Fifty Poets,
+    written specially for this book; including "GUY VERNON,"
+    an entire Novelette in verse.
+
+    Fourteen volumes in all, uniformly bound in black cloth,
+    red and gilt lettered. Price $1.00 each.
+
+
+    NO NAME [SECOND] SERIES.
+
+    The new series will retain all the peculiar features
+    which made the first so popular, differing from it only
+    in the style of binding. Now ready,
+
+                             SIGNOR MONALDINI'S NIECE,
+                                 THE COLONEL'S OPERA CLOAK,
+                                     HIS MAJESTY, MYSELF,
+                                         MRS. BEAUCHAMP BROWN,
+            Price $1.00 each.               SALVAGE.
+
+        _Our publications are to be had of all booksellers.
+              When not to be found send directly to_
+
+           ROBERTS BROTHERS, Publishers, BOSTON.
+
+
+
+
+
+                     THE "NO NAME SERIES."
+
+                     KISMET. A Nile Novel.
+
+
+    Opinions, generous tributes to genius, by well-known authors
+    whose names are withheld.
+
+      "Well, I have read 'Kismet,' and it is certainly
+      very remarkable. The story is interesting,--any
+      well-told love story is, you know,--but the book
+      itself is a great deal more so. Descriptively and
+      sentimentally,--I use the word with entire
+      respect,--it is, in spots, fairly exquisite. It
+      seems to me all glowing and overflowing with what
+      the French call _beaute du diable_.... The
+      conversations are very clever, and the wit is often
+      astonishingly like the wit of an accomplished man
+      of the world. One thing which seems to me to show
+      promise--great promise, if you will--for the future
+      is that the author can not only reproduce the
+      conversation of one brilliant man, but can make two
+      men talk together as if they _were_ men,--not women
+      in manly clothes."
+
+      "It is a charming book. I have read it twice, and
+      looked it over again, and I wish I had it all new to
+      sit up with to-night. It is so fresh and sweet and
+      innocent and joyous, the dialogue is so natural and
+      bright, the characters so keenly edged, and the
+      descriptions so poetic. I don't know when I have
+      enjoyed any thing more,--never since I went sailing
+      up the Nile with Harriet Martineau.... You must give
+      the author love and greeting from one of the
+      fraternity. The hand that gives us _this_ pleasure
+      will give us plenty more of an improving quality
+      every year, I think."
+
+      "'Kismet' is indeed a delightful story, the best of
+      the series undoubtedly."
+
+      "If 'Kismet' is the first work of a young lady, as
+      reported, it shows a great gift of language, and
+      powers of description and of insight into character
+      and life quite uncommon.... Of the whole series so
+      far, I think 'Mercy Philbrick's Choice' is the best,
+      because it has, beside literary merit, some moral
+      tone and vigor. Still there are capabilities in the
+      writer of 'Kismet' even higher than in that of the
+      writer of 'Mercy Philbrick's Choice.'"
+
+      "I liked it extremely. It is the best in the series
+      so far, except in construction, in which 'Is That
+      All?' slight as it is, seems to me superior.
+      'Kismet' is winning golden opinions everywhere. I
+      have nothing but praises for it, and have nothing
+      but praise to give it."
+
+      "I have read 'Kismet' once, and mean to read it
+      again. It is thoroughly charming, and will be a
+      success."
+
+      One volume, bound in cardinal red and black. Price
+      $1.00.
+
+    Our publications are to be had of all booksellers. When
+    not to be found, send directly to
+
+                                      ROBERTS BROTHERS,
+                                      Publishers, Boston.
+
+
+
+
+                   PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT.
+              _From the Boston Daily Advertiser._
+
+
+                     THE "NO NAME SERIES."
+
+    "LEIGH HUNT, _in his 'Indicator,' has a pleasant
+    chapter on the difficulty he encountered in seeking a
+    suitable and fresh title for a collection of his
+    miscellaneous writings. Messrs. Roberts Brothers have
+    just overcome a similar difficulty in the simplest
+    manner. In selecting_ "NO NAME," _they have selected
+    the very best title possible for a series of Original
+    American Novels and Tales, to be published Anonymously.
+    These novels are to be written by eminent authors, and
+    in each case the authorship of the work is to remain an
+    inviolable secret. "No Name" describes the Series
+    perfectly. No name will help the novel, or the story,
+    to success. Its success will depend solely on the
+    writer's ability to catch and retain the reader's
+    interest. Several of the most distinguished writers of
+    American fiction have agreed to contribute to the
+    Series, the initial volume of which is now in press.
+    Its appearance will certainly be awaited with
+    curiosity_."
+
+                         [Illustration]
+
+    The plan thus happily foreshadowed will be immediately
+    inaugurated by the publication of "MERCY PHILBRICK'S
+    CHOICE," from the pen of a well-known and successful
+    writer of fiction.
+
+    It is intended to include in the Series a volume of
+    anonymous poems from famous hands, to be written
+    especially for it.
+
+    The "No Name Series" will be issued at convenient
+    intervals, in handsome library form, 16mo, cloth, price
+    $1.00 each.
+
+
+                  ROBERTS BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.
+                    BOSTON, Midsummer, 1876.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+                      TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+
+    Punctuation has been normalized.
+
+    On page 52 "immediatly" changed to "immediately".
+      "... the generation immediately preceding my own."
+
+    On page 54 "self-dicipline" changed to "self-discipline".
+      "Without self-discipline and self-sacrifice...."
+
+    On page 61 "superflous" changed to "superfluous."
+      "... with superfluous irrelevancies...."
+
+    On page 72 "religous" changed to "religious."
+      "... will be the religious trainers...."
+
+    On page 72 capitalization in "Who" retained as printed.
+
+    On page 86 "aginst" changed to "against."
+      "... revolts against the small tyranny...."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Modern Society, by Julia Ward Howe
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN SOCIETY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 36489.txt or 36489.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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