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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On the cattle plague: or, Contagious typhus
+in horned cattle. Its history, origin, desc, by Honoré Bourguignon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: On the cattle plague: or, Contagious typhus in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment
+
+Author: Honoré Bourguignon
+
+Release Date: June 22, 2011 [EBook #36496]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE CATTLE PLAGUE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Kosker, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |             Transcriber's Note:               |
+    |                                               |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the  |
+    | original document have been preserved.        |
+    |                                               |
+    | Greek words are transliterated and marked     |
+    | +like so+.                                    |
+    |                                               |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  ON THE
+  CATTLE PLAGUE:
+  OR,
+  Contagious Typhus in Horned Cattle.
+
+  ITS HISTORY, ORIGIN, DESCRIPTION, AND TREATMENT.
+
+
+
+
+  BY
+  H. BOURGUIGNON,
+
+  Doctor of the Faculté de Paris, Fellow of the Société de Médecine
+    de Paris; Laureate of the Institute of France, Member of the
+    Legion of Honour, etc.
+
+
+
+
+  "Scribo nec ficta, nee picta, sed quæ ratio,
+    sensus et experientia docent."
+
+
+
+
+  PHILADELPHIA:
+  J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
+  LONDON: J CHURCHILL & SONS.
+  1869.
+
+
+
+
+  TO
+  MISS BURDETT COUTTS.
+
+
+  MADAM,
+
+The numerous services which you have rendered, and the interest you have
+shown in the calamitous epizootic which at this moment decimates the
+noble herds of England, have prompted me to dedicate the following pages
+to you, satisfied that I am only giving public expression to the homage
+felt for you by many of your fellow-countrymen.
+
+I have the honour to be, Madam,
+
+  With respect, your obedient servant,
+
+  H. BOURGUIGNON.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Nations, during the successive phases of their evolution on the globe,
+in which they advance from a state of infancy and barbarism to one of
+virility and civilization, from civilization to decadence or senility;
+and from decadence to their final extinction, are liable to numberless
+calamities.
+
+These calamities are produced by moral causes, and are then called
+social Revolutions; and in other instances from physical causes, and
+then they are termed Cataclysms, Epidemics, or Epizootics.
+
+In these crises, the initiative and devotion of individuals, the public
+administration, and the application of knowledge acquired in the Arts
+and Sciences, afford collectively an infallible criterion for
+ascertaining the position which a nation occupies in the scale of
+civilization, and the value of its religious, social, and political
+institutions.
+
+Calamities always leave behind them disasters and victims, but they
+bequeath also a precious legacy. Nations which are called upon for fresh
+and progressive efforts, find in the experience they have gained a new
+source of strength and means of future greatness. I am convinced that
+this will be the case with England; though, helpless for the moment, and
+unable to stay the Cattle Plague which now ravages her entire extent,
+she will in future be found better prepared to resist the inroads of
+such a direful enemy.
+
+No branch of human knowledge has been more rudely tested during the
+present epizootic than medical science. Many persons have been astounded
+at its helplessness; but if they had reflected at what a distance
+medicine has to follow in the wake of the exact sciences by which it is
+furnished with instruments for prosecuting its researches,--that
+organic chemistry progresses but slowly,--that the Cattle Plague was
+entirely unknown to the present generation of medical men in
+England,--and that the means for its scientific and practical study have
+been therefore wholly wanting, they would have been less surprised to
+find that it is as difficult to cure the Cattle Plague as it, is to cure
+phthisis, cancer, hydrophobia, and the cholera, against which medicine
+but too often is of little avail.
+
+In times of great national calamity it behoves every one to contribute
+in proportion to his talents, fortune, or abilities, to alleviate the
+effects of the common misfortune. The poor man's mite, and the honest
+intention of the most insignificant, when added to the budget of common
+efforts, have their relative value; and it is for these reasons that I
+have published the following monograph on the Cattle Plague.
+
+If it assists in any way to the extinction of the present epizootic, or
+if it serve to point out the necessity of combining the study of
+comparative pathology with that of medicine, I shall feel that I have
+contributed something which may favour my claim to be enrolled among the
+citizens of England.
+
+This book, as may easily be seen, was originally written in my native
+language. A few kind and obliging friends--more particularly Mr. Taylor
+Sinnett, Drs. Clapton and Gervis, of St. Thomas's Hospital, and Mr.
+Berridge, of the British Museum--have rendered me the greatest
+assistance in the translation. Without the guidance of such competent
+auxiliaries I could not have performed my arduous task.
+
+I therefore beg to return to those gentlemen, and to all those who have
+assisted me on this occasion, my sincerest and most grateful thanks.
+
+  H. B.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                 PAGE
+
+  Introduction                                                      1
+
+
+  FIRST PART.
+
+  The History of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox, from
+      the remotest Times down to the Present Day                    5
+
+
+  SECOND PART.
+
+  CHAPTER I.--On Typhus Disease in general, and the
+      Typhus which affects the Ox in particular                    72
+
+  CHAPTER II.--The Origin and Causes of the Ox-Typhus              84
+
+  CHAPTER III.--Description of the Contagious Typhus
+      of the Ox; its Symptoms, Course, Progress, &c.              140
+          1. Symptomatic Characteristics                          141
+          2. Lesions found in the Bodies after Death              163
+          3. Diagnosis--Prognosis--Use of the Flesh of
+               Animals--Danger of direct Absorption               173
+          4. General Considerations on the Typhus, and
+               Recapitulation of the Symptoms                     191
+
+      CHAPTER IV.--Treatment of the Ox-Typhus                     206
+          1 & 2. Means and Measures to be employed
+               to resist the Causes of Contagious Typhus
+               of the Bovine Species                              208
+          3. Curative Medication                                  237
+          4. Hygienic Measures to be taken against the
+               Extension of the Contagion--Acts and
+               Orders concerning sanitary Police Regulations      257
+
+
+  THIRD PART.
+
+  To Farmers and Graziers                                         281
+
+
+  FOURTH PART.
+
+  Suggestions on the Improvements to be effected in
+      the Study of Medical Science, in order that we
+      may be in a Condition to confront Disease generally,
+      and Epizootic and Epidemic Diseases in particular           311
+
+
+  APPENDIX.
+
+  Various Documents                                               337
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Everyone is talking of the CATTLE PLAGUE! But why should we
+borrow this sinister and gloomy denomination from the middle ages and
+from the people's vocabulary? Is this, then, an unknown and incurable
+disease? Is this the first time that it has made its appearance on the
+soil of Great Britain? To judge by the manner in which the diffusion of
+this complaint has been met, accounted for, explained, and discussed,
+one might imagine it was so; and yet the mere observation of its causes,
+its symptoms, and its signs and effects on the bodies of the diseased
+animals, besides a few references to the medical library, would easily
+have testified that nature did not wait until the second half of the
+19th century to generate a new distemper. No! Nothing new has appeared
+for a long time in the worlds of space. The cosmic phenomena pursue
+their perpetual course, and the organic phenomena, _à fortiori_, do the
+same. Life, throughout the whole range of the animal kingdom, whatever
+may be its changes and fluctuations, submits to the fixed and invariable
+laws which hold dominion over health and disease. Our presumption and
+ignorance alone can account for the astonishment we manifest, not only
+when we witness great general calamities, but even when we look upon
+those simple morbid derangements which organic matter, both animal and
+vegetable, is continually undergoing on the globe, in the natural
+progress of destruction and dissolution.
+
+The habit we most of us have contracted of confining our observations to
+the phenomena which strike our eyes, instead of fixing them on the
+general causes by which these phenomena have been produced; the
+forgetfulness of some, in others the want of acquaintance with general
+and comparative pathology, have in this instance led many conscientious
+inquirers to misapprehend both the nature and the treatment of the
+cattle complaint. It is in vain that we have subdivided and classed
+medical science--in vain that we have arbitrarily instituted a
+veterinary medicine and a human medicine; nature, in her acts, has no
+such subtleties. With nature, organic matter is organic matter, life is
+life; and although it may be true that both organic matter and life
+become more complex, and continue to rise in perfection till they reach
+man, it is quite as true that the laws of pathology and physiology are
+the same in all, and that it is just as difficult to cure the typhus of
+the ox as that of man. As, therefore, it is because we overlooked these
+fundamental truths, that the outbreak of the cattle distemper found us
+unprepared, we must treat the subject with all the gravity which is its
+due.
+
+Let it not, however, be feared that the special fact of the _so-called_
+Cattle Plague will be lost sight of amidst a crowd of scientific
+generalities. No; collateral reflections, seemingly foreign to the main
+argument, will concur to elucidate it; and all these rays of light will
+converge to a common centre, reflecting, we flatter ourselves, some
+evident facts and practical truths.
+
+This work on the contagious typhus of the ox is divided into four
+principal parts.
+
+The first part contains the history of this typhus from the remotest
+times down to the present day. It is divided into several sections.
+
+The second part, which gives the description of the disease, is
+subdivided into four chapters.
+
+The first chapter treats of general typhus, in order that a perfect
+understanding may be arrived at as to the name and definition of the
+particular distemper which affects the ox.
+
+The second relates to the causes and origin of the disease.
+
+The third treats of its symptoms, its progress, &c.
+
+The fourth contains its mode of treatment.
+
+The third part gives some plain instructions for the benefit of farmers,
+cattle-dealers, and dairymen.
+
+The fourth part gives a development of the scientific means and
+safeguards to be adopted, in order that this country shall never relapse
+into that state of helpless panic to which a want of preparation exposed
+it when the present epizootia began its ravages.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST PART.
+
+    _The History of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox, from the
+      remotest times down to the present day._
+
+
+I.
+
+General, local, and particular causes of destruction are constantly
+reacting on organized creatures, and these causes account for those
+_epiphytic_ diseases which infest plants, the _epizootic_ diseases which
+spread mortality among the brute creation, and the _epidemic_, which
+strike and are fatal to the human species. Thus it is that we
+particularize at present, in the vegetable kingdom, the disease which
+has attacked the vines, olive-trees, and potatoes; in the animal
+kingdom, the silkworm sickness, and the cholera, and the typhoid fever
+of cattle: so that we may safely say, that one or other of these
+diseases is always, at a given moment, raging in some part of the globe
+among some species of animal, either birds, pigs, horses, sheep, horned
+cattle, or, in fine, attacks man himself.
+
+When, however, the peccant invasion falls only on the vegetables and
+animals situated at our antipodes, we seldom hear of the ravages it
+commits; and when we do, forgetful of the affinity which links together
+all the organic beings on the earth and their mutual dependence, nothing
+can exceed the indifference we show to these calamities. Then, when the
+danger threatens us nearer home, or when the evil has invaded us, we
+have recourse to quarantine as the grand preservative to shield us. But
+this preservative remedy is most frequently deceptive--a mere illusion;
+for the real plague, typhus and cholera, borne along by the winds of
+heaven, pass over the longest distances and the highest obstacles, and
+baffle all our calculations; teaching us, by their successive returns,
+that we shall continually be exposed to their destructive havoc so long
+as we neglect to eradicate the evil at its original source, that is, in
+those countries from which it emanates.
+
+And this is the place to observe, that the cholera morbus threatens to
+keep a permanent footing in the English possessions of India, because
+the public works, by means of which the great rivers used to be confined
+to their beds, have not of late been repaired and kept in good order in
+those countries; owing to which neglect, their waters overflow the
+plains, leaving, when they subside, those pestilential deposits which
+afford a perpetual incubation to the cholera.
+
+We are induced to dwell thus on the general causes of these diseases,
+because the sick plants, on which dumb animals feed, and the sick
+animals, on which man himself feeds, have a continual relation of cause
+and effect; and we shall have to refer to this subject and give it
+weight, when we come to speak of the treatment of these diseases.
+
+It is an important fact, which deserves our most pointed attention and
+consideration, that the vital resistance inherent in the animal frame to
+withstand the attacks of these contagious diseases, is very far from
+being the same throughout the whole kind. Man, in this respect, is the
+most favoured and best fortified; he is able, without much
+degenerating, to inhabit any latitude, to go with a sort of impunity, if
+his calling require him to do so, amidst the most pestilential
+emanations, and to continue for hours inhaling their baneful fumes. We
+could quote many striking examples of this resisting power in man. But
+there is one which we have recently witnessed, and which all can
+appreciate. We refer to the slaughter-house of the great Metropolitan
+Market. Here we saw, in lumps and fragments, every variety of corrupt
+_detritus_ of animals which had been seized with the contagious typhus;
+we saw the animals, too, being felled and slaughtered and dissected, in
+a high temperature which rendered the air so poisonous that we could
+hardly breathe it; yet amidst all this infection the workmen employed to
+move and handle these revolting wrecks appeared indifferent to the
+scene, and quite in their usual health. No living animal besides man
+could stand such a trial; no other could breathe for hours, and day
+after day, like these workmen, an atmosphere so charged with decomposing
+impurities.
+
+We say, therefore, that man may expose himself, with less danger to his
+life than any other animal, to those pernicious causes which produce and
+develop contagious diseases. Next to him, with respect to this power of
+vital resistance, come the omnivorous animals, then the carnivorous, and
+last of all, the herbivorous, in which this faculty is very feeble
+indeed.
+
+This prime consideration, to be fully understood and appreciated by
+unscientific readers, would require explanations beyond the scope of
+this work. Let us, however, for the present establish the fact, that
+herbivorous animals, such as sheep and horned cattle, offer but a very
+weak resistance to the causes which generate infectious and epizootic
+diseases, and let us do our best to prove it by demonstration; for if
+this truth be once admitted, we shall therefrom deduce that it is the
+duty of man constantly to surround these frail and delicate creatures
+with special care and attention, if he wishes to prevent their being
+decimated from time to time, and if he would likewise avoid the
+consequent injuries to himself--the loss of health and money accruing
+from this deterioration.
+
+So long as the herbivorous or grass-eating animal is properly fed; so
+long as he browses on fat pastures; so long as his blood retains those
+physiological elements which are the prime condition of health, he can,
+and does, resist the causes of most contagious maladies. But if a hot
+summer and a long continuance of dry weather chance to curtail, in
+temperate zones, the usual abundance of his fodder, then comes the fatal
+change: the blood is impoverished, the secretions are debilitated, a
+strange languor runs through the system, the vital resistance is
+unnerved, and he becomes an easy prey to those noxious influences which
+were encountered before without injury whilst his provision was
+abundant.
+
+This is a fundamental matter. We therefore beg leave to support and
+justify our argument by borrowing some additional evidence from prior
+labours of ours, accomplished at the Ecole d'Alfort, near Paris,
+conjointly with Professor Delafond, whose name has so often been cited
+in the public journals in connexion with the cattle plague.
+
+All vegetables and animals; with the exception of _adult_ men, whenever
+their health declines from any cause (but more particularly from
+paucity of food), spontaneously generate microscopic parasites, or very
+minute insects, the germs of which are inherent in their system. A flock
+of fleecy animals, wasted by deficient food in dry and parched meadows,
+becomes attacked in due time by a parasitical cutaneous disease, known
+as the _itch_, which is enough, if not checked, to destroy the whole.
+Now, all that is required is to remove this flock to a more fertile
+soil, where there is plenty to feed them, and the disease will disappear
+of itself without any treatment. Deficiency of food destroys the health
+of animals, and abundance of food overcomes disease in them.
+
+A sheep affected by this parasitical disease may, without any fear, be
+placed in a flock of healthy sheep, for he will not propagate the
+distemper; but if instead of being sound and healthy, the flock is in a
+weak declining state, this contaminated animal will diffuse the disease
+with frightful rapidity, and may cause their entire destruction. These
+facts may seem startling, but we are only speaking after the
+incontestable authority of experiments.
+
+We selected six healthy sheep, which we kept well supplied with
+provisions; we covered these healthy sheep with parasites (acari). On
+every one of these sound, well-fed sheep, the microscopic animalculæ
+died off without generating the cutaneous disease; for the blood, the
+humours, and the skin of sound and healthy sheep constitute a soil
+unfavourable to the propagation of these parasites, and actually starve
+them to death.
+
+After this first experiment, we subjected these six sheep to a deficient
+diet; they grew lean, their blood was impoverished, and then all we had
+to do was to lay upon them not thousands and thousands of these
+parasites--as we had done in the first instance--but one solitary female
+in a state of fecundity; and the parasitical distemper unfolded itself
+so fiercely as to cause the death of three of these sheep on which the
+test was allowed to run its course; whilst the other three sheep, having
+been restored in time to a recoverable condition just as they were about
+to drop off, were thoroughly cured, without any special treatment, by
+the sole influence of good food and ordinary hygienic attention.
+
+Other tests, similar to these experiments, were applied to dogs, horses,
+and horned cattle. A lean and scraggy dog, covered with parasites and
+eruptions, with eyes running foul humour, a dog which could neither run
+nor stand, and which was reduced to the last stage of wasting marasmus,
+was rescued from the jaws of death and thoroughly cured without special
+treatment, by the sole influence of a rich restorative diet. This dog
+afterwards became a fine hunting hound, beautiful in shape, and
+admirable for his sportive attributes.
+
+These experiments having been submitted to the judgment of the Académie
+des Sciences in Paris, were honoured with its approval, and the reports
+concerning them were printed at the Academy's expense, and crowned at
+the competitive examination.
+
+The vital resistance of horned cattle is so feeble, that those animals
+which are periodically exhibited in the north of London, though
+certainly chosen from among the most healthy and robust, could not herd
+together in large numbers for the space of a month in the Agricultural
+Hall at Islington, without sinking under infectious and contagious
+diseases--almost one and all. Under the conditions in which we see them
+in that Show, a single month would be sufficient to produce almost their
+complete destruction; for even a single week, which is the usual
+duration of their confinement, affects them so much as to render a large
+proportion of them unhealthy.
+
+Every one knows how apt cavalry horses are to sicken and die off during
+a campaign. Every one has heard of the fearful ravages amongst the
+horses of the Allied armies during the Crimean war, when many companies
+were dismounted owing to this mortality.
+
+Let us now transport ourselves in thought into the middle of those
+immense steppes where vast and innumerable herds of herbivorous animals
+are being bred for our supply, and consider what will be the effects on
+their health and life if they should be afflicted with a scarcity of
+forage, in consequence of this long dry summer.
+
+It is unnecessary to say that there exist in Russia, in Hungary, in
+Australia, in North and South America, and in many other parts of the
+globe, large tracts of country which are still uninhabited, whose
+uncultivated soil supplies with food great numbers of sheep and cattle.
+These spacious tracts, known as moorlands or steppes, particularly
+abound in Russia, on the banks of the Wolga, the Don, the Dnieper; in
+Hungary, on the banks of the Danube; and also in South America, in the
+republics of Venezuela, New Granada, Columbia, &c.
+
+Now, in hot and rainy seasons these steppes teem with rich and luxuriant
+verdure; the plants growing up in the marshes are prolific and abundant,
+and even those parts of the wild moors which produce nothing but heath
+are capable of feeding and fattening flocks and herds.
+
+Under conditions so auspicious as these, animals may still suffer, but
+in what way? By excess of food, or repletion. They are in general robust
+and healthy, and thus fortified they inhale without detriment the
+deleterious gases of oxygen with carbon, carburetted hydrogen and the
+like, exhaled by the plants which grow out of the swampy soils. Thus
+protected, too, they are proof against the fluctuations of the seasons,
+and against every injury which threatens them; and their strong and
+sound condition enables them to sustain the fatigues of their long and
+arduous journeys, and to supply the rich countries of the West with
+their flesh, fleece, and hides.
+
+When the seasons have thus conveyed a due proportion of heat, water, and
+electricity to the elements of the soil, both plants and animals conduce
+to the comfort and health of man, and fulfil his expectations. But the
+laws of nature are involved in mystery. Good and evil go hand in
+hand--death and life travel close together--and a few years of
+prosperous harvests are almost invariably followed by blight,
+barrenness, and scarcity. Most men think only of the present time, and
+this imprudence and want of foresight prevent farmers and great cattle
+proprietors from collecting and holding in reserve the requisite stores
+of sustenance to supply their sheep and oxen during these barren
+seasons. Sickness then breaks out, and these helpless creatures perish
+in vast numbers, to the detriment of their owners' best interests.
+
+And truly, when continual rains cause the rivers to overflow, when the
+plains are drenched and soaked, or when a burning sun scorches the
+ground, herbivorous animals wander in vain from field to field in quest
+of sustenance to restore their strength, or of pure and healthy water to
+slake their thirst; their vital resistance dwindles away, deleterious
+gases poison and bewilder them, their blood is debased, and as Ovid
+says,
+
+  "Corpora foeda jacent, vitiantur odoribus herbæ."
+
+And since these mild and harmless animals, which seem to have been
+created merely to clothe us, and to nourish us with their milk and
+flesh, have not been endowed by nature either with the intelligence, or
+the activity, or the cunning, or the invention, or the skill bestowed on
+the omnivorous and carnivorous species, hard is their fate under the
+pressing needs of hunger. Peaceful creatures, they browse in vain on
+deleterious plants on a sterile soil; their external and internal
+teguments now afford a favourable seat for the propagation of
+parasites--for the _parasitogenia_; and soon after a general _adynamia_,
+or relaxation of the fibres, delivers them up without resistance to the
+morbific elements of the infectious diseases to which they are exposed,
+where the languishing, the sick, and the rotting are herded together,
+and they are carried off by hecatombs by this wasteful and devouring
+typhus.
+
+
+II.
+
+We may readily conclude, from these general observations on infectious
+and contagious diseases, that they must have existed in all former ages;
+and if in our present advanced state of civilization they are so
+destructive, we may be sure that in those remote periods they must have
+been, both as regards man as well as the brute creation, the cause of
+general extermination, in whatever parts of the earth they prevailed.
+And indeed, whenever we refer to ancient or modern history, we are
+continually struck with the analogy which exists between the epidemic
+diseases signalized by the general name of PLAGUE, and which
+decimated all the living beings, and those which more recently, and at
+the present moment, have startled the world by their fatal effects on
+men and animals.
+
+Moreover, we cannot too often repeat the fact--in order that those
+documents relating to the past which contain useful instruction may be
+examined and searched into--that the physiological and pathological laws
+which rule and determine the phenomena of organic matter, whether in
+health or sickness, were, like the laws of chemistry, electricity, and
+astronomy, originally established at the time of creation, and that
+matter submits with passive obedience to the laws of transformation and
+transubstantiation, which are the absolute condition of life. These are
+the eternal laws of which a synthesis so admirable is furnished by the
+Gospel, in this short injunction, "_Take, eat, this is my body; drink,
+this is my blood._"
+
+Now, if man, who is the sovereign master of this matter, did not take
+care to regulate and modify it for his own benefit and the benefit of
+all living creatures on whom his own life depends, as well as his wealth
+and happiness; if he did not seek thereby continually to diminish the
+sum of evil, and to extend the sum of good which it is his mission to
+increase, he would violate these laws, which are inherent in matter, and
+which have existed for his use since the creation of the world.
+
+We must likewise believe that those PLAGUES which are spoken of
+in the Bible, those which Homer alludes to, that which is related by
+Plutarch, and which succeeded the general drought in 753 before Christ;
+those mentioned by Titus Livius, Virgil, Ovid, and other Latin authors,
+the most virulent of which plagues raged in the years 310, 212, and 178
+of the Foundation of Rome, resembled the epidemics or plagues which are
+witnessed in our own day.
+
+The plague of 212 swept away all the inhabitants of Sicily, cattle as
+well as men; that of 178 destroyed all the priests, who sought in vain
+for victims free from the contagion, to offer them up as sacrifices to
+the offended Gods.
+
+Cecilius Severus gives a most striking description of a pestilential
+disease which, in 376 A.D., swept away all the cattle in
+Europe. Judging from his account of that scourge, we may fairly believe
+that the distemper he has described was identically the same as the one
+which has just broken out in England. "A universal distaste, sudden
+dejection, vertigoes, spasmodic tension in the limbs, _a painful_
+_swelling of the lower belly_, violent affections of the nerves, sudden
+death--everything shows the presence of a pestilential ferment, which
+irritates the solids, infects and vitiates the fluids, which is the
+cause of the putrefaction of the humours, manifested by the swelling of
+the lower belly, which in that case depends on a putrid fermentation so
+as to disengage air."
+
+A piece of iron, representing the sign of the Cross, was heated in the
+fire, and when red-hot was applied to the forehead of the sick animals;
+and this remedy was looked upon at that time as the most effectual they
+could apply.
+
+Grégoire de Tours makes mention of an epidemic, the result of a long dry
+summer, which, in 592, was very fatal in its havoc, sparing no living
+creature whatever.
+
+André Duchesne, in his "History of England," speaks of an epidemic
+which, in 1316, during the reign of Edward II., owed its origin, on the
+contrary, to a long season of rains.
+
+The celebrated physicians Ramazzini and Lancisi relate that in 1711, an
+ox which had been imported from Hungary, that constant focus of typhus,
+displayed the most deadly form of the cattle disease, in the Venetian
+territory, although no alteration in the air or waters had been observed
+in Italy, and the seasons had been regular and the pastures abundant.
+The contagion spread into Piedmont, where it carried of 70,000 head of
+cattle; thence it extended to France and Holland, each of which
+countries lost 200,000 of these animals. The trade in hides introduced
+the distemper into England, where it proved no less fatal. It was the
+same in the other countries of Europe.
+
+In this disease, the intestines of the affected cattle were, as in the
+present epizootia, inflamed, and strewed over with livid spots and
+ulcerations, and the blood, though apparently fluid in the body of the
+animal, _coagulated directly after it had issued from the vein_.
+
+Herment thence concludes, that this epizootia is nothing more than an
+inflammation of the blood. Lancisi advised his contemporaries to put to
+death without pity every animal which was affected or seemed to be
+affected with the disease; and it was in England that this spirited
+resolve was first acted upon.
+
+The three counties of Middlesex, Essex, and Surrey arrested the course
+of this contagion in less than three months, by adopting this measure;
+whilst in the rest of the stricken counties of Great Britain, and
+likewise in Holland, where this decisive course was not taken at all,
+the disease prevailed among the cattle for several years. Since that
+time, it has been insisted on by some authors, that the barbarous
+process of general extermination offers the most effectual remedy which,
+in our present state of ignorance and improvidence, we could have
+recourse to, in order to check the diffusion and the duration of this
+fell disease.
+
+The learned Goelicke describes an epizootia which was witnessed in 1730,
+at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. His narrative, written with a masterly hand,
+might very properly be applied to the disease which we are now
+considering; and the treatment recommended by this earnest and vigilant
+observer is so wisely deduced from the symptoms, that even in the
+present day we might take that treatment as a model.
+
+We could have borrowed much more largely from this source of
+biographical researches had we not deemed that these quotations would be
+sufficient for the purpose we had in view in this work. But from these
+authorities we think it may justly be concluded, that infectious and
+contagious diseases among horned cattle have frequently appeared from
+the remotest times down to the middle of the eighteenth century.
+
+All these attacks of epizootia were a frequent and severe cause of
+suffering and misery among animals and men; but the ravages which they
+left behind them were of slight importance each time, if we compare them
+with those attending the epizootia which towards the year 1746 affected
+the animal kingdom. This dreadful scourge lasted ten years, and swept
+away nearly the whole race of horned cattle throughout Europe. It was
+closely studied and thoroughly understood in its causes, its symptoms,
+and its treatment by the scientific authors of that day, and those
+writers, more judicious than we, did not designate the malady by the
+title of PLAGUE. This particular visitation deserves to fix our
+attention in an especial manner, not only on account of its striking
+resemblance to the disease which now makes us all so anxious, but
+because it induced two English physicians, Malcolm Flemming and Peter
+Layard, to write on this disease two accounts or statements which are
+equal, if not superior, to all the volumes which have since appeared on
+the subject of the Cattle Disease. There is no help for it, and our
+pride must bend itself to the acknowledgment: these two men, our seniors
+by a century, were men of quite another stamp. Their expositions,
+enriched with quotations from the Greek and Latin authors, abounding in
+facts, ingenious insights and inferences, are far superior in merit to
+the multitude of voluminous works which have been written and published
+since then. It would be easy to prove that these two sagacious inquirers
+far better understood than we have done the real nature of this cattle
+disease, and that we must be grateful to them for first opening the way
+which all of us must take in order to discover the preventive and
+curative means of which we are still ignorant.
+
+Let us observe, in passing, that these two physicians, who appear to
+have been scarcely known, enlightened by the effects of the inoculation
+of small-pox, then practised from man to man, appear to have first
+conceived the idea, now practised in Russia, of preventing the
+propagation of the contagious cattle disease by means of inoculation;
+and we may raise the interest of this remark by reminding the reader
+that their experiments to inoculate cattle were made in 1757, eight
+years after the very year which gave birth to the future inoculation of
+man with animal virus by the celebrated Jenner. By this it would appear
+that the twofold honour of applying the method of inoculation as both
+preventive and curative means in respect of contagion in cattle, and as
+the preventive means by the variola of the cow to resist the ravages of
+the small-pox in man, is the indisputable claim of English
+physicians.[A]
+
+
+III.
+
+Very little is known of the origin or first outbreak of the epizootia
+which produced such fearful ravages in the middle of the eighteenth
+century. Some suppose that it first appeared in Tartary, where it
+occasioned a disorder twice as extensive in its pernicious effects as
+any similar distemper which had been known up to that time. Thence it
+passed into Russia, from which it spread on one side into Poland,
+Livonia, Prussia, Pomerania, and Holland, and from that country into
+England; on the other side towards the East, it invaded the Turkish
+Empire, Bohemia, Hungary, Dalmatia, Austria, Moravia, Styria, the Gulf
+of Venice, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, the banks of the Rhine, and
+Denmark.
+
+But another opinion has assigned Bohemia as the source from which this
+destructive epizootia took its rise, and its supporters allege that
+during the siege of Prague the cattle feeding in its plains had been
+deprived of their usual fodder by the continual _razzias_ of the French
+to supply their own cavalry.
+
+Be this as it may, this virulent cattle disease having at length
+assumed the proportions of a public calamity, the several governments
+were obliged to take it into serious consideration, and the medical
+faculties and most celebrated physicians began to make it the subject of
+their studies and reports. In France, therefore, the professors of the
+faculty of Paris and Montpellier, suspending every other pursuit,
+devoted their most assiduous care and attention to dumb animals.
+
+Sauvages, the Dean of the Faculty at Montpellier, drew up a most
+philosophical and learned account of the prevailing disease, in which,
+like Stahl, he forgot probably for a moment the part which, in the
+progress of distempers, he ascribes to the soul.
+
+The professors of Paris, very famous in their day, but who, having left
+behind them no works so valuable as the "Nosologia" of Sauvages, are now
+completely forgotten, likewise addressed the result of their inquiries
+and lucubrations to the King.
+
+Doctor Leclerc was sent into Holland, whence he brought back a Memorial,
+which was a reflex of the opinions he found current in Denmark, and
+which has been transmitted to us in the _Memorials of the Royal Society
+of Science at Copenhagen_.
+
+It is evident from the reflections found in the writings of Malcolm
+Flemming, Layard, and other competent observers, that this formidable
+epizootia was in its character identical with the one described by
+Ramazzini and Lancisi in 1711; and we feel warranted in saying, after
+having examined every work of any importance which has treated of that
+visitation, that it resembles the disease now prevailing among cattle,
+in its march, in its symptoms, and in its gravity. We believe that these
+three visitations constitute but one and the same malady, occurring at
+three different periods. This appears to us a most important fact, for
+if such be the case, the tentative treatment of that time deserves our
+most particular attention. Consequently, a few retrospective glances may
+perhaps be permitted us, in considering the subject of cattle disease.
+
+The medical professors (including several English physicians), who
+observed and described the epizootia of 1745, divided the same into
+three periods.
+
+The duration of the disease, when it passed through all its phases up to
+the death of the affected animal, consisting of from ten to twelve days,
+they usually ascribed to each of these periods or stages an average
+continuance of three or four days.
+
+_1st Period._--After a few days of latent incubation, which the observer
+could not suspect, the sick animal betrayed signs of the morbid state
+which was about to declare itself, by his careless feeding, by drooping
+his head, and by exhibiting the deepest dejection of spirits in his
+attitude and look. Rumination, already imperfect, soon ceased
+altogether, the appetite failed, the horns, ears, and hoofs were cold,
+the hair grew stiff, the tongue and mucus looked white; the eyes were
+tearful and fixed, the hearing obtuse, whilst, in the cows, the supply
+of milk diminished. In cases of unusual gravity, transient shiverings
+testified to a serious disturbance in all the animal functions. These
+shiverings were followed by a violent fever, the blood became inflamed,
+the breath hot, the respiration hurried and sometimes attended with
+slight coughing; when, if too violent a repercussion was transmitted to
+the nervous centres, the pressure on the vertebral line became
+intolerable, and the animal, seized with vertigo, and almost delirious
+with pain, would fall during this first period, as if struck by
+lightning.
+
+The same phenomena are sometimes observed in the typhoid fever of man,
+which offers moreover some analogy with the contagious typhus of the ox;
+but as the ox and the horse have likewise the real typhus fever, they
+may some day supply us with the preventive virus for that fever, in the
+same manner as the cow now supplies us with the preventive virus for the
+small-pox.
+
+_2nd Period._--In most cases the disease pursued its course with greater
+or less regularity; the sick animal experienced gnawing pains or
+twitchings, and spasmodic shootings in the limbs, apparently attended
+with pain. His thirst was insatiable, but he had no appetite, the
+functions of the bladder and intestines were impeded, then diarrhoea
+supervened, accompanied with dry, fetid, and sometimes bloody excreta.
+Thick viscid mucosities dripped from the nostrils, mouth, and eyes. The
+dorsal regions and the loins were constantly aching, headache and
+sleeplessness were permanent. The animal continued either standing or
+lying down, and if he wanted to rest, he could not bend himself
+gradually, but would fall like an inert mass to the ground.
+
+_3rd Period._--Diarrhoea was continual, becoming more fetid every day,
+the wasting of flesh made rapid strides; the cellular tissue beneath the
+hide was filled with gas along the vertebral channels and under the
+abdomen; the nostrils were stopped up with mucosities, the animal could
+only breathe through the mouth, puffing and blowing aloud as he drew in
+the air; and at last pustular eruptions showed themselves on various
+parts; but as this depurating crisis was insufficient, the poor beast,
+in this final period of the attack, fell a sacrifice to it between the
+seventh and twelfth day. If he chanced to be lying down his agony was
+slow, but if standing, he would sink upon himself, and expire at once.
+
+In this dreadful epizootia, very few of the smitten cattle survived--not
+more than four or five in a hundred; and in these favourable cases, the
+symptoms presented certain signs and critical phenomena of a happy omen.
+In these rare exceptions, the pulse did not exceed seventy, the
+beatings of the heart were always perceptible, the patient did not
+refuse to drink, the continuous fever exhibited no aggravation at night,
+pustular eruptions and tumours appeared on the dewlap and the fore
+limbs, and the epidermis over the mouth and nostrils peeled off about
+the twelfth day.
+
+When dissected, the bodies offered to view the following alterations,
+the same having already been observed by Frascator during the prevalence
+of the epizootia in 1514, and by Lancisi and Ramazzini during that which
+was so fatal in 1711. The mucous glands of the mouth were livid, and
+occasionally excoriated; the bronchial tubes were obstructed with
+mucosities; the lungs, besides being partially congested, were sometimes
+emphysematous, that is, inflated with compressed air. Of the four
+stomachs, the rumen was full of food, the reticulum, the omasum, and the
+abomasum exhibited purple or livid spots, according to their place. The
+thin intestine and the thick intestine showed either a general
+injection, scattered livid spots, or ulcerations, according as the fever
+had worn the exanthematous or typhoid form; for the mucous membrane of
+the digestive channels, and especially that of the intestines, displays,
+like the external tegument in man and the brute creation, divers forms
+of inflammation, analogous with the measles, the scarlatina, and the
+small-pox; so that, if the typhoid fever in man, which is nothing else
+than the small-pox of the intestines, is so frequently cured, it is
+because the general morbid condition, the fever, often conceals
+different intestinal lesions, albeit they seem to be similar in the
+general symptoms, which taken collectively constitute the disease.
+
+The flesh of these diseased animals was blackish, and devoid of blood;
+the animals which fed upon it, if uncooked, sickened afterwards, or
+died. The wrecks of the bodies, and more particularly the skin,
+sometimes retained a strength of contagion so deadly, that the mere
+exportation of them was enough to cause its propagation, and to this
+cause was at that time attributed the outbreak of the contagion in
+England.
+
+An extraordinary case of this pernicious influence, which is related by
+Hartmann, who observed this epizootia at its decline in 1756, will give
+an idea of the subtlety of this malignant virus.
+
+A farmer who had lost an ox in consequence of that virulent distemper,
+buried it in one of his fields. The following night a bear smelt the ox,
+raked it up with his feet, ate a portion of the flesh, and a few days
+after, the beast of prey was found dead in a neighbouring wood by a
+peasant in the parish of Eumaki. The skin belonging to this bear was
+magnificent. The peasant flayed the animal and carried home his skin in
+triumph. But his triumph was short; for that same night the poor
+countryman fell ill, and died two days after the attack. The magistrates
+of Wiburg, having heard of this occurrence, sent orders to have the
+infected skin burned. Meanwhile, the skin had been given to the curate
+of the place as a compensation for the offices of burial; but his
+cupidity having persuaded him that this fine skin could not have
+destroyed the peasant whom he had just buried, he did not burn it at
+all, but induced another peasant to clean and dress it for him. This
+simple fellow and two other clodpoles, who assisted him in the
+preparation, fell ill, and all three of them died in the course of a
+few days. A new and peremptory order now came from Wiburg to burn this
+skin, to burn the house in which it had been dressed, to burn even the
+presbytery itself, should it be deemed necessary. The skin had already
+passed through several hands. However, the curate being still reluctant
+to part with it, took it home again. "Can it be possible," said he to
+himself, "that this skin has really proved fatal to life? What can have
+been the cause, I wonder?" At the same time he rubbed it in his hands
+and smelt it. Unlucky curate! A few days afterwards he himself was taken
+ill and died. (_Memoirs of the Academy of Stockholm._)
+
+A native of Clermont Ferrand, in the department of Puy de Dôme, in
+France, the birth-place of Pascal, one day finding an ox which had died
+of the epizootia, stripped off the skin and carried it away. After his
+return home, the black typhus, and then gangrene, broke out on one of
+his arms, which had to be cut off, and the patient died of the effects
+of the amputation.
+
+A butcher having slaughtered an ox smitten with this typhus, sold the
+flesh for meat to some soldiers of the Regiment Royal Bavière, then
+garrisoned in one of the towns of Languedoc. All those who partook of
+this meat were seized with diarrhoea, dysentery, and fever, and
+several of the sick soldiers very nearly died. The butcher, whose
+avarice had caused all this mischief, had richly deserved some exemplary
+punishment, and some of the sufferers proposed that he should be hanged
+outright, but the majority, more clement, sentenced him to be beaten
+black and blue with horsewhips.
+
+The popular saying, _when the beast is dead the poison is dead_, being
+generally true, the virulence of the contagion, in the above instances,
+possessed venomous properties of an exceptional character, for if every
+sick animal slaughtered by the butchers and sold to the consumers, or
+those which had been flayed for the sake of the skin, had contained so
+murderous a virus in their tissues, the number of victims to the
+contagion among the human species would have been appalling. And in that
+case, too, similar sacrifices would be witnessed at present, for it
+cannot be doubted that, in the actual state of the meat market in
+London, the people are now in the daily habit of eating the flesh of
+cattle which are diseased.
+
+
+IV.
+
+Physicians of different countries have naturally bestowed much time and
+care in considering and discussing the nature of this epizootia, because
+they have felt that a satisfactory theory and appreciation of its
+principal phenomena, might afford the medical faculty a rational basis
+for some special treatment.
+
+Layard and the physicians of Geneva have considered this cattle disease
+to be _a malignant fever with an eruptive tendency_.
+
+In the estimation of the faculties of Paris and Montpellier, this cattle
+disease, considered in its symptoms, was nothing more than _a malignant
+fever essentially contagious_, the action of which appeared to tend
+exclusively towards the skin, and therefore it was rational to provoke
+external eruptions and deposits which, as they matured, diverted from
+the centre the greatest part of the morbific matter.
+
+_The treatment_, to which, above all, we invite the reader's attention
+(more particularly that of medical men), necessarily varied according to
+the period of the disease. It was sometimes preservative, sometimes
+curative, as the case might be.
+
+_The Preventive Treatment._--The farmers and cattle-breeders, whose
+herds were still exempt from the contagion, mindful of the advice which
+they received through the public press, took very particular care of
+their cattle during this season of epizootia: they rubbed them over with
+a brush, and washed them at least once a day; they sheltered them from
+the inclemency of wind and rain; they took their milch cows, which until
+then they had kept shut up in unhealthy cow-houses, into the open air of
+the fields; they washed and fumigated the stables; they examined the
+quality of the fodder and of the other articles of food; they added
+marine salt to their drinking water, or poured salt water over their
+forage; and above all, they took care that no foreign animal commingled
+with their flocks and herds.
+
+Some physicians, on their side conscious of the duty which devolves upon
+them in such seasons of calamity, instead of resting satisfied with
+recommending remedies, betook themselves boldly to the work, and studied
+the disease experimentally in respect to its propagation and prevention.
+
+Thus, for instance, certain Dutch physicians, in 1754, wishing to know
+whether the morbid matter would transmit the disease by inoculation,
+made incisions in the necks of some oxen, cows and calves, inserting in
+the wound a little tow saturated with the morbid secretions discharged
+from the eyes and nostrils. This direct inoculation having been
+practised on seventeen animals, transmitted the disease to them all in
+the course of a few days.
+
+The English physicians having been made acquainted with these
+experiments, applied them to a more practical purpose, no longer to
+discover whether the disease could thus be transmitted (for that had
+been proved), but to find out (what was far more important) whether this
+fearful distemper could be prevented and kept off.
+
+Malcolm Flemming, in 1755, merely suggested the idea of inoculation as a
+preventive means, without proceeding to a course of experiments to
+ratify his opinion. He intimates his notion in the following terms:--
+
+"I apprehend that inoculation will stand the better chance of bringing
+on the distemper, if the subject it is performed on is as young as
+safety will permit, the vessels being then most absorbent, and the
+animal economy most easily put into disorder.
+
+"But even in case the inoculation of calves should be found so
+successful as universally to prevail, the method I recommend will not be
+altogether useless; for, by being properly modelled and adapted to
+circumstances, it may, I am persuaded, prevent contagion, and likewise
+act as a preparative in any epidemical affection of the inflammatory
+kind, not only in horned cattle, but likewise in all other quadrupeds
+that civil society may think worthy of preservation, and even in the
+human species."
+
+Layard, in 1757, devotes the seventh chapter of his work, "The Means to
+prevent the Infection," to the consideration of the preventive
+treatment, in which he says:--
+
+"No one will think of bringing the infection into any place free from
+it, merely for the sake of inoculating their cattle; but if the
+contagious distemper be in the neighbourhood of a herd, or break out so
+as to endanger the stock, the grazier or farmer may, by inoculating his
+cattle, with proper precautions, at least secure his stock, since he can
+house them before they fall sick, prepare them, and have due care taken,
+knowing the course of the distemper.
+
+"Sir William St. Quintin, the Rev. Dr. Fountayne, Dean of York, and
+other gentlemen have succeeded in inoculation: in Holland it has both
+failed and succeeded. These gentlemen all inoculated with matter taken
+from the running of the mouth, nose, or eyes. Professor Swenke mentions
+that the beast from which he took the matter was recovering from the
+distemper. A circumstance to be attended to is this:--had matter been
+taken after the crisis, from a tumour, boil, pimple, or scab, either on
+the back near the spine, or on the legs, the pus would have proved much
+more elaborated, subtle, and infecting than that which, flowing with the
+mucus of the nose, must necessarily be, in some degree, sheathed by this
+glutinous excretion, though I am well aware how putrid and acrid it is
+rendered by the disease.
+
+"That nothing may be omitted which in any shape can contribute to the
+success of inoculation, due attention should be paid to the constitution
+and state of the beast, no less in this practice on the cattle than on
+the human species. Undoubtedly the young, healthy, and strong bid fairer
+for a good issue than the old, sickly, and feeble; each of these
+different constitutions demand a particular treatment, even in the
+method of preparation; and however trifling it may seem to many--the
+urging a necessity of preparation--I will venture to affirm that I have
+seen excellent effects arising from a rational preparation, and fatal
+events from want of preparation. I have likewise been witness of
+unfavourable turns, merely from an injudicious preparation.
+
+"The beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding; those that
+have but a small share of blood must have none drawn. The strong must,
+besides moderate bleeding and purging, be kept on light diet, and their
+body kept open. Thus, scalded bran, mixed with their hay and chaff, will
+cool them. The weakly, and such as are inclined to scour, must be kept
+on dry fodder, and have peas and beans given them to strengthen them. A
+mess of malt, or a quart of warm ale, with a few spices, will be very
+suitable for them.
+
+"Whatever diseases the cattle may be affected with, if time will permit,
+they are first to be removed.
+
+"The cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed, rubbed dry,
+and then curried, to remove all the filth from the hair and skin. Then
+they are to be placed in a spacious barn or stable, where the air is
+temperate and no cold can come to them. There they are to be prepared
+according to the direction already given, foddered with good sweet hay,
+and watered with clear spring water; and if the distemper be not near,
+they may be turned out into the air, near the barn or stable, and may
+stay there a few hours in the middle of the day.
+
+"When it appears that the cattle are in perfect health, free from any
+infection or disease, brisk and lively, neither costive nor scouring,
+and chewing their cud, then the operation may be safely undertaken, and
+henceforth they must be confined to the barn.
+
+"Since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the contagious
+and putrid particles separated from the blood, wherever the infectious
+matter makes an impression at first, particular care must be taken not
+to inoculate near such vital parts as the heart and lungs, nor near the
+womb, if a cow with calf be inoculated; for, though rowels are properly
+applied in the dewlaps to draw off the pestilential humour from the
+breast, and in other cases beasts are frequently rowelled in the
+flanks,--yet, in this operation, as matter is inserted by these channels
+into the neighbouring vessels, those vital parts, or the womb, might
+become the chief seat of the disease, and the event prove fatal.
+
+"To prevent such accidents, human beings have been inoculated on the
+arms and legs, and now-a-days the arms are found sufficient. I would
+recommend that the cattle should be inoculated about the middle of the
+shoulders or buttocks, on both sides, to have the benefit of two drains.
+The skin is to be cut lengthways two inches, deep enough for the blood
+to start, but not to bleed much. In this incision is to be put a dossil
+or pledget of tow, dipped in the matter of a boil full ripe, opened in
+the back of a young calf recovering from the distemper. It may not be
+amiss to stitch up the wound, to keep the tow in, and let it remain
+forty-eight hours. Then the stitches are to be cut, the tow taken out,
+and the wound dressed with yellow basilicum ointment, or one made with
+turpentine and yolk of egg, spread on pledgets of tow. These dressings
+are to be continued during the whole illness, and till after the
+recovery of the beast, to promote the discharge; and then the wound may
+be healed with the cerate of lapis calaminaris, or any other.
+
+"On the third day after inoculation, the discolouring of the wound,
+whose lips appear grey and swollen, will be a sign that the inoculation
+has succeeded; but the beasts, as Professor Swenke informs us, did not
+fall ill till the sixth day, which answers exactly to the observations
+daily made in the inoculating of children. Yet the Professor adds that
+on the third day a costiveness came on, which was removed by giving each
+calf three ounces of Epsom salts.
+
+"No sooner do the symptoms of heaviness and stupidity appear than the
+beasts must have a light covering thrown over them, and at night
+fastened loosely. They must be rubbed morning and evening, and curried,
+till the boils begin to rise; warm hay-water and vinegar-whey must be
+given plentifully. Should the beasts require more nourishment, dry meat,
+such as cut hay, with a little bran, may be offered. I should be very
+cautious in giving milk-pottage, even after the boils and pimples had
+all come out, for fear of bringing on a scouring. However, this caution
+is proper, that whenever milk-pottage be given, the vinegar-whey is to
+be omitted for obvious reasons. In cases of accident, the same attention
+is to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the natural way,
+and the medicines recommended are the same I would use; but by
+inoculation there seldom is a call for any, so favourably does the
+distemper proceed through its several stages.
+
+"The crisis being over, it will be proper to purge the cattle, to air
+them by degrees, and to have the same regard in the management of them
+as is laid down in the chapter on the method of cure."
+
+Such are the recommendations which Layard has prescribed for those who
+have to practise inoculation as a preventive treatment; it would be
+difficult to offer an example of greater prudence or precision.
+
+A certain number of oxen were, by means of this inoculation, protected
+against the attack of the cattle disease; and this mode of treatment
+was, as we shall afterwards explain, adopted in Russia. Unfortunately,
+this rational and preventive treatment was discovered only at the end of
+the epizootia, when already upwards of six millions of horned cattle had
+fallen a sacrifice to the contagious fever.
+
+_Curative Means._--When the first course of the disease had left no
+doubt of the attack, the sick animal was subjected to an appropriate
+diet, and restricted to liquids either as medicinal decoctions, or as
+alimentary beverages. The decoctions consisted of whey mixed with a
+little vinegar, and nitred hay. The broths, or alimentary beverages,
+consisted of a decoction of bread, and of water mixed with bran and
+meal, whether of barley, oats, or wheat.
+
+At this stage of the curative process, the majority of physicians
+recommended one or two bleedings, in order to abate the violence of the
+fever, and of the congestions near the nervous centres and the lungs;
+and as constipation prevailed at the time, they strove with the same
+object to empty the digestive passages, the intestines, and the
+stomachs, notwithstanding the difficulty that exists to produce this
+result in ruminating animals.
+
+The purgatives employed consisted of a decoction of senna, mixed with
+prune juice, with a little rhubarb or fresh linseed oil, infused in
+their drink, or applied as a clyster in warm water slightly salted.
+Those who practised polypharmacy administered at night a mixture of
+nitre, camphor, red-lead, and rhubarb, in half a pailful of warm water;
+and greatly did they boast of the active influence of this beverage.
+
+Some practitioners even endeavoured, in the first stage of the malady,
+to accelerate its action on the skin by giving for that purpose warm
+drinks, and by covering the cattle with woollen cloths, to promote
+perspiration; but it was generally admitted that the sick animals
+preferred cold drinks, and that they were particularly fond of
+acidulated whey.
+
+In the second period of the distemper, the same drinks were continued,
+adding thereto some theriac or Jesuit's bark, in order to lessen the
+frequency of the diarrhoetic evacuations. They also provoked the
+depurating secretions from the mouth, nose, and eyes, by repeated
+washings; and as those animals, in which the running was most easy and
+copious, seemed to be less seriously affected with the disease, they
+strove to increase that which flowed from the glands of the mouth by
+fixing a gag in the jaws, and keeping it there for several hours. This
+measure seemed so efficacious that a decree from the Parlement de Rouen,
+issued on the 13th of March, 1745, ordered the application of a gag, or
+bit, for three hours every day, to the cattle under treatment.
+
+In the third period, they sought to overcome the wasting of strength in
+the system by means of tonic and nutritious drinks, decoctions of
+centaury, Jesuit's bark, juniper berries, &c. They likewise administered
+emollient clysters if the evacuations were bloody.
+
+Moreover, they placed two or three setons, principally in the dewlap, in
+order to obey the signs and indications of nature--_quo natura vergit,
+eo ducendum_; as a salutary and critical eruption of the skin was at
+that period forcing its way. These setons were kept open with a mixture
+of turpentine and yolks of egg, for the purpose of encouraging the
+secretion. The purulent or emphysematous tumours were cut.
+
+But whatever means might be employed, almost all the cattle perished,
+and the few and rare recoveries only afforded the pessimists the
+satisfaction of claiming the merit of them for themselves. It was
+remarked, besides, that the fattest beasts were the least able to resist
+the effects of the distemper.
+
+It is hardly necessary to say, that during the whole course of the
+treatment, great care was taken to keep both the stables and the cattle
+in a perfect state of cleanliness.
+
+The convalescence of those animals which were cured was invariably long,
+and required great attention as to their food and hygienic treatment.
+Solid substances, roots, and forage were withheld until rumination
+revived; and it was only after several days of encouraging trials that
+the recovered animal was suffered at last to feed all day in the field,
+according to his pleasure.
+
+Such, then, was that formidable epizootia which, in the middle of the
+eighteenth century, swept away upwards of six millions of horned cattle,
+and which occasioned a loss to Europe exceeding fifty millions
+sterling--perhaps we might say a hundred millions--for other domestic
+animals, sheep, horses, &c. (as generally happens in cases of
+epizootia), had likewise suffered, in different degrees, from the
+various complaints arising from inclement seasons.
+
+It was certainly necessary to our purpose that we should have taken this
+retrospective view of the cattle disease, and it will afford us a
+valuable guide for the future. We may now content ourselves with
+bringing together the different annals in the chain of time which
+elapsed between Layard's treatise, which was published in 1757, and the
+present day. This chain of time amounts to 108 years.
+
+
+V.
+
+The typhus of Horned Cattle, which had shown itself in a manner
+permanent, sometimes raging at one part of the globe, sometimes at
+another, could not, under the unaltered conditions by which it had been
+generated, suspend its ravages; and though, thanks to her isolated
+position, England may be less exposed to it than other countries, it is,
+however, necessary to take note of what may serve for our instruction in
+the several epizootics which will pass under our view.
+
+Medical writers relate that contagious typhus broke out several times in
+Holland during the years 1768, 1769, and 1770; it also appeared in
+French Flanders in 1771, in Hainault in 1773. In France one particular
+spot was, at this period, completely rendered intact by drawing a
+sanitary fence about its limits, and bestowing on the cattle particular
+hygienic attention as a safeguard. The stables of these animals were
+washed, cleansed, and fumigated; spring water was given them to drink,
+their food was chosen with care, and a certain quantity of salt was
+mixed with it.
+
+In 1774, Holland, a cold and damp country, was once more invaded by the
+scourge; and the Government offered in vain a reward of 80,000 florins
+to any one who should discover the preventive or specific remedy for the
+disease.
+
+The typhus which, at that epoch, had likewise broken out again in the
+south of France, threatened to become an abiding peril to the wealth of
+nations. Two French authors, Vicq d'Azyr and Paulet, betook themselves
+earnestly to the task of collecting every document which up to that time
+had been published on the successive visitations of the malady, and of
+offering the means of preventing it. Their intention was unquestionably
+laudable, but the time for obtaining such a result had not yet arrived;
+besides which, these two writers, whatever may have been their desert,
+were not equal to an achievement of this character. They belonged,
+indeed, to that order of men who look upon the cultivation of science
+solely as a step to personal distinction.
+
+Vicq d'Azyr himself was but twenty-five years old when he issued, in
+1775, his work, entitled, "Exposé des Moyens curatifs et preservatifs
+qui peuvent être employés contre les Maladies des Bêtes à Cornes." We
+should deceive ourselves if we expected to find in this exposition
+anything but an interesting compilation of the works already published.
+
+Paulet's treatise appeared likewise in 1775, under the title,
+"Recherches historiques et physiques sur les Maladies epizootiques, avec
+les Moyens d'y rémédier dans tous les Cas, publiées _par ordre du Roi_."
+Paris. Two volumes.
+
+After reading and reflecting on this title, as servile as it is
+arrogant, I might have dispensed with all examination of the work. A
+scientific man, whilst in the pursuit of truth, takes orders from
+nobody, not even from kings. Paulet, therefore, writing _by order_,
+could only produce a work of mediocrity, and such is incontestably the
+degree of value of his two volumes, forming, as they do, a fastidious
+dissertation of epizootics in general, and of those relating to cattle
+in particular.
+
+The works of Paulet and Vicq d'Azyr, written at the same time, not being
+the labour of men practising the medical art, are on a level as to the
+notions which they have handed down to us; but that of Vicq d'Azyr
+being the better of the two, we shall extract therefrom what may chiefly
+interest us.
+
+Vicq d'Azyr relates the history of the epizootics, and expatiates on the
+original cause of the typhus in horned cattle, and on its nature. The
+passages in which he treats of its mode of propagation and its
+treatment, are the most deserving of our notice.
+
+He says, that he tried to no purpose to communicate the disease a second
+time to animals which had been fortunate enough to get cured.
+
+That cows covered with the fresh skins stripped from dead cattle,
+victims to the distemper, did not contract it.
+
+That infected clothes which had been worn by men who had served in
+hospitals where cattle were under treatment, having been laid on the
+backs of several beasts in sound health, were found to transmit the
+distemper in three cases out of six.
+
+That the gases expelled from the intestines, received into a bladder
+ball, and let out under the noses of healthy cattle, have communicated
+the disease to them, after ten or fifteen days of latent incubation;
+and that the same gases being mixed with their drink, have also
+propagated the contagion.
+
+That frictions, with the hands impregnated with virus, having been made
+over the skin, did not produce any ill effects.
+
+That some oxen which had been designedly placed for a few hours among
+sick animals, have afterwards been seized with the distemper.
+
+That a calf which had been placed in a stall containing some oxen
+grievously affected, but which calf had a basket beneath its nose filled
+with aromatic herbs, withstood the contagion.
+
+That cowsheds which had been partially cleansed and fumigated,
+transmitted the disease to other cattle, even several months after they
+had been vacated.
+
+Finally, he mentions the experiments of inoculation made by Lay and in
+England, but not understanding their aim and capacity, he adds, that
+inoculation does not seem to him of any use, since the inoculated
+animals all died. Yet he quotes the encouraging results obtained by
+Camper in Holland, who, out of 112 inoculated cattle, saved 41; and
+those of Koopman, who, out of 94, cured 45 by this very inoculation.
+
+He reminds us that the cattle typhus is an abiding disease in Hungary
+and Russia, where the beasts having bad water to drink, can only be
+protected by a constant use of marine salt (_sel gemme_); but being
+deprived of this salt, when they go great distances to be sold, and
+being exposed to extreme fatigue and privations, the typhus then spreads
+among them. He likewise tells us that Hungary and Dalmatia, which used
+to supply the markets of Italy with butcher's meat, were obliged to give
+up sending any cattle there, the Italians having firmly refused to
+purchase the same at any price whatever.
+
+As regards treatment, the advice which Vicq d'Azyr gives to
+agriculturists, is mostly borrowed from the authors who have written on
+the great epizootics of 1711, and 1745 to 1755. Thus, he advises them to
+give as drinks in the first stage, water whitened with meal and nitred;
+to purge the animals with linseed oil; even to make scarifications on
+the skin, and to keep up the suppuration with turpentine; to make the
+animals inhale six times a day vapours seasoned with vinegar; to wrap
+them over with woollen cloths; to bleed them once or twice; to
+administer to them, when diarrhoea shows itself, a beverage containing
+wormwood, quinine, and diascordium; to cut open the tumours containing
+pus or air, etc.
+
+It is, as is seen, the same treatment as that quoted above; he
+guarantees its success, and supports his views by the authority of Van
+Swieten and Huxan.
+
+Van Swieten, however, had somewhat modified the treatment, by the
+predominance which he allowed to acids; and this course seemed to him to
+be only reasonable with respect to animals whose sick humours contain an
+excess of alkali.
+
+Vicq d'Azyr fixed his attention on the means of prevention, the most
+effectual of which, in his opinion, was to slaughter every animal which
+had either sickened, or had been exposed to the influence of the
+contagion; and as he insisted that the authorities had no measures to
+keep in this matter of public interest, he made it a principle that the
+government was bound to compensate the cattle proprietors whose animals
+had to be killed--the more so, said he, that the crafty husbandmen would
+never come forward and freely declare the invalidity of their cattle,
+unless some indemnity were held out to them, which they would look upon
+as a sort of equivalent for the benefits they had expected by cutting
+them up and selling them as the food of man.
+
+The doctors of the period, scenting in Vicq d'Azyr a dangerous
+competitor, considered the advice of exterminating the diseased cattle
+as an _ingenious means of curing_ them, and as the author's age and
+experience gave warrant for this satirical tone of discussion, the
+public joined them in laughing at him.
+
+The epizootic typhus, if not so destructive, was at least as frequent in
+the early part of the nineteenth century, as it had been during the
+eighteenth. The armies during the wars of united Europe against the
+French Republic and Empire, found it constantly in their train. Nor
+could it be otherwise, the two leading causes of its prevalence being at
+hand. For on one hand there was the transit of large herds from the
+steppes of Hungary, and on the other the wretched hygienic conditions
+amidst which the cattle had to live in the campaigning armies.
+
+Many books have been published of late years on the diseases of cattle,
+in France and Germany; and several distinguished English veterinary
+surgeons, especially Professor Simonds, have also devoted their
+attention to the same subject. In the second part of this work, we shall
+have occasion to refer to their labours.
+
+In France, Renault, Delafond, d'Arboval, Gellé, whose works enjoy a
+deserved reputation, have discussed the subject of the origin of this
+disease.
+
+Renault asserts that the disease has but one single focus, the steppes
+of Russia and Hungary. The epizootics of Asia, Africa, and South America
+are caused, he considers, by the importation of animals to those
+countries. It is thus that he explains the epizootia which, under the
+name of Delombodera, devastated the American Republics in 1832, and that
+which, in 1841, appeared in Egypt. Renault thinks that neither the long
+transit, nor the filthy state of the markets, nor the most wretched
+feeding, are sufficient to account for contagious typhus among cattle;
+that in addition to these causes, it still requires, in order to produce
+and generate it among animals, a predisposition, and a special aptitude,
+such as, hitherto at least, do not appear to have been witnessed except
+in the progeny of the steppes.
+
+The other professors of his fraternity have submitted arguments to him,
+which to us seem very rational; and we will endeavour to do justice to
+them when we discuss the origin of the typhus which at this moment is
+afflicting England.
+
+
+VI.
+
+These historical dissertations and speculations on the subject of the
+bovine epizootia certainly deserve to draw the attention of all who feel
+an interest in the malady; but how insignificant they are compared with
+the concluding facts which I have still to mention, before I at length
+address myself to the consideration of the epizootia which is now
+consuming our herds!
+
+The indisputable fact that so terrible a distemper as this typhus had
+fixed itself permanently in Russia, and that it was causing incalculable
+losses to the lordly proprietors of the steppes, as well as to the
+government, roused them at last from their indifference. Then, indeed,
+they urged the veterinary doctors to adopt some energetic means to
+arrest the long duration of the scourge, and we must admit to their
+honour, that various experiments which were tried for the purpose of
+preventing the evil, have been crowned with complete success. Any one
+may ascertain the fact by referring to the _Journal Magazin_ of Berlin,
+in which the learned Professor Jessen of Dorpat has explained the
+results of these important experiments.
+
+The Russian veterinarians having observed that the oxen which had been
+cured of the typhus could mingle with impunity with the infected herds,
+conceived the idea of communicating the complaint to sound cattle by
+means of inoculation, and thereby to shield them from the contagion.
+
+The first experiments in the inoculation of _Tchouma_ or cattle typhus,
+were made in the year 1853, by order of the government, in the
+neighbourhood of Odessa, at the Heridin farm, by Professor Jessen.
+
+The first inoculative attempts were very fatal; they caused the death of
+all the inoculated animals. But it was soon perceived that these
+grievous results, far from prejudicing the theory, really confirmed it;
+and that the virus, attenuated in its toxical properties, would prove as
+effectual as was expected. And truly, in 1854 and 1855, at the Dorpat
+establishment, the inoculations made with a better selected virus
+afforded results less disastrous. At Kozau they were still more
+satisfactory. In fine, passing from experiment to experiment, they
+arrived at the conclusion that it was necessary to inoculate several
+heads of cattle, the one after the other, without having recourse to any
+other virus than the first inoculated, so that they might thereby obtain
+virus of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and up to the 10th generation. The
+virus thus attenuated in its morbid effects answered at length every
+experiment, and oxen thus inoculated could mingle with impunity with
+diseased cattle.
+
+At the veterinary establishment of Chalkoff they inoculated, during
+eight meetings, 1059 animals with virus of the 3rd generation, and the
+results were as satisfactory as could be wished for, only 60 animals
+having sunk under the effects of this preventive operation.
+
+The inoculations made in 1857 and 1858 on an estate belonging to the
+Duchess Helena, at Karlowska, in the government of Pultawa, and
+conducted by the veterinarian Raussels, likewise afforded the most
+satisfactory results.
+
+Professor Jessen thinks it certain, that beasts born of cows which have
+been afflicted with contagious typhus do not contract the disease. He
+maintains that Europe may be preserved from this frightful scourge, by
+taking care that no cattle be exported from the steppes of Russia save
+those which have had the distemper either naturally or by inoculation,
+and he is striving to propagate this opinion, and to render it
+practical, by having all the cattle inoculated, without exception.
+
+It is deeply to be regretted that counsels so prudent have not been
+heeded in the 47 governments which, out of the 53 possessed by Russia,
+have generated the contagious typhus; for then it would not so
+frequently have effected its passage into the neighbouring states, and
+England most probably, would not now have to take up arms against its
+fatal extension.
+
+
+VII.
+
+We here conclude that part of our labour which includes the history of
+this disease, and what we have been able to glean from those medical
+writers, and others, who have given us the results of their experience.
+It may have appeared somewhat protracted, but it has at least laid open
+to the student the antecedent investigations of our predecessors, under
+calamities of the same kind, but considerably more fatal than what has
+yet been witnessed in Western Europe during our time. We have
+disinterred and brought to light the forgotten works of conscientious
+and competent men. Like Brunelleschi, the architect, we have sought, not
+to invent a theory, but to recover a practice; and thus we have received
+the observations and precious facts, and finally the preventive
+treatment, of other men and other times, which had coped successfully
+against the cattle disease when its ravages were infinitely greater.
+
+To resume, then: these inquiries (which we undertook without
+anticipating so rich a harvest) have proved, and made evident--
+
+That the contagious typhus afflicting horned cattle, has spread its
+destructive principle over our globe ever since there have been animals
+living on its surface.
+
+That from century to century, not to say from year to year, it has
+carried its terrors amidst nations and peoples.
+
+That the remedial measures which had been taken and applied prior to the
+middle of the eighteenth century, were utterly powerless either to cure
+this disease or to prevent it.
+
+That at that period appeared two English physicians, men of remarkable
+aptitude and penetration, one of whom, Malcolm Flemming, laid down in
+theory the bases of a preventive treatment; whilst the other, Peter
+Layard, applied this theory to practice, by inoculating sound and
+healthy animals with the morbid virus of the typhus, in order to protect
+them from the fatal effects of the contagion.
+
+That this all-important progress in medical experience, has been
+absolutely forgotten; so much so, indeed, that the experiments of
+inoculation, tried in Russia only ten or twelve years ago with perfect
+success, do not seem to be connected by any link with those made in
+England a century before, and that the invasion of the so-called
+CATTLE PLAGUE in 1865 seemed to some men to have introduced a
+new scourge, which men were not armed and prepared to meet--which they
+were powerless to cure, or to stay in its progress.
+
+These inquiries, then, have proved, we think, that we are not so
+helpless as we had imagined to resist the evil. But we cannot help
+feeling, that we have laid bare in this exposition some most distressing
+inferences concerning the human mind. For, in truth, can anything be
+more deplorable, than thus to see the civilized nations of Europe
+endure, from century to century, these reiterated outbreaks of cattle
+typhus, and to see likewise that no man of sufficient energy and
+independence has yet arisen to tell the truth fearlessly to the
+governments and peoples, however painful that truth may be, and to
+expose the futility of the measures hitherto employed to arrest the
+scourge?
+
+And, on the other hand, is it not most afflicting to see discoveries of
+indisputable value buried out of view, submerged in public libraries,
+utterly unknown and forgotten, like their authors, to such a degree,
+that the distemper which they have made known in its entirety, and which
+is as old as the world itself, seems to us almost new in 1865?
+
+God send, that these cruel trials and severe lessons which the past has
+bequeathed to us may teach us something for our benefit! May the
+irresistible might which is derived from the auspicious union of capital
+and intelligence supersede the vain and flimsy efforts of isolated
+energy! May the government, which lavishes hundreds of millions upon the
+destructive engines of war, devote some portion of its ample means to
+the study of hereditary infections and contagious diseases! For these
+fatal epidemics decimate men as well as cattle, and we may at least ward
+off from our children the desolating disease which at present afflicts
+ourselves.
+
+We possess already every requisite means to protect ourselves from the
+formidable visitation of these diseases: we have science; we have the
+men who cultivate and teach it; we have the experience of the past
+added to our own. To-day, we are called upon to resist the baleful
+effects of cattle typhus; but another epizootia may come to-morrow, and
+strike our horses and our sheep--those domestic animals which constitute
+our most precious possession. The cholera hovers about us. If we do
+nothing, if we talk and debate instead of acting, these scourges will
+come upon us on a sudden, and find us quite as helpless as ever to
+resist their sway.
+
+These palpable truths deserve to be further developed, and will be
+treated more copiously at the end of this book. They will constitute the
+complement of our work, necessarily written in haste, since the danger
+we had to expose was itself so urgent and alarming.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] To assist the researches of other inquirers on this vital subject,
+now so generally interesting, we may add, that the cattle treatises
+already referred to--of Malcolm Flemming and Peter Layard--are to be
+found in the Library of the British Museum, bound together in a single
+volume, which is certainly worth ten times its weight in gold. It
+contains, indeed, eight different opuscula, all relating to cattle
+complaints, which scientific students may consult with real
+gratification. I will here transcribe the titles of the most important
+of these treatises, the pregnant expositions of the two English
+physicians above-named.
+
+That of Malcolm Flemming:
+
+"A Proposal, in order to Diminish the Progress of the Distemper among
+the Horned Cattle, supported by Facts. London, 1755."
+
+That of Peter Layard:
+
+"An Essay on the Nature, Cause, and Cure of the Contagious Distemper
+among the Horned Cattle in these Kingdoms. London, 1757."
+
+A great many accounts, treatises, and expositions on the same subject
+appeared at the same time in France, Holland, Denmark, and Switzerland.
+One, which appeared in the last of these countries, is entitled:
+
+"Reflexions sur la Maladie du Gros Bétail, par la Société des Médecius
+de Genève. 1756."
+
+
+
+
+SECOND PART.
+
+This Part is divided, as already stated, into four chapters.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+_On Typhous Diseases in general, and the Typhus which affects the Ox in
+particular._
+
+
+By following the example of those authors who have described the
+contagious typhus of the ox, we might proceed at once to explain its
+symptoms, and go directly to our purpose; but, by taking this hasty
+course, we should expose ourselves to be imperfectly understood by the
+majority of our readers, and to leave certain doubts in the minds of
+physicians as to the nature of the disease and the propriety of its
+treatment.
+
+All animals, including man himself, are born with a predisposition and
+liability to contract a certain number of contagious febrile diseases;
+they bear in a manner a certain number of physiological elements, which
+might be called latent germs, and which, under given conditions, become
+the leaven of these diseases. This must, indeed, be the case, since
+after these disorders have been once developed those who have been cured
+of them are not apt to contract them again, the morbid developments
+having destroyed that natural aptitude which had previously existed to
+undergo the morbid action of the contagious virus. These diseases are
+not numerous; they constitute a very distinct class, and the same laws,
+which regulate the phenomena in one of them are applicable to all the
+rest.
+
+These diseases exhibit the following characteristics: 1st, a period of
+incubation, during which the whole economy, more particularly the blood
+and humours, experience very important changes and modifications; 2nd, a
+febrile state, which varies in its continuous or intermittent types, and
+in its intensity, according to the species of the animals, and which
+proceeds from the alteration of the blood; 3rd, a revulsion at once
+toxical and congestive towards the nervous centre, inducing _stupor_;
+4th, a flux of mucus from the mouth and chest; 5th, a more intense,
+congestive, and inflammatory flux or discharge from the external or
+internal teguments--the skin or the mucous membrane of the digestive
+channels; 6th, a period of adynamia and dejection, with a tendency, in
+some cases, to a critical or salutary rejection of the morbid matter by
+the development of tumours or abscesses in the skin; 7th, they are at
+once infectious and contagious, epizootic or epidemic; that is to say,
+they are transmitted in different degrees by contact, by inoculation,
+and at a distance by the means of vitiated air; 8th, finally--and this
+is their leading characteristic--_they are not subject to recurrence_,
+each individual that has once been affected, losing in general all
+aptitude to contract the disease a second time.
+
+This last characteristic, when well understood, ought in reason to
+induce us to have recourse to the preventive treatment, and such has
+been the case with respect to the most virulent amongst them--small-pox
+and the typhus of the ox.
+
+Prompted by these principles, which are as logical and fixed as any
+mathematical deduction, I suggested in 1855 that inoculation should be
+applied in typhoid fever, which is nothing else but the equivalent of
+intestinal small-pox, in order to prevent the disease in men. But if the
+simplest truth sometimes requires a contest of ages before it is heard
+and understood, I could not hope to fix attention on a fact which might
+be taken as problematical. I felt that I was outrunning time, and that I
+should neither be heard nor understood; and so it has proved.
+
+Be that as it may, these typhous diseases have, as is seen, their laws
+and foreseen development. They attack animals generally, but chiefly
+herbivorous animals, endowed, as we have shown in the first part, with a
+vital resistance which is, relatively speaking, very inconsiderable.
+
+These febrile typhous diseases (whether their development is caused by a
+spontaneous morbid action in the patient or by an evident contagion),
+have a period of incubation during which the vital strength undergoes
+latent morbid modifications, though not sufficient to indicate, save in
+times of epizootics and epidemics, the particular form which is about to
+reveal its symptoms in the course of a few days. This period of
+incubation being over, the mouth and chest become affected, and fever
+declares itself; and then the _materies morbi_, which is to become the
+special and dominant characteristic of the distemper, is directed either
+to the skin, or to the digestive mucous membrane. In the first case, we
+see evidence of exanthematic diseases, which present only the lightest
+forms of detersive disorders, such as measles, scarlatina, or that more
+serious one, from its pustulous form, the small-pox. In the second case,
+the elimination takes place from the intestinal canal, and then we see
+produced in animals, as well as in men, the typhous diseases: that is to
+say, the typhoid fever--a pustulous and ulcerous malady of the
+intestines--or the common typhus of the hospitals, prisons, and
+campaigning armies; and again, in animals, there is also the typhus of
+the steppes, of the marshes, &c.
+
+The Eastern pestilence, the plague of Rome in the age of Antoninus and
+the plague of Athens, which might have given to Hippocrates the right
+of treating with Artaxerxes as one potentate treats with another, ought
+perhaps to be classed among those typhuses not subject to recurrence.
+
+As for the _cholera_, it seems to be a contagious and epidemic disorder,
+of a distinct and particular kind. We are ignorant of its essential
+cause, its nature, and its mode of treatment; and although it has
+prevailed in every age, and even frequently of late years, it will
+always, by reason of the strange formation of our medical institutions,
+find us as weak and defenceless to resist its attack as we have ever
+been.
+
+If we have been properly understood, typhous diseases are, above all,
+general febrile affections. At one time the _materies morbi_, or
+discharge, affects the skin; at another, the digestive mucous membrane.
+When it acts upon the skin, as clinical observation shows, there is
+sometimes a sort of hesitation in the eruptive process; people wonder
+what disease is coming forth; the eruption wavers in the form it will
+assume, till at length its real character is determined. The same
+uncertainty prevails when the intestines are affected. Sometimes the
+exanthema is merely the equivalent of simple measles or scarlatina of
+the intestinal mucous membrane, and many typhoid fevers of short
+continuance are nothing else in their nature. The same occurs in common
+typhuses. Sometimes the local affection proceeds as far as pustulous
+eruption, sometimes only to exanthematic rubefaction; hence the various
+alterations which we have witnessed in the intestines of cattle killed
+in our presence at the slaughter-houses of the Metropolitan Market, and
+which we ourselves dissected. The experienced Professor Bouley, from the
+Ecole Vétérinaire of Alfort, near Paris, whose visit must have been
+beneficial to England, clearly recognised in an ox which was slaughtered
+and dissected at the Metropolitan Market, the genuine pustule of typhoid
+fever. But in most cases, as we shall show, it is the other forms which
+prevail.
+
+We make these observations in order to anticipate the objections of
+those reasoners who, being more influenced and guided by the local facts
+and by the symptoms, than by the general phenomena of comparative
+pathology, might argue that such or such fact is opposed to our
+doctrine.
+
+In a word, then, typhous diseases have their types; but the living being
+is subjected to so many different influences, hereditary, idiosyncratic,
+climataic, hygienic, &c., that by the side of one subject going through
+the course of morbid phenomena with fatal regularity, another may be
+seen in which such or such functional derangement is readily
+distinguished. Thus in some animals, predisposed thereto by prior
+disorders, the morbid action originally propelled towards the channels
+of respiration will continue to be most salient; and after dissection
+the lungs will be congested and emphysematous, and the intestines
+relatively but scarcely altered. The animal, indeed, though bordering on
+typhus, will sink under the effect of functional derangement in the
+breathing passages. In others, by the influence of some particular
+predisposing cause, disorders of the nervous centres will be signalized;
+a cerebral and spinal pains will be intolerable, delirium will quickly
+ensue, and the asphyxiated patient, if a man, will succumb in the course
+of a few days; or if an ox, he will be wild and ungovernable, and then
+fall as if thunderstruck, fastened to his stall. Finally, in other
+cases, these first two phases of the distemper will not prove fatal, the
+intestinal injuries will pursue their course, and the affected animals
+will not die until the third period.
+
+As we have seen, the morbid phenomena may be different, although the
+affection continues the same; the typhoid fever or the typhus being
+nevertheless the essential disease which prevails.
+
+These generalities, to some readers, may appear irrelevant, but let them
+not be mistaken; they have a claim to our notice, and are really
+important. They show, indeed, that independent of the preventive
+treatment, which is an absolute rule in the case of virulent,
+contagious, and non-recurring diseases, the treatment of the disease
+itself, when it has declared itself, and when it pursues its course,
+cannot be the same for every patient; and that, moreover, this treatment
+must vary in the different phases of the disease, as physicians and
+veterinarians are well aware.
+
+These generalities, likewise, explain the various diseases--viz., those
+in which the animals blend together the typhous and exanthematic
+diseases. The measles and the scarlet fever, affecting the external or
+internal membranes, are like the first steps of these maladies; they are
+generally slight, and we have but to watch over the progress of the
+symptoms, and to assist nature, which, with few exceptions, brings all
+things to a favourable issue.
+
+These disorders, which are relatively slight and do not provoke in the
+economy any of those changes which in some sort transform the
+constitution, are not absolutely proof against relapse. They lead us
+rationally and by degrees to the more infectious and contagious
+diseases, to the common typhus; therefore it is unnecessary to apply the
+preventive treatment to them, that being exclusively reserved for the
+latter.
+
+Let it then be well understood, that the typhus of the ox, the study of
+which we are about to enter upon, may vary in its symptoms and
+post-mortem appearances, without losing thereby the characteristic mark
+which renders it a thoroughly distinct, and, in the present day, a
+thoroughly well known distemper.
+
+Now that the reader possesses these general notions of the Contagious
+Typhus, we shall be able to speak to him in a language which he will
+understand, and give a definition which he will be able to judge and
+appreciate.
+
+The typhus of the ox, then, is a _virulent, contagious, febrile, and
+non-recurring disease, with stupor and derangement of the nervous,
+respiratory, and digestive functions; leaving various changes in the
+respective organs of these functions, and chiefly in the intestines_.
+
+This new definition seems to us to be more faithful and just than those
+hitherto given; and this, if needed, we could demonstrate.
+
+I do not disguise from myself that some of the opinions expressed in
+these generalities may, at first sight, appear strange and liable to
+objection. Thus, it may be argued that inoculation as a preventive
+treatment of typhous maladies is far from being a general law,
+applicable to every case; since in Russia, for instance, where this
+inoculation is practised every day, it completely fails in certain
+foreign herds, and they die of the consequences of the operation; and
+that this, therefore, might happen in England.
+
+To these objections we would reply, first, as regards the novelty of
+opinions expressed, that we have taken up the pen, because we had to
+write something different from what has already been published in known
+works, otherwise it would have been our duty to remain silent; and
+secondly, as regards the inefficacy of inoculation, that organic and
+vital phenomena have their principles and their laws, which are fixed
+and invincible, from which it is reasonable to deduce consequences and
+positive rules of conduct, which cannot yield to superannuated opinions
+or imperfectly executed experiments. To institute experiments indeed
+under the rigorous conditions of a logical and irrefutable
+demonstration, is not so easy a matter as may generally be thought.
+
+For our part, the principles deduced from strict observation are the
+basis on which we build, and if it so chance that we are baffled in our
+experiments we vary them indefinitely; and if still we are deceived in
+our hopes, we ascribe the miscarriage to our impotence, to inadequate
+means, and to the defective instruments which the physical and chemical
+sciences, still in their cradle as regards organic matter, supply for
+our use. Above all, we wish it to be remembered--"_Scribo nec ficta, nec
+picta, sed quæ ratio, sensus, et experientia docent._"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+_The Origin and Causes of the Ox Typhus._
+
+
+I.
+
+I have drawn my conclusions as to the preventive treatment of typhus in
+the ox, from the knowledge I had acquired of its morbid phenomena, its
+nature, and its non-recurrence; and it is a logical deduction quite as
+accurate as could be the result of a syllogism. The study of the origin
+of this typhus, and of the causes by which it is generated and spread
+abroad, will supply us with additional arguments to sustain this
+deduction, as well as those signs and indications which are the very
+foundation of curative treatment. The description of the disease will
+contribute to the same result; for the rational treatment of a distemper
+can be derived only from a knowledge of all the phenomena which occasion
+it, of the functional derangements, and of the alterations observed in
+bodies after death.
+
+I wish particularly to say at once, in entering upon the subject of
+etiology, that the special works which treat of it contain precise
+information as to the causes and origin of the typhus in horned cattle;
+and that the chief organs of the press in every country--those ephemeral
+encyclopædias in which unfortunately so much vital force and
+intelligence are dissipated--have published articles of the highest
+interest on this subject. It would be physically impossible for me to
+begin again a bibliographical labour similar to the one exhibited in the
+First Part, in order to afford due justice to each of these public
+writers, who have met the epizootia on the confines of their country and
+fought hand to hand with it. This work is not susceptible of so much
+enlargement. Let it be well understood, that I claim no other merit than
+that of discussing these questions of etiology, in that order and with
+that common sense which fix ideas firmly in the mind--which, if I may
+use the term, _photograph_ them on those parts of the brain allotted to
+the memory and judgment; also of drawing from known and admitted facts
+more rational and practical conclusions than those which have been
+current up to the present time.
+
+Much has been already said and argued on the origin of the contagious
+typhus which affects the ox; some adhering exclusively to the special
+conditions observable in the breed of those oxen which are reared and
+fed on the steppes of Russia and Hungary; others, more reasonably, as it
+seems to us, ascribing it to the hygienic conditions generally, that is
+to say, to the climate, the season, the feeding, &c., &c., amidst which
+these animals are living.
+
+All these discussions upon what has been said and argued on this subject
+have been very useful. For, had it been rigidly proved that the oxen of
+the steppes, by some peculiar organization, carry within them those
+germs or physiological elements which at given times become the leaven
+of the distemper, and, at a subsequent period, the elements of the
+contagion, then, indeed, a fact of capital importance and prominent
+authority would have been established, and the attention of all men
+interested in these inquiries would have been exclusively concentrated
+on that particular race of animals and on those countries smitten with
+the curse, in order to arrest and confine the disease within its one and
+only focus.
+
+The supporters of this theory, concerning the first circumscribed origin
+of the typhus, maintain that all the epizootics whose deplorable history
+we have given in the first part of this work, have had no other
+generative causes than the propagation of the complaint, born and
+begotten on the banks of the Wolga and the Danube, and subsequently
+conveyed to the different parts of the earth by the emigration of the
+cattle. And in this manner, too, they have accounted for the appearance
+of the typhus in South America, in Africa, and in Asia.
+
+Since this doctrine on the origin of the typhus has been conceived and
+maintained by men of a high order of understanding, we must suppose that
+they had been struck and convinced by important facts and serious
+reasons; and as it would be unfair to oppose a plain denial to an
+opinion now so generally adopted, we are bound to say in what manner
+these authors justify their views, after which we shall endeavour to
+refute them.
+
+The partisans of the circumscribed origin, who make it depend
+exclusively on the peculiar organization of the race of the steppes,
+have based their argument, peremptory and unanswerable as they imagine,
+on the prime fact, that it has always been possible to trace the
+diffusion of the typhus in a given country, to some sick animal of the
+steppes conveyed to that kingdom. In this manner it is, that they
+explain the generation of the epizootics which have so frequently wasted
+the continent of Europe. On whatever point of the globe they may appear,
+this, and only this, is the source of their existence. The isolated
+position of Great Britain is made to support their arguments. "Behold,"
+they exclaim, "Great Britain, which, thanks to its surrounding seas, has
+escaped most of the epizootics which have desolated France and Germany
+during the early part of the nineteenth century." Nay, more, the present
+visitation of the distemper is also seized upon to sustain their theory,
+since certain oxen, natives of the steppes, appear to have imported it
+into London.
+
+We must add, that nothing is wanting in order to prove this assertion;
+for they relate with perfect regularity, and step by step, the course
+taken by the contagion; they specify the time occupied on its passage,
+and even the names of the infected vessels which have thus imported the
+principle of the typhus.
+
+It must be admitted that all the facts thus stated are indisputable; we
+acknowledge as true, that the bovine race of the steppes has conveyed
+into other countries the contagious germs of the disease; we admit that
+its dissemination may be thus accounted for.
+
+But to admit this fact, and to draw from it the conclusion that the
+bovine race of the steppes alone is capable, by some particular and
+distinct organization, of developing the original typhus of the ox, and
+that this typhus has no other focus on the earth than the banks of the
+Dnieper and the Don, does not appear to us a sound logical deduction.
+And as, if this conclusion were positively recognised, we might see but
+one side of the evil, and deduce very serious consequences therefrom, it
+is necessary to receive these facts for what they are worth, and no
+more.
+
+Let us first observe, that those writers who ascribe the contagious
+typhus to the race of Southern Russia, do not take into consideration
+the epizootics of this typhus, the account of which has been handed down
+to us by the ancient authors of Greece and Rome; and that they refer
+just as little to those which are quite as frequent in the republics of
+South America as on the banks of the Dnieper. For even if we allow that
+once, and only once, one of these epizootics may be traced to the
+arrival of a ship containing oxen brought from the steppes, how, on the
+other hand, can we believe that all other epizootics have had such a
+fortuitous cause to generate it; consequently, the typhus, in these
+cases, must have been locally developed and diffused among American
+cattle?
+
+Moreover, we seek in vain for the reasons which would authorize us to
+assign to the bovine race of the steppes a particular organization,
+rendering it alone fit to engender the typhus. But let us grant for a
+moment, that the Russian and Hungarian oxen constitute a peculiar race,
+as their framework and the length of their horns would seem to imply;
+this much being conceded, it still remains to be shown in what respect
+their anatomical and physiological structure differs from that of other
+animals to such an extent as to render them alone liable to originate
+this fatal typhus.
+
+Oh! if it were true that the bovine race of the steppes alone could
+engender the typhus! we would hail the fact with joy, and would show
+without much exertion of reasoning that, in that case, we possessed not
+only the means of preventing the disease by inoculating sound and
+healthy cattle, but the far more important means of sweeping it for ever
+from the earth, by at once exterminating that cursed race, smitten with
+the original predisposition of this plague; and as, after all, the
+murderous scourge of the typhus of the steppes has already cost, and may
+perhaps continue to cost the various nations of the Old World millions
+upon millions, they would feel that their most urgent interest would be
+to come to an understanding (nor would the sacrifice be too much for
+their resources) so as to destroy and extirpate the evil at its original
+source. There would then be no difficulty in raising up a new breed of
+cattle in those countries, by transporting to it those of other nations
+free from the infection.
+
+But who does not understand that this heroic sacrifice would be
+illusory, and that the foreign races, modified in time in this new
+medium, would regenerate the typhus; so that the double sacrifice of
+extermination and indemnity would have been made to no purpose?
+
+We wish we could adopt this hypothesis, so simple and so consolatory, of
+the circumscribed origin of the typhus, and its exclusive propagation
+through the race of the steppes; but our mind is altogether opposed to
+that view, and for the following reasons, amongst others:--
+
+If the bovine race of the steppes alone could produce the typhic virus,
+by reason of a particular organization which is the prime condition of
+its existence, _this race alone would of necessity be fit to receive its
+taint_ by the influence of contagion. But if the other animals of the
+same species, as unfortunately too surely happens, can receive the
+principle of the disorder, develop the ailment, and die of its effects,
+then the reasoning of our opponents is faulty from its source; and it
+must be admitted that all horned cattle are apt to generate the typhic
+virus in those countries which afford the conditions of its production,
+and that this exclusive predisposition as it is called, attributed to
+the race inhabiting the steppes, is simply a chimera.
+
+But arguments are seldom exhausted even to defend a bad cause, and it is
+objected that the fact that all oxen may contract the typhus transmitted
+by the contact of animals from one to another, does not prove that the
+original predisposition is the same in every race; and they persist in
+maintaining--1st, that the typhus of the steppes is alone able
+originally to beget the disease; 2nd, that having thus begotten and
+produced it, it becomes, after this organic conception, apt to be
+transmitted to every animal, and fit to be assimilated with them.
+
+To these subtleties and argumentative refinements it would be as easy
+for me to oppose abstract reasonings equally strong, as it would have
+been for the Jansenists and Mollinists, had it so chanced that they had
+been drawn into a debate on the origin and nature of the virus of the
+plague which carried off Jansenius. But let us confine ourselves to
+serious facts and conclude--
+
+1st. That we have no proof of any anatomical and physiological
+difference in the humours or in the blood--that is to say, in the
+organic, intimate, and biological elements of the individuals which
+collectively constitute the bovine species.
+
+2nd. That we have a right to believe, that all horned cattle are apt to
+develop the typhic virus when they are placed within the conditions
+required for that effect--that is to say, when they are exposed to the
+special morbific causes which form its condition _sine quâ non_, and
+which are met with on the banks of those great rivers which water
+Southern Russia and Hungary, in Africa, on the banks of the Nile, in
+South America, on the margins of the lakes, and in what are called hot
+climates, &c.
+
+
+II.
+
+But if the origin of the typhus cannot exclusively depend on the
+peculiar organization of certain individuals of the bovine species, we
+must inquire after and search for the real causes which produce it.
+
+We have explained already, in the First Part, what alterations organic
+matter undergoes in general, when accidental causes happen to modify its
+organic elements; and we have pointed out the fact, that of all living
+creatures herbivorous animals were those that offered the least vital
+resistance to the causes of disease and destruction.
+
+This unquestionable fact being taken for granted, let us now consider
+under what conditions live the multitudinous herds of horned cattle
+which in Russia and in South America are reared and supported solely for
+the produce of their flesh, and sometimes, too, for that of their hides.
+
+The great breeders and proprietors fix the number of their heads of
+cattle according and in proportion to the quantity of the pastures, but
+like other men, they mortgage the future for their benefit without
+making due allowance for accidents or extreme changes of weather, as
+when years of unusual drought succeed those of heavy rain; so that these
+herds, by the single fact of these extreme fluctuations in the degrees
+of temperature, are exposed to a multiplicity of causes productive of
+disease. The same nature which generates life and health generates
+disease and dissolution, and when the former are neglected the latter
+will prevail.
+
+In the prosperous and favoured countries of the temperate zone, such as
+England and France, these extreme variations in the seasons, which are
+always the cause of a deficiency or alteration in the production of
+fodder, are equally the cause of the numerous epizootics which attack
+all the herbivorous species, and particularly those to which oxen fall
+victims, such as the tumourous typhus (_le typhus charbonneux_), the
+so-called aphthous fever, the contagious peripneumonia (which is not
+liable to return and is prevented by inoculation), parasitical cutaneous
+disease.
+
+But in less favoured countries, in those which are damp, argillaceous,
+swampy, inundated by the overflows of their lakes and rivers, or by the
+reflux of the sea, there is deposited a slimy or brackish water, which a
+temporary torrid heat afterwards causes to ferment; and then a
+superabundance of life, a teeming vegetation, springs up in all
+directions. In the midst of this swarming vitality live and thrive an
+infinity of worms, maggots, animalculæ, insects, mollusca, fish,
+reptiles, birds, &c.; and here, too, all these creatures die and decay,
+when this slime, the prolific source of generations which we might look
+upon as spontaneous, begins to dry up and disintegrate. Then from these
+organic vegetable and animal matters, in a state of decomposition,
+escape those deleterious gases, such as hydrogen, carbonic oxide,
+nitrogen, carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, and even phosphoretted
+hydrogen.
+
+Often to all these causes of infection are added myriads of
+grasshoppers, which cover the ground, where they die, aggravating the
+mass of pestiferous vapour which fills the atmosphere. Finally, the
+water which slakes the thirst of the herds of cattle is corrupted; the
+plants on which they feed distil poisons; the air, the water, and the
+plants, carry within them a principle of venom and death. After this,
+how can we be surprised if this flood of putrid emanations is
+transformed into a contagious typhic virus, whose subtle and
+pestilential effluvia are conveyed by the ox to considerable distances?
+
+In fine, let us recapitulate in our minds all the causes of destruction
+to which these passive creatures are exposed, and we shall acknowledge
+that there is no necessity to attribute to them a peculiar organization
+in order to understand the development of the typhus, which, at a given
+moment, cuts them all off; and that in the deltas of the different
+countries, as well in Asia, Africa, and America, as in Europe, are to be
+found those conditions of infectious disease which we have described. In
+these causes, and only in these causes, or in those which resemble them,
+will rational men seek for the principle of the contagious typhus in the
+bovine race.
+
+Moreover, who is there who does not understand that what is true with
+regard to cholera is likewise applicable to this contagious typhus? The
+cholera, for causes analogous to these, subject to the particular state
+of the soil, is generated, not exclusively, it is true, but most
+frequently, on the banks of the Ganges, in the same manner as the
+contagious typhus is developed in certain countries where its natural
+focus is found.
+
+The race of animals which exists on this deadly and destructive soil is
+an instrument of incubation for typhus, not in consequence of their
+peculiar structure, but because the conditions under which they live
+condemn them to this fate.
+
+
+III.
+
+Now the breeding of cattle, and the feeding and fattening of them for
+the market, constitute a branch of industry--a great interest. They all
+have to be removed, conveyed to various distances, and sold; so that
+this traffic becomes a new cause to be added to all those which foster,
+develop and propagate the distemper.
+
+In prosperous times, when the seasons, conformably with our wishes, have
+pursued a course which we call regular (for we are fain to believe that
+the planets turn on their axes on our account), and when the cattle find
+the ground covered with rich pastures, and limpid streams--conditions
+which are eminently favourable in themselves, though in Hungary it is
+necessary to add gum, salt, mineral water, and arsenic acid, before the
+health of these animals is satisfactory,--then the cattle breeders make
+their sordid calculations, and select the heads of cattle intended for
+sale.
+
+With animals, as with man, health is but relative, not absolute; the
+healthiest in appearance often bearing within its frame the fatal
+principle of no distant death. Fatness not being by any means a sure
+sign of vital strength, many of these cumbersome beasts, though
+seemingly in good and sound condition, contain in their systems, in
+various stages of incubation, the tainted leaven of contagious
+affections, such as peripneumonia, or even the typhus itself.
+
+But, regardless of this liability, their sale and migration are resolved
+upon at length. Hitherto these harmless creatures have lived in the most
+perfect stillness and retirement. Their calm, monotonous life has been
+as regular as the course of time; never by a single pulsation have their
+hearts exceeded the wonted number per minute; they are all gifted with a
+nervous sensibility of which the vulgar have no notion. Some favoured
+few have felt the sympathy of friendship for the herdsman who tended
+them, and for the companions with which they fed. They have been leaders
+of their own herd, they have marched at their head; they have given the
+signal when to seek shelter beneath the trees, or when to repair to the
+brook. They have loved the fields amidst which they have grown and
+thriven. Some of them, reared and fed beneath the domestic thatch, were
+grateful for the care they had received; their master was endeared to
+them, they would run to meet his coming, answer to their name, and lick
+his hand with fondness.
+
+And it is the course of this tranquil, this happy existence, that is
+about to be broken abruptly. It is this creature, the pattern of
+gentleness and goodness, that we are going to treat like a heap of
+insensible and inert matter--which we are going to subject to
+unutterable torture!
+
+And now, indeed, these creatures are all at once handed over to the
+savage guidance, to the thongs and cudgels, of a hind, whose cruelty
+keeps pace with his stolid ignorance, and who abets his dogs to quicken
+their course to the neighbouring market. From this moment, half-fed and
+athirst, these poor animals are forced to make long journeys afoot; or
+since the construction of railways, to be heaped together confusedly in
+a locomotive pen. There, the shaking, the sudden starts, the friction of
+five hundred wheels on the rails, the horrid snorting of the engines,
+alarm and terrify them to such a degree as to turn the whole mass of
+their blood.
+
+In such a state of vital prostration or feverish excitement, entire
+herds are carried to the public markets or to annual fairs with other
+animals, and nearly all sent to the shambles. But some amongst them are
+reserved for another fate. The females, for instance, are set apart to
+serve as milch cows; and in this manner they carry with them into the
+cowsheds, wherein they are received, the taint of those contagious
+distempers, the germs of which lay concealed in their frames, or which
+they have contracted from the companions of their journey.
+
+Some of these heads of cattle, starting from the steppes of Russia, have
+to travel five hundred miles in an open cage, less cared for and
+protected than bales of merchandise, exposed to the rain, to the heat
+of the sun, to sudden changes of temperature, to cold and cutting
+draughts, increased by the rapid motion of the train;--these animals,
+foundered, prostrate, panting with fever and torturing pains, still have
+to undergo new trials, if they cross the sea. In this case, the wretched
+victims are violently expelled from the locomotive, rocking sheds of the
+railway; a leathern strap hanging from a crane lifts them into the air,
+and lets them down into the mid-deck of a ship, where they are crowded
+as closely together as possible, for here, too, space is very costly.
+Finally, the vessel gets under way and ploughs the ocean; contrary winds
+beat it about in every direction, and these poor creatures have to
+endure a new kind of torture, accompanied by the intolerable pangs of
+sea-sickness; and in this state it is that they alight on the British
+soil, and are driven off to the different markets.
+
+It is useless to expatiate at length on the state of general derangement
+and disease in which these oxen reach their final destination. Some
+amongst them have endured for eight or nine days these unspeakable
+tortures, without being sustained by nourishment--for no animal, when
+his spirits forsake him, can assimilate his food amidst all this
+physical suffering and so great a shock to his nervous system.
+
+Let us here declare that these animals, though removed from their
+meadows with all the signs and appearances of sound health, at a time
+when a fine season had been productive of abundance, and when no
+epizootia was raging in the country which they have left, may
+nevertheless bear within them the taint of contagious typhus; and let us
+ask ourselves what must come to pass in those disastrous years when this
+typhus prevails under the influence of those destructive causes which
+were passed in review just now, and when the Russian and Hungarian
+proprietors, eager to forestall an inevitable general calamity, hasten
+to send off to Italy, France, Holland, Finland, or to the ports of
+England, many animals already seized with typhus, and whose virus must
+have acquired infectious properties still more intense and deadly under
+the influence of the deep disquiet and commotion which the removal and
+conveyance of these animals, under conditions so deplorable, must have
+produced in their frames.
+
+Such are indeed the pernicious conditions in which oxen may be, and
+often are, dispatched to England; and such appears to be the real cause
+of the outbreak of the spreading epizootia which we witness at this
+moment, and which has created so much alarm in so many counties of
+England.[B]
+
+
+IV.
+
+Let us now consider this contagious typhus in its destructive extension
+over the British soil; let us study and examine the causes of its
+diffusion as they pass under our notice.
+
+The mooted question of determining whether the cattle typhus was
+originally imported from abroad, or whether it broke out spontaneously
+in England, has been, and still is, a subject of dubious debate amongst
+some professional men, amongst the leading writers of the public
+journals, and also amongst agriculturists and farmers.[C]
+
+And, in truth, the propagation of the distemper is occasionally
+witnessed under conditions so singular and striking, that it seems to
+warrant and supply arguments for every conceivable opinion.
+
+When the disease was recognised and identified for the first time on the
+24th of June, 1865, public opinion ascribed its appearance to contagion
+arising from some diseased cows imported from Finland, and which, after
+being exposed in the Islington Market on the 19th, were sold and removed
+to the cowsheds of a breeder or dairyman.
+
+We may observe that, on hearing the intelligence of this sudden
+invasion, the public mind, which is so excitable in England, did not
+disguise the indignation it felt against foreign countries which had
+been capable of contaminating an island so advantageously situated and
+so well protected, and infecting her magnificent herds, exuberant with
+health. But after a closer examination of the facts, and possibly
+alarmed, at the serious consequences of a Continental blockade which
+would deprive the United Kingdom, not of the entire twenty or thirty
+thousand live stock, such as oxen, sheep, pigs, &c., which they receive
+every week, but only of the eight or ten thousand head of cattle which
+are landed weekly on their coasts to supply their markets, public
+opinion was appeased. But, unfortunately, this national susceptibility
+now took the opposite extreme; and the only causes it now saw were the
+dirt and want of adequate ventilation in the metropolitan stables and
+sheds; and to these causes it attributed, first the generation, and then
+the propagation or diffusion of the malady; an opinion which appeared
+all the more natural and reasonable, in that the oxen and cows of the
+graziers were the first victims of the typhus.
+
+We all know how liable, among all nations, the public mind is to waver
+and fluctuate, and how susceptible and open it is to new impressions
+during fatal visitations and general calamities; nor can we feel the
+least surprise at the uncertainty which has so long prevailed, and still
+continues, as to the real causes of the introduction of the bovine
+typhus in England.
+
+Let us therefore examine this question of etiology, and try to discover
+what opinion ought to prevail.
+
+It is important to establish at once two material facts which seem to us
+indisputable:
+
+1st. That the contagious typhus in cattle which is known to be permanent
+in the southeast of Europe, actually existed there during the month of
+June, 1865; 2nd, That some of the horned cattle, fed and reared in that
+part of Europe, were transported to England, after having crossed
+through Russia from south to north, in order to avoid passing through
+Germany.
+
+As for the first of these facts, it is admitted and received, as might
+easily be proved by reproducing the speeches and addresses delivered by
+the veterinary doctors at the Congress now being held at Vienna, and at
+which were present the men whose experience of this cattle distemper
+gives them the highest authority--Hertwig, Jessen, Röll, Siegmund,
+Gerlach, &c.
+
+The contagious typhus of horned cattle is so fully in the epizootic
+state in those countries which are washed by the Black Sea, that it was
+enough for the veterinarians present at the Congress to manifest a
+desire to see cattle afflicted with this disease, for the opportunity so
+to do to be immediately afforded them.[D]
+
+Thus, then, the fact is undeniable, the contagious typhus was raging, in
+June, 1865, in Hungary and Russia, as it rages there at all times.
+
+As for the conveyance of cattle from those countries into England, the
+fact is no less certain and assured. It is well known that a convoy of
+300 heads of cattle, proceeding from the pasture-grounds of Hungary and
+Austria, was transported into Finland by rail, and afterwards shipped at
+Revel for England. Thanks to the rapid locomotion by steam, the
+migration of these cattle had lasted but ten days--two days for the
+transport by land, and eight days for the passage by sea, through the
+tortuous line of the Baltic; but this was sufficient length of time for
+the incubation to be produced, even supposing the animals to have looked
+sound when their transit began.
+
+Moreover, it is indubitable that the markets of this immeasurable London
+have for many years been supplied with horned cattle from every country:
+from France, Holland, Belgium, Podolia, Poland, Prussia, Austria,
+Hungary, and Russia.
+
+Thus, the Islington Market (the fact is assured) had received horned
+cattle imported from the countries where typhus is known to be
+permanent. Were these cattle thus imported affected with the typhus?
+This fact likewise is as certain as the other, since two of the foreign
+cows thus imported, were the first to fall sick, and to die of this
+typhus.
+
+But if the contagious typhus of horned cattle rages permanently on the
+banks of the streams which discharge themselves into the Black Sea, and
+if the beasts reared in those countries have long been transported to
+England and other countries, how, it will be asked, is it that the
+disease has not broken out more frequently, for it has never been seen
+in Great Britain, at least, during the former part of the nineteenth
+century?
+
+This question is not devoid of a certain degree of importance, and
+deserves to fix our attention for a moment.
+
+Now the conditions in which the animals were exhibited in 1863 and 1864
+were precisely the same as those of 1865, before the outbreak of the
+disease; and yet the contagion has been possible in 1865, whilst it was
+not so in 1863.
+
+We do not presume to explain the mysterious phenomena which govern the
+development of epidemics and epizootics; but it seems to us not
+altogether impossible to give a rational and satisfactory elucidation of
+the facts.
+
+In general, in _epizootics_, and I might even say in some particular
+epidemics--in that of the typhus, for instance--three connected and
+inseparable facts form the condition _sine quâ non_, of the generation
+of the disease. First, a focus for producing the virus; secondly, for
+the most part a favourable soil, and a special predisposition amongst
+animals to receive and propagate it; thirdly, what is called an epidemic
+or epizootic genius--that is to say, a particular state of the
+atmospheric elements, or the air, which hitherto has escaped our
+analyses, and whose morbific properties vary in their degrees of
+intensity. Thus the epizootic genius of 1711, the terrible one of 1750,
+and the one which now diffuses its contagious miasma, have differed in
+some of their virulent conditions.
+
+However that may be, it will be sufficient to glance back at the past to
+assure ourselves that, in general, epizootics have been coincident with
+some violent change of season, such as extreme droughts, or
+superabundant rains; that is to say, when the cattle, disturbed in the
+physiological conditions of their health, have become favourable to the
+incubation of the miasmatic leaven scattered through the air, or else
+when these animals were living under irregular conditions, and had to
+endure unwonted fatigues and privations, as in the folds of campaigning
+armies, for instance.
+
+These epizootics have appeared to depend not only on the state of the
+soil and of the health of the cattle, but also (we repeat it designedly)
+on an element no less indispensable to the propagation of the disease--a
+special state of the air, which favours the development and preservation
+of typhic miasma: for sometimes a sudden change of temperature has
+proved sufficient to stop the rampant progress of the contagion, the
+other conditions remaining unaltered.
+
+These relations of cause and effect between the contagious principle,
+the predisposition of the animals, and the state of the atmosphere,
+evidently are subject to some exceptions; but we must allow that in the
+present epizootic they are absolutely and completely applicable. For, in
+truth, the years 1864 and 1865 have been distinguished, if not by the
+persistency of a high rate of temperature not often witnessed, at least
+by an excessive drought during the months which are both hot and rainy;
+and this has happened in the various countries of Europe, thereby
+producing a falling off in the pasture and fodder both as respects their
+quantity and quality.
+
+As to England, a country usually cold and damp, but renowned for its
+spacious green fields and meadows, it has suffered more than any other
+country from these unfavourable conditions, and their destructive
+influence on the grass and corn; the herds having found a great
+reduction of food where formerly they met with abundance. Everybody has
+seen, as we have ourselves, large herds of cattle, wandering in
+amazement from field to field, and seeking for something to browse on a
+parched and arid soil. A supplementary provision of corn, roots, malt,
+and the grounds of the beer vat or spirit barrel, no doubt served to
+mitigate the sad effects of these privations on the health of cattle;
+but in spite of all that could be done, their blood became impoverished,
+their strength and vital resistance sank, and (like the animals which we
+transferred at will into a soil more favourable to the spread of
+parasitic diseases), they afforded last June, as they do now, an unusual
+predisposition to suffer and transform the morbific principles of
+typhus, which in all probability they would have been proof against at
+any other time. We may very fairly infer this much, for we must of
+necessity believe that the regular importation of cattle from those
+countries which are considered as the permanent focus of typhus, has
+from time to time transported the miasmatic germs of this malady into
+England, although the virus did not take effect on British cattle at
+those periods, for want of one or other of the conditions necessary to
+its generation and development.
+
+We may likewise infer, and a watchful appreciation of the facts
+contained in the veterinary medical journals would show that this
+opinion is not unfounded, that the special disease which constitutes
+this typhus (similar in that respect to epidemic diseases), may develop
+itself in one beast by accident, spontaneously, sporadically--that is to
+say, without immediate contagion; in a word, _apart from those epizootic
+conditions which alone render its propagation possible_. To be brief, we
+think that an isolated case of cattle typhus may by chance be detected,
+when there is no epizootia prevailing to account for it, just as we
+occasionally meet with cases of typhus or cholera among men during
+seasons absolutely free from these epidemics. It would not, therefore,
+appear to us altogether impossible, that under the influence of very
+special conditions, the contagious typhus of the ox might have its birth
+in England; and this would favour the theory of those reasoners who
+maintain that this typhus met with the first causes, and the origin of
+its development, in the stalls and cowsheds of London. But such has not
+been the cause of cattle typhus in the epizootia which we see at
+present.
+
+No doubt some animals suffered great privations, but, whatever
+alteration their health may have sustained, all this is nothing to be
+compared to the sufferings endured by the cattle in the steppes under
+the influence of deleterious conditions of the most exceptional
+character, which do, indeed, give birth to this typhus, and which we
+have already described.
+
+No, certainly not! _Nothing authorizes us to believe that the typhus now
+under our observation was bred and born, at first, within the stalls and
+cowsheds of London._ It was most assuredly imported. But it is true,
+nevertheless, that this cruel scourge found the horned cattle of England
+predisposed to receive it, and it likewise met with atmospheric
+conditions favourable to its subsequent diffusion; in a word, it met
+with the epizootic genius proper for the generation and propagation of
+the typhus miasma.
+
+It is thus that we may account for and reconcile the two contending
+theories, one of which refers the cause of this typhus to foreign
+importation, whilst the other insists that it originated in the filthy
+and half-ventilated cowsheds of the metropolis.
+
+But if this typhus could not spring up spontaneously out of the bovine
+race of England, it must be confessed that, independently of the general
+predisposition due to a great and protracted drought, it found in the
+sickening sheds of the metropolitan and country cattle the most
+favourable conditions for its incubation and subsequent diffusion.
+
+It would, indeed, be difficult to conceive of anything more directly
+adverse to the hygienic laws of health in cattle than the stalls and
+sheds dotted over the densely populated districts of London. Most of
+these pent-up cribs are situated in narrow lanes and yards, in filthy
+streets and blind alleys; and within these close, hot, and steaming
+receptacles the miserable cows, pressed against each other, without
+ever moving a limb, waste away and become phthisical in a very short
+space of time. We may readily imagine what a prey to the contagion must
+be afforded by these animals, already more or less ailing, some of which
+are fed in a great measure on malt, so sour and acrid that the very
+smell of it is intolerable. The milk from these cows is, moreover, of so
+wretched a quality, that in a cowhouse containing 48 of these poor
+creatures, at Kensington, I found only one, the milk of which exhibited
+the taste and quality fit for a sick child, for whom I ordered a milk
+diet.
+
+It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that the present epizootia,
+during this late tropical season[E] especially, should have met with all
+the conditions most conducive to its development and propagation.
+
+When the cattle distemper first broke out, the graziers, not suspecting
+its gravity, attempted to treat the animals themselves, but soon
+afterwards perceiving the fruitlessness of all their remedial measures,
+they felt that the best thing they could do was to turn their sick
+beasts to whatever account they could, by driving them to market or to
+the slaughter-houses, an expedient which they were the more disposed to
+adopt, inasmuch as the diseased cows had ceased to give milk. And then,
+the removal of these animals, in various stages of the disorder, became
+the most rapid means of disseminating the contagion, which, had it been
+concentrated and pent-up at first within its narrow focus, would
+otherwise have spread with less fearful havoc.[F]
+
+In the meanwhile the sick cows being commingled with thousands of heads
+of cattle exposed for sale at the different markets, communicated far
+and wide the principle of the disease; and as a certain number of these
+animals remaining unsold were driven back to the farms, into stalls
+until then removed from every cause of contagion, they introduced among
+their sound companions the fatal germs of the distemper; and as, again,
+this effectual means of propagating the evil was repeated several times
+in the same week, the consequence was that, by the end of July--a little
+more than a month after the outbreak--the whole of the south of England
+was in some sort contaminated. Thence the contagion extended to the
+north of the kingdom, and passed into Scotland; so that, at present, the
+cattle-typhus has spread its ramifications over a great number of the
+counties of Great Britain.[G]
+
+In the first instance, the contagion spread from animal to animal by
+means of an infecting influence in some degree direct, among cattle
+sheltered beneath the same roof, or collected in swarms within the same
+markets. But very soon the air itself was impregnated and polluted by
+the vaporization and diffusion of the typhic miasma; and herds of cattle
+which had no contact, either direct or indirect, with infected animals,
+were seen to be tainted with the distemper. Whether this contamination
+was produced by the passage of attainted cattle along the public roads
+(having fields on the right and left), or otherwise, nothing but an
+absolute isolation, an utter impossibility of contact, appeared to offer
+a perfect immunity against the spread of the evil.
+
+The miasma, condensed by the fogs and transported in all directions by
+the winds, now began to overleap every natural or artificial barrier,
+and the favoured herds, ruminating at their ease in the manorial farms
+of the wealthy patricians, in their well-kept parks and amid every
+luxury, were suddenly smitten with an evil which in their case seemed an
+anomaly. In such peaceful homes these innocent creatures were tended by
+intelligent and benevolent hands, which understood and felt for their
+frail constitutions; food of the best quality was lavishly supplied to
+them, and whatever they could wish for lay around them in abundance;
+richly reared, they had themselves become so many ornaments within these
+scenes of beauty, and all men thought that here, at least, were plots of
+rural ground which the genius of epizootia would not invade, and in
+which the healthy herds were invulnerable to contagion.
+
+It was under these circumstances that the fine farms of Earl Granville,
+at Golder's Green, skirting the Finchley Road,[H] containing as many as
+130 milch cows, were suddenly and fiercely attacked amidst their
+seeming immunity, and struck down in great numbers.
+
+"When I left England a month ago," said the noble lord, "there were
+about 130 milch cows in four sheds; in the two largest and best managed
+I found only one cow yesterday, September 4th."
+
+The park of Holly Lodge,[I] which is partly bounded by the main road
+along which pass and repass files of cattle going to and coming from the
+markets, was visited by the same unsparing scourge. Now certainly, the
+noble and beneficent lady of the manor, who secured to her cattle every
+attention, and who, confiding in the resources of medical science,
+attempted every means to save these stricken creatures doomed to an
+inevitable death; she whose enlightened mind, equally open to the claims
+of science as to those of misfortune, desired that experiments should be
+made which might tend to throw any light on this devastating malady;
+she, at any rate, one would think, might have escaped the common lot
+without exciting wonder or envy at the privilege which she enjoyed. But
+this fell and sweeping epizootia, inexorable in its latitudinarian
+march, entered those shady bounds, and decimated those orderly sheds
+with the same impartiality as it did that of the poor man, Cutting,
+whose whole fortune was stored up in the two milch cows whose death he
+had to deplore.
+
+This epizootia threatens to invade, one by one, all the European States,
+like the awful scourge of 1750, to which we have already drawn
+attention. For even now Holland and Belgium[J] have been smitten; and
+the alarm it has excited has for a time superseded the panic which the
+stealthy advance of the cholera to the west had kindled. Some imagine
+that it might have been kept out of Great Britain, or have been checked
+in its outbreak. But, in spite of all the safest precautions and the
+soundest measures of preparation, it would most likely have baffled
+human skill, and neither been held aloof nor stifled in its focus. But
+how painful it is, to have to write and to think that ignorance,
+carelessness, revolting cupidity, and the most wanton violation of the
+laws, have all contributed to extend the evil, with the foulest
+premeditation and the blindest disregard!
+
+To feel one's self a stranger in a country, and to be able to rejoice at
+one's connexions with it, and at the same time to be obliged to give
+publicity to certain truths distasteful to those to whom they are told,
+is a most painful task. But, as it would be to swerve from that duty and
+loyalty which the national interests as well as those of science impose
+upon a writer, not to speak out with impartial justice in a matter of so
+vital an importance, we beg permission to consider, without reserve,
+this delicate question:--the causes which have contributed to propagate
+the complaint.
+
+
+V.
+
+England, so long spared by that wasting scourge, which had so often
+extended its ravages over France and other kingdoms during the last
+sixty years, was taken by surprise; and the regulations and laws
+necessary to stifle without delay the distemper in its focus--that is to
+say, in the metropolis--not being in readiness, the outbreak of the
+disease found her helpless and unarmed.
+
+On the other hand, the organic forms of the English Government and
+municipal bodies, the reserve of the Cabinet during the vacation, the
+limited power of the Lord Mayor and his civic counsellors, the
+subdivision of London into parishes and vestries, as in the good times
+of the middle ages, the loose scattering of the shambles and meat
+markets through the many streets of the huge town, the right asserted by
+each man to be absolutely independent and free, the sanctity of the
+Englishman's home, &c., &c., all concurred to let loose and propagate
+the contagion, instead of keeping it within bounds.
+
+Indeed, whilst the competent authorities, with all the energy which
+could be expected of them on so grave a matter, were meeting and
+discussing the best measures to be taken, and the interesting debates at
+the Mansion-house were throwing the first light upon the question, the
+insidious malady pursued its destructive progress, diffusing new terror
+and alarm. When at length the Privy Council issued their orders,
+prescribing the public declaration of sick cattle, and that no affected
+beast was to be conveyed either by rail or by ship, whilst all the
+necessary means of purification and disinfection were to be employed,
+&c., it was unfortunately too late, the dreadful calamity having taken
+root and multiplied its stem like the upas-tree.
+
+What a field for reflection there is in these cases, which originating
+with the imperfect state of the laws and institutions, have fostered and
+encouraged the disease! But this is a subject which it would not behove
+us to discuss, and we prefer to show by the notes which will be found
+appended to the end of this work, and which are produced as attesting
+documents, that cattle proprietors, by their own confession, too often
+sacrifice the interests of the public to their own private advantage.[K]
+
+Nor have we been able to participate in the thoughts and reflections of
+so many sensible and judicious persons, on the impotence and
+dilatoriness of the public authorities, and also, let us say, on the
+inadequate pecuniary means proposed by a people so lavish of its wealth
+when useful and great undertakings are designed, without paying a
+natural tribute of regret, to the memory of a Prince who took so deep an
+interest in the progress of agriculture, and who, had he still been
+living, would have known how to direct with a firm and steady hand, the
+right measures to be taken amidst so many intricacies and
+embarrassments.
+
+Sometimes allusion has been made to France in the speeches delivered at
+these meetings, presided over by that active magistrate, the Lord Mayor.
+In the course of these remarks the speakers have praised and held up to
+admiration the advantages of her system of centralization, the decrees
+of her sanitary police, and the promptness with which she executes the
+measures which the public interests require. That is true. France is
+certainly in a state to resist the scourge with very effectual means to
+arrest its progress; but if in this matter, as in some others, she have
+acquired a superiority, it has only been by an experience dearly
+purchased, these epizootics having returned more than once to destroy
+her flocks and herds. Politically, the same might be said of her
+revolutions, those great moral epidemics.
+
+An orator, a writer, went so far as to say, in one of his numerous
+letters, the one dated the 24th of August: "I regret to say some of our
+neighbours laugh at our expense."[L]
+
+No, your neighbours will not laugh at your misfortunes. They sympathize
+at present both in your joys and sorrows, and if I have taken up my pen
+on this occasion, it has only been because I could not look with
+indifference on your too just anxieties, when I flattered myself that I
+might write some useful pages to mitigate and relieve them.
+
+As most newspaper readers are aware,[M] and as everybody may easily
+ascertain, the diseased cattle, in spite of reiterated orders to destroy
+them immediately, were, nevertheless, driven to the markets to be sold
+for what could be got for them; or when their tainted condition was too
+glaring they were at once sent off to the private shambles, the owners
+of which, in order to disguise the accusatory proof of the misdemeanor,
+hastened to sell the body of the animal. It would be quite impossible to
+mention all the violations of the law, which every day continue to fill
+the columns of the public journals. One graceless wretch, who deserved
+to be hanged for it, if his ignorance do not excuse him, was so infamous
+as to introduce a sick cow into a shed not yet attainted, in his
+criminal desire of propagating the disease there.[N]
+
+Thus, then, independently of the causes inherent to the typhus itself,
+which served of necessity to diffuse it, other causes proceeding from
+the defective state of the law, and the perfidy of individuals, have
+contributed to its dissemination. And yet the Government circulars, the
+newspapers, and the reports of veterinary doctors have made known that
+the slightest omissions and inattentions were serious--that the want of
+ventilation and cleanliness in the stables, the overcrowding of the
+cattle, and their abiding near their own droppings, or dung-heaps--that
+the keeping of dead bodies close to farms, cowsheds, enclosed grounds,
+and fields--that the hasty and imperfect burial of cattle--that the
+collection and transit of their fragments, bones, horns, and skins--that
+the driving on the public roads of any animal either tainted itself, or
+having lived among those that were sick--that the clothes of persons and
+stable utensils, soiled with putrid liquids--that all these, and similar
+causes, were capable of propagating or aggravating the disease.
+
+But whilst we must loudly condemn the voluntary misdeeds of those who
+drove their sick cattle to market, it must likewise be allowed that, to
+conform one's self rigidly to the given injunctions, was sometimes
+attended with serious embarrassments. How great, indeed, must have been
+the perplexity of any grazier who, being the owner, for instance, of
+forty head of cattle, and having seen ten of them perish under his eyes,
+without knowing where to dispose of them, was threatened with the loss
+of the remaining thirty within a few days! How could he calmly and
+patiently resign himself to suffer so large a quantity of animal matter
+to accumulate and putrefy around him, when, suddenly ruined, and
+destitute of every resource, the authorities held back instead of coming
+to his assistance.
+
+The prime cause of all the transgressions committed in despite of the
+Privy Council's orders, may therefore be referred in part to the want
+of compensation to be granted to the owners of infected cattle. It all
+might be almost reduced to a question of money. For let us suppose for a
+moment, that inspectors entrusted with adequate powers, had been
+authorized, after a close examination, to point out the tainted cattle;
+to fix a moderate price on them by way of compensation; to have them
+slaughtered, carried away, and immediately buried, would not such a
+course have diminished the generation of contagious miasma in a
+considerable proportion?
+
+Moreover, some cattle-breeders and farmers exposed themselves to the
+imposition of fines and penalties without any evil designs; for when
+they drove their beasts to market they were only in the stage of
+incubation, at the preliminary period, when it is really no easy task to
+distinguish the distemper. The following fact will exemplify this.
+
+At each market, in spite of continual warnings, the inspectors pick out
+and despatch to the slaughter-houses a certain number of sick cattle,
+not only those affected with typhus, but with other disorders. One
+cannot help wondering, on seeing the poor, lean, sickly condition of
+some of these creatures, how their owners could have been so mad as to
+expose them for sale; but in their number there are a few which,
+although sick, appear in good health to the common observer.
+
+About a fortnight ago, during one of our visits to the great
+Metropolitan Market, Mr. Tegg, the veterinary inspector, whose
+intelligence and earnestness are quite equal to the very difficult
+charge with which he is entrusted, ordered to be seized and removed to a
+secluded fold near the slaughter-houses, a dozen diseased animals. When
+once these cattle had been thus collected in a body, it was easy to
+submit them to a still closer examination. Most of these beasts, adult
+cows and oxen, were lean, panting, feverish, dispirited, and remained
+motionless where they stood. But among them was a cow, with a brisk and
+lively look, a quick open eye, which watched us with anxiety, and fled
+at our approach every time we passed by her. The turn came for this cow
+to be examined. Mr. Tegg, strong and handy--as every good veterinary
+doctor should be--seized hold of one of her horns, but he was quickly
+shaken off; other persons came up to assist him; the fiery animal was
+suddenly seized by both horns, by the nostrils, and the tail; but so
+strong and spirited was the animal, that she defended herself with
+advantage against all her adversaries, and once more shook herself free.
+
+It was necessary, however, to master the creature, so they surrounded
+her again, pressing her back this time into a corner of the pen, to
+overpower her. But lo! the animal takes a sudden spring, and leaps over
+the bars. Assuredly this cow, for a beast suspected of the typhus taint,
+had given a proof, if not of health, at least of extraordinary vigour;
+and her owner, who had seen her condemned with much vexation, now
+thought he saw ample reason to reclaim her, and drive her back to the
+market for sale. However the cow, on taking such a leap, and under
+conditions so unfavourable, came down with all her weight upon her
+limbs, fracturing one of her forelegs.
+
+After this accident, we were able to prosecute the examination we
+desired, and Mr. Tegg showed us a row of little glandular swellings on
+the ridge of the gums, and livid spots on the vaginal mucous membrane,
+which confirmed his diagnosis. The owner of this cow, nevertheless,
+still discredited the diseased state of the beast; so to convince him,
+she was driven off at once to the slaughter-house to be struck down;
+but, unfortunately, three or four others filled the required area, so
+that the poor cow was forced to witness the execution of her
+fellow-creatures before being killed herself. The look and posture of
+this cow, her excited yet terrified glance as she surveyed this scene of
+carnage, was one of those pictures which no pencil could draw; and
+although we acknowledge that man possesses an incontestable right to
+apply to his own use the dead or live matter of animals for his food and
+sustenance, we could not help feeling for the poor victim, slipping over
+the blood, and thus scenting death before receiving the stroke.
+
+We are not excessively sensitive; we have seen a hundred horses bleeding
+from the incisions made by veterinary pupils, and scores of oxen
+slaughtered; we ourselves have practised numerous experiments on
+animals; but the affecting sight of that animal witnessing the slaughter
+of others, and waiting her turn to die, touched us deeply. We could not
+help asking ourselves, how it was that man could dispense with
+compassion and good feeling even in that bloody toil, and why he did not
+bandage the eyes of the doomed creatures he was going to sacrifice?
+These dumb animals that we treat like inert matter are sensitive like
+ourselves; they are very conscious of pain; and if it be our privilege
+to compute the number of our days, we ought not to forget that they are,
+like us, endowed with intelligence, so that when they are thus detained
+at the place of execution, all their senses and faculties being
+concentrated on their destroyer, they are fully conscious of the cruel
+fate which awaits them.
+
+At last it was the poor beast's turn to be slaughtered, and ten minutes
+afterwards we opened her entrails, and had proof that Mr. Tegg's
+judgment was exact, for already the stomach and intestines offered to
+view indubitable signs of the typhus at its first period.
+
+The owner of the cow was then convinced and brought to reason, but he
+still very fairly asserted the goodness of his motives, about which none
+present doubted at all, and applied for compensation to the full value
+of the beast, both as butcher's meat and offal, which application was
+granted.
+
+Judge, therefore, by this particular example, how many tainted cattle
+there must have been which have propagated this distemper, some with and
+some without the knowledge of their owners; and, "_horresco referens!_"
+how much of this tainted meat must have been purchased and eaten by the
+public, since this cow had all the appearance of health and vigour, and
+the real diseased condition might not have been detected at all, but for
+the experience and sagacity of Mr. Tegg, the inspector.
+
+
+VI.
+
+In this consideration of the causes of the contagious typhus in bovine
+cattle, we have deemed it essential to invite attention both to those
+which are generally recognised and admitted, and to those which, though
+they may have been settled in the minds of observant and experienced
+men, may yet appear hypothetical to certain readers.
+
+Besides which, in every scientific work, allowance must be made for the
+past and future; and here we have two vital distinctions. If the man
+who undertakes this task does not go on, he falls back; and it was to
+avoid incurring this reproach that we have passed our old boundaries and
+visited new avenues. We are aware that more than one objection might be
+urged against the opinions and theories which we have exposed, in order
+to account for the outbreak of typhus in England; we might anticipate,
+we might reply to these objections; but we would rather recapitulate our
+inquiry into the causes, in the tangible form of practical propositions.
+
+From the general considerations above given, we think we may conclude,
+
+1st. That the causes which generate the cattle typhus on our globe are
+permanent and unceasing, not only on the banks of the great rivers which
+empty themselves into the Black Sea, but also in other countries--in
+America, in Africa, &c.; wherever, in a word, exist the conditions, not
+of race (the race of the animal in this case being but secondary), but
+of climate and of the organic elements which are indispensable to the
+formation and development of typhic miasma.
+
+2nd. That the cattle typhus, although it exists not necessarily, but
+through the improvidence or want of caution in man, on different parts
+of the earth, never appears at all in the temperate and more genial
+zones, save under particular and special circumstances, analogous in
+some degree with those which generate the human typhus--inclemency of
+the seasons, overcrowded dwellings, bad or insufficient food, and want
+of cleanliness; and that these particular and special circumstances give
+birth to the epizootic genus, rendering the cattle fit and apt to
+receive the germs of the contagious virus, and to foster its incubation.
+
+3rd. That the cattle typhus, thus accidentally developed in the
+temperate and genial zones, by means of the vicious hygienic conditions
+amidst which horned cattle are accustomed to live, and which serve as
+the causes of its propagation, is afterwards transmitted by the contact
+of animals living in the same stall or shed, or collected in herds on
+the same ground, or transported in the same vehicles, by land or sea.
+
+4th. That the droppings of animals, their litter, their dead bodies, and
+their detritus, or broken-up remains--also the stables, vehicles, and
+implements which have served for their use, and all matters or
+substances which have touched them or approached them--are generative
+elements of the distemper.
+
+5th. That the typhic miasma, thus reproduced and multiplied in one place
+under the influence of all these producing causes, is conveyed by the
+winds to great distances, smiting those well guarded cattle which
+appeared to be fully protected from the possibility of infection by
+their isolation.
+
+6th. That the want of prompt and stringent measures first to
+concentrate, and then to stifle this typhus in its focus; the love of
+lucre, the perfidy of some, and the absence of foresight and caution in
+others, may be, and have been in the particular cases which we are
+dealing with, material causes and agencies of its diffusion.
+
+Such we consider to be the causes which engender and propagate cattle
+typhus, and which will serve as a basis for the preventive measures to
+be employed in order to withstand and check its propagation.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] We are aware that the transport of cattle is conducted in a
+different manner during the prevalence of this epizootia. The account
+given by two German veterinary surgeons of the management of the vessels
+of the North German Lloyd's, and of the manner in which the animals are
+treated, is a proof of this; but before the appearance of the epizootia,
+the transport of animals by land and by sea left much to be desired.
+This account will be found at the end of this work (NOTE A); and all
+documents in support of the facts which have served as the basis of our
+dissertation, are also in the Appendix, arranged alphabetically in the
+form of notes.
+
+[C] See Notes B, C, D, E.
+
+[D] See Note F.
+
+[E] On the 15th of September, the thermometer stood at 80° Fahrenheit.
+
+[F] See Notes G, J.
+
+[G] See Notes K, L.
+
+[H] See Note M.
+
+[I] See Note N.
+
+[J] See Notes O, P.
+
+[K] See Notes R, S, T.
+
+[L] See Note V.
+
+[M] See Note Y.
+
+[N] See Note Z.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+_Description of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox; its Symptoms, Course,
+Progress, &c._
+
+
+I have already written the history of the typhus which affects the ox; I
+have shown and dwelt upon the signs and characters of typhus diseases
+generally, deducing therefrom the denomination and definition of that of
+the ox in particular; finally, I have described the causes which
+generate and diffuse it abroad.
+
+Now, I must make known the various phases and alterations to which the
+disease is liable, and which, in the language of the medical schools,
+are called its symptoms and characteristics; its progress or course; its
+prognosis; its _post-mortem_ appearances, &c. &c.
+
+This examination, like those which have preceded it, will afford new
+foundations for medical practice.
+
+
+I.
+
+_Symptomatic Characteristics._--The typhus of the ox, like all
+infectious and contagious diseases, offers to observation four
+successive changes: 1st, a _period of Incubation_, during which the
+original structure is subject to internal and latent derangements; 2nd,
+a _period of Initiation_, during which the first evident signs of the
+disease are manifested; 3rd, a _period of Endurance_, during which the
+phenomena are fully developed; 4th, a _period of Decline_, or wasting
+atony.
+
+These divisions and classifications, it will readily be conceived, are
+rather fanciful, for nature does not adapt herself to our methodical
+forms. Still we shall abide by them, because they have their relative
+and practical utility, and because they will afford to the practitioner
+suggestions more easily understood; and finally, because the organic
+changes are different at these various periods, which in their entirety
+constitute the typhus of the bovine species.
+
+The description of those different phases through which the organism of
+cattle smitten with the contagion has to pass, has moreover been given
+in a masterly manner by the veterinary physicians of the different
+European countries, especially by those in which opportunities to
+observe it have been most frequent--that is to say, by the Russian,
+German, and French veterinary doctors, Jessen, Röll, D'Arboval, Gellé.
+
+The English physicians of the 18th century, as we have already seen,
+were also in no respect inferior to those of our own time. Finally, Mr.
+Simonds, who published a very able Report on his return from his
+scientific exploration in Galicia, in 1857, and the skilful Professor
+Bouley, in his recent communications to the Académie de Médecine, in
+Paris, respecting his examination of the present cattle typhus in
+England, have described the disease with minute exactness, as we
+ourselves have verified on the various sick beasts which we have seen
+during the last two months.
+
+1. _Period of Incubation._--Several careful experiments, which have been
+cited in the historical division of this work, and numerous fortuitous
+occasions, have authorized us to assign a duration of nine or twelve
+days to the period of incubation, according to the general conditions
+of the epizootia, the manner in which the contagion is transmitted, and
+the former state of health of the affected cattle.
+
+Thus an epizootia at the outset, either when it has become general, or
+when it is at its decline, does not always transmit typhic miasma of the
+same virulent intensity, nor does it always provoke in the frame a
+labour of incubation which is invariable. The contagion transmitted from
+animal to animal living continually in the same stalls or sheds is
+followed by an incubation more quick and active than that which results
+from a chance contact in the markets, or from a contagion produced at a
+distance, by the transmission of the miasmatic effluvium along the
+public highways.
+
+Let us add to these considerations the relative state of each animal's
+health, and we shall then perfectly understand that the incubation must
+vary both in its continuance and in the characteristics of its
+manifestation. In some animals it scarcely betrays the derangements
+produced by its morbid operation: they preserve their appetite and their
+usual looks. A close and attentive observation would alone be able to
+distinguish some slight alterations in their way of living, in the
+regularity of their rumination and sleep. But in others, there is no
+mistaking a something irregular and unusual in their appearance and
+living; the vital state is no longer the same. Thus an animal which used
+to be cheerful and familiar becomes silent and solitary; it browses the
+grass with less eagerness and avidity; it lies down more frequently and
+longer; it lingers by the side of the hedge along the field, or it
+wanders about, here and there, with a listless look, and without any
+object. Others moan and complain, bellowing at intervals in an unusual
+manner, very expressive of languor and pain.
+
+But apart from seasons of epizootia, the beasts too often exhibit these
+imperceptible shades of variety in their looks and actions for the
+attention to be struck by them; these changes, therefore, are almost
+always unnoticed.
+
+However, the typhic miasma absorbed at the same time by the respiratory
+and digestive mucous membranes serves to modify the qualities of the
+blood, and secretly reacts on the nervous system; soon after, the
+animal exhibits more decidedly those changes which previously were
+hardly to be detected; his want of appetite is more marked, his sadness
+more obvious, and his attention fixes itself more slowly and carelessly
+on the objects which surround him. When he is in the shed, his usual
+food is found in excess of his wants, his thirst is much keener and more
+frequent, and a continual dejection and lowness of spirits or a
+transitory agitation disturb all his functions. When the farmers or
+graziers notice these premonitory signs for the first time they pay but
+little attention thereto; but if the contagion has found its way into
+their stalls and sheds they are no longer deceived by them, but begin to
+apprehend that in a day or two fresh victims will be added to the
+number.
+
+2. _Period of Initiation._--Soon the elaboration of the virulent miasma
+in the organic structure changes the quality of the blood and humours,
+the functions of assimilation and secretion are modified, the nervous
+centres receive vitiated organic elements and are disturbed in their
+physiological conditions, and the smitten animal displays that state of
+latent uneasiness which he is imperfectly conscious of by a general
+look of heaviness and stupor (Τυφος), which has suggested for this
+disease its name of typhus.
+
+Indeed, the poor animal's eyes are fixed, the hearing becomes obtuse or
+indifferent, as may be seen in the sinking of the ears, those organs
+which are so sensitive, so contractile, and so vigilant in herbivorous
+animals. With the head hanging down and motionless, the neck stretched
+out, their forelegs open and spread, their buttocks drawn together and
+one of them completely lax, they seem to succumb beneath the weight of
+their bodies. In a word, the animal exhibits through its whole bearing a
+heavy sadness, a general dejection, which bespeak a great derangement in
+the whole structure. From this time, in the animals which are most
+seriously affected, the appetite ceases, the rumination becomes
+irregular and partial, whilst in some others the appetite and rumination
+are maintained in different degrees.
+
+But the incubation of the morbid elements pursues its course, the
+alteration of the blood becomes general, and the circulation is
+increased and quickened. After this the fever interposes and stops the
+secretions, that of the udders is dried up, the mucous channels cease to
+flow, the mucous membrane of the mouth becomes whitish, the little
+glands situated on it are more permanent, especially in the
+circumference of the gums; the floor of the tongue and the larynx are
+inflamed, the mucous membrane of the cow's sexual organs is red and
+furrowed with livid streaks, the white of the eye is parched, and the
+skin feels alternately hot and cold, as well as the horns and hoofs.
+
+Some of the sufferers have an external horripilation, transient
+shiverings are felt in the front and hind quarters and at the junction
+of the limbs with the trunk. Some pregnant cows near their delivery
+miscarry. In a word, at this period of irritation, the whole frame is at
+war with the typhic elements which besiege it, and which overcome the
+preservative power of the vital forces, and from this general
+disturbance arises an incandescent fever, which drains and stops all the
+secretions at their source.
+
+These general symptoms are the first signs and warnings of functional
+derangements more significant, which may, however, vary according to the
+predispositions of each animal, and transfer their evolutions either to
+the nervous centres or to the respiratory mucous membrane, or to that of
+the digestive channels, in the inflammatory and febrile form of the
+contagious typhus. Such at least is what we observe in the typhus of
+1865 in England.
+
+The functional derangements, in truth, subordinate to and depending on
+the predispositions exhibited by the cattle, are far from being the same
+in all. In some, the nervous derangements predominate; in others, it is
+those of the respiratory, and in others, it is those of the digestive
+channels.
+
+As in this period of irritation the nervous centres are more
+particularly affected, the animal suffers cerebral and rickety pains, a
+constant cephalalgia, which provokes vague anxiety; he is sometimes
+cheerful, sometimes wild and furious; he clenches his teeth and yawns,
+the muscles of his face spasmodically contract, the spine feels very
+sensitive when pressed, a burning and insatiable thirst comes on, the
+breathing is hurried, and the intestinal evacuations are suspended.
+
+In this form the toxæmia appears to concentrate about the nervous
+centres--as is observed elsewhere at the outset of certain violent
+fevers, in the typhus and typhoid fever of man, for instance--and some
+of their number may perish the victims of these nervous disorders, and
+even fall as if struck with electricity. They die apparently from the
+result of the typhic poison; for at this second period, we do not trace
+in the nervous centres those injuries which might account for so sudden
+a death.
+
+When the respiratory apparatus concentrates upon it the febrile
+congestion, the breathing becomes painful, accelerated, embarrassed,
+sometimes convulsive, and a deep, oppressive cough is heard from time to
+time. The animal, under the yoke of this oppressive uneasiness, turns
+his head from right to left, scents, and seems to question his flanks,
+where the seat of the disorder is; and then, whether the pulmonary
+affection is congestive or inflammatory or emphysematous, he may die of
+the consequences of obstruction to the pulmonary circulation and from
+the alteration of the blood, under the influence of a slow asphyxia,
+but only at the third or fourth period.
+
+Finally, when the typhus localizes more particularly its morbid
+phenomena on the digestive channels, we discern local alterations on the
+floor of the tongue and the buccal mucous membrane, spots of livid red,
+leaving behind them ulcerations of greater or less extent and depth on
+different parts of the intestinal canal. In this form, which follows
+more regularly all the periods, constipation is obstinate at the outset,
+evacuation of the bowels takes place with difficulty, the fæces are hard
+and the urine scanty, the belly is inflated and sensitive.
+
+Sometimes at this period of initiation, one of these three symptomatic
+forms--the nervous, the pulmonary, and the digestive--may predominate
+exclusively, so far as to mask the disease as a whole, and to constitute
+it a special malady. But in that case, it is only the exaggeration of
+the functional derangements which in their total constitute the typhus:
+for when the distemper pursues its course, these three principal centres
+of life are always affected in different degrees. Thus, not one of the
+cattle smitten with the typhus goes through all the phases of the
+disease, without suffering at a given moment in its nervous,
+respiratory, and digestive functions.
+
+In this respect, the typhus of the ox presents an apparent analogy with
+the typhoid fever in man, although it is different. Consequently, the
+name of _typhus fever_ given by some veterinary surgeons, is not
+altogether inapplicable to it.
+
+3. _Period of Duration._--At this stage of the disease, which may be
+said to extend from the fourth to the seventh day, the nervous
+derangements are confined to symptoms of uneasiness and sensibility
+along the dorsal spine; for those cases which exhibited more violent
+derangement in the nervous functions have proved fatal. In this period
+of the disease the breathing is more embarrassed, particularly when the
+pulmonary form of the disease prevails. The pulse, which is hard and
+frequent, indicates from forty to sixty pulsations; the beatings of the
+heart are more violent and audible; the mucous membranes, dry at the
+outbreak, recover their secretions, but these latter are endowed with
+irritating properties. Thus the eyelids, swollen and tumefied at the
+edges beneath the lashes, drip with a corrosive liquid, which soon marks
+its furrow along the chanfrin; the bronchiæ, the trachea, the nostrils,
+the salivary glands, exude a serosity which runs out of the nasal and
+buccal orifices. The exanthematic eruption having discharged itself
+through the digestive channels, constipation is followed by diarrhoea,
+rumination is completely stopped, the beast declines all solid
+nutriment, and pants for drinks,--for those especially which have a
+slight taste of acidity in them.
+
+The derangements at this period pursue a rapid course--the breathing
+becomes more and more difficult, the skin is hot and dry, the hairs
+stiffen more and more, gases are developed in the cellular tissues
+beneath the skin, along the dorsal vertebræ, at the abdominal folds of
+the posterior limbs and under the abdomen, in the form of flat, uneven,
+crepitant tumours, which crackle when pressed with the hand; the
+diarrhoea becomes more liquefied and irritant, for then it is no
+longer a flow of droppings covered with mucus which is expelled, but
+secretions already putrid, sometimes reddish in colour, and attended
+with foetid gases, which induce tenesmus in the rectum, and force up
+the tail. The animal grows perceptibly lean, his dejection is extreme,
+and cows which are with calf miscarry.
+
+At night, the animal seems to have an increase of fever, sometimes of a
+remittent type, after which he becomes drowsy and lies down to rest
+himself or to sleep, if he can; but the difficulty of breathing, the
+abdominal pains, soon force him to rise again, which he cannot do
+without an effort.
+
+4. _Period of Decline and Sinking._--This stage is observed to extend
+from the eighth day to the twelfth or the fourteenth. The morbid
+functions pursue their course, for the disease has its regular phases
+and a successive variation of phenomena. The secretions, which a few
+days before were fluid and irritating, have undergone a change; they
+have become thick and purulent, they flow more slowly from the ocular
+mucous membranes, and also from the nasal and buccal, which are red and
+inflamed, and they already emit a foetid smell. The dull tarnished
+eyes become hollowed, purulent mucus lodges within their orbits, the
+bronchiæ are stopped up, the breathing grows louder and more panting,
+the animal instinctively stretches his neck to ease it; the wasting of
+the flesh exposes the bones of the sacrum and coccyx, laying bare the
+vertebræ and the ribs; the emphysematous tumours are more extensive and
+crackling; the skin, less heated, wrinkles up and splits about the bony
+protuberances; the udders are crusty and excoriated; detached boils,
+hard and rounded at first, then soft and purulent, begin to show
+themselves on the trunk and the upper parts of the limbs. The
+diarrhoea, still frequent, becomes bloody and intolerably offensive.
+
+At this final period the organic structure yields to the effects of a
+general alteration of the liquids and solids. The vital force has lost
+the power of reaction; a mass of blood, decomposed by the double
+influence of a virulent toxæmia and the obstructions of respiration,
+conveys to all the organs a principle of dissolution; the nervous system
+is in a manner paralysed, as is shown in the animal's insensibility.
+
+The secretions stop up the various channels and cavities; they lodge
+within them; they undergo a putrid decomposition, and pass out with
+difficulty in the form of a purulent and bloody flux, in the highest
+degree infectious. Very soon the sick animal has ceased really to live;
+it struggles and labours with its agony; if the lungs are clogged with
+gas or fluid they rattle hurriedly and often; the animal cannot hold its
+head up even when lying down, and when standing moves it to and fro as
+if affected with the natural shaking of old age, and as if seeking to
+ward off some indescribable evil, the occurrence of which it was
+awaiting.
+
+The animal's body is a prey given up beforehand to the laws of organic
+decomposition: the internal mucous membrane of the cheeks and lips peels
+off in strips when rubbed; the sores on the skin have a livid and
+gangrenous look; the eggs which the flies deposit on the edge of the
+eyelids and at the nasal orifices, or on the excoriations of the skin,
+quickly pass into the state of larvæ. The air they expire is cold and
+infectious; the native caloric, extinguished in every focus
+successively, disappears; the vaginal mucous membrane is tumefied, the
+anal opening gapes, and from it flows a bloody and decomposed liquid
+which the rectum can no longer expel. The mouth, half open and coated
+with a thick glutinous foam, vainly tries to inhale long draughts of air
+which can no longer reach the lungs. Finally, if the animal is lying
+down, he expires in slow agony, his head borne down by its own weight;
+or, if standing, he sinks and falls down, his death having anticipated
+the fall.
+
+Such are the symptoms--the subjective signs which enable us to detect
+the contagious typhus of the ox. But all animals do not exhibit these
+disorders of the vital functions with the same regularity and excess.
+Some of these we have seen, from first to last, sustain the internal
+effects of the morbid process--in some sort passively--without revealing
+any deep derangements in the nervous, respiratory, and digestive
+functions. The poisonous virus had smitten them; they suffered in their
+general structure; they looked stupefied; they lost, at a given moment,
+their appetite and rumination; they had fever; their breathing had
+become short and frequent; they had diarrhoea; they gradually lost
+flesh, and the excreta passed through certain changes and
+transformations. In a word, the animal had manifestly the bovine typhus;
+but, thanks to a relative immunity, to a special organization, which
+renders some of these beasts capable of resisting the contagion for a
+long period, and sometimes altogether[O]--thanks to that variety which
+we observe in different constitutions (for small-pox and typhus in man,
+and the true typhoid fever in animals, do not operate with the same
+violence on all alike)--thanks to this privileged organization,--we have
+seen some oxen pass through every stage of the disease without
+exhibiting this terrible train of morbid phenomena.
+
+In these cases--for even this mild form of the distemper at last
+produces death--the injuries fix themselves more exclusively on the
+digestive channels, and we witness, in dissection, ulcerations in some,
+in others mere spots of a livid red, more or less extensive.
+
+Finally, although the typhus be one of the gravest maladies which
+destroy and decimate cattle, all sick animals are not mortally affected
+thereby. In the present epizootia, five per cent., as nearly as can be
+ascertained, recover; and when that happens, signs of a favourable omen
+are observable during the course of the attack. In these favourable
+instances, indeed, the symptoms, even though they exhibit a certain
+gravity, pursue a regular course; fever does not become remittent; the
+fæcal discharge is copious and easy, with less foetor; the animal
+loses flesh slowly and progressively; the tumours are cutaneous,
+inflammatory; their character is good, depurative, and rather purulent
+than gaseous and crackling. The droppings do not show that high degree
+of pestilential decomposition described above; the animal in his drink
+welcomes and digests a mixture of bran and flour; the secretions of
+purulent mucus and the fæcal discharges dry up and stop in the early
+part of the period of decline; the epidermis of the openings through
+which they passed out peels off in thin scales, and afterwards in scurfs
+or husks--in a word, the economy does not experience those acute
+disturbances which strike one of the tripods of life--that is to say,
+either the nervous centres, the lungs, or the digestive organs.
+
+Now, in these curable cases, in which the cure is most generally due to
+nature's own efforts, but which a systematic treatment might render far
+more frequent, the convalescence is long, and requires great attention
+and a well-regulated diet, in which the food is carefully measured and
+divided. Here there must be a rigid superintendence. A laxity in the
+watchfulness, or too much reliance on the reviving health, have produced
+sudden relapses, and been fatal to many sick cattle, which had been
+looked upon as thoroughly cured. For it may well be conceived that
+convalescent animals, after sustaining such violent derangements in
+their health, and having been brought down to the lowest degree of
+prostration and marasmus--to a reconstitution, we may call it, of the
+solids and liquids--have a devouring hunger. If, therefore, the keeper
+who looks after them unhappily forgets that the principal lesions or
+sores are seated in the stomach and intestines, and if he gives them too
+much solid nutriment, he impedes the cure, irritates the ulcerations not
+yet thoroughly covered over, and soon adds another victim to those which
+had already died.
+
+This convalescence lasts from fifteen to twenty days, and the animal
+only recovers its health at last by slow degrees. Still the careful
+keeper need not be afraid of a relapse when he is patient and watchful.
+
+Such, then, is the contagious typhus of the ox. Type of the unreturnable
+infectious diseases, its virulent miasms undergo within the structure a
+series of transformations: they produce in the frame a general disorder
+fully capable of annihilating the predisposition or aptitude of the
+animal to receive the taint. A disease essentially specific, it affects
+the principal centres of life; it kills its victim both by its deadly
+virus and by the local derangements to which it gives rise; for how is
+it possible to preserve life when the whole nervous system, that
+promoter and regulator of all the functions, is upset?--when the lungs
+which revivify the blood, when the digestive organs which are the very
+sources of alimentation, are smitten with stagnation?--when, in fine,
+not only these vital centres have ceased to operate, but when each by
+itself is the cause of torturing pains and exhaustion?
+
+The typhus, moreover, is observed in all animals of the bovine species,
+whatever may be their race, their age, or their sex. The recovered
+animals may live with impunity amidst diseased herds of cattle, thanks
+to its non-relapsive nature. Jessen has even witnessed cows which, after
+their own cure, communicated a sort of immunity to their offspring. For
+the same reason it is that epizootias are less fatal in those countries
+where they often occur, the constitutions of those animals which are
+engendered amongst such habituated herds, preserving a prophylaxy
+inherent to the blood which has been transmitted to them.
+
+Besides, what a pregnant subject is this for the physician, and what
+more meritorious task can he set himself than the treatment of such a
+distemper, which reason assures him must eventually lead to the cure and
+eradication of the same complaint in the human species?
+
+From a cause which as yet has been indistinguishable and imponderable,
+what important, what marvellous results loom in the future! The air
+seems to us pure and wholesome, yet it conceals a typhic miasma of the
+most deadly kind; it carries this pernicious principle into the richest
+meadows, where we see feeding flocks and herds which to us seem
+exuberant with health. Then this miasma is inhaled and absorbed, and it
+meets in the frame the special and indispensable organic element which
+is needed for its multiplication; there it undergoes certain latent
+transformations, and a fermentation, a germination, which we call
+_incubation_, in order to explain a process which we cannot understand.
+Then fever is kindled, all the functions are disturbed, and the sick
+animal is struck down, leaving us wondering, ignorant, and powerless
+spectators in the presence of phenomena which, nevertheless, are the
+eternal work of nature and have endured through all time.--But if in
+the invisible typhic atom nature gives us death, it also gives us life
+in the zoosperma.
+
+
+II.
+
+_Lesions found in the Bodies of Oxen after Death._
+
+The description which we have given of the disorders produced in the
+different functions by the operation of the typhus, may easily suggest
+what must be the lesions exhibited by the organs of the body.
+
+Death, we have said already, may overtake the disease at any of its
+periods, and thus show every aspect and every degree of the organic
+lesions. Such an animal being struck down at the period of initiation,
+will not, of course, present the changes and varieties of the period of
+decline, and _vice versâ_.
+
+In general, the state of the dead bodies is that of the most decided
+marasmus; the remains are intensely repulsive, as well by the stench
+they emit as by the sight they afford; and, in summer especially,
+decomposition sets in with great rapidity. Consequently, the utmost care
+is required in conveying them from place to place; and this attention
+is the more essential, because in the transit, the cavities being
+deprived of their contractile power, let flow the pestilential liquids
+which they contain, thereby infecting the carriages and public roads.
+The urgent necessity there is to inhume at once these dead bodies, the
+most active agents in diffusing the contagion, is equally the drift of
+this observation.
+
+The deceased animal, as a subject of anatomy, enables us to certify the
+seat of the emphysematous tumours, and to see that they are really due
+to the air which insinuates itself into the cellular tissue, and which,
+receding from the pressure of the fingers between the cells, produced
+the crackling sound we noticed above. This penetration of the air is,
+moreover, a far more general effect than was supposed.
+
+It is ascertained, likewise, from the examination of these subjects,
+that the round, fluctuating, and smaller tumours, are indeed purulent
+gatherings, which occasionally find a passage into the layers and
+interstices of the muscles.
+
+The muscular flesh is usually flabby, bloodless, unsightly, of a very
+nauseous smell; and it would be difficult to imagine that the most
+avaricious trickster would dare to offer even the most presentable parts
+of it for sale and consumption. But when the expedients and artifices
+known to the butcher's trade are had resort to, when, regardless of the
+public health, the unprincipled dealer selects the most fleshy parts,
+when he dresses and adorns them by colouring them over with the blood of
+a healthy beast, the unwary eye of the purchaser may be deceived.
+Observe, that we are now speaking of cattle that have died in the last
+stage of this marasmus, so that we might suppose, even if the many
+summonses before the magistrates, and the too moderate fines which have
+been imposed on the guilty parties, had not shed the broadest light upon
+the fact, that _a large number of sick cattle which had been slaughtered
+at different stages of this frightful disease, have been dressed and
+adorned, exposed for sale, sold, and eaten by a very large portion of
+the inhabitants of London and of the country likewise_.
+
+_Digestive Channels._--The mucous membrane of the buccal cavity is, for
+the most part, of a livid whiteness; ecchymosed stains, and sometimes
+ulcerations, differing in their form and number, are visible on the
+floor of the tongue. Mr. Simonds has had an anatomical model
+constructed, which presents a perfect type of these ulcerations, some of
+which are of a scarlet hue, with perpendicular edges. The _stomachs_
+exhibit a variety of ulcerations.
+
+The _paunch_, or first stomach, always contains a large quantity of food
+intended for rumination; sometimes these aliments are dry, and lie
+sticking to its sides; at other times they are diluted with water which
+had not yet been absorbed after drinking. The inner membrane of this
+first reservoir may show flat spots, with livid injections of different
+sizes.
+
+The _honeycomb_, or second stomach, generally exhibits the same injuries
+as the paunch.
+
+The _manyplies_, or third stomach, contains between its laminæ hard,
+pulverulent, and dry alimentary substances, which are seen sticking to
+the different leaves. On removing these substances, some ecchymosed
+spots are laid bare, the epithelium of which easily peels off;
+sometimes ulcerations, and even perforations, are visible.
+
+The _reed_, or fourth stomach, whose sides are thicker, more fleshy, and
+more vascular, exhibits within its folds various kinds of lesions or
+sores: they consist of large flat stains of a darkish red, more or less
+soft, and sometimes ulcerations red on their deep surface, with clean
+edges.
+
+As for the intestines, properly so called, the _duodenum_ shows the same
+injuries, but most generally large ecchymosed spots.
+
+The _small intestine_ appears on the outside, even when it preserves its
+place in the abdomen, of a reddish colour, lined with vessels distended
+with blood, the signs of a general congestion of its membranes. The
+examination of the mucous membrane, after it has been cut open
+lengthways, shows, indeed, that this portion of the digestive tube is
+the principal seat of the distemper; for, independently of this general
+injection, you perceive ulcerations which have succeeded to detached
+pustules or lengthy flat spots, the result of a cluster of several of
+Peyer's glands, brought together by the plastic influence of
+inflammation. These flat spots, or wafers, very similar to those we
+observe in the typhoid fever of man, are inflamed and ulcerated in
+different degrees.
+
+The mucous membrane of the _large intestine_ exhibits lesions depending
+on the period of the disease. About the third period, the injection is
+sometimes general, especially near the rectum; but in the fourth and
+last period we often meet with ulcerations which are smaller in the
+upper part, larger and deeper about the lower or rectal part. The
+membrane of the sexual parts of the cow is strongly injected, and of a
+dull red colour.
+
+As we have seen, the different organs of the digestive apparatus may, in
+this typhus, offer to view extensive alterations perfectly consistent
+with the gravity of the symptoms or the functional derangements. In two
+cases in which disorders of the respiration had prevailed, and which had
+been sacrificed on the eighth or tenth day of the disease, we only
+observed partial injections of a very limited character, either on the
+gastric membranes or on that of the intestine, and which might have
+been detected in the case of common intestinal inflammation. Therefore,
+in these two cases, the characteristic lesions of the typhus, if they
+must be localized in the intestine, were, so to speak, absolutely
+wanting. It was, we will not say exactly the same, on four other
+animals, three oxen and one cow; but if, in two of them, the fourth
+stomach was inflamed, if in the third the small intestine was congested,
+and if, lastly, in the cow the large intestine showed ulcerations, we
+could not in these lesions distinguish those of typhoid fever.
+
+These facts struck us with great surprise, for we were far from
+suspecting them. We hoped, on opening the intestine of these animals,
+which had certainly all died of the typhus, to meet assuredly in a
+determined spot some well-known lesion declared beforehand. To our great
+astonishment, such has not always been the case. So that our theories,
+conclusive as they seemed on the identity of the ox typhus and the
+typhoid fever in man, and which more than anyone else we wished to see
+confirmed, must submit to observation.
+
+In fine, in this epizootia the intestinal lesions or sores present
+different appearances. Developed to the utmost in some cases, so much so
+as to exhibit ulcerations at the root of the tongue as well as in the
+intestines, and to be in a manner the excess of the injuries which are
+seen in typhoid fever, they are in other cases scarcely perceptible, and
+sometimes entirely absent, when the animal is struck down in the third
+or fourth period, that is to say, when the exanthematic or pustular
+state has had time to develope itself on the digestive channels. One of
+these animals seized by Mr. Tegg at the Camden Town market, was in such
+a state of exhaustion that he could not be driven to the
+slaughter-house, only two hundred yards distant; they were forced to
+fell him on the spot midway, in order to have him conveyed to the place
+of dissection. We only detected partial injections on the digestive tube
+of this beast. The pulmonary emphysema which had caused this animal's
+death was developed in the highest degree.--He was opened at the request
+of M. Bouley, of Alfort.
+
+_Apparatus of Respiration._--Here, again, the typhus shows us injuries
+which differ from those of typhoid fever; for if the breathing is always
+more or less obstructed at the outbreak of this fever, no serious
+organic change in the lungs is the consequence thereof. In the ox
+typhus, on the contrary, when the pulmonary form prevails, the
+derangements of the respiratory organs are remarkable. Thus, the mucous
+membrane of the nostrils, from which flows a purulent and fetid mucus,
+is sometimes ulcerated and excoriated. The larynx and the trachea or
+windpipe, choked up with frothy mucus, show the same alterations, though
+less frequently. The lungs, which are rather congested than inflamed,
+are emphysematous, the air having entered and distended the cellular
+tissue which unites the lobes together.
+
+In some cases, the lungs are so gorged with air that their lobes
+constitute but a single heap, rendering them irrecognisable, so greatly
+do their volume, their specific gravity, and their spongy aeriform
+aspect differ from the natural state.
+
+_Apparatus of Circulation._--The inner sides of the heart show
+ecchymosed spots, and the same is the case with the larger vessels. The
+blood, diminished in its quantity and altered in its quality, is
+blackish and more fluid; but in most cases it coagulates instantaneously
+and in a mass, without separating into its solid and liquid parts.
+
+_Nervous System._--Having observed and dissected the dead bodies at the
+slaughter-houses of the markets, we were not able to examine either the
+brain or the spinal marrow. Besides, let us remark in this place, that
+the mode of felling cattle in England would have rendered impossible
+such an examination. For the animals are struck with a club, which kills
+them both by cerebral concussion and by the direct alteration of the
+brain; the instrument having a sharp end which perforates the skull and
+injures the cerebral lobes. Nor is this all; the moment the animal is
+struck down, a flexible rod is inserted into the hole made in the skull,
+and driven as far as the spinal canal, so as to tear to pieces the
+protuberance and the bulb, that is to say, the vital knot. This manner
+of killing cattle seems to us, however, preferable to the one adopted
+in France, where the animal does not sink till he has been struck
+repeatedly with the club.
+
+But be that as it may, those authors who have examined the nervous
+centres of horned cattle which had perished victims of the typhus, have
+usually found the meninges, or membranes that envelope the brain,
+injected, whilst the brain itself was slightly dotted over with blood.
+
+These anatomical lesions of the nervous centres being insufficient of
+themselves to explain the death at the second period, we have
+endeavoured to give the explanation of it in treating of the symptoms.
+
+The other organs, the spleen, the liver, the kidneys, present
+alterations of a secondary interest only.
+
+
+III.
+
+    _Diagnosis--Prognosis--Use of the Flesh of Animals which have
+      Died of the Typhus--Danger of direct Absorption._
+
+The typhus of the ox has such distinct and strongly marked
+characteristics that it is not easily mistaken. However, to conform
+ourselves to received custom, I will say some words about the principal
+symptoms of some distempers affecting the ox, between which and typhus
+unprofessional persons might be embarrassed, and hesitate to distinguish
+them. We will transfer, however, those particulars pertaining to the
+diagnosis to the part written for the special use of agriculturists,
+farmers, and graziers, in order that they may readily find whatever it
+may be necessary for them to know when they chance to have any sick and
+tainted cattle to treat and cure.
+
+We have likewise a few words to say on the subject of the prognosis of
+the disease, as regards its propagation and its time of lasting.
+Finally, we will unfold a question of very real importance in
+hygiene--we mean the use and consumption of the flesh of animals as
+food, and the danger which may accrue to man and other animals from
+contact with their dead bodies, or fragments of the same.
+
+The diseases of the ox, which we are accustomed to consider as
+distinguished from typhus, are the contagious peripneumonia, the
+apthous fever, and the "charbonneux" typhus; but, as we have just said,
+we will mention by-and-by their chief characteristics.
+
+Everyone is anxious, and natural indeed is that anxiety, to know what
+this epizootia will become--what will be its course; how long it will
+last; whether it will extend its ravages over the whole extent of the
+three kingdoms; and if, in fine, it will invade all Europe.
+
+To answer in a precise manner these questions would be a difficult task;
+for who amongst us can assign at present any definite course to the
+atmospheric variations? and yet they have a genuine influence on the
+progress of the epizootia. On the other hand, the measures which have
+been taken hitherto to confine the contagion to its different foci, have
+unhappily proved almost ineffectual, but it may be hoped that, assisted
+by experience, we shall be able to resist the evil more effectually, and
+check its propagation.
+
+If the atmospheric conditions and the preventive measures could not
+modify the spread of the distemper, we should have reason to dread a
+still greater extension of the contagion; for the virulent character of
+the epizootia appears to be of an exceptional intensity, and we may
+perhaps compare it with the famous epizootia, of the middle of the
+eighteenth century, which for ten years afflicted all Europe with its
+ravages, striking down six millions of horned cattle.
+
+Let the reader cast an eye over the extracts borrowed from the
+physicians of the principal faculties who have described this typhus,
+and which we have reproduced in the first part of this book relating to
+its history, and he will then be convinced that the disease is
+absolutely the same as that which then raged so fiercely. And if that is
+the case, we must anticipate that it will extend its ravages whilst
+prolonging its duration. Already it has spread to Holland and Belgium;
+Hungary and other provinces in the south-east of Germany--a fact much
+less surprising--are likewise smitten with it; and now we hear the news
+that France, though so vigilantly on her guard, has seen her frontiers
+passed over. In spite of the _cordon sanitaire_ which she had prudently
+established everywhere, some horned cattle have been seized with the
+typhus at the town of Raubaix, in the north.
+
+Without setting ourselves up as pessimists, let us declare that we must
+expect that the contagion will continue to spread. Let us make up our
+minds to this, in order to take the necessary sanitary measures, and set
+ourselves seriously to work by trying the preventive treatment. But,
+alas! between the Government, the municipal corporations, the
+agricultural societies, the cattle proprietors, and, with regret we add,
+the veterinary surgeons, there has been sadly wanting, up to the present
+time, that mutual understanding; that prompt and decisive action, and
+those pecuniary advances which are so necessary to encounter and contend
+with this great calamity.
+
+As for estimating with any approach to accuracy the sacrifice of
+property; the pecuniary loss, which this fatal epizootic may occasion
+the country, the want of exact statistics as to the number of cattle
+which have already been struck down will not permit us to do it. But we
+may, perhaps, already set it down approximately from 50,000 to 60,000
+head of cattle for England and Scotland, until we have obtained more
+precise statistical information on this significant point of inquiry.
+
+That would represent, however, a very considerable capital; for if we
+compute the loss of each animal at the average sum of 15_l._ only, the
+sacrifice already incurred would not be less than from 750,000_l._ to
+900,000_l._ This sacrifice in money might possibly have proved the be
+all and the end all; and at this point we might, perhaps, have arrested
+the contagion, had we all been able to act advisedly and harmoniously
+together, in the name and for the interest of the public, from the first
+appearance of the disease. But this calculation of, let us say,
+900,000_l._, is made on the supposition that each cattle owner had been
+willing to abide by his own loss; whereas, unfortunately, many of them
+have striven to shift it on others, and large numbers of the sick and
+tainted beasts having been sold and consumed, a proportionate sum thus
+recovered by those avaricious men must be of course _deducted_ from this
+estimate. Deducted, indeed! Considering the consequences on the public
+health, is it not rather an aggravation than a mitigation of the loss?
+
+These last assertions naturally lead us to inquire whether we are not
+justified in saying that the flesh of sick and tainted cattle, thus
+circulated and consumed, has not had its baleful effects on the public
+health.
+
+The butchers who sold the flesh of these sick and tainted cattle have no
+doubt been careful to abstain from using it in their own families; and
+the first time they speculated on the health of their fellow-citizens,
+well knowing what they did, their conscience probably reproached them
+with the misdemeanour. But afterwards, when no bad consequences to their
+customers had been seen, their own impunity, joined to this apparent
+harmlessness to their neighbours, rendered them bolder, and it became a
+daily habit with them to sell this peccant offal, which poisons even the
+earth by its contact.
+
+Moreover, the graziers themselves were in league with the butchers, and
+took care to slaughter the affected animals before the wasting of their
+flesh by the progress of the distemper had bereft them of their greatest
+value. Their private interest prompting them thus to dispose of the
+sick animals as fast as they could, the majority of the tainted beasts
+were sold and eaten in the second stage or period of the typhus.
+
+Now, if the flesh of these diseased animals had been eaten raw,
+accidents most terrible and appalling would certainly have been the
+consequence, although dogs may have fed upon it without injury. But the
+cooking of animal flesh at 100 degrees of heat has the property of
+destroying for a time the septic germs, as the famous debates now being
+held by the experimentalists who are studying the subject of spontaneous
+generation tend to show. This poisonous meat, therefore, may at first
+have been digested without producing immediate ill effects.
+
+Our medical practice, however, authorizes us to declare that, after
+making every allowance for the influences of this extraordinarily hot
+summer, digestive and nervous complaints of the acutest description, and
+without any special cause to account for them, have been very numerous
+indeed during the last two months, and beyond all proportion greater
+than they usually are in London. And we cannot but feel that, if the
+cholera should reach the shores of England at this critical conjuncture,
+it will find organisms most ready to receive its virus. Then, indeed, if
+the typhic miasma come to mix and blend with the choleraic miasma, all
+living beings will have to contend with the most deleterious causes of
+alterations in their health, and we may (God send it be otherwise!)
+witness one of those measureless calamities which, known in former ages
+as the _Black Pestilence_, decimated cattle and men indiscriminately,
+and which, when we read the sorrowful accounts of it in history, make
+the flesh creep with affright.
+
+We sincerely hope that such misfortunes may be spared us. But ought we
+to abstain entirely and absolutely from consuming the flesh of cattle
+smitten with typhus? It is a delicate question, but still we shall
+answer it, making due allowance for every interest concerned.
+
+We conceive that all animals which are smitten with the early effects of
+the disorder, which begin to operate at the opening of its second
+period, that is to say, when the first symptoms are declared, such as
+stupor, loss of appetite and shiverings, may be handed over to the
+butchers. But this must only be done on the _positive understanding and
+condition_ that every animal, sick or not sick, in times of epizootia,
+shall pass, either in the farm, the market, or the stable, under the
+examination of a competent veterinary inspector, who shall mark the
+beast when fit to be sold for consumption. With this precaution, which
+at present is put in practice in Belgium, every interest is cared for
+and guarded--those of the public health as well as those of the cattle
+owners.
+
+But there is another question of some importance which deserves to fix
+our attention for a moment. People sometimes inquire whether the
+ox-typhus can be communicated to other animals, and even to man, either
+by contact, by direct absorption, or by inhaling the miasma floating in
+the atmosphere.
+
+Experiments of great interest might be made on this subject; but we can
+already assert, on the evidence of facts publicly known, that the direct
+absorption of putrid matter and purulent secretions, and likewise the
+mere contact with tainted flesh, when the epidermis or scarf-skin is
+cracked or peeled off, or when the least open sore exists, may give
+access to the disease, and produce death, both in man and other animals.
+In these cases, the absorbed virus operates, not as a specific agent,
+giving birth to typhus, but as a provocative septic agent, endowed with
+infectious properties, which infuse into the economy a germ of virulent
+and mortal disease. So long as a sound and intact outer skin stands as a
+safeguard between us and absorption, we may fearlessly touch and handle
+the tainted flesh of these animals. But the slightest sore or abrasion
+is an open door to let in death. A young veterinary surgeon, who had a
+slight wound in one of his arms, was carried off within forty-eight
+hours, as was proved at a coroner's inquest, after he had dissected an
+ox which had died of the typhus.[P]
+
+We see by this fatal example that we must be particularly careful not to
+touch an ox tainted with typhus when we carry about us any open sore,
+unless we take the utmost precaution in order to guard against all
+direct contact or absorption. Man, as we have said and shown, breathes
+with comparative impunity an atmosphere laden with the infectious miasma
+of this typhus. But that which to-day is true may not be true
+to-morrow; let us, therefore, be also on our guard against the too
+continuous absorption of an atmosphere impregnated with these
+deleterious principles.
+
+As for herbivorous animals in general, a similar organization must, in
+their cases, predispose them to receive the contagion. Whenever we visit
+the markets, we cannot help fearing to see the ox typhus communicated to
+the sheep and pigs which are stationed around them. It is an
+unquestionable fact that, in certain epizootias, all animals without
+distinction have been smitten and struck down, and the herbivorous
+animals more rapidly than any other. The habit of collecting such vast
+numbers of cattle in the same market, and on the same day, though
+convenient for business, appears to us injudicious, especially during
+the prevalence of this scourge.
+
+This part of our treatise was in the printer's hands when Mr. Simonds
+wrote a letter to the Privy Council which justifies all our
+apprehensions. The typhus of the ox has been communicated to a number of
+sheep, and we must all expect to see this cruel disease assume much
+larger proportions than heretofore, since it has now obtained a second
+focus for its maintenance and dissemination.
+
+      "Veterinary Department, 23, New-street, Spring-gardens,
+      Sept. 25th.
+
+      "SIR,--I beg to report that, acting on the
+      instructions received from you to investigate without loss
+      of time the statement received at your office relative to an
+      outbreak of the cattle plague in a remote part of the county
+      of Norfolk, supposed to have arisen from cattle having been
+      in contact with some diseased sheep, recently brought to the
+      premises, I have visited the district in question, and
+      inquired into all the circumstances of the case.
+
+      "It appears that as far back as the 17th of August Mr. C.
+      Temple, farmer and merchant, of Blakeney, received on his
+      farm 120 lambs which he had instructed a dealer to procure
+      for him for feeding purposes.
+
+      "The lambs were bought at Thetford-fair on the preceding
+      day, and were immediately sent by rail to Fakenham, from
+      which place they were driven to Blakeney, a distance of
+      about ten miles. On their arrival they appeared to be
+      fatigued to a greater extent than ordinary, which was,
+      however, attributed to the heat of the weather and the
+      exertion the animals had undergone.
+
+      "In addition to this, the shepherd observed that several of
+      them seemed unwell, and he remarked to his master that they
+      did not appear to be a 'very healthy lot,' and that he
+      thought it would be better to return them to the dealer.
+      Within a day or two of this time the symptoms of illness
+      were more marked in all the original cases, and many more of
+      the animals had been attacked. On the 24th two of the worst
+      cases were removed from the field to the farm premises, and
+      were placed in a shed for treatment, in which afterwards a
+      cow was put. On the 25th two of the lambs died, and in
+      consequence of this, and of the large number which were now
+      affected, the whole were brought, on the morning of the
+      27th, into the same yard where the shed previously alluded
+      to was situated. There is also another shed, separated from
+      this yard only by some old furze faggots, into which the
+      cows were driven night and morning for being milked. The
+      lambs remained in the yard till the morning of the 28th,
+      when having had some medicine administered to them, they
+      were returned to the fold and never came again near the
+      cows.
+
+      "While in the yard three died, two on the 27th, and one on
+      the 28th, and on the following day two others died in the
+      field. From this time the disease went on, so that by
+      Friday last, the 22nd of September, the day of my visit,
+      forty-six had either died or been killed, and twenty-seven
+      were in a very precarious condition.
+
+      "On the 7th of September, ten days after the last exposure
+      to the sheep, a cow gave evidence of being affected with the
+      cattle plague, this animal being the one which had been put
+      into the shed occupied by the diseased sheep on the 24th of
+      August. A second cow was attacked on the 11th of September,
+      and a third shortly afterwards, which was followed by
+      others; so that by the 16th all the cows, six in number, a
+      heifer, and a calf, were all dead.
+
+      "My examination of the lambs showed that they were
+      unmistakably the subjects of the plague. The symptoms agreed
+      in almost every particular with those observed in cattle
+      affected with the malady, and the _post-mortem_ appearances
+      were also identical.
+
+      "With a view to ascertain the true nature of the changes
+      produced in the system prior to death, I had four of the
+      lambs killed, and from these I took some diseased parts and
+      forwarded them to the Royal Veterinary College without note
+      or comment. These parts were examined by my colleague, Mr.
+      Varnell, who at once recognised the special changes of
+      structure which are caused by the cattle plague.
+
+      "The whole facts of the case leave not the least doubt of
+      sheep being liable to the disease termed the cattle plague,
+      and that when affected they can easily communicate the
+      malady to the ox tribe; and moreover, that when so conveyed
+      it proves equally as destructive as when propagated from ox
+      to ox in the ordinary manner.
+
+      "The case is also more important from having occurred in a
+      place no less than fourteen miles distant from any other
+      where the cattle plague exists, thus placing beyond a doubt
+      the fact of the malady being introduced among the cattle by
+      the sheep alone.
+
+      "I regret to add that this is not a solitary case of sheep
+      being affected by the cattle plague. I learned that some
+      sheep were supposed to be similarly affected belonging to
+      Mr. R. J. H. Harvey, M.P., on his estate at Crown Point,
+      near Norwich. This place I also visited, and found a large
+      flock of upwards of 2000 lambs, among which the malady was
+      prevailing. A large number had been separated from the
+      diseased, and gave no evidence of the malady. Very many,
+      however, had died, and the disease was making rapid
+      progress. I also examined many of the dead, and found the
+      _post-mortem_ appearances to be identical with those seen in
+      the other cases spoken of in this report.
+
+      "In this instance the malady was brought into the estate by
+      the purchase of some cattle, which afterwards died from the
+      disease, and which were unfortunately pastured with the
+      sheep at the time the disease manifested itself.
+
+      "The whole matter is one of the greatest importance, and
+      which I lose no time in submitting to you for the
+      information of the Lords of the Council.
+
+      "I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient servant,
+
+      "JAS. B. SIMONDS."
+
+
+IV.
+
+      _General Considerations on the Ox-Typhus, and the
+      Recapitulation of the Symptoms._
+
+We have seen the causes, the symptoms, and the cadaveric alterations of
+the Bovine typhus, and we may therefore apply ourselves at present to
+the consideration of its pathogenia and its nature. Only, the limits of
+this book will not admit of a complete discussion of every point of this
+important question of pathology; for if we desired to show in what
+respect the typhus differs from, and in what respect it resembles, such
+and such a morbid entity, febrile, infectious and contagious like it,
+such a dissertation would require a whole volume for itself; we are
+therefore obliged to keep within certain limits.
+
+Like every watchful physician who has applied himself to the study of
+comparative pathology, we entertained our own preconceived opinions as
+to the nature of this _Cattle Plague_. Arguing _à priori_ from what we
+knew, from the laws of the pathogenia of those exanthematic diseases
+which we have alluded to in a former chapter; from the identity of
+variola in various animals; from the preventive treatment to which this
+identity has led; believing that animals and man have each their typhoid
+fever, as they have their variola or small-pox; considering with the
+Ecole de Tours, typhoid fever as a variola of the intestinal mucous
+membrane, and having proposed, in 1855,[Q] to adopt inoculation as a
+preventive treatment, drawing an easy comparison between the typhus we
+are now observing and the typhoid fever in man; hoping, we may say,
+indeed, to find in this typhus the inoculative and preventive virus
+which is required for our typhoid fever, all will understand with what
+eager and vivid curiosity we have examined the entrails of the victims
+struck down by this epizootia. For, if this typhus had been a genuine
+typhoid fever, the bovine species which has already provided the
+preventive virus for small-pox, would equally have afforded us the
+preventive virus for typhoid fever. In this hypothesis, our proposal to
+inoculate the typhoid fever, which up to this time has been tried on
+horses only, and in experiments badly conducted, by pupils of the
+Veterinary School of Lyons, was perhaps on the eve of being realised.
+But we regret to say, we have been forced to submit to evidence, and to
+acknowledge that the present infectious typhus is not the one we require
+to provide us with the anti-typhoid virus.
+
+In the same manner as pathologists disagree as to the question, whether
+the typhus and typhoid fever in man are one and the same disease, so
+should we long debate, without coming to an agreement, as to that which
+relates to the typhus and typhoid fever of the ox. We cannot pretend to
+produce a reconciliation between these dissentient schools; all we
+desire, is to sum up what observation has suggested to us, on account of
+the practical and therapeutic interest belonging to the subject.
+
+For ourselves, the typhus and the typhoid fever of the ox are two
+diseases of the same order, but nevertheless distinct; and the reasons
+upon which we ground our opinion are suggested to us by the nature of
+the intestinal lesions, the symptoms, and causes of these distempers.
+
+As we have already seen, the contagious typhus of the ox, at least that
+of the present epizootia, is an infectious disease, which varies in the
+intensity of the functional disorders and the cadaveric lesions to which
+it gives rise. The typhoid fever, we mean the real one,--for there are
+other intestinal exanthematic fevers which simulate it,--always localize
+on the small intestines a pustulous exanthem, and in the typhus of the
+ox, this pustulous exanthem and the ulcerations by which it is
+succeeded, are frequently wanting.
+
+The real typhoid fever springs up in every country under the influence
+of local causes, and is not in the same degree infectious and contagious
+as the typhus proper. In fine, the typhoid fever smites many species of
+animals--the horse, the pig, etc., without transmitting its contagion
+with the same intensity.
+
+The contagious typhus of the ox appears to be more especially proper to
+that animal; for in those latitudes where it developes itself other
+animals are not affected by it.
+
+For these reasons, then, to which we could easily add many others, we
+consider the typhus of the present epizootia a special and distinct type
+of typhic diseases, and differing from the typhoid fever: it is the
+highest expression of its class, and occupies the first degree in the
+scale of infectious typhic diseases. Next to it we should place the
+typhoid fever, which we admit is not often found in the ox. But
+veterinary pathology is still less understood than human pathology, and
+typhoid fever may perhaps be recognised in those diseases which the
+former science has described under the names of _adynamic_ and _ataxic
+fevers_. Besides, a persistent research among the veterinary memorials
+and reports might possibly enable us to discover some instances in which
+the real typhoid fever in the ox had been traced, apart from the
+epizootic conditions. Here is an instance of it:--
+
+Gellé, in vol. i. page 245 of the _Pathologie Bovine_, quotes the
+following abstract which had been forwarded to him by one of his
+brethren, on the dissection of an ox, which was made on the 10th of May,
+1824:--
+
+"_Duodenum._--Uniform redness of the mucous membrane, with thickening,
+softening, and petechial spots. In the middle portion were discovered
+some of Peyer's glands, small round pustules, whitish at the top, with
+a reddish circumference. In some parts contiguous to these pustules lay
+ulcerations somewhat extensive, which seemed to be the result of the
+softening of the pustules which had preceded them. A dark pus issued
+from these ulcerations. The inflammation by which they were attended was
+diffused in some places, whilst in others it was circumscribed. In some
+parts the intestinal mucous membrane was utterly destroyed. The
+mesenteric glands were red and soft."
+
+Gellé adds:--"I have recorded this interesting narrative, as it may
+perhaps serve hereafter to throw light on a point of doctrine."
+
+The intention which Gellé nurtured at the time, is, we see, now
+fulfilled conformably with his object.
+
+The contagious typhus of the ox not being a real typhoid fever, we shall
+not, consequently, be able to borrow from it the preventive virus for
+that disease in man. But if these diseases differ, and if it is
+difficult, in the present state of science, to assign to them such
+distinct characters as to produce a perfect agreement among all medical
+writers, we must, however, admit, that to designate the ox-typhus now
+before us by the generic name of PLAGUE, after the Germans, who
+have given it the name of RINDERPEST, would carry us too far
+back.
+
+Let us acknowledge also, that the denomination of _contagious typhus_,
+adopted by the French veterinary doctors, is not, any more than the
+designation of TYPHUS FEVER, applied to it by English physicians,
+totally free from objection.
+
+In truth, the various species of typhus whose characteristics we have
+already given (see p. 73), are all of them febrile and contagious.
+Whoever uses the word _typhus_, speaks of a contagious and febrile
+malady, inasmuch as we cannot conceive typhus without its
+accompaniments, fever and contagion. But as the prevailing
+characteristic of this infectious disease is, above all, its
+_contagion_, we have preferred to adopt the name of _contagious typhus_,
+without, however, deceiving ourselves as to the value of the
+denomination. The final elucidation has not yet been found for these
+diseases; at some future day they will be methodically divided and
+arranged, and each of them will then receive a special title, which will
+remove from the mind that vague uncertainty which at present we regret.
+
+But if some faults of doctrine are open to debate, no doubt whatever can
+exist in the mind as to the morbid individuality of ox-typhus, or the
+general conditions of its pathogenia; and we are able to deduce from the
+preceding explanation, the following conclusions as so many propositions
+definitively settled:--
+
+1st. The typhus of the ox is a disease essentially infectious, which is
+produced by the absorption of the morbigenous miasma in the air.
+
+2nd. This typhic miasma is absorbed and engendered by the ox, under the
+influence of a number of special deleterious causes.
+
+3rd. When the miasma has been absorbed and incubation produced, the
+disease itself is but a supreme effort of nature--a struggle between the
+vital forces and the morbid evolution of the poison, in order to guard
+and defend life against the danger which threatens it.
+
+4th. A malady essentially general, _totius substantiæ_, it directs its
+action, in different degrees, over the whole structure, but chiefly on
+the nervous centres, on the organs of respiration, and on the digestive
+apparatus.
+
+5th. Its progress is regular; to the latest period of incubation it
+succeeds that of the general poisoning of the blood--that of the pyrexia
+of general fever--which for a time stops up all the secretions. Then,
+the morbid flux is localized according to particular predispositions:
+either on the nervous centres, when the animal is struck down at the
+outbreak; or on the lungs, when the respiratory derangements become the
+leading symptoms; or on the digestive channels, when the train of
+typhoid phenomena is observable.
+
+6th. The period of acute inflammation, which had dried up the sources of
+secretion, gives place to that of the depurative and critical
+exhalations or secretions; from every mucous membrane, from every
+outlet, there issues a mucous discharge, which at first is thin and
+clear, but afterwards becomes thick and purulent, and endowed with the
+most infectious properties. The intestinal mucous membrane, smitten with
+a particular lesion, becomes the seat of a flux extremely copious and
+intolerably fetid. Gases, and occasionally purulent deposits, are
+developed in the cellular tissue beneath the skin.
+
+7th. The organism or physical frame, disturbed in the very centres of
+life, undergoes a general transformation, a kind of organic
+decomposition beforehand, and all the symptoms of reaction are followed
+by a period of wasting atony and adynamia, which usher in dissolution or
+life's extinction.
+
+8th. Finally, throughout the whole course of the distemper, one special
+functional derangement--_stupor_--has been witnessed as the predominant
+symptom, the nervous system being in a manner annihilated in its
+functions in consequence of the general infection.
+
+Such are, in a brief outline, the principal symptoms of this typhus,
+which, when once engrafted on the economy, pursues its fatal march, and
+no treatment can then arrest its evolution. As in small-pox, so in
+typhoid fever and in most general disorders, Nature for a time must be
+allowed to exercise her new functions, which succeed each other in due
+course, and which the physician must not stop; for if he did, he would
+accelerate death; but he must watch with a vigilant eye, in order to
+assist the vital powers.
+
+The medical man, satisfied with these facts, will therefore abandon the
+chimerical hope of finding a specific remedy for such a disease. The
+virus once absorbed, the frame will endure, and fatally endure, all the
+morbid phenomena which must produce and succeed each other. _Against
+such a poison no other antidote exists than the poison itself._ And this
+will be easily understood. What necessity have we for a specific remedy
+to resist a distemper, which carries within itself its preventive
+treatment? If it germinates and is propagated, let us not accuse Nature
+and render her responsible; our own blindness, the lack of a community
+of interests among the people, our social institutions, the still
+imperfect state of the exact sciences, &c., amply explain how it is
+that we have not yet employed the effectual means we possess, not of
+curing it, but preventing it. If we could have our choice between
+prevention and cure, should we not naturally take the former?
+
+Indeed, the sources, the causes which generate the typhic miasma, are
+thoroughly well known to us, and these we can avoid. The developed
+miasms hang suspended in the air; we may, perhaps, one day destroy them,
+if not in the outer atmosphere, at least in the stalls and sheds where
+the animals inhale and absorb them. In fine, if we are powerless to
+arrest the fell disease when its periods revolve, we may hope at some
+future time to act with greater efficiency upon it during its period of
+incubation.
+
+On the other hand, if this formidable disease cannot be stopped in its
+progress, does it follow that we should not treat it at all? Certainly
+not! Far be such a heresy from our thoughts. What would be the
+consequence, if we left to their fate the sufferers from the small-pox,
+from typhoid fever, and from typhus itself, instead of watching over
+them with the utmost solicitude? If the physician, the enlightened
+interpreter of morbid phenomena, did not direct them with a bold and
+fearless hand, but abandoned Nature to her helpless course, why,
+necessarily, every patient would die, whereas a large number are now
+saved.
+
+That which is true in the case of man, is likewise true in the case of
+animals: we are bound to treat them when they are ill. If to-day we
+think it more expeditious and more profitable to exterminate them, we
+certainly neglect our duty. We are the sovereign masters of animals;
+they are the companions of our toils and pleasures, their lives must be
+given to preserve our own; but on their well-being and their happiness
+our own well-being and happiness also depend. They will return to us the
+sufferings and diseases of which they die a hundred times over. Like
+ourselves, they die of consumptive, tubercular, cancerous, eruptive,
+typhoid, and parasitical diseases. And who can tell whether they have
+not communicated these disorders to man, who was, perhaps, originally
+exempt from them; and whether they do not continually communicate them
+to him?
+
+What noble pages might be written on the close connexion which exists
+between all organized beings, both physically and morally! Let us love
+these animals, let us treat them with kindness, and all our other
+qualities will be raised by so doing.
+
+But as a man must belong to the time he lives in, we will take up for a
+moment with the doctrines of the economists; we will tolerate the
+extermination of diseased animals, as a painful necessity. Our duty is
+to seek in the study of the diseases of animals _and in their cure_, the
+cure of the disorders which afflict the human species. We shall,
+therefore, now proceed to consider the subject of the treatment of
+horned cattle, both as relates to preventive and curative medication.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[O] Mr. Simonds has for three months had under his observation a cow
+which has lived with impunity among animals sick and dying of the
+typhus. And a young calf did not contract the disease for more than
+three weeks.
+
+[P] Another instance of the fatal effects of the terrible disease now
+ravaging our flocks and herds of cattle, and resulting in the death of a
+veterinary surgeon, has just occurred in the town of Sudbury, Suffolk.
+
+Last week the epidemic made its appearance in the stock-yard of Mr.
+Ruffell, farmer, Melford, and the cases were attended by Mr. Robert John
+Plumbly, veterinary surgeon, Sudbury. On Thursday a cow, which was
+evidently suffering from the disease, was brought out and shot by Mr.
+Plumbly, who afterwards made a partial _post-mortem_ examination of the
+carcase. In doing so with a small scalpel his shirt-sleeves became
+saturated with blood, &c. from the animal. He returned home, and the
+same day was attacked with sickness and acute pains in the head and
+chest, accompanied with a soreness in the bones generally. On the
+following day he appeared somewhat better, and was able to attend to his
+duties, but became worse towards evening, and was confined to his house
+on the following day. He considered that he was merely suffering from
+the effects of a severe cold, and did not call in medical assistance
+till Saturday night. He slept well that night, and seemed somewhat
+better on Sunday morning. About two o'clock in the afternoon he got out
+of his bed to have it made, when he appeared comparatively strong and in
+good spirits; but almost immediately afterwards he was taken in what
+seemed to be a fit, and expired in a few minutes, before the surgeon,
+who only lived next door, could come to his assistance. It was thought
+that death had resulted from apoplexy, and a medical certificate to that
+effect was given. Rumours, however, soon becoming current that Mr.
+Plumbly's death was caused by the cattle plague, the borough coroner (R.
+Ransom, Esq.) directed a _post-mortem_ examination to be made. But, by
+this time, so rapid was the spread of the virus through the system that
+the body appeared perfectly plague-stricken, and by Tuesday morning,
+when the surgeons arrived to examine it, and it was taken out of the
+coffin, the corpse scarcely retained the semblance of a human being, the
+head and trunk being much swollen and black in colour, the features
+quite undistinguishable, and all the flesh converted into a putrid
+jelly-like mass. The tissues were completely disintegrated, so that it
+was utterly impossible to make any examination.
+
+An inquest was held on Tuesday afternoon, at the court room, Town Hall,
+before the coroner, R. Ransom, Esq., and a jury; Mr. Joseph Barker,
+chemist, being chosen foreman. The mayor (S. Higgs, Esq.) and other
+gentlemen were present during the whole of the inquiry, which lasted
+four hours.
+
+The jury went and viewed the body, which lay in an outhouse, but were so
+overcome with the fearful spectacle that they were permitted by the
+coroner to retire to partake of stimulants before they could further
+proceed with the inquiry.
+
+The first witness called was Mr. William Brown, veterinary surgeon, and
+partner with the deceased, who deposed to having gone with him to Mr.
+Ruffell's farm at Long Melford, on Thursday last, to examine several
+cows down with the cattle plague. One was brought out and shot by the
+deceased, who proceeded to examine the intestines and viscera, which did
+not present the appearances usually observable in advanced stages of the
+disease, there being but slight ulceration of the coats of the stomach
+and bowels. The lungs were not examined, as the deceased had only a
+small scalpel with him. In making incisions in the body the
+shirt-sleeves of the deceased became covered with blood, but he did not
+prick or cut himself.
+
+Henrietta Dansie, nurse, was examined, and said that deceased had been
+suffering from boils on his right arm, one of which she had poulticed on
+Wednesday, the day before he had examined the diseased animal. He
+removed the poultice himself, but declined to put on a plaster as the
+place was a small one, although not healed. He changed his linen on his
+return from Melford; but the same afternoon he was taken with sickness
+and vomiting, and complained of acute pains in his head and bones. On
+Sunday afternoon, shortly before he died, he wished to have his bed
+made, and got out and stood whilst it was being done. He then complained
+of faintness, and got into bed again, and witness to revive him washed
+his face and hands; in doing so she observed that the nails of one of
+the hands which had lain in the bed were turning black. She was about to
+give him some pills when she noticed a sudden change come over him; and
+thinking he was going to faint or have a fit, she rang for assistance
+and went herself for the doctor, who, being from home, another surgeon
+residing next door was called in, but by this time the unfortunate
+gentleman was quite dead.
+
+Mr. Maurice Mason, surgeon, said he was called in to see the deceased
+the night before he died, and visited him again on Sunday morning, and
+ordered him a lotion and leeches for his head and effervescing drinks
+(the leeches were not applied). From the appearance of the body and the
+evidence which had been adduced, witness was of opinion that the death
+of the deceased was caused by the absorption of poisonous virus from the
+dead beast.
+
+Mr. W. B. Smith, surgeon, gave similar evidence, and added that the
+tissues of the body were so disintegrated that it would have been
+utterly impossible to have made a _post-mortem_ examination.
+
+After half an hour's consultation the jury returned a verdict, "that
+deceased died from the effects of the absorption of virus or poison into
+his system upon the occasion of his making a _post-mortem_ examination
+of a cow which had died from a certain disease called the cattle
+plague."
+
+The sad occurrence has caused much sensation in the town, the deceased,
+who was only 23 years of age, being well known and much respected.
+
+
+[Q] "Appel à des Expériences dans le but d'établir le Traitement
+Préservatif de la Fièvre Typhoide et des Maladies infectieuses
+inrécidivables, par l'inoculation de leurs produits morbides." Memoire
+lu à l'Institut, le 8 Octobre, 1855. Inséré dans la Gazette Hebdomadaire
+de Médecine. Paris.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+_Treatment and Cure of the Ox-Typhus._
+
+
+In now addressing ourselves to the treatment, and, as far as human
+agency can effect it, to the cure, of this insidious distemper, we
+cannot conceal from ourselves, that this is the most difficult, the most
+delicate, and, at the same time, the most important division of our
+work; for it is to this part, above all, that attention will be
+directed. This portion of our task, therefore, will prove especially
+arduous; and nothing can give a better notion of the difficulties we
+shall have to encounter than the many fruitless attempts which, for
+several months past, have been made to overcome them by many ardent
+inquirers, stimulated by the best possible intentions.
+
+This, then, is the moment--if we may be allowed the metaphor--to take
+the bull by the horns; and we do so without hesitation. If, like so many
+others, we are baffled and overcome in this unequal struggle--if our
+strength is not on a level with our desires--we trust we shall be
+pardoned.
+
+Several paths leading to the same end may be followed in this exposition
+of the treatment of ox-typhus. After mature reflection, we shall adopt
+the one, which will allow us to take the disease at its birth, _ab ovo_;
+to study it in all its phases, in its first and second causes, and then
+in the successive periods of its development.
+
+In this manner, we shall be able to give an account of each fact of real
+importance mentioned in the foregoing pages, and to comprise within the
+treatment whatever is connected either directly or indirectly with the
+disease.
+
+Thus we will relate in so many separate articles,--
+
+1st. The means and measures to be employed to meet and resist the first
+local causes which may generate the typhus, then the secondary causes
+which serve to propagate it.
+
+2nd. The means of preventing the spread of the disease to animals still
+in good health.
+
+3rd. The means of treating it at its different periods, from the period
+of incubation to that of its decline.
+
+4th. Finally, we shall insert the laws and sanitary regulations which
+have been published in England relative to this disease.
+
+As will be seen, by adopting this method, the whole matter will be
+considered consecutively and in regular order; and the reader will
+understand that when such a phase of the malady is developed it is
+because the preceding one, which is the cause of it, has not been
+effectually contended with.
+
+
+I.
+
+    _Means and Measures to be employed to resist the Causes of
+      the Contagious Typhus of the Bovine Species._
+
+We have shown fully and explicitly in what countries of the globe, and
+in what particular conditions, the typhus is generated among oxen. We
+know that this dire disease has its focus on the banks of great rivers
+or lakes, which are periodically overflowed, and on which is deposited a
+slime teeming with organic matter; in marshy plains, where the same
+natural impurities are fostered; and that these first hotbeds of the
+evil are found in China, in India, in America, in Africa, as well as on
+the shores of the Black Sea. A spirit of observation which delights in
+measuring the phenomena of nature with the contracted compass of its own
+short views and conceptions, could alone have imagined that the
+ox-typhus was only to be found originally in the steppes of Hungary and
+Russia, and that the bovine species of those countries, thanks to a
+special organization, was alone capable of generating the typhus.
+
+Since we know, then, in what conditions this disease is developed, and
+especially in what manner it is propagated in Europe, it is not
+impossible now, when nations are united by the means of quick and easy
+communication, by commercial treaties, and by the mutual relations of
+science, to examine what measures might be taken to modify and control
+these conditions. A commission formed for this purpose, a scientific
+congress, would be able to make on the spot a study of all the
+circumstances which favour the development of typhus, and the result of
+their reports would enlighten the peoples as to the causes which produce
+it and from which they are first to suffer. They would be recommended to
+choose as pastures the healthiest places, to withdraw their cattle at
+certain seasons from those plots of ground which are baleful to them;
+new systems of agriculture would be planned and tried, &c. These
+questions being carefully examined, might lead to important results; nor
+can we understand how, in the age in which we live, the same
+indifference and apathy as prevailed in the past should be maintained in
+presence of the positive and permanent causes of this infectious
+disease, whose contagion, as we now see by many proofs, may extend at
+once to so large a portion of Europe. There is now something to be done
+in this matter; it is the duty of the governments to deal with it
+effectually, and to take serious measures to destroy the evil radically,
+if radically it can be destroyed, and, if not, to alleviate its
+pernicious effects as much as possible.
+
+Moreover, many breeders of cattle have not waited until now to guard
+against some of the first causes of the typhus: already they give the
+animals rock salt, ferruginous and arsenical preparations, but all this
+is done without method, and according to each man's will and pleasure.
+It would, therefore, be necessary to institute regulations, and to see
+them carried out and practised under the superintendence of public
+functionaries, armed with sufficient power and authority.
+
+These measures having been taken, others no less indispensable ought to
+follow. They should determine for the herds of cattle intended for
+exportation, the ways and channels they must travel by to go to any
+central part or to any railway station; and there the inspectors on duty
+should mark every animal that passes out of the district he is leaving.
+Heavy penalties should be inflicted on all who might infringe these
+rules.
+
+These precautions would contribute in part to arrest the propagation of
+the complaint; but there is another measure more radical and effectual,
+which should be taken in order to prevent its extension--we mean
+inoculation, which has met with complete success in some of the
+governments of Russia.
+
+Thus we see, there are powerful means of withstanding the production of
+the disease in its focus, or generative bed, and likewise its extension
+among the herds of neighbouring countries; and these latter might render
+them in some sort obligatory, by refusing most rigidly to admit to their
+markets, as in Italy has sometimes been done, every head of cattle which
+was not marked as inoculated or which was not furnished with a permit of
+health.
+
+It is easy to conceive that those countries wherein the ox-typhus has
+its birth, and for which the breeding of cattle and their exportation
+are a great source of wealth, would soon feel that they are more
+interested than any other in stifling the contagion in its focus, and in
+affording to those countries that receive their herds, every security
+and guarantee which they have a right to expect. Interest in this case
+coming to the help of common sense, very satisfactory results would in
+course of time be obtained.
+
+Moreover, we are conscious that we are here dealing with very
+complicated questions; for, though in a book they may seem simple and
+easy, their application is a matter of extreme difficulty. We know too
+well that these preventive measures for protecting animals will meet
+with many obstacles, and only be adopted at last with tardy reluctance,
+since man himself continues in some respect indifferent to the causes
+which spread about the fearful epidemics to which he falls a victim in
+consequence of his neglect.
+
+In truth, it is well known that the cholera of the present day--that
+much more serious _plague_--had its origin on the banks of the Red Sea,
+amidst the infectious miasmata developed near Mecca, where thousands of
+pilgrims who had died of fatigue and privation, and hundreds of
+thousands of sheep butchered and religiously offered up in sacrifice,
+have, beneath a torrid heat, generated the choleraic miasma, which
+formerly was supposed to be produced exclusively on the banks of the
+Ganges. This fact duly ascertained and proved, we might suppose that the
+governments of the different nations among which the cholera is about to
+extend its ravages, were indignant and had complained at thus being
+smitten with a scourge, due to the careless ignorance and sordid avidity
+of some official of the Turkish Government. But we should be mistaken.
+
+No! every one hoped at first that he, at least, would be spared by the
+contagion, and the authorities did nothing to resist the evil but adopt
+the old course of _quarantine_--a remedy more illusory now than ever,
+since the nations are in constant communication, either in their own
+persons or by the exchange of their commodities; and consequently, the
+epidemic is pursuing its invading course from week to week.
+
+That which is being done for the cholera gives us a scale by which we
+may estimate the efforts which will be made to arrest the generation and
+the contagion of the cattle typhus.[R]
+
+We are certainly bound to resist the introduction of horned cattle
+tainted with typhus; but in the conditions amidst which they live, some
+of them may bear the seeds of the distemper, even whilst they appear in
+perfect health, and therefore able to endure the fatigue of a long
+journey.
+
+Now, in order to avoid exciting the incubation of the typhus during
+their transit either to Finland, Holland, France, or England, it must
+never be forgotten that these animals are gifted with a nervous
+sensibility of wonderful acuteness, joined to the weakest vital
+resistance. Care must be taken to husband their strength, to give them a
+choice distribution of food easy of assimilation; barley-meal, or other
+grains, must be mixed up with their drink; they must be protected from
+the changes of weather; they must have room enough and air enough in the
+locomotive stalls on the railway trains and on board ship.
+
+We pass over in silence the hygienic measures to be taken in order to
+keep these vehicles of transit in a proper sanitary state: the sanitary
+police regulations inserted further on will make them sufficiently
+known.
+
+All these measures having been taken to meet and withstand distant
+causes and dangers, let us now direct our attention to those local
+causes which strike our eyes, and which likewise have their share of
+influence in propagating the disease. Thus, whenever an inclement season
+comes to deprive the herbivorous animals of sufficient pasture, or to
+deteriorate its natural qualities, we are bound to remedy this change,
+and to increase the cares we devote to them; for these frail and
+helpless creatures, immediately feel and suffer from the effects of a
+sustenance less than usually restorative. Under such circumstances, we
+must make exceptional sacrifices; when they return from feeding on the
+grass, we should give them some additional fodder, or roots of a
+generous quality. We must imitate the regimen used in the country of the
+steppes, by adding to their forage a solution of marine salt, or a
+solution of sulphate of iron. Day by day we must give to the weakest and
+least fed cattle, a ration consisting of bruised oats, pounded juniper
+berries, gentian, sulphate of iron, and carbonate of soda.
+
+For, if we neglect to take those measures which are required to prevent
+among herbivorous animals the development of those ordinary epizootias,
+which every year are generated on our own soil, they will certainly
+afford a favourable seat to the typhic miasma transmitted by foreign
+animals, or exceptionally generated by themselves. These cares and
+attentions must be greatly increased, when the foreign epizootia, has
+spread itself, as in the present instance, among our flocks and herds.
+Then, indeed, we must be careful not to load these creatures with
+pampering food for the purpose of fattening them. For it may be
+profitable, and the breeder may plume himself, on having produced an
+adipose monstrosity to such a degree as to bury, for instance, a pig's
+head in the fleshy exuberance of his thorax; but such a derogation from
+the laws of nature borders closely on disease, and assuredly such an
+unnatural accumulation, predisposes the glutted animals to epizootic
+diseases in general.
+
+The water given them to drink must be attended to with particular
+solicitude. It should never be drawn up from ponds or stagnant rivers.
+The animals kept in the pasture grounds should always find at their
+disposal, in receptacles intended for their use, a supply of pure fresh
+water.
+
+After these precautions with respect to their food and sustenance,
+attention must next be directed to the hygienic conditions required by
+the animal. Every morning he should be cleaned, washed, brushed, and
+dried; what is every day done for the horse must now be done for the ox.
+These unusual cares will be most salutary to him, and greatly increase
+his vital resistance.
+
+The animal thus protected in his food and particular necessities,
+attention must next be directed to the stalls and sheds. Over-crowding
+must be carefully avoided; the proper cube of air for breathing must be
+measured out for each head of cattle; every day the latter must be
+carried out into the open air; the floor of the stall or shed must first
+be thoroughly cleansed and washed out, after which it must be sprinkled
+with a solution of chloride of lime. If the stall is not well aired, a
+little straw should be burned on the ground, to improve the atmosphere,
+or else branches of resinous trees, or juniper berries may be used. In
+some cases aromatic fumigations of sage, rosemary, or mint, boiled in
+water, are employed, the balsamic vapours which arise therefrom being at
+once tonic and purifying. During the night a tub, containing pitch and
+tar, should be left in the stall, or a large piece of camphor should be
+suspended from the ceiling. Vinegar may be spilt on a piece of red-hot
+iron, or powder of sulphur may be burned into sulphuric gas and diffuse
+its vapours through the stall or shed. This excellent parasiticide may
+perhaps be equally endowed with anti-typhic properties.
+
+Finally, when this fatal epizootia is ravaging the country, every farmer
+and agriculturist must carefully abstain from mixing with his herds any
+cattle which have been bought either at fairs or markets; he must take
+care, conformably with the directions issued by the Privy Council, (to
+which we refer the reader for more ample details,) to avoid all contact
+both direct and indirect with horned cattle tainted with the typhus, as
+he might himself become an instrument of the contagion.--Let him never
+forget that to take as the guide for his actions in these times of
+calamity his private and personal interest, is the greatest crime a man
+can commit. Let him strive, therefore, to assist the authorities in the
+measures which they have taken for the interest of all.
+
+
+II.
+
+Now that we have examined the measures which prudence directs us to take
+to defend ourselves against the causes which produce and propagate
+typhus, let us think of the means of preventing it, when the contagion
+threatens to diffuse itself over a whole kingdom, as at present it is
+doing in England.
+
+When, on the 19th of last June, it was believed that the typhus or
+Cattle Plague, as they continue to call it, had effected its invasion in
+England, the Government, informed by professional men of the serious
+danger to which the interests of the country would be exposed, if the
+disease should spread, might have considered this distemper not as a
+question of private interest, but as one of public and national concern.
+It might at the outset have given to this epizootia all the significancy
+of a public calamity, have looked upon it as the invasion of an enemy
+threatening to destroy its territory, and have employed every possible
+means to stifle it at its birth.
+
+We well know that the English Government, derived as it is rather from
+political than from religious and social changes, is at once
+monarchical, aristocratic, and partially democratic, and for that reason
+embarrassed in its working by so many wheels. Its authority is scattered
+and divided, whilst the respect ascribed to the prerogatives of each
+distinct public power is the safeguard of the State. In the absence of
+both Houses during the recess, it could take no resolution as to ways
+and means; for the difficulties on this unhappy occasion, we cannot too
+often repeat it, are reduced to a question of money. Deprived of the
+requisite authority, it was unable to do more than exhume the old laws
+on the matter and ordain new ones. And yet, the impotence of the
+Government was not perhaps so great as is imagined; for whilst it
+suffered the typhus almost unmolested to devastate the country, it very
+justly, and in the name of the public interest, took vigorous and
+effectual measures to stamp out another epidemic--the rash and insane
+conspiracy of the Fenians. It stood still and would not authorize
+domiciliary visits in stables and stalls, nor the seizure of sick
+animals, but it did not falter a moment at the domiciliary visits and
+incarceration of insurgent citizens meditating mischief, so that in
+this instance, the privilege of immunity has been given to the brute
+creation. Everybody, both in England and out of England, admires their
+vigour and despatch in stifling the insurrection in its bud. But why not
+act with equal promptitude in the case of an epizootia?
+
+Arming itself, in this manner, in the public interest, and with
+sufficient power, the Government might have appointed an executive
+commission, with the Lord Mayor as president. Such a commission would
+have applied itself at once to the consideration and studious
+examination of the subject in all its bearings, and would have proposed
+prompt and energetic measures, which the Government, with equal
+despatch, would have confirmed by giving to them the authority of law,
+as they have since tardily done. A fund, which, for the wealth of
+England, would not have been considerable, 250,000_l._--the cost of a
+few Armstrong guns--might have been placed at the disposal of this
+Board, to enable its directors to meet and provide for, without delay,
+every just claim and want arising from the scourge.
+
+An auxiliary commission, exclusively medical, and consisting of medical
+and veterinary doctors, might have been formed conjointly with the
+former, and every preventive measure, considered by them as necessary to
+stamp out the complaint at the outbreak, after it had been proposed by
+the medical board, and submitted to the executive commission, and by
+them to the Home Secretary, might have been acted upon by law within
+twenty-four hours.
+
+Taken unawares, and the mode of treating the sick animals not being
+known at first, they would have been reduced to the cruel necessity of
+exterminating at once all tainted cattle, as well as those belonging to
+tainted herds, but not without compensating the owners of those
+cattle.[S]
+
+They would have sent two physicians to Russia and Hungary, to observe
+and study the preventive and curative medication, especially their mode
+of inoculation, and thanks to the rapid locomotion of these times,
+twenty days would have been sufficient for this foreign exploration.
+The physicians constituting the medical board should have been
+authorized to seize any beast tainted with the typhus; a company should
+have been charged to collect and keep ready for the public service, at
+the four quarters of London, an ample retinue of horses, closed
+carriages, and working men, to convey at all hours of the day and night
+the carcases of the slaughtered animals to the respective spots, where
+long and deep trenches had been dug to receive them. Each carcase before
+burial to have been well sprinkled with chloride of lime.
+
+By taking this course, every one's interest would have been respected,
+as much as can be desired when a great calamity threatens a country;
+besides, in doing so, the present ministers would but have followed the
+example of the Government (with regard to compensation), during the
+epizootia of the eighteenth century. The proprietors who had thus
+received, not the full and absolute price, but a sum sufficiently
+remunerative for their sacrificed cattle, would have assisted the
+authorities, and thereby would have served the common interest, because
+their sick cattle, perishing every hour within their stalls and sheds,
+were no longer a real source of embarrassment and ruin. They would not
+have been obliged to drive them to market to get what they could out of
+them and disencumber themselves. The most active cause of the contagion
+would by this means have been prevented.
+
+This allowance having been made for the most pressing dangers, attention
+should next have been directed to a matter no less important--we mean
+the treatment and cure of this distemper; for we will never admit that
+England can have fallen back a century, and that whilst those
+enlightened men--Malcolm Flemming and Layard--proposed and tried to cure
+and prevent ox-typhus in 1757, we, in 1865, shall have been reduced to
+the horrible alternative, the repugnant barbarity, of the general and
+indiscriminate extermination of the tainted cattle.
+
+Whilst, therefore, the treatment of the typhus would have been studied
+on the spot, and the most urgent measures would have been taken to
+withstand the propagation of the evil, they would have established, a
+few miles from London and on the northern side, in the direction of the
+great cattle market, a number of hospitals or sanitariums, and, as far
+as possible, within a park. These hospitals, constructed of wood,
+containing, besides stables and sheds, a slaughter-house, a
+dwelling-house for the staff of employés, a laboratory stocked with all
+the physical and chemical instruments required, &c., would in two or
+three weeks have been sufficiently prepared to receive a certain number
+of cattle.
+
+Provided with these advantages and opportunities, a permanent stage of
+operation would have been raised on which trials and experiments might
+have been made with every chance of fruitful results. In these
+sanitariums, for instance, the most practical physicians and
+veterinarians might have entered upon a systematic course of treatment,
+dividing the bovine patients into classes, according to their periods of
+disease, their age, &c.; and trying some particular mode of treatment,
+some remedy considered as effectual, alternately, upon each of these
+classes of tainted cattle. These experiments, having been made under
+circumstances so favourable, would have enabled the faculty to
+establish a medical basis, which, if not infallible, would have been
+relatively efficacious, and might have saved a large number of the
+infected animals.
+
+Whilst thus fixing their attention on the cure of the sick animals,
+these experimentalists would have carefully studied and practised the
+preventive treatment by inoculation, availing themselves both of
+Layard's hints and recommendations and of the practical knowledge
+acquired by the medical expedition to the steppes, which would by that
+time have returned from their mission. They would have selected animals
+smitten with the genuine typhus, of the typhoid and intestinal form, in
+_the third period_, whilst the depurative and critical secretions are
+running from the mucous membranes; they would have gathered the virus
+from its springs of infection or from its purulent subcutaneous deposits
+or from the serum of the blood.
+
+On the other hand, they might have chosen four heifers, of good
+constitutions and healthy, and these they might have prepared, according
+to Layard's advice, for inoculation, by a special treatment, and by
+hygienic and medical cares. On some of these the inoculation would have
+been made near the tail, according to the subcutaneous process, with a
+lancet charged with typhic virus; on others, a crucial incision, or
+cross-cut, would have been made on the crupper. But, to speak truth, we
+cannot do better than Layard, whose ingenious treatment, with all due
+deference to a certain veterinarian of our day, deserves a very
+different epithet than that of being amusing.[T] Layard says:--
+
+      "That nothing may be omitted which in any shape can
+      contribute to the success of inoculation, due attention
+      should be paid to the constitution and state of the beast,
+      no less in this practice on the cattle than on the human
+      species. Undoubtedly the young, healthy, and strong bid
+      fairer for a good issue than the old, sickly, and feeble;
+      each of these different constitutions demand a particular
+      treatment, even in the method of preparation; and however
+      trifling it may seem to many--the urging a necessity of
+      preparation--I will venture to affirm that I have seen
+      excellent effects arising from a rational preparation, and
+      fatal events from want of preparation. I have likewise been
+      witness of unfavourable turns, merely from an injudicious
+      preparation.
+
+      "The beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding;
+      those that have but a small share of blood must have none
+      drawn. The strong must, besides moderate bleeding and
+      purging, be kept on light diet and their body kept open.
+      Thus, scalded bran, mixed with their hay and chaff; will
+      cool them. The weakly, and such as are inclined to scour,
+      must be kept on dry fodder, and have peas and beans given
+      them to strengthen them. A mess of malt, or a quart of warm
+      ale, with a few spices, will be very suitable for them.
+
+      "Whatever diseases the cattle be affected with, if time will
+      permit, they are first to be removed.
+
+      "The cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed,
+      rubbed dry, and then curried, to remove all the filth from
+      the hair and skin. Then they are to be placed in a spacious
+      barn or stable, where the air is temperate and no cold can
+      come to them. There they are to be prepared according to the
+      direction already given, foddered with good sweet hay, and
+      watered with clear spring water; and if the distemper be not
+      near they may be turned out into the air, near the barn or
+      stable, and may stay there a few hours in the middle of the
+      day.
+
+      "When it appears that the cattle are in perfect health, free
+      from any infection or other disease, brisk and lively,
+      neither costive nor scouring, and chewing their cud, then
+      the operation may be safely undertaken, and henceforth they
+      must be confined to the barn.
+
+      "Since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the
+      contagious and putrid particles separated from the blood,
+      wherever the infectious matter makes an impression at first,
+      particular care must be taken not to inoculate near such
+      vital parts as the heart and lungs, nor near the womb, if a
+      cow with calf be inoculated; for, though rowels are properly
+      applied in the dewlaps, to draw off the pestilential humour
+      from the breast, and in other cases beasts are frequently
+      rowelled in the flanks,--yet in this operation, as matter is
+      inserted by these channels into the neighbouring vessels,
+      those vital parts, or the womb, might become the chief seat
+      of the disease, and the event prove fatal.
+
+      "To prevent such accidents, human beings have been
+      inoculated on the arms and legs, and now-a-days the arms are
+      found sufficient. I would recommend that the cattle should
+      be inoculated about the middle of the shoulders or buttocks,
+      on both sides, to have the benefit of two drains. The skin
+      is to be cut lengthways two inches, deep enough for the
+      blood to start, but not to bleed much. In this incision is
+      to be put a dossil or pledget of tow, dipped in the matter
+      of a boil full ripe, opened in the back of a young calf
+      recovering from the distemper. It may not be amiss to stitch
+      up the wound, to keep the tow in, and let it remain
+      forty-eight hours. Then the stitches are to be cut, the tow
+      taken out, and the wound dressed with yellow basilicon
+      ointment, or one made with turpentine and yolk of egg,
+      spread on pledgets of tow. These dressings are to be
+      continued during the whole illness, and till after the
+      recovery of the beast, to promote the discharge; and then
+      the wound may be healed with the cerate of lapis
+      calaminaris, or any other.
+
+      "On the third day after inoculation, the discolouring of the
+      wound, whose lips appear grey and swollen, will be a sign
+      that the inoculation has succeeded; but the beasts, as
+      Professor Swenke informs us, did not fall ill till the sixth
+      day, which answers exactly to the observations daily made in
+      the inoculating of children. Yet the Professor adds that on
+      the third day a costiveness came on, which was removed by
+      giving each calf three ounces of Epsom salts.
+
+      "No sooner do the symptoms of heaviness and stupidity appear
+      than the beasts must have a light covering thrown over them,
+      and at night fastened loosely. They must be rubbed morning
+      and evening, and curried, till the boils begin to rise; warm
+      hay-water and vinegar-whey must be given plentifully. Should
+      the beasts require more nourishment, dry meat, such as hay,
+      with a little bran, may be offered. I should be very
+      cautious in giving milk-pottage, even after the boils and
+      pimples had all come out, for fear of bringing on a
+      scouring. However, this caution is proper, that whenever
+      milk-pottage be given the vinegar-whey is to be omitted for
+      obvious reasons. In cases of accident, the same attention is
+      to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the
+      natural way, and the medicines recommended are the same I
+      would use; but by inoculation there seldom is a call for
+      any, so favourably does the distemper proceed through its
+      several stages.
+
+      "The crisis being over, it will be proper to purge the
+      cattle, to air them by degrees, and to have the same regard
+      in the management of them as is laid down in the chapter on
+      the method of cure."
+
+The typhic virus is so highly infectious and poisonous that the first
+animals inoculated would have all died; it would have been necessary to
+inoculate successively a number of animals with the virus derived from
+the first inoculation, and transmitted from an inoculated animal to a
+healthy one, by which means they would have acquired a virus of the
+first, second, third generation, and so on. These inoculations having
+always been made on four animals at a time; on two of them, the disease
+would have been left to take its own course, in order that the
+experimentalists might watch its progress and development, and the two
+others would have supplied the virus for inoculation.
+
+At the third or fourth generation, the virus, modified and attenuated in
+its infectious principles, would no longer have been mortal in its
+effects, as experience has proved in Russia. Then the inoculated
+animals, placed under the control of hygienic cares and a few purgative
+and tonic medications, would have passed from convalescence to health.
+The virus thus attenuated would have supplied the means of a practical
+inoculation on a large scale to all healthy animals.
+
+Proceeding thus, they would, moreover, but have followed the method
+adopted in those times of epidemic and epizootia when the small-pox is
+raging. On those occasions, we subject our sick patients to vaccination
+or revaccination; we inoculate the variola in our sheep threatened with
+the contagion; we pursue the same course in cases of epizootia, of
+peripneumonia. And truly, that which it is reasonable to do in one case
+may be generalized and applied to a greater number.
+
+The experiment we have suggested might, perhaps, have been long and
+difficult, nay, even costly, but we should have established, after a
+certain time, the rational method of this preventive treatment, and have
+distributed the same throughout the country. Veterinarians would have
+formed in particular districts their centre of operation, in which the
+preventive virus might have been produced, and they might have gone from
+farm-house to farm-house to inoculate all the cattle within them.
+
+From these facts and observations made by the physicians, precious
+documents would have been derived; and if, contrary to all expectation,
+success had not justified every hope, we should have bequeathed to
+future generations facts and experiences which would have been of the
+most useful character to them and full of instruction. Thus it is that
+science advances and progress is accomplished.
+
+If all that we have just indicated as a realizable matter had been done,
+in effect, England would have afforded in this, as she has so often done
+in other cases, a noble example to be followed, and would have acquired
+a new title to the admiration of other nations.
+
+But, unfortunately it has not been so: silence has succeeded to
+eloquence at Guildhall, and the meetings at the Mansion-house have
+flickered away. That which was held on the 27th of September, seems
+likely to be the last of them.[U]
+
+The subscriptions which, in spite of all the praiseworthy efforts and
+earnestness of the Lord Mayor, did not reach 2000_l._, were returned to
+the subscribers, so that all the attempts which have been made to
+centralize the direction to be given to the various measures have proved
+abortive. The plan of forming sanitariums, as well as that of
+compensating the owners of cattle, have both fallen to the ground.
+
+What can we think of such a state of things when we see the ox-typhus
+extending its ravages to sheep, and have to fear that the disease will
+spread to other animal species? What serious reflections it creates in
+our minds, and what awful consequences we might deduce therefrom! But
+what would be the use of them?
+
+Let us add, however, that France, save on the recognised principle of
+indemnification, and a more speedy extermination of her tainted cattle,
+has shown the same deficiency as to the means of treatment as England;
+whilst we have the consolation of attributing this impotence on the part
+of this country to the fact that the outbreak of the epizootia has
+occurred during the Parliamentary recess.
+
+It is, therefore, to institutions rather than to individuals that we
+must ascribe the impossibility of conquering the difficulties which have
+been met, and which at any other time might not have obstructed the
+course of things. Far be it from us therefore to accuse of indifference
+a great people renowned for their zealous promotion of public interests,
+for their charity and inexhaustible philanthropy, whose innumerable
+asylums have been opened to every misfortune, who support so many
+hospitals and public charities by their voluntary contributions, and
+who, in so many calamities, have seen some devoted heroine issue from
+her retirement to assuage them. For if the Crimean war produced its lady
+beneficent in the person of Florence Nightingale, all of us must allow
+that if others had followed the example of Miss Burdett Coutts, who, in
+a manner, has stood alone against the storm, by the facilities she has
+afforded for treating and experimentalizing on the cattle smitten with
+typhus, the formidable scourge might have been arrested in its focus.
+
+
+III.
+
+_Curative Medication._
+
+We might acquire the means of resisting the general causes which develop
+the typhus; we might stop its diffusion, we might even prevent it, by
+inoculating the sound and healthy animals, and yet it would be
+necessary, none the less, to search for the means of curing it; for, as
+in the small-pox, the preventive treatment of which we know, certain
+circumstances would arise in the disease which would oblige us to treat
+it. And as we are far from being able to resist the generation and
+dissemination of this scourge, which reckons almost as many victims as
+sufferers, it is important to make known what treatment we can oppose to
+the functional derangements to which it gives rise.
+
+As we have already said, this typhus, when the organism has absorbed its
+peccant and infectious miasma, produces a succession of disorders which
+become in a manner temporary functions; it pursues its phases, its
+periods; and as the functional derangements differ at these several
+epochs from the development of the morbid phenomena, the course of
+medicine which is employed to check them cannot always be the same.
+Starting, therefore, from practical data, we will attend the disease in
+its gradual advance--that is to say, in its distinct periods--and will
+afterwards explain certain predominant symptoms, which, owing to their
+importance, must likewise fix the attention of the careful therapeutist.
+
+It will be remembered that we have recognised four periods in the
+regular course of typhus:--
+
+  1st, a period of incubation;
+  2nd, a period of initiation;
+  3rd, a period of duration;
+  4th, a period of decline.
+
+But, in the first place, before beginning the treatment, every farmer or
+grazier, or cattle-owner, who keeps a certain number of cattle, should
+divide his herd into several classes, in order to regulate and methodize
+the cares to be given to the sick.
+
+Thus, he will form a first class, comprising the animals in a sound and
+healthy state, having had no intercourse, either direct or indirect,
+with the tainted cattle, and which he will be careful immediately to
+isolate and keep apart.
+
+A second class must be formed of those beasts, which, though as yet
+unaffected with the distemper, have, nevertheless, been exposed more or
+less directly to its contagion, by living and consorting with them, or
+by their contact with other animals, either at fairs or markets, or in
+the ships and cattle-trucks on the railway during their transit from one
+place to another. The horned cattle composing this latter class must be
+carefully watched, and be made the subject of the preventive treatment,
+the moment the first sign appears of the working of the incubation.
+
+A third class must be formed, consisting of cattle actually smitten with
+the distemper.
+
+These divisions of animals being thus settled and separated, will
+diminish the labour and the cost of treatment and the liability to
+diffuse the complaint, especially when the epizootia begins to lose its
+virulence.
+
+
+_First Period--of Incubation._
+
+We have said that infectious diseases, when once the frame had suffered
+the effects of the poisonous miasma, pursued their fatal course, and
+that, generally speaking, it was impossible after such infection to
+arrest its development. We say generally, for the typhus at the outbreak
+of its appearance on a virgin soil sometimes manifests itself in a
+benignant manner, then it becomes more destructive, by-and-bye its
+pernicious properties decline, and it in some sort goes out of itself.
+One would say that the epizootia, like those it smites, has likewise its
+peculiarities, its period of initiation, of duration, and of decline.
+There are in consequence fixed times or epochs during which the
+sufferers afford better scope for our means of action; at a given moment
+the attenuated virus, having lost much of its deadly effects, ceases to
+produce death, which decline is the real source of the marvellous
+successes obtained by certain remedies against the epizootia.
+
+If it be true that the distemper at its period of duration, and at its
+most critical moment, cannot be fettered, we should not be justified in
+asserting positively the same, as respects the period of incubation.
+Indeed, we are convinced ourselves, that if ever this disease shall be
+clogged in the wheel, _if ever its specific remedy shall be discovered,
+it will be within the period of incubation_, when the economy begins to
+struggle with the first phenomena of the poisoning. Be that as it may,
+we cannot, in epizootic times, too earnestly enjoin the owners of cattle
+to submit their animals to a strict and close inspection, in order that,
+when the first signs of incubation appear, they may modify the animal's
+usual diet, and attack the disease at its birth, so as to render it
+abortive, if the thing can be done.
+
+At this period we must endeavour to come to Nature's assistance, we must
+shake and stir up the economy, we must unseat the morbid functions which
+seek to master us, and then the vital force, thus solicited and
+stimulated, may sometimes struggle with advantage. To do this
+effectually, if the animal is atonic and predisposed to adynamia, if his
+internal organs are relaxed, we will strengthen him by administering
+every day a stimulating beverage. If he is confined to the stall we
+will give him the open air, and let him graze the fields; which is a
+treatment by itself for the invalid animal, so vivifying is the pure air
+of the common, and so thoroughly different from the atmosphere which is
+pent up within his stall. If the animal is strong, lusty, exuberant with
+health, let him be purged once or twice, the purgative to be given at
+intervals of twenty-four hours. (We shall give the medical formula in
+the chapter addressed to farmers, graziers, &c.)
+
+This purgation, moreover, will correspond with the theory of those
+authors who consider the evacuations as the proper means of delivering
+the economy from the infectious miasms which have been absorbed.
+
+If the beast is plethoric, recourse should sometimes be had to bleeding,
+especially in hot and dry seasons, like the one we have recently passed
+through.
+
+These stimulative and depletive medications cannot but be favourable to
+the animal, since it will anticipate the treatment to which he must be
+submitted a few days later, when the disease shall have declared
+itself.
+
+To this treatment, in some sort preventive, must be annexed an
+_antimiasmatic_ beverage, either a _permanganate of potash_, or a
+solution of _chlorate of potash_, or of _arsenic acid_ in powder, mixed
+with some aromatized beverage, or solution of _arseniate of soda_. These
+anti-typhic drinks must be discontinued on those days when the sick
+cattle are purged.
+
+It need hardly be said, that during this period of incubation the
+feeding of the cattle must be strictly attended to, and that the animal
+must receive unusual hygienic care.
+
+
+_Second Period, or that of Initiation._
+
+At this period the constitution and temperament of the sick cattle must
+first of all be deliberately studied, so as to ascertain fully which are
+_lymphatic_, which are _nervous_, and which are _sanguine_. We must
+notice the age, the sex, the state of gestation, and make allowance for
+any prior complaints to which any of the sick cattle may have been
+subject. For if, like certain system-mongers, we reduced the treatment
+of all tainted cattle to the same mathematical formula of medication,
+that is, either to bleeding or to purging exclusively, we should
+certainly increase the number of victims.
+
+In this stage of the disease we have to contend with the derangements of
+the circulation and secretions. The fever is generally intense, the
+blood is inflamed or vitiated, the mucous membranes are dried up;
+shiverings, alternations of cold and heat, &c., occur. We must then
+mitigate these morbid phenomena either by bleeding or purging. The
+bleeding must be more or less copious, according to the strength of the
+animal. For, it must not be forgotten that we have several critical
+phases to pass through, and if we exhaust the animal by too largely
+draining him of blood, we may forfeit the success of the treatment. If
+bleeding is considered unnecessary, let the sufferer be purged at once,
+by administering either _sulphate of magnesia_ (_Epsom salts_), _or
+sulphate of soda_ (_Glauber's salt_). These purges to be taken daily,
+for two or three days, according to the way they operate. Linseed oil,
+mixed in some warm beverage, may be given instead of these, or else a
+mixture of rhubarb and calomel, or even a decoction of senna. Preference
+should be given to saline or laxative purges, as, drastic purgatives,
+such as aloes or jalap, sometimes concentrate the inflammation on the
+narrow parts of the digestive channels.
+
+In this second stage--the period of initiation--the appetite is
+generally gone, the thirst excessive; so that nutritive or solid feeding
+must of course be suppressed.
+
+As for the drinks, they must be cold, consisting of water with
+sufficient flour mixed in it to whiten it, and a little vinegar or
+sulphuric acid, to acidulate it. A decoction of good hay with some
+marine salt, or nitrate of potash; a decoction of pellitory or
+wall-wort, of ground-ivy, or whey, or buttermilk, likewise acidulated,
+and which the cattle are very partial to, will in every way be suitable
+for their use. If the heat of the skin diminishes, and if congestion
+appears to settle on the lungs, the drinks must be given warm,
+consisting of a decoction of borage leaves, mallows, marsh-mallow, and
+pellitory. In these cases, the body must be protected from chills by
+overlaying it with blankets, so as to keep the mass of the blood as much
+as possible on the surface, and check the tendency it has to load the
+internal organs.
+
+By following these prescriptions, we shall answer all the conditions of
+the treatment during the second period. In truth, by the process of
+bleeding, we shall have reduced the heat of the fever, and prevented too
+great a flow towards the nervous, pulmonary, or digestive centres. The
+purgings will have acted with similar effects; and, what is more, they
+will have cleared the _primæ viæ_, and rendered the circulation of the
+abdominal apparatus more easy. In fine, the drinks will have contributed
+to assuage the violence of the fever. The washing, which must be
+effected with a wet sponge passed over the nose, mouth, and eyes, and
+then over the skin, which must afterwards be rubbed dry, will be both
+useful and pleasant to the sick animal. This cleansing will maintain the
+important functions of the skin in due order.
+
+Some persons have advocated as most efficacious at this period
+hydro-therapia, or the Water-cure, in the form of warm and cold
+ablutions, vapour baths, &c. This treatment, so bracing by its revulsive
+action, and the powerful influence of which we witnessed for several
+years in the establishment which we superintended at Belle Vue, near
+Paris, might prove of some service in ox-typhus, especially in the form
+of the vapour bath; but it requires so much practice, and so incessant
+and watchful a care, that it is needful to have the process attended by
+an experienced practitioner.
+
+We must remark, in addition, that the general state of the animal, and
+his desire for food, will show the degree of strictness and restraint
+which must be observed in regulating his diet. His instinct must be
+taken by us as a guide; and if the drinks rendered nutritive by the
+addition of bran, oatmeal, barley flour, or even seed of grass pounded,
+are relished by him, we must indulge his desires to some extent, in
+order to keep up his strength.
+
+
+_Third Period, or that of Duration._
+
+At this stage of the distemper we must watch and follow step by step the
+symptoms which attend it, and come to their relief.
+
+All the secretions have now resumed their course; from the mucous
+membranes there occurs a copious discharge, first of all serous, then
+thick and muco-purulent; the breathing may be obstructed, the
+diarrhoea frequent; the air infiltrates beneath the integument. The
+fever is sometimes continuous, sometimes intermittent. We must satisfy
+the cravings of the vital powers by administering the same beverages as
+in the preceding period. Far from checking the diarrhoea, as some
+advise, we must regulate the evacuations by means of laxatives, such as
+tartrate of potash, sulphate of magnesia, or sulphate of soda. It is
+very essential, indeed, that the mucous membranes of the digestive
+channels should be free, and not irritated by the contact of solid
+alimentary substances or bilious secretions.
+
+If the diarrhoea be too frequent or irritating, we must give the
+sufferer night and morning a clyster, consisting of bran water.
+
+At this period we will follow the advice given over and over again by
+all the physicians of the last century, and apply cauteries with red-hot
+iron, or fix one or two setons either on the dewlap, the neck, or the
+thighs, and these issues must be kept open by means of basilicon
+ointment. It is unquestionably of the highest importance to promote all
+the depurative secretions in animals whose cellular tissue is choked up
+with grease and lymph. Those only have got well in which the running has
+been regular and copious, and the wasting of the flesh progressive.
+
+If the fever is not regular, two pills of sulphate of quinine must be
+given, each pill containing one gramme, one pill in the morning, the
+other during the day, in order to prevent the fit, which usually takes
+place in the evening. If the state of atony, of adynamia, comes on at
+this period, _acetate of ammonia_ must be given, from one to six ounces,
+in a pint of water, the same to be administered in two doses; only the
+acidulous or alkaline drinks must be discontinued, otherwise the acetate
+of ammonia would be decomposed in its passage into the digestive
+channels. Finally, the eyes, the nostrils, and the mouth must be
+frequently washed with an infusion of camomile, or some other aromatic
+plant.
+
+The setons must be kept up very carefully. If the sick animal relishes
+the nutritive beverages, let him have a decoction of bread, rice,
+barley, or oats.
+
+
+_Fourth Period, or that of Decline._
+
+At this stage of the disease, in which adynamia predominates, everything
+must tend to support the organism. The drinks must be bitter and
+stimulating; beer, with plenty of hops in it, with an addition of
+powdered Peruvian bark or sulphate of iron, may be given; or a decoction
+of this bark, with gentian roots, centaury leaves, and hops; or again, a
+beverage may be administered night and morning, made of veterinary
+theriacum, of extract of juniper and alcohol; or finally, an infusion of
+aromatic plants.
+
+If the diarrhoea be bloody and fetid, give the animal night and
+morning a clyster, consisting of a decoction of Jesuit's bark, adding
+thereto a spoonful of powdered wood charcoal, pounded to the finest
+powder, and passed carefully through a sieve. If the running ceases, its
+return must be excited by injecting in the nostrils a spoonful of
+sternutatory vinegar or smelling salts. Finally, the purulent boils must
+be opened, and dressed with stimulating ointment.
+
+At this closing period, which determines the fate of the disease, as we
+say, there is a tendency to despair of the cure. Seeing the fatal course
+of most attacks, we lose heart, death seems inevitable, and we yield its
+prey to its fangs. But let us not despair; let us remember that, in
+these febrile infectious diseases, above all, the phenomena must almost
+always proceed to the last stage of exhaustion of the vital powers to
+render the cure attainable. Some patients, smitten with typhoid fever or
+cholera, have owed their lives to the indefatigable tenacity of the
+contest _in extremis_ between life and death.
+
+I still see before me a choleraic patient, whom, during the epidemic of
+1849, I had left in the morning at ten o'clock, passing into the cold
+period. At five o'clock I returned to see him; the whole family was in
+tears, and the sheet had been thrown over the patient's head, as if he
+had already breathed his last. Time was precious to me at that fell
+season, and I was about to retire, when I applied my finger to the wrist
+of the sufferer, and felt a faint pulsation at long intervals. I threw
+my coat off directly, called for flannel and essential oil of mustard,
+which I had prescribed that morning. I set the example, and instantly
+the whole family helped me to rub the patient in every direction. In a
+quarter of an hour the heart quickened and revived, and in less than
+half an hour more the circulation resumed its course; at the end of an
+hour of this obstinate struggle the vital heat began to show itself--in
+a word, the patient was saved.
+
+We must not, therefore, give up the contest until the death of the
+sufferer is fully ascertained; and the same persistency should be
+practised in the case of animals smitten with the typhus. If the
+circulation slackens, if the skin turns cold, take a piece of wool, coat
+it with rubefacient liniment, and rub the animal therewith, more
+particularly along the spine. Then give him a cordial drink, and pass
+_raies de feu_ over the loins. All these appliances will help to
+stimulate the nervous system, and resuscitate the exhausted powers of
+life.
+
+If, at last, we are so fortunate as to overcome the profound adynamia
+which has utterly prostrated the frame, we next shall have to sustain
+the sick animal by giving him decoctions of meat with sea-salt, or
+sulphate of iron added to it, or a light broth, made with meat and
+bread.
+
+Herbivorous animals, put upon a carnivorous diet, would not generally
+endure it, of course; but some of them rather incline to unctuous
+beverages, and even to cooked or raw meat. All men know that certain
+horse trainers give race-horses a small portion of meat, especially when
+the races are coming on, in order to increase their mettle and strength.
+
+We remember a sheep, which we saw at the Ecole d'Alfort, during our
+studies of comparative pathology and the cutaneous diseases of domestic
+animals, which manifested a great liking for meat, and even ate it
+ravenously like a glutton.
+
+In convalescence, the animal must be sent into the open air, in some
+fold enclosed with bars; he must be taken every day to pasture, each day
+increasing the time he is allowed to feed, and gradually he will be left
+to return to his usual regimen. But still it must be observed, that in
+this distemper convalescence is long and slow, and very deceitful. A too
+substantial course of feeding often revives the inflammation of the
+intestines by irritating ulcerations not yet healed, and more than one
+animal which had been looked upon as cured has perished in its
+convalescence through a lack of watchful attention.
+
+Herbivorous beasts, therefore, incline to and digest animal food;
+consequently, we must give sick oxen meat broths, pure milk, or milk and
+water. With these must be mixed wheat straw chopped small, for hay or
+even oat straw would swell and distend the stomachs.
+
+The typhus in this epizootia is not regular in its progress and
+development. Frequently the nervous or pulmonary phenomena predominate,
+when the treatment, such as we have just explained, must be modified. We
+must also bear in mind that nature does not divide a disease into
+periods, like those we have adopted to render our exposition of the
+symptoms more intelligible and the treatment itself more methodical.
+
+If the nervous form of the disease prevails--if the animal shows
+alternations of dulness and restlessness--if, pressure on the spine is
+very painful--above all, if, in bulls, for instance, there is plethora,
+let the bleedings and purgings be increased in order to abate the
+nervous erethismus. In this form, the violence of the attack usually
+carries off the beast. Should there, however, be any chance of saving
+him it will be by employing this medication, which is at once revulsive
+and depletive, notwithstanding the well-known fact that bleedings, far
+from relieving the nervous system, sometimes aggravate its irritability.
+
+A general ablution with cold water may be tried in _desperate cases_.
+The animal must then be immediately well rubbed, and covered with wool,
+in order to excite a thorough reaction.
+
+In the pulmonary form of the typhus, but only during the acute stage,
+the drinks must be warm and emollient, composed of a decoction of
+soothing substances, with mallows, &c.; or one of linseed, to which must
+be added some oxymel of squills and opium. The purgatives must be
+non-stimulating; and emetics, freely diluted, for instance, will be
+very serviceable.
+
+At the third and fourth period in this pulmonary form of the disease,
+adopt the treatment prescribed for intestinal typhus.
+
+We might have greatly enlarged the list of the pharmaceutic agents, but
+the richer a treatment is in remedies the poorer it is in cures. We have
+made choice of the simplest and safest among all the remedies advised by
+experienced men, making allowance for the difficulties inherent to the
+number of animals, the mode of application, the cost, &c., always
+keeping in view the life of the animal to be saved and the interest of
+the cattle owners.
+
+We think that the treatment by inoculation might have prevented the
+typhus in a very large proportion, and that the curative medication
+might have saved many of the infected cattle at the worst period of the
+epizootia.
+
+Such, then, are the results which will one day be obtained, when we
+shall be able to supersede the barbarous process of general
+extermination, by the adoption of a rational treatment, founded at once
+on science and practical experience.
+
+
+IV.
+
+    _Hygienic Measures to be taken against the Extension of the
+      Contagion--Acts and Orders concerning Sanitary Police
+      Regulations._
+
+I have purposely neglected, in discussing the various plans of
+treatment, certain measures to be adopted with the object of opposing
+the spread of the contagion. The memorandum published on this subject by
+the Privy Council, and drawn up by Dr. Thudichum, is so complete and so
+clear, that we can find nothing better to say. I recommend its perusal
+to all who possess horned cattle, and who have occasion to send them to
+any distance. It is of the highest importance to follow this judicious
+advice, as the general interest will constitute here the safeguard of
+the pecuniary interests of each in particular. I add to this memorandum
+upon hygienic measures, the consolidated and amended acts and orders
+published under the head of "Sanitary Police." In this way those
+interested will have beneath their eyes all which it is important for
+them to know, both in a medical and legal point of view.
+
+        MEMORANDUM _on the Principles and Practice of
+          Disinfection, as applicable to the present Epidemic of
+          Cattle Disease_. By J. L. W. THUDICHUM, M.D.
+
+
+      [Sidenote: I.--Principles of disinfection.]
+
+      I.--PRINCIPLES OF DISINFECTION.
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Definition of disinfection.]
+
+      1. The term disinfection signifies the removal and
+      destruction, or destruction and subsequent removal of the
+      products of destruction, of all matters actually being or
+      containing products of disease capable of reproducing
+      disease in other animals.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. May include special purification and
+      deodorization.]
+
+      2. If the same processes and means, as used for this
+      purpose, are applied to the purification and deodorization
+      of places and things not actually infected, but capable or
+      suspected of being infected, then these preventive measures
+      are practically and properly included under the definition
+      of disinfection.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Reproducers and primary carriers of
+      infection.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Infectious parts of dead animals.]
+
+      3. The reproducers of the infectious matter or contagion are
+      all kinds of cattle of the ox tribe, which also are at
+      present in this country the only animals liable to its
+      specific effects. It is probable that the contagion adheres
+      with particular pertinacity to all secretions and discharges
+      from sick animals. For this reason, fæces or droppings,
+      urine, ruminated food, all secretions from the mouth, nose,
+      and eyes, and any sore parts of the surface of the diseased
+      animals must be considered as the principal and primary
+      carriers of the infectious matter or plague poison. It is
+      also probable that many parts of animals which have died
+      from the cattle plague, or have been killed during advanced
+      stages of the disease, are infectious, some because they are
+      primarily imbued with the contagion, others because they
+      have been in contact with it after the death of the animal.
+      Skins, hides, hair, horns, and hoofs, must therefore always
+      be treated with precaution. The chances of infection by
+      flesh, fat, cleaned guts, and blood, are perhaps more
+      remote, but cannot be lost sight of.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Particular danger of droppings, or fæces.]
+
+      4. The cattle plague, although affecting every part of the
+      animal, shows its visible effects most extensively in the
+      intestinal canal. It is believed, and apparently upon good
+      grounds, that the intestinal discharges are the principal
+      agents, upon the distribution of which mainly depends the
+      spread of the disorder.
+
+      [Sidenote: 5. Enumeration of infected things and places.]
+
+      5. It follows from the above, that all articles which have
+      been in contact with a diseased animal, or any of its
+      discharges, particularly its fæces, are capable of carrying
+      the infection for an indefinite time, and must be looked
+      upon as being actually infectious to other healthy animals.
+      Such are racks of wood or iron; cribs or mangers of wood,
+      iron, or stone; articles used for fastening animals; leather
+      collars and straps, ropes and chains; all harness of any
+      animals used for drawing, and all carts, waggons, and
+      carriages which they have actually been drawing; the stalls
+      or sheds in which animals have been standing; the whole
+      lengths of the gutters and drains through which their urine
+      has been flowing; the entire surface over which their manure
+      has been drawn, and all implements with which the removal
+      has been effected; the entire dung-heap upon which infected
+      manure has been put, and the fluid contents of the manure
+      pit, or of the special receptacle for the urine; yards or
+      sheds in which cattle have been kept to tread down long
+      straw, and the whole of such straw and manure, as also the
+      ground beneath them; paths and roads upon which diseased
+      cattle have walked or been carried; fields and meadows upon
+      which they have been grazing; all carts, carriages, trucks
+      and railway trucks in which diseased cattle have been
+      conveyed, and all the platforms, railings, bridges, and
+      boards upon which they have been moved thereto; as also all
+      apparatus which has been used to pen, tie, lift, haul,
+      lower, and fix them; the clothes, and particularly shoes and
+      boots, and iron-pointed sticks of drivers and their dogs;
+      the apparel of all cattle-herds or attendants, particularly
+      their shoes and boots; the shoes and boots of all persons
+      visiting places where diseased cattle are or have been
+      standing; and, in general, the clothes of all persons
+      visiting infected places, ships, and all parts of the
+      platforms, stages, stairs and bridges, hoists and cranes
+      used for embarking and landing the animals; markets, and all
+      sheds, and pens, and implements used in contact with cattle;
+      slaughter-houses, and all persons and implements in them
+      which have been employed upon sick cattle, as also sundry
+      parts or organs which come from sick animals killed in
+      slaughter-houses; knackers' yards, trucks or carts, horses,
+      men, and implements which have been employed in the disposal
+      of sick or dead animals; wells and ponds from which diseased
+      cattle have been drinking, or into which any portion of
+      their excreta has had any opportunity of flowing, directly
+      or indirectly; all fodder, grass, hay, straw, clover, &c.,
+      and particularly remnants of fodder upon which diseased
+      cattle have been feeding; and, in general, all persons,
+      animals, places, buildings, and movable things which have
+      been in contact with matters proceeding from diseased
+      cattle, or with such diseased cattle themselves. To the
+      above-mentioned places and things any of the processes and
+      agents enumerated and described in the following may have
+      to be applied.
+
+
+      [Sidenote: II. Practice of disinfection.]
+
+      II.--PRACTICE OF DISINFECTION.
+
+      [Sidenote: A. Disinfection by earth.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Burying of animals, &c.]
+
+      A. _Disinfection by Earth._ 1. _Burying._--All matters that
+      can be buried, so as to remain covered with a thick layer of
+      ground or earth are innocuous. The ground chosen for such
+      interment should be dry. The quickest, and cheapest, and
+      most certain way of disinfecting an animal dead from the
+      plague is to bury it entire.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Burying of dung.]
+
+      2. The droppings, and all straw and other matters
+      contaminated therewith, may also be buried into ground where
+      they are not likely to be disturbed for a long time. The
+      places from which such droppings have been removed to be
+      cleaned and disinfected as will be described below.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Infected manure and compost heaps.]
+
+      3. Manure heaps and the down-trodden manure of cattle yards,
+      if they have become infected by even a small quantity of the
+      droppings of a diseased animal, should be carefully shifted
+      to a suitable piece of ground, and there be transformed into
+      compost heaps. A layer of manure one or two feet in
+      thickness should be covered all over with six inches of dry
+      earth, ashes, and mineral rubbish; upon this another layer
+      of manure may be placed, and then again a layer of earth,
+      and so forth, until the whole of the manure is stacked; it
+      should be covered all over with a continuous layer of earth
+      of from six inches to one foot in thickness. If the manure
+      heap or yard manure cannot be shifted, it may be covered on
+      the spot with a layer of dry earth, after which all animals
+      are to be kept away from it.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Removal of boil infected by soakage.]
+
+      4. If the floor of any shed or stable in which diseased
+      cattle has been standing is not constructed with special
+      water-tight and impenetrable material, it must be assumed to
+      be infected to the depth of at least six inches. This ground
+      should therefore be removed, together with any stones,
+      pavements, or wood work which may have been in contact with
+      it, carted to a piece of dry land and buried. Half-rotten
+      wood is a particularly favourable carrier of infection.
+      Mortar, bricks, loam, or any other lining of the sides of a
+      pen in which a diseased animal has been standing, should be
+      broken out and buried.
+
+      [Sidenote: B. Disinfection by fire.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Burning.]
+
+      B. _Disinfection by Fire._ 1. _Burning._--All infected
+      articles of a minor value, or made of incombustible
+      materials, can be disinfected by exposing them to a heat
+      which will char organic matter. To this class of articles
+      may be reckoned racks of wood or iron; cribs or mangers of
+      wood, iron or stone; leather collars and straps, ropes and
+      chains; dry manure, residues of fodder from which diseased
+      cattle have eaten; and all such small articles of little
+      value which can easily be replaced by new ones. Chains may
+      be exposed to a dull red heat; all other articles may be
+      heated over a fire of coal, brushwood, or straw until well
+      scorched. All new articles of ironware should be bought in a
+      galvanised state, to prevent the formation of rust, the
+      accumulations of which form convenient seats for infectious
+      matter, and for the same purpose it is desirable that iron
+      articles which have been disinfected by heat as above should
+      afterwards be either galvanised, or, at least, while hot be
+      treated with resin, to cover them with a durable varnish, or
+      should be varnished or painted.
+
+      [Sidenote: C. Disinfection by chloride of lime. General
+      remarks.]
+
+      C. _Disinfection by Chloride of Lime._--Chloride of lime, or
+      bleaching powder, is the most powerful, the cheapest and
+      most easily managed of all artificial disinfectants. It can
+      be had everywhere, and at any time, and in quantities
+      sufficient for every purpose. It should as much as possible
+      he applied in solution, of a strength varying somewhat with
+      the particular purpose for which it is to be employed; and
+      after it has been allowed to act upon the surface or matter
+      to be disinfected a reasonable time, should be washed off,
+      together with all products of decomposition. As chloride of
+      lime does not destroy only the infectious matter in a
+      mixture, but destroys all organic matter without
+      distinction, it is not applicable to large quantities of
+      matter, such as the manure of cattle, dung-heaps, &c.,
+      inasmuch as twice or three times the weight of these matters
+      of chloride of lime would be required for their effectual
+      destruction and disinfection. It is further inapplicable to
+      all matters rich in ammonia, particularly putrid urine, as
+      it destroys the ammonia and evolves a large amount of gases,
+      some of which have a repugnant odour, and are perhaps not
+      quite innocuous. But for the disinfection of surfaces of
+      things and places no better or more suitable agent than
+      chloride of lime is at present known to science.
+
+      [Sidenote: D. Special directions for disinfection of
+      stables, sheds, &c., trucks, and ships, &c.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Special directions.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Washing.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Scrubbing.]
+
+      [Sidenote: All washing water to be disinfected.]
+
+      D. _Special Directions for the Disinfection of Stables,
+      Sheds, Vans, Railway Trucks, and Cattle Ships,[V] and of
+      Persons and Things connected with them._--1. After such a
+      place has been cleaned by mechanical means, scraping, &c.,
+      as much as possible, and all manure and dirt has been
+      carefully buried, the entire surface which has been
+      contaminated, or is likely to have been contaminated, should
+      be covered with a layer of chloride of lime in powder. The
+      powder should be worked about with a broom until equally
+      distributed. It is intended to disinfect the water to be
+      used in the washing process which is now to commence. Clean
+      water, from a hose in which it flows under pressure, or from
+      a force-pump, garden-engine, or from large watering-pots or
+      water-cans, or poured freely from buckets, should now be
+      applied to the entire surface by one person, while another
+      at the same time scrubs the entire surface; and particularly
+      all crevices, joints, and irregularities. The washing water
+      and chloride of lime are then to be worked down the gutters,
+      into the sinks, cesses, or natural watercourses. No washing
+      water from any infected place or thing should ever be
+      allowed to flow into any cesspool, urine-hold, dung-heap,
+      pond, sewer, or natural watercourse, without having
+      previously been mixed and stirred with a liberal amount of
+      chloride of lime. When the place has thus been scrubbed
+      until the water flows off clean, it is ready for effectual
+      disinfection.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Actual disinfection.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Solution of chloride of lime.]
+
+      [Sidenote: How applied.]
+
+      [Sidenote: How long to be left on.]
+
+      2. For this purpose a solution of chloride of lime in water,
+      in the proportion of one pound of the powder to one gallon
+      of water, is made. For the lair of one animal from six to
+      ten gallons of such fluid should be prepared. This fluid is
+      now distributed over the whole surface to be disinfected,
+      gradually, by squirting from a syringe, or by pumping
+      through a force-pump, garden-engine, or by watering from a
+      watering-pot or can with a finely pierced rose. All
+      woodwork, stones, bricks, cement, mortar, all fixtures of
+      whatever material, should be well wetted with the solution,
+      and immediately be scrubbed with a hard brush. Floor and
+      ceiling are also scrubbed, and the whole is left in this wet
+      state covered with the chloride of lime solution for at
+      least one hour, during which time care is taken that no
+      parts become dry.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. To be washed off after disinfection.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Flushing.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Precautions as to direction of clean water.]
+
+      3. As the chloride of lime and the products of its
+      decomposing action upon infectious matters may be hurtful to
+      cattle, these matters have to be carefully washed off by a
+      second and final flushing. For this too much water and too
+      much scrubbing cannot be employed. Care should be taken to
+      apply the clean water always to the highest parts, so as to
+      cause it to flow thence to the lower parts, and to wash away
+      the waste from the lower parts before applying any fresh
+      water to the upper parts.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Care not to carry back dirt by brooms, boots,
+      &c.]
+
+      4. Care should also be taken to rinse and flush every broom
+      which has worked away sediment and waste from the lower
+      parts into and through the gutters and drains before
+      applying it again to the clean upper parts. Care should also
+      be taken that the working persons should not step from the
+      dirty or partially cleansed places on to the clean ones, as
+      this may suffice to bring infection back to the disinfected
+      place.
+
+      [Sidenote: 5. Disinfection of workmen and tools.]
+
+      5. Lastly, all persons employed in this work, having swept
+      and flushed the gutters with the same care as the lairs, are
+      collected, together with all engines and tools which they
+      have used, as near as possible to the sink or place of final
+      egress of water from the premises, and there disinfected as
+      will be described.
+
+      [Sidenote: Tools.]
+
+      The tools, such as hooks, forks, spades, hoes, barrows, &c.,
+      are scrubbed with the above solution of chloride of lime,
+      and subsequently water until clean; they are then
+      repeatedly wetted with the solution, and after it has had
+      time to disinfect the entire surfaces of them, they are
+      washed clean and laid up, or hung up to dry.
+
+      [Sidenote: Workmen.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Disinfection of boots.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Disinfection of workpeople's bodies, hands, &c.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Changing and disinfecting clothes.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Burning of articles of little value.]
+
+      The workmen, then, having finished the disinfection and
+      flushing of all objects and surfaces, effect their own
+      disinfection in the following manner:--They wash their boots
+      most carefully with chloride of lime and water, scraping the
+      soles and scrubbing the seams where the soles join the upper
+      leather. They wash their hands and arms, and by means of
+      clean rags or sponges they remove any splashes from their
+      clothes. After this they go indoors, remove all clothes from
+      head to foot, wash their bodies, and particularly their
+      hands, faces, hair and feet, with plenty of soap and water,
+      and put on fresh clothes and linen. The clothes and linen
+      which they have taken off should be treated as infected, set
+      to soak immediately in boiling water and afterwards
+      disinfected, or in water containing two ounces of chloride
+      of lime to the gallon in solution, or containing four ounces
+      of Condy's red permanganate of potash fluid in solution; or
+      the clothes and linen should be put in a copper and boiled
+      and subsequently washed. All articles of little value which
+      are much soiled should be burned on a bright fire.
+
+      [Sidenote: E. Disinfection of live stock.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Stock may carry infection in two modes.]
+
+      E. _Disinfection of Live Stock._--1. Live cattle may carry
+      infection in two ways: first, by being themselves infected
+      with the plague and reproducing the poison; and secondly, by
+      accidentally carrying the poison from other animals in a
+      dormant state upon some part of their surface, their hair,
+      and particularly their feet. These latter animals may
+      therefore infect others without being or becoming themselves
+      subjects of the plague. All persons therefore buying new
+      animals, should disinfect them before allowing them to enter
+      their premises. In a similar manner, if in a stable there
+      has been a case of plague, the healthy or apparently healthy
+      animals should all be disinfected.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Mode and means of disinfecting live stock.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Warming and refreshing drink.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Penned in the quarantine shed.]
+
+      2. The mode in which live animals may be disinfected,
+      consists in washing them with disinfectant solutions of such
+      strength as will destroy the contagion without injuring the
+      surface of the animal. A solution of two ounces of chloride
+      of lime in a gallon of water, is a proper solution for
+      washing the coat of animals. A mixture of four ounces of
+      Condy's red permanganate of potash fluid, with one gallon of
+      water, is also a proper disinfectant solution. For
+      full-sized cows and bullocks, &c., several gallons of either
+      of these solutions should be used. Great care should be
+      taken to keep the solution away from the eyes, nostrils,
+      mouth, and tender parts. When the entire surface is washed
+      and disinfected, all disinfectant is removed by the
+      application of great quantities of clean tepid water to all
+      parts. The animal is given a warming and refreshing drink,
+      and is conducted by a clean attendant to the clean
+      quarantine shed. There it should receive fodder both dry and
+      green, and sop, and plenty of pure cold water, and be rubbed
+      dry with whisks of straw and hay.
+
+      [Sidenote: F. The quarantine shed.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Objects.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Both quarantine and surface disinfection are
+      required.]
+
+      F. _The Quarantine Shed._--1. The quarantine shed is
+      intended to keep the new and suspected cattle separate for a
+      period of at least ten days, in order to afford the
+      security, to be obtained by observation alone, that it is
+      not actually infected with plague. While, therefore,
+      disinfection of the surface of cattle removes one kind of
+      danger, another, which cannot be removed, can only be kept
+      circumscribed or penned in, and this is done by the
+      quarantine shed. But the keeping of cattle in the quarantine
+      shed would not disinfect its surface with certainty even
+      during a much longer period than ten days; disinfection of
+      the surface therefore cannot supply the precaution of the
+      quarantine shed, and a rigorous quarantine cannot supply the
+      effect of surface disinfection. Both precautions are
+      necessary for perfect security, although either of them,
+      without the other, obviates a particular kind and a certain
+      amount of danger.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Management of the quarantine shed.]
+
+      2. The quarantine shed should be situated in an isolated
+      part of the premises. All manure and urine from it should
+      flow and be carried to a particular place separate and
+      distinct from the common dung-heap, and be buried daily.
+
+      [Sidenote: Cleanliness.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Persons attending healthy stock not to attend
+      quarantine shed, and vice versâ.]
+
+      The utmost cleanliness should be observed in the shed. All
+      tools, pails, currycombs, etc., used in this shed should be
+      used in it exclusively and nowhere else. The person
+      attending the quarantine shed should not be allowed to go
+      into the shed where healthy stock is kept, or permitted to
+      approach healthy stock. No person attending healthy stock
+      should be permitted to approach quarantine cattle, or to go
+      near or into the quarantine shed. But should unfortunately
+      only one person be available for both duties, that person
+      should be allowed to approach quarantine cattle only when
+      clothed in the safety dress to be immediately described.
+
+      [Sidenote: G. The safety dress.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Description.]
+
+      G. _The Safety Dress._--1. This consists of strong
+      water-boots reaching up to the knees, well greased all over;
+      of a waterproof coat, buttoned close all the way up in
+      front, and closing tightly round the neck and wrists. The
+      head is to be covered with a cap which takes the hair well
+      in.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Persons who should use the safety dress.]
+
+      [Sidenote: To disinfect before leaving suspected or infected
+      premises.]
+
+      2. Every person having occasion to visit sheds in which
+      there is diseased cattle, or suspected cattle, or quarantine
+      cattle, should be provided with the above dress, put it on
+      when entering the place, take it off when leaving the place,
+      and have it disinfected immediately. This precaution should
+      be strictly observed by all inspectors, all veterinarians,
+      or others called in to attend sick cattle, by all dealers
+      and butchers entering sheds, yards, or meadows, for the
+      purpose of sale or purchase, and by all other persons coming
+      on the premises on business in connexion with cattle.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Strangers not to enter sheds except in
+      disinfected safety dresses.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Proprietors of cattle to keep safety dresses.]
+
+      3. The owners of stock should not allow any strangers to
+      enter their sheds, yards, or meadows, except in disinfected
+      safety-dresses; and in case this should give rise to
+      difficulties, they will do well to have themselves one or
+      two such safety-dresses at hand, and to cause all persons
+      whose business compels them to enter their sheds, to leave
+      their own boots behind, and to put on the long boots,
+      waterproof-coat, and special cap. Only thus can they hope to
+      exclude all ordinary and obvious chances of infection from
+      their previously healthy sheds, yards, and meadows.
+
+      [Sidenote: H. Measures to be taken where plague has
+      appeared.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Killing and burying diseased animals.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Disinfecting the living and the stables.]
+
+      H. _Measures to be taken on Premises where Plague has
+      actually appeared._--1. When the plague has actually
+      appeared in any shed, yard, or place, the sick animal should
+      at once be removed with all due precautions. It is certainly
+      the safest and best to pole-axe the animal at once, and to
+      bury it entire, and then to disinfect the particular lair as
+      above described, clear out the stable or shed, disinfect
+      the whole of it and all apparatus, also all the animals, and
+      only to let the animals enter the shed, &c. again, after it
+      is completely sweet and dry.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Hospital shed.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Situation of.]
+
+      2. If, however, a proprietor is desirous of keeping a sick
+      animal because its illness does not appear severe or fatal,
+      he should place it in a separate shed, which must not be the
+      same as or near to the quarantine shed, and be distant from
+      all healthy animals, and so situated that the prevailing
+      wind does not blow from this hospital shed towards the
+      healthy or quarantine shed. The water should also not flow
+      from this hospital shed towards the others, or the yard, or
+      any meadow, but should be carefully drained away and sent
+      off the premises by a special sink.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Preventing of diffusion of fæces.]
+
+      3. To prevent the scattering of fæces by infected animals
+      (and also by suspected animals and all animals suffering
+      from diarrhoea), their tails should be so tied to one or
+      other of their horns as to protect them against being soiled
+      by the intestinal discharges, and to prevent them from
+      distributing such discharges by the ceaseless motions
+      peculiar to these organs. The spattering of fæces should be
+      prevented by a copious supply of rough straw, with some
+      sand, sawdust, or ashes placed behind and underneath the
+      animal. The straw and fæces should be dealt with as has been
+      described. Animals affected with plague or diarrhoea should
+      not be led along streets, highroads, and paths, as they
+      would be certain to drop infectious fæces, which would then
+      be distributed over the entire length of these roads by the
+      feet of men and animals, and the wheels of vehicles.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Special management of hospital shed.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Persons to be employed.]
+
+      4. The sick animals should be disinfected repeatedly; their
+      pens should be cleaned and disinfected repeatedly, during
+      the course of the illness. This should be done by persons
+      either guarded by the safety dress, or--and this is
+      safest--by such as may not come into contact with healthy
+      cattle, or have to enter healthy sheds. All tools, pails,
+      fodder, &c., to be used in the hospital shed to be kept for
+      that purpose only, and never to be used with healthy, or
+      quarantine, or only suspected cattle.
+
+      [Sidenote: 5. Disinfection of parts of dead or killed
+      animals.]
+
+      5. If the proprietor of any dead piece of cattle, whether it
+      has died naturally or been killed, should decide upon
+      dismembering it instead of burying it entire, and upon
+      utilising the hide, horns, hoofs, tallow, and bones, he
+      should disinfect the skin, horns, and hoofs, by steeping
+      them for one hour in a strong solution of chloride of lime,
+      containing one pound of the powder in each gallon of water,
+      and afterwards washing them. The tallow should be thickly
+      powdered with chloride of lime all over, and be sent
+      directly to the boilers. It should not be boiled in any
+      vessel employed on the farm. Under all circumstances, it is
+      advisable to let this dismemberment of dead and fallen
+      cattle he performed at the knacker's yard.
+
+      [Sidenote: 6. Flesh, &c., to be buried.]
+
+      6. Flesh, blood, guts, lungs, and the bones of the head of
+      infected animals should not be trafficked with, as they
+      cannot easily be disinfected. They should always be buried.
+
+      [Sidenote: I. Disinfection of meadows, fields, roads, &c.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Meadows.]
+
+      I. _Disinfection of Meadows, Fields, Roads, &c._--1. Meadows
+      infected by diseased cattle should be carefully cleaned of
+      all dung, by burying each dropping on the spot where it
+      lies, cutting out the round piece of turf with the dropping
+      on it, and turning it upside down. The grass on the entire
+      meadow should then be cut and burned. It should then be left
+      without any cattle for at least a month, including at least
+      two wet days.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Of roads, &c.]
+
+      2. All roads, paths, streets of towns, or villages should be
+      carefully and frequently scavenged. All carts, vans, or
+      waggons used for carrying manure, should be water-tight,
+      caulked and painted, and should not be permitted to ooze and
+      drop their fluid or semi-fluid contents on the road over
+      which they are drawn. They should be kept clean and
+      disinfected, as a precautionary measure, by the proceedings
+      above described.
+
+
+      [Sidenote: III. General recommendations.]
+
+      III. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS.
+
+      In conclusion it must be pointed out to farmers, dairymen,
+      and all persons having charge of cattle,
+
+      _That the same great measures which are known to maintain
+      and restore the health of human beings, will also maintain
+      and restore the health of cattle._
+
+      Pure air; dry, spacious, well-ventilated and well-drained
+      clean sheds; clean and dry meadows; plenty of pure water;
+      frequent currying and washing; the prevention of the
+      development, by the destruction of the germs, of internal
+      and external parasites, particularly entozoa; proper food in
+      suitable quantities, and at proper times; protection from
+      inclement weather; the utmost cleanliness in the removal of
+      manure; the storing of the manure at a great distance from
+      the cattle-shed, and, in addition, the most conscientious
+      observance of the precautionary and disinfecting measures
+      above described--all these measures and agents together
+      will secure the utmost possible health of stock and the
+      prosperity of the agriculturist and dairyman. But the
+      neglect of any one of them will make the stock liable to
+      become infected, and the more so the more several or all
+      collateral conditions of the healthy existence of animals
+      are neglected. The negligent man is therefore certain to
+      lose, to injure his neighbour by defeating his precautions,
+      and to damage society; but the watchful and painstaking man
+      will be rewarded not only by the preservation of his
+      property, but particularly by the consciousness that it has
+      been preserved by his own care and attention, and that
+      thereby he has also benefited the state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This consolidates and amends the former Orders.
+
+      (_Copy._)
+
+      At the _Council Chamber, Whitehall_, the 22nd day of
+      _September_, 1865.
+
+      By the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
+
+        PRESENT.
+
+        Lord President.
+        Duke of Somerset.
+        Earl of Clarendon.
+        Earl de Grey and Ripon.
+        Mr. Secretary Cardwell.
+        Mr. H. A. Bruce.
+
+      WHEREAS by an Act passed in the session of the eleventh and
+      twelfth years of Her present Majesty's reign, chapter one
+      hundred and seven, intituled "An Act to prevent until the
+      1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next
+      session of Parliament, the spreading of contagious or
+      infectious disorders amongst sheep, cattle, and other
+      animals," and which has since been from time to time
+      continued by divers subsequent Acts, and lastly by an Act
+      passed in the session of the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth
+      years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter one
+      hundred and nineteen, it is (amongst other things) enacted
+      that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her
+      Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from
+      time to time, to make such Orders and Regulations as to them
+      may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or
+      regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as
+      they may designate in such Order or Orders, of sheep,
+      cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins,
+      hides, horns, hoofs, or other part of any animals, or of
+      hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate
+      infection; and also for the purpose of purifying any yard,
+      stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts,
+      carriages, or other vehicles; and also for the purpose of
+      directing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any
+      animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the
+      provisions of the said Act, are to be disposed of; and also
+      for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the
+      appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other
+      animals, and to make any other Orders or Regulations for the
+      purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act,
+      and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such Orders or
+      Regulations; and that all provisions for any of the purposes
+      aforesaid in any such Order or Orders contained shall have
+      the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted
+      in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the
+      said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay
+      any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or such smaller sum as
+      the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may
+      in any case by such Order direct:--
+
+      And whereas a contagious or infectious disorder now prevails
+      among the cattle of Great Britain, which is generally
+      designated the "cattle plague," and may be recognised by the
+      following symptoms:--
+
+      "Great depression of the vital powers, frequent shivering,
+      staggering gait, cold extremities, quick and short
+      breathing, drooping head, reddened eyes, with a discharge
+      from them, and also from the nostrils, of a mucous nature;
+      raw-looking places on the inner side of the lips and roof of
+      the mouth, diarrhoea or dysenteric purging:"
+
+      And whereas several Orders, dated respectively the 24th of
+      July, the 11th, 18th, and 26th of August, 1865, have been
+      made under the authority of the said Acts by the Lords of
+      Her Majesty's Privy Council, with a view to check the
+      spreading of the said disorder:
+
+      And whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the
+      said Orders:
+
+      Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do
+      hereby, by virtue of, and in exercise of the powers given
+      by, the said Act, so continued as aforesaid, order as
+      follows:--
+
+      1. This Order shall extend to all parts of Great Britain.
+
+      2. The said Orders dated respectively the 24th of July, the
+      11th, 18th, and 26th of August, 1865, are revoked, with the
+      exception of so much of the said Order of the 24th of July,
+      1865, as empowers the Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council
+      to appoint Inspectors within the limits of the Metropolitan
+      Police District, provided that such revocation shall not
+      affect any appointment made, or any act done, or penalty
+      recoverable, under any Order hereby revoked.
+
+      3. In this Order the word "animal" shall mean any cow,
+      heifer, bull, bullock, ox, calf, sheep, lamb, goat, or
+      swine; and the word "Inspector" shall include any Inspector
+      appointed under this Order, or under any of the said revoked
+      Orders.
+
+      4. Whenever the Local Authority, as hereinafter defined,
+      shall be satisfied of the existence of the said disorder in,
+      or have reason to apprehend its approach to, the district
+      over which his or their jurisdiction extends, it shall be
+      lawful for such Local Authority, if he or they shall think
+      fit, from time to time to appoint one or more Veterinary
+      Surgeon or Surgeons, or other duly qualified person or
+      persons, to be an Inspector or Inspectors, for the purpose
+      of carrying into effect the rules and regulations made by
+      this Order, within the district for which he or they shall
+      have been appointed. And the same authority may, from time
+      to time, revoke such appointment.
+
+      5. Subject to the powers herein reserved to the Clerk of Her
+      Majesty's Privy Council, the Local Authority within the City
+      of London, and the liberties thereof, shall be the Lord
+      Mayor; in any municipal borough in England or Wales, the
+      Mayor; in any Petty Sessional Division in England or Wales
+      (exclusive so far as relates to the jurisdiction of the
+      Inspector of so much of the said division as lies, within
+      the limits of a municipal borough for which an Inspector has
+      been appointed), the Justices acting in and for such Petty
+      Sessional Division. The Local Authority in any burgh or town
+      in Scotland which is subject to the jurisdiction of a
+      Provost or other Principal Magistrate, shall be the Provost
+      or such Principal Magistrate; and in any other place in
+      Scotland not within the jurisdiction of such Provost or
+      other Principal Magistrate, the Justices of the County in
+      Sessions assembled.
+
+      6. Every Inspector shall from time to time report to the
+      Local Authority by which he is appointed, the steps taken by
+      him for carrying into effect the regulations prescribed by
+      this Order; and the Local Authority shall certify, in such
+      manner as may be directed by one of Her Majesty's Principal
+      Secretaries of State, the number of days that such Inspector
+      has actually been engaged in the performance of his duty,
+      and the number of miles travelled by him while thus engaged.
+
+      7. Every Inspector shall furnish the Lords of the Council
+      with such information in regard to the said disorder, as
+      their Lordships may, from time to time, require.
+
+      8. Every person having in his possession, or under his
+      custody, any animal labouring under the said disorder, shall
+      forthwith give notice thereof to the Inspector of the
+      district within which such person resides, or if no
+      Inspector shall have been appointed for the district within
+      which such person resides, then to the Officers hereinafter
+      named, according to the place of residence of the person
+      obliged to give notice; that is to say: within the
+      Metropolitan Police District, to the said Clerk of the Privy
+      Council; within the City of London, and the liberties
+      thereof, to the Lord Mayor; within any other borough, burgh,
+      or town subject to the jurisdiction of a Mayor, Provost, or
+      other Principal Magistrate, to such Mayor, Provost, or other
+      Principal Magistrate; elsewhere in England, to the Clerk of
+      the Justices acting in and for the Petty Sessional Division;
+      and elsewhere in Scotland, to the Clerk of the Peace of the
+      county.
+
+      9. Every Inspector shalt have power to enter upon and
+      inspect any premises or place in which any animal or animals
+      may be found within the district for which he is appointed,
+      and to examine and inspect, whenever and wherever he may
+      deem it necessary, any animal within such district.
+
+      10. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to
+      seize and slaughter, or cause to be seized and slaughtered,
+      and to be buried, as hereinafter directed, in any convenient
+      place, any animal labouring under the said disorder.
+
+      11. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to
+      cause to be cleansed and disinfected, in any manner which he
+      may think proper, any premises in which animals labouring
+      under the said disorder have been, or may be, and to cause
+      to be disinfected, and if necessary destroyed, any fodder,
+      manure, or refuse matter, which he may deem likely to
+      propagate the said disorder. And every owner or occupier of
+      such premises shall obey any order given by such Inspector
+      for that purpose.
+
+      12. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to
+      direct that any animal which he suspects to be labouring
+      under the said disorder, shall be kept separate from animals
+      free from the said disorder. And every person having in his
+      possession, or under his custody, such animal, shall obey
+      any order given by such Inspector for that purpose.
+
+      13. Every person having in his possession, or under his
+      custody, any animal labouring under the said disorder,
+      shall, as far as practicable, keep such animal separate from
+      all other animals, and shall not, if the animal be within a
+      district for which an Inspector has been appointed, remove
+      the same from his land or premises, without the licence of
+      the Inspector.
+
+      14. No person shall send or bring to any fair or market, or
+      expose for sale, or send or carry by any railway, or by any
+      ship or vessel coastwise, or place upon, or drive along, any
+      highway or the sides thereof; any animal labouring under the
+      said disorder.
+
+      15. No person in any district for which an Inspector has
+      been appointed shall, without the licence of the Inspector,
+      send or bring to or from market, or remove from his land or
+      premises, any animal which has been in the same shed or
+      stable, or has been in the same herd or flock, or has been
+      in contact, with any animal labouring under the said
+      disorder.
+
+      16. No person shall place, or keep, any animal labouring
+      under the said disorder in any common or unenclosed land,
+      or, if the animal be in a district for which an Inspector
+      has been appointed, in any field or pasture, where, in the
+      judgment of the Inspector, such animal may be likely to
+      propagate the said disorder.
+
+      17. All animals having died of the said disorder, or having
+      been slaughtered on account thereof; shall be buried with
+      their skins, and with a sufficient quantity of quick-lime,
+      or other disinfectant, as soon as practicable, and shall be
+      covered with at least five feet of earth, or shall, in
+      districts for which an Inspector has been appointed, with
+      the consent of the owner, be otherwise disposed of; in
+      manner directed by the Inspector.
+
+      18. During the continuance of the "cattle plague" within
+      the said City of London, or that part of the Metropolitan
+      Police District which is under the jurisdiction of the
+      Metropolitan Board of Works, no animal shall be brought or
+      sent to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, or any other market
+      within the said City or the said part of the Metropolitan
+      Police District, except for the purpose of being there sold
+      for immediate slaughtering; and every such animal, as soon
+      as sold, shall be marked for slaughter, in the manner in
+      which cattle are ordinarily marked for slaughter in the
+      Metropolitan Cattle Market.
+
+      19. Whenever any Local Authority, as hereinbefore defined,
+      declares, by notice published in any newspaper circulating
+      within his or their jurisdiction, that it is expedient that
+      animals, as hereinbefore defined, or some specified
+      description thereof, shall be excluded from any specified
+      market or fair within that jurisdiction, for a time to be
+      specified in such notice, it is hereby ordered, that after
+      the publication of such notice, it shall not be lawful for
+      any person to bring or send such animals or description
+      thereof into such market or fair: provided always, that this
+      clause of this Order shall not, unless renewed by a further
+      Order, be in force after the expiration of three calendar
+      months from the date of this Order.
+
+      20. Every person offending against this Order shall, in
+      pursuance of the said Act, for every such offence forfeit
+      any sum not exceeding twenty pounds which the Justices
+      before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may
+      think fit to impose.
+
+             (Signed)             ARTHUR HELPS.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[R] Since these lines were put into the printer's hands, the French
+Government have proposed to other nations to take measures collectively
+to prevent the pilgrimage to Mecca continuing to be a cause of the
+spread of cholera. We hasten to render justice to this prudent
+initiative. But why not take the same measures against typhus which are
+judged necessary against cholera?
+
+[S] The typhus which broke out fifteen days ago near Roubaix, in France,
+bordering upon Belgium, where the epizootia rages, appears to have been
+stifled in its focus by the instantaneous extermination of the whole
+herd in which it declared itself.
+
+[T] "It is amusing to read authors of the last century on the treatment
+of this disease. They were far more confident in their powers than we
+helpless creatures pretend to be. The directions given are full and
+distinct, and in chapters boldly headed 'The Cure.' The beast is to be
+bled, washed, and hot vinegar and water, with aromatic herbs, may be
+placed in the stable to revive the cattle. The animal must be rubbed a
+quarter of an hour, both morning and evening, and the bags of a milch
+cow should be anointed morning and evening with warm oil. A rowel is to
+be made in the dewlap by taking a skein of hemp, tow, or twisted
+packthread, a foot long, and as thick as a man's thumb. _The
+prescriptions are most amusing._ They may serve to entertain those who
+want the cure at present, and for this reason I reproduce one or
+two."--_Gamgee, Letter on 21st August._
+
+[U] Dr. Letheby reported that 12,916 lbs., or more than five tons of
+meat, had been condemned in the City markets during the past week as
+unfit for human food. It consisted of 64 sheep, 4 calves, 7 pigs, 142
+quarters of beef, and 361 joints and pieces of meat; 5377 lbs. were
+diseased or from animals that had died of disease, and the rest was
+putrid. All of it was destroyed. Yesterday, a sub-committee of the
+Metropolitan Plague Committee, at a meeting at the Mansion House, passed
+an unanimous resolution, on the motion of Mr. Brewster, recommending
+that, as unexpected and insuperable difficulties had arisen in carrying
+out the purposes for which they were appointed, the money already
+subscribed should be returned to the subscribers, after deducting, _pro
+ratâ_, the expenses already incurred.
+
+[V] For the disinfection of railway trucks and cattle ships, see Special
+Memorandum.
+
+
+
+
+THIRD PART.
+
+_To Farmers and Graziers._
+
+
+You would have had just cause to reproach me with a want of common sense
+if I had obliged you to read a book of two hundred pages, and to lose
+your time in looking for the advice you will require, if the cattle
+plague should visit your stalls and herds, instead of being able to turn
+at once to the matter which concerns you. I have taken up my pen on
+purpose to be of service to you; this is my principal duty, which I am
+now going to fulfil by summing up in a few pages the most important
+facts which have been described in the two first parts of this work.
+
+The cattle plague, which has lately fallen upon horned beasts, is a
+plague, no doubt: but there are different species of plagues, and it is
+necessary that you should know that this disease is one arising from
+the absorption of seeds and germs with which the air is impregnated, and
+which is drawn by the animals into their bodies when breathing the air
+around them. When these germs, these infectious poisons, have penetrated
+into the lungs and blood of the animals, these seeds of infection remain
+there from eight to twelve days without producing any very perceptible
+effects; but after that time the tainted animal becomes dejected, loses
+his appetite, is seized with fever, laborious breathing, and
+diarrhoea, to which sum of disorders in the health of oxen, cows, &c.,
+the name of _typhus_ has been given; or, as this distemper is contagious
+in the highest degree, it has also been called the _contagious typhus_.
+
+You may compare this disease, in order to form a more precise idea of
+it, to the small-pox, which sometimes afflicts your children, or to
+typhoid fever. These complaints, which are familiar to most of you, have
+some resemblance to the typhus of the ox. Only in the small-pox, which
+is caught by contagion, and which seldom attacks more than once, like
+typhus, the disease is localized on the skin; whilst in the cattle
+plague the internal organs are the principal seat of the evil.
+
+This comparison will show you at once that the cattle plague, or rather
+the cattle typhus, can only be cured when the disease has run its full
+course, as you have observed in a person tainted with small-pox; so that
+your task must be to help the sick animal to endure his complaint until
+the end, or until he is cured; and you must not attempt to check it by
+violent means, for if you did you would hasten the death which you
+desire to prevent. You will likewise understand that if the disease--as
+is certainly the case--does not attack the same animal twice, it would
+be very beneficial to inoculate the animal whilst he is sound and
+healthy, whenever this scourge threatens--as in the present time--to
+attack all cattle. Perhaps you may be told that inoculation, which
+prevents small-pox in man, cannot be applicable to cattle; that animals
+inoculated with the virus of the typhus have all died of the
+consequences of the operation, and so on. To all these objections you
+will answer, with that downright good sense which belongs to your class,
+_that Nature cannot have two weights and two measures_; and that if the
+inoculation of the typhus kills animals, whilst the inoculation of the
+small-pox saves men, both maladies being governed by the same laws, it
+is the inexperience of physicians, and not the operation itself, which
+must be made to account for it.
+
+In a word, to sow virus is to reap it; but there are many ways of sowing
+it, and one man will reap a rich harvest, whilst another shall gather
+nothing but tares. Let those unbelievers say what they like, and take my
+word for it, that we shall one day cure typhus as frequently as we do
+small-pox, by inoculating it, and when it appears in spite of that
+course, by treating it medicinally.
+
+This contagious disease is very frequent in certain countries,
+principally in Russia and Hungary, on the banks of the great rivers
+which empty themselves into the Black Sea. In those remote countries,
+when the seasons are either too rainy or too hot--and you know what a
+summer that of 1865 has been--the pastures generate the pestilential
+poisons of the typhus, the cattle absorb these destructive principles,
+and die of them.
+
+But as the herds of cattle in those countries are bred for sale, and are
+sent for that purpose to other countries, to France, Italy, England,
+&c., the animals which have had the germ of the disease transport it
+with them wherever they go. Thus, it is certain that some oxen conveyed
+from Russia and Hungary, where the typhus frequently rages, brought the
+disease with them into Great Britain in the month of last June; and as
+the complaint is communicated from one animal to another, and afterwards
+at great distances, it spread with great rapidity over England and
+Scotland. So great are its powers of contagion, that some of the cattle
+sent back from England have transmitted the disease to Holland, in the
+first place, and afterwards to Belgium; and it was feared at one time
+that all Europe would be invaded by it.
+
+The first belief was--and everything tends to make good the
+opinion--that the typhus originally came from abroad; but many
+respectable authorities, seeing the foul and nauseous state of the
+stalls and cowsheds both in London and elsewhere, the overcrowding of
+the animals, and the general neglect to which they are exposed, have
+asserted that the disease had its origin in London. This, we repeat, is
+not likely to have been the case, but it is not absolutely impossible;
+at all events, there can be no question that the grievous conditions in
+which some of your brethren keep their cattle have contributed to spread
+the distemper, independently of other causes.
+
+Moreover, it is necessary to tell you, that sheep and horned cattle are
+of all living animals those which are most sensitive to the influence of
+contagious diseases. Every year you see instances of this fact in your
+own fields and meadows. Your sheep, you all know, easily contract the
+small-pox, worm diseases both on the skin and in the interior of the
+body; your oxen have aphthous diseases, disorders of the blood and the
+lungs, scabs and carbuncles--diseases which are all more or less
+contagious, and which are generally brought on by want of care, and,
+above all, by improper feeding: by which you see how much of the
+sufferings of the cattle, and of the heavy losses to you which follow
+them, depends upon yourselves and may be avoided. Besides, these poor
+creatures, which some of you treat so harshly, are extremely
+susceptible, and the blows they receive may easily affect their whole
+mass of blood. You must, therefore, for your own sakes, treat them more
+kindly and gently.
+
+Therefore, the typhus which was imported from Russia into England,
+finding your cattle in such wretched conditions of cleanliness and
+health, was propagated amongst them with fearful rapidity. When once the
+disease had developed itself within your sheds and stalls, it would have
+been the wisest plan immediately to kill the sick cattle, or to treat
+them medicinally, carefully abstaining from driving to market any of
+your beasts which had been exposed to the contagion. But unfortunately
+you did not act in this manner; many amongst you could not put up
+patiently with your losses, and only consulting your private interest,
+to the detriment of the general good, you sold your sick cows and oxen,
+and sowing the contagion about the country and through the markets, the
+scourge was soon scattered in every direction, so that instead of
+stifling the disease at its birth everything was done to propagate and
+diffuse it.
+
+Now, if we add, that the germs of this typhus penetrate everywhere, that
+it is sufficient to convey sick cattle along the public roads, and by
+this means to pass near farms and meadows containing healthy cattle, to
+transmit the contagion, that these noxious germs impregnate your own
+clothes, the fleece of sheep, and every article, implement, and vehicle
+used in agriculture, you cannot but see how often, though unwillingly,
+you must have disseminated the evil far and wide.
+
+The germs, the miasmata of the disease, insinuate themselves not only
+upon animals and men, but they shed their virus upon the grass of the
+fields, the walls of the stalls and stables, and every agricultural
+utensil. Every tainted animal scatters the pestilential and contagious
+germs, not only by the air he expires, but by his droppings, and after
+death by his mortal remains--his hide, his horns, his entrails, his
+flesh--all of which disseminate the deadly germs into the atmosphere,
+which afterwards diffuses them in every direction.
+
+The germs of this virulent distemper have no doubt smitten some cattle
+which appeared in the best health and conditions, those of the rich as
+well as those of the poor; but, just in the same manner as the cholera
+chiefly fixes itself upon the sickly, the ill-fed, the unclean, upon
+those who live in crowded dwellings and badly ventilated rooms; so, too,
+does the typhus choose its victims among the stalls and stables of those
+graziers who keep their cows tied up for years to the rack, giving them
+neither air nor exercise, and feeding them, not on that diet which their
+health requires, but on those things which add to their milk and
+increase their flesh. It follows, of course, that the greater number of
+these cows, more or less disordered by this long course of baleful
+treatment, and many of which die of consumption, after their
+deteriorated milk has infused into men the seeds of diseases, must
+afford an easy prey to the typhus, _to receive which they seem almost
+expressly to have been trained_.
+
+It is highly important then, farmers and graziers, that you should be
+able to recognise this ox-typhus; in the first place, that you may take
+the necessary measures to prevent its contagion; and secondly, that you
+may apply the treatment which shall have been recommended to you.
+
+You must at all times, but above all when the contagious disease is
+raging, keep a watchful eye on your cattle. If you notice in their gait,
+in their looks, about their ears, any unusual signs; if they seem to you
+less eager, less active, less vigilant, if they leave any part of their
+rations when in the stables, or if, when in the fields, they no longer
+browse with that continual alacrity which sometimes it is difficult to
+divert them from, be upon your guard, and dread the outbreak of the
+complaint. If to these changes of minor importance is added an appetite
+really less acute, if the rumination is less regular, if the animal
+looks sad and dispirited, if he exhibits an unwonted look of gloom, if
+his leaden eye continues fixed, astonished, be sure a morbid change is
+inwardly at work, and that this cruel distemper is spreading through his
+frame.
+
+By-and-bye the animal loses his appetite more and more; rumination is
+shorter and less frequent; he holds his head down, his ears sink and
+fall; he grinds his teeth. Then as to the cows: their milk, which was
+already diminished, suddenly dries up altogether, and that lowness of
+spirits which had been visible for some days before, passes into stupor.
+If at this time you touch their horns, their extremities, their hide in
+any part, you find that all these different parts are sometimes warm,
+sometimes cold. From this day forward you will witness, one by one, a
+succession of disorders in the animal's health: partial shiverings at
+the attachment of the fore and hind limbs, loud panting breathing, with
+slight cough, the urine scanty and thick, the droppings hard and
+constipated, and finally, general excessive warmth. If you press the
+back the pressure will be painful, and all the signs of intense fever
+will be manifest.
+
+Already these indications have divulged the nature of the malady you
+have to deal with; but others more significant succeed them which remove
+every doubt. The breathing becomes more hurried and oppressed, more
+puffy; from the eyes, nostrils, and mouth there issues a discharge
+which, thin and irritant at first, soon becomes thick and purulent, and
+of a fetid smell. Diarrhoea takes the place of constipation; the
+sexual organs of the cow are red and inflamed, and furrowed with livid
+streaks. The cattle grow leaner and leaner, some of them dying at this
+period. If they still hold out, the diarrhoea becomes more frequent,
+more fetid, and sometimes bloody; gases are developed under the skin,
+along the spine, where they form wide flat tumours, which crackle when
+pressed upon with the fingers. Finally, the mucus which runs from the
+head becomes still thicker and more fetid; a glutinous foam stops up the
+mouth; the eyes, filled with humour, sink in the orbit; the bodily
+warmth decreases, the animal sways his head from right to left, becomes
+insensible, cold; his head lolls on one side, and he dies, panting, from
+exhaustion and asphyxia, the tenth or twelfth day after the disease has
+been confirmed.
+
+The carcass exhibits a repulsive appearance; the hide is dry,
+excoriated, and cracked; it sticks to the bones, which show the form of
+a skeleton, and the putrid decomposition, which had already set in
+before death, seizes rapidly on all the tissues.
+
+The course of the disease is not always the same. Sometimes the animal
+is agitated at first, and all the functions of life are so disturbed
+that death comes on in the two or three first days. At other times, the
+lungs are more affected than the other internal organs; the cough is
+more intense, the breath hurried and obstructed, the excess of mucus
+preventing the air from passing into the chest.
+
+When once you have seen this disease it is impossible to mistake it for
+any other, unless it be the chest complaint called peripneumonia, which
+is likewise contagious. But in this disease, as the Report of the Royal
+Agricultural Society states, the attack is generally insidious; the eyes
+preserve their vivacity, and the appetite is not lost until towards the
+close. A short, dry cough shows itself from the outbreak, and persists.
+The breathing is frequent and painful; the sides of the chest when
+struck with the fingers give out the hard, solid sound of a full barrel,
+this percussion being painful. The eyes, nose, and mouth do not
+discharge those purulent secretions seen in typhus; the diarrhoea only
+comes on at the end, being less frequent and fetid. In the milch cows
+the milk decreases, but is not quite suppressed. The heat of the horns
+and lower extremities is retained. The peripneumonia, in a word, runs
+its course more regularly, and carries off the animal about the fourth
+week. Thus it will be seen that the two distempers widely differ in
+their symptoms.
+
+Every beast which dies of the contagious typhus, bears on its digestive
+organs the traces of the malady, more or less strongly marked. The third
+and fourth stomachs and the intestines exhibit red or livid patches, and
+at other times ulcerations.
+
+The cattle plague is by far the most formidable malady which can affect
+animals. When left to itself, or treated without discernment, it carries
+off ninety cattle out of a hundred. In prior visitations, especially
+that of 1750, when six millions of horned beasts were swept off in
+Europe, England lost from three to four hundred thousand; and we may
+suppose that the number of cattle which have perished since last June
+exceeds sixty thousand.
+
+_The treatment_ is very difficult, owing to the contagious character of
+the disease, and it has given rise to much discussion. In some
+countries, the governments, considering the distemper incurable, only
+seek to stamp it out wherever it may appear. They slaughter all the sick
+cattle, and even those which had come near them, allowing a compensation
+of half the value of the beast. This measure has not always proved
+successful, the disease having in spite of it sometimes extended over
+the whole of the country thus defended from its diffusion.
+
+England protected by the sea, and which has been spared for a century,
+was taken somewhat unawares, so that some uncertainty has been witnessed
+in the measures employed to arrest its course. In some districts, the
+parties interested have had the good sense to form assurance funds; and
+it is much to be regretted that the same plan has not been adopted for
+the metropolis.
+
+But we cannot help what has been done; let us, therefore, be reconciled
+with the past, and see what is best to be done in future for the
+interests of all. What is the present state of the matter? A certain
+number of districts, both in England and Scotland, are still exempt from
+the typhus; in others the disease is generally extending its ravages.
+
+Those districts which hitherto have been spared, should institute
+assurance funds, and take every precaution to secure themselves against
+this scourge. In France, in Belgium, even in Great Britain, some places
+managed, in 1750, to successfully protect themselves by prohibiting the
+importation of any foreign cattle or animal. These preventive measures
+may now be taken with some chance of success in certain parts. Ireland,
+which, thanks to the published Orders in Council, seems to have escaped
+up to this time from the contagion, shows us the effectual results of
+these sanitary measures.
+
+As for the districts already infected, it is of the highest importance
+to send no more tainted beasts to the different fairs and markets,
+otherwise the distemper will spread indefinitely: the unsold cattle, the
+sheep, the pigs, which are placed only a few yards apart, must
+necessarily convey the contagion everywhere. It would even be necessary
+at this time not to collect oxen and other animals together in the same
+markets; we urgently invite the attention of all public authorities to
+this most important question.
+
+At all events, the farmers and graziers who, after all the cautions they
+have received, all the orders which have been published, and all the
+dangers which have been clearly exposed to them, should still persist in
+driving their cattle out of their abodes, would deserve censure, and
+ought to be heavily fined. The best they can do, since the contagion has
+not been prevented, is to submit their cattle to the treatment which we
+are now going to explain to them in detail.
+
+It has been abundantly proved by the many convictions at the various
+police courts, that the flesh of cattle seriously diseased has been sold
+to the consumers, to the great injury of the public health; and if the
+cholera, which is steadily and surely advancing towards us, should mix
+its fatal germs with those of the ox-typhus, we must all expect
+deplorable consequences, in case the flesh of tainted oxen should
+continue to be sold by the butchers, as during the last three months it
+has been.
+
+Every farmer or grazier who shall have fully ascertained that the ox
+typhus has insinuated itself into his farm or his stables, must
+instantly have recourse to the necessary measures and safeguards by
+means of which he may limit its pernicious influence, and prevent the
+spread of the contagion to his other cattle still sound and healthy. Let
+him immediately divide his stock of animals into three classes or
+lots--the first class must consist of healthy cattle, having had no
+direct contact with the infected beasts; the second class must contain
+those cattle which, though not yet sick, may become so, because they
+have been in contact with those tainted; the third class will be
+composed of cattle smitten with the typhus.
+
+The sound and healthy cattle forming the first class must be removed
+from the farm, and driven to the field separately, by some other road,
+in different pastures, and only after the dispersion of the morning
+mists. Those which are accustomed to continue at the rack must be taken
+out twice a day, for the twofold object of taking wholesome exercise,
+and allowing their stalls and sheds to be cleaned.
+
+Their feeding must be attended to and watched with very particular care;
+the rations of those which were being fattened up must be decreased, and
+they ought to be sold to the butcher for consumption as soon as
+possible. Let the following provisions be added to their daily
+sustenance:
+
+  Pounded oats                 4 pounds.
+  Pounded juniper berries      1 pound.
+  Powdered gentian             1 ounce.
+  Sulphate of iron             2 drachms.
+  Carbonate of soda            2   "
+
+The herdsman who tends the cattle whilst feeding in the fields must have
+them cleaned every day: he will carefully wash and scrub them; he will
+not allow them to drink out of the ponds, or at any stagnant and muddy
+watercourse.
+
+Those belonging to the second class must receive the same strengthening
+and tonic ration in the morning; and, twice every day, one of the
+following anti-contagious preparations: either a solution of _chlorate
+of potash_ or of _permanganate of potash_; two drachms of either of
+these salts dissolved in eight ounces of warm water, mixed afterwards
+with a gallon of an infusion of sage or hyssop, just at the time when
+the drink is given to them.
+
+Or you may employ, for the same purpose, a solution of arseniate of
+soda--two grains dissolved in four ounces of water, and mixed with
+their drink in the same way. You need hardly be told that these doses
+must be reduced one half, when you have to treat a calf or a heifer, and
+that the same diminution will hold good, in their cases, for all other
+medicaments. _The use of these anti-contagious drinks is of the highest
+importance; I recommend you earnestly to study their effects, and to
+continue them even after the distemper shall have broken out._
+
+These drinks having no disagreeable taste, the cattle take to them in
+general; should the contrary be the case, give them in a bottle as all
+men who are cattle owners know how to do.
+
+If the health of any of these animals among which the outbreak of the
+typhus is apprehended should seem below the standard, you must apply a
+purgative to those whose bowels do not operate well, and even have
+recourse to bleeding in exceptional cases.
+
+During the absence of those cattle which are undergoing the preventive
+treatment, let the hygienic conditions of their stalls and sheds be
+looked to; for no circumstance must be overlooked or neglected if we
+hope to withstand the propagation of so formidable a malady. Be careful
+to take out the litter every day, to wash the floor and cleanse it of
+the droppings, to ventilate the place thoroughly, to fumigate it with
+burnt sulphur or aromatic plants, such as juniper berries, sage,
+rosemary, salted with nitrate of potash and arsenic acid; in order to
+promote the combustion and give effect to its disinfectious properties.
+At night, camphor or tar, or naphthaline, or creosote, or even iodine,
+may be left in the stable to diffuse their vapours; all these measures
+are very effectual in modifying the air.
+
+Let us now see what must be done with respect to the sick animals
+themselves.
+
+The typhus, as we have said, when once it is developed in an ox or cow,
+usually pursues its fatal course until the last period of its cure;
+generally death alone can arrest its march. Besides, the disorders which
+this disease produces in the various functions of the body are not the
+same at the different stages of its duration. Thus, for instance, the
+fever produces great excitement in the beginning, but later it produces
+exhaustion. Without being a physician, a man can understand that the
+treatment to be applied to these different states ought not to be the
+same. We must, moreover, observe that the typhus is of all known
+distempers the most difficult to treat. It requires in the doctor a
+degree of skill, of practical experience, vigilance, decision, and
+sureness of hand which no man can be expected to possess at the first
+outbreak of the epizootia.
+
+On the other hand, the constitution of the ox, so easily shaken,
+undergoes in two weeks all the commotion which a man labouring under
+typhoid fever would be subject to in a month. The phenomena succeed each
+other with terrific swiftness, leaving scarcely time for us to act, or
+for the medicines to operate. Do not, therefore, marvel at the great
+mortality among your cattle, and at my repeated recommendations of the
+preventive treatment by means of inoculation.
+
+At the outbreak, you must reduce the violence of the fever, prevent the
+derangements in connexion with the nervous centres, assuage the thirst,
+empty the stomachs and intestines, which will be the principal seat of
+the complaint, and sometimes let blood.
+
+But how are you to obtain these results? By abolishing the solid
+feeding, which is easily done, since the animal has lost his appetite.
+Give him to drink, three or four times a day, half a pailful of a
+decoction of good hay, adding thereto a sprinkling of salt; or a
+decoction of wall-wort, with a drachm of nitrate of potash; or water
+whitened with bran and flour, or whey, with a little vinegar. If the
+animal has a tendency to cold, if he coughs, if his breathing is
+oppressed, give him warm drinks, consisting of an infusion of mallow
+leaves and borage, or else a light decoction of barley and oats, and
+cover the animal's body warmly over.
+
+Now, with respect to purgatives: give the animal, night and morning,
+according to the effect produced, 6 or 8 ounces of Epsom salts (sulphate
+of magnesia), or an equal dose of Glauber's salt (sulphate of soda),
+dissolved in two pints of honey-coloured water; or 12 ounces of linseed
+oil in some warm drink; or a decoction of senna leaves and prunes, with
+an ounce of sulphate of soda added thereto.
+
+We might point out a larger number of purgatives, but we shall desist
+from so doing. Those which we have just prescribed, not being irritant
+to the intestines, are the best which can be employed.
+
+If the animal is very restive, if he passes through alternate fits of
+dejection, stupor, and great excitement, you must have recourse to
+bleeding, particularly local bleeding, by opening the small veins of the
+head. If the excitement does not abate you must add, night and morning,
+to one of his drinks, 2 grains of extract of belladonna, or a half ounce
+of powdered belladonna leaves. If the fever, at first, is irregular, and
+tends to become malignant, you must then have recourse to sulphate of
+quinine, 20 grains in the morning, and the same quantity during the day.
+
+When the disease is principally seated in the lungs, add to one of the
+pectoral drinks 4 ounces of oxymel of squills, and 2 grains of opium,
+giving also an emetic--5 grains of tartar-emetic to 4 pints of water--to
+be taken in four times, at intervals of two hours.
+
+Whilst this medication is applied to the internal organs, let the animal
+have unusual care taken of him; let his head be washed several times a
+day with vinegar and water.
+
+Such is the course of treatment to be adopted during the first three or
+four days. It must be, of course, followed methodically, watching and
+obeying the signs of nature. The purgatives must not be given on those
+days when the sick animal is bled, and the doses must vary with the
+effects they produce.
+
+From the fourth to the seventh day the symptoms change, diarrhoea
+shows itself, and the running appears at the nose, mouth, and eyes; you
+must then continue the use of purgatives, but the dose must be weaker.
+Those mentioned above are suitable in every way. The drinks, too,
+continue the same. Sometimes, at this period of the disease, the animal
+is utterly cast down, nothing can draw him from his stupor: he lies down
+the whole day; in this case you give him acetate of ammonia, from 1 to 6
+ounces, in a pint of water, gradually increasing from 1 to 2 ounces a
+day, according to the effect produced; and meanwhile, plain
+non-acidulated drinks should be administered.
+
+At this stage of the disease it is right to assist the depurative work
+of nature. This is effected by inserting a seton in the neck, and the
+secretion of this issue is kept up by means of such an ointment as the
+basilicon with powdered cantharides. Finally, the mouth, nose, and eyes
+must be washed very often with an infusion of camomile and sage.
+
+At the last period of the distemper, the beast sinks into a state of
+general exhaustion; his life seems all but extinguished through excess
+of weakness. You must now sustain and keep him up by every possible
+contrivance; give him bitter and stimulating drinks, beer diluted with
+water, adding thereto some powder of Peruvian bark, or sulphate of
+quinine. This is prepared by steeping in 8 pints of boiling water,
+Peruvian bark, gentian root, centaury leaves and flowers, and hops, 1
+ounce of each; or else prepare a drink consisting of veterinary treacle,
+extract of juniper, 1 ounce of each, dissolved in 2 ounces of alcohol,
+and then mixed with 3 pints of water.
+
+When the diarrhoea becomes fetid and bloody, give, night and morning,
+a clyster composed of a decoction of Peruvian bark, and a teaspoonful of
+powdered charcoal from the poplar, well sifted. If the running from the
+nostrils begins to stop, you must inject into the nasal orifices some
+spoonfuls of a sternutatory solution, thus composed--
+
+  Spanish pepper                 1 ounce.
+  Essence of turpentine          1   "
+  Camphor                        2 drachms.
+  Vinegar                        2 pints.
+
+Should any sores form on the skin, or should they arise from the opening
+of purulent deposits, dress them with the following ointment--
+
+  Acetate of copper             ½ a drachm.
+  Calcined alum                 20 grains.
+  Sal ammoniac                  20   "
+  Camphor                       ½ a drachm.
+  Common ointment               ½ an ounce.
+
+If the natural heat diminishes greatly, if the chill reaches the hams
+and skin, let the beast be rubbed all over, three times a day, with
+wool, moistened with the following liniment--
+
+  Laurel oil                    ½ an ounce.
+  Green soap                    ½     "
+  Volatile oil of lavender      ½ a drachm.
+  Solution of ammonia           ½     "
+
+Simultaneously with the above, give the following cordial, to be drunk
+in two draughts--
+
+  Cinnamon                      ½ an ounce.
+  Extract of gentian            1 ounce.
+  Red wine                      2 pints.
+
+Should the animal fall into a state of lethargy, you must have recourse
+to strokes of fire, according to surgical usage.
+
+This distemper must extend to its extreme degree of gravity before it
+advances towards its cure; you need, therefore, not despair until the
+last moment. At this period of exhaustion, the drinks above-mentioned
+are given up, or you add nutritive beverages to them, such as beef-tea,
+fat soups, milk, and farinaceous drinks.
+
+If the animal holds on, and his appetite returns, which will be shown by
+the desquamation of the nostrils, by the return of rumination, by the
+habit of the beast to look right and left, to question you in a manner,
+add cut straw to his nutritive drinks: send him out every day into the
+open air, and let him return by slow degrees to his habitual feeding.
+But it is extremely important to watch the intestinal functions; to
+diminish and change the food, if the diarrhoea returns; as such
+relapses often cause the death of an animal considered out of danger.
+
+Such, then, farmers and graziers, is the treatment to be opposed to the
+ox typhus: it is simple as respects the remedies, and I have deemed that
+it ought to be so, in order that the medicines prescribed might be had
+everywhere, and at a cost which the poor man could command as well as
+the rich. The disease is variable, it is not always equally deadly; and
+there comes a moment when in some sort it cures itself, with a little
+assistance and watching. The great point is, to be careful and vigilant,
+to attend to nature and the instincts of the suffering cattle, and lend
+yourselves to both.
+
+I cannot reproduce here the instructions given by the Privy Council to
+protect your cattle from contagion, and above all not to propagate it,
+but I shall refer you to Doctor Thudichum's _Memorandum_, page 257. This
+exposition is too complete to need anything added to it by me; study it
+well; let it be your monitor and guide; read it over again and again;
+your own interests and those of the whole country depend on the manner
+in which you shall treat this admirable warning.
+
+There are in this disease, as in every other, unforeseen varieties and
+complications, such as those which are brought on by the gestation and
+abortion of cows, and those proceeding from prior disease; for these
+accidents you will provide. Moreover, such a terrible distemper can only
+be treated according to the advice of a professional man. Call him in,
+then, follow his advice and prescriptions with rigid exactness, and do
+not attempt to do better than he; and, above all, arm yourselves against
+the insidious pretensions of quacks and charlatans, whatever mantle they
+may put on to hide their ignorance.
+
+
+
+
+FOURTH PART.
+
+    _Suggestions on the Improvements to be effected in the Study
+      of Medical Science, in order that we may be in a Condition
+      to confront Diseases generally, but Epizootic and Epidemic
+      Diseases in particular._
+
+
+The epizootia of bovine typhus which is now extending its unrestricted
+ravages over this island, and which has assumed the magnitude of a
+general calamity, has naturally excited and stirred up the public mind.
+Thoughtful and earnest men could not look on and witness unmoved the
+ever progressive march of the scourge; but each observer has,
+consistently with his means and qualifications, striven to find a remedy
+to resist the evil. Thus, we have seen, and with respectful interest we
+have watched, the gentlemen of the press, and other men of letters,
+economists, scientific men, and, above all, physicians, producing from
+day to day in the newspapers articles and letters of remarkable merit
+on the all-engrossing subject of this epizootia. The re-opening of the
+medical colleges furnished the skilful professors at their head with a
+seasonable opportunity to consider this dire distemper, according to the
+views of general pathology and medical philosophy, and this they have
+done with unquestionable talent and ability. Still, something remains to
+be said on this important matter, and since I have taken up my pen, like
+others, I wish to mingle my voice with that of my brethren, and inquire
+whether the time is not come to avail ourselves more fully than we have
+done yet of the grand discoveries of the exact sciences, which, with
+respect to the science of medicine, are the instruments of its progress.
+And my object in doing so, is, that we may, as far as possible, rise to
+a level with the ordeal which the future may have in store for us.
+
+Medicine is at once an art and a science. An art it has been at all
+times, and in every age of civilized man; but it became a science only
+when human knowledge had acquired a certain expansion; when natural
+phenomena had been tested and explained; when mathematics, physics,
+chemistry, botany, general anatomy, general pathology, had enabled the
+inquiring physician to study with important results whatever belongs to
+his theme; to understand the serial chain and connexion of bodies with
+each other, in the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, and to
+investigate their immutable laws. Uric acid, as we see with the
+microscope, will always crystallize in rhombohedrons, according to a
+fixed law; the vegetable cell, the germination of a seed, must obey, and
+always submit to, the innate and indestructible forces inherent in them.
+That which is true in the vegetable is true in the animal world, as
+regards the pre-established order which regulates and controls the
+phenomena of life. These laws which govern the development of organic
+phenomena being immutable and everlasting, permit the different
+generations which succeed each other on our globe to build upon a
+durable basis, which certifies to the slow and laborious, but
+irresistible march of human progress.
+
+Medical science being in truth only the application of other positive
+sciences to the preservation of health and the cure of diseases,
+continues like them to perfect itself incessantly; but all it can do is
+to follow them at a distance, and it can never hope to reach their
+degree of superiority.
+
+These are truths which have been long admitted and felt by us.
+Therefore, we have appealed for assistance to the discoveries of the
+natural sciences: physics, chemistry, have in our hands become effectual
+means of observation and analysis; and we, in our age, gain more
+knowledge in fifty years than our forefathers did in several centuries,
+for they were then necessarily rather artists than scholars. In a word,
+medical science or biology is constituting itself, and if it be fully
+conscious of its impotence in the case of many diseases, it also knows
+its progressive improvement. It is striving to achieve the highest place
+among social institutions, and the day may come when it shall obtain it,
+for nations will then owe to us their health and life--that is to say,
+their earthly happiness.
+
+The laws by which organic phenomena are regulated, are, we have said,
+everlasting; we may also declare that they are general. One of these
+laws common to the plant, to the shell, to every species of vertebrata,
+reappears in man, whose organization comprises all the functions divided
+among the other organic kingdoms. Not only does the organization of man
+obey the laws which govern the vital phenomena of other animals; not
+only does he possess their organs and functions, but he is a tributary
+subject to their diseases. So that the knowledge of the laws affecting
+the functions and diseases of those creatures which are placed below him
+in the scale of animals ought to be the first foundation of all medical
+study.
+
+These truths are too manifest to be new; they are written and professed
+everywhere, and every one amongst us has received general notions of
+comparative anatomy and physiology at the beginning of his course of
+study. But let us admit that these notions only served to expand the
+circle of our knowledge and ideas, and that we seldom or never apply
+them to the practice of our art. It would have been very different had
+we received at the beginning of our medical novitiate, not merely in
+theory and books, but practically and experimentally, precise notions of
+anatomy, physiology, and, let me add, of the _pathology of all
+animals_. Let us suppose for a moment that the task had been imposed
+upon us before entering upon the study of human maladies, to observe the
+structure of plants and animals, to submit their tissues to
+microscopical examination and chemical analysis; to study experimentally
+all their functions and diseases, and acknowledge that had such been the
+case, the anatomy, physiology; and pathology of man would have been far
+better understood, and that most of the difficulties against which we
+now contend in vain in our helplessness, might easily have been
+overcome.
+
+Comparative anatomy and physiology are the first conditions of all
+medical instruction of a serious character; there can be no doubt on the
+subject, but the evidence being not perhaps so palpable with respect to
+comparative pathology, it will not be useless, therefore, to enter into
+fuller particulars as to this subject.
+
+We know not whether any one has ever sought to retrace the first origin
+of our diseases in the animal kingdom, but it would undoubtedly be a
+study of great scientific interest. As for us, we gladly believe that
+man, created to be the sovereign lord of the earth, did not originally
+receive the principle of every organic disease with which we see him
+affected. It seems to us probable that he was created sound in body and
+in mind, but unequal is his vital powers, and in his faculties and
+talents, the social functions being various and dissimilar, and subject
+to physical and moral infirmities. We think it likely that plants and
+animals, from which, in course of time, man's substance is formed, have
+transmitted the first causes, the germs of some organic diseases with
+which they were themselves affected. We see in this transmission of
+animal diseases to man, a connecting link, which appears to us to be a
+condition of harmony, order, peace, and happiness among all living
+beings. It seems to us that the first injunction of a legislator should
+be--_love other animals like yourselves_; for if man had practised this
+maxim, he would have logically applied the same to his fellow-creatures;
+and no doubt, with such principles to guide them, past generations would
+not have bequeathed to us the innumerable calamities we have had to
+deplore.
+
+We think that we receive from animals some of their diseases, because
+the fact is palpably evident; thus they have parasitical diseases, such
+as favus, tænia, psora, trichinosis, which they transmit to us. They are
+likewise smitten with small-pox, typhoid fever, and with typhus; and
+under certain given conditions they may transmit them to us. They die of
+consumption and cancer, and it is probable that they transfuse into us
+through their milk and flesh the germs of these diseases. Finally, we
+have our epidemics as they have their epizootics; and here we will limit
+our instances of this reciprocation.
+
+It is certain that the study of these maladies in animals would have
+been for us the source of precise knowledge, which, if well understood
+and explained, would have often led to their preventive treatment. This
+is what has occurred in the case of small-pox; it is what will one day
+occur in typhoid fever, in times of epidemic, as will be the case in a
+certain number of other general or local diseases.
+
+In truth, some complaints now looked upon as inherent to the human
+species, were originally foreign to it; most parasitical diseases
+belong to this class. Thus man has not the _psora_, or itch--the
+disease does not properly belong to him; the parasite which engenders it
+is not bred in him, it is always transmitted to him by animals. It is
+the same with the tænia, or tape-worm, with the trichina, or fine
+hair-worm.
+
+Medical science, instituted on the bases of comparative pathology, would
+have made the study of diseases in the brute creation, not the
+collateral, but the principal object of its inquiries. It would have
+applied itself to the cure of the lower animals; and whilst learning to
+cure them, it would have ensured the cure of men's diseases.
+
+If such be the case, can any one believe that the treatment of diathetic
+and hereditary maladies would be, as they still are, insoluble problems;
+and that the physician would have the misery of seeing decimated, whilst
+he helplessly looks on, a large part of the population, condemned
+inevitably to die of consumption and cancer? Would every man smitten
+with hydrophobia be irrevocably condemned to death? Assuredly, it would
+not be so.
+
+That the physician should have been reduced to the painful necessity of
+confessing his want of means, when medicine could be nothing more than
+an art, we admit; but now that science has grown up and come of age,
+society has a right to challenge him to do, what in past ages could not
+have been expected of him. Briefly, we think that the time is come, by
+blending comparative pathology with anatomy and physiology, to construct
+one of the bases of the tripod on which medical science will have to
+rest. The success which has already been achieved in this direction is a
+certain guarantee for those which we may hope for hereafter.
+
+Such is our deep conviction, and perhaps we have some title to speak out
+decidedly on this point, as we have long since exemplified our precepts
+by actual proofs.
+
+Persuaded for many years that comparative pathology afforded to
+industrious men a new mine, rich in precious veins for working, we
+several times endeavoured to explore this fertile field. But,
+unfortunately, our means of action not being consistent with our
+sanguine expectations, we were repeatedly compelled to suspend our
+pursuits, until at last we found at the Ecole Vétérinaire d'Alfort, the
+favourable opportunity and the essential conditions of which we had so
+long been in quest.
+
+Grieved at our helplessness to stay the ravages of pulmonary
+consumption, I formed one day the resolution to study that wasteful
+complaint in animals in order to discover, or at least to look for, the
+required remedy. With that view, I confined in a dark, cold, and damp
+cellar a number of animals to practise on: birds of different species,
+rabbits, a monkey, a dog, &c. To these animals I dealt out a deficient
+quantity of food. The monkey, as might have been expected, was the first
+to be affected, since in our climates they all die of consumption. Next,
+and for the same reason, it was the parrot's turn; then the chickens and
+ducks died; after them the rabbits;--in fine, at the end of fourteen
+months, the dog alone survived. All the rest had sunk under consumption,
+and exhibited tubercles in different organs--in the lungs or mesentery.
+
+It was then necessary to have the counter-proof: to place a second set
+of animals in the same conditions, to produce the disease again, and
+attempt its cure. But the first experiment had been a long one, and I
+was forced to relinquish the inquiry, which, moreover, was above my
+means at that period.
+
+On another occasion, it seemed to me strange that we should be obliged
+to open the bladder of patients suffering from the stone, or to subject
+them to lithotrity, which has also its perils. Nature, I said to myself,
+forms calculi by uniting organic elements, by crystallizing them, and by
+cementing them with vesical mucus. But would it not be possible to cure
+the disease by employing contrary means--dissolving the calculi in the
+bladder by means of continued injections, changing the chemical agents
+according to the composition of the calculus, and adding thereto the
+action of a galvanic current?
+
+After this, I pursued my inquiry in this direction. I studied for
+several months the chemical composition of calculi by examining them in
+their dissolved state; and I saw that those in which the alkaline bases
+prevailed, being submitted to a diluted solution of tartaric acid, which
+would not injure the bladder, crumbled after a time; that the calculi
+with excess of acid were also attacked by an alkaline solution; in
+fine, that the calculi of oxalate of lime alone seemed to resist the
+action of these chemical solutions. But it is well known that they
+sometimes defy all lithotrite instruments, and compel us to have
+recourse to the knife.
+
+These preliminary experiments over, it was necessary to come to their
+application, and for that purpose to make experiments on some animals.
+The canine species, omnivorous like ourselves, was chosen in preference.
+Bitches were selected to be practised on; for as their urinary passages
+are wider and more flexible, it enabled me to insert in the bladder
+fragments of calculi already analysed, which were to serve as the nuclei
+to the stones they were intended to develop.
+
+This second assortment of animals, penned up apart from each other, were
+supplied with different modes of sustenance: some of them were put upon
+a diet of meat only, others on a farinaceous diet, and a third set on a
+mixed course of food. These experiments were being regularly followed
+up, when an important and unforeseen event compelled me to desist at the
+end of six months. The poor animals were destroyed; but all of them, as
+I had anticipated, had generated calculi of various chemical
+composition.
+
+These unfinished inquiries concerning comparative pathology, thus
+interrupted in spite of myself, might, had circumstances allowed them to
+reach the goal, have authorized us to undertake in man the dissolution
+of stone in the bladder. And how would this have been effected? By
+seizing the stone between the two ends of the catheter with the double
+current, and by injecting a well-sustained series of dissolvents into
+the patient, whilst lying at his ease in a recumbent posture.
+
+Nor is this all. They would likewise, I believe, have thrown some light
+on the organic production of calculi, on the lithic diathesis, and the
+particular formation of the stone; and led us, in some degree, to their
+preventive treatment, which is always superior to the curative remedy.
+
+On a subsequent occasion, I betook myself to my task under more
+favourable conditions. I undertook at Alfort, conjointly with Professor
+Delafond, a course of experiments on the cutaneous diseases of animals
+in relation to comparative pathology, having already, whilst walking
+the hospitals, published a work on the "Entomology and Pathology of
+Psora in Man," which had been printed at the expense of the Academy.
+
+These inquiries and examinations at Alfort were persisted in for five
+years, and were considered to have led to very satisfactory results as
+regards general pathology. But I have spoken of these labours in the
+first part of my book.
+
+Pardon me, reader, and do not suppose that vanity or any desire to
+parade myself has induced me to refer to these experiments. No; my only
+object is to show to what results similar studies might lead, if they
+were executed on a large scale and on the whole animal kingdom; if,
+instead of these partial efforts made under favour, some special and
+appropriate medical institution encouraged earnest experimentalists,
+supplying them without stint with all necessary resources, and with the
+best and completest instruments of observation.
+
+Will any one deny, that if medical science had been settled on this
+foundation fifty years ago--that is to say, since the exact sciences
+first began to provide us with the means of investigation, it would now
+be so impotent? Epizootias and epidemics would not thus flout us as they
+do; the cholera would no longer be an enigma, nor the ox typhus so
+incurable. No! a hundred times no! Medical science would not he helpless
+and impotent in our day, had our forerunners been more mindful and
+provident.
+
+But, instead of this, the science for which we plead would have done
+good work. It would have made and confirmed an infinite variety of
+observations on the brute creation; it would have transmitted our
+diseases to them as they transmit their diseases to us; it would have
+treated and cured these diseases, and every such cure would have been a
+new triumph, a new victory for mankind.
+
+For instance, during an outbreak of cholera, this science would have
+been ready and prepared to try different experiments on men and animals;
+it would first have communicated the cholera to animals, and then
+submitted them to a variety of experimental treatments. This cholera,
+which is not an infectious fever, with its regular and assigned periods,
+like typhus, and which we are not obliged to suffer to run its course,
+but which, on the contrary, is a nervous affection produced by some
+poisonous miasma, the toxical effects of which first of all assail the
+nervous system and then more particularly the great sympathetic; the
+cramps being but the result of a reflective action--_this cholera, we
+say, must be curable_, and well-advised experiments would reveal the
+remedy we want for it, nor should we have to wait long for the
+revelation.
+
+As for me, I once made a desperate attempt in this direction. It was
+during the cholera of 1854. We remarked whilst dissecting subjects, as
+is always the case, that the mucous membranes of the stomach and
+intestines, which were in a manner paralyzed, had suffered the fluid
+parts of the blood to ooze out on the surface. Hence the cause of those
+vomitings, and those watery and colourless diarrhoeas which nothing
+can stop, so that at a given moment the patients die, poisoned, of
+course, but dying more particularly through want of circulation, the
+blood being reduced to its solid parts and unable to circulate any
+longer. Relying on this fact, and trusting for want of better to the
+secondary effects, I strove to restore to the blood its aqueous part,
+and, if possible, to re-establish the circulation.
+
+With this view, I went to the Hôpital de la Charité, provided with all
+the requisite instruments. Choleraic patients were being brought there
+every hour. The experiments being new, venturesome, and _dangerous_, in
+the eyes of the hospital directors, I was only suffered to operate on
+the moribund. The first patient, considered to be in a state
+sufficiently desperate to be given up to me, was a woman, forty-five
+years old. She was literally insensible, and thoroughly cold. I
+hesitated for a moment to try the operation under conditions so
+unreasonable, so preposterous--almost upon a corpse. The radial arteries
+in the arm had ceased to beat, and the heart alone kept up a feeble
+circulation at the central parts. At length I opened the vein, from
+which not a single drop of blood proceeded, and taking the usual
+measures to prevent the air from having access, I gradually and slowly
+injected two ounces of alkaline solution, the process of injection
+lasting twelve minutes. It was scarcely over before the patient
+half-opened her eyelids, and looked about her with astonishment; the
+pulse became perceptible for a few moments, and all present thought she
+was saved. We put a few questions to her; the patient could not answer
+us, but she nodded as much as to say "yes," when asked if she felt
+better. But this was all we could do in her case. The circulation
+stopped again, the patient relapsed into her state of insensibility and
+died two hours after the injection.
+
+The result obtained in this instance had not answered our expectation.
+However, the circulation had for a minute or two resumed its course, and
+a flash of reason had once more shown itself.
+
+I thought the experiment ought to be repeated, and accordingly the next
+morning I made another trial. The patient this time was a working
+shoemaker, thirty-eight years of age, exactly in the same far-gone,
+hopeless state as the patient of the day before. In his case, the inward
+commotion caused by the injection was more powerful; twenty minutes
+after the injection he was able to see, to understand, to speak, to
+raise his head; but this vital recovery was, as in the former case, but
+of short continuance, and two hours and a half after the operation the
+man expired.
+
+After these experiments I dissected the two bodies, and then, finding
+that their lungs were infiltrated with water, I understood that the
+alkaline solution had not been assimilated, that it had stopped in its
+passage into the pulmonary parenchyma, to the detriment of the functions
+of the hæmatosis. I also understood that the proper injection, instead
+of distilled alkaline water, would have been the serum of the blood,
+drawn at the very moment from some man or animal.
+
+The conclusion which I drew from these experiments was that a variety of
+operations, made at different stages of the malady, might lead to
+beneficial results, especially if we succeeded in transmitting the
+cholera to animals, as that would enable us to test a large number of
+curative agents and to pursue a methodical course of experimentalization.
+
+From all I have said, I infer that life, health, and disease, being
+subject to the same laws throughout the whole animal kind, it is certain
+that the physician should possess precise knowledge as to the
+organization, the functions, and diseases of animals. That by proceeding
+in this manner, we shall advance from the simple to the complex, from
+the plant to the animal, and from the animal to man. That we must of
+necessity emerge from the state in which we are now entangled BY FOUNDING
+AND ESTABLISHING IN LONDON A COLLEGE OF THE NATURAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES.
+Every medical pupil might spend two years in this college, receiving in
+it an experimental and practical training; he would devote himself in it
+to the chemical analysis of all bodies, to physiological experiments and
+tests, without limit and of every kind.
+
+Most deeply do I appreciate the many difficulties and obstacles that
+would interfere with the execution of such a design. In our civilized
+age, nations seem rather bent on seeking out the means of exterminating
+each other than of protecting themselves and animals from epidemics and
+epizootias. It is believed that every first-rate kingdom now spends from
+400 to 500 millions of francs (16 to 20,000,000_l._) annually in
+maintaining their land and sea forces, whilst one-half of their
+populations are living in misery and ignorance, in disease and
+corruption. The time is not come--shall we ever see it?--to employ the
+vital powers of the peoples, to better incessantly their social
+condition. Perhaps, by reason of its organization, the Government of
+this country would not be authorized to devote 100,000_l._ or
+200,000_l._ to the establishment of an institution like the medical
+college I suggest, notwithstanding its paramount necessity. But England
+is in the habit of doing great things independently of the Government.
+In default of the ruling powers, then, let me appeal to the national
+initiative, for if the spectacle which we are at present witnessing was
+not, in the case of England, one of those trials which invigorate a
+people by the salutary teachings which they bring; if it did not induce
+them to take some energetic resolution by which their interests would be
+saved and their power enlarged, it would indeed be a deplorable sign of
+the times and make us despair of its future.
+
+Moreover, to show the urgency of founding a _College of Natural and
+Medical Science_, let us add, that in every other country they are
+endeavouring to unite this indispensable complement to medical
+education. The German universities, the Faculty of Paris, have, for
+several years past, incorporated a course of comparative pathology, with
+the other series of public lectures.
+
+It is not a mere Utopia that we propose, but an extension and
+improvement, all the parts of which are already prepared. If this
+College could be thrown open to-morrow, competent professors would be
+ready at the call of duty to indite the programme for this instruction
+within twenty-four hours; and as for the professors themselves, there
+would be enough to choose among the large body of efficient scholars who
+do honour to the country.
+
+If we have been rightly understood, we desire to see established in
+London an institution which would afford an equivalent to what exists in
+Paris, at the Museum and Collège de France, where numerous courses of
+lectures on anatomy, physiology, physics, and chemistry are given. Only
+in London this special college would be formed and organized on such a
+scale as to bear away the palm from every previous foundation of the
+same kind; it would be an institution unexampled in the world, out of
+whose halls would one day come anatomists, physiologists, and
+pathologists of the very highest order of excellence.--But organic
+matter would not be the sole object of this instruction, for the animal
+is something more than matter. Courses of medical history and
+philosophy, of really general pathology, would introduce the students to
+the grand phenomena of nature, to the great laws which govern the worlds
+and the globe; and descending from the heights of science to the
+observation of the infinitely minute, they would never forget the
+important part of the vital powers, and of that unknown power called at
+different times by the names of πνευμα, _archéc_--_mind_ and _soul_.
+
+The Regent's Park would, we think, be the proper site for this college,
+as the contiguity of the Zoological Gardens would afford continual
+opportunities for investigating the diseases of animals.
+
+Moreover, this college would not trench upon or interfere in any manner
+with those medical and veterinary establishments which at present exist;
+it would ally itself with, and complete them, nothing more. The
+instruction received at this "College of Natural and Medical Science"
+would be so useful and necessary, and so attractive withal, that the
+sons of the great families would come to it to finish their collegiate
+studies, to the great benefit of the country. Other young men, in
+considerable numbers, would flock to it from various parts of the world.
+The foundation of such an institution would be an epoch in the history
+of science, and would give England another claim to the esteem of
+nations.
+
+I conclude, then, with a conviction that a nation which owes to Lord
+Bacon, the founder of experimental philosophy, his imperishable book on
+the _restoration, the method and teaching of the sciences_; to Harvey,
+the circulation; to Priestley, the constitution of chemistry; to
+Sydenham, the modern Hippocrates, his treatise on "Practical Medicine";
+to Jenner, vaccination; and to Charles Bell, the discovery of the
+sensitive and motor nerves--is a people too great and too enlightened to
+retrograde; and that, if the epizootic of ox typhus did find them at
+first unready and disarmed, they will in the end convert this disaster
+into a new source of greatness and strength.
+
+Such is the sincere hope which I cherish and the prayer I offer up for
+the happiness of a country which, for the future, has become my own.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+  BREMEN, August 30.
+
+The following report, drawn up by two German veterinary surgeons, of a
+recent visit to London to examine into the cattle murrain, has been
+furnished by the agent of the North German Lloyd's at Nordenhamm:--
+
+"On Wednesday, the 9th instant, we, the undersigned, were requested to
+be at Nordenhamm, if possible, the following morning. Upon our arrival
+we were asked by the agent of the North German Lloyd's, who had
+consulted with several of the chief cattle exporters, to undertake a
+voyage to London at once in the steamer _Schwan_, in the interest of the
+cattle export from the Weser. The object of our mission was, first, to
+examine as closely as possible into the epidemic cattle disease raging
+in and around London for some time past; then carefully to observe the
+treatment of cattle upon the vessel during the voyage, upon arrival, and
+at the time of disembarkation; lastly, to use every means in our power
+to prevent obstacles being opposed to the continued export of cattle
+from these ports to England.
+
+"Furnished by the agent of the North German Lloyd's with letters of
+introduction to cattle dealers in London, and with the necessary funds,
+we left Nordenhamm in the steamer _Schwan_, Captain Christensen, at 4
+P.M., on the 10th instant. The vessel carried 347 head of large
+cattle, 2 calves, and 260 sheep. Favoured by very fine weather, we
+arrived in the Thames at 2 P.M., on the 12th. At the beginning
+of the voyage the animals were rather uneasy, trampled a good deal, and
+caused considerable motion in the ship; after a time, however, they
+became quiet. A sharp, penetrating smell was easily perceptible in the
+'tween decks of the ship, which was quickly removed upon a light breeze
+springing up, by means of the excellent ventilation and numerous
+air-pipes and wind shafts. The animals were several times watered, and
+it was easy to see how greatly they were refreshed. The hay in the
+racks, on the other hand, was hardly touched.
+
+"Upon arriving in the port we were introduced by the captain to the two
+veterinary surgeons stationed here to inspect the cattle, and witnessed
+the rapid disembarkation of the cargo, all of which were thoroughly
+healthy, not one being condemned. The cattle, when landed, were
+immediately brought to carts standing in readiness and transported to
+London, where they are cleansed and then driven into the adjacent
+fields.
+
+"After doing all in our power to attain the object of our journey, we
+went back to the port to wait for the _Schwan_, having first thoroughly
+cleansed the clothes we had worn during our inspection of the diseased
+cattle. The _Schwan_ came in shortly after our arrival, and disembarked
+256 head of large cattle, 12 calves and 400 sheep, all in good
+condition. Mr. Philipps, the London agent of the North German Lloyd's,
+was on the spot, together with several reporters from newspapers, who
+wished to see by personal investigation how and in what condition cattle
+are brought from the Weser.
+
+"We re-embarked on the _Schwan_ upon the 19th. The crew were engaged
+during the voyage in carefully cleansing the ship. The weather was fine,
+and we arrived safely at Nordenhamm upon the 21st.
+
+  (Signed)
+
+  "G. J. RIPPEN,
+  "Veterinary Surgeon at Seefield.
+
+  "H. FASTING,
+  "Veterinary Surgeon at Schwey."
+
+
+NOTE B.
+
+Professor Simonds having had such opportunities of investigating those
+diseases as they existed in England and in foreign countries as were
+possessed only by a few Englishmen, might be permitted to offer a few
+observations. He had been appointed by the Royal Agricultural Societies
+of England and Ireland to proceed to the Continent in 1857, when there
+was a rumour that the disease which existed among cattle in this country
+at the present time was prevailing in Mecklenburg. Consuls sent
+despatches that the rinderpest was prevailing largely, and the
+Government, as a precautionary measure, closed the ports against the
+introduction of cattle from the Baltic to this country. He found,
+however, from his observations abroad that since 1817 there had been no
+disease of this kind westward of a line between Revel in the Baltic and
+the Gulf of Venice, but to the eastward of that line it had existed. He
+came up with the affection at the Carpathian mountains, where it was
+raging in 1857 just as it is raging in England at the present time. Not
+only had it existed there, but it had been carried into the interior of
+Russia in the ordinary method of the cattle trade. A person who was in
+the habit of purchasing cattle attended a fair and bought a number of
+animals, and took them to his own farm, and in the course of ten days
+one or two were seized with the disease, and the result was there was a
+gradual spread of the evil in that district. It gained ground until the
+Government instituted the sanitary police regulations, which, though
+they were such as would be considered strange in England, were, he
+believed, absolutely necessary for the extirpation of the plague. It was
+undoubtedly true that no foreign animals had been seized at our ports or
+in the metropolitan market; but it was not necessary for the case they
+had in hand to say whether the disease was or was not of foreign
+importation. There was this fact before them, that it was not until the
+month of June that the disease appeared in England. A certain number of
+animals came out of a diseased district. He had documentary evidence
+that animals came from Revel and came from the district of Esthonia. He
+had before him proof that the disease now in England was raging in that
+district. They had proof that shortly after the arrival of those cattle
+in England the disease manifested itself here. He admitted there were
+difficulties in the way of checking the importation of foreign cattle.
+The Government had its eyes open to the matter, and he did not think it
+possible for the Government to have done more than they had done or to
+have done more quickly what they had been doing. At this moment half the
+supply of the metropolitan market came from foreign countries, and he
+did not wish to convey any reflection by saying that this disease had
+its origin from abroad. He would admit that the animals from Germany and
+Hungary were coming in a healthy condition; but he could not admit that
+they came from Russia, Poland, or Galicia in so perfect a condition,
+because the regulations there were not sufficient to stamp out the
+disease. The Government had made an inquiry as to the general health of
+cattle on the Continent. They believed France, Belgium, Holland,
+Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, and a large part of the Continent that
+supplied cattle to this country were free from disease. This went to
+show that we had admitted a disease not from where we received our
+supplies of meat, but from some other district. Then it must be
+associated with the fact that it came into this country when animals
+arrived here from an infected district in Russia. Animals from Germany
+and Hungary were often shipped and mixed with others from a diseased
+district. As regarded the disease being spontaneous, we had been free
+from it for twenty years. What was the state of our cowsheds fifty years
+ago? Were they not in a more filthy condition than they are now? If,
+therefore, the disease had been induced from common causes it would have
+been here years and years ago. It was no reflection to say that a great
+many cases could be traced directly to the metropolitan market. Take one
+case which occurred in Sussex. Certain cattle had been bought in the
+metropolitan market and were taken home. In three or four days they were
+ill, and presented symptoms of this affection. In a few days more the
+cows and calves were dead. In another instance calves were bought in
+Chichester Market, where they had been taken from London. The result was
+the death of twelve cows and ten calves. The people had other cattle on
+the same farm, and not one of them took it. He could say, too, that
+persons who had only one animal had lost it by the disease. How had the
+disease got into Norfolk and Kent but by the animals which went from the
+metropolitan market? He could prove by documentary evidence that it was
+so. He could show there was not a single instance where the origin of
+the disease could not be traced to the metropolis. It was the most
+fearful visitation that had ever been seen in England. They had adopted
+a system of compensation in Norfolk, and if by this meeting something
+was done to shut out the animals of infected districts, no doubt the
+promoters would receive not only the thanks of London, but the country
+generally.
+
+Mr. Gibbins--Now, if the disease came from abroad, and diseased cattle
+were shipped on the other side of the sea, no doubt the voyage would
+concentrate and aggravate the disease. The Government inspectors
+reported, however, that not one instance had been seen of foreign cattle
+so diseased, nor had any been seized and destroyed in London or anywhere
+else. Whether the disease came from abroad or elsewhere he was not able
+to state. Sir George Grey asked him whether he had found any disease
+among the foreign cattle that came into the market. He said not one.
+They had, no doubt, many instances of the disease amongst the cows that
+were ordinarily called milch cows, but that were not milch cows when
+they came to market, because one effect of the disease was to deprive
+the animal of milk. These were then sent to the market and sold as fat
+stock. He could only say they had had no cases, except in cows, whether
+they came from the dairies in London or elsewhere.
+
+
+NOTE C.
+
+M. Dembinski, Professor of Analytical Chemistry and Natural Science, had
+also addressed a communication to the Lord Mayor on the subject. The
+prevalent Rinderpest, he said, originated in the steppes of Podolia,
+from which considerable herds of cattle were exported through the
+steppes to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Riga, and Revel, and thence to the
+ports of Memel, Königsberg, Dantzic, Hamburg, Kiel, and the Hague.
+_Deprived of congenial food and pure water on their transport through
+the steppes, and then arriving at marshy lands, the exhausted animals
+drank the stagnant water, which, during hot weather, exhaled a
+pestiferous malaria, and infected them with a predisposition to the
+epidemic in question, which developed itself into a kind of fever on the
+voyage to England in a crowded condition._
+
+
+NOTE D.
+
+  INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS, VIENNA,
+  August, 1865.
+
+With regard to the cattle plague, it may be well to state that Austria
+has been most unfortunately situated, from the readiness with which
+Russian cattle have been admitted into the country at various parts of
+the western and southern frontiers. At the opening of the Congress this
+difficulty was particularly noted by the Ministerial counsellor, Dr.
+Vell, who attended on behalf of the Government, for the purpose of
+welcoming the assembly, and giving an assurance that its deliberations
+would meet with all the attention they deserved. He specially referred
+to the fact that the laws relating to cattle disease prevention had been
+entirely revised in 1850, but that the Steppe murrain continued to be
+introduced by smuggled stock into the western and southern provinces of
+the State. It was therefore necessary to attempt a more effectual
+control over the propagation of so disastrous a malady.
+
+Herr Pabst welcomed the meeting on behalf of the Minister of Trade. He
+said that the value of the cattle of the Austrian dominions considerably
+exceeded one hundred million pounds sterling (one thousand million
+Austrian florins), and that cattle plagues completely put a stop to the
+development of that essential branch of agriculture which embraces the
+improvement and increase of live stock in a country. He assured the
+assembly that all would be done that was possible to improve the
+existing state of matters, and that he hoped they would greatly aid the
+Government by the discussions which would take place and the conclusions
+at which they would arrive.
+
+I may state, by the way, that an opinion rather generally expressed by
+some, and stoutly maintained by others, was that the peculiar
+disposition of some of the Austrian subjects, and the feeling existing
+in Hungary against State measures, rendered the law, to a great extent,
+inoperative. I can, from personal experience, state that although
+stringent and most efficient means are used for the suppression of
+cattle plagues, and with the best results in Austria proper, there is
+great difficulty in carrying out the law in districts where Austrian
+rule is at a discount. Indeed this is clearly indicated by the manner in
+which the Rinderpest penetrates into Austria, where the laws are similar
+to those in the kingdom of Prussia, which is, and has long been,
+completely protected from invasions of the disorder.
+
+At the meeting of the first International Congress, held in Hamburg in
+1865, Dr. Röll stated that owing to the length of time to which the
+quarantine for Russian cattle extended on the Austrian frontier, herds
+of cattle were often smuggled through, and companies had been formed for
+the purpose of insurance against seizure by the authorities. The
+unlawful traffic was therefore carried on with comparative safety to the
+dealers, who cared not what misfortune they brought on a country if only
+their personal ends could be served. This question was the first to
+occupy the attention of the Congress last week; when a resolution was
+proposed to shorten the period of quarantine for cattle from Russia
+into any country from twenty-one days to ten. The discussion was keen.
+It was stipulated, however, that the quarantine should be carried out
+most strictly over all parts of the frontier, without respect to any
+breed of cattle or other circumstances which might be brought forward as
+exceptional reasons for retaining animals in quarantine. The committee
+appointed to prepare a succinct report on the subject included
+Professors Unterberger, Seifmann, Werner, Zlamal, Hertwig, Haubner, and
+Röll; and the committee decided in favour of the shortened quarantine,
+on the following conditions:--First--When the establishment of
+quarantine institutions is effected in accordance with the requirements
+of trade and the peculiarities of the frontier, special attention must
+be paid to the erection of quarantine stables, &c., where there are
+facilities for procuring an abundance of fodder and water. Second--The
+animals to be kept under efficient veterinary supervision wherever they
+have to submit to quarantine. The inspectors must be properly qualified
+veterinary surgeons. Third--The use of a brand to indicate that the
+animals have been in quarantine. Fourth--The effectual disinfection, by
+washing and otherwise, of animals as they leave the quarantine.
+Fifth--The introduction of a poll-tax along the eastern frontiers, and
+the appointment of proper veterinarians to be on the watch as to the
+health of cattle along the frontiers. Sixth--Careful supervision to be
+placed over the traffic in cattle wherever it takes place in a country.
+Seventh--The punishment to the full extent that the law allows of all
+who break the rules relating to quarantine or other means for the
+prevention of the cattle plague.
+
+Professor Hertwig, of Berlin, whose opinion is always listened to with
+great respect in veterinary circles, stated his reasons for adopting
+these resolutions now, whereas in 1863 he was against shortening the
+period of quarantine. He referred chiefly to the importance of not
+offering temptations for cattle dealers to evade the law by insisting on
+unreasonable restrictions. The feeling of the assembly was greatly in
+favour of avoiding vexatious and expensive measures, which might greatly
+interfere with the employment of capital in cattle traffic. A small
+number of professors, not exceeding eight or nine, held out for a
+quarantine of twenty-one days.
+
+It may be as well to state that quarantine regulations, which have been
+regarded as almost useless in the prevention of human disorders, from
+the great difficulties in the way of carrying them out efficiently, are
+recognised as of great value in controlling the propagation of cattle
+plagues. It is possible to control the movement of herds, and the
+governments of Central Europe have found it absolutely essential so to
+do. Indeed, the ablest medical men who have written against the adoption
+of a quarantine system for human small-pox and cholera, such as
+Professor Siegmund, of Berlin, acknowledge its value and absolute
+requirement with regard to the Rinderpest. A professor from Galicia
+argued in favour of controlling the movements of people wherever the
+disease appeared, and no fact seems to have been better ascertained than
+that of the communication of the Rinderpest from herd to herd by human
+beings. Professor Jessen, of Dorpat, states that in Russia the malady
+was at one time speedily propagated by the people, who regarded the
+destruction of their stock as a visitation of Providence, and who
+summoned a priest into their stables to pray with them that the plague
+might be stayed. Moving from farm to farm, the malady was by this means
+rapidly transmitted. In Hungary, many outbreaks result from people
+dressing the carcases and hawking about the meat, which, even where
+human beings remain uninjured, is deadly to the cattle whenever the
+water with which it is washed is thrown about the yards, or the meat is
+hung up near sheds containing living animals.
+
+The members present at the International Congress spoke in favour of
+establishing a fund, apart from the Government grants, for the payment
+of diseased or infected animals which have to be slaughtered with a view
+to the prevention of the plague. Special precautions were suggested as
+to the transmission of articles the product of diseased animals.
+
+1. Perfectly dried skins, the points of horns cut off, as they often are
+for commercial purposes, the salted and dried intestines of cattle,
+melted tallow, wools, cowhair, &.c., could be freely allowed to pass
+unobserved.
+
+2. Entire horns, hoofs, &c., which are detached from the soft parts, but
+which often contain adhering flesh, &c., should be disinfected with
+chloride of lime.
+
+3. As melted tallow is often conveyed in bags which may be charged with
+the poison, those bags should be washed with chloride of lime solution.
+
+4. Fresh bones, fresh skins, and intestines, unmelted tallow, raw flesh,
+and fresh sheepskins, should not be sold whenever the Rinderpest exists
+in a district.
+
+According to all the accounts which reach us, the foreign observations
+and resolutions may be of essential service in England. The members of
+the Assembly were informed by Mr. Erner of the origin and the progress
+of the cattle plague in England, and were deeply interested by the
+account given of the imminent danger in which many countries are placed
+that purchase breeding stock in the British isles. The theories of
+spontaneous origin amuse the learned here not a little, as they justly
+think we ought not to be so far behind every nation in the possession of
+knowledge regarding the propagation of such a disorder as the steppe
+murrain.
+
+
+NOTE E.
+
+Now, if the disease came from abroad, and diseased cattle were shipped
+on the other side of the sea, no doubt the voyage would concentrate and
+aggravate the disease. Whether the disease came from abroad or elsewhere
+he was not able to state. Sir George Grey asked him whether he had found
+any disease among the foreign cattle that came into the market. He had
+not one. He could only say they had had no cases, except in cows,
+whether they came from the dairies in London or elsewhere. So far as
+they knew, not one single bullock or ox had been condemned.--MR. GIBBINS,
+_18th August, Meeting at the Mansion House_.
+
+The very first shed in which the plague must have appeared in London is
+a pattern of cleanliness, and the stock was magnificent, as proved by
+the animals in a shed to which the disease has not been propagated.
+Almost simultaneously the malady broke out in the Essex marshes, and in
+every instance we trace a more or less direct contamination by foreign
+stock.
+
+
+NOTE F.
+
+  VIENNA, August, 1865.
+
+On the 28th of August about thirty of the members of the Congress
+accepted an invitation to visit the renowned agricultural establishment
+at Altenburg, in Hungary. After the visitors had inspected the herds and
+other appurtenances of this institution, Professor Maasch, its director,
+intimated that the Rinderpest had appeared at Nickolsdorf, about four
+German miles from Altenburg. The President of the Congress had known
+this fact before the party left Vienna for Hungary; but as he feared
+some enthusiasts would first see the plague, and then inspect the
+Altenburg herds, he preferred to adopt the stratagem of communicating
+the information through Professor Maasch, after the great Agricultural
+College of Hungary had been viewed. Nickolsdorf, where the steppe
+murrain appeared on the 10th of August, is an exquisitely clean village,
+with well-whitewashed buildings and broad roads, constituting the centre
+of a thriving agricultural district. Its people are typical Hungarians,
+not too anxious to work, and, on the whole, poor; but they are
+intelligent, notwithstanding the national proclivity to farm a thousand
+acres badly rather than one-fourth the quantity to perfection. Their
+wants are not great, and their worldly luxuries, beyond potatoes and
+schnaps, are bought with the profits made on large herds of cattle. One
+herd only had suffered from the cattle plague when we visited the
+village. This herd consisted of 1225 animals, divided into three lots.
+The affected portion numbered 450 animals--bullocks intended for work
+and slaughter--varying in age from three to seven years. The cows and
+heifers had not been smitten. The 450 animals amongst which the disease
+appeared were housed in no less than sixteen different sheds in
+Nickolsdorf. Out of each of these places sick animals had been taken,
+and either slaughtered or permitted to die. We killed four for
+dissection on the 29th. Six more had been previously killed, their hides
+slacked, and the entire body buried; nine had died, and two we left in
+life to be soon slaughtered and disposed of as the others. The district
+veterinary surgeon in constant attendance was an extremely active and
+intelligent man, who recognised the disease on its first outbreak, and
+adopted such measures for separation, destruction, and burial, as
+prevented the disease from spreading so rapidly as it has in England.
+
+The cause of the outbreak was the intermingling of cattle-dealers' stock
+with the Nickolsdorf herd; and although the animals which carried it
+have not been fully traced, they are believed to have been owned by a
+butcher who had purchased them in Comorn, where the malady is raging.
+Singular variations have been seen in the symptoms exhibited, especially
+when animals are first affected. During the Nickolsdorf outbreak there
+has been an invariable incubation of five or six days; then furor or
+delirium appears: the bullocks stare, roar, stamp with their feet, are
+prepared to attack people who approach them, and seem to be dizzy at
+intervals. They shiver, their muscles twitch, the eyes soon begin to
+discharge, and the mucus which flows from the mouth foams. The pulse is
+at first slower than usual, until all the fever symptoms appear. There
+is more constipation than diarrhoea, though, on examination, the
+mucous membranes are all found to be affected precisely in the manner so
+often observed in England during the present outbreak. The differences
+in the symptoms are accounted for by peculiarities of breed, the
+condition of stalls, the food the animals have lived on, and similar
+circumstances. We may hear more of these Hungarian outbreaks, but the
+chances are we shall not witness in any part of Austria the wholesale
+devastation now going on in Great Britain.--_International Veterinary
+Congress._
+
+
+NOTE G.
+
+At present the cowkeepers send off the infected beasts to the market, or
+to some slaughter-house, where they might be killed. There was believed
+to be great danger in allowing the infected cows to be driven through
+the streets. If the good could be separated from the bad animals, and if
+the latter could be conveyed to sanitoriums, where the medical men could
+operate upon them, then much benefit would result; and then, too, if the
+animals died, they would be buried on the spot. All the professors were
+agreed in this, that if a compensation fund were raised, and the
+cowkeeper were told that he would be remunerated for his loss, he would
+at once inform the authorities when the disease made its appearance in
+his cowshed. Shed after shed was being now shut up, and men and women
+who seemed to be affluent one day were the next reduced to ruin. An
+illustration of this would suffice. One day last week a cowkeeper at
+Pimlico had 70 or 80 healthy cows. On Wednesday three of them were found
+dead. On Thursday 42 of them were sent to the market. Of these 42 three
+showed symptoms of the disease, and then the whole of the 42 beasts had
+to be slaughtered because of the disease being among the three. The poor
+fellow was thus ruined. Last Monday he sent nine more cows to the
+market, and these also had to be slaughtered. At present the man was
+absolutely out of his mind. Out of his 70 beasts, he had not one left.
+Some persons were saying that the disease arose from bad water, bad
+ventilation, and bad cowsheds; but in the case of Miss Burdett Coutts,
+who had had 40 head of cattle, which were most carefully housed and
+attended to--particularly from the moment she heard that the disease was
+amongst them--all were gone, with the exception of one cow; so that,
+whether it was a want of water or a want of ventilation which in other
+cases caused it, this was an instance in which everything was done that
+could be done, and yet the plague raged and the mortality
+ensued.--MR. GIBBINS, _Meeting at the Mansion House_.
+
+
+NOTE J.
+
+Yesterday morning Dr. Jarvis, medical officer of St. Matthew's,
+Bethnal-green, received information that Mr. Castell, an extensive
+purveyor of milk, had lost eighty-four cows during the past week. Other
+cowkeepers in this district have also experienced great losses. The
+disease has manifested itself with more or less virulence at St. Anne's,
+Limehouse; St. John, Hackney: St. Mary-le-Bow, St. George's-in-the-East,
+St. John, Wapping; Christ Church, Spitalfields; St. Leonard's,
+Shoreditch; St. Mary, Whitechapel; St. Paul's, Shadwell; the hamlet of
+Ratcliff, Stoke Newington, Kingsland, and Tottenham.
+
+Mr. Gibbins, chairman of the Metropolitan Markets Committee, Mr. Rudkin,
+a member of the committee, Mr. Tegg, veterinary surgeon to the market,
+and Mr. Baldry, clerk to the market, applied to the sitting magistrate
+at Clerkenwell Police Court yesterday for summonses against cowkeepers
+for sending diseased cows into the market. During the course of the
+present week no less than nineteen cows had been seized in the market
+and fairs and condemned. The order was asked for under the 8th section
+of the recent Order in Council, which recited that it shall not be
+lawful to send or bring to any fair or market, or to send or carry by
+any railway, or by any ship or vessel coastwise, or to place upon or to
+drive along any highway, or the sides thereof, any animal labouring
+under disease. The cattle seized had not been examined by a Government
+inspector, and no certificate had been given to the owners that they
+were fit to be removed. The market authorities wished it to be known
+that proceedings would be taken in every case that was brought under
+their notice. Mr. Cooke observed that the inspectors had power to seize
+and slaughter, or cause to be slaughtered, and to be buried in any
+convenient place, any animal labouring under the disease. Had that been
+done? Mr. Tegg said that the animals were in some of the cases
+slaughtered, and the others would be slaughtered in the course of the
+day. The summonses were granted.
+
+Yesterday, the summonses issued at the instance of Mr. Frederick Thomas
+Stanley, a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and one
+of the inspectors appointed under the Order in Council, came on for
+hearing before Mr. Burcham, magistrate at the Southwark police court.
+The summons in the first case was addressed to Thomas Meredith, of the
+Flying Horse-yard, Blackman-street, for that the defendant, without the
+licence of the said inspector, did unlawfully remove from his premises
+some animals labouring under the cattle disease. Mr. Sleigh, instructed
+by Mr. Gant, appeared to support the summons; and Mr. W. Edwin for the
+defendant. Evidence was given that the defendant had been warned that
+the cows were diseased, but that he had removed them notwithstanding.
+The further hearing of the case was adjourned, as were also the other
+summonses of a like nature.
+
+In pursuance of powers vested in him by the Manx Legislature, the
+governor of the Isle of Man has issued a proclamation prohibiting the
+importation of cattle into the island. Tinder the same Act his
+Excellency has power to subject all cattle imported into the island to a
+five days' quarantine.
+
+
+NOTE K.
+
+Tracing, as we have done, the sale of infected stock from abroad as far
+back as the 19th of June, we find that each week that the disease has
+been amongst us a fresh county has been contaminated; and more than that
+when we consider that Scotland has not escaped.
+
+
+NOTE L.
+
+SCOTLAND.--The cattle plague has travelled North to Aberdeenshire, and
+has killed a number of animals almost simultaneously on three farms at
+many miles distance from one another. The owners of stock in one of the
+districts, and the Royal Northern Agricultural Association, are taking,
+or resolving to take, sharp and prompt steps to stay the progress of the
+disease. The committee of the association having met on Friday,
+appointed a committee of inspection, arranged for a public meeting of
+persons interested, and favourably entertained the notion of forming a
+fund for mutual insurance against the sacrifices and losses which the
+extension of the disease might occasion. A meeting of the General
+Central Union was also held at Stirling on Friday, and a committee was
+appointed to confer on the subject with the directors of the Highland
+Society, and report to another meeting to be held next Friday.--
+_Scotsman._
+
+The most important communication received to-day is from Scotland. The
+malady has undoubtedly broken out near Kelso, on fourteen head of cattle
+imported into London and sent north. Twenty-eight animals have been
+seized with the disease at Woolwich, and calves from the London market
+are said to have taken the malady down to Horsham and Grinstead.
+
+Information has been received concerning the sale of at least fifty-four
+diseased and infected animals in the Metropolitan Cattle Market the 3rd
+instant.
+
+
+NOTE M.
+
+Mr. Charles Panter has, at the request of Earl Granville, drawn up a
+statement relative to the health of the cows on a farm hired by his
+lordship at Golder's-green, on the Finchley-road. In publishing the
+statement, Earl Granville says: "When I left England, a month ago, there
+were about 130 milch cows in four sheds. In the two largest and best
+managed I found only one cow yesterday (Sept. 4). His Royal Highness the
+Duke of Coburg informed me last week that what he believed to be the
+same disease visited Coburg last year. No one could trace its origin,
+and no medical treatment was successful. Air and water were their only
+remedies. Some men had died from eating the meat killed at a particular
+stage of the disease. His Royal Highness had seen a horse die in four
+hours, killed by flies which came from the carcase of a cow which had
+been allowed to remain above ground. The disease disappeared in the
+autumn as mysteriously as it had come. I understand that Professor
+Simonds is of opinion that the disease mentioned by the Duke of Coburg
+is not the same as that from which we are suffering here--that its name
+is the Siberian Pest." Mr. Panter's statement is dated Sept. 4, and is
+as follows:--"On the 13th of July I purchased five Dutch cows in the
+Metropolitan Market, and placed them in quarantine at Child's-hill Farm,
+one mile from here. On the 22nd of July one of them showed signs of
+debility; diarrhoea followed. Thinking it was only a cold, she was
+treated accordingly, but continued to get worse, and died in five days.
+Two more were attacked in a similar way, when veterinary advice was
+called in, but in five days the whole either died or were slaughtered.
+Every precaution was used to prevent the spread of infection here; the
+men who attended the sick cattle were not allowed to go among the
+healthy ones, and _vice versâ_. But, previous to this, bearing of the
+disease in the London cowsheds, I adopted precautionary measures, such
+as a liberal use daily of chloride of lime, administered one ounce of
+nitre in half a pint of water to each cow, and a small quantity of tar,
+and painted their noses with tar. But on the 8th of August,
+unfortunately, the disease showed itself here in a fat cow that had been
+for ten months in the best built, best drained and ventilated shed. No
+new stock had been added for nine weeks. In a few hours four more cows
+showed symptoms of it. I immediately had them all removed and
+slaughtered, and made a _post-mortem_ examination of them, and found the
+windpipe in a state of decomposition, the lungs inflated, the small
+intestines red and inflamed, and the meat of a dark yellow colour
+outside, and dark red inside, which I think unfit for human food after
+the first stage. The disease confined itself to the above shed of
+forty-eight cows (which are now all gone) till the 20th of August, when
+it broke out in another shed of thirty-five cows, some ten yards from
+the former one, and continued its ravages, taking from two to four cows
+daily, till they are all gone but two, one of which has not been
+attacked; the other, which was a bad case, is cured, and partly come to
+her milk again. On the first symptoms I had her separated from the other
+stock, and did not treat her for two days, when diarrhoea set in; I
+then gave her a bottle of brandy and four ounces of ground ginger in
+three quarts of old ale. She lay in a kind of stupor for twelve hours,
+when I could see a change in her for the better. I continued to give her
+daily four quarts of gruel made with old ale and two ounces of ginger.
+In four days she was sufficiently recovered to eat a little hay, &c.,
+and do without further treatment. In another case the above treatment
+failed, and the animal died in three days. In other cases I allowed
+anyone to treat them who thought they had a remedy, both professional
+men and others. One persevering young veterinary surgeon came up out of
+Somersetshire and treated two cases most energetically, but failed in
+both; one died in four, and the other in eight days. In other cases
+tonics, stimulants, blisters, and setons have been tried, but all
+failed. The whole of the eighty-one cows lost were of the English breed;
+we have not as yet had any loss out of the other two sheds, consisting
+of about half English and half Dutch cows, and standing about forty
+yards from the infected shed. It may be interesting for your lordship
+to know that I had the shed at Child's-hill Farm immediately cleansed
+with disinfectants, and washed with hot lime, &c., and bought twelve
+fresh cows and placed them there on the 16th, which are now in perfect
+health; and a neighbour situated midway between here and that farm had
+twenty-three cows lying in a field; the plague took twenty of them, and
+in three weeks he replaced them with new stock, which are still healthy,
+he having had them a month. Another neighbour, a mile distant, had a
+fine herd of seventy-two cows (English) lying in the fields a fortnight
+ago. The plague broke out among them, and now he has only eight left in
+health. From my own experience, and from all I can learn, I believe the
+disease is atmospheric, and of a typhoid character. The first symptom in
+a milking cow is an almost entire loss of milk, then loss of appetite, a
+watery discharge from the eyes, nostrils, and mouth, which thickens as
+the disease develops itself; rumination ceases, her ears hang down, her
+eyes are heavy and sunken, bloody matter is seen in the excrement, great
+debility is seen, diarrhoea sets in, and death takes place in from
+three to nine days. I have read of iron water being a preventive of the
+disease. All the water your cows have drunk comes six miles through
+rusty iron pipes."
+
+
+NOTE N.
+
+THE CATTLE MURRAIN AT HOLLY LODGE.--On the 27th of June an
+Alderney bull was purchased at Bushey, near Watford, and placed with the
+rest of the herd, then consisting of eleven cows, five sucking calves,
+three yearling heifers, and one bull. The bull had been imported from
+Alderney for several months. About a month after--namely, on the 29th of
+July--a cow in calf was attacked with unusual symptoms. She was
+separated from the rest; nourishing drinks were administered; but having
+calved, she died forty-eight hours after the first symptoms were
+observed. This led to the belief that she died of the disease which then
+began to prevail. This cow had been pastured with the others in a field
+occasionally used for grazing sheep that were taken to the Metropolitan
+Cattle-market, and, if not sold, brought back again until the next
+market day; the sheep were separated from the cows by iron hurdles. The
+Holly Lodge Estate is partly bounded on the east by the route taken by
+drovers with foreign and other cattle to and from the market, some of
+which are also occasionally brought back to neighbouring fields. The
+high road forms the western boundary within a few yards of the
+cattle-sheds and pastures. These facts are stated to show that the
+contagion might have been easily communicated to the animals. A few days
+later three calves were attacked with cold shivering and twitching of
+the muscles. The previous nights having become suddenly and unusually
+cold and wet, the symptoms were at first attributed to that cause.
+Although these calves had been pastured quite apart from the cow which
+first died, the cow had been driven across the field where the calves
+lay to the shed in which it died, the calves having been placed in the
+next shed, where two of them died on the 6th of August, unmistakeably
+of the cattle plague. The third calf was sent to the Royal Veterinary
+College, where it also died. By the 9th of August four cows and the bull
+were seized with the disease so virulently that it was thought necessary
+to kill them after three days' illness. On the 12th a cow and a heifer
+were also destroyed, and on the 14th one of the sucking calves died.
+Thus, out of a herd of nineteen animals, twelve had died within a
+fortnight. The malady had taken so strong and sudden a hold upon them
+that no systematic means of remedy could be applied except separation,
+warmth, stimulants, and the medicines ordinarily given in cases of cold
+and fever. On the 13th of August two more cows were pronounced incurable
+by two of the veterinary surgeons who had been called in; but it was
+determined, upon further advice, to try a mode of treatment upon them
+not hitherto adopted. One drachm of calomel was administered in gruel,
+four hours afterwards one pint of castor oil, and three hours later one
+quart of yeast. About two quarts of warm porter were added to a gruel of
+yeast and oatmeal, and given at intervals. These remedies acted most
+efficiently, and in one case gave much encouragement. The next day the
+cow began to eat hay, to chew her cud, and to yield a good quantity of
+milk. These remedies, together with bi-sulphate of soda, which
+invariably produced a return of the milk, and quinine, were then tried
+upon four other patients, with varied success. But in the end all these
+cows died, not, it is believed, of the cattle murrain, but of exhaustion
+occasioned by the activity of the drugs administered to them. This
+belief was strengthened by the healthy appearance presented by the
+viscera of the first cow thus experimented upon, on its being partially
+dissected after death. The remaining cow thus treated is still alive. It
+is impossible to avoid believing that had the medical man who kindly
+gave his attention to these animals, been better acquainted with the
+constitution of the creature, or had those who tended them had any
+knowledge of medicine, three of the cows treated in this manner might
+and probably would have recovered; and even when the animals succumbed
+the consequences were less serious, the virulence of the poison being
+expelled--at least it was undiscernible to those who dissected them.
+During the fortnight that the murrain was raging, one cow in calf and
+one calf remained perfectly healthy, apparently, until both were seized
+within a day of each other; these had always been kept separate from the
+sick animals, and tended by other men. The calf died, and the cow was
+destroyed, in consequence of the symptoms being so violent. In this case
+very little calomel was given. As it may be as well to mention all
+particulars, it may be stated here that the men who tended the animals
+were provided with a dress, and that it was found desirable that a
+certain quantity of stimulants--brandy, coffee, and strong soup--should
+be given to prevent nausea and other uncomfortable feelings from which
+the men suffered. All the directions respecting the burying of the
+animals issued by the Privy Council have been strictly complied with;
+clothes, &c., have been burnt, chloride of lime (Macdougall's
+disinfectant) was used with others to destroy insects and flies, with
+abundance of white-washing. The men were recommended to use, as a wash
+for the mouth, manganate of potash. The first crop of grass in the field
+where the cattle lay before their sickness, and during it, has been
+destroyed also; and it is intended to use some disinfectant, such as
+charcoal or lime, to spread over the field. Miss B. C. feels so
+persuaded that some mode of treatment could be found to alleviate, if
+not to save life, that she has determined to employ a medical gentleman,
+who kindly offers his services, and to take also the advice of a good
+cow or veterinary surgeon, and to try the effects of various remedies in
+some of the cowsheds where persons will be glad to let such experiments
+be tried; and it is also her intention to ask the Privy Council to allow
+one of the Government Inspectors to assist and report upon the cases. It
+may not be altogether unimportant to add that the state of the
+atmosphere seemed to have some effect upon the health of the animals, as
+upon those occasions the symptoms were most severe during the
+thunder-storms which then occurred. The milk which returned was found to
+be rather watery, and the cream had a peculiar appearance. At first the
+pigs declined it, and it was not thought advisable to continue to give
+it at all to any animals for about a week. It is now perfectly good.
+
+
+NOTE O.
+
+Advices from Holland, dated the Hague, Sept. 6, state: "The cattle
+disease has now been observed in the parishes of Kethel, Delfshaven,
+Moordrecht, Uaardingen, Averschie, Kvalingen, Nieuwerkerk on the Issel
+(two hours from Rotterdam), Spykenisse, Schiedam, Herrjansdam, Maasland,
+Sommelsdyk, and Zevenhuisen. It has spread most at Kethel, where it
+first broke out among a cargo of cattle not admitted into England. In
+the other parishes some sixty animals were infected on the 1st inst. The
+post-mortem examination of the diseased beasts presents the abnormal
+appearances that have been found in the disease elsewhere, _i.e._,
+swollen mucous membranes with red spots, peculiar exudations in the
+fourth stomach and intestines, &c. The medical commission declares the
+malady to be the _typhus contagiosus bovum_ of modern veterinary
+surgery, and recommends that infected animals should be treated with
+from three to four drachms of muriatic acid, mixed with six ounces of
+treacle and decoction of linseed. Decoctions of Peruvian bark and osier
+peelings, with sulphuric ether, are also said to be beneficial to weak
+animals. The avoidance of all contact of the cattle-tenders with
+infected beasts is especially enjoined, and ventilation and cleanliness
+of the stalls strongly recommended. Cattle markets and fairs are
+suspended until further orders, and extraordinary measures for
+disinfection are applied upon steamboats and railways."
+
+
+NOTE P.
+
+The following document has been received at the Foreign Office from her
+Majesty's Agent and Consul-General at Bucharest:--
+
+(_Translation from the Official "Monitoral," No. 173, August 8-20,
+1865._)
+
+GENERAL DIRECTION OF THE SANITARY SERVICE.
+
+From the 1st to the 15th July a typhus epizooty broke out among the
+large horned cattle in the districts of Ilfov, Jassy, Bolgrad, Falcin,
+Buzeo, and Roman, which still continues, but is on the decrease. The
+Direction, in consequence, publishes the above for the information of
+those concerned.
+
+  The Director-General,
+
+  (Signed)        D. GLUCH.
+
+  Aug. 2-14, 1865.
+
+
+NOTE R.
+
+August 14.
+
+THE QUESTION OF INFECTION.--Yesterday afternoon Mr. Alfred
+Ebsworth, of 11, Trinity-street, Southwark, the medical officer of
+health for the parish of St. Mary, Newington, attended before the
+sitting magistrate to make a statement with regard to the condition of
+the parish from the influx of diseased cattle, and the manner in which
+they were disposed of. Addressing the magistrate (Mr. Burnham) Mr.
+Ebsworth said that on that morning he, in his capacity of medical
+officer of health for the parish of St. Mary, Newington, received an
+order to attend professionally a man who was seriously ill in
+Kent-street, within the parish. While paying the visit to the patient
+his attention had been drawn to the condition of a slaughter-house on
+the other side of the street, where it was reported to him there were
+fifteen cows which had been ordered by the Government officer to be
+destroyed at the Bricklayers' Arms Station, and then to be buried. The
+animals were accordingly destroyed by the men in the employ of Mr.
+George Nicholls, the proprietor of the yard in question; and from Mr.
+Nicholls he had learned that, instead of the carcases of the animals
+being buried, they were carted through the parish of St. George's to
+Mitcham, where they were boiled down, and brought back through the
+parish of St. Mary, Newington, in the shape of cats'-meat. He (Mr.
+Ebsworth) felt it his duty to come before the magistrate with this
+complaint, especially when the cattle plague was so prevalent. He had a
+right to inquire upon what grounds the carcases had not been disposed of
+on the spot where they had been slaughtered, instead of being carted
+through the parish he represented, in a way calculated to spread the
+infection. He could not but regard this as a most iniquitous proceeding,
+and he attended with a view to prevent a repetition of the practice. Mr.
+Frederick T. Stanley presented himself, and said that he was a member of
+the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. He had been appointed an
+inspector of cattle under the orders issued by the Privy Council. Within
+the district there were no means of burying the carcases of the diseased
+and condemned animals, and in the instance referred to they could not
+have been buried in the cowshed. It was impossible to bury the carcases
+in the London districts, and hence they were sent to the knacker's yard,
+where it was supposed they would be disposed of. Mr. Ebsworth: And
+that, your worship, is what I complain of. Mr. Burcham: You think that
+the practice to which you have called my attention is calculated to
+propagate the extension of the disease. Mr. Stanley declared that the
+skins were disinfected under his especial orders. Mr. Burcham remarked
+that the animals had been taken to the slaughter-house, not for the
+purpose of being killed and buried, but that their skins should be taken
+off and disinfected. Why should they have been taken to Mitcham? Mr.
+Stanley stated that the disease could not be communicated from a dead
+animal, and it was conveyed only by inoculation, or through the breath
+of a living animal upon the dead body of a diseased ox. Mr. Burcham: I
+do not agree with you in that opinion. I believe that infection may be
+conveyed by a dead animal. Mr. Ebsworth said that such was his opinion,
+and, having regard to 28,000 patients in the parish, he had felt it his
+bounden duty to come forward to make this complaint. He thought such
+things ought not to occur. Mr. Burcham was of the same opinion, and that
+such a commodity ought not to be allowed to be conveyed through the
+public streets in open carts. Just before the magistrate was about to
+rise, Mr. Stanley introduced to his worship Professor Simonds, and a
+long colloquy (in private) ensued between them. At its close Professor
+Simonds retired, and Mr. Burcham said: I wish to state that I wanted to
+be satisfied that everything was done by Mr. Stanley that could be done
+under the circumstances by which he was surrounded, in the midst of
+great difficulty. I have had an interview with Professor Simonds, and he
+informs me that there are the greatest difficulties, if not
+impossibilities, in finding any places near London in which the dead
+carcases of diseased animals can be buried. In the case now before me
+these animals were slaughtered at the Bricklayers' Arms Station, and
+were then taken to the slaughter-house in Kent-street, under the notion
+that the owner of the slaughter-house had the means of boiling them
+down. It appears that he had no such apparatus, and hence he found it
+necessary to send the carcases to Mitcham, the nearest place at which he
+believed the carcases could be buried and disposed of, and the
+neighbourhood thereby disinfected. Professor Simonds is perfectly sure
+that this meat when boiled down cannot by any probability cause the
+infection to spread. It was possible, but not probable, that infection
+might be introduced by the carcases of the diseased animals on their way
+to the place where they had to be boiled down; but it appears to me,
+from what I have just heard, that every precaution has been taken to
+prevent such an occurrence. It seems that the authorities cannot find a
+place within a reasonable distance in which the carcases can be buried,
+and, therefore, they are obliged to have recourse to boiling them down,
+as the only alternative. It is right that I should add that the conduct
+of Mr. Stanley, the inspector, has been quite in conformity with the
+directions he has received, not only under the Orders in Council, but
+also sanctioned in my presence to-day by Professor Simonds. I trust that
+this statement will remove from the mind of Mr. Stanley any unfavourable
+impression he may have entertained; and I will only add my opinion, that
+the diseased cattle ought to be removed through these populous
+districts in closed and not in open carts. The conversation then closed,
+and at an unusually late hour the court adjourned.
+
+DISEASED MEAT.--At the Thames Police Court yesterday Henry
+Frost, an old man, was charged with having allowed to be deposited on
+the premises occupied by him in the rear of the house, No. 13,
+Sidney-street, Stepney, four quarters of beef prepared for sale and
+intended for the food of man, but which was unfit for human food. Frost
+carried on the business of a greengrocer. He asserted that he let the
+place to other men, who were the actual offenders. It was intimated that
+the vestry had no disposition to press for a heavy penalty. Mr. Paget
+fined the prisoner 40s. At Clerkenwell, Mr. Tegg, inspector at the
+Metropolitan Cattle Market for the City authorities applied to Mr.
+D'Eyncourt for an order to destroy a quantity of diseased meat which he
+purposed seizing. Mr. D'Eyncourt said the meat must be actually seized
+and condemned upon evidence before he could make the order. In the
+matter of the seizure of 32 quarters of beef, weighing about 3000 lbs.,
+which was found on the premises of a knacker in Pleasant-grove,
+Belle-isle, Mr. D'Eyncourt dismissed an application made against the
+defendant under the Nuisances Removal Act. The defence set up was that
+the meat was recognised as bad and diseased by the killer as soon as the
+animals were slaughtered.
+
+
+NOTE S.
+
+The Orders in Council seemed only to complicate the matter, and how
+effectually to combat the evil was a most difficult question. Some said
+the grand remedy was the knife, and others suggested that the diseased
+animals should be sent to a sanatorium. To destroy the diseased cattle
+was impossible, except the owner of them or the inspector went round and
+obtained an order from a magistrate for their destruction. The last
+meeting was adjourned, among other purposes, in order that the committee
+might take the opinion of the law officers upon the subject. It so
+happened, however, that most of the law officers of the Corporation were
+at present out of town. Fortunately the Common Serjeant was found, and
+he gave an opinion which confirmed the committee in their view that they
+had no power to kill, and no power to do anything except in the matter
+of isolation. Then the committee passed a resolution that another
+committee ought to be formed to raise the necessary funds for
+compensating the cattle-owners, and to see that those funds were
+properly applied, for the money was only intended to apply to the cattle
+plague, and was not meant to go in the shape of compensation for
+pleuro-pneumonia, or for the foot diseases. In other words, they were
+now legislating for the cattle plague or Rinderpest only. He resided at
+Dulwich, and he found that in the villages adjoining there were many
+cows, and never in his life had he seen finer cows. Not one of them had
+been affected by the disease. There was a cowkeeper at Peckham who had
+200 cows, and all of them were in the most healthy state. At Brixton
+Hill a man had 30 cows in the same excellent condition. At Dulwich
+nearly all the cows were diseased, but there the shed and other
+accommodation was exceedingly bad. In parts of Peckham Rye some of the
+cowkeepers had lost their cattle, but there again the places were badly
+ventilated, and the cows were badly cared for. He believed that the
+disease might be prevented by the use of proper precautions on the part
+of those who had the greatest interest in keeping their cows in a
+healthy state. He believed, too, that this question affected the whole
+of the metropolitan district quite as much as it did the City itself.
+There were no fewer than 106 head of diseased cattle lately seized; but,
+as he said before, they could not be killed without an order from a
+magistrate, and a magistrate would naturally feel a difficulty in
+issuing an order to kill so many as 106 head. It was necessary, under
+such circumstances, that a deputation should wait upon the Home
+Secretary and ask him to provide a remedy, and tell the authorities what
+they were to do at such a crisis. If, as it now appeared, the inspectors
+and the markets' committee had been slaughtering beasts without
+authority, who was to pay the costs should proceedings against them be
+commenced? Professor Simonds seemed to think that next session a bill of
+indemnity would be introduced, and certainly something of this kind was
+rendered necessary, for cattle were now coming here which were consigned
+to A., B., and C., and then the owners could not be found, and without
+the consent of the owners the diseased beasts could not be killed. The
+next subject in the report had reference to slaughter-houses. As there
+were no places at present to which cattle in an incipient stage of the
+disease could be removed from the sheds in which they were placed along
+with untainted cattle, it was now proposed that slaughter-houses should
+be established in London for their reception. Then came the question,
+how were the beasts to be removed from the sheds to the
+slaughter-houses? It was the opinion of many that they ought to be
+removed in vans, and not driven through the streets; but, however that
+might be, slaughter-houses should be erected in the metropolis where the
+tainted animals might be killed. Then came the question, how was an
+animal to be dealt with when first stricken with the disease? It was
+suggested that hospitals or sanatoriums should be provided, to which the
+beasts should be sent. But this was a matter of great importance, to
+which the attention of the committee to be appointed and that of the
+medical men would have to be directed. If the plague went on it would
+affect all classes, rich and poor alike, and instead of meat being as
+now at a reasonable rate, it would go up 4_d._ or 6_d._ per pound; but
+he had hopes that the disease might be checked, particularly as
+Professors Simonds and Gamgee had been more successful in the treatment
+of it than they had previously been.
+
+
+NOTE T.
+
+August 31.
+
+DEPUTATION TO THE HOME OFFICE.--Yesterday afternoon the Lord
+Mayor proceeded from the Mansion House to the Home Office, and had an
+interview with Mr. Waddington on the subject of the cattle plague, and
+the desirability of establishing hospitals or sanatoriums within the
+metropolitan districts for the reception and medical treatment of
+diseased cattle. His lordship was accompanied on the occasion by the
+following deputation from the Markets and Cattle Plague Committees:--Mr.
+Gibbins (Chairman of the Markets Committee), Mr. Webber, Mr. Gower, Mr.
+Brewster, Mr. Rudkin, and Dr. Jarvis (the Medical Officer of Health for
+Bethnal-green). Sir George Grey having left London for Falloden.
+
+The Lord Mayor introduced the deputation to Mr. Waddington, and in doing
+so, said that their object was to obtain the sanction of Government to
+the establishment of hospitals or sanatoriums within the metropolitan
+districts, to which diseased cattle could be conveyed from the cowsheds
+in order that they might there receive medical treatment, and be, if
+possible, restored to health. He observed that similar establishments
+had been formed at Edinburgh and other large towns, and that they had
+been found to work most satisfactorily, not only in separating the
+diseased cattle from those which were non-diseased, but in affording
+facilities to the medical profession to exercise their skill and
+knowledge under circumstances more favourable to a fair trial of both
+than they could expect to find in crowded cowsheds, many of which were
+in a filthy condition and badly ventilated. He pointed out the progress
+the plague had made, and was still making, in the metropolis, and how
+its effects upon the high price of meat and milk were affecting all
+classes of the community. The difficulties, he said, of adequately
+meeting the necessities of the case were at present very great, and some
+of these consisted in the alleged illegality of slaughtering diseased
+animals without an order from a magistrate, and also the illegality of
+removing those diseased from the cowsheds to the hospitals, supposing
+the latter to exist. But he hoped the Government, who had no doubt well
+considered a subject of such vast importance, would speedily do away
+with those difficulties, and render the fullest aid to the Markets'
+Committee and Metropolitan Cattle Plague Committee, who were unceasingly
+devoting their time and attention to mitigate, and, if possible, put an
+end to the evil. At present, however, the object of the deputation was
+limited to that of obtaining the sanction of the Government to the
+establishment of the hospitals or sanatoriums. This was an object which
+had not only received the general approval of the two committees
+mentioned, but also of the medical profession, and he might add, what it
+was by no means unimportant to bear in mind, that the cowkeepers
+themselves and the salesmen of the Cattle Market were also in favour of
+it.
+
+Mr. Gibbins and the several members of the deputation corroborated what
+had fallen from the Lord Mayor, and strongly advocated the necessity of
+having the hospitals speedily established.
+
+Mr. Rudkin called the attention of Mr. Waddington to the fact that the
+day before there were fourteen diseased cows seized at the
+slaughter-house of the Cattle Market, which had been sent there from the
+cowsheds of the metropolis. He argued that this in itself was a proof
+that the Order in Council, as at present carried out, was insufficient
+to prevent diseased cows from being sent from the cowsheds by their
+owners to be slaughtered for human food.
+
+Mr. Waddington, who listened very attentively to the whole of the
+statements, said he would take an early opportunity of communicating
+with Sir George Grey upon the subject. In the first instance, however,
+he wished the deputation to forward to him their views in writing, and
+these also would be transmitted to the Home Secretary.
+
+The deputation promised to comply with the suggestion, and thanked Mr.
+Waddington for the courtesy with which he had received and the patience
+with which he had listened to them.
+
+YORKSHIRE.--The plague has extended to this district. The cases
+reported, however, are extremely few, and precautions are being taken
+which it is hoped may stop the further progress of the disease. On
+Tuesday a meeting of the Yorkshire Medical Veterinary Society was held
+at Leeds, and the question was discussed in all its bearings. It was
+stated that four cases had occurred in Leeds, and the disease has also
+appeared in the Skyrack division of the Riding. The general result of
+the discussion was, that members of the society were recommended, when
+diseased cattle were submitted, not to order them to be killed, but to
+place them in a sanatorium for medicinal treatment; the wholesale
+destruction of the animals being regarded as a blot upon the profession.
+
+
+NOTE V.
+
+Indeed, information has reached us of the disease existing in
+Dumfriesshire, but there is some doubt on this point. So long as we hear
+of infected, or probably infected, cattle being disseminated in large
+numbers from the great markets of the country, we must have the
+propagation of the malady. For the welfare of this country, it is deeply
+to be regretted that our Government cannot deal with this question as
+Continental authorities do. _I regret to say some of our neighbours
+laugh at our expense._ They see us helpless owing to the wretched state
+of our laws on the subject, and they are not a little amused at the
+theories of spontaneous development of the disease which some still
+advocate. The French Emperor has sent over Professor Bouley, who is
+still in this country, and who telegraphed on his first arrival, about
+ten days ago, that the ports of France should be instantly closed to
+British cattle. This has been done, and we may depend upon it the French
+people will not suffer as we now must.--GAMGEE, _Lettre du 24 Août_.
+
+
+NOTE Y.
+
+August 16.
+
+MORE SEIZURES OF DISEASED MEAT.--Yesterday Mr. Paget, in the
+course of the proceedings at the Thames Police Court, was informed that
+there was a large quantity of meat in a van in the police-yard
+adjoining, which had been seized that day by Mr. J. Stevens, the
+sanitary inspector of Mile-end Old Town, and which was described as
+unfit for human food. The inspector stated, that in consequence of
+having been informed that there was a quantity of diseased meat at the
+shop of Mr. Frost, butcher, Sydney-street, Mile-end Old Town, he went
+there that morning, and found four quarters of beef (two fore and two
+hind quarters) which were from a diseased beast. He made a seizure of
+them, and heard that the animal had been sent by a person of the name of
+Stephens, a cowkeeper in business on Bow-common. The meat was in a very
+nasty state, and totally unfit for human food. (Mr. Paget went into the
+police-yard to examine the meat, which was in a very shocking state.)
+Dr. Freeman, Medical Officer of Health of the Hamlet of Mile-end Old
+Town, stated that his attention was called to the state of the meat by
+the sanitary inspector. He examined it, and gave his opinion that it
+should be destroyed, as it was not only in a diseased condition, but he
+believed that it had died from some disease. Mr. Paget: Can you state
+the nature of the disease which caused its death?--Witness: I cannot.
+Most likely it was the prevailing epidemic; and if it were eaten it
+would be very injurious. Mr. Paget, after hearing the evidence, ordered
+that the meat should be immediately destroyed, when the inspector took
+the van with its contents to a knacker's yard to see the order carried
+into effect.
+
+
+NOTE Z.
+
+NEFARIOUS ATTEMPT TO SPREAD THE PLAGUE.--Yesterday Mr. Gifford,
+Sanitary Inspector to the parish of Paddington, asked (at Marylebone
+Police Court) for the magistrate's advice under the following
+circumstances:--Applicant said that, in consequence of information
+received, he yesterday went to a cowshed situate on the Maryland Farm,
+Harrow-road. He found the door fastened. On looking through one of the
+chinks, he saw a cow which apparently was in the worst stage of the now
+prevailing disease, and his opinion was verified after he had burst open
+the door and examined the animal. He subsequently ascertained that the
+diseased cow had been brought some distance by a man who was at feud
+with the owner of the Maryland Farm, and surreptitiously placed amongst
+the healthy cattle. This was the first case where the disease had shown
+itself in the parish of Paddington. Mr. Yardley referred the applicant
+to the Order in Council, dated the 24th of July, 1865, under which he
+thought inspectors of nuisances had power to act summarily.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  SAVILL AND EDWARDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,
+  COVENT GARDEN.
+
+
+
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |             Transcriber's Note:               |
+    |                                               |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the  |
+    | original document have been preserved.        |
+    |                                               |
+    | Greek words are transliterated and marked     |
+    | +like so+                                     |
+    |                                               |
+    | Typographical errors corrected in the text:   |
+    |                                               |
+    | Page  62  Ge11e changed to Gellé              |
+    | Page  67  Bruneleschi changed to Brunelleschi |
+    | Page 142  Röol changed to Röll                |
+    | Page 175  charboneux changed to charbonneux   |
+    | Page 253  eat changed to ate                  |
+    | Page 354  lairs changed to fairs              |
+    | Page 377  Boulay changed to Bouley            |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On the cattle plague: or, Contagious
+typhus in horned cattle. Its history, by Honoré Bourguignon
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On the cattle plague: or, Contagious typhus
+in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment, by Honoré Bourguignon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: On the cattle plague: or, Contagious typhus in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment
+
+Author: Honoré Bourguignon
+
+Release Date: June 22, 2011 [EBook #36496]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE CATTLE PLAGUE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Kosker, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |             Transcriber's Note:               |
+    |                                               |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the  |
+    | original document have been preserved.        |
+    |                                               |
+    | Greek words are transliterated and marked     |
+    | +like so+.                                    |
+    |                                               |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  ON THE
+  CATTLE PLAGUE:
+  OR,
+  Contagious Typhus in Horned Cattle.
+
+  ITS HISTORY, ORIGIN, DESCRIPTION, AND TREATMENT.
+
+
+
+
+  BY
+  H. BOURGUIGNON,
+
+  Doctor of the Faculté de Paris, Fellow of the Société de Médecine
+    de Paris; Laureate of the Institute of France, Member of the
+    Legion of Honour, etc.
+
+
+
+
+  "Scribo nec ficta, nee picta, sed quæ ratio,
+    sensus et experientia docent."
+
+
+
+
+  PHILADELPHIA:
+  J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
+  LONDON: J CHURCHILL & SONS.
+  1869.
+
+
+
+
+  TO
+  MISS BURDETT COUTTS.
+
+
+  MADAM,
+
+The numerous services which you have rendered, and the interest you have
+shown in the calamitous epizootic which at this moment decimates the
+noble herds of England, have prompted me to dedicate the following pages
+to you, satisfied that I am only giving public expression to the homage
+felt for you by many of your fellow-countrymen.
+
+I have the honour to be, Madam,
+
+  With respect, your obedient servant,
+
+  H. BOURGUIGNON.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Nations, during the successive phases of their evolution on the globe,
+in which they advance from a state of infancy and barbarism to one of
+virility and civilization, from civilization to decadence or senility;
+and from decadence to their final extinction, are liable to numberless
+calamities.
+
+These calamities are produced by moral causes, and are then called
+social Revolutions; and in other instances from physical causes, and
+then they are termed Cataclysms, Epidemics, or Epizootics.
+
+In these crises, the initiative and devotion of individuals, the public
+administration, and the application of knowledge acquired in the Arts
+and Sciences, afford collectively an infallible criterion for
+ascertaining the position which a nation occupies in the scale of
+civilization, and the value of its religious, social, and political
+institutions.
+
+Calamities always leave behind them disasters and victims, but they
+bequeath also a precious legacy. Nations which are called upon for fresh
+and progressive efforts, find in the experience they have gained a new
+source of strength and means of future greatness. I am convinced that
+this will be the case with England; though, helpless for the moment, and
+unable to stay the Cattle Plague which now ravages her entire extent,
+she will in future be found better prepared to resist the inroads of
+such a direful enemy.
+
+No branch of human knowledge has been more rudely tested during the
+present epizootic than medical science. Many persons have been astounded
+at its helplessness; but if they had reflected at what a distance
+medicine has to follow in the wake of the exact sciences by which it is
+furnished with instruments for prosecuting its researches,--that
+organic chemistry progresses but slowly,--that the Cattle Plague was
+entirely unknown to the present generation of medical men in
+England,--and that the means for its scientific and practical study have
+been therefore wholly wanting, they would have been less surprised to
+find that it is as difficult to cure the Cattle Plague as it, is to cure
+phthisis, cancer, hydrophobia, and the cholera, against which medicine
+but too often is of little avail.
+
+In times of great national calamity it behoves every one to contribute
+in proportion to his talents, fortune, or abilities, to alleviate the
+effects of the common misfortune. The poor man's mite, and the honest
+intention of the most insignificant, when added to the budget of common
+efforts, have their relative value; and it is for these reasons that I
+have published the following monograph on the Cattle Plague.
+
+If it assists in any way to the extinction of the present epizootic, or
+if it serve to point out the necessity of combining the study of
+comparative pathology with that of medicine, I shall feel that I have
+contributed something which may favour my claim to be enrolled among the
+citizens of England.
+
+This book, as may easily be seen, was originally written in my native
+language. A few kind and obliging friends--more particularly Mr. Taylor
+Sinnett, Drs. Clapton and Gervis, of St. Thomas's Hospital, and Mr.
+Berridge, of the British Museum--have rendered me the greatest
+assistance in the translation. Without the guidance of such competent
+auxiliaries I could not have performed my arduous task.
+
+I therefore beg to return to those gentlemen, and to all those who have
+assisted me on this occasion, my sincerest and most grateful thanks.
+
+  H. B.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                 PAGE
+
+  Introduction                                                      1
+
+
+  FIRST PART.
+
+  The History of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox, from
+      the remotest Times down to the Present Day                    5
+
+
+  SECOND PART.
+
+  CHAPTER I.--On Typhus Disease in general, and the
+      Typhus which affects the Ox in particular                    72
+
+  CHAPTER II.--The Origin and Causes of the Ox-Typhus              84
+
+  CHAPTER III.--Description of the Contagious Typhus
+      of the Ox; its Symptoms, Course, Progress, &c.              140
+          1. Symptomatic Characteristics                          141
+          2. Lesions found in the Bodies after Death              163
+          3. Diagnosis--Prognosis--Use of the Flesh of
+               Animals--Danger of direct Absorption               173
+          4. General Considerations on the Typhus, and
+               Recapitulation of the Symptoms                     191
+
+      CHAPTER IV.--Treatment of the Ox-Typhus                     206
+          1 & 2. Means and Measures to be employed
+               to resist the Causes of Contagious Typhus
+               of the Bovine Species                              208
+          3. Curative Medication                                  237
+          4. Hygienic Measures to be taken against the
+               Extension of the Contagion--Acts and
+               Orders concerning sanitary Police Regulations      257
+
+
+  THIRD PART.
+
+  To Farmers and Graziers                                         281
+
+
+  FOURTH PART.
+
+  Suggestions on the Improvements to be effected in
+      the Study of Medical Science, in order that we
+      may be in a Condition to confront Disease generally,
+      and Epizootic and Epidemic Diseases in particular           311
+
+
+  APPENDIX.
+
+  Various Documents                                               337
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Everyone is talking of the CATTLE PLAGUE! But why should we
+borrow this sinister and gloomy denomination from the middle ages and
+from the people's vocabulary? Is this, then, an unknown and incurable
+disease? Is this the first time that it has made its appearance on the
+soil of Great Britain? To judge by the manner in which the diffusion of
+this complaint has been met, accounted for, explained, and discussed,
+one might imagine it was so; and yet the mere observation of its causes,
+its symptoms, and its signs and effects on the bodies of the diseased
+animals, besides a few references to the medical library, would easily
+have testified that nature did not wait until the second half of the
+19th century to generate a new distemper. No! Nothing new has appeared
+for a long time in the worlds of space. The cosmic phenomena pursue
+their perpetual course, and the organic phenomena, _à fortiori_, do the
+same. Life, throughout the whole range of the animal kingdom, whatever
+may be its changes and fluctuations, submits to the fixed and invariable
+laws which hold dominion over health and disease. Our presumption and
+ignorance alone can account for the astonishment we manifest, not only
+when we witness great general calamities, but even when we look upon
+those simple morbid derangements which organic matter, both animal and
+vegetable, is continually undergoing on the globe, in the natural
+progress of destruction and dissolution.
+
+The habit we most of us have contracted of confining our observations to
+the phenomena which strike our eyes, instead of fixing them on the
+general causes by which these phenomena have been produced; the
+forgetfulness of some, in others the want of acquaintance with general
+and comparative pathology, have in this instance led many conscientious
+inquirers to misapprehend both the nature and the treatment of the
+cattle complaint. It is in vain that we have subdivided and classed
+medical science--in vain that we have arbitrarily instituted a
+veterinary medicine and a human medicine; nature, in her acts, has no
+such subtleties. With nature, organic matter is organic matter, life is
+life; and although it may be true that both organic matter and life
+become more complex, and continue to rise in perfection till they reach
+man, it is quite as true that the laws of pathology and physiology are
+the same in all, and that it is just as difficult to cure the typhus of
+the ox as that of man. As, therefore, it is because we overlooked these
+fundamental truths, that the outbreak of the cattle distemper found us
+unprepared, we must treat the subject with all the gravity which is its
+due.
+
+Let it not, however, be feared that the special fact of the _so-called_
+Cattle Plague will be lost sight of amidst a crowd of scientific
+generalities. No; collateral reflections, seemingly foreign to the main
+argument, will concur to elucidate it; and all these rays of light will
+converge to a common centre, reflecting, we flatter ourselves, some
+evident facts and practical truths.
+
+This work on the contagious typhus of the ox is divided into four
+principal parts.
+
+The first part contains the history of this typhus from the remotest
+times down to the present day. It is divided into several sections.
+
+The second part, which gives the description of the disease, is
+subdivided into four chapters.
+
+The first chapter treats of general typhus, in order that a perfect
+understanding may be arrived at as to the name and definition of the
+particular distemper which affects the ox.
+
+The second relates to the causes and origin of the disease.
+
+The third treats of its symptoms, its progress, &c.
+
+The fourth contains its mode of treatment.
+
+The third part gives some plain instructions for the benefit of farmers,
+cattle-dealers, and dairymen.
+
+The fourth part gives a development of the scientific means and
+safeguards to be adopted, in order that this country shall never relapse
+into that state of helpless panic to which a want of preparation exposed
+it when the present epizootia began its ravages.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST PART.
+
+    _The History of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox, from the
+      remotest times down to the present day._
+
+
+I.
+
+General, local, and particular causes of destruction are constantly
+reacting on organized creatures, and these causes account for those
+_epiphytic_ diseases which infest plants, the _epizootic_ diseases which
+spread mortality among the brute creation, and the _epidemic_, which
+strike and are fatal to the human species. Thus it is that we
+particularize at present, in the vegetable kingdom, the disease which
+has attacked the vines, olive-trees, and potatoes; in the animal
+kingdom, the silkworm sickness, and the cholera, and the typhoid fever
+of cattle: so that we may safely say, that one or other of these
+diseases is always, at a given moment, raging in some part of the globe
+among some species of animal, either birds, pigs, horses, sheep, horned
+cattle, or, in fine, attacks man himself.
+
+When, however, the peccant invasion falls only on the vegetables and
+animals situated at our antipodes, we seldom hear of the ravages it
+commits; and when we do, forgetful of the affinity which links together
+all the organic beings on the earth and their mutual dependence, nothing
+can exceed the indifference we show to these calamities. Then, when the
+danger threatens us nearer home, or when the evil has invaded us, we
+have recourse to quarantine as the grand preservative to shield us. But
+this preservative remedy is most frequently deceptive--a mere illusion;
+for the real plague, typhus and cholera, borne along by the winds of
+heaven, pass over the longest distances and the highest obstacles, and
+baffle all our calculations; teaching us, by their successive returns,
+that we shall continually be exposed to their destructive havoc so long
+as we neglect to eradicate the evil at its original source, that is, in
+those countries from which it emanates.
+
+And this is the place to observe, that the cholera morbus threatens to
+keep a permanent footing in the English possessions of India, because
+the public works, by means of which the great rivers used to be confined
+to their beds, have not of late been repaired and kept in good order in
+those countries; owing to which neglect, their waters overflow the
+plains, leaving, when they subside, those pestilential deposits which
+afford a perpetual incubation to the cholera.
+
+We are induced to dwell thus on the general causes of these diseases,
+because the sick plants, on which dumb animals feed, and the sick
+animals, on which man himself feeds, have a continual relation of cause
+and effect; and we shall have to refer to this subject and give it
+weight, when we come to speak of the treatment of these diseases.
+
+It is an important fact, which deserves our most pointed attention and
+consideration, that the vital resistance inherent in the animal frame to
+withstand the attacks of these contagious diseases, is very far from
+being the same throughout the whole kind. Man, in this respect, is the
+most favoured and best fortified; he is able, without much
+degenerating, to inhabit any latitude, to go with a sort of impunity, if
+his calling require him to do so, amidst the most pestilential
+emanations, and to continue for hours inhaling their baneful fumes. We
+could quote many striking examples of this resisting power in man. But
+there is one which we have recently witnessed, and which all can
+appreciate. We refer to the slaughter-house of the great Metropolitan
+Market. Here we saw, in lumps and fragments, every variety of corrupt
+_detritus_ of animals which had been seized with the contagious typhus;
+we saw the animals, too, being felled and slaughtered and dissected, in
+a high temperature which rendered the air so poisonous that we could
+hardly breathe it; yet amidst all this infection the workmen employed to
+move and handle these revolting wrecks appeared indifferent to the
+scene, and quite in their usual health. No living animal besides man
+could stand such a trial; no other could breathe for hours, and day
+after day, like these workmen, an atmosphere so charged with decomposing
+impurities.
+
+We say, therefore, that man may expose himself, with less danger to his
+life than any other animal, to those pernicious causes which produce and
+develop contagious diseases. Next to him, with respect to this power of
+vital resistance, come the omnivorous animals, then the carnivorous, and
+last of all, the herbivorous, in which this faculty is very feeble
+indeed.
+
+This prime consideration, to be fully understood and appreciated by
+unscientific readers, would require explanations beyond the scope of
+this work. Let us, however, for the present establish the fact, that
+herbivorous animals, such as sheep and horned cattle, offer but a very
+weak resistance to the causes which generate infectious and epizootic
+diseases, and let us do our best to prove it by demonstration; for if
+this truth be once admitted, we shall therefrom deduce that it is the
+duty of man constantly to surround these frail and delicate creatures
+with special care and attention, if he wishes to prevent their being
+decimated from time to time, and if he would likewise avoid the
+consequent injuries to himself--the loss of health and money accruing
+from this deterioration.
+
+So long as the herbivorous or grass-eating animal is properly fed; so
+long as he browses on fat pastures; so long as his blood retains those
+physiological elements which are the prime condition of health, he can,
+and does, resist the causes of most contagious maladies. But if a hot
+summer and a long continuance of dry weather chance to curtail, in
+temperate zones, the usual abundance of his fodder, then comes the fatal
+change: the blood is impoverished, the secretions are debilitated, a
+strange languor runs through the system, the vital resistance is
+unnerved, and he becomes an easy prey to those noxious influences which
+were encountered before without injury whilst his provision was
+abundant.
+
+This is a fundamental matter. We therefore beg leave to support and
+justify our argument by borrowing some additional evidence from prior
+labours of ours, accomplished at the Ecole d'Alfort, near Paris,
+conjointly with Professor Delafond, whose name has so often been cited
+in the public journals in connexion with the cattle plague.
+
+All vegetables and animals; with the exception of _adult_ men, whenever
+their health declines from any cause (but more particularly from
+paucity of food), spontaneously generate microscopic parasites, or very
+minute insects, the germs of which are inherent in their system. A flock
+of fleecy animals, wasted by deficient food in dry and parched meadows,
+becomes attacked in due time by a parasitical cutaneous disease, known
+as the _itch_, which is enough, if not checked, to destroy the whole.
+Now, all that is required is to remove this flock to a more fertile
+soil, where there is plenty to feed them, and the disease will disappear
+of itself without any treatment. Deficiency of food destroys the health
+of animals, and abundance of food overcomes disease in them.
+
+A sheep affected by this parasitical disease may, without any fear, be
+placed in a flock of healthy sheep, for he will not propagate the
+distemper; but if instead of being sound and healthy, the flock is in a
+weak declining state, this contaminated animal will diffuse the disease
+with frightful rapidity, and may cause their entire destruction. These
+facts may seem startling, but we are only speaking after the
+incontestable authority of experiments.
+
+We selected six healthy sheep, which we kept well supplied with
+provisions; we covered these healthy sheep with parasites (acari). On
+every one of these sound, well-fed sheep, the microscopic animalculæ
+died off without generating the cutaneous disease; for the blood, the
+humours, and the skin of sound and healthy sheep constitute a soil
+unfavourable to the propagation of these parasites, and actually starve
+them to death.
+
+After this first experiment, we subjected these six sheep to a deficient
+diet; they grew lean, their blood was impoverished, and then all we had
+to do was to lay upon them not thousands and thousands of these
+parasites--as we had done in the first instance--but one solitary female
+in a state of fecundity; and the parasitical distemper unfolded itself
+so fiercely as to cause the death of three of these sheep on which the
+test was allowed to run its course; whilst the other three sheep, having
+been restored in time to a recoverable condition just as they were about
+to drop off, were thoroughly cured, without any special treatment, by
+the sole influence of good food and ordinary hygienic attention.
+
+Other tests, similar to these experiments, were applied to dogs, horses,
+and horned cattle. A lean and scraggy dog, covered with parasites and
+eruptions, with eyes running foul humour, a dog which could neither run
+nor stand, and which was reduced to the last stage of wasting marasmus,
+was rescued from the jaws of death and thoroughly cured without special
+treatment, by the sole influence of a rich restorative diet. This dog
+afterwards became a fine hunting hound, beautiful in shape, and
+admirable for his sportive attributes.
+
+These experiments having been submitted to the judgment of the Académie
+des Sciences in Paris, were honoured with its approval, and the reports
+concerning them were printed at the Academy's expense, and crowned at
+the competitive examination.
+
+The vital resistance of horned cattle is so feeble, that those animals
+which are periodically exhibited in the north of London, though
+certainly chosen from among the most healthy and robust, could not herd
+together in large numbers for the space of a month in the Agricultural
+Hall at Islington, without sinking under infectious and contagious
+diseases--almost one and all. Under the conditions in which we see them
+in that Show, a single month would be sufficient to produce almost their
+complete destruction; for even a single week, which is the usual
+duration of their confinement, affects them so much as to render a large
+proportion of them unhealthy.
+
+Every one knows how apt cavalry horses are to sicken and die off during
+a campaign. Every one has heard of the fearful ravages amongst the
+horses of the Allied armies during the Crimean war, when many companies
+were dismounted owing to this mortality.
+
+Let us now transport ourselves in thought into the middle of those
+immense steppes where vast and innumerable herds of herbivorous animals
+are being bred for our supply, and consider what will be the effects on
+their health and life if they should be afflicted with a scarcity of
+forage, in consequence of this long dry summer.
+
+It is unnecessary to say that there exist in Russia, in Hungary, in
+Australia, in North and South America, and in many other parts of the
+globe, large tracts of country which are still uninhabited, whose
+uncultivated soil supplies with food great numbers of sheep and cattle.
+These spacious tracts, known as moorlands or steppes, particularly
+abound in Russia, on the banks of the Wolga, the Don, the Dnieper; in
+Hungary, on the banks of the Danube; and also in South America, in the
+republics of Venezuela, New Granada, Columbia, &c.
+
+Now, in hot and rainy seasons these steppes teem with rich and luxuriant
+verdure; the plants growing up in the marshes are prolific and abundant,
+and even those parts of the wild moors which produce nothing but heath
+are capable of feeding and fattening flocks and herds.
+
+Under conditions so auspicious as these, animals may still suffer, but
+in what way? By excess of food, or repletion. They are in general robust
+and healthy, and thus fortified they inhale without detriment the
+deleterious gases of oxygen with carbon, carburetted hydrogen and the
+like, exhaled by the plants which grow out of the swampy soils. Thus
+protected, too, they are proof against the fluctuations of the seasons,
+and against every injury which threatens them; and their strong and
+sound condition enables them to sustain the fatigues of their long and
+arduous journeys, and to supply the rich countries of the West with
+their flesh, fleece, and hides.
+
+When the seasons have thus conveyed a due proportion of heat, water, and
+electricity to the elements of the soil, both plants and animals conduce
+to the comfort and health of man, and fulfil his expectations. But the
+laws of nature are involved in mystery. Good and evil go hand in
+hand--death and life travel close together--and a few years of
+prosperous harvests are almost invariably followed by blight,
+barrenness, and scarcity. Most men think only of the present time, and
+this imprudence and want of foresight prevent farmers and great cattle
+proprietors from collecting and holding in reserve the requisite stores
+of sustenance to supply their sheep and oxen during these barren
+seasons. Sickness then breaks out, and these helpless creatures perish
+in vast numbers, to the detriment of their owners' best interests.
+
+And truly, when continual rains cause the rivers to overflow, when the
+plains are drenched and soaked, or when a burning sun scorches the
+ground, herbivorous animals wander in vain from field to field in quest
+of sustenance to restore their strength, or of pure and healthy water to
+slake their thirst; their vital resistance dwindles away, deleterious
+gases poison and bewilder them, their blood is debased, and as Ovid
+says,
+
+  "Corpora foeda jacent, vitiantur odoribus herbæ."
+
+And since these mild and harmless animals, which seem to have been
+created merely to clothe us, and to nourish us with their milk and
+flesh, have not been endowed by nature either with the intelligence, or
+the activity, or the cunning, or the invention, or the skill bestowed on
+the omnivorous and carnivorous species, hard is their fate under the
+pressing needs of hunger. Peaceful creatures, they browse in vain on
+deleterious plants on a sterile soil; their external and internal
+teguments now afford a favourable seat for the propagation of
+parasites--for the _parasitogenia_; and soon after a general _adynamia_,
+or relaxation of the fibres, delivers them up without resistance to the
+morbific elements of the infectious diseases to which they are exposed,
+where the languishing, the sick, and the rotting are herded together,
+and they are carried off by hecatombs by this wasteful and devouring
+typhus.
+
+
+II.
+
+We may readily conclude, from these general observations on infectious
+and contagious diseases, that they must have existed in all former ages;
+and if in our present advanced state of civilization they are so
+destructive, we may be sure that in those remote periods they must have
+been, both as regards man as well as the brute creation, the cause of
+general extermination, in whatever parts of the earth they prevailed.
+And indeed, whenever we refer to ancient or modern history, we are
+continually struck with the analogy which exists between the epidemic
+diseases signalized by the general name of PLAGUE, and which
+decimated all the living beings, and those which more recently, and at
+the present moment, have startled the world by their fatal effects on
+men and animals.
+
+Moreover, we cannot too often repeat the fact--in order that those
+documents relating to the past which contain useful instruction may be
+examined and searched into--that the physiological and pathological laws
+which rule and determine the phenomena of organic matter, whether in
+health or sickness, were, like the laws of chemistry, electricity, and
+astronomy, originally established at the time of creation, and that
+matter submits with passive obedience to the laws of transformation and
+transubstantiation, which are the absolute condition of life. These are
+the eternal laws of which a synthesis so admirable is furnished by the
+Gospel, in this short injunction, "_Take, eat, this is my body; drink,
+this is my blood._"
+
+Now, if man, who is the sovereign master of this matter, did not take
+care to regulate and modify it for his own benefit and the benefit of
+all living creatures on whom his own life depends, as well as his wealth
+and happiness; if he did not seek thereby continually to diminish the
+sum of evil, and to extend the sum of good which it is his mission to
+increase, he would violate these laws, which are inherent in matter, and
+which have existed for his use since the creation of the world.
+
+We must likewise believe that those PLAGUES which are spoken of
+in the Bible, those which Homer alludes to, that which is related by
+Plutarch, and which succeeded the general drought in 753 before Christ;
+those mentioned by Titus Livius, Virgil, Ovid, and other Latin authors,
+the most virulent of which plagues raged in the years 310, 212, and 178
+of the Foundation of Rome, resembled the epidemics or plagues which are
+witnessed in our own day.
+
+The plague of 212 swept away all the inhabitants of Sicily, cattle as
+well as men; that of 178 destroyed all the priests, who sought in vain
+for victims free from the contagion, to offer them up as sacrifices to
+the offended Gods.
+
+Cecilius Severus gives a most striking description of a pestilential
+disease which, in 376 A.D., swept away all the cattle in
+Europe. Judging from his account of that scourge, we may fairly believe
+that the distemper he has described was identically the same as the one
+which has just broken out in England. "A universal distaste, sudden
+dejection, vertigoes, spasmodic tension in the limbs, _a painful_
+_swelling of the lower belly_, violent affections of the nerves, sudden
+death--everything shows the presence of a pestilential ferment, which
+irritates the solids, infects and vitiates the fluids, which is the
+cause of the putrefaction of the humours, manifested by the swelling of
+the lower belly, which in that case depends on a putrid fermentation so
+as to disengage air."
+
+A piece of iron, representing the sign of the Cross, was heated in the
+fire, and when red-hot was applied to the forehead of the sick animals;
+and this remedy was looked upon at that time as the most effectual they
+could apply.
+
+Grégoire de Tours makes mention of an epidemic, the result of a long dry
+summer, which, in 592, was very fatal in its havoc, sparing no living
+creature whatever.
+
+André Duchesne, in his "History of England," speaks of an epidemic
+which, in 1316, during the reign of Edward II., owed its origin, on the
+contrary, to a long season of rains.
+
+The celebrated physicians Ramazzini and Lancisi relate that in 1711, an
+ox which had been imported from Hungary, that constant focus of typhus,
+displayed the most deadly form of the cattle disease, in the Venetian
+territory, although no alteration in the air or waters had been observed
+in Italy, and the seasons had been regular and the pastures abundant.
+The contagion spread into Piedmont, where it carried of 70,000 head of
+cattle; thence it extended to France and Holland, each of which
+countries lost 200,000 of these animals. The trade in hides introduced
+the distemper into England, where it proved no less fatal. It was the
+same in the other countries of Europe.
+
+In this disease, the intestines of the affected cattle were, as in the
+present epizootia, inflamed, and strewed over with livid spots and
+ulcerations, and the blood, though apparently fluid in the body of the
+animal, _coagulated directly after it had issued from the vein_.
+
+Herment thence concludes, that this epizootia is nothing more than an
+inflammation of the blood. Lancisi advised his contemporaries to put to
+death without pity every animal which was affected or seemed to be
+affected with the disease; and it was in England that this spirited
+resolve was first acted upon.
+
+The three counties of Middlesex, Essex, and Surrey arrested the course
+of this contagion in less than three months, by adopting this measure;
+whilst in the rest of the stricken counties of Great Britain, and
+likewise in Holland, where this decisive course was not taken at all,
+the disease prevailed among the cattle for several years. Since that
+time, it has been insisted on by some authors, that the barbarous
+process of general extermination offers the most effectual remedy which,
+in our present state of ignorance and improvidence, we could have
+recourse to, in order to check the diffusion and the duration of this
+fell disease.
+
+The learned Goelicke describes an epizootia which was witnessed in 1730,
+at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. His narrative, written with a masterly hand,
+might very properly be applied to the disease which we are now
+considering; and the treatment recommended by this earnest and vigilant
+observer is so wisely deduced from the symptoms, that even in the
+present day we might take that treatment as a model.
+
+We could have borrowed much more largely from this source of
+biographical researches had we not deemed that these quotations would be
+sufficient for the purpose we had in view in this work. But from these
+authorities we think it may justly be concluded, that infectious and
+contagious diseases among horned cattle have frequently appeared from
+the remotest times down to the middle of the eighteenth century.
+
+All these attacks of epizootia were a frequent and severe cause of
+suffering and misery among animals and men; but the ravages which they
+left behind them were of slight importance each time, if we compare them
+with those attending the epizootia which towards the year 1746 affected
+the animal kingdom. This dreadful scourge lasted ten years, and swept
+away nearly the whole race of horned cattle throughout Europe. It was
+closely studied and thoroughly understood in its causes, its symptoms,
+and its treatment by the scientific authors of that day, and those
+writers, more judicious than we, did not designate the malady by the
+title of PLAGUE. This particular visitation deserves to fix our
+attention in an especial manner, not only on account of its striking
+resemblance to the disease which now makes us all so anxious, but
+because it induced two English physicians, Malcolm Flemming and Peter
+Layard, to write on this disease two accounts or statements which are
+equal, if not superior, to all the volumes which have since appeared on
+the subject of the Cattle Disease. There is no help for it, and our
+pride must bend itself to the acknowledgment: these two men, our seniors
+by a century, were men of quite another stamp. Their expositions,
+enriched with quotations from the Greek and Latin authors, abounding in
+facts, ingenious insights and inferences, are far superior in merit to
+the multitude of voluminous works which have been written and published
+since then. It would be easy to prove that these two sagacious inquirers
+far better understood than we have done the real nature of this cattle
+disease, and that we must be grateful to them for first opening the way
+which all of us must take in order to discover the preventive and
+curative means of which we are still ignorant.
+
+Let us observe, in passing, that these two physicians, who appear to
+have been scarcely known, enlightened by the effects of the inoculation
+of small-pox, then practised from man to man, appear to have first
+conceived the idea, now practised in Russia, of preventing the
+propagation of the contagious cattle disease by means of inoculation;
+and we may raise the interest of this remark by reminding the reader
+that their experiments to inoculate cattle were made in 1757, eight
+years after the very year which gave birth to the future inoculation of
+man with animal virus by the celebrated Jenner. By this it would appear
+that the twofold honour of applying the method of inoculation as both
+preventive and curative means in respect of contagion in cattle, and as
+the preventive means by the variola of the cow to resist the ravages of
+the small-pox in man, is the indisputable claim of English
+physicians.[A]
+
+
+III.
+
+Very little is known of the origin or first outbreak of the epizootia
+which produced such fearful ravages in the middle of the eighteenth
+century. Some suppose that it first appeared in Tartary, where it
+occasioned a disorder twice as extensive in its pernicious effects as
+any similar distemper which had been known up to that time. Thence it
+passed into Russia, from which it spread on one side into Poland,
+Livonia, Prussia, Pomerania, and Holland, and from that country into
+England; on the other side towards the East, it invaded the Turkish
+Empire, Bohemia, Hungary, Dalmatia, Austria, Moravia, Styria, the Gulf
+of Venice, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, the banks of the Rhine, and
+Denmark.
+
+But another opinion has assigned Bohemia as the source from which this
+destructive epizootia took its rise, and its supporters allege that
+during the siege of Prague the cattle feeding in its plains had been
+deprived of their usual fodder by the continual _razzias_ of the French
+to supply their own cavalry.
+
+Be this as it may, this virulent cattle disease having at length
+assumed the proportions of a public calamity, the several governments
+were obliged to take it into serious consideration, and the medical
+faculties and most celebrated physicians began to make it the subject of
+their studies and reports. In France, therefore, the professors of the
+faculty of Paris and Montpellier, suspending every other pursuit,
+devoted their most assiduous care and attention to dumb animals.
+
+Sauvages, the Dean of the Faculty at Montpellier, drew up a most
+philosophical and learned account of the prevailing disease, in which,
+like Stahl, he forgot probably for a moment the part which, in the
+progress of distempers, he ascribes to the soul.
+
+The professors of Paris, very famous in their day, but who, having left
+behind them no works so valuable as the "Nosologia" of Sauvages, are now
+completely forgotten, likewise addressed the result of their inquiries
+and lucubrations to the King.
+
+Doctor Leclerc was sent into Holland, whence he brought back a Memorial,
+which was a reflex of the opinions he found current in Denmark, and
+which has been transmitted to us in the _Memorials of the Royal Society
+of Science at Copenhagen_.
+
+It is evident from the reflections found in the writings of Malcolm
+Flemming, Layard, and other competent observers, that this formidable
+epizootia was in its character identical with the one described by
+Ramazzini and Lancisi in 1711; and we feel warranted in saying, after
+having examined every work of any importance which has treated of that
+visitation, that it resembles the disease now prevailing among cattle,
+in its march, in its symptoms, and in its gravity. We believe that these
+three visitations constitute but one and the same malady, occurring at
+three different periods. This appears to us a most important fact, for
+if such be the case, the tentative treatment of that time deserves our
+most particular attention. Consequently, a few retrospective glances may
+perhaps be permitted us, in considering the subject of cattle disease.
+
+The medical professors (including several English physicians), who
+observed and described the epizootia of 1745, divided the same into
+three periods.
+
+The duration of the disease, when it passed through all its phases up to
+the death of the affected animal, consisting of from ten to twelve days,
+they usually ascribed to each of these periods or stages an average
+continuance of three or four days.
+
+_1st Period._--After a few days of latent incubation, which the observer
+could not suspect, the sick animal betrayed signs of the morbid state
+which was about to declare itself, by his careless feeding, by drooping
+his head, and by exhibiting the deepest dejection of spirits in his
+attitude and look. Rumination, already imperfect, soon ceased
+altogether, the appetite failed, the horns, ears, and hoofs were cold,
+the hair grew stiff, the tongue and mucus looked white; the eyes were
+tearful and fixed, the hearing obtuse, whilst, in the cows, the supply
+of milk diminished. In cases of unusual gravity, transient shiverings
+testified to a serious disturbance in all the animal functions. These
+shiverings were followed by a violent fever, the blood became inflamed,
+the breath hot, the respiration hurried and sometimes attended with
+slight coughing; when, if too violent a repercussion was transmitted to
+the nervous centres, the pressure on the vertebral line became
+intolerable, and the animal, seized with vertigo, and almost delirious
+with pain, would fall during this first period, as if struck by
+lightning.
+
+The same phenomena are sometimes observed in the typhoid fever of man,
+which offers moreover some analogy with the contagious typhus of the ox;
+but as the ox and the horse have likewise the real typhus fever, they
+may some day supply us with the preventive virus for that fever, in the
+same manner as the cow now supplies us with the preventive virus for the
+small-pox.
+
+_2nd Period._--In most cases the disease pursued its course with greater
+or less regularity; the sick animal experienced gnawing pains or
+twitchings, and spasmodic shootings in the limbs, apparently attended
+with pain. His thirst was insatiable, but he had no appetite, the
+functions of the bladder and intestines were impeded, then diarrhoea
+supervened, accompanied with dry, fetid, and sometimes bloody excreta.
+Thick viscid mucosities dripped from the nostrils, mouth, and eyes. The
+dorsal regions and the loins were constantly aching, headache and
+sleeplessness were permanent. The animal continued either standing or
+lying down, and if he wanted to rest, he could not bend himself
+gradually, but would fall like an inert mass to the ground.
+
+_3rd Period._--Diarrhoea was continual, becoming more fetid every day,
+the wasting of flesh made rapid strides; the cellular tissue beneath the
+hide was filled with gas along the vertebral channels and under the
+abdomen; the nostrils were stopped up with mucosities, the animal could
+only breathe through the mouth, puffing and blowing aloud as he drew in
+the air; and at last pustular eruptions showed themselves on various
+parts; but as this depurating crisis was insufficient, the poor beast,
+in this final period of the attack, fell a sacrifice to it between the
+seventh and twelfth day. If he chanced to be lying down his agony was
+slow, but if standing, he would sink upon himself, and expire at once.
+
+In this dreadful epizootia, very few of the smitten cattle survived--not
+more than four or five in a hundred; and in these favourable cases, the
+symptoms presented certain signs and critical phenomena of a happy omen.
+In these rare exceptions, the pulse did not exceed seventy, the
+beatings of the heart were always perceptible, the patient did not
+refuse to drink, the continuous fever exhibited no aggravation at night,
+pustular eruptions and tumours appeared on the dewlap and the fore
+limbs, and the epidermis over the mouth and nostrils peeled off about
+the twelfth day.
+
+When dissected, the bodies offered to view the following alterations,
+the same having already been observed by Frascator during the prevalence
+of the epizootia in 1514, and by Lancisi and Ramazzini during that which
+was so fatal in 1711. The mucous glands of the mouth were livid, and
+occasionally excoriated; the bronchial tubes were obstructed with
+mucosities; the lungs, besides being partially congested, were sometimes
+emphysematous, that is, inflated with compressed air. Of the four
+stomachs, the rumen was full of food, the reticulum, the omasum, and the
+abomasum exhibited purple or livid spots, according to their place. The
+thin intestine and the thick intestine showed either a general
+injection, scattered livid spots, or ulcerations, according as the fever
+had worn the exanthematous or typhoid form; for the mucous membrane of
+the digestive channels, and especially that of the intestines, displays,
+like the external tegument in man and the brute creation, divers forms
+of inflammation, analogous with the measles, the scarlatina, and the
+small-pox; so that, if the typhoid fever in man, which is nothing else
+than the small-pox of the intestines, is so frequently cured, it is
+because the general morbid condition, the fever, often conceals
+different intestinal lesions, albeit they seem to be similar in the
+general symptoms, which taken collectively constitute the disease.
+
+The flesh of these diseased animals was blackish, and devoid of blood;
+the animals which fed upon it, if uncooked, sickened afterwards, or
+died. The wrecks of the bodies, and more particularly the skin,
+sometimes retained a strength of contagion so deadly, that the mere
+exportation of them was enough to cause its propagation, and to this
+cause was at that time attributed the outbreak of the contagion in
+England.
+
+An extraordinary case of this pernicious influence, which is related by
+Hartmann, who observed this epizootia at its decline in 1756, will give
+an idea of the subtlety of this malignant virus.
+
+A farmer who had lost an ox in consequence of that virulent distemper,
+buried it in one of his fields. The following night a bear smelt the ox,
+raked it up with his feet, ate a portion of the flesh, and a few days
+after, the beast of prey was found dead in a neighbouring wood by a
+peasant in the parish of Eumaki. The skin belonging to this bear was
+magnificent. The peasant flayed the animal and carried home his skin in
+triumph. But his triumph was short; for that same night the poor
+countryman fell ill, and died two days after the attack. The magistrates
+of Wiburg, having heard of this occurrence, sent orders to have the
+infected skin burned. Meanwhile, the skin had been given to the curate
+of the place as a compensation for the offices of burial; but his
+cupidity having persuaded him that this fine skin could not have
+destroyed the peasant whom he had just buried, he did not burn it at
+all, but induced another peasant to clean and dress it for him. This
+simple fellow and two other clodpoles, who assisted him in the
+preparation, fell ill, and all three of them died in the course of a
+few days. A new and peremptory order now came from Wiburg to burn this
+skin, to burn the house in which it had been dressed, to burn even the
+presbytery itself, should it be deemed necessary. The skin had already
+passed through several hands. However, the curate being still reluctant
+to part with it, took it home again. "Can it be possible," said he to
+himself, "that this skin has really proved fatal to life? What can have
+been the cause, I wonder?" At the same time he rubbed it in his hands
+and smelt it. Unlucky curate! A few days afterwards he himself was taken
+ill and died. (_Memoirs of the Academy of Stockholm._)
+
+A native of Clermont Ferrand, in the department of Puy de Dôme, in
+France, the birth-place of Pascal, one day finding an ox which had died
+of the epizootia, stripped off the skin and carried it away. After his
+return home, the black typhus, and then gangrene, broke out on one of
+his arms, which had to be cut off, and the patient died of the effects
+of the amputation.
+
+A butcher having slaughtered an ox smitten with this typhus, sold the
+flesh for meat to some soldiers of the Regiment Royal Bavière, then
+garrisoned in one of the towns of Languedoc. All those who partook of
+this meat were seized with diarrhoea, dysentery, and fever, and
+several of the sick soldiers very nearly died. The butcher, whose
+avarice had caused all this mischief, had richly deserved some exemplary
+punishment, and some of the sufferers proposed that he should be hanged
+outright, but the majority, more clement, sentenced him to be beaten
+black and blue with horsewhips.
+
+The popular saying, _when the beast is dead the poison is dead_, being
+generally true, the virulence of the contagion, in the above instances,
+possessed venomous properties of an exceptional character, for if every
+sick animal slaughtered by the butchers and sold to the consumers, or
+those which had been flayed for the sake of the skin, had contained so
+murderous a virus in their tissues, the number of victims to the
+contagion among the human species would have been appalling. And in that
+case, too, similar sacrifices would be witnessed at present, for it
+cannot be doubted that, in the actual state of the meat market in
+London, the people are now in the daily habit of eating the flesh of
+cattle which are diseased.
+
+
+IV.
+
+Physicians of different countries have naturally bestowed much time and
+care in considering and discussing the nature of this epizootia, because
+they have felt that a satisfactory theory and appreciation of its
+principal phenomena, might afford the medical faculty a rational basis
+for some special treatment.
+
+Layard and the physicians of Geneva have considered this cattle disease
+to be _a malignant fever with an eruptive tendency_.
+
+In the estimation of the faculties of Paris and Montpellier, this cattle
+disease, considered in its symptoms, was nothing more than _a malignant
+fever essentially contagious_, the action of which appeared to tend
+exclusively towards the skin, and therefore it was rational to provoke
+external eruptions and deposits which, as they matured, diverted from
+the centre the greatest part of the morbific matter.
+
+_The treatment_, to which, above all, we invite the reader's attention
+(more particularly that of medical men), necessarily varied according to
+the period of the disease. It was sometimes preservative, sometimes
+curative, as the case might be.
+
+_The Preventive Treatment._--The farmers and cattle-breeders, whose
+herds were still exempt from the contagion, mindful of the advice which
+they received through the public press, took very particular care of
+their cattle during this season of epizootia: they rubbed them over with
+a brush, and washed them at least once a day; they sheltered them from
+the inclemency of wind and rain; they took their milch cows, which until
+then they had kept shut up in unhealthy cow-houses, into the open air of
+the fields; they washed and fumigated the stables; they examined the
+quality of the fodder and of the other articles of food; they added
+marine salt to their drinking water, or poured salt water over their
+forage; and above all, they took care that no foreign animal commingled
+with their flocks and herds.
+
+Some physicians, on their side conscious of the duty which devolves upon
+them in such seasons of calamity, instead of resting satisfied with
+recommending remedies, betook themselves boldly to the work, and studied
+the disease experimentally in respect to its propagation and prevention.
+
+Thus, for instance, certain Dutch physicians, in 1754, wishing to know
+whether the morbid matter would transmit the disease by inoculation,
+made incisions in the necks of some oxen, cows and calves, inserting in
+the wound a little tow saturated with the morbid secretions discharged
+from the eyes and nostrils. This direct inoculation having been
+practised on seventeen animals, transmitted the disease to them all in
+the course of a few days.
+
+The English physicians having been made acquainted with these
+experiments, applied them to a more practical purpose, no longer to
+discover whether the disease could thus be transmitted (for that had
+been proved), but to find out (what was far more important) whether this
+fearful distemper could be prevented and kept off.
+
+Malcolm Flemming, in 1755, merely suggested the idea of inoculation as a
+preventive means, without proceeding to a course of experiments to
+ratify his opinion. He intimates his notion in the following terms:--
+
+"I apprehend that inoculation will stand the better chance of bringing
+on the distemper, if the subject it is performed on is as young as
+safety will permit, the vessels being then most absorbent, and the
+animal economy most easily put into disorder.
+
+"But even in case the inoculation of calves should be found so
+successful as universally to prevail, the method I recommend will not be
+altogether useless; for, by being properly modelled and adapted to
+circumstances, it may, I am persuaded, prevent contagion, and likewise
+act as a preparative in any epidemical affection of the inflammatory
+kind, not only in horned cattle, but likewise in all other quadrupeds
+that civil society may think worthy of preservation, and even in the
+human species."
+
+Layard, in 1757, devotes the seventh chapter of his work, "The Means to
+prevent the Infection," to the consideration of the preventive
+treatment, in which he says:--
+
+"No one will think of bringing the infection into any place free from
+it, merely for the sake of inoculating their cattle; but if the
+contagious distemper be in the neighbourhood of a herd, or break out so
+as to endanger the stock, the grazier or farmer may, by inoculating his
+cattle, with proper precautions, at least secure his stock, since he can
+house them before they fall sick, prepare them, and have due care taken,
+knowing the course of the distemper.
+
+"Sir William St. Quintin, the Rev. Dr. Fountayne, Dean of York, and
+other gentlemen have succeeded in inoculation: in Holland it has both
+failed and succeeded. These gentlemen all inoculated with matter taken
+from the running of the mouth, nose, or eyes. Professor Swenke mentions
+that the beast from which he took the matter was recovering from the
+distemper. A circumstance to be attended to is this:--had matter been
+taken after the crisis, from a tumour, boil, pimple, or scab, either on
+the back near the spine, or on the legs, the pus would have proved much
+more elaborated, subtle, and infecting than that which, flowing with the
+mucus of the nose, must necessarily be, in some degree, sheathed by this
+glutinous excretion, though I am well aware how putrid and acrid it is
+rendered by the disease.
+
+"That nothing may be omitted which in any shape can contribute to the
+success of inoculation, due attention should be paid to the constitution
+and state of the beast, no less in this practice on the cattle than on
+the human species. Undoubtedly the young, healthy, and strong bid fairer
+for a good issue than the old, sickly, and feeble; each of these
+different constitutions demand a particular treatment, even in the
+method of preparation; and however trifling it may seem to many--the
+urging a necessity of preparation--I will venture to affirm that I have
+seen excellent effects arising from a rational preparation, and fatal
+events from want of preparation. I have likewise been witness of
+unfavourable turns, merely from an injudicious preparation.
+
+"The beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding; those that
+have but a small share of blood must have none drawn. The strong must,
+besides moderate bleeding and purging, be kept on light diet, and their
+body kept open. Thus, scalded bran, mixed with their hay and chaff, will
+cool them. The weakly, and such as are inclined to scour, must be kept
+on dry fodder, and have peas and beans given them to strengthen them. A
+mess of malt, or a quart of warm ale, with a few spices, will be very
+suitable for them.
+
+"Whatever diseases the cattle may be affected with, if time will permit,
+they are first to be removed.
+
+"The cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed, rubbed dry,
+and then curried, to remove all the filth from the hair and skin. Then
+they are to be placed in a spacious barn or stable, where the air is
+temperate and no cold can come to them. There they are to be prepared
+according to the direction already given, foddered with good sweet hay,
+and watered with clear spring water; and if the distemper be not near,
+they may be turned out into the air, near the barn or stable, and may
+stay there a few hours in the middle of the day.
+
+"When it appears that the cattle are in perfect health, free from any
+infection or disease, brisk and lively, neither costive nor scouring,
+and chewing their cud, then the operation may be safely undertaken, and
+henceforth they must be confined to the barn.
+
+"Since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the contagious
+and putrid particles separated from the blood, wherever the infectious
+matter makes an impression at first, particular care must be taken not
+to inoculate near such vital parts as the heart and lungs, nor near the
+womb, if a cow with calf be inoculated; for, though rowels are properly
+applied in the dewlaps to draw off the pestilential humour from the
+breast, and in other cases beasts are frequently rowelled in the
+flanks,--yet, in this operation, as matter is inserted by these channels
+into the neighbouring vessels, those vital parts, or the womb, might
+become the chief seat of the disease, and the event prove fatal.
+
+"To prevent such accidents, human beings have been inoculated on the
+arms and legs, and now-a-days the arms are found sufficient. I would
+recommend that the cattle should be inoculated about the middle of the
+shoulders or buttocks, on both sides, to have the benefit of two drains.
+The skin is to be cut lengthways two inches, deep enough for the blood
+to start, but not to bleed much. In this incision is to be put a dossil
+or pledget of tow, dipped in the matter of a boil full ripe, opened in
+the back of a young calf recovering from the distemper. It may not be
+amiss to stitch up the wound, to keep the tow in, and let it remain
+forty-eight hours. Then the stitches are to be cut, the tow taken out,
+and the wound dressed with yellow basilicum ointment, or one made with
+turpentine and yolk of egg, spread on pledgets of tow. These dressings
+are to be continued during the whole illness, and till after the
+recovery of the beast, to promote the discharge; and then the wound may
+be healed with the cerate of lapis calaminaris, or any other.
+
+"On the third day after inoculation, the discolouring of the wound,
+whose lips appear grey and swollen, will be a sign that the inoculation
+has succeeded; but the beasts, as Professor Swenke informs us, did not
+fall ill till the sixth day, which answers exactly to the observations
+daily made in the inoculating of children. Yet the Professor adds that
+on the third day a costiveness came on, which was removed by giving each
+calf three ounces of Epsom salts.
+
+"No sooner do the symptoms of heaviness and stupidity appear than the
+beasts must have a light covering thrown over them, and at night
+fastened loosely. They must be rubbed morning and evening, and curried,
+till the boils begin to rise; warm hay-water and vinegar-whey must be
+given plentifully. Should the beasts require more nourishment, dry meat,
+such as cut hay, with a little bran, may be offered. I should be very
+cautious in giving milk-pottage, even after the boils and pimples had
+all come out, for fear of bringing on a scouring. However, this caution
+is proper, that whenever milk-pottage be given, the vinegar-whey is to
+be omitted for obvious reasons. In cases of accident, the same attention
+is to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the natural way,
+and the medicines recommended are the same I would use; but by
+inoculation there seldom is a call for any, so favourably does the
+distemper proceed through its several stages.
+
+"The crisis being over, it will be proper to purge the cattle, to air
+them by degrees, and to have the same regard in the management of them
+as is laid down in the chapter on the method of cure."
+
+Such are the recommendations which Layard has prescribed for those who
+have to practise inoculation as a preventive treatment; it would be
+difficult to offer an example of greater prudence or precision.
+
+A certain number of oxen were, by means of this inoculation, protected
+against the attack of the cattle disease; and this mode of treatment
+was, as we shall afterwards explain, adopted in Russia. Unfortunately,
+this rational and preventive treatment was discovered only at the end of
+the epizootia, when already upwards of six millions of horned cattle had
+fallen a sacrifice to the contagious fever.
+
+_Curative Means._--When the first course of the disease had left no
+doubt of the attack, the sick animal was subjected to an appropriate
+diet, and restricted to liquids either as medicinal decoctions, or as
+alimentary beverages. The decoctions consisted of whey mixed with a
+little vinegar, and nitred hay. The broths, or alimentary beverages,
+consisted of a decoction of bread, and of water mixed with bran and
+meal, whether of barley, oats, or wheat.
+
+At this stage of the curative process, the majority of physicians
+recommended one or two bleedings, in order to abate the violence of the
+fever, and of the congestions near the nervous centres and the lungs;
+and as constipation prevailed at the time, they strove with the same
+object to empty the digestive passages, the intestines, and the
+stomachs, notwithstanding the difficulty that exists to produce this
+result in ruminating animals.
+
+The purgatives employed consisted of a decoction of senna, mixed with
+prune juice, with a little rhubarb or fresh linseed oil, infused in
+their drink, or applied as a clyster in warm water slightly salted.
+Those who practised polypharmacy administered at night a mixture of
+nitre, camphor, red-lead, and rhubarb, in half a pailful of warm water;
+and greatly did they boast of the active influence of this beverage.
+
+Some practitioners even endeavoured, in the first stage of the malady,
+to accelerate its action on the skin by giving for that purpose warm
+drinks, and by covering the cattle with woollen cloths, to promote
+perspiration; but it was generally admitted that the sick animals
+preferred cold drinks, and that they were particularly fond of
+acidulated whey.
+
+In the second period of the distemper, the same drinks were continued,
+adding thereto some theriac or Jesuit's bark, in order to lessen the
+frequency of the diarrhoetic evacuations. They also provoked the
+depurating secretions from the mouth, nose, and eyes, by repeated
+washings; and as those animals, in which the running was most easy and
+copious, seemed to be less seriously affected with the disease, they
+strove to increase that which flowed from the glands of the mouth by
+fixing a gag in the jaws, and keeping it there for several hours. This
+measure seemed so efficacious that a decree from the Parlement de Rouen,
+issued on the 13th of March, 1745, ordered the application of a gag, or
+bit, for three hours every day, to the cattle under treatment.
+
+In the third period, they sought to overcome the wasting of strength in
+the system by means of tonic and nutritious drinks, decoctions of
+centaury, Jesuit's bark, juniper berries, &c. They likewise administered
+emollient clysters if the evacuations were bloody.
+
+Moreover, they placed two or three setons, principally in the dewlap, in
+order to obey the signs and indications of nature--_quo natura vergit,
+eo ducendum_; as a salutary and critical eruption of the skin was at
+that period forcing its way. These setons were kept open with a mixture
+of turpentine and yolks of egg, for the purpose of encouraging the
+secretion. The purulent or emphysematous tumours were cut.
+
+But whatever means might be employed, almost all the cattle perished,
+and the few and rare recoveries only afforded the pessimists the
+satisfaction of claiming the merit of them for themselves. It was
+remarked, besides, that the fattest beasts were the least able to resist
+the effects of the distemper.
+
+It is hardly necessary to say, that during the whole course of the
+treatment, great care was taken to keep both the stables and the cattle
+in a perfect state of cleanliness.
+
+The convalescence of those animals which were cured was invariably long,
+and required great attention as to their food and hygienic treatment.
+Solid substances, roots, and forage were withheld until rumination
+revived; and it was only after several days of encouraging trials that
+the recovered animal was suffered at last to feed all day in the field,
+according to his pleasure.
+
+Such, then, was that formidable epizootia which, in the middle of the
+eighteenth century, swept away upwards of six millions of horned cattle,
+and which occasioned a loss to Europe exceeding fifty millions
+sterling--perhaps we might say a hundred millions--for other domestic
+animals, sheep, horses, &c. (as generally happens in cases of
+epizootia), had likewise suffered, in different degrees, from the
+various complaints arising from inclement seasons.
+
+It was certainly necessary to our purpose that we should have taken this
+retrospective view of the cattle disease, and it will afford us a
+valuable guide for the future. We may now content ourselves with
+bringing together the different annals in the chain of time which
+elapsed between Layard's treatise, which was published in 1757, and the
+present day. This chain of time amounts to 108 years.
+
+
+V.
+
+The typhus of Horned Cattle, which had shown itself in a manner
+permanent, sometimes raging at one part of the globe, sometimes at
+another, could not, under the unaltered conditions by which it had been
+generated, suspend its ravages; and though, thanks to her isolated
+position, England may be less exposed to it than other countries, it is,
+however, necessary to take note of what may serve for our instruction in
+the several epizootics which will pass under our view.
+
+Medical writers relate that contagious typhus broke out several times in
+Holland during the years 1768, 1769, and 1770; it also appeared in
+French Flanders in 1771, in Hainault in 1773. In France one particular
+spot was, at this period, completely rendered intact by drawing a
+sanitary fence about its limits, and bestowing on the cattle particular
+hygienic attention as a safeguard. The stables of these animals were
+washed, cleansed, and fumigated; spring water was given them to drink,
+their food was chosen with care, and a certain quantity of salt was
+mixed with it.
+
+In 1774, Holland, a cold and damp country, was once more invaded by the
+scourge; and the Government offered in vain a reward of 80,000 florins
+to any one who should discover the preventive or specific remedy for the
+disease.
+
+The typhus which, at that epoch, had likewise broken out again in the
+south of France, threatened to become an abiding peril to the wealth of
+nations. Two French authors, Vicq d'Azyr and Paulet, betook themselves
+earnestly to the task of collecting every document which up to that time
+had been published on the successive visitations of the malady, and of
+offering the means of preventing it. Their intention was unquestionably
+laudable, but the time for obtaining such a result had not yet arrived;
+besides which, these two writers, whatever may have been their desert,
+were not equal to an achievement of this character. They belonged,
+indeed, to that order of men who look upon the cultivation of science
+solely as a step to personal distinction.
+
+Vicq d'Azyr himself was but twenty-five years old when he issued, in
+1775, his work, entitled, "Exposé des Moyens curatifs et preservatifs
+qui peuvent être employés contre les Maladies des Bêtes à Cornes." We
+should deceive ourselves if we expected to find in this exposition
+anything but an interesting compilation of the works already published.
+
+Paulet's treatise appeared likewise in 1775, under the title,
+"Recherches historiques et physiques sur les Maladies epizootiques, avec
+les Moyens d'y rémédier dans tous les Cas, publiées _par ordre du Roi_."
+Paris. Two volumes.
+
+After reading and reflecting on this title, as servile as it is
+arrogant, I might have dispensed with all examination of the work. A
+scientific man, whilst in the pursuit of truth, takes orders from
+nobody, not even from kings. Paulet, therefore, writing _by order_,
+could only produce a work of mediocrity, and such is incontestably the
+degree of value of his two volumes, forming, as they do, a fastidious
+dissertation of epizootics in general, and of those relating to cattle
+in particular.
+
+The works of Paulet and Vicq d'Azyr, written at the same time, not being
+the labour of men practising the medical art, are on a level as to the
+notions which they have handed down to us; but that of Vicq d'Azyr
+being the better of the two, we shall extract therefrom what may chiefly
+interest us.
+
+Vicq d'Azyr relates the history of the epizootics, and expatiates on the
+original cause of the typhus in horned cattle, and on its nature. The
+passages in which he treats of its mode of propagation and its
+treatment, are the most deserving of our notice.
+
+He says, that he tried to no purpose to communicate the disease a second
+time to animals which had been fortunate enough to get cured.
+
+That cows covered with the fresh skins stripped from dead cattle,
+victims to the distemper, did not contract it.
+
+That infected clothes which had been worn by men who had served in
+hospitals where cattle were under treatment, having been laid on the
+backs of several beasts in sound health, were found to transmit the
+distemper in three cases out of six.
+
+That the gases expelled from the intestines, received into a bladder
+ball, and let out under the noses of healthy cattle, have communicated
+the disease to them, after ten or fifteen days of latent incubation;
+and that the same gases being mixed with their drink, have also
+propagated the contagion.
+
+That frictions, with the hands impregnated with virus, having been made
+over the skin, did not produce any ill effects.
+
+That some oxen which had been designedly placed for a few hours among
+sick animals, have afterwards been seized with the distemper.
+
+That a calf which had been placed in a stall containing some oxen
+grievously affected, but which calf had a basket beneath its nose filled
+with aromatic herbs, withstood the contagion.
+
+That cowsheds which had been partially cleansed and fumigated,
+transmitted the disease to other cattle, even several months after they
+had been vacated.
+
+Finally, he mentions the experiments of inoculation made by Lay and in
+England, but not understanding their aim and capacity, he adds, that
+inoculation does not seem to him of any use, since the inoculated
+animals all died. Yet he quotes the encouraging results obtained by
+Camper in Holland, who, out of 112 inoculated cattle, saved 41; and
+those of Koopman, who, out of 94, cured 45 by this very inoculation.
+
+He reminds us that the cattle typhus is an abiding disease in Hungary
+and Russia, where the beasts having bad water to drink, can only be
+protected by a constant use of marine salt (_sel gemme_); but being
+deprived of this salt, when they go great distances to be sold, and
+being exposed to extreme fatigue and privations, the typhus then spreads
+among them. He likewise tells us that Hungary and Dalmatia, which used
+to supply the markets of Italy with butcher's meat, were obliged to give
+up sending any cattle there, the Italians having firmly refused to
+purchase the same at any price whatever.
+
+As regards treatment, the advice which Vicq d'Azyr gives to
+agriculturists, is mostly borrowed from the authors who have written on
+the great epizootics of 1711, and 1745 to 1755. Thus, he advises them to
+give as drinks in the first stage, water whitened with meal and nitred;
+to purge the animals with linseed oil; even to make scarifications on
+the skin, and to keep up the suppuration with turpentine; to make the
+animals inhale six times a day vapours seasoned with vinegar; to wrap
+them over with woollen cloths; to bleed them once or twice; to
+administer to them, when diarrhoea shows itself, a beverage containing
+wormwood, quinine, and diascordium; to cut open the tumours containing
+pus or air, etc.
+
+It is, as is seen, the same treatment as that quoted above; he
+guarantees its success, and supports his views by the authority of Van
+Swieten and Huxan.
+
+Van Swieten, however, had somewhat modified the treatment, by the
+predominance which he allowed to acids; and this course seemed to him to
+be only reasonable with respect to animals whose sick humours contain an
+excess of alkali.
+
+Vicq d'Azyr fixed his attention on the means of prevention, the most
+effectual of which, in his opinion, was to slaughter every animal which
+had either sickened, or had been exposed to the influence of the
+contagion; and as he insisted that the authorities had no measures to
+keep in this matter of public interest, he made it a principle that the
+government was bound to compensate the cattle proprietors whose animals
+had to be killed--the more so, said he, that the crafty husbandmen would
+never come forward and freely declare the invalidity of their cattle,
+unless some indemnity were held out to them, which they would look upon
+as a sort of equivalent for the benefits they had expected by cutting
+them up and selling them as the food of man.
+
+The doctors of the period, scenting in Vicq d'Azyr a dangerous
+competitor, considered the advice of exterminating the diseased cattle
+as an _ingenious means of curing_ them, and as the author's age and
+experience gave warrant for this satirical tone of discussion, the
+public joined them in laughing at him.
+
+The epizootic typhus, if not so destructive, was at least as frequent in
+the early part of the nineteenth century, as it had been during the
+eighteenth. The armies during the wars of united Europe against the
+French Republic and Empire, found it constantly in their train. Nor
+could it be otherwise, the two leading causes of its prevalence being at
+hand. For on one hand there was the transit of large herds from the
+steppes of Hungary, and on the other the wretched hygienic conditions
+amidst which the cattle had to live in the campaigning armies.
+
+Many books have been published of late years on the diseases of cattle,
+in France and Germany; and several distinguished English veterinary
+surgeons, especially Professor Simonds, have also devoted their
+attention to the same subject. In the second part of this work, we shall
+have occasion to refer to their labours.
+
+In France, Renault, Delafond, d'Arboval, Gellé, whose works enjoy a
+deserved reputation, have discussed the subject of the origin of this
+disease.
+
+Renault asserts that the disease has but one single focus, the steppes
+of Russia and Hungary. The epizootics of Asia, Africa, and South America
+are caused, he considers, by the importation of animals to those
+countries. It is thus that he explains the epizootia which, under the
+name of Delombodera, devastated the American Republics in 1832, and that
+which, in 1841, appeared in Egypt. Renault thinks that neither the long
+transit, nor the filthy state of the markets, nor the most wretched
+feeding, are sufficient to account for contagious typhus among cattle;
+that in addition to these causes, it still requires, in order to produce
+and generate it among animals, a predisposition, and a special aptitude,
+such as, hitherto at least, do not appear to have been witnessed except
+in the progeny of the steppes.
+
+The other professors of his fraternity have submitted arguments to him,
+which to us seem very rational; and we will endeavour to do justice to
+them when we discuss the origin of the typhus which at this moment is
+afflicting England.
+
+
+VI.
+
+These historical dissertations and speculations on the subject of the
+bovine epizootia certainly deserve to draw the attention of all who feel
+an interest in the malady; but how insignificant they are compared with
+the concluding facts which I have still to mention, before I at length
+address myself to the consideration of the epizootia which is now
+consuming our herds!
+
+The indisputable fact that so terrible a distemper as this typhus had
+fixed itself permanently in Russia, and that it was causing incalculable
+losses to the lordly proprietors of the steppes, as well as to the
+government, roused them at last from their indifference. Then, indeed,
+they urged the veterinary doctors to adopt some energetic means to
+arrest the long duration of the scourge, and we must admit to their
+honour, that various experiments which were tried for the purpose of
+preventing the evil, have been crowned with complete success. Any one
+may ascertain the fact by referring to the _Journal Magazin_ of Berlin,
+in which the learned Professor Jessen of Dorpat has explained the
+results of these important experiments.
+
+The Russian veterinarians having observed that the oxen which had been
+cured of the typhus could mingle with impunity with the infected herds,
+conceived the idea of communicating the complaint to sound cattle by
+means of inoculation, and thereby to shield them from the contagion.
+
+The first experiments in the inoculation of _Tchouma_ or cattle typhus,
+were made in the year 1853, by order of the government, in the
+neighbourhood of Odessa, at the Heridin farm, by Professor Jessen.
+
+The first inoculative attempts were very fatal; they caused the death of
+all the inoculated animals. But it was soon perceived that these
+grievous results, far from prejudicing the theory, really confirmed it;
+and that the virus, attenuated in its toxical properties, would prove as
+effectual as was expected. And truly, in 1854 and 1855, at the Dorpat
+establishment, the inoculations made with a better selected virus
+afforded results less disastrous. At Kozau they were still more
+satisfactory. In fine, passing from experiment to experiment, they
+arrived at the conclusion that it was necessary to inoculate several
+heads of cattle, the one after the other, without having recourse to any
+other virus than the first inoculated, so that they might thereby obtain
+virus of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and up to the 10th generation. The
+virus thus attenuated in its morbid effects answered at length every
+experiment, and oxen thus inoculated could mingle with impunity with
+diseased cattle.
+
+At the veterinary establishment of Chalkoff they inoculated, during
+eight meetings, 1059 animals with virus of the 3rd generation, and the
+results were as satisfactory as could be wished for, only 60 animals
+having sunk under the effects of this preventive operation.
+
+The inoculations made in 1857 and 1858 on an estate belonging to the
+Duchess Helena, at Karlowska, in the government of Pultawa, and
+conducted by the veterinarian Raussels, likewise afforded the most
+satisfactory results.
+
+Professor Jessen thinks it certain, that beasts born of cows which have
+been afflicted with contagious typhus do not contract the disease. He
+maintains that Europe may be preserved from this frightful scourge, by
+taking care that no cattle be exported from the steppes of Russia save
+those which have had the distemper either naturally or by inoculation,
+and he is striving to propagate this opinion, and to render it
+practical, by having all the cattle inoculated, without exception.
+
+It is deeply to be regretted that counsels so prudent have not been
+heeded in the 47 governments which, out of the 53 possessed by Russia,
+have generated the contagious typhus; for then it would not so
+frequently have effected its passage into the neighbouring states, and
+England most probably, would not now have to take up arms against its
+fatal extension.
+
+
+VII.
+
+We here conclude that part of our labour which includes the history of
+this disease, and what we have been able to glean from those medical
+writers, and others, who have given us the results of their experience.
+It may have appeared somewhat protracted, but it has at least laid open
+to the student the antecedent investigations of our predecessors, under
+calamities of the same kind, but considerably more fatal than what has
+yet been witnessed in Western Europe during our time. We have
+disinterred and brought to light the forgotten works of conscientious
+and competent men. Like Brunelleschi, the architect, we have sought, not
+to invent a theory, but to recover a practice; and thus we have received
+the observations and precious facts, and finally the preventive
+treatment, of other men and other times, which had coped successfully
+against the cattle disease when its ravages were infinitely greater.
+
+To resume, then: these inquiries (which we undertook without
+anticipating so rich a harvest) have proved, and made evident--
+
+That the contagious typhus afflicting horned cattle, has spread its
+destructive principle over our globe ever since there have been animals
+living on its surface.
+
+That from century to century, not to say from year to year, it has
+carried its terrors amidst nations and peoples.
+
+That the remedial measures which had been taken and applied prior to the
+middle of the eighteenth century, were utterly powerless either to cure
+this disease or to prevent it.
+
+That at that period appeared two English physicians, men of remarkable
+aptitude and penetration, one of whom, Malcolm Flemming, laid down in
+theory the bases of a preventive treatment; whilst the other, Peter
+Layard, applied this theory to practice, by inoculating sound and
+healthy animals with the morbid virus of the typhus, in order to protect
+them from the fatal effects of the contagion.
+
+That this all-important progress in medical experience, has been
+absolutely forgotten; so much so, indeed, that the experiments of
+inoculation, tried in Russia only ten or twelve years ago with perfect
+success, do not seem to be connected by any link with those made in
+England a century before, and that the invasion of the so-called
+CATTLE PLAGUE in 1865 seemed to some men to have introduced a
+new scourge, which men were not armed and prepared to meet--which they
+were powerless to cure, or to stay in its progress.
+
+These inquiries, then, have proved, we think, that we are not so
+helpless as we had imagined to resist the evil. But we cannot help
+feeling, that we have laid bare in this exposition some most distressing
+inferences concerning the human mind. For, in truth, can anything be
+more deplorable, than thus to see the civilized nations of Europe
+endure, from century to century, these reiterated outbreaks of cattle
+typhus, and to see likewise that no man of sufficient energy and
+independence has yet arisen to tell the truth fearlessly to the
+governments and peoples, however painful that truth may be, and to
+expose the futility of the measures hitherto employed to arrest the
+scourge?
+
+And, on the other hand, is it not most afflicting to see discoveries of
+indisputable value buried out of view, submerged in public libraries,
+utterly unknown and forgotten, like their authors, to such a degree,
+that the distemper which they have made known in its entirety, and which
+is as old as the world itself, seems to us almost new in 1865?
+
+God send, that these cruel trials and severe lessons which the past has
+bequeathed to us may teach us something for our benefit! May the
+irresistible might which is derived from the auspicious union of capital
+and intelligence supersede the vain and flimsy efforts of isolated
+energy! May the government, which lavishes hundreds of millions upon the
+destructive engines of war, devote some portion of its ample means to
+the study of hereditary infections and contagious diseases! For these
+fatal epidemics decimate men as well as cattle, and we may at least ward
+off from our children the desolating disease which at present afflicts
+ourselves.
+
+We possess already every requisite means to protect ourselves from the
+formidable visitation of these diseases: we have science; we have the
+men who cultivate and teach it; we have the experience of the past
+added to our own. To-day, we are called upon to resist the baleful
+effects of cattle typhus; but another epizootia may come to-morrow, and
+strike our horses and our sheep--those domestic animals which constitute
+our most precious possession. The cholera hovers about us. If we do
+nothing, if we talk and debate instead of acting, these scourges will
+come upon us on a sudden, and find us quite as helpless as ever to
+resist their sway.
+
+These palpable truths deserve to be further developed, and will be
+treated more copiously at the end of this book. They will constitute the
+complement of our work, necessarily written in haste, since the danger
+we had to expose was itself so urgent and alarming.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] To assist the researches of other inquirers on this vital subject,
+now so generally interesting, we may add, that the cattle treatises
+already referred to--of Malcolm Flemming and Peter Layard--are to be
+found in the Library of the British Museum, bound together in a single
+volume, which is certainly worth ten times its weight in gold. It
+contains, indeed, eight different opuscula, all relating to cattle
+complaints, which scientific students may consult with real
+gratification. I will here transcribe the titles of the most important
+of these treatises, the pregnant expositions of the two English
+physicians above-named.
+
+That of Malcolm Flemming:
+
+"A Proposal, in order to Diminish the Progress of the Distemper among
+the Horned Cattle, supported by Facts. London, 1755."
+
+That of Peter Layard:
+
+"An Essay on the Nature, Cause, and Cure of the Contagious Distemper
+among the Horned Cattle in these Kingdoms. London, 1757."
+
+A great many accounts, treatises, and expositions on the same subject
+appeared at the same time in France, Holland, Denmark, and Switzerland.
+One, which appeared in the last of these countries, is entitled:
+
+"Reflexions sur la Maladie du Gros Bétail, par la Société des Médecius
+de Genève. 1756."
+
+
+
+
+SECOND PART.
+
+This Part is divided, as already stated, into four chapters.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+_On Typhous Diseases in general, and the Typhus which affects the Ox in
+particular._
+
+
+By following the example of those authors who have described the
+contagious typhus of the ox, we might proceed at once to explain its
+symptoms, and go directly to our purpose; but, by taking this hasty
+course, we should expose ourselves to be imperfectly understood by the
+majority of our readers, and to leave certain doubts in the minds of
+physicians as to the nature of the disease and the propriety of its
+treatment.
+
+All animals, including man himself, are born with a predisposition and
+liability to contract a certain number of contagious febrile diseases;
+they bear in a manner a certain number of physiological elements, which
+might be called latent germs, and which, under given conditions, become
+the leaven of these diseases. This must, indeed, be the case, since
+after these disorders have been once developed those who have been cured
+of them are not apt to contract them again, the morbid developments
+having destroyed that natural aptitude which had previously existed to
+undergo the morbid action of the contagious virus. These diseases are
+not numerous; they constitute a very distinct class, and the same laws,
+which regulate the phenomena in one of them are applicable to all the
+rest.
+
+These diseases exhibit the following characteristics: 1st, a period of
+incubation, during which the whole economy, more particularly the blood
+and humours, experience very important changes and modifications; 2nd, a
+febrile state, which varies in its continuous or intermittent types, and
+in its intensity, according to the species of the animals, and which
+proceeds from the alteration of the blood; 3rd, a revulsion at once
+toxical and congestive towards the nervous centre, inducing _stupor_;
+4th, a flux of mucus from the mouth and chest; 5th, a more intense,
+congestive, and inflammatory flux or discharge from the external or
+internal teguments--the skin or the mucous membrane of the digestive
+channels; 6th, a period of adynamia and dejection, with a tendency, in
+some cases, to a critical or salutary rejection of the morbid matter by
+the development of tumours or abscesses in the skin; 7th, they are at
+once infectious and contagious, epizootic or epidemic; that is to say,
+they are transmitted in different degrees by contact, by inoculation,
+and at a distance by the means of vitiated air; 8th, finally--and this
+is their leading characteristic--_they are not subject to recurrence_,
+each individual that has once been affected, losing in general all
+aptitude to contract the disease a second time.
+
+This last characteristic, when well understood, ought in reason to
+induce us to have recourse to the preventive treatment, and such has
+been the case with respect to the most virulent amongst them--small-pox
+and the typhus of the ox.
+
+Prompted by these principles, which are as logical and fixed as any
+mathematical deduction, I suggested in 1855 that inoculation should be
+applied in typhoid fever, which is nothing else but the equivalent of
+intestinal small-pox, in order to prevent the disease in men. But if the
+simplest truth sometimes requires a contest of ages before it is heard
+and understood, I could not hope to fix attention on a fact which might
+be taken as problematical. I felt that I was outrunning time, and that I
+should neither be heard nor understood; and so it has proved.
+
+Be that as it may, these typhous diseases have, as is seen, their laws
+and foreseen development. They attack animals generally, but chiefly
+herbivorous animals, endowed, as we have shown in the first part, with a
+vital resistance which is, relatively speaking, very inconsiderable.
+
+These febrile typhous diseases (whether their development is caused by a
+spontaneous morbid action in the patient or by an evident contagion),
+have a period of incubation during which the vital strength undergoes
+latent morbid modifications, though not sufficient to indicate, save in
+times of epizootics and epidemics, the particular form which is about to
+reveal its symptoms in the course of a few days. This period of
+incubation being over, the mouth and chest become affected, and fever
+declares itself; and then the _materies morbi_, which is to become the
+special and dominant characteristic of the distemper, is directed either
+to the skin, or to the digestive mucous membrane. In the first case, we
+see evidence of exanthematic diseases, which present only the lightest
+forms of detersive disorders, such as measles, scarlatina, or that more
+serious one, from its pustulous form, the small-pox. In the second case,
+the elimination takes place from the intestinal canal, and then we see
+produced in animals, as well as in men, the typhous diseases: that is to
+say, the typhoid fever--a pustulous and ulcerous malady of the
+intestines--or the common typhus of the hospitals, prisons, and
+campaigning armies; and again, in animals, there is also the typhus of
+the steppes, of the marshes, &c.
+
+The Eastern pestilence, the plague of Rome in the age of Antoninus and
+the plague of Athens, which might have given to Hippocrates the right
+of treating with Artaxerxes as one potentate treats with another, ought
+perhaps to be classed among those typhuses not subject to recurrence.
+
+As for the _cholera_, it seems to be a contagious and epidemic disorder,
+of a distinct and particular kind. We are ignorant of its essential
+cause, its nature, and its mode of treatment; and although it has
+prevailed in every age, and even frequently of late years, it will
+always, by reason of the strange formation of our medical institutions,
+find us as weak and defenceless to resist its attack as we have ever
+been.
+
+If we have been properly understood, typhous diseases are, above all,
+general febrile affections. At one time the _materies morbi_, or
+discharge, affects the skin; at another, the digestive mucous membrane.
+When it acts upon the skin, as clinical observation shows, there is
+sometimes a sort of hesitation in the eruptive process; people wonder
+what disease is coming forth; the eruption wavers in the form it will
+assume, till at length its real character is determined. The same
+uncertainty prevails when the intestines are affected. Sometimes the
+exanthema is merely the equivalent of simple measles or scarlatina of
+the intestinal mucous membrane, and many typhoid fevers of short
+continuance are nothing else in their nature. The same occurs in common
+typhuses. Sometimes the local affection proceeds as far as pustulous
+eruption, sometimes only to exanthematic rubefaction; hence the various
+alterations which we have witnessed in the intestines of cattle killed
+in our presence at the slaughter-houses of the Metropolitan Market, and
+which we ourselves dissected. The experienced Professor Bouley, from the
+Ecole Vétérinaire of Alfort, near Paris, whose visit must have been
+beneficial to England, clearly recognised in an ox which was slaughtered
+and dissected at the Metropolitan Market, the genuine pustule of typhoid
+fever. But in most cases, as we shall show, it is the other forms which
+prevail.
+
+We make these observations in order to anticipate the objections of
+those reasoners who, being more influenced and guided by the local facts
+and by the symptoms, than by the general phenomena of comparative
+pathology, might argue that such or such fact is opposed to our
+doctrine.
+
+In a word, then, typhous diseases have their types; but the living being
+is subjected to so many different influences, hereditary, idiosyncratic,
+climataic, hygienic, &c., that by the side of one subject going through
+the course of morbid phenomena with fatal regularity, another may be
+seen in which such or such functional derangement is readily
+distinguished. Thus in some animals, predisposed thereto by prior
+disorders, the morbid action originally propelled towards the channels
+of respiration will continue to be most salient; and after dissection
+the lungs will be congested and emphysematous, and the intestines
+relatively but scarcely altered. The animal, indeed, though bordering on
+typhus, will sink under the effect of functional derangement in the
+breathing passages. In others, by the influence of some particular
+predisposing cause, disorders of the nervous centres will be signalized;
+a cerebral and spinal pains will be intolerable, delirium will quickly
+ensue, and the asphyxiated patient, if a man, will succumb in the course
+of a few days; or if an ox, he will be wild and ungovernable, and then
+fall as if thunderstruck, fastened to his stall. Finally, in other
+cases, these first two phases of the distemper will not prove fatal, the
+intestinal injuries will pursue their course, and the affected animals
+will not die until the third period.
+
+As we have seen, the morbid phenomena may be different, although the
+affection continues the same; the typhoid fever or the typhus being
+nevertheless the essential disease which prevails.
+
+These generalities, to some readers, may appear irrelevant, but let them
+not be mistaken; they have a claim to our notice, and are really
+important. They show, indeed, that independent of the preventive
+treatment, which is an absolute rule in the case of virulent,
+contagious, and non-recurring diseases, the treatment of the disease
+itself, when it has declared itself, and when it pursues its course,
+cannot be the same for every patient; and that, moreover, this treatment
+must vary in the different phases of the disease, as physicians and
+veterinarians are well aware.
+
+These generalities, likewise, explain the various diseases--viz., those
+in which the animals blend together the typhous and exanthematic
+diseases. The measles and the scarlet fever, affecting the external or
+internal membranes, are like the first steps of these maladies; they are
+generally slight, and we have but to watch over the progress of the
+symptoms, and to assist nature, which, with few exceptions, brings all
+things to a favourable issue.
+
+These disorders, which are relatively slight and do not provoke in the
+economy any of those changes which in some sort transform the
+constitution, are not absolutely proof against relapse. They lead us
+rationally and by degrees to the more infectious and contagious
+diseases, to the common typhus; therefore it is unnecessary to apply the
+preventive treatment to them, that being exclusively reserved for the
+latter.
+
+Let it then be well understood, that the typhus of the ox, the study of
+which we are about to enter upon, may vary in its symptoms and
+post-mortem appearances, without losing thereby the characteristic mark
+which renders it a thoroughly distinct, and, in the present day, a
+thoroughly well known distemper.
+
+Now that the reader possesses these general notions of the Contagious
+Typhus, we shall be able to speak to him in a language which he will
+understand, and give a definition which he will be able to judge and
+appreciate.
+
+The typhus of the ox, then, is a _virulent, contagious, febrile, and
+non-recurring disease, with stupor and derangement of the nervous,
+respiratory, and digestive functions; leaving various changes in the
+respective organs of these functions, and chiefly in the intestines_.
+
+This new definition seems to us to be more faithful and just than those
+hitherto given; and this, if needed, we could demonstrate.
+
+I do not disguise from myself that some of the opinions expressed in
+these generalities may, at first sight, appear strange and liable to
+objection. Thus, it may be argued that inoculation as a preventive
+treatment of typhous maladies is far from being a general law,
+applicable to every case; since in Russia, for instance, where this
+inoculation is practised every day, it completely fails in certain
+foreign herds, and they die of the consequences of the operation; and
+that this, therefore, might happen in England.
+
+To these objections we would reply, first, as regards the novelty of
+opinions expressed, that we have taken up the pen, because we had to
+write something different from what has already been published in known
+works, otherwise it would have been our duty to remain silent; and
+secondly, as regards the inefficacy of inoculation, that organic and
+vital phenomena have their principles and their laws, which are fixed
+and invincible, from which it is reasonable to deduce consequences and
+positive rules of conduct, which cannot yield to superannuated opinions
+or imperfectly executed experiments. To institute experiments indeed
+under the rigorous conditions of a logical and irrefutable
+demonstration, is not so easy a matter as may generally be thought.
+
+For our part, the principles deduced from strict observation are the
+basis on which we build, and if it so chance that we are baffled in our
+experiments we vary them indefinitely; and if still we are deceived in
+our hopes, we ascribe the miscarriage to our impotence, to inadequate
+means, and to the defective instruments which the physical and chemical
+sciences, still in their cradle as regards organic matter, supply for
+our use. Above all, we wish it to be remembered--"_Scribo nec ficta, nec
+picta, sed quæ ratio, sensus, et experientia docent._"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+_The Origin and Causes of the Ox Typhus._
+
+
+I.
+
+I have drawn my conclusions as to the preventive treatment of typhus in
+the ox, from the knowledge I had acquired of its morbid phenomena, its
+nature, and its non-recurrence; and it is a logical deduction quite as
+accurate as could be the result of a syllogism. The study of the origin
+of this typhus, and of the causes by which it is generated and spread
+abroad, will supply us with additional arguments to sustain this
+deduction, as well as those signs and indications which are the very
+foundation of curative treatment. The description of the disease will
+contribute to the same result; for the rational treatment of a distemper
+can be derived only from a knowledge of all the phenomena which occasion
+it, of the functional derangements, and of the alterations observed in
+bodies after death.
+
+I wish particularly to say at once, in entering upon the subject of
+etiology, that the special works which treat of it contain precise
+information as to the causes and origin of the typhus in horned cattle;
+and that the chief organs of the press in every country--those ephemeral
+encyclopædias in which unfortunately so much vital force and
+intelligence are dissipated--have published articles of the highest
+interest on this subject. It would be physically impossible for me to
+begin again a bibliographical labour similar to the one exhibited in the
+First Part, in order to afford due justice to each of these public
+writers, who have met the epizootia on the confines of their country and
+fought hand to hand with it. This work is not susceptible of so much
+enlargement. Let it be well understood, that I claim no other merit than
+that of discussing these questions of etiology, in that order and with
+that common sense which fix ideas firmly in the mind--which, if I may
+use the term, _photograph_ them on those parts of the brain allotted to
+the memory and judgment; also of drawing from known and admitted facts
+more rational and practical conclusions than those which have been
+current up to the present time.
+
+Much has been already said and argued on the origin of the contagious
+typhus which affects the ox; some adhering exclusively to the special
+conditions observable in the breed of those oxen which are reared and
+fed on the steppes of Russia and Hungary; others, more reasonably, as it
+seems to us, ascribing it to the hygienic conditions generally, that is
+to say, to the climate, the season, the feeding, &c., &c., amidst which
+these animals are living.
+
+All these discussions upon what has been said and argued on this subject
+have been very useful. For, had it been rigidly proved that the oxen of
+the steppes, by some peculiar organization, carry within them those
+germs or physiological elements which at given times become the leaven
+of the distemper, and, at a subsequent period, the elements of the
+contagion, then, indeed, a fact of capital importance and prominent
+authority would have been established, and the attention of all men
+interested in these inquiries would have been exclusively concentrated
+on that particular race of animals and on those countries smitten with
+the curse, in order to arrest and confine the disease within its one and
+only focus.
+
+The supporters of this theory, concerning the first circumscribed origin
+of the typhus, maintain that all the epizootics whose deplorable history
+we have given in the first part of this work, have had no other
+generative causes than the propagation of the complaint, born and
+begotten on the banks of the Wolga and the Danube, and subsequently
+conveyed to the different parts of the earth by the emigration of the
+cattle. And in this manner, too, they have accounted for the appearance
+of the typhus in South America, in Africa, and in Asia.
+
+Since this doctrine on the origin of the typhus has been conceived and
+maintained by men of a high order of understanding, we must suppose that
+they had been struck and convinced by important facts and serious
+reasons; and as it would be unfair to oppose a plain denial to an
+opinion now so generally adopted, we are bound to say in what manner
+these authors justify their views, after which we shall endeavour to
+refute them.
+
+The partisans of the circumscribed origin, who make it depend
+exclusively on the peculiar organization of the race of the steppes,
+have based their argument, peremptory and unanswerable as they imagine,
+on the prime fact, that it has always been possible to trace the
+diffusion of the typhus in a given country, to some sick animal of the
+steppes conveyed to that kingdom. In this manner it is, that they
+explain the generation of the epizootics which have so frequently wasted
+the continent of Europe. On whatever point of the globe they may appear,
+this, and only this, is the source of their existence. The isolated
+position of Great Britain is made to support their arguments. "Behold,"
+they exclaim, "Great Britain, which, thanks to its surrounding seas, has
+escaped most of the epizootics which have desolated France and Germany
+during the early part of the nineteenth century." Nay, more, the present
+visitation of the distemper is also seized upon to sustain their theory,
+since certain oxen, natives of the steppes, appear to have imported it
+into London.
+
+We must add, that nothing is wanting in order to prove this assertion;
+for they relate with perfect regularity, and step by step, the course
+taken by the contagion; they specify the time occupied on its passage,
+and even the names of the infected vessels which have thus imported the
+principle of the typhus.
+
+It must be admitted that all the facts thus stated are indisputable; we
+acknowledge as true, that the bovine race of the steppes has conveyed
+into other countries the contagious germs of the disease; we admit that
+its dissemination may be thus accounted for.
+
+But to admit this fact, and to draw from it the conclusion that the
+bovine race of the steppes alone is capable, by some particular and
+distinct organization, of developing the original typhus of the ox, and
+that this typhus has no other focus on the earth than the banks of the
+Dnieper and the Don, does not appear to us a sound logical deduction.
+And as, if this conclusion were positively recognised, we might see but
+one side of the evil, and deduce very serious consequences therefrom, it
+is necessary to receive these facts for what they are worth, and no
+more.
+
+Let us first observe, that those writers who ascribe the contagious
+typhus to the race of Southern Russia, do not take into consideration
+the epizootics of this typhus, the account of which has been handed down
+to us by the ancient authors of Greece and Rome; and that they refer
+just as little to those which are quite as frequent in the republics of
+South America as on the banks of the Dnieper. For even if we allow that
+once, and only once, one of these epizootics may be traced to the
+arrival of a ship containing oxen brought from the steppes, how, on the
+other hand, can we believe that all other epizootics have had such a
+fortuitous cause to generate it; consequently, the typhus, in these
+cases, must have been locally developed and diffused among American
+cattle?
+
+Moreover, we seek in vain for the reasons which would authorize us to
+assign to the bovine race of the steppes a particular organization,
+rendering it alone fit to engender the typhus. But let us grant for a
+moment, that the Russian and Hungarian oxen constitute a peculiar race,
+as their framework and the length of their horns would seem to imply;
+this much being conceded, it still remains to be shown in what respect
+their anatomical and physiological structure differs from that of other
+animals to such an extent as to render them alone liable to originate
+this fatal typhus.
+
+Oh! if it were true that the bovine race of the steppes alone could
+engender the typhus! we would hail the fact with joy, and would show
+without much exertion of reasoning that, in that case, we possessed not
+only the means of preventing the disease by inoculating sound and
+healthy cattle, but the far more important means of sweeping it for ever
+from the earth, by at once exterminating that cursed race, smitten with
+the original predisposition of this plague; and as, after all, the
+murderous scourge of the typhus of the steppes has already cost, and may
+perhaps continue to cost the various nations of the Old World millions
+upon millions, they would feel that their most urgent interest would be
+to come to an understanding (nor would the sacrifice be too much for
+their resources) so as to destroy and extirpate the evil at its original
+source. There would then be no difficulty in raising up a new breed of
+cattle in those countries, by transporting to it those of other nations
+free from the infection.
+
+But who does not understand that this heroic sacrifice would be
+illusory, and that the foreign races, modified in time in this new
+medium, would regenerate the typhus; so that the double sacrifice of
+extermination and indemnity would have been made to no purpose?
+
+We wish we could adopt this hypothesis, so simple and so consolatory, of
+the circumscribed origin of the typhus, and its exclusive propagation
+through the race of the steppes; but our mind is altogether opposed to
+that view, and for the following reasons, amongst others:--
+
+If the bovine race of the steppes alone could produce the typhic virus,
+by reason of a particular organization which is the prime condition of
+its existence, _this race alone would of necessity be fit to receive its
+taint_ by the influence of contagion. But if the other animals of the
+same species, as unfortunately too surely happens, can receive the
+principle of the disorder, develop the ailment, and die of its effects,
+then the reasoning of our opponents is faulty from its source; and it
+must be admitted that all horned cattle are apt to generate the typhic
+virus in those countries which afford the conditions of its production,
+and that this exclusive predisposition as it is called, attributed to
+the race inhabiting the steppes, is simply a chimera.
+
+But arguments are seldom exhausted even to defend a bad cause, and it is
+objected that the fact that all oxen may contract the typhus transmitted
+by the contact of animals from one to another, does not prove that the
+original predisposition is the same in every race; and they persist in
+maintaining--1st, that the typhus of the steppes is alone able
+originally to beget the disease; 2nd, that having thus begotten and
+produced it, it becomes, after this organic conception, apt to be
+transmitted to every animal, and fit to be assimilated with them.
+
+To these subtleties and argumentative refinements it would be as easy
+for me to oppose abstract reasonings equally strong, as it would have
+been for the Jansenists and Mollinists, had it so chanced that they had
+been drawn into a debate on the origin and nature of the virus of the
+plague which carried off Jansenius. But let us confine ourselves to
+serious facts and conclude--
+
+1st. That we have no proof of any anatomical and physiological
+difference in the humours or in the blood--that is to say, in the
+organic, intimate, and biological elements of the individuals which
+collectively constitute the bovine species.
+
+2nd. That we have a right to believe, that all horned cattle are apt to
+develop the typhic virus when they are placed within the conditions
+required for that effect--that is to say, when they are exposed to the
+special morbific causes which form its condition _sine quâ non_, and
+which are met with on the banks of those great rivers which water
+Southern Russia and Hungary, in Africa, on the banks of the Nile, in
+South America, on the margins of the lakes, and in what are called hot
+climates, &c.
+
+
+II.
+
+But if the origin of the typhus cannot exclusively depend on the
+peculiar organization of certain individuals of the bovine species, we
+must inquire after and search for the real causes which produce it.
+
+We have explained already, in the First Part, what alterations organic
+matter undergoes in general, when accidental causes happen to modify its
+organic elements; and we have pointed out the fact, that of all living
+creatures herbivorous animals were those that offered the least vital
+resistance to the causes of disease and destruction.
+
+This unquestionable fact being taken for granted, let us now consider
+under what conditions live the multitudinous herds of horned cattle
+which in Russia and in South America are reared and supported solely for
+the produce of their flesh, and sometimes, too, for that of their hides.
+
+The great breeders and proprietors fix the number of their heads of
+cattle according and in proportion to the quantity of the pastures, but
+like other men, they mortgage the future for their benefit without
+making due allowance for accidents or extreme changes of weather, as
+when years of unusual drought succeed those of heavy rain; so that these
+herds, by the single fact of these extreme fluctuations in the degrees
+of temperature, are exposed to a multiplicity of causes productive of
+disease. The same nature which generates life and health generates
+disease and dissolution, and when the former are neglected the latter
+will prevail.
+
+In the prosperous and favoured countries of the temperate zone, such as
+England and France, these extreme variations in the seasons, which are
+always the cause of a deficiency or alteration in the production of
+fodder, are equally the cause of the numerous epizootics which attack
+all the herbivorous species, and particularly those to which oxen fall
+victims, such as the tumourous typhus (_le typhus charbonneux_), the
+so-called aphthous fever, the contagious peripneumonia (which is not
+liable to return and is prevented by inoculation), parasitical cutaneous
+disease.
+
+But in less favoured countries, in those which are damp, argillaceous,
+swampy, inundated by the overflows of their lakes and rivers, or by the
+reflux of the sea, there is deposited a slimy or brackish water, which a
+temporary torrid heat afterwards causes to ferment; and then a
+superabundance of life, a teeming vegetation, springs up in all
+directions. In the midst of this swarming vitality live and thrive an
+infinity of worms, maggots, animalculæ, insects, mollusca, fish,
+reptiles, birds, &c.; and here, too, all these creatures die and decay,
+when this slime, the prolific source of generations which we might look
+upon as spontaneous, begins to dry up and disintegrate. Then from these
+organic vegetable and animal matters, in a state of decomposition,
+escape those deleterious gases, such as hydrogen, carbonic oxide,
+nitrogen, carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, and even phosphoretted
+hydrogen.
+
+Often to all these causes of infection are added myriads of
+grasshoppers, which cover the ground, where they die, aggravating the
+mass of pestiferous vapour which fills the atmosphere. Finally, the
+water which slakes the thirst of the herds of cattle is corrupted; the
+plants on which they feed distil poisons; the air, the water, and the
+plants, carry within them a principle of venom and death. After this,
+how can we be surprised if this flood of putrid emanations is
+transformed into a contagious typhic virus, whose subtle and
+pestilential effluvia are conveyed by the ox to considerable distances?
+
+In fine, let us recapitulate in our minds all the causes of destruction
+to which these passive creatures are exposed, and we shall acknowledge
+that there is no necessity to attribute to them a peculiar organization
+in order to understand the development of the typhus, which, at a given
+moment, cuts them all off; and that in the deltas of the different
+countries, as well in Asia, Africa, and America, as in Europe, are to be
+found those conditions of infectious disease which we have described. In
+these causes, and only in these causes, or in those which resemble them,
+will rational men seek for the principle of the contagious typhus in the
+bovine race.
+
+Moreover, who is there who does not understand that what is true with
+regard to cholera is likewise applicable to this contagious typhus? The
+cholera, for causes analogous to these, subject to the particular state
+of the soil, is generated, not exclusively, it is true, but most
+frequently, on the banks of the Ganges, in the same manner as the
+contagious typhus is developed in certain countries where its natural
+focus is found.
+
+The race of animals which exists on this deadly and destructive soil is
+an instrument of incubation for typhus, not in consequence of their
+peculiar structure, but because the conditions under which they live
+condemn them to this fate.
+
+
+III.
+
+Now the breeding of cattle, and the feeding and fattening of them for
+the market, constitute a branch of industry--a great interest. They all
+have to be removed, conveyed to various distances, and sold; so that
+this traffic becomes a new cause to be added to all those which foster,
+develop and propagate the distemper.
+
+In prosperous times, when the seasons, conformably with our wishes, have
+pursued a course which we call regular (for we are fain to believe that
+the planets turn on their axes on our account), and when the cattle find
+the ground covered with rich pastures, and limpid streams--conditions
+which are eminently favourable in themselves, though in Hungary it is
+necessary to add gum, salt, mineral water, and arsenic acid, before the
+health of these animals is satisfactory,--then the cattle breeders make
+their sordid calculations, and select the heads of cattle intended for
+sale.
+
+With animals, as with man, health is but relative, not absolute; the
+healthiest in appearance often bearing within its frame the fatal
+principle of no distant death. Fatness not being by any means a sure
+sign of vital strength, many of these cumbersome beasts, though
+seemingly in good and sound condition, contain in their systems, in
+various stages of incubation, the tainted leaven of contagious
+affections, such as peripneumonia, or even the typhus itself.
+
+But, regardless of this liability, their sale and migration are resolved
+upon at length. Hitherto these harmless creatures have lived in the most
+perfect stillness and retirement. Their calm, monotonous life has been
+as regular as the course of time; never by a single pulsation have their
+hearts exceeded the wonted number per minute; they are all gifted with a
+nervous sensibility of which the vulgar have no notion. Some favoured
+few have felt the sympathy of friendship for the herdsman who tended
+them, and for the companions with which they fed. They have been leaders
+of their own herd, they have marched at their head; they have given the
+signal when to seek shelter beneath the trees, or when to repair to the
+brook. They have loved the fields amidst which they have grown and
+thriven. Some of them, reared and fed beneath the domestic thatch, were
+grateful for the care they had received; their master was endeared to
+them, they would run to meet his coming, answer to their name, and lick
+his hand with fondness.
+
+And it is the course of this tranquil, this happy existence, that is
+about to be broken abruptly. It is this creature, the pattern of
+gentleness and goodness, that we are going to treat like a heap of
+insensible and inert matter--which we are going to subject to
+unutterable torture!
+
+And now, indeed, these creatures are all at once handed over to the
+savage guidance, to the thongs and cudgels, of a hind, whose cruelty
+keeps pace with his stolid ignorance, and who abets his dogs to quicken
+their course to the neighbouring market. From this moment, half-fed and
+athirst, these poor animals are forced to make long journeys afoot; or
+since the construction of railways, to be heaped together confusedly in
+a locomotive pen. There, the shaking, the sudden starts, the friction of
+five hundred wheels on the rails, the horrid snorting of the engines,
+alarm and terrify them to such a degree as to turn the whole mass of
+their blood.
+
+In such a state of vital prostration or feverish excitement, entire
+herds are carried to the public markets or to annual fairs with other
+animals, and nearly all sent to the shambles. But some amongst them are
+reserved for another fate. The females, for instance, are set apart to
+serve as milch cows; and in this manner they carry with them into the
+cowsheds, wherein they are received, the taint of those contagious
+distempers, the germs of which lay concealed in their frames, or which
+they have contracted from the companions of their journey.
+
+Some of these heads of cattle, starting from the steppes of Russia, have
+to travel five hundred miles in an open cage, less cared for and
+protected than bales of merchandise, exposed to the rain, to the heat
+of the sun, to sudden changes of temperature, to cold and cutting
+draughts, increased by the rapid motion of the train;--these animals,
+foundered, prostrate, panting with fever and torturing pains, still have
+to undergo new trials, if they cross the sea. In this case, the wretched
+victims are violently expelled from the locomotive, rocking sheds of the
+railway; a leathern strap hanging from a crane lifts them into the air,
+and lets them down into the mid-deck of a ship, where they are crowded
+as closely together as possible, for here, too, space is very costly.
+Finally, the vessel gets under way and ploughs the ocean; contrary winds
+beat it about in every direction, and these poor creatures have to
+endure a new kind of torture, accompanied by the intolerable pangs of
+sea-sickness; and in this state it is that they alight on the British
+soil, and are driven off to the different markets.
+
+It is useless to expatiate at length on the state of general derangement
+and disease in which these oxen reach their final destination. Some
+amongst them have endured for eight or nine days these unspeakable
+tortures, without being sustained by nourishment--for no animal, when
+his spirits forsake him, can assimilate his food amidst all this
+physical suffering and so great a shock to his nervous system.
+
+Let us here declare that these animals, though removed from their
+meadows with all the signs and appearances of sound health, at a time
+when a fine season had been productive of abundance, and when no
+epizootia was raging in the country which they have left, may
+nevertheless bear within them the taint of contagious typhus; and let us
+ask ourselves what must come to pass in those disastrous years when this
+typhus prevails under the influence of those destructive causes which
+were passed in review just now, and when the Russian and Hungarian
+proprietors, eager to forestall an inevitable general calamity, hasten
+to send off to Italy, France, Holland, Finland, or to the ports of
+England, many animals already seized with typhus, and whose virus must
+have acquired infectious properties still more intense and deadly under
+the influence of the deep disquiet and commotion which the removal and
+conveyance of these animals, under conditions so deplorable, must have
+produced in their frames.
+
+Such are indeed the pernicious conditions in which oxen may be, and
+often are, dispatched to England; and such appears to be the real cause
+of the outbreak of the spreading epizootia which we witness at this
+moment, and which has created so much alarm in so many counties of
+England.[B]
+
+
+IV.
+
+Let us now consider this contagious typhus in its destructive extension
+over the British soil; let us study and examine the causes of its
+diffusion as they pass under our notice.
+
+The mooted question of determining whether the cattle typhus was
+originally imported from abroad, or whether it broke out spontaneously
+in England, has been, and still is, a subject of dubious debate amongst
+some professional men, amongst the leading writers of the public
+journals, and also amongst agriculturists and farmers.[C]
+
+And, in truth, the propagation of the distemper is occasionally
+witnessed under conditions so singular and striking, that it seems to
+warrant and supply arguments for every conceivable opinion.
+
+When the disease was recognised and identified for the first time on the
+24th of June, 1865, public opinion ascribed its appearance to contagion
+arising from some diseased cows imported from Finland, and which, after
+being exposed in the Islington Market on the 19th, were sold and removed
+to the cowsheds of a breeder or dairyman.
+
+We may observe that, on hearing the intelligence of this sudden
+invasion, the public mind, which is so excitable in England, did not
+disguise the indignation it felt against foreign countries which had
+been capable of contaminating an island so advantageously situated and
+so well protected, and infecting her magnificent herds, exuberant with
+health. But after a closer examination of the facts, and possibly
+alarmed, at the serious consequences of a Continental blockade which
+would deprive the United Kingdom, not of the entire twenty or thirty
+thousand live stock, such as oxen, sheep, pigs, &c., which they receive
+every week, but only of the eight or ten thousand head of cattle which
+are landed weekly on their coasts to supply their markets, public
+opinion was appeased. But, unfortunately, this national susceptibility
+now took the opposite extreme; and the only causes it now saw were the
+dirt and want of adequate ventilation in the metropolitan stables and
+sheds; and to these causes it attributed, first the generation, and then
+the propagation or diffusion of the malady; an opinion which appeared
+all the more natural and reasonable, in that the oxen and cows of the
+graziers were the first victims of the typhus.
+
+We all know how liable, among all nations, the public mind is to waver
+and fluctuate, and how susceptible and open it is to new impressions
+during fatal visitations and general calamities; nor can we feel the
+least surprise at the uncertainty which has so long prevailed, and still
+continues, as to the real causes of the introduction of the bovine
+typhus in England.
+
+Let us therefore examine this question of etiology, and try to discover
+what opinion ought to prevail.
+
+It is important to establish at once two material facts which seem to us
+indisputable:
+
+1st. That the contagious typhus in cattle which is known to be permanent
+in the southeast of Europe, actually existed there during the month of
+June, 1865; 2nd, That some of the horned cattle, fed and reared in that
+part of Europe, were transported to England, after having crossed
+through Russia from south to north, in order to avoid passing through
+Germany.
+
+As for the first of these facts, it is admitted and received, as might
+easily be proved by reproducing the speeches and addresses delivered by
+the veterinary doctors at the Congress now being held at Vienna, and at
+which were present the men whose experience of this cattle distemper
+gives them the highest authority--Hertwig, Jessen, Röll, Siegmund,
+Gerlach, &c.
+
+The contagious typhus of horned cattle is so fully in the epizootic
+state in those countries which are washed by the Black Sea, that it was
+enough for the veterinarians present at the Congress to manifest a
+desire to see cattle afflicted with this disease, for the opportunity so
+to do to be immediately afforded them.[D]
+
+Thus, then, the fact is undeniable, the contagious typhus was raging, in
+June, 1865, in Hungary and Russia, as it rages there at all times.
+
+As for the conveyance of cattle from those countries into England, the
+fact is no less certain and assured. It is well known that a convoy of
+300 heads of cattle, proceeding from the pasture-grounds of Hungary and
+Austria, was transported into Finland by rail, and afterwards shipped at
+Revel for England. Thanks to the rapid locomotion by steam, the
+migration of these cattle had lasted but ten days--two days for the
+transport by land, and eight days for the passage by sea, through the
+tortuous line of the Baltic; but this was sufficient length of time for
+the incubation to be produced, even supposing the animals to have looked
+sound when their transit began.
+
+Moreover, it is indubitable that the markets of this immeasurable London
+have for many years been supplied with horned cattle from every country:
+from France, Holland, Belgium, Podolia, Poland, Prussia, Austria,
+Hungary, and Russia.
+
+Thus, the Islington Market (the fact is assured) had received horned
+cattle imported from the countries where typhus is known to be
+permanent. Were these cattle thus imported affected with the typhus?
+This fact likewise is as certain as the other, since two of the foreign
+cows thus imported, were the first to fall sick, and to die of this
+typhus.
+
+But if the contagious typhus of horned cattle rages permanently on the
+banks of the streams which discharge themselves into the Black Sea, and
+if the beasts reared in those countries have long been transported to
+England and other countries, how, it will be asked, is it that the
+disease has not broken out more frequently, for it has never been seen
+in Great Britain, at least, during the former part of the nineteenth
+century?
+
+This question is not devoid of a certain degree of importance, and
+deserves to fix our attention for a moment.
+
+Now the conditions in which the animals were exhibited in 1863 and 1864
+were precisely the same as those of 1865, before the outbreak of the
+disease; and yet the contagion has been possible in 1865, whilst it was
+not so in 1863.
+
+We do not presume to explain the mysterious phenomena which govern the
+development of epidemics and epizootics; but it seems to us not
+altogether impossible to give a rational and satisfactory elucidation of
+the facts.
+
+In general, in _epizootics_, and I might even say in some particular
+epidemics--in that of the typhus, for instance--three connected and
+inseparable facts form the condition _sine quâ non_, of the generation
+of the disease. First, a focus for producing the virus; secondly, for
+the most part a favourable soil, and a special predisposition amongst
+animals to receive and propagate it; thirdly, what is called an epidemic
+or epizootic genius--that is to say, a particular state of the
+atmospheric elements, or the air, which hitherto has escaped our
+analyses, and whose morbific properties vary in their degrees of
+intensity. Thus the epizootic genius of 1711, the terrible one of 1750,
+and the one which now diffuses its contagious miasma, have differed in
+some of their virulent conditions.
+
+However that may be, it will be sufficient to glance back at the past to
+assure ourselves that, in general, epizootics have been coincident with
+some violent change of season, such as extreme droughts, or
+superabundant rains; that is to say, when the cattle, disturbed in the
+physiological conditions of their health, have become favourable to the
+incubation of the miasmatic leaven scattered through the air, or else
+when these animals were living under irregular conditions, and had to
+endure unwonted fatigues and privations, as in the folds of campaigning
+armies, for instance.
+
+These epizootics have appeared to depend not only on the state of the
+soil and of the health of the cattle, but also (we repeat it designedly)
+on an element no less indispensable to the propagation of the disease--a
+special state of the air, which favours the development and preservation
+of typhic miasma: for sometimes a sudden change of temperature has
+proved sufficient to stop the rampant progress of the contagion, the
+other conditions remaining unaltered.
+
+These relations of cause and effect between the contagious principle,
+the predisposition of the animals, and the state of the atmosphere,
+evidently are subject to some exceptions; but we must allow that in the
+present epizootic they are absolutely and completely applicable. For, in
+truth, the years 1864 and 1865 have been distinguished, if not by the
+persistency of a high rate of temperature not often witnessed, at least
+by an excessive drought during the months which are both hot and rainy;
+and this has happened in the various countries of Europe, thereby
+producing a falling off in the pasture and fodder both as respects their
+quantity and quality.
+
+As to England, a country usually cold and damp, but renowned for its
+spacious green fields and meadows, it has suffered more than any other
+country from these unfavourable conditions, and their destructive
+influence on the grass and corn; the herds having found a great
+reduction of food where formerly they met with abundance. Everybody has
+seen, as we have ourselves, large herds of cattle, wandering in
+amazement from field to field, and seeking for something to browse on a
+parched and arid soil. A supplementary provision of corn, roots, malt,
+and the grounds of the beer vat or spirit barrel, no doubt served to
+mitigate the sad effects of these privations on the health of cattle;
+but in spite of all that could be done, their blood became impoverished,
+their strength and vital resistance sank, and (like the animals which we
+transferred at will into a soil more favourable to the spread of
+parasitic diseases), they afforded last June, as they do now, an unusual
+predisposition to suffer and transform the morbific principles of
+typhus, which in all probability they would have been proof against at
+any other time. We may very fairly infer this much, for we must of
+necessity believe that the regular importation of cattle from those
+countries which are considered as the permanent focus of typhus, has
+from time to time transported the miasmatic germs of this malady into
+England, although the virus did not take effect on British cattle at
+those periods, for want of one or other of the conditions necessary to
+its generation and development.
+
+We may likewise infer, and a watchful appreciation of the facts
+contained in the veterinary medical journals would show that this
+opinion is not unfounded, that the special disease which constitutes
+this typhus (similar in that respect to epidemic diseases), may develop
+itself in one beast by accident, spontaneously, sporadically--that is to
+say, without immediate contagion; in a word, _apart from those epizootic
+conditions which alone render its propagation possible_. To be brief, we
+think that an isolated case of cattle typhus may by chance be detected,
+when there is no epizootia prevailing to account for it, just as we
+occasionally meet with cases of typhus or cholera among men during
+seasons absolutely free from these epidemics. It would not, therefore,
+appear to us altogether impossible, that under the influence of very
+special conditions, the contagious typhus of the ox might have its birth
+in England; and this would favour the theory of those reasoners who
+maintain that this typhus met with the first causes, and the origin of
+its development, in the stalls and cowsheds of London. But such has not
+been the cause of cattle typhus in the epizootia which we see at
+present.
+
+No doubt some animals suffered great privations, but, whatever
+alteration their health may have sustained, all this is nothing to be
+compared to the sufferings endured by the cattle in the steppes under
+the influence of deleterious conditions of the most exceptional
+character, which do, indeed, give birth to this typhus, and which we
+have already described.
+
+No, certainly not! _Nothing authorizes us to believe that the typhus now
+under our observation was bred and born, at first, within the stalls and
+cowsheds of London._ It was most assuredly imported. But it is true,
+nevertheless, that this cruel scourge found the horned cattle of England
+predisposed to receive it, and it likewise met with atmospheric
+conditions favourable to its subsequent diffusion; in a word, it met
+with the epizootic genius proper for the generation and propagation of
+the typhus miasma.
+
+It is thus that we may account for and reconcile the two contending
+theories, one of which refers the cause of this typhus to foreign
+importation, whilst the other insists that it originated in the filthy
+and half-ventilated cowsheds of the metropolis.
+
+But if this typhus could not spring up spontaneously out of the bovine
+race of England, it must be confessed that, independently of the general
+predisposition due to a great and protracted drought, it found in the
+sickening sheds of the metropolitan and country cattle the most
+favourable conditions for its incubation and subsequent diffusion.
+
+It would, indeed, be difficult to conceive of anything more directly
+adverse to the hygienic laws of health in cattle than the stalls and
+sheds dotted over the densely populated districts of London. Most of
+these pent-up cribs are situated in narrow lanes and yards, in filthy
+streets and blind alleys; and within these close, hot, and steaming
+receptacles the miserable cows, pressed against each other, without
+ever moving a limb, waste away and become phthisical in a very short
+space of time. We may readily imagine what a prey to the contagion must
+be afforded by these animals, already more or less ailing, some of which
+are fed in a great measure on malt, so sour and acrid that the very
+smell of it is intolerable. The milk from these cows is, moreover, of so
+wretched a quality, that in a cowhouse containing 48 of these poor
+creatures, at Kensington, I found only one, the milk of which exhibited
+the taste and quality fit for a sick child, for whom I ordered a milk
+diet.
+
+It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that the present epizootia,
+during this late tropical season[E] especially, should have met with all
+the conditions most conducive to its development and propagation.
+
+When the cattle distemper first broke out, the graziers, not suspecting
+its gravity, attempted to treat the animals themselves, but soon
+afterwards perceiving the fruitlessness of all their remedial measures,
+they felt that the best thing they could do was to turn their sick
+beasts to whatever account they could, by driving them to market or to
+the slaughter-houses, an expedient which they were the more disposed to
+adopt, inasmuch as the diseased cows had ceased to give milk. And then,
+the removal of these animals, in various stages of the disorder, became
+the most rapid means of disseminating the contagion, which, had it been
+concentrated and pent-up at first within its narrow focus, would
+otherwise have spread with less fearful havoc.[F]
+
+In the meanwhile the sick cows being commingled with thousands of heads
+of cattle exposed for sale at the different markets, communicated far
+and wide the principle of the disease; and as a certain number of these
+animals remaining unsold were driven back to the farms, into stalls
+until then removed from every cause of contagion, they introduced among
+their sound companions the fatal germs of the distemper; and as, again,
+this effectual means of propagating the evil was repeated several times
+in the same week, the consequence was that, by the end of July--a little
+more than a month after the outbreak--the whole of the south of England
+was in some sort contaminated. Thence the contagion extended to the
+north of the kingdom, and passed into Scotland; so that, at present, the
+cattle-typhus has spread its ramifications over a great number of the
+counties of Great Britain.[G]
+
+In the first instance, the contagion spread from animal to animal by
+means of an infecting influence in some degree direct, among cattle
+sheltered beneath the same roof, or collected in swarms within the same
+markets. But very soon the air itself was impregnated and polluted by
+the vaporization and diffusion of the typhic miasma; and herds of cattle
+which had no contact, either direct or indirect, with infected animals,
+were seen to be tainted with the distemper. Whether this contamination
+was produced by the passage of attainted cattle along the public roads
+(having fields on the right and left), or otherwise, nothing but an
+absolute isolation, an utter impossibility of contact, appeared to offer
+a perfect immunity against the spread of the evil.
+
+The miasma, condensed by the fogs and transported in all directions by
+the winds, now began to overleap every natural or artificial barrier,
+and the favoured herds, ruminating at their ease in the manorial farms
+of the wealthy patricians, in their well-kept parks and amid every
+luxury, were suddenly smitten with an evil which in their case seemed an
+anomaly. In such peaceful homes these innocent creatures were tended by
+intelligent and benevolent hands, which understood and felt for their
+frail constitutions; food of the best quality was lavishly supplied to
+them, and whatever they could wish for lay around them in abundance;
+richly reared, they had themselves become so many ornaments within these
+scenes of beauty, and all men thought that here, at least, were plots of
+rural ground which the genius of epizootia would not invade, and in
+which the healthy herds were invulnerable to contagion.
+
+It was under these circumstances that the fine farms of Earl Granville,
+at Golder's Green, skirting the Finchley Road,[H] containing as many as
+130 milch cows, were suddenly and fiercely attacked amidst their
+seeming immunity, and struck down in great numbers.
+
+"When I left England a month ago," said the noble lord, "there were
+about 130 milch cows in four sheds; in the two largest and best managed
+I found only one cow yesterday, September 4th."
+
+The park of Holly Lodge,[I] which is partly bounded by the main road
+along which pass and repass files of cattle going to and coming from the
+markets, was visited by the same unsparing scourge. Now certainly, the
+noble and beneficent lady of the manor, who secured to her cattle every
+attention, and who, confiding in the resources of medical science,
+attempted every means to save these stricken creatures doomed to an
+inevitable death; she whose enlightened mind, equally open to the claims
+of science as to those of misfortune, desired that experiments should be
+made which might tend to throw any light on this devastating malady;
+she, at any rate, one would think, might have escaped the common lot
+without exciting wonder or envy at the privilege which she enjoyed. But
+this fell and sweeping epizootia, inexorable in its latitudinarian
+march, entered those shady bounds, and decimated those orderly sheds
+with the same impartiality as it did that of the poor man, Cutting,
+whose whole fortune was stored up in the two milch cows whose death he
+had to deplore.
+
+This epizootia threatens to invade, one by one, all the European States,
+like the awful scourge of 1750, to which we have already drawn
+attention. For even now Holland and Belgium[J] have been smitten; and
+the alarm it has excited has for a time superseded the panic which the
+stealthy advance of the cholera to the west had kindled. Some imagine
+that it might have been kept out of Great Britain, or have been checked
+in its outbreak. But, in spite of all the safest precautions and the
+soundest measures of preparation, it would most likely have baffled
+human skill, and neither been held aloof nor stifled in its focus. But
+how painful it is, to have to write and to think that ignorance,
+carelessness, revolting cupidity, and the most wanton violation of the
+laws, have all contributed to extend the evil, with the foulest
+premeditation and the blindest disregard!
+
+To feel one's self a stranger in a country, and to be able to rejoice at
+one's connexions with it, and at the same time to be obliged to give
+publicity to certain truths distasteful to those to whom they are told,
+is a most painful task. But, as it would be to swerve from that duty and
+loyalty which the national interests as well as those of science impose
+upon a writer, not to speak out with impartial justice in a matter of so
+vital an importance, we beg permission to consider, without reserve,
+this delicate question:--the causes which have contributed to propagate
+the complaint.
+
+
+V.
+
+England, so long spared by that wasting scourge, which had so often
+extended its ravages over France and other kingdoms during the last
+sixty years, was taken by surprise; and the regulations and laws
+necessary to stifle without delay the distemper in its focus--that is to
+say, in the metropolis--not being in readiness, the outbreak of the
+disease found her helpless and unarmed.
+
+On the other hand, the organic forms of the English Government and
+municipal bodies, the reserve of the Cabinet during the vacation, the
+limited power of the Lord Mayor and his civic counsellors, the
+subdivision of London into parishes and vestries, as in the good times
+of the middle ages, the loose scattering of the shambles and meat
+markets through the many streets of the huge town, the right asserted by
+each man to be absolutely independent and free, the sanctity of the
+Englishman's home, &c., &c., all concurred to let loose and propagate
+the contagion, instead of keeping it within bounds.
+
+Indeed, whilst the competent authorities, with all the energy which
+could be expected of them on so grave a matter, were meeting and
+discussing the best measures to be taken, and the interesting debates at
+the Mansion-house were throwing the first light upon the question, the
+insidious malady pursued its destructive progress, diffusing new terror
+and alarm. When at length the Privy Council issued their orders,
+prescribing the public declaration of sick cattle, and that no affected
+beast was to be conveyed either by rail or by ship, whilst all the
+necessary means of purification and disinfection were to be employed,
+&c., it was unfortunately too late, the dreadful calamity having taken
+root and multiplied its stem like the upas-tree.
+
+What a field for reflection there is in these cases, which originating
+with the imperfect state of the laws and institutions, have fostered and
+encouraged the disease! But this is a subject which it would not behove
+us to discuss, and we prefer to show by the notes which will be found
+appended to the end of this work, and which are produced as attesting
+documents, that cattle proprietors, by their own confession, too often
+sacrifice the interests of the public to their own private advantage.[K]
+
+Nor have we been able to participate in the thoughts and reflections of
+so many sensible and judicious persons, on the impotence and
+dilatoriness of the public authorities, and also, let us say, on the
+inadequate pecuniary means proposed by a people so lavish of its wealth
+when useful and great undertakings are designed, without paying a
+natural tribute of regret, to the memory of a Prince who took so deep an
+interest in the progress of agriculture, and who, had he still been
+living, would have known how to direct with a firm and steady hand, the
+right measures to be taken amidst so many intricacies and
+embarrassments.
+
+Sometimes allusion has been made to France in the speeches delivered at
+these meetings, presided over by that active magistrate, the Lord Mayor.
+In the course of these remarks the speakers have praised and held up to
+admiration the advantages of her system of centralization, the decrees
+of her sanitary police, and the promptness with which she executes the
+measures which the public interests require. That is true. France is
+certainly in a state to resist the scourge with very effectual means to
+arrest its progress; but if in this matter, as in some others, she have
+acquired a superiority, it has only been by an experience dearly
+purchased, these epizootics having returned more than once to destroy
+her flocks and herds. Politically, the same might be said of her
+revolutions, those great moral epidemics.
+
+An orator, a writer, went so far as to say, in one of his numerous
+letters, the one dated the 24th of August: "I regret to say some of our
+neighbours laugh at our expense."[L]
+
+No, your neighbours will not laugh at your misfortunes. They sympathize
+at present both in your joys and sorrows, and if I have taken up my pen
+on this occasion, it has only been because I could not look with
+indifference on your too just anxieties, when I flattered myself that I
+might write some useful pages to mitigate and relieve them.
+
+As most newspaper readers are aware,[M] and as everybody may easily
+ascertain, the diseased cattle, in spite of reiterated orders to destroy
+them immediately, were, nevertheless, driven to the markets to be sold
+for what could be got for them; or when their tainted condition was too
+glaring they were at once sent off to the private shambles, the owners
+of which, in order to disguise the accusatory proof of the misdemeanor,
+hastened to sell the body of the animal. It would be quite impossible to
+mention all the violations of the law, which every day continue to fill
+the columns of the public journals. One graceless wretch, who deserved
+to be hanged for it, if his ignorance do not excuse him, was so infamous
+as to introduce a sick cow into a shed not yet attainted, in his
+criminal desire of propagating the disease there.[N]
+
+Thus, then, independently of the causes inherent to the typhus itself,
+which served of necessity to diffuse it, other causes proceeding from
+the defective state of the law, and the perfidy of individuals, have
+contributed to its dissemination. And yet the Government circulars, the
+newspapers, and the reports of veterinary doctors have made known that
+the slightest omissions and inattentions were serious--that the want of
+ventilation and cleanliness in the stables, the overcrowding of the
+cattle, and their abiding near their own droppings, or dung-heaps--that
+the keeping of dead bodies close to farms, cowsheds, enclosed grounds,
+and fields--that the hasty and imperfect burial of cattle--that the
+collection and transit of their fragments, bones, horns, and skins--that
+the driving on the public roads of any animal either tainted itself, or
+having lived among those that were sick--that the clothes of persons and
+stable utensils, soiled with putrid liquids--that all these, and similar
+causes, were capable of propagating or aggravating the disease.
+
+But whilst we must loudly condemn the voluntary misdeeds of those who
+drove their sick cattle to market, it must likewise be allowed that, to
+conform one's self rigidly to the given injunctions, was sometimes
+attended with serious embarrassments. How great, indeed, must have been
+the perplexity of any grazier who, being the owner, for instance, of
+forty head of cattle, and having seen ten of them perish under his eyes,
+without knowing where to dispose of them, was threatened with the loss
+of the remaining thirty within a few days! How could he calmly and
+patiently resign himself to suffer so large a quantity of animal matter
+to accumulate and putrefy around him, when, suddenly ruined, and
+destitute of every resource, the authorities held back instead of coming
+to his assistance.
+
+The prime cause of all the transgressions committed in despite of the
+Privy Council's orders, may therefore be referred in part to the want
+of compensation to be granted to the owners of infected cattle. It all
+might be almost reduced to a question of money. For let us suppose for a
+moment, that inspectors entrusted with adequate powers, had been
+authorized, after a close examination, to point out the tainted cattle;
+to fix a moderate price on them by way of compensation; to have them
+slaughtered, carried away, and immediately buried, would not such a
+course have diminished the generation of contagious miasma in a
+considerable proportion?
+
+Moreover, some cattle-breeders and farmers exposed themselves to the
+imposition of fines and penalties without any evil designs; for when
+they drove their beasts to market they were only in the stage of
+incubation, at the preliminary period, when it is really no easy task to
+distinguish the distemper. The following fact will exemplify this.
+
+At each market, in spite of continual warnings, the inspectors pick out
+and despatch to the slaughter-houses a certain number of sick cattle,
+not only those affected with typhus, but with other disorders. One
+cannot help wondering, on seeing the poor, lean, sickly condition of
+some of these creatures, how their owners could have been so mad as to
+expose them for sale; but in their number there are a few which,
+although sick, appear in good health to the common observer.
+
+About a fortnight ago, during one of our visits to the great
+Metropolitan Market, Mr. Tegg, the veterinary inspector, whose
+intelligence and earnestness are quite equal to the very difficult
+charge with which he is entrusted, ordered to be seized and removed to a
+secluded fold near the slaughter-houses, a dozen diseased animals. When
+once these cattle had been thus collected in a body, it was easy to
+submit them to a still closer examination. Most of these beasts, adult
+cows and oxen, were lean, panting, feverish, dispirited, and remained
+motionless where they stood. But among them was a cow, with a brisk and
+lively look, a quick open eye, which watched us with anxiety, and fled
+at our approach every time we passed by her. The turn came for this cow
+to be examined. Mr. Tegg, strong and handy--as every good veterinary
+doctor should be--seized hold of one of her horns, but he was quickly
+shaken off; other persons came up to assist him; the fiery animal was
+suddenly seized by both horns, by the nostrils, and the tail; but so
+strong and spirited was the animal, that she defended herself with
+advantage against all her adversaries, and once more shook herself free.
+
+It was necessary, however, to master the creature, so they surrounded
+her again, pressing her back this time into a corner of the pen, to
+overpower her. But lo! the animal takes a sudden spring, and leaps over
+the bars. Assuredly this cow, for a beast suspected of the typhus taint,
+had given a proof, if not of health, at least of extraordinary vigour;
+and her owner, who had seen her condemned with much vexation, now
+thought he saw ample reason to reclaim her, and drive her back to the
+market for sale. However the cow, on taking such a leap, and under
+conditions so unfavourable, came down with all her weight upon her
+limbs, fracturing one of her forelegs.
+
+After this accident, we were able to prosecute the examination we
+desired, and Mr. Tegg showed us a row of little glandular swellings on
+the ridge of the gums, and livid spots on the vaginal mucous membrane,
+which confirmed his diagnosis. The owner of this cow, nevertheless,
+still discredited the diseased state of the beast; so to convince him,
+she was driven off at once to the slaughter-house to be struck down;
+but, unfortunately, three or four others filled the required area, so
+that the poor cow was forced to witness the execution of her
+fellow-creatures before being killed herself. The look and posture of
+this cow, her excited yet terrified glance as she surveyed this scene of
+carnage, was one of those pictures which no pencil could draw; and
+although we acknowledge that man possesses an incontestable right to
+apply to his own use the dead or live matter of animals for his food and
+sustenance, we could not help feeling for the poor victim, slipping over
+the blood, and thus scenting death before receiving the stroke.
+
+We are not excessively sensitive; we have seen a hundred horses bleeding
+from the incisions made by veterinary pupils, and scores of oxen
+slaughtered; we ourselves have practised numerous experiments on
+animals; but the affecting sight of that animal witnessing the slaughter
+of others, and waiting her turn to die, touched us deeply. We could not
+help asking ourselves, how it was that man could dispense with
+compassion and good feeling even in that bloody toil, and why he did not
+bandage the eyes of the doomed creatures he was going to sacrifice?
+These dumb animals that we treat like inert matter are sensitive like
+ourselves; they are very conscious of pain; and if it be our privilege
+to compute the number of our days, we ought not to forget that they are,
+like us, endowed with intelligence, so that when they are thus detained
+at the place of execution, all their senses and faculties being
+concentrated on their destroyer, they are fully conscious of the cruel
+fate which awaits them.
+
+At last it was the poor beast's turn to be slaughtered, and ten minutes
+afterwards we opened her entrails, and had proof that Mr. Tegg's
+judgment was exact, for already the stomach and intestines offered to
+view indubitable signs of the typhus at its first period.
+
+The owner of the cow was then convinced and brought to reason, but he
+still very fairly asserted the goodness of his motives, about which none
+present doubted at all, and applied for compensation to the full value
+of the beast, both as butcher's meat and offal, which application was
+granted.
+
+Judge, therefore, by this particular example, how many tainted cattle
+there must have been which have propagated this distemper, some with and
+some without the knowledge of their owners; and, "_horresco referens!_"
+how much of this tainted meat must have been purchased and eaten by the
+public, since this cow had all the appearance of health and vigour, and
+the real diseased condition might not have been detected at all, but for
+the experience and sagacity of Mr. Tegg, the inspector.
+
+
+VI.
+
+In this consideration of the causes of the contagious typhus in bovine
+cattle, we have deemed it essential to invite attention both to those
+which are generally recognised and admitted, and to those which, though
+they may have been settled in the minds of observant and experienced
+men, may yet appear hypothetical to certain readers.
+
+Besides which, in every scientific work, allowance must be made for the
+past and future; and here we have two vital distinctions. If the man
+who undertakes this task does not go on, he falls back; and it was to
+avoid incurring this reproach that we have passed our old boundaries and
+visited new avenues. We are aware that more than one objection might be
+urged against the opinions and theories which we have exposed, in order
+to account for the outbreak of typhus in England; we might anticipate,
+we might reply to these objections; but we would rather recapitulate our
+inquiry into the causes, in the tangible form of practical propositions.
+
+From the general considerations above given, we think we may conclude,
+
+1st. That the causes which generate the cattle typhus on our globe are
+permanent and unceasing, not only on the banks of the great rivers which
+empty themselves into the Black Sea, but also in other countries--in
+America, in Africa, &c.; wherever, in a word, exist the conditions, not
+of race (the race of the animal in this case being but secondary), but
+of climate and of the organic elements which are indispensable to the
+formation and development of typhic miasma.
+
+2nd. That the cattle typhus, although it exists not necessarily, but
+through the improvidence or want of caution in man, on different parts
+of the earth, never appears at all in the temperate and more genial
+zones, save under particular and special circumstances, analogous in
+some degree with those which generate the human typhus--inclemency of
+the seasons, overcrowded dwellings, bad or insufficient food, and want
+of cleanliness; and that these particular and special circumstances give
+birth to the epizootic genus, rendering the cattle fit and apt to
+receive the germs of the contagious virus, and to foster its incubation.
+
+3rd. That the cattle typhus, thus accidentally developed in the
+temperate and genial zones, by means of the vicious hygienic conditions
+amidst which horned cattle are accustomed to live, and which serve as
+the causes of its propagation, is afterwards transmitted by the contact
+of animals living in the same stall or shed, or collected in herds on
+the same ground, or transported in the same vehicles, by land or sea.
+
+4th. That the droppings of animals, their litter, their dead bodies, and
+their detritus, or broken-up remains--also the stables, vehicles, and
+implements which have served for their use, and all matters or
+substances which have touched them or approached them--are generative
+elements of the distemper.
+
+5th. That the typhic miasma, thus reproduced and multiplied in one place
+under the influence of all these producing causes, is conveyed by the
+winds to great distances, smiting those well guarded cattle which
+appeared to be fully protected from the possibility of infection by
+their isolation.
+
+6th. That the want of prompt and stringent measures first to
+concentrate, and then to stifle this typhus in its focus; the love of
+lucre, the perfidy of some, and the absence of foresight and caution in
+others, may be, and have been in the particular cases which we are
+dealing with, material causes and agencies of its diffusion.
+
+Such we consider to be the causes which engender and propagate cattle
+typhus, and which will serve as a basis for the preventive measures to
+be employed in order to withstand and check its propagation.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] We are aware that the transport of cattle is conducted in a
+different manner during the prevalence of this epizootia. The account
+given by two German veterinary surgeons of the management of the vessels
+of the North German Lloyd's, and of the manner in which the animals are
+treated, is a proof of this; but before the appearance of the epizootia,
+the transport of animals by land and by sea left much to be desired.
+This account will be found at the end of this work (NOTE A); and all
+documents in support of the facts which have served as the basis of our
+dissertation, are also in the Appendix, arranged alphabetically in the
+form of notes.
+
+[C] See Notes B, C, D, E.
+
+[D] See Note F.
+
+[E] On the 15th of September, the thermometer stood at 80° Fahrenheit.
+
+[F] See Notes G, J.
+
+[G] See Notes K, L.
+
+[H] See Note M.
+
+[I] See Note N.
+
+[J] See Notes O, P.
+
+[K] See Notes R, S, T.
+
+[L] See Note V.
+
+[M] See Note Y.
+
+[N] See Note Z.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+_Description of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox; its Symptoms, Course,
+Progress, &c._
+
+
+I have already written the history of the typhus which affects the ox; I
+have shown and dwelt upon the signs and characters of typhus diseases
+generally, deducing therefrom the denomination and definition of that of
+the ox in particular; finally, I have described the causes which
+generate and diffuse it abroad.
+
+Now, I must make known the various phases and alterations to which the
+disease is liable, and which, in the language of the medical schools,
+are called its symptoms and characteristics; its progress or course; its
+prognosis; its _post-mortem_ appearances, &c. &c.
+
+This examination, like those which have preceded it, will afford new
+foundations for medical practice.
+
+
+I.
+
+_Symptomatic Characteristics._--The typhus of the ox, like all
+infectious and contagious diseases, offers to observation four
+successive changes: 1st, a _period of Incubation_, during which the
+original structure is subject to internal and latent derangements; 2nd,
+a _period of Initiation_, during which the first evident signs of the
+disease are manifested; 3rd, a _period of Endurance_, during which the
+phenomena are fully developed; 4th, a _period of Decline_, or wasting
+atony.
+
+These divisions and classifications, it will readily be conceived, are
+rather fanciful, for nature does not adapt herself to our methodical
+forms. Still we shall abide by them, because they have their relative
+and practical utility, and because they will afford to the practitioner
+suggestions more easily understood; and finally, because the organic
+changes are different at these various periods, which in their entirety
+constitute the typhus of the bovine species.
+
+The description of those different phases through which the organism of
+cattle smitten with the contagion has to pass, has moreover been given
+in a masterly manner by the veterinary physicians of the different
+European countries, especially by those in which opportunities to
+observe it have been most frequent--that is to say, by the Russian,
+German, and French veterinary doctors, Jessen, Röll, D'Arboval, Gellé.
+
+The English physicians of the 18th century, as we have already seen,
+were also in no respect inferior to those of our own time. Finally, Mr.
+Simonds, who published a very able Report on his return from his
+scientific exploration in Galicia, in 1857, and the skilful Professor
+Bouley, in his recent communications to the Académie de Médecine, in
+Paris, respecting his examination of the present cattle typhus in
+England, have described the disease with minute exactness, as we
+ourselves have verified on the various sick beasts which we have seen
+during the last two months.
+
+1. _Period of Incubation._--Several careful experiments, which have been
+cited in the historical division of this work, and numerous fortuitous
+occasions, have authorized us to assign a duration of nine or twelve
+days to the period of incubation, according to the general conditions
+of the epizootia, the manner in which the contagion is transmitted, and
+the former state of health of the affected cattle.
+
+Thus an epizootia at the outset, either when it has become general, or
+when it is at its decline, does not always transmit typhic miasma of the
+same virulent intensity, nor does it always provoke in the frame a
+labour of incubation which is invariable. The contagion transmitted from
+animal to animal living continually in the same stalls or sheds is
+followed by an incubation more quick and active than that which results
+from a chance contact in the markets, or from a contagion produced at a
+distance, by the transmission of the miasmatic effluvium along the
+public highways.
+
+Let us add to these considerations the relative state of each animal's
+health, and we shall then perfectly understand that the incubation must
+vary both in its continuance and in the characteristics of its
+manifestation. In some animals it scarcely betrays the derangements
+produced by its morbid operation: they preserve their appetite and their
+usual looks. A close and attentive observation would alone be able to
+distinguish some slight alterations in their way of living, in the
+regularity of their rumination and sleep. But in others, there is no
+mistaking a something irregular and unusual in their appearance and
+living; the vital state is no longer the same. Thus an animal which used
+to be cheerful and familiar becomes silent and solitary; it browses the
+grass with less eagerness and avidity; it lies down more frequently and
+longer; it lingers by the side of the hedge along the field, or it
+wanders about, here and there, with a listless look, and without any
+object. Others moan and complain, bellowing at intervals in an unusual
+manner, very expressive of languor and pain.
+
+But apart from seasons of epizootia, the beasts too often exhibit these
+imperceptible shades of variety in their looks and actions for the
+attention to be struck by them; these changes, therefore, are almost
+always unnoticed.
+
+However, the typhic miasma absorbed at the same time by the respiratory
+and digestive mucous membranes serves to modify the qualities of the
+blood, and secretly reacts on the nervous system; soon after, the
+animal exhibits more decidedly those changes which previously were
+hardly to be detected; his want of appetite is more marked, his sadness
+more obvious, and his attention fixes itself more slowly and carelessly
+on the objects which surround him. When he is in the shed, his usual
+food is found in excess of his wants, his thirst is much keener and more
+frequent, and a continual dejection and lowness of spirits or a
+transitory agitation disturb all his functions. When the farmers or
+graziers notice these premonitory signs for the first time they pay but
+little attention thereto; but if the contagion has found its way into
+their stalls and sheds they are no longer deceived by them, but begin to
+apprehend that in a day or two fresh victims will be added to the
+number.
+
+2. _Period of Initiation._--Soon the elaboration of the virulent miasma
+in the organic structure changes the quality of the blood and humours,
+the functions of assimilation and secretion are modified, the nervous
+centres receive vitiated organic elements and are disturbed in their
+physiological conditions, and the smitten animal displays that state of
+latent uneasiness which he is imperfectly conscious of by a general
+look of heaviness and stupor (+Typhos+), which has suggested for this
+disease its name of typhus.
+
+Indeed, the poor animal's eyes are fixed, the hearing becomes obtuse or
+indifferent, as may be seen in the sinking of the ears, those organs
+which are so sensitive, so contractile, and so vigilant in herbivorous
+animals. With the head hanging down and motionless, the neck stretched
+out, their forelegs open and spread, their buttocks drawn together and
+one of them completely lax, they seem to succumb beneath the weight of
+their bodies. In a word, the animal exhibits through its whole bearing a
+heavy sadness, a general dejection, which bespeak a great derangement in
+the whole structure. From this time, in the animals which are most
+seriously affected, the appetite ceases, the rumination becomes
+irregular and partial, whilst in some others the appetite and rumination
+are maintained in different degrees.
+
+But the incubation of the morbid elements pursues its course, the
+alteration of the blood becomes general, and the circulation is
+increased and quickened. After this the fever interposes and stops the
+secretions, that of the udders is dried up, the mucous channels cease to
+flow, the mucous membrane of the mouth becomes whitish, the little
+glands situated on it are more permanent, especially in the
+circumference of the gums; the floor of the tongue and the larynx are
+inflamed, the mucous membrane of the cow's sexual organs is red and
+furrowed with livid streaks, the white of the eye is parched, and the
+skin feels alternately hot and cold, as well as the horns and hoofs.
+
+Some of the sufferers have an external horripilation, transient
+shiverings are felt in the front and hind quarters and at the junction
+of the limbs with the trunk. Some pregnant cows near their delivery
+miscarry. In a word, at this period of irritation, the whole frame is at
+war with the typhic elements which besiege it, and which overcome the
+preservative power of the vital forces, and from this general
+disturbance arises an incandescent fever, which drains and stops all the
+secretions at their source.
+
+These general symptoms are the first signs and warnings of functional
+derangements more significant, which may, however, vary according to the
+predispositions of each animal, and transfer their evolutions either to
+the nervous centres or to the respiratory mucous membrane, or to that of
+the digestive channels, in the inflammatory and febrile form of the
+contagious typhus. Such at least is what we observe in the typhus of
+1865 in England.
+
+The functional derangements, in truth, subordinate to and depending on
+the predispositions exhibited by the cattle, are far from being the same
+in all. In some, the nervous derangements predominate; in others, it is
+those of the respiratory, and in others, it is those of the digestive
+channels.
+
+As in this period of irritation the nervous centres are more
+particularly affected, the animal suffers cerebral and rickety pains, a
+constant cephalalgia, which provokes vague anxiety; he is sometimes
+cheerful, sometimes wild and furious; he clenches his teeth and yawns,
+the muscles of his face spasmodically contract, the spine feels very
+sensitive when pressed, a burning and insatiable thirst comes on, the
+breathing is hurried, and the intestinal evacuations are suspended.
+
+In this form the toxæmia appears to concentrate about the nervous
+centres--as is observed elsewhere at the outset of certain violent
+fevers, in the typhus and typhoid fever of man, for instance--and some
+of their number may perish the victims of these nervous disorders, and
+even fall as if struck with electricity. They die apparently from the
+result of the typhic poison; for at this second period, we do not trace
+in the nervous centres those injuries which might account for so sudden
+a death.
+
+When the respiratory apparatus concentrates upon it the febrile
+congestion, the breathing becomes painful, accelerated, embarrassed,
+sometimes convulsive, and a deep, oppressive cough is heard from time to
+time. The animal, under the yoke of this oppressive uneasiness, turns
+his head from right to left, scents, and seems to question his flanks,
+where the seat of the disorder is; and then, whether the pulmonary
+affection is congestive or inflammatory or emphysematous, he may die of
+the consequences of obstruction to the pulmonary circulation and from
+the alteration of the blood, under the influence of a slow asphyxia,
+but only at the third or fourth period.
+
+Finally, when the typhus localizes more particularly its morbid
+phenomena on the digestive channels, we discern local alterations on the
+floor of the tongue and the buccal mucous membrane, spots of livid red,
+leaving behind them ulcerations of greater or less extent and depth on
+different parts of the intestinal canal. In this form, which follows
+more regularly all the periods, constipation is obstinate at the outset,
+evacuation of the bowels takes place with difficulty, the fæces are hard
+and the urine scanty, the belly is inflated and sensitive.
+
+Sometimes at this period of initiation, one of these three symptomatic
+forms--the nervous, the pulmonary, and the digestive--may predominate
+exclusively, so far as to mask the disease as a whole, and to constitute
+it a special malady. But in that case, it is only the exaggeration of
+the functional derangements which in their total constitute the typhus:
+for when the distemper pursues its course, these three principal centres
+of life are always affected in different degrees. Thus, not one of the
+cattle smitten with the typhus goes through all the phases of the
+disease, without suffering at a given moment in its nervous,
+respiratory, and digestive functions.
+
+In this respect, the typhus of the ox presents an apparent analogy with
+the typhoid fever in man, although it is different. Consequently, the
+name of _typhus fever_ given by some veterinary surgeons, is not
+altogether inapplicable to it.
+
+3. _Period of Duration._--At this stage of the disease, which may be
+said to extend from the fourth to the seventh day, the nervous
+derangements are confined to symptoms of uneasiness and sensibility
+along the dorsal spine; for those cases which exhibited more violent
+derangement in the nervous functions have proved fatal. In this period
+of the disease the breathing is more embarrassed, particularly when the
+pulmonary form of the disease prevails. The pulse, which is hard and
+frequent, indicates from forty to sixty pulsations; the beatings of the
+heart are more violent and audible; the mucous membranes, dry at the
+outbreak, recover their secretions, but these latter are endowed with
+irritating properties. Thus the eyelids, swollen and tumefied at the
+edges beneath the lashes, drip with a corrosive liquid, which soon marks
+its furrow along the chanfrin; the bronchiæ, the trachea, the nostrils,
+the salivary glands, exude a serosity which runs out of the nasal and
+buccal orifices. The exanthematic eruption having discharged itself
+through the digestive channels, constipation is followed by diarrhoea,
+rumination is completely stopped, the beast declines all solid
+nutriment, and pants for drinks,--for those especially which have a
+slight taste of acidity in them.
+
+The derangements at this period pursue a rapid course--the breathing
+becomes more and more difficult, the skin is hot and dry, the hairs
+stiffen more and more, gases are developed in the cellular tissues
+beneath the skin, along the dorsal vertebræ, at the abdominal folds of
+the posterior limbs and under the abdomen, in the form of flat, uneven,
+crepitant tumours, which crackle when pressed with the hand; the
+diarrhoea becomes more liquefied and irritant, for then it is no
+longer a flow of droppings covered with mucus which is expelled, but
+secretions already putrid, sometimes reddish in colour, and attended
+with foetid gases, which induce tenesmus in the rectum, and force up
+the tail. The animal grows perceptibly lean, his dejection is extreme,
+and cows which are with calf miscarry.
+
+At night, the animal seems to have an increase of fever, sometimes of a
+remittent type, after which he becomes drowsy and lies down to rest
+himself or to sleep, if he can; but the difficulty of breathing, the
+abdominal pains, soon force him to rise again, which he cannot do
+without an effort.
+
+4. _Period of Decline and Sinking._--This stage is observed to extend
+from the eighth day to the twelfth or the fourteenth. The morbid
+functions pursue their course, for the disease has its regular phases
+and a successive variation of phenomena. The secretions, which a few
+days before were fluid and irritating, have undergone a change; they
+have become thick and purulent, they flow more slowly from the ocular
+mucous membranes, and also from the nasal and buccal, which are red and
+inflamed, and they already emit a foetid smell. The dull tarnished
+eyes become hollowed, purulent mucus lodges within their orbits, the
+bronchiæ are stopped up, the breathing grows louder and more panting,
+the animal instinctively stretches his neck to ease it; the wasting of
+the flesh exposes the bones of the sacrum and coccyx, laying bare the
+vertebræ and the ribs; the emphysematous tumours are more extensive and
+crackling; the skin, less heated, wrinkles up and splits about the bony
+protuberances; the udders are crusty and excoriated; detached boils,
+hard and rounded at first, then soft and purulent, begin to show
+themselves on the trunk and the upper parts of the limbs. The
+diarrhoea, still frequent, becomes bloody and intolerably offensive.
+
+At this final period the organic structure yields to the effects of a
+general alteration of the liquids and solids. The vital force has lost
+the power of reaction; a mass of blood, decomposed by the double
+influence of a virulent toxæmia and the obstructions of respiration,
+conveys to all the organs a principle of dissolution; the nervous system
+is in a manner paralysed, as is shown in the animal's insensibility.
+
+The secretions stop up the various channels and cavities; they lodge
+within them; they undergo a putrid decomposition, and pass out with
+difficulty in the form of a purulent and bloody flux, in the highest
+degree infectious. Very soon the sick animal has ceased really to live;
+it struggles and labours with its agony; if the lungs are clogged with
+gas or fluid they rattle hurriedly and often; the animal cannot hold its
+head up even when lying down, and when standing moves it to and fro as
+if affected with the natural shaking of old age, and as if seeking to
+ward off some indescribable evil, the occurrence of which it was
+awaiting.
+
+The animal's body is a prey given up beforehand to the laws of organic
+decomposition: the internal mucous membrane of the cheeks and lips peels
+off in strips when rubbed; the sores on the skin have a livid and
+gangrenous look; the eggs which the flies deposit on the edge of the
+eyelids and at the nasal orifices, or on the excoriations of the skin,
+quickly pass into the state of larvæ. The air they expire is cold and
+infectious; the native caloric, extinguished in every focus
+successively, disappears; the vaginal mucous membrane is tumefied, the
+anal opening gapes, and from it flows a bloody and decomposed liquid
+which the rectum can no longer expel. The mouth, half open and coated
+with a thick glutinous foam, vainly tries to inhale long draughts of air
+which can no longer reach the lungs. Finally, if the animal is lying
+down, he expires in slow agony, his head borne down by its own weight;
+or, if standing, he sinks and falls down, his death having anticipated
+the fall.
+
+Such are the symptoms--the subjective signs which enable us to detect
+the contagious typhus of the ox. But all animals do not exhibit these
+disorders of the vital functions with the same regularity and excess.
+Some of these we have seen, from first to last, sustain the internal
+effects of the morbid process--in some sort passively--without revealing
+any deep derangements in the nervous, respiratory, and digestive
+functions. The poisonous virus had smitten them; they suffered in their
+general structure; they looked stupefied; they lost, at a given moment,
+their appetite and rumination; they had fever; their breathing had
+become short and frequent; they had diarrhoea; they gradually lost
+flesh, and the excreta passed through certain changes and
+transformations. In a word, the animal had manifestly the bovine typhus;
+but, thanks to a relative immunity, to a special organization, which
+renders some of these beasts capable of resisting the contagion for a
+long period, and sometimes altogether[O]--thanks to that variety which
+we observe in different constitutions (for small-pox and typhus in man,
+and the true typhoid fever in animals, do not operate with the same
+violence on all alike)--thanks to this privileged organization,--we have
+seen some oxen pass through every stage of the disease without
+exhibiting this terrible train of morbid phenomena.
+
+In these cases--for even this mild form of the distemper at last
+produces death--the injuries fix themselves more exclusively on the
+digestive channels, and we witness, in dissection, ulcerations in some,
+in others mere spots of a livid red, more or less extensive.
+
+Finally, although the typhus be one of the gravest maladies which
+destroy and decimate cattle, all sick animals are not mortally affected
+thereby. In the present epizootia, five per cent., as nearly as can be
+ascertained, recover; and when that happens, signs of a favourable omen
+are observable during the course of the attack. In these favourable
+instances, indeed, the symptoms, even though they exhibit a certain
+gravity, pursue a regular course; fever does not become remittent; the
+fæcal discharge is copious and easy, with less foetor; the animal
+loses flesh slowly and progressively; the tumours are cutaneous,
+inflammatory; their character is good, depurative, and rather purulent
+than gaseous and crackling. The droppings do not show that high degree
+of pestilential decomposition described above; the animal in his drink
+welcomes and digests a mixture of bran and flour; the secretions of
+purulent mucus and the fæcal discharges dry up and stop in the early
+part of the period of decline; the epidermis of the openings through
+which they passed out peels off in thin scales, and afterwards in scurfs
+or husks--in a word, the economy does not experience those acute
+disturbances which strike one of the tripods of life--that is to say,
+either the nervous centres, the lungs, or the digestive organs.
+
+Now, in these curable cases, in which the cure is most generally due to
+nature's own efforts, but which a systematic treatment might render far
+more frequent, the convalescence is long, and requires great attention
+and a well-regulated diet, in which the food is carefully measured and
+divided. Here there must be a rigid superintendence. A laxity in the
+watchfulness, or too much reliance on the reviving health, have produced
+sudden relapses, and been fatal to many sick cattle, which had been
+looked upon as thoroughly cured. For it may well be conceived that
+convalescent animals, after sustaining such violent derangements in
+their health, and having been brought down to the lowest degree of
+prostration and marasmus--to a reconstitution, we may call it, of the
+solids and liquids--have a devouring hunger. If, therefore, the keeper
+who looks after them unhappily forgets that the principal lesions or
+sores are seated in the stomach and intestines, and if he gives them too
+much solid nutriment, he impedes the cure, irritates the ulcerations not
+yet thoroughly covered over, and soon adds another victim to those which
+had already died.
+
+This convalescence lasts from fifteen to twenty days, and the animal
+only recovers its health at last by slow degrees. Still the careful
+keeper need not be afraid of a relapse when he is patient and watchful.
+
+Such, then, is the contagious typhus of the ox. Type of the unreturnable
+infectious diseases, its virulent miasms undergo within the structure a
+series of transformations: they produce in the frame a general disorder
+fully capable of annihilating the predisposition or aptitude of the
+animal to receive the taint. A disease essentially specific, it affects
+the principal centres of life; it kills its victim both by its deadly
+virus and by the local derangements to which it gives rise; for how is
+it possible to preserve life when the whole nervous system, that
+promoter and regulator of all the functions, is upset?--when the lungs
+which revivify the blood, when the digestive organs which are the very
+sources of alimentation, are smitten with stagnation?--when, in fine,
+not only these vital centres have ceased to operate, but when each by
+itself is the cause of torturing pains and exhaustion?
+
+The typhus, moreover, is observed in all animals of the bovine species,
+whatever may be their race, their age, or their sex. The recovered
+animals may live with impunity amidst diseased herds of cattle, thanks
+to its non-relapsive nature. Jessen has even witnessed cows which, after
+their own cure, communicated a sort of immunity to their offspring. For
+the same reason it is that epizootias are less fatal in those countries
+where they often occur, the constitutions of those animals which are
+engendered amongst such habituated herds, preserving a prophylaxy
+inherent to the blood which has been transmitted to them.
+
+Besides, what a pregnant subject is this for the physician, and what
+more meritorious task can he set himself than the treatment of such a
+distemper, which reason assures him must eventually lead to the cure and
+eradication of the same complaint in the human species?
+
+From a cause which as yet has been indistinguishable and imponderable,
+what important, what marvellous results loom in the future! The air
+seems to us pure and wholesome, yet it conceals a typhic miasma of the
+most deadly kind; it carries this pernicious principle into the richest
+meadows, where we see feeding flocks and herds which to us seem
+exuberant with health. Then this miasma is inhaled and absorbed, and it
+meets in the frame the special and indispensable organic element which
+is needed for its multiplication; there it undergoes certain latent
+transformations, and a fermentation, a germination, which we call
+_incubation_, in order to explain a process which we cannot understand.
+Then fever is kindled, all the functions are disturbed, and the sick
+animal is struck down, leaving us wondering, ignorant, and powerless
+spectators in the presence of phenomena which, nevertheless, are the
+eternal work of nature and have endured through all time.--But if in
+the invisible typhic atom nature gives us death, it also gives us life
+in the zoosperma.
+
+
+II.
+
+_Lesions found in the Bodies of Oxen after Death._
+
+The description which we have given of the disorders produced in the
+different functions by the operation of the typhus, may easily suggest
+what must be the lesions exhibited by the organs of the body.
+
+Death, we have said already, may overtake the disease at any of its
+periods, and thus show every aspect and every degree of the organic
+lesions. Such an animal being struck down at the period of initiation,
+will not, of course, present the changes and varieties of the period of
+decline, and _vice versâ_.
+
+In general, the state of the dead bodies is that of the most decided
+marasmus; the remains are intensely repulsive, as well by the stench
+they emit as by the sight they afford; and, in summer especially,
+decomposition sets in with great rapidity. Consequently, the utmost care
+is required in conveying them from place to place; and this attention
+is the more essential, because in the transit, the cavities being
+deprived of their contractile power, let flow the pestilential liquids
+which they contain, thereby infecting the carriages and public roads.
+The urgent necessity there is to inhume at once these dead bodies, the
+most active agents in diffusing the contagion, is equally the drift of
+this observation.
+
+The deceased animal, as a subject of anatomy, enables us to certify the
+seat of the emphysematous tumours, and to see that they are really due
+to the air which insinuates itself into the cellular tissue, and which,
+receding from the pressure of the fingers between the cells, produced
+the crackling sound we noticed above. This penetration of the air is,
+moreover, a far more general effect than was supposed.
+
+It is ascertained, likewise, from the examination of these subjects,
+that the round, fluctuating, and smaller tumours, are indeed purulent
+gatherings, which occasionally find a passage into the layers and
+interstices of the muscles.
+
+The muscular flesh is usually flabby, bloodless, unsightly, of a very
+nauseous smell; and it would be difficult to imagine that the most
+avaricious trickster would dare to offer even the most presentable parts
+of it for sale and consumption. But when the expedients and artifices
+known to the butcher's trade are had resort to, when, regardless of the
+public health, the unprincipled dealer selects the most fleshy parts,
+when he dresses and adorns them by colouring them over with the blood of
+a healthy beast, the unwary eye of the purchaser may be deceived.
+Observe, that we are now speaking of cattle that have died in the last
+stage of this marasmus, so that we might suppose, even if the many
+summonses before the magistrates, and the too moderate fines which have
+been imposed on the guilty parties, had not shed the broadest light upon
+the fact, that _a large number of sick cattle which had been slaughtered
+at different stages of this frightful disease, have been dressed and
+adorned, exposed for sale, sold, and eaten by a very large portion of
+the inhabitants of London and of the country likewise_.
+
+_Digestive Channels._--The mucous membrane of the buccal cavity is, for
+the most part, of a livid whiteness; ecchymosed stains, and sometimes
+ulcerations, differing in their form and number, are visible on the
+floor of the tongue. Mr. Simonds has had an anatomical model
+constructed, which presents a perfect type of these ulcerations, some of
+which are of a scarlet hue, with perpendicular edges. The _stomachs_
+exhibit a variety of ulcerations.
+
+The _paunch_, or first stomach, always contains a large quantity of food
+intended for rumination; sometimes these aliments are dry, and lie
+sticking to its sides; at other times they are diluted with water which
+had not yet been absorbed after drinking. The inner membrane of this
+first reservoir may show flat spots, with livid injections of different
+sizes.
+
+The _honeycomb_, or second stomach, generally exhibits the same injuries
+as the paunch.
+
+The _manyplies_, or third stomach, contains between its laminæ hard,
+pulverulent, and dry alimentary substances, which are seen sticking to
+the different leaves. On removing these substances, some ecchymosed
+spots are laid bare, the epithelium of which easily peels off;
+sometimes ulcerations, and even perforations, are visible.
+
+The _reed_, or fourth stomach, whose sides are thicker, more fleshy, and
+more vascular, exhibits within its folds various kinds of lesions or
+sores: they consist of large flat stains of a darkish red, more or less
+soft, and sometimes ulcerations red on their deep surface, with clean
+edges.
+
+As for the intestines, properly so called, the _duodenum_ shows the same
+injuries, but most generally large ecchymosed spots.
+
+The _small intestine_ appears on the outside, even when it preserves its
+place in the abdomen, of a reddish colour, lined with vessels distended
+with blood, the signs of a general congestion of its membranes. The
+examination of the mucous membrane, after it has been cut open
+lengthways, shows, indeed, that this portion of the digestive tube is
+the principal seat of the distemper; for, independently of this general
+injection, you perceive ulcerations which have succeeded to detached
+pustules or lengthy flat spots, the result of a cluster of several of
+Peyer's glands, brought together by the plastic influence of
+inflammation. These flat spots, or wafers, very similar to those we
+observe in the typhoid fever of man, are inflamed and ulcerated in
+different degrees.
+
+The mucous membrane of the _large intestine_ exhibits lesions depending
+on the period of the disease. About the third period, the injection is
+sometimes general, especially near the rectum; but in the fourth and
+last period we often meet with ulcerations which are smaller in the
+upper part, larger and deeper about the lower or rectal part. The
+membrane of the sexual parts of the cow is strongly injected, and of a
+dull red colour.
+
+As we have seen, the different organs of the digestive apparatus may, in
+this typhus, offer to view extensive alterations perfectly consistent
+with the gravity of the symptoms or the functional derangements. In two
+cases in which disorders of the respiration had prevailed, and which had
+been sacrificed on the eighth or tenth day of the disease, we only
+observed partial injections of a very limited character, either on the
+gastric membranes or on that of the intestine, and which might have
+been detected in the case of common intestinal inflammation. Therefore,
+in these two cases, the characteristic lesions of the typhus, if they
+must be localized in the intestine, were, so to speak, absolutely
+wanting. It was, we will not say exactly the same, on four other
+animals, three oxen and one cow; but if, in two of them, the fourth
+stomach was inflamed, if in the third the small intestine was congested,
+and if, lastly, in the cow the large intestine showed ulcerations, we
+could not in these lesions distinguish those of typhoid fever.
+
+These facts struck us with great surprise, for we were far from
+suspecting them. We hoped, on opening the intestine of these animals,
+which had certainly all died of the typhus, to meet assuredly in a
+determined spot some well-known lesion declared beforehand. To our great
+astonishment, such has not always been the case. So that our theories,
+conclusive as they seemed on the identity of the ox typhus and the
+typhoid fever in man, and which more than anyone else we wished to see
+confirmed, must submit to observation.
+
+In fine, in this epizootia the intestinal lesions or sores present
+different appearances. Developed to the utmost in some cases, so much so
+as to exhibit ulcerations at the root of the tongue as well as in the
+intestines, and to be in a manner the excess of the injuries which are
+seen in typhoid fever, they are in other cases scarcely perceptible, and
+sometimes entirely absent, when the animal is struck down in the third
+or fourth period, that is to say, when the exanthematic or pustular
+state has had time to develope itself on the digestive channels. One of
+these animals seized by Mr. Tegg at the Camden Town market, was in such
+a state of exhaustion that he could not be driven to the
+slaughter-house, only two hundred yards distant; they were forced to
+fell him on the spot midway, in order to have him conveyed to the place
+of dissection. We only detected partial injections on the digestive tube
+of this beast. The pulmonary emphysema which had caused this animal's
+death was developed in the highest degree.--He was opened at the request
+of M. Bouley, of Alfort.
+
+_Apparatus of Respiration._--Here, again, the typhus shows us injuries
+which differ from those of typhoid fever; for if the breathing is always
+more or less obstructed at the outbreak of this fever, no serious
+organic change in the lungs is the consequence thereof. In the ox
+typhus, on the contrary, when the pulmonary form prevails, the
+derangements of the respiratory organs are remarkable. Thus, the mucous
+membrane of the nostrils, from which flows a purulent and fetid mucus,
+is sometimes ulcerated and excoriated. The larynx and the trachea or
+windpipe, choked up with frothy mucus, show the same alterations, though
+less frequently. The lungs, which are rather congested than inflamed,
+are emphysematous, the air having entered and distended the cellular
+tissue which unites the lobes together.
+
+In some cases, the lungs are so gorged with air that their lobes
+constitute but a single heap, rendering them irrecognisable, so greatly
+do their volume, their specific gravity, and their spongy aeriform
+aspect differ from the natural state.
+
+_Apparatus of Circulation._--The inner sides of the heart show
+ecchymosed spots, and the same is the case with the larger vessels. The
+blood, diminished in its quantity and altered in its quality, is
+blackish and more fluid; but in most cases it coagulates instantaneously
+and in a mass, without separating into its solid and liquid parts.
+
+_Nervous System._--Having observed and dissected the dead bodies at the
+slaughter-houses of the markets, we were not able to examine either the
+brain or the spinal marrow. Besides, let us remark in this place, that
+the mode of felling cattle in England would have rendered impossible
+such an examination. For the animals are struck with a club, which kills
+them both by cerebral concussion and by the direct alteration of the
+brain; the instrument having a sharp end which perforates the skull and
+injures the cerebral lobes. Nor is this all; the moment the animal is
+struck down, a flexible rod is inserted into the hole made in the skull,
+and driven as far as the spinal canal, so as to tear to pieces the
+protuberance and the bulb, that is to say, the vital knot. This manner
+of killing cattle seems to us, however, preferable to the one adopted
+in France, where the animal does not sink till he has been struck
+repeatedly with the club.
+
+But be that as it may, those authors who have examined the nervous
+centres of horned cattle which had perished victims of the typhus, have
+usually found the meninges, or membranes that envelope the brain,
+injected, whilst the brain itself was slightly dotted over with blood.
+
+These anatomical lesions of the nervous centres being insufficient of
+themselves to explain the death at the second period, we have
+endeavoured to give the explanation of it in treating of the symptoms.
+
+The other organs, the spleen, the liver, the kidneys, present
+alterations of a secondary interest only.
+
+
+III.
+
+    _Diagnosis--Prognosis--Use of the Flesh of Animals which have
+      Died of the Typhus--Danger of direct Absorption._
+
+The typhus of the ox has such distinct and strongly marked
+characteristics that it is not easily mistaken. However, to conform
+ourselves to received custom, I will say some words about the principal
+symptoms of some distempers affecting the ox, between which and typhus
+unprofessional persons might be embarrassed, and hesitate to distinguish
+them. We will transfer, however, those particulars pertaining to the
+diagnosis to the part written for the special use of agriculturists,
+farmers, and graziers, in order that they may readily find whatever it
+may be necessary for them to know when they chance to have any sick and
+tainted cattle to treat and cure.
+
+We have likewise a few words to say on the subject of the prognosis of
+the disease, as regards its propagation and its time of lasting.
+Finally, we will unfold a question of very real importance in
+hygiene--we mean the use and consumption of the flesh of animals as
+food, and the danger which may accrue to man and other animals from
+contact with their dead bodies, or fragments of the same.
+
+The diseases of the ox, which we are accustomed to consider as
+distinguished from typhus, are the contagious peripneumonia, the
+apthous fever, and the "charbonneux" typhus; but, as we have just said,
+we will mention by-and-by their chief characteristics.
+
+Everyone is anxious, and natural indeed is that anxiety, to know what
+this epizootia will become--what will be its course; how long it will
+last; whether it will extend its ravages over the whole extent of the
+three kingdoms; and if, in fine, it will invade all Europe.
+
+To answer in a precise manner these questions would be a difficult task;
+for who amongst us can assign at present any definite course to the
+atmospheric variations? and yet they have a genuine influence on the
+progress of the epizootia. On the other hand, the measures which have
+been taken hitherto to confine the contagion to its different foci, have
+unhappily proved almost ineffectual, but it may be hoped that, assisted
+by experience, we shall be able to resist the evil more effectually, and
+check its propagation.
+
+If the atmospheric conditions and the preventive measures could not
+modify the spread of the distemper, we should have reason to dread a
+still greater extension of the contagion; for the virulent character of
+the epizootia appears to be of an exceptional intensity, and we may
+perhaps compare it with the famous epizootia, of the middle of the
+eighteenth century, which for ten years afflicted all Europe with its
+ravages, striking down six millions of horned cattle.
+
+Let the reader cast an eye over the extracts borrowed from the
+physicians of the principal faculties who have described this typhus,
+and which we have reproduced in the first part of this book relating to
+its history, and he will then be convinced that the disease is
+absolutely the same as that which then raged so fiercely. And if that is
+the case, we must anticipate that it will extend its ravages whilst
+prolonging its duration. Already it has spread to Holland and Belgium;
+Hungary and other provinces in the south-east of Germany--a fact much
+less surprising--are likewise smitten with it; and now we hear the news
+that France, though so vigilantly on her guard, has seen her frontiers
+passed over. In spite of the _cordon sanitaire_ which she had prudently
+established everywhere, some horned cattle have been seized with the
+typhus at the town of Raubaix, in the north.
+
+Without setting ourselves up as pessimists, let us declare that we must
+expect that the contagion will continue to spread. Let us make up our
+minds to this, in order to take the necessary sanitary measures, and set
+ourselves seriously to work by trying the preventive treatment. But,
+alas! between the Government, the municipal corporations, the
+agricultural societies, the cattle proprietors, and, with regret we add,
+the veterinary surgeons, there has been sadly wanting, up to the present
+time, that mutual understanding; that prompt and decisive action, and
+those pecuniary advances which are so necessary to encounter and contend
+with this great calamity.
+
+As for estimating with any approach to accuracy the sacrifice of
+property; the pecuniary loss, which this fatal epizootic may occasion
+the country, the want of exact statistics as to the number of cattle
+which have already been struck down will not permit us to do it. But we
+may, perhaps, already set it down approximately from 50,000 to 60,000
+head of cattle for England and Scotland, until we have obtained more
+precise statistical information on this significant point of inquiry.
+
+That would represent, however, a very considerable capital; for if we
+compute the loss of each animal at the average sum of 15_l._ only, the
+sacrifice already incurred would not be less than from 750,000_l._ to
+900,000_l._ This sacrifice in money might possibly have proved the be
+all and the end all; and at this point we might, perhaps, have arrested
+the contagion, had we all been able to act advisedly and harmoniously
+together, in the name and for the interest of the public, from the first
+appearance of the disease. But this calculation of, let us say,
+900,000_l._, is made on the supposition that each cattle owner had been
+willing to abide by his own loss; whereas, unfortunately, many of them
+have striven to shift it on others, and large numbers of the sick and
+tainted beasts having been sold and consumed, a proportionate sum thus
+recovered by those avaricious men must be of course _deducted_ from this
+estimate. Deducted, indeed! Considering the consequences on the public
+health, is it not rather an aggravation than a mitigation of the loss?
+
+These last assertions naturally lead us to inquire whether we are not
+justified in saying that the flesh of sick and tainted cattle, thus
+circulated and consumed, has not had its baleful effects on the public
+health.
+
+The butchers who sold the flesh of these sick and tainted cattle have no
+doubt been careful to abstain from using it in their own families; and
+the first time they speculated on the health of their fellow-citizens,
+well knowing what they did, their conscience probably reproached them
+with the misdemeanour. But afterwards, when no bad consequences to their
+customers had been seen, their own impunity, joined to this apparent
+harmlessness to their neighbours, rendered them bolder, and it became a
+daily habit with them to sell this peccant offal, which poisons even the
+earth by its contact.
+
+Moreover, the graziers themselves were in league with the butchers, and
+took care to slaughter the affected animals before the wasting of their
+flesh by the progress of the distemper had bereft them of their greatest
+value. Their private interest prompting them thus to dispose of the
+sick animals as fast as they could, the majority of the tainted beasts
+were sold and eaten in the second stage or period of the typhus.
+
+Now, if the flesh of these diseased animals had been eaten raw,
+accidents most terrible and appalling would certainly have been the
+consequence, although dogs may have fed upon it without injury. But the
+cooking of animal flesh at 100 degrees of heat has the property of
+destroying for a time the septic germs, as the famous debates now being
+held by the experimentalists who are studying the subject of spontaneous
+generation tend to show. This poisonous meat, therefore, may at first
+have been digested without producing immediate ill effects.
+
+Our medical practice, however, authorizes us to declare that, after
+making every allowance for the influences of this extraordinarily hot
+summer, digestive and nervous complaints of the acutest description, and
+without any special cause to account for them, have been very numerous
+indeed during the last two months, and beyond all proportion greater
+than they usually are in London. And we cannot but feel that, if the
+cholera should reach the shores of England at this critical conjuncture,
+it will find organisms most ready to receive its virus. Then, indeed, if
+the typhic miasma come to mix and blend with the choleraic miasma, all
+living beings will have to contend with the most deleterious causes of
+alterations in their health, and we may (God send it be otherwise!)
+witness one of those measureless calamities which, known in former ages
+as the _Black Pestilence_, decimated cattle and men indiscriminately,
+and which, when we read the sorrowful accounts of it in history, make
+the flesh creep with affright.
+
+We sincerely hope that such misfortunes may be spared us. But ought we
+to abstain entirely and absolutely from consuming the flesh of cattle
+smitten with typhus? It is a delicate question, but still we shall
+answer it, making due allowance for every interest concerned.
+
+We conceive that all animals which are smitten with the early effects of
+the disorder, which begin to operate at the opening of its second
+period, that is to say, when the first symptoms are declared, such as
+stupor, loss of appetite and shiverings, may be handed over to the
+butchers. But this must only be done on the _positive understanding and
+condition_ that every animal, sick or not sick, in times of epizootia,
+shall pass, either in the farm, the market, or the stable, under the
+examination of a competent veterinary inspector, who shall mark the
+beast when fit to be sold for consumption. With this precaution, which
+at present is put in practice in Belgium, every interest is cared for
+and guarded--those of the public health as well as those of the cattle
+owners.
+
+But there is another question of some importance which deserves to fix
+our attention for a moment. People sometimes inquire whether the
+ox-typhus can be communicated to other animals, and even to man, either
+by contact, by direct absorption, or by inhaling the miasma floating in
+the atmosphere.
+
+Experiments of great interest might be made on this subject; but we can
+already assert, on the evidence of facts publicly known, that the direct
+absorption of putrid matter and purulent secretions, and likewise the
+mere contact with tainted flesh, when the epidermis or scarf-skin is
+cracked or peeled off, or when the least open sore exists, may give
+access to the disease, and produce death, both in man and other animals.
+In these cases, the absorbed virus operates, not as a specific agent,
+giving birth to typhus, but as a provocative septic agent, endowed with
+infectious properties, which infuse into the economy a germ of virulent
+and mortal disease. So long as a sound and intact outer skin stands as a
+safeguard between us and absorption, we may fearlessly touch and handle
+the tainted flesh of these animals. But the slightest sore or abrasion
+is an open door to let in death. A young veterinary surgeon, who had a
+slight wound in one of his arms, was carried off within forty-eight
+hours, as was proved at a coroner's inquest, after he had dissected an
+ox which had died of the typhus.[P]
+
+We see by this fatal example that we must be particularly careful not to
+touch an ox tainted with typhus when we carry about us any open sore,
+unless we take the utmost precaution in order to guard against all
+direct contact or absorption. Man, as we have said and shown, breathes
+with comparative impunity an atmosphere laden with the infectious miasma
+of this typhus. But that which to-day is true may not be true
+to-morrow; let us, therefore, be also on our guard against the too
+continuous absorption of an atmosphere impregnated with these
+deleterious principles.
+
+As for herbivorous animals in general, a similar organization must, in
+their cases, predispose them to receive the contagion. Whenever we visit
+the markets, we cannot help fearing to see the ox typhus communicated to
+the sheep and pigs which are stationed around them. It is an
+unquestionable fact that, in certain epizootias, all animals without
+distinction have been smitten and struck down, and the herbivorous
+animals more rapidly than any other. The habit of collecting such vast
+numbers of cattle in the same market, and on the same day, though
+convenient for business, appears to us injudicious, especially during
+the prevalence of this scourge.
+
+This part of our treatise was in the printer's hands when Mr. Simonds
+wrote a letter to the Privy Council which justifies all our
+apprehensions. The typhus of the ox has been communicated to a number of
+sheep, and we must all expect to see this cruel disease assume much
+larger proportions than heretofore, since it has now obtained a second
+focus for its maintenance and dissemination.
+
+      "Veterinary Department, 23, New-street, Spring-gardens,
+      Sept. 25th.
+
+      "SIR,--I beg to report that, acting on the
+      instructions received from you to investigate without loss
+      of time the statement received at your office relative to an
+      outbreak of the cattle plague in a remote part of the county
+      of Norfolk, supposed to have arisen from cattle having been
+      in contact with some diseased sheep, recently brought to the
+      premises, I have visited the district in question, and
+      inquired into all the circumstances of the case.
+
+      "It appears that as far back as the 17th of August Mr. C.
+      Temple, farmer and merchant, of Blakeney, received on his
+      farm 120 lambs which he had instructed a dealer to procure
+      for him for feeding purposes.
+
+      "The lambs were bought at Thetford-fair on the preceding
+      day, and were immediately sent by rail to Fakenham, from
+      which place they were driven to Blakeney, a distance of
+      about ten miles. On their arrival they appeared to be
+      fatigued to a greater extent than ordinary, which was,
+      however, attributed to the heat of the weather and the
+      exertion the animals had undergone.
+
+      "In addition to this, the shepherd observed that several of
+      them seemed unwell, and he remarked to his master that they
+      did not appear to be a 'very healthy lot,' and that he
+      thought it would be better to return them to the dealer.
+      Within a day or two of this time the symptoms of illness
+      were more marked in all the original cases, and many more of
+      the animals had been attacked. On the 24th two of the worst
+      cases were removed from the field to the farm premises, and
+      were placed in a shed for treatment, in which afterwards a
+      cow was put. On the 25th two of the lambs died, and in
+      consequence of this, and of the large number which were now
+      affected, the whole were brought, on the morning of the
+      27th, into the same yard where the shed previously alluded
+      to was situated. There is also another shed, separated from
+      this yard only by some old furze faggots, into which the
+      cows were driven night and morning for being milked. The
+      lambs remained in the yard till the morning of the 28th,
+      when having had some medicine administered to them, they
+      were returned to the fold and never came again near the
+      cows.
+
+      "While in the yard three died, two on the 27th, and one on
+      the 28th, and on the following day two others died in the
+      field. From this time the disease went on, so that by
+      Friday last, the 22nd of September, the day of my visit,
+      forty-six had either died or been killed, and twenty-seven
+      were in a very precarious condition.
+
+      "On the 7th of September, ten days after the last exposure
+      to the sheep, a cow gave evidence of being affected with the
+      cattle plague, this animal being the one which had been put
+      into the shed occupied by the diseased sheep on the 24th of
+      August. A second cow was attacked on the 11th of September,
+      and a third shortly afterwards, which was followed by
+      others; so that by the 16th all the cows, six in number, a
+      heifer, and a calf, were all dead.
+
+      "My examination of the lambs showed that they were
+      unmistakably the subjects of the plague. The symptoms agreed
+      in almost every particular with those observed in cattle
+      affected with the malady, and the _post-mortem_ appearances
+      were also identical.
+
+      "With a view to ascertain the true nature of the changes
+      produced in the system prior to death, I had four of the
+      lambs killed, and from these I took some diseased parts and
+      forwarded them to the Royal Veterinary College without note
+      or comment. These parts were examined by my colleague, Mr.
+      Varnell, who at once recognised the special changes of
+      structure which are caused by the cattle plague.
+
+      "The whole facts of the case leave not the least doubt of
+      sheep being liable to the disease termed the cattle plague,
+      and that when affected they can easily communicate the
+      malady to the ox tribe; and moreover, that when so conveyed
+      it proves equally as destructive as when propagated from ox
+      to ox in the ordinary manner.
+
+      "The case is also more important from having occurred in a
+      place no less than fourteen miles distant from any other
+      where the cattle plague exists, thus placing beyond a doubt
+      the fact of the malady being introduced among the cattle by
+      the sheep alone.
+
+      "I regret to add that this is not a solitary case of sheep
+      being affected by the cattle plague. I learned that some
+      sheep were supposed to be similarly affected belonging to
+      Mr. R. J. H. Harvey, M.P., on his estate at Crown Point,
+      near Norwich. This place I also visited, and found a large
+      flock of upwards of 2000 lambs, among which the malady was
+      prevailing. A large number had been separated from the
+      diseased, and gave no evidence of the malady. Very many,
+      however, had died, and the disease was making rapid
+      progress. I also examined many of the dead, and found the
+      _post-mortem_ appearances to be identical with those seen in
+      the other cases spoken of in this report.
+
+      "In this instance the malady was brought into the estate by
+      the purchase of some cattle, which afterwards died from the
+      disease, and which were unfortunately pastured with the
+      sheep at the time the disease manifested itself.
+
+      "The whole matter is one of the greatest importance, and
+      which I lose no time in submitting to you for the
+      information of the Lords of the Council.
+
+      "I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient servant,
+
+      "JAS. B. SIMONDS."
+
+
+IV.
+
+      _General Considerations on the Ox-Typhus, and the
+      Recapitulation of the Symptoms._
+
+We have seen the causes, the symptoms, and the cadaveric alterations of
+the Bovine typhus, and we may therefore apply ourselves at present to
+the consideration of its pathogenia and its nature. Only, the limits of
+this book will not admit of a complete discussion of every point of this
+important question of pathology; for if we desired to show in what
+respect the typhus differs from, and in what respect it resembles, such
+and such a morbid entity, febrile, infectious and contagious like it,
+such a dissertation would require a whole volume for itself; we are
+therefore obliged to keep within certain limits.
+
+Like every watchful physician who has applied himself to the study of
+comparative pathology, we entertained our own preconceived opinions as
+to the nature of this _Cattle Plague_. Arguing _à priori_ from what we
+knew, from the laws of the pathogenia of those exanthematic diseases
+which we have alluded to in a former chapter; from the identity of
+variola in various animals; from the preventive treatment to which this
+identity has led; believing that animals and man have each their typhoid
+fever, as they have their variola or small-pox; considering with the
+Ecole de Tours, typhoid fever as a variola of the intestinal mucous
+membrane, and having proposed, in 1855,[Q] to adopt inoculation as a
+preventive treatment, drawing an easy comparison between the typhus we
+are now observing and the typhoid fever in man; hoping, we may say,
+indeed, to find in this typhus the inoculative and preventive virus
+which is required for our typhoid fever, all will understand with what
+eager and vivid curiosity we have examined the entrails of the victims
+struck down by this epizootia. For, if this typhus had been a genuine
+typhoid fever, the bovine species which has already provided the
+preventive virus for small-pox, would equally have afforded us the
+preventive virus for typhoid fever. In this hypothesis, our proposal to
+inoculate the typhoid fever, which up to this time has been tried on
+horses only, and in experiments badly conducted, by pupils of the
+Veterinary School of Lyons, was perhaps on the eve of being realised.
+But we regret to say, we have been forced to submit to evidence, and to
+acknowledge that the present infectious typhus is not the one we require
+to provide us with the anti-typhoid virus.
+
+In the same manner as pathologists disagree as to the question, whether
+the typhus and typhoid fever in man are one and the same disease, so
+should we long debate, without coming to an agreement, as to that which
+relates to the typhus and typhoid fever of the ox. We cannot pretend to
+produce a reconciliation between these dissentient schools; all we
+desire, is to sum up what observation has suggested to us, on account of
+the practical and therapeutic interest belonging to the subject.
+
+For ourselves, the typhus and the typhoid fever of the ox are two
+diseases of the same order, but nevertheless distinct; and the reasons
+upon which we ground our opinion are suggested to us by the nature of
+the intestinal lesions, the symptoms, and causes of these distempers.
+
+As we have already seen, the contagious typhus of the ox, at least that
+of the present epizootia, is an infectious disease, which varies in the
+intensity of the functional disorders and the cadaveric lesions to which
+it gives rise. The typhoid fever, we mean the real one,--for there are
+other intestinal exanthematic fevers which simulate it,--always localize
+on the small intestines a pustulous exanthem, and in the typhus of the
+ox, this pustulous exanthem and the ulcerations by which it is
+succeeded, are frequently wanting.
+
+The real typhoid fever springs up in every country under the influence
+of local causes, and is not in the same degree infectious and contagious
+as the typhus proper. In fine, the typhoid fever smites many species of
+animals--the horse, the pig, etc., without transmitting its contagion
+with the same intensity.
+
+The contagious typhus of the ox appears to be more especially proper to
+that animal; for in those latitudes where it developes itself other
+animals are not affected by it.
+
+For these reasons, then, to which we could easily add many others, we
+consider the typhus of the present epizootia a special and distinct type
+of typhic diseases, and differing from the typhoid fever: it is the
+highest expression of its class, and occupies the first degree in the
+scale of infectious typhic diseases. Next to it we should place the
+typhoid fever, which we admit is not often found in the ox. But
+veterinary pathology is still less understood than human pathology, and
+typhoid fever may perhaps be recognised in those diseases which the
+former science has described under the names of _adynamic_ and _ataxic
+fevers_. Besides, a persistent research among the veterinary memorials
+and reports might possibly enable us to discover some instances in which
+the real typhoid fever in the ox had been traced, apart from the
+epizootic conditions. Here is an instance of it:--
+
+Gellé, in vol. i. page 245 of the _Pathologie Bovine_, quotes the
+following abstract which had been forwarded to him by one of his
+brethren, on the dissection of an ox, which was made on the 10th of May,
+1824:--
+
+"_Duodenum._--Uniform redness of the mucous membrane, with thickening,
+softening, and petechial spots. In the middle portion were discovered
+some of Peyer's glands, small round pustules, whitish at the top, with
+a reddish circumference. In some parts contiguous to these pustules lay
+ulcerations somewhat extensive, which seemed to be the result of the
+softening of the pustules which had preceded them. A dark pus issued
+from these ulcerations. The inflammation by which they were attended was
+diffused in some places, whilst in others it was circumscribed. In some
+parts the intestinal mucous membrane was utterly destroyed. The
+mesenteric glands were red and soft."
+
+Gellé adds:--"I have recorded this interesting narrative, as it may
+perhaps serve hereafter to throw light on a point of doctrine."
+
+The intention which Gellé nurtured at the time, is, we see, now
+fulfilled conformably with his object.
+
+The contagious typhus of the ox not being a real typhoid fever, we shall
+not, consequently, be able to borrow from it the preventive virus for
+that disease in man. But if these diseases differ, and if it is
+difficult, in the present state of science, to assign to them such
+distinct characters as to produce a perfect agreement among all medical
+writers, we must, however, admit, that to designate the ox-typhus now
+before us by the generic name of PLAGUE, after the Germans, who
+have given it the name of RINDERPEST, would carry us too far
+back.
+
+Let us acknowledge also, that the denomination of _contagious typhus_,
+adopted by the French veterinary doctors, is not, any more than the
+designation of TYPHUS FEVER, applied to it by English physicians,
+totally free from objection.
+
+In truth, the various species of typhus whose characteristics we have
+already given (see p. 73), are all of them febrile and contagious.
+Whoever uses the word _typhus_, speaks of a contagious and febrile
+malady, inasmuch as we cannot conceive typhus without its
+accompaniments, fever and contagion. But as the prevailing
+characteristic of this infectious disease is, above all, its
+_contagion_, we have preferred to adopt the name of _contagious typhus_,
+without, however, deceiving ourselves as to the value of the
+denomination. The final elucidation has not yet been found for these
+diseases; at some future day they will be methodically divided and
+arranged, and each of them will then receive a special title, which will
+remove from the mind that vague uncertainty which at present we regret.
+
+But if some faults of doctrine are open to debate, no doubt whatever can
+exist in the mind as to the morbid individuality of ox-typhus, or the
+general conditions of its pathogenia; and we are able to deduce from the
+preceding explanation, the following conclusions as so many propositions
+definitively settled:--
+
+1st. The typhus of the ox is a disease essentially infectious, which is
+produced by the absorption of the morbigenous miasma in the air.
+
+2nd. This typhic miasma is absorbed and engendered by the ox, under the
+influence of a number of special deleterious causes.
+
+3rd. When the miasma has been absorbed and incubation produced, the
+disease itself is but a supreme effort of nature--a struggle between the
+vital forces and the morbid evolution of the poison, in order to guard
+and defend life against the danger which threatens it.
+
+4th. A malady essentially general, _totius substantiæ_, it directs its
+action, in different degrees, over the whole structure, but chiefly on
+the nervous centres, on the organs of respiration, and on the digestive
+apparatus.
+
+5th. Its progress is regular; to the latest period of incubation it
+succeeds that of the general poisoning of the blood--that of the pyrexia
+of general fever--which for a time stops up all the secretions. Then,
+the morbid flux is localized according to particular predispositions:
+either on the nervous centres, when the animal is struck down at the
+outbreak; or on the lungs, when the respiratory derangements become the
+leading symptoms; or on the digestive channels, when the train of
+typhoid phenomena is observable.
+
+6th. The period of acute inflammation, which had dried up the sources of
+secretion, gives place to that of the depurative and critical
+exhalations or secretions; from every mucous membrane, from every
+outlet, there issues a mucous discharge, which at first is thin and
+clear, but afterwards becomes thick and purulent, and endowed with the
+most infectious properties. The intestinal mucous membrane, smitten with
+a particular lesion, becomes the seat of a flux extremely copious and
+intolerably fetid. Gases, and occasionally purulent deposits, are
+developed in the cellular tissue beneath the skin.
+
+7th. The organism or physical frame, disturbed in the very centres of
+life, undergoes a general transformation, a kind of organic
+decomposition beforehand, and all the symptoms of reaction are followed
+by a period of wasting atony and adynamia, which usher in dissolution or
+life's extinction.
+
+8th. Finally, throughout the whole course of the distemper, one special
+functional derangement--_stupor_--has been witnessed as the predominant
+symptom, the nervous system being in a manner annihilated in its
+functions in consequence of the general infection.
+
+Such are, in a brief outline, the principal symptoms of this typhus,
+which, when once engrafted on the economy, pursues its fatal march, and
+no treatment can then arrest its evolution. As in small-pox, so in
+typhoid fever and in most general disorders, Nature for a time must be
+allowed to exercise her new functions, which succeed each other in due
+course, and which the physician must not stop; for if he did, he would
+accelerate death; but he must watch with a vigilant eye, in order to
+assist the vital powers.
+
+The medical man, satisfied with these facts, will therefore abandon the
+chimerical hope of finding a specific remedy for such a disease. The
+virus once absorbed, the frame will endure, and fatally endure, all the
+morbid phenomena which must produce and succeed each other. _Against
+such a poison no other antidote exists than the poison itself._ And this
+will be easily understood. What necessity have we for a specific remedy
+to resist a distemper, which carries within itself its preventive
+treatment? If it germinates and is propagated, let us not accuse Nature
+and render her responsible; our own blindness, the lack of a community
+of interests among the people, our social institutions, the still
+imperfect state of the exact sciences, &c., amply explain how it is
+that we have not yet employed the effectual means we possess, not of
+curing it, but preventing it. If we could have our choice between
+prevention and cure, should we not naturally take the former?
+
+Indeed, the sources, the causes which generate the typhic miasma, are
+thoroughly well known to us, and these we can avoid. The developed
+miasms hang suspended in the air; we may, perhaps, one day destroy them,
+if not in the outer atmosphere, at least in the stalls and sheds where
+the animals inhale and absorb them. In fine, if we are powerless to
+arrest the fell disease when its periods revolve, we may hope at some
+future time to act with greater efficiency upon it during its period of
+incubation.
+
+On the other hand, if this formidable disease cannot be stopped in its
+progress, does it follow that we should not treat it at all? Certainly
+not! Far be such a heresy from our thoughts. What would be the
+consequence, if we left to their fate the sufferers from the small-pox,
+from typhoid fever, and from typhus itself, instead of watching over
+them with the utmost solicitude? If the physician, the enlightened
+interpreter of morbid phenomena, did not direct them with a bold and
+fearless hand, but abandoned Nature to her helpless course, why,
+necessarily, every patient would die, whereas a large number are now
+saved.
+
+That which is true in the case of man, is likewise true in the case of
+animals: we are bound to treat them when they are ill. If to-day we
+think it more expeditious and more profitable to exterminate them, we
+certainly neglect our duty. We are the sovereign masters of animals;
+they are the companions of our toils and pleasures, their lives must be
+given to preserve our own; but on their well-being and their happiness
+our own well-being and happiness also depend. They will return to us the
+sufferings and diseases of which they die a hundred times over. Like
+ourselves, they die of consumptive, tubercular, cancerous, eruptive,
+typhoid, and parasitical diseases. And who can tell whether they have
+not communicated these disorders to man, who was, perhaps, originally
+exempt from them; and whether they do not continually communicate them
+to him?
+
+What noble pages might be written on the close connexion which exists
+between all organized beings, both physically and morally! Let us love
+these animals, let us treat them with kindness, and all our other
+qualities will be raised by so doing.
+
+But as a man must belong to the time he lives in, we will take up for a
+moment with the doctrines of the economists; we will tolerate the
+extermination of diseased animals, as a painful necessity. Our duty is
+to seek in the study of the diseases of animals _and in their cure_, the
+cure of the disorders which afflict the human species. We shall,
+therefore, now proceed to consider the subject of the treatment of
+horned cattle, both as relates to preventive and curative medication.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[O] Mr. Simonds has for three months had under his observation a cow
+which has lived with impunity among animals sick and dying of the
+typhus. And a young calf did not contract the disease for more than
+three weeks.
+
+[P] Another instance of the fatal effects of the terrible disease now
+ravaging our flocks and herds of cattle, and resulting in the death of a
+veterinary surgeon, has just occurred in the town of Sudbury, Suffolk.
+
+Last week the epidemic made its appearance in the stock-yard of Mr.
+Ruffell, farmer, Melford, and the cases were attended by Mr. Robert John
+Plumbly, veterinary surgeon, Sudbury. On Thursday a cow, which was
+evidently suffering from the disease, was brought out and shot by Mr.
+Plumbly, who afterwards made a partial _post-mortem_ examination of the
+carcase. In doing so with a small scalpel his shirt-sleeves became
+saturated with blood, &c. from the animal. He returned home, and the
+same day was attacked with sickness and acute pains in the head and
+chest, accompanied with a soreness in the bones generally. On the
+following day he appeared somewhat better, and was able to attend to his
+duties, but became worse towards evening, and was confined to his house
+on the following day. He considered that he was merely suffering from
+the effects of a severe cold, and did not call in medical assistance
+till Saturday night. He slept well that night, and seemed somewhat
+better on Sunday morning. About two o'clock in the afternoon he got out
+of his bed to have it made, when he appeared comparatively strong and in
+good spirits; but almost immediately afterwards he was taken in what
+seemed to be a fit, and expired in a few minutes, before the surgeon,
+who only lived next door, could come to his assistance. It was thought
+that death had resulted from apoplexy, and a medical certificate to that
+effect was given. Rumours, however, soon becoming current that Mr.
+Plumbly's death was caused by the cattle plague, the borough coroner (R.
+Ransom, Esq.) directed a _post-mortem_ examination to be made. But, by
+this time, so rapid was the spread of the virus through the system that
+the body appeared perfectly plague-stricken, and by Tuesday morning,
+when the surgeons arrived to examine it, and it was taken out of the
+coffin, the corpse scarcely retained the semblance of a human being, the
+head and trunk being much swollen and black in colour, the features
+quite undistinguishable, and all the flesh converted into a putrid
+jelly-like mass. The tissues were completely disintegrated, so that it
+was utterly impossible to make any examination.
+
+An inquest was held on Tuesday afternoon, at the court room, Town Hall,
+before the coroner, R. Ransom, Esq., and a jury; Mr. Joseph Barker,
+chemist, being chosen foreman. The mayor (S. Higgs, Esq.) and other
+gentlemen were present during the whole of the inquiry, which lasted
+four hours.
+
+The jury went and viewed the body, which lay in an outhouse, but were so
+overcome with the fearful spectacle that they were permitted by the
+coroner to retire to partake of stimulants before they could further
+proceed with the inquiry.
+
+The first witness called was Mr. William Brown, veterinary surgeon, and
+partner with the deceased, who deposed to having gone with him to Mr.
+Ruffell's farm at Long Melford, on Thursday last, to examine several
+cows down with the cattle plague. One was brought out and shot by the
+deceased, who proceeded to examine the intestines and viscera, which did
+not present the appearances usually observable in advanced stages of the
+disease, there being but slight ulceration of the coats of the stomach
+and bowels. The lungs were not examined, as the deceased had only a
+small scalpel with him. In making incisions in the body the
+shirt-sleeves of the deceased became covered with blood, but he did not
+prick or cut himself.
+
+Henrietta Dansie, nurse, was examined, and said that deceased had been
+suffering from boils on his right arm, one of which she had poulticed on
+Wednesday, the day before he had examined the diseased animal. He
+removed the poultice himself, but declined to put on a plaster as the
+place was a small one, although not healed. He changed his linen on his
+return from Melford; but the same afternoon he was taken with sickness
+and vomiting, and complained of acute pains in his head and bones. On
+Sunday afternoon, shortly before he died, he wished to have his bed
+made, and got out and stood whilst it was being done. He then complained
+of faintness, and got into bed again, and witness to revive him washed
+his face and hands; in doing so she observed that the nails of one of
+the hands which had lain in the bed were turning black. She was about to
+give him some pills when she noticed a sudden change come over him; and
+thinking he was going to faint or have a fit, she rang for assistance
+and went herself for the doctor, who, being from home, another surgeon
+residing next door was called in, but by this time the unfortunate
+gentleman was quite dead.
+
+Mr. Maurice Mason, surgeon, said he was called in to see the deceased
+the night before he died, and visited him again on Sunday morning, and
+ordered him a lotion and leeches for his head and effervescing drinks
+(the leeches were not applied). From the appearance of the body and the
+evidence which had been adduced, witness was of opinion that the death
+of the deceased was caused by the absorption of poisonous virus from the
+dead beast.
+
+Mr. W. B. Smith, surgeon, gave similar evidence, and added that the
+tissues of the body were so disintegrated that it would have been
+utterly impossible to have made a _post-mortem_ examination.
+
+After half an hour's consultation the jury returned a verdict, "that
+deceased died from the effects of the absorption of virus or poison into
+his system upon the occasion of his making a _post-mortem_ examination
+of a cow which had died from a certain disease called the cattle
+plague."
+
+The sad occurrence has caused much sensation in the town, the deceased,
+who was only 23 years of age, being well known and much respected.
+
+
+[Q] "Appel à des Expériences dans le but d'établir le Traitement
+Préservatif de la Fièvre Typhoide et des Maladies infectieuses
+inrécidivables, par l'inoculation de leurs produits morbides." Memoire
+lu à l'Institut, le 8 Octobre, 1855. Inséré dans la Gazette Hebdomadaire
+de Médecine. Paris.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+_Treatment and Cure of the Ox-Typhus._
+
+
+In now addressing ourselves to the treatment, and, as far as human
+agency can effect it, to the cure, of this insidious distemper, we
+cannot conceal from ourselves, that this is the most difficult, the most
+delicate, and, at the same time, the most important division of our
+work; for it is to this part, above all, that attention will be
+directed. This portion of our task, therefore, will prove especially
+arduous; and nothing can give a better notion of the difficulties we
+shall have to encounter than the many fruitless attempts which, for
+several months past, have been made to overcome them by many ardent
+inquirers, stimulated by the best possible intentions.
+
+This, then, is the moment--if we may be allowed the metaphor--to take
+the bull by the horns; and we do so without hesitation. If, like so many
+others, we are baffled and overcome in this unequal struggle--if our
+strength is not on a level with our desires--we trust we shall be
+pardoned.
+
+Several paths leading to the same end may be followed in this exposition
+of the treatment of ox-typhus. After mature reflection, we shall adopt
+the one, which will allow us to take the disease at its birth, _ab ovo_;
+to study it in all its phases, in its first and second causes, and then
+in the successive periods of its development.
+
+In this manner, we shall be able to give an account of each fact of real
+importance mentioned in the foregoing pages, and to comprise within the
+treatment whatever is connected either directly or indirectly with the
+disease.
+
+Thus we will relate in so many separate articles,--
+
+1st. The means and measures to be employed to meet and resist the first
+local causes which may generate the typhus, then the secondary causes
+which serve to propagate it.
+
+2nd. The means of preventing the spread of the disease to animals still
+in good health.
+
+3rd. The means of treating it at its different periods, from the period
+of incubation to that of its decline.
+
+4th. Finally, we shall insert the laws and sanitary regulations which
+have been published in England relative to this disease.
+
+As will be seen, by adopting this method, the whole matter will be
+considered consecutively and in regular order; and the reader will
+understand that when such a phase of the malady is developed it is
+because the preceding one, which is the cause of it, has not been
+effectually contended with.
+
+
+I.
+
+    _Means and Measures to be employed to resist the Causes of
+      the Contagious Typhus of the Bovine Species._
+
+We have shown fully and explicitly in what countries of the globe, and
+in what particular conditions, the typhus is generated among oxen. We
+know that this dire disease has its focus on the banks of great rivers
+or lakes, which are periodically overflowed, and on which is deposited a
+slime teeming with organic matter; in marshy plains, where the same
+natural impurities are fostered; and that these first hotbeds of the
+evil are found in China, in India, in America, in Africa, as well as on
+the shores of the Black Sea. A spirit of observation which delights in
+measuring the phenomena of nature with the contracted compass of its own
+short views and conceptions, could alone have imagined that the
+ox-typhus was only to be found originally in the steppes of Hungary and
+Russia, and that the bovine species of those countries, thanks to a
+special organization, was alone capable of generating the typhus.
+
+Since we know, then, in what conditions this disease is developed, and
+especially in what manner it is propagated in Europe, it is not
+impossible now, when nations are united by the means of quick and easy
+communication, by commercial treaties, and by the mutual relations of
+science, to examine what measures might be taken to modify and control
+these conditions. A commission formed for this purpose, a scientific
+congress, would be able to make on the spot a study of all the
+circumstances which favour the development of typhus, and the result of
+their reports would enlighten the peoples as to the causes which produce
+it and from which they are first to suffer. They would be recommended to
+choose as pastures the healthiest places, to withdraw their cattle at
+certain seasons from those plots of ground which are baleful to them;
+new systems of agriculture would be planned and tried, &c. These
+questions being carefully examined, might lead to important results; nor
+can we understand how, in the age in which we live, the same
+indifference and apathy as prevailed in the past should be maintained in
+presence of the positive and permanent causes of this infectious
+disease, whose contagion, as we now see by many proofs, may extend at
+once to so large a portion of Europe. There is now something to be done
+in this matter; it is the duty of the governments to deal with it
+effectually, and to take serious measures to destroy the evil radically,
+if radically it can be destroyed, and, if not, to alleviate its
+pernicious effects as much as possible.
+
+Moreover, many breeders of cattle have not waited until now to guard
+against some of the first causes of the typhus: already they give the
+animals rock salt, ferruginous and arsenical preparations, but all this
+is done without method, and according to each man's will and pleasure.
+It would, therefore, be necessary to institute regulations, and to see
+them carried out and practised under the superintendence of public
+functionaries, armed with sufficient power and authority.
+
+These measures having been taken, others no less indispensable ought to
+follow. They should determine for the herds of cattle intended for
+exportation, the ways and channels they must travel by to go to any
+central part or to any railway station; and there the inspectors on duty
+should mark every animal that passes out of the district he is leaving.
+Heavy penalties should be inflicted on all who might infringe these
+rules.
+
+These precautions would contribute in part to arrest the propagation of
+the complaint; but there is another measure more radical and effectual,
+which should be taken in order to prevent its extension--we mean
+inoculation, which has met with complete success in some of the
+governments of Russia.
+
+Thus we see, there are powerful means of withstanding the production of
+the disease in its focus, or generative bed, and likewise its extension
+among the herds of neighbouring countries; and these latter might render
+them in some sort obligatory, by refusing most rigidly to admit to their
+markets, as in Italy has sometimes been done, every head of cattle which
+was not marked as inoculated or which was not furnished with a permit of
+health.
+
+It is easy to conceive that those countries wherein the ox-typhus has
+its birth, and for which the breeding of cattle and their exportation
+are a great source of wealth, would soon feel that they are more
+interested than any other in stifling the contagion in its focus, and in
+affording to those countries that receive their herds, every security
+and guarantee which they have a right to expect. Interest in this case
+coming to the help of common sense, very satisfactory results would in
+course of time be obtained.
+
+Moreover, we are conscious that we are here dealing with very
+complicated questions; for, though in a book they may seem simple and
+easy, their application is a matter of extreme difficulty. We know too
+well that these preventive measures for protecting animals will meet
+with many obstacles, and only be adopted at last with tardy reluctance,
+since man himself continues in some respect indifferent to the causes
+which spread about the fearful epidemics to which he falls a victim in
+consequence of his neglect.
+
+In truth, it is well known that the cholera of the present day--that
+much more serious _plague_--had its origin on the banks of the Red Sea,
+amidst the infectious miasmata developed near Mecca, where thousands of
+pilgrims who had died of fatigue and privation, and hundreds of
+thousands of sheep butchered and religiously offered up in sacrifice,
+have, beneath a torrid heat, generated the choleraic miasma, which
+formerly was supposed to be produced exclusively on the banks of the
+Ganges. This fact duly ascertained and proved, we might suppose that the
+governments of the different nations among which the cholera is about to
+extend its ravages, were indignant and had complained at thus being
+smitten with a scourge, due to the careless ignorance and sordid avidity
+of some official of the Turkish Government. But we should be mistaken.
+
+No! every one hoped at first that he, at least, would be spared by the
+contagion, and the authorities did nothing to resist the evil but adopt
+the old course of _quarantine_--a remedy more illusory now than ever,
+since the nations are in constant communication, either in their own
+persons or by the exchange of their commodities; and consequently, the
+epidemic is pursuing its invading course from week to week.
+
+That which is being done for the cholera gives us a scale by which we
+may estimate the efforts which will be made to arrest the generation and
+the contagion of the cattle typhus.[R]
+
+We are certainly bound to resist the introduction of horned cattle
+tainted with typhus; but in the conditions amidst which they live, some
+of them may bear the seeds of the distemper, even whilst they appear in
+perfect health, and therefore able to endure the fatigue of a long
+journey.
+
+Now, in order to avoid exciting the incubation of the typhus during
+their transit either to Finland, Holland, France, or England, it must
+never be forgotten that these animals are gifted with a nervous
+sensibility of wonderful acuteness, joined to the weakest vital
+resistance. Care must be taken to husband their strength, to give them a
+choice distribution of food easy of assimilation; barley-meal, or other
+grains, must be mixed up with their drink; they must be protected from
+the changes of weather; they must have room enough and air enough in the
+locomotive stalls on the railway trains and on board ship.
+
+We pass over in silence the hygienic measures to be taken in order to
+keep these vehicles of transit in a proper sanitary state: the sanitary
+police regulations inserted further on will make them sufficiently
+known.
+
+All these measures having been taken to meet and withstand distant
+causes and dangers, let us now direct our attention to those local
+causes which strike our eyes, and which likewise have their share of
+influence in propagating the disease. Thus, whenever an inclement season
+comes to deprive the herbivorous animals of sufficient pasture, or to
+deteriorate its natural qualities, we are bound to remedy this change,
+and to increase the cares we devote to them; for these frail and
+helpless creatures, immediately feel and suffer from the effects of a
+sustenance less than usually restorative. Under such circumstances, we
+must make exceptional sacrifices; when they return from feeding on the
+grass, we should give them some additional fodder, or roots of a
+generous quality. We must imitate the regimen used in the country of the
+steppes, by adding to their forage a solution of marine salt, or a
+solution of sulphate of iron. Day by day we must give to the weakest and
+least fed cattle, a ration consisting of bruised oats, pounded juniper
+berries, gentian, sulphate of iron, and carbonate of soda.
+
+For, if we neglect to take those measures which are required to prevent
+among herbivorous animals the development of those ordinary epizootias,
+which every year are generated on our own soil, they will certainly
+afford a favourable seat to the typhic miasma transmitted by foreign
+animals, or exceptionally generated by themselves. These cares and
+attentions must be greatly increased, when the foreign epizootia, has
+spread itself, as in the present instance, among our flocks and herds.
+Then, indeed, we must be careful not to load these creatures with
+pampering food for the purpose of fattening them. For it may be
+profitable, and the breeder may plume himself, on having produced an
+adipose monstrosity to such a degree as to bury, for instance, a pig's
+head in the fleshy exuberance of his thorax; but such a derogation from
+the laws of nature borders closely on disease, and assuredly such an
+unnatural accumulation, predisposes the glutted animals to epizootic
+diseases in general.
+
+The water given them to drink must be attended to with particular
+solicitude. It should never be drawn up from ponds or stagnant rivers.
+The animals kept in the pasture grounds should always find at their
+disposal, in receptacles intended for their use, a supply of pure fresh
+water.
+
+After these precautions with respect to their food and sustenance,
+attention must next be directed to the hygienic conditions required by
+the animal. Every morning he should be cleaned, washed, brushed, and
+dried; what is every day done for the horse must now be done for the ox.
+These unusual cares will be most salutary to him, and greatly increase
+his vital resistance.
+
+The animal thus protected in his food and particular necessities,
+attention must next be directed to the stalls and sheds. Over-crowding
+must be carefully avoided; the proper cube of air for breathing must be
+measured out for each head of cattle; every day the latter must be
+carried out into the open air; the floor of the stall or shed must first
+be thoroughly cleansed and washed out, after which it must be sprinkled
+with a solution of chloride of lime. If the stall is not well aired, a
+little straw should be burned on the ground, to improve the atmosphere,
+or else branches of resinous trees, or juniper berries may be used. In
+some cases aromatic fumigations of sage, rosemary, or mint, boiled in
+water, are employed, the balsamic vapours which arise therefrom being at
+once tonic and purifying. During the night a tub, containing pitch and
+tar, should be left in the stall, or a large piece of camphor should be
+suspended from the ceiling. Vinegar may be spilt on a piece of red-hot
+iron, or powder of sulphur may be burned into sulphuric gas and diffuse
+its vapours through the stall or shed. This excellent parasiticide may
+perhaps be equally endowed with anti-typhic properties.
+
+Finally, when this fatal epizootia is ravaging the country, every farmer
+and agriculturist must carefully abstain from mixing with his herds any
+cattle which have been bought either at fairs or markets; he must take
+care, conformably with the directions issued by the Privy Council, (to
+which we refer the reader for more ample details,) to avoid all contact
+both direct and indirect with horned cattle tainted with the typhus, as
+he might himself become an instrument of the contagion.--Let him never
+forget that to take as the guide for his actions in these times of
+calamity his private and personal interest, is the greatest crime a man
+can commit. Let him strive, therefore, to assist the authorities in the
+measures which they have taken for the interest of all.
+
+
+II.
+
+Now that we have examined the measures which prudence directs us to take
+to defend ourselves against the causes which produce and propagate
+typhus, let us think of the means of preventing it, when the contagion
+threatens to diffuse itself over a whole kingdom, as at present it is
+doing in England.
+
+When, on the 19th of last June, it was believed that the typhus or
+Cattle Plague, as they continue to call it, had effected its invasion in
+England, the Government, informed by professional men of the serious
+danger to which the interests of the country would be exposed, if the
+disease should spread, might have considered this distemper not as a
+question of private interest, but as one of public and national concern.
+It might at the outset have given to this epizootia all the significancy
+of a public calamity, have looked upon it as the invasion of an enemy
+threatening to destroy its territory, and have employed every possible
+means to stifle it at its birth.
+
+We well know that the English Government, derived as it is rather from
+political than from religious and social changes, is at once
+monarchical, aristocratic, and partially democratic, and for that reason
+embarrassed in its working by so many wheels. Its authority is scattered
+and divided, whilst the respect ascribed to the prerogatives of each
+distinct public power is the safeguard of the State. In the absence of
+both Houses during the recess, it could take no resolution as to ways
+and means; for the difficulties on this unhappy occasion, we cannot too
+often repeat it, are reduced to a question of money. Deprived of the
+requisite authority, it was unable to do more than exhume the old laws
+on the matter and ordain new ones. And yet, the impotence of the
+Government was not perhaps so great as is imagined; for whilst it
+suffered the typhus almost unmolested to devastate the country, it very
+justly, and in the name of the public interest, took vigorous and
+effectual measures to stamp out another epidemic--the rash and insane
+conspiracy of the Fenians. It stood still and would not authorize
+domiciliary visits in stables and stalls, nor the seizure of sick
+animals, but it did not falter a moment at the domiciliary visits and
+incarceration of insurgent citizens meditating mischief, so that in
+this instance, the privilege of immunity has been given to the brute
+creation. Everybody, both in England and out of England, admires their
+vigour and despatch in stifling the insurrection in its bud. But why not
+act with equal promptitude in the case of an epizootia?
+
+Arming itself, in this manner, in the public interest, and with
+sufficient power, the Government might have appointed an executive
+commission, with the Lord Mayor as president. Such a commission would
+have applied itself at once to the consideration and studious
+examination of the subject in all its bearings, and would have proposed
+prompt and energetic measures, which the Government, with equal
+despatch, would have confirmed by giving to them the authority of law,
+as they have since tardily done. A fund, which, for the wealth of
+England, would not have been considerable, 250,000_l._--the cost of a
+few Armstrong guns--might have been placed at the disposal of this
+Board, to enable its directors to meet and provide for, without delay,
+every just claim and want arising from the scourge.
+
+An auxiliary commission, exclusively medical, and consisting of medical
+and veterinary doctors, might have been formed conjointly with the
+former, and every preventive measure, considered by them as necessary to
+stamp out the complaint at the outbreak, after it had been proposed by
+the medical board, and submitted to the executive commission, and by
+them to the Home Secretary, might have been acted upon by law within
+twenty-four hours.
+
+Taken unawares, and the mode of treating the sick animals not being
+known at first, they would have been reduced to the cruel necessity of
+exterminating at once all tainted cattle, as well as those belonging to
+tainted herds, but not without compensating the owners of those
+cattle.[S]
+
+They would have sent two physicians to Russia and Hungary, to observe
+and study the preventive and curative medication, especially their mode
+of inoculation, and thanks to the rapid locomotion of these times,
+twenty days would have been sufficient for this foreign exploration.
+The physicians constituting the medical board should have been
+authorized to seize any beast tainted with the typhus; a company should
+have been charged to collect and keep ready for the public service, at
+the four quarters of London, an ample retinue of horses, closed
+carriages, and working men, to convey at all hours of the day and night
+the carcases of the slaughtered animals to the respective spots, where
+long and deep trenches had been dug to receive them. Each carcase before
+burial to have been well sprinkled with chloride of lime.
+
+By taking this course, every one's interest would have been respected,
+as much as can be desired when a great calamity threatens a country;
+besides, in doing so, the present ministers would but have followed the
+example of the Government (with regard to compensation), during the
+epizootia of the eighteenth century. The proprietors who had thus
+received, not the full and absolute price, but a sum sufficiently
+remunerative for their sacrificed cattle, would have assisted the
+authorities, and thereby would have served the common interest, because
+their sick cattle, perishing every hour within their stalls and sheds,
+were no longer a real source of embarrassment and ruin. They would not
+have been obliged to drive them to market to get what they could out of
+them and disencumber themselves. The most active cause of the contagion
+would by this means have been prevented.
+
+This allowance having been made for the most pressing dangers, attention
+should next have been directed to a matter no less important--we mean
+the treatment and cure of this distemper; for we will never admit that
+England can have fallen back a century, and that whilst those
+enlightened men--Malcolm Flemming and Layard--proposed and tried to cure
+and prevent ox-typhus in 1757, we, in 1865, shall have been reduced to
+the horrible alternative, the repugnant barbarity, of the general and
+indiscriminate extermination of the tainted cattle.
+
+Whilst, therefore, the treatment of the typhus would have been studied
+on the spot, and the most urgent measures would have been taken to
+withstand the propagation of the evil, they would have established, a
+few miles from London and on the northern side, in the direction of the
+great cattle market, a number of hospitals or sanitariums, and, as far
+as possible, within a park. These hospitals, constructed of wood,
+containing, besides stables and sheds, a slaughter-house, a
+dwelling-house for the staff of employés, a laboratory stocked with all
+the physical and chemical instruments required, &c., would in two or
+three weeks have been sufficiently prepared to receive a certain number
+of cattle.
+
+Provided with these advantages and opportunities, a permanent stage of
+operation would have been raised on which trials and experiments might
+have been made with every chance of fruitful results. In these
+sanitariums, for instance, the most practical physicians and
+veterinarians might have entered upon a systematic course of treatment,
+dividing the bovine patients into classes, according to their periods of
+disease, their age, &c.; and trying some particular mode of treatment,
+some remedy considered as effectual, alternately, upon each of these
+classes of tainted cattle. These experiments, having been made under
+circumstances so favourable, would have enabled the faculty to
+establish a medical basis, which, if not infallible, would have been
+relatively efficacious, and might have saved a large number of the
+infected animals.
+
+Whilst thus fixing their attention on the cure of the sick animals,
+these experimentalists would have carefully studied and practised the
+preventive treatment by inoculation, availing themselves both of
+Layard's hints and recommendations and of the practical knowledge
+acquired by the medical expedition to the steppes, which would by that
+time have returned from their mission. They would have selected animals
+smitten with the genuine typhus, of the typhoid and intestinal form, in
+_the third period_, whilst the depurative and critical secretions are
+running from the mucous membranes; they would have gathered the virus
+from its springs of infection or from its purulent subcutaneous deposits
+or from the serum of the blood.
+
+On the other hand, they might have chosen four heifers, of good
+constitutions and healthy, and these they might have prepared, according
+to Layard's advice, for inoculation, by a special treatment, and by
+hygienic and medical cares. On some of these the inoculation would have
+been made near the tail, according to the subcutaneous process, with a
+lancet charged with typhic virus; on others, a crucial incision, or
+cross-cut, would have been made on the crupper. But, to speak truth, we
+cannot do better than Layard, whose ingenious treatment, with all due
+deference to a certain veterinarian of our day, deserves a very
+different epithet than that of being amusing.[T] Layard says:--
+
+      "That nothing may be omitted which in any shape can
+      contribute to the success of inoculation, due attention
+      should be paid to the constitution and state of the beast,
+      no less in this practice on the cattle than on the human
+      species. Undoubtedly the young, healthy, and strong bid
+      fairer for a good issue than the old, sickly, and feeble;
+      each of these different constitutions demand a particular
+      treatment, even in the method of preparation; and however
+      trifling it may seem to many--the urging a necessity of
+      preparation--I will venture to affirm that I have seen
+      excellent effects arising from a rational preparation, and
+      fatal events from want of preparation. I have likewise been
+      witness of unfavourable turns, merely from an injudicious
+      preparation.
+
+      "The beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding;
+      those that have but a small share of blood must have none
+      drawn. The strong must, besides moderate bleeding and
+      purging, be kept on light diet and their body kept open.
+      Thus, scalded bran, mixed with their hay and chaff; will
+      cool them. The weakly, and such as are inclined to scour,
+      must be kept on dry fodder, and have peas and beans given
+      them to strengthen them. A mess of malt, or a quart of warm
+      ale, with a few spices, will be very suitable for them.
+
+      "Whatever diseases the cattle be affected with, if time will
+      permit, they are first to be removed.
+
+      "The cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed,
+      rubbed dry, and then curried, to remove all the filth from
+      the hair and skin. Then they are to be placed in a spacious
+      barn or stable, where the air is temperate and no cold can
+      come to them. There they are to be prepared according to the
+      direction already given, foddered with good sweet hay, and
+      watered with clear spring water; and if the distemper be not
+      near they may be turned out into the air, near the barn or
+      stable, and may stay there a few hours in the middle of the
+      day.
+
+      "When it appears that the cattle are in perfect health, free
+      from any infection or other disease, brisk and lively,
+      neither costive nor scouring, and chewing their cud, then
+      the operation may be safely undertaken, and henceforth they
+      must be confined to the barn.
+
+      "Since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the
+      contagious and putrid particles separated from the blood,
+      wherever the infectious matter makes an impression at first,
+      particular care must be taken not to inoculate near such
+      vital parts as the heart and lungs, nor near the womb, if a
+      cow with calf be inoculated; for, though rowels are properly
+      applied in the dewlaps, to draw off the pestilential humour
+      from the breast, and in other cases beasts are frequently
+      rowelled in the flanks,--yet in this operation, as matter is
+      inserted by these channels into the neighbouring vessels,
+      those vital parts, or the womb, might become the chief seat
+      of the disease, and the event prove fatal.
+
+      "To prevent such accidents, human beings have been
+      inoculated on the arms and legs, and now-a-days the arms are
+      found sufficient. I would recommend that the cattle should
+      be inoculated about the middle of the shoulders or buttocks,
+      on both sides, to have the benefit of two drains. The skin
+      is to be cut lengthways two inches, deep enough for the
+      blood to start, but not to bleed much. In this incision is
+      to be put a dossil or pledget of tow, dipped in the matter
+      of a boil full ripe, opened in the back of a young calf
+      recovering from the distemper. It may not be amiss to stitch
+      up the wound, to keep the tow in, and let it remain
+      forty-eight hours. Then the stitches are to be cut, the tow
+      taken out, and the wound dressed with yellow basilicon
+      ointment, or one made with turpentine and yolk of egg,
+      spread on pledgets of tow. These dressings are to be
+      continued during the whole illness, and till after the
+      recovery of the beast, to promote the discharge; and then
+      the wound may be healed with the cerate of lapis
+      calaminaris, or any other.
+
+      "On the third day after inoculation, the discolouring of the
+      wound, whose lips appear grey and swollen, will be a sign
+      that the inoculation has succeeded; but the beasts, as
+      Professor Swenke informs us, did not fall ill till the sixth
+      day, which answers exactly to the observations daily made in
+      the inoculating of children. Yet the Professor adds that on
+      the third day a costiveness came on, which was removed by
+      giving each calf three ounces of Epsom salts.
+
+      "No sooner do the symptoms of heaviness and stupidity appear
+      than the beasts must have a light covering thrown over them,
+      and at night fastened loosely. They must be rubbed morning
+      and evening, and curried, till the boils begin to rise; warm
+      hay-water and vinegar-whey must be given plentifully. Should
+      the beasts require more nourishment, dry meat, such as hay,
+      with a little bran, may be offered. I should be very
+      cautious in giving milk-pottage, even after the boils and
+      pimples had all come out, for fear of bringing on a
+      scouring. However, this caution is proper, that whenever
+      milk-pottage be given the vinegar-whey is to be omitted for
+      obvious reasons. In cases of accident, the same attention is
+      to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the
+      natural way, and the medicines recommended are the same I
+      would use; but by inoculation there seldom is a call for
+      any, so favourably does the distemper proceed through its
+      several stages.
+
+      "The crisis being over, it will be proper to purge the
+      cattle, to air them by degrees, and to have the same regard
+      in the management of them as is laid down in the chapter on
+      the method of cure."
+
+The typhic virus is so highly infectious and poisonous that the first
+animals inoculated would have all died; it would have been necessary to
+inoculate successively a number of animals with the virus derived from
+the first inoculation, and transmitted from an inoculated animal to a
+healthy one, by which means they would have acquired a virus of the
+first, second, third generation, and so on. These inoculations having
+always been made on four animals at a time; on two of them, the disease
+would have been left to take its own course, in order that the
+experimentalists might watch its progress and development, and the two
+others would have supplied the virus for inoculation.
+
+At the third or fourth generation, the virus, modified and attenuated in
+its infectious principles, would no longer have been mortal in its
+effects, as experience has proved in Russia. Then the inoculated
+animals, placed under the control of hygienic cares and a few purgative
+and tonic medications, would have passed from convalescence to health.
+The virus thus attenuated would have supplied the means of a practical
+inoculation on a large scale to all healthy animals.
+
+Proceeding thus, they would, moreover, but have followed the method
+adopted in those times of epidemic and epizootia when the small-pox is
+raging. On those occasions, we subject our sick patients to vaccination
+or revaccination; we inoculate the variola in our sheep threatened with
+the contagion; we pursue the same course in cases of epizootia, of
+peripneumonia. And truly, that which it is reasonable to do in one case
+may be generalized and applied to a greater number.
+
+The experiment we have suggested might, perhaps, have been long and
+difficult, nay, even costly, but we should have established, after a
+certain time, the rational method of this preventive treatment, and have
+distributed the same throughout the country. Veterinarians would have
+formed in particular districts their centre of operation, in which the
+preventive virus might have been produced, and they might have gone from
+farm-house to farm-house to inoculate all the cattle within them.
+
+From these facts and observations made by the physicians, precious
+documents would have been derived; and if, contrary to all expectation,
+success had not justified every hope, we should have bequeathed to
+future generations facts and experiences which would have been of the
+most useful character to them and full of instruction. Thus it is that
+science advances and progress is accomplished.
+
+If all that we have just indicated as a realizable matter had been done,
+in effect, England would have afforded in this, as she has so often done
+in other cases, a noble example to be followed, and would have acquired
+a new title to the admiration of other nations.
+
+But, unfortunately it has not been so: silence has succeeded to
+eloquence at Guildhall, and the meetings at the Mansion-house have
+flickered away. That which was held on the 27th of September, seems
+likely to be the last of them.[U]
+
+The subscriptions which, in spite of all the praiseworthy efforts and
+earnestness of the Lord Mayor, did not reach 2000_l._, were returned to
+the subscribers, so that all the attempts which have been made to
+centralize the direction to be given to the various measures have proved
+abortive. The plan of forming sanitariums, as well as that of
+compensating the owners of cattle, have both fallen to the ground.
+
+What can we think of such a state of things when we see the ox-typhus
+extending its ravages to sheep, and have to fear that the disease will
+spread to other animal species? What serious reflections it creates in
+our minds, and what awful consequences we might deduce therefrom! But
+what would be the use of them?
+
+Let us add, however, that France, save on the recognised principle of
+indemnification, and a more speedy extermination of her tainted cattle,
+has shown the same deficiency as to the means of treatment as England;
+whilst we have the consolation of attributing this impotence on the part
+of this country to the fact that the outbreak of the epizootia has
+occurred during the Parliamentary recess.
+
+It is, therefore, to institutions rather than to individuals that we
+must ascribe the impossibility of conquering the difficulties which have
+been met, and which at any other time might not have obstructed the
+course of things. Far be it from us therefore to accuse of indifference
+a great people renowned for their zealous promotion of public interests,
+for their charity and inexhaustible philanthropy, whose innumerable
+asylums have been opened to every misfortune, who support so many
+hospitals and public charities by their voluntary contributions, and
+who, in so many calamities, have seen some devoted heroine issue from
+her retirement to assuage them. For if the Crimean war produced its lady
+beneficent in the person of Florence Nightingale, all of us must allow
+that if others had followed the example of Miss Burdett Coutts, who, in
+a manner, has stood alone against the storm, by the facilities she has
+afforded for treating and experimentalizing on the cattle smitten with
+typhus, the formidable scourge might have been arrested in its focus.
+
+
+III.
+
+_Curative Medication._
+
+We might acquire the means of resisting the general causes which develop
+the typhus; we might stop its diffusion, we might even prevent it, by
+inoculating the sound and healthy animals, and yet it would be
+necessary, none the less, to search for the means of curing it; for, as
+in the small-pox, the preventive treatment of which we know, certain
+circumstances would arise in the disease which would oblige us to treat
+it. And as we are far from being able to resist the generation and
+dissemination of this scourge, which reckons almost as many victims as
+sufferers, it is important to make known what treatment we can oppose to
+the functional derangements to which it gives rise.
+
+As we have already said, this typhus, when the organism has absorbed its
+peccant and infectious miasma, produces a succession of disorders which
+become in a manner temporary functions; it pursues its phases, its
+periods; and as the functional derangements differ at these several
+epochs from the development of the morbid phenomena, the course of
+medicine which is employed to check them cannot always be the same.
+Starting, therefore, from practical data, we will attend the disease in
+its gradual advance--that is to say, in its distinct periods--and will
+afterwards explain certain predominant symptoms, which, owing to their
+importance, must likewise fix the attention of the careful therapeutist.
+
+It will be remembered that we have recognised four periods in the
+regular course of typhus:--
+
+  1st, a period of incubation;
+  2nd, a period of initiation;
+  3rd, a period of duration;
+  4th, a period of decline.
+
+But, in the first place, before beginning the treatment, every farmer or
+grazier, or cattle-owner, who keeps a certain number of cattle, should
+divide his herd into several classes, in order to regulate and methodize
+the cares to be given to the sick.
+
+Thus, he will form a first class, comprising the animals in a sound and
+healthy state, having had no intercourse, either direct or indirect,
+with the tainted cattle, and which he will be careful immediately to
+isolate and keep apart.
+
+A second class must be formed of those beasts, which, though as yet
+unaffected with the distemper, have, nevertheless, been exposed more or
+less directly to its contagion, by living and consorting with them, or
+by their contact with other animals, either at fairs or markets, or in
+the ships and cattle-trucks on the railway during their transit from one
+place to another. The horned cattle composing this latter class must be
+carefully watched, and be made the subject of the preventive treatment,
+the moment the first sign appears of the working of the incubation.
+
+A third class must be formed, consisting of cattle actually smitten with
+the distemper.
+
+These divisions of animals being thus settled and separated, will
+diminish the labour and the cost of treatment and the liability to
+diffuse the complaint, especially when the epizootia begins to lose its
+virulence.
+
+
+_First Period--of Incubation._
+
+We have said that infectious diseases, when once the frame had suffered
+the effects of the poisonous miasma, pursued their fatal course, and
+that, generally speaking, it was impossible after such infection to
+arrest its development. We say generally, for the typhus at the outbreak
+of its appearance on a virgin soil sometimes manifests itself in a
+benignant manner, then it becomes more destructive, by-and-bye its
+pernicious properties decline, and it in some sort goes out of itself.
+One would say that the epizootia, like those it smites, has likewise its
+peculiarities, its period of initiation, of duration, and of decline.
+There are in consequence fixed times or epochs during which the
+sufferers afford better scope for our means of action; at a given moment
+the attenuated virus, having lost much of its deadly effects, ceases to
+produce death, which decline is the real source of the marvellous
+successes obtained by certain remedies against the epizootia.
+
+If it be true that the distemper at its period of duration, and at its
+most critical moment, cannot be fettered, we should not be justified in
+asserting positively the same, as respects the period of incubation.
+Indeed, we are convinced ourselves, that if ever this disease shall be
+clogged in the wheel, _if ever its specific remedy shall be discovered,
+it will be within the period of incubation_, when the economy begins to
+struggle with the first phenomena of the poisoning. Be that as it may,
+we cannot, in epizootic times, too earnestly enjoin the owners of cattle
+to submit their animals to a strict and close inspection, in order that,
+when the first signs of incubation appear, they may modify the animal's
+usual diet, and attack the disease at its birth, so as to render it
+abortive, if the thing can be done.
+
+At this period we must endeavour to come to Nature's assistance, we must
+shake and stir up the economy, we must unseat the morbid functions which
+seek to master us, and then the vital force, thus solicited and
+stimulated, may sometimes struggle with advantage. To do this
+effectually, if the animal is atonic and predisposed to adynamia, if his
+internal organs are relaxed, we will strengthen him by administering
+every day a stimulating beverage. If he is confined to the stall we
+will give him the open air, and let him graze the fields; which is a
+treatment by itself for the invalid animal, so vivifying is the pure air
+of the common, and so thoroughly different from the atmosphere which is
+pent up within his stall. If the animal is strong, lusty, exuberant with
+health, let him be purged once or twice, the purgative to be given at
+intervals of twenty-four hours. (We shall give the medical formula in
+the chapter addressed to farmers, graziers, &c.)
+
+This purgation, moreover, will correspond with the theory of those
+authors who consider the evacuations as the proper means of delivering
+the economy from the infectious miasms which have been absorbed.
+
+If the beast is plethoric, recourse should sometimes be had to bleeding,
+especially in hot and dry seasons, like the one we have recently passed
+through.
+
+These stimulative and depletive medications cannot but be favourable to
+the animal, since it will anticipate the treatment to which he must be
+submitted a few days later, when the disease shall have declared
+itself.
+
+To this treatment, in some sort preventive, must be annexed an
+_antimiasmatic_ beverage, either a _permanganate of potash_, or a
+solution of _chlorate of potash_, or of _arsenic acid_ in powder, mixed
+with some aromatized beverage, or solution of _arseniate of soda_. These
+anti-typhic drinks must be discontinued on those days when the sick
+cattle are purged.
+
+It need hardly be said, that during this period of incubation the
+feeding of the cattle must be strictly attended to, and that the animal
+must receive unusual hygienic care.
+
+
+_Second Period, or that of Initiation._
+
+At this period the constitution and temperament of the sick cattle must
+first of all be deliberately studied, so as to ascertain fully which are
+_lymphatic_, which are _nervous_, and which are _sanguine_. We must
+notice the age, the sex, the state of gestation, and make allowance for
+any prior complaints to which any of the sick cattle may have been
+subject. For if, like certain system-mongers, we reduced the treatment
+of all tainted cattle to the same mathematical formula of medication,
+that is, either to bleeding or to purging exclusively, we should
+certainly increase the number of victims.
+
+In this stage of the disease we have to contend with the derangements of
+the circulation and secretions. The fever is generally intense, the
+blood is inflamed or vitiated, the mucous membranes are dried up;
+shiverings, alternations of cold and heat, &c., occur. We must then
+mitigate these morbid phenomena either by bleeding or purging. The
+bleeding must be more or less copious, according to the strength of the
+animal. For, it must not be forgotten that we have several critical
+phases to pass through, and if we exhaust the animal by too largely
+draining him of blood, we may forfeit the success of the treatment. If
+bleeding is considered unnecessary, let the sufferer be purged at once,
+by administering either _sulphate of magnesia_ (_Epsom salts_), _or
+sulphate of soda_ (_Glauber's salt_). These purges to be taken daily,
+for two or three days, according to the way they operate. Linseed oil,
+mixed in some warm beverage, may be given instead of these, or else a
+mixture of rhubarb and calomel, or even a decoction of senna. Preference
+should be given to saline or laxative purges, as, drastic purgatives,
+such as aloes or jalap, sometimes concentrate the inflammation on the
+narrow parts of the digestive channels.
+
+In this second stage--the period of initiation--the appetite is
+generally gone, the thirst excessive; so that nutritive or solid feeding
+must of course be suppressed.
+
+As for the drinks, they must be cold, consisting of water with
+sufficient flour mixed in it to whiten it, and a little vinegar or
+sulphuric acid, to acidulate it. A decoction of good hay with some
+marine salt, or nitrate of potash; a decoction of pellitory or
+wall-wort, of ground-ivy, or whey, or buttermilk, likewise acidulated,
+and which the cattle are very partial to, will in every way be suitable
+for their use. If the heat of the skin diminishes, and if congestion
+appears to settle on the lungs, the drinks must be given warm,
+consisting of a decoction of borage leaves, mallows, marsh-mallow, and
+pellitory. In these cases, the body must be protected from chills by
+overlaying it with blankets, so as to keep the mass of the blood as much
+as possible on the surface, and check the tendency it has to load the
+internal organs.
+
+By following these prescriptions, we shall answer all the conditions of
+the treatment during the second period. In truth, by the process of
+bleeding, we shall have reduced the heat of the fever, and prevented too
+great a flow towards the nervous, pulmonary, or digestive centres. The
+purgings will have acted with similar effects; and, what is more, they
+will have cleared the _primæ viæ_, and rendered the circulation of the
+abdominal apparatus more easy. In fine, the drinks will have contributed
+to assuage the violence of the fever. The washing, which must be
+effected with a wet sponge passed over the nose, mouth, and eyes, and
+then over the skin, which must afterwards be rubbed dry, will be both
+useful and pleasant to the sick animal. This cleansing will maintain the
+important functions of the skin in due order.
+
+Some persons have advocated as most efficacious at this period
+hydro-therapia, or the Water-cure, in the form of warm and cold
+ablutions, vapour baths, &c. This treatment, so bracing by its revulsive
+action, and the powerful influence of which we witnessed for several
+years in the establishment which we superintended at Belle Vue, near
+Paris, might prove of some service in ox-typhus, especially in the form
+of the vapour bath; but it requires so much practice, and so incessant
+and watchful a care, that it is needful to have the process attended by
+an experienced practitioner.
+
+We must remark, in addition, that the general state of the animal, and
+his desire for food, will show the degree of strictness and restraint
+which must be observed in regulating his diet. His instinct must be
+taken by us as a guide; and if the drinks rendered nutritive by the
+addition of bran, oatmeal, barley flour, or even seed of grass pounded,
+are relished by him, we must indulge his desires to some extent, in
+order to keep up his strength.
+
+
+_Third Period, or that of Duration._
+
+At this stage of the distemper we must watch and follow step by step the
+symptoms which attend it, and come to their relief.
+
+All the secretions have now resumed their course; from the mucous
+membranes there occurs a copious discharge, first of all serous, then
+thick and muco-purulent; the breathing may be obstructed, the
+diarrhoea frequent; the air infiltrates beneath the integument. The
+fever is sometimes continuous, sometimes intermittent. We must satisfy
+the cravings of the vital powers by administering the same beverages as
+in the preceding period. Far from checking the diarrhoea, as some
+advise, we must regulate the evacuations by means of laxatives, such as
+tartrate of potash, sulphate of magnesia, or sulphate of soda. It is
+very essential, indeed, that the mucous membranes of the digestive
+channels should be free, and not irritated by the contact of solid
+alimentary substances or bilious secretions.
+
+If the diarrhoea be too frequent or irritating, we must give the
+sufferer night and morning a clyster, consisting of bran water.
+
+At this period we will follow the advice given over and over again by
+all the physicians of the last century, and apply cauteries with red-hot
+iron, or fix one or two setons either on the dewlap, the neck, or the
+thighs, and these issues must be kept open by means of basilicon
+ointment. It is unquestionably of the highest importance to promote all
+the depurative secretions in animals whose cellular tissue is choked up
+with grease and lymph. Those only have got well in which the running has
+been regular and copious, and the wasting of the flesh progressive.
+
+If the fever is not regular, two pills of sulphate of quinine must be
+given, each pill containing one gramme, one pill in the morning, the
+other during the day, in order to prevent the fit, which usually takes
+place in the evening. If the state of atony, of adynamia, comes on at
+this period, _acetate of ammonia_ must be given, from one to six ounces,
+in a pint of water, the same to be administered in two doses; only the
+acidulous or alkaline drinks must be discontinued, otherwise the acetate
+of ammonia would be decomposed in its passage into the digestive
+channels. Finally, the eyes, the nostrils, and the mouth must be
+frequently washed with an infusion of camomile, or some other aromatic
+plant.
+
+The setons must be kept up very carefully. If the sick animal relishes
+the nutritive beverages, let him have a decoction of bread, rice,
+barley, or oats.
+
+
+_Fourth Period, or that of Decline._
+
+At this stage of the disease, in which adynamia predominates, everything
+must tend to support the organism. The drinks must be bitter and
+stimulating; beer, with plenty of hops in it, with an addition of
+powdered Peruvian bark or sulphate of iron, may be given; or a decoction
+of this bark, with gentian roots, centaury leaves, and hops; or again, a
+beverage may be administered night and morning, made of veterinary
+theriacum, of extract of juniper and alcohol; or finally, an infusion of
+aromatic plants.
+
+If the diarrhoea be bloody and fetid, give the animal night and
+morning a clyster, consisting of a decoction of Jesuit's bark, adding
+thereto a spoonful of powdered wood charcoal, pounded to the finest
+powder, and passed carefully through a sieve. If the running ceases, its
+return must be excited by injecting in the nostrils a spoonful of
+sternutatory vinegar or smelling salts. Finally, the purulent boils must
+be opened, and dressed with stimulating ointment.
+
+At this closing period, which determines the fate of the disease, as we
+say, there is a tendency to despair of the cure. Seeing the fatal course
+of most attacks, we lose heart, death seems inevitable, and we yield its
+prey to its fangs. But let us not despair; let us remember that, in
+these febrile infectious diseases, above all, the phenomena must almost
+always proceed to the last stage of exhaustion of the vital powers to
+render the cure attainable. Some patients, smitten with typhoid fever or
+cholera, have owed their lives to the indefatigable tenacity of the
+contest _in extremis_ between life and death.
+
+I still see before me a choleraic patient, whom, during the epidemic of
+1849, I had left in the morning at ten o'clock, passing into the cold
+period. At five o'clock I returned to see him; the whole family was in
+tears, and the sheet had been thrown over the patient's head, as if he
+had already breathed his last. Time was precious to me at that fell
+season, and I was about to retire, when I applied my finger to the wrist
+of the sufferer, and felt a faint pulsation at long intervals. I threw
+my coat off directly, called for flannel and essential oil of mustard,
+which I had prescribed that morning. I set the example, and instantly
+the whole family helped me to rub the patient in every direction. In a
+quarter of an hour the heart quickened and revived, and in less than
+half an hour more the circulation resumed its course; at the end of an
+hour of this obstinate struggle the vital heat began to show itself--in
+a word, the patient was saved.
+
+We must not, therefore, give up the contest until the death of the
+sufferer is fully ascertained; and the same persistency should be
+practised in the case of animals smitten with the typhus. If the
+circulation slackens, if the skin turns cold, take a piece of wool, coat
+it with rubefacient liniment, and rub the animal therewith, more
+particularly along the spine. Then give him a cordial drink, and pass
+_raies de feu_ over the loins. All these appliances will help to
+stimulate the nervous system, and resuscitate the exhausted powers of
+life.
+
+If, at last, we are so fortunate as to overcome the profound adynamia
+which has utterly prostrated the frame, we next shall have to sustain
+the sick animal by giving him decoctions of meat with sea-salt, or
+sulphate of iron added to it, or a light broth, made with meat and
+bread.
+
+Herbivorous animals, put upon a carnivorous diet, would not generally
+endure it, of course; but some of them rather incline to unctuous
+beverages, and even to cooked or raw meat. All men know that certain
+horse trainers give race-horses a small portion of meat, especially when
+the races are coming on, in order to increase their mettle and strength.
+
+We remember a sheep, which we saw at the Ecole d'Alfort, during our
+studies of comparative pathology and the cutaneous diseases of domestic
+animals, which manifested a great liking for meat, and even ate it
+ravenously like a glutton.
+
+In convalescence, the animal must be sent into the open air, in some
+fold enclosed with bars; he must be taken every day to pasture, each day
+increasing the time he is allowed to feed, and gradually he will be left
+to return to his usual regimen. But still it must be observed, that in
+this distemper convalescence is long and slow, and very deceitful. A too
+substantial course of feeding often revives the inflammation of the
+intestines by irritating ulcerations not yet healed, and more than one
+animal which had been looked upon as cured has perished in its
+convalescence through a lack of watchful attention.
+
+Herbivorous beasts, therefore, incline to and digest animal food;
+consequently, we must give sick oxen meat broths, pure milk, or milk and
+water. With these must be mixed wheat straw chopped small, for hay or
+even oat straw would swell and distend the stomachs.
+
+The typhus in this epizootia is not regular in its progress and
+development. Frequently the nervous or pulmonary phenomena predominate,
+when the treatment, such as we have just explained, must be modified. We
+must also bear in mind that nature does not divide a disease into
+periods, like those we have adopted to render our exposition of the
+symptoms more intelligible and the treatment itself more methodical.
+
+If the nervous form of the disease prevails--if the animal shows
+alternations of dulness and restlessness--if, pressure on the spine is
+very painful--above all, if, in bulls, for instance, there is plethora,
+let the bleedings and purgings be increased in order to abate the
+nervous erethismus. In this form, the violence of the attack usually
+carries off the beast. Should there, however, be any chance of saving
+him it will be by employing this medication, which is at once revulsive
+and depletive, notwithstanding the well-known fact that bleedings, far
+from relieving the nervous system, sometimes aggravate its irritability.
+
+A general ablution with cold water may be tried in _desperate cases_.
+The animal must then be immediately well rubbed, and covered with wool,
+in order to excite a thorough reaction.
+
+In the pulmonary form of the typhus, but only during the acute stage,
+the drinks must be warm and emollient, composed of a decoction of
+soothing substances, with mallows, &c.; or one of linseed, to which must
+be added some oxymel of squills and opium. The purgatives must be
+non-stimulating; and emetics, freely diluted, for instance, will be
+very serviceable.
+
+At the third and fourth period in this pulmonary form of the disease,
+adopt the treatment prescribed for intestinal typhus.
+
+We might have greatly enlarged the list of the pharmaceutic agents, but
+the richer a treatment is in remedies the poorer it is in cures. We have
+made choice of the simplest and safest among all the remedies advised by
+experienced men, making allowance for the difficulties inherent to the
+number of animals, the mode of application, the cost, &c., always
+keeping in view the life of the animal to be saved and the interest of
+the cattle owners.
+
+We think that the treatment by inoculation might have prevented the
+typhus in a very large proportion, and that the curative medication
+might have saved many of the infected cattle at the worst period of the
+epizootia.
+
+Such, then, are the results which will one day be obtained, when we
+shall be able to supersede the barbarous process of general
+extermination, by the adoption of a rational treatment, founded at once
+on science and practical experience.
+
+
+IV.
+
+    _Hygienic Measures to be taken against the Extension of the
+      Contagion--Acts and Orders concerning Sanitary Police
+      Regulations._
+
+I have purposely neglected, in discussing the various plans of
+treatment, certain measures to be adopted with the object of opposing
+the spread of the contagion. The memorandum published on this subject by
+the Privy Council, and drawn up by Dr. Thudichum, is so complete and so
+clear, that we can find nothing better to say. I recommend its perusal
+to all who possess horned cattle, and who have occasion to send them to
+any distance. It is of the highest importance to follow this judicious
+advice, as the general interest will constitute here the safeguard of
+the pecuniary interests of each in particular. I add to this memorandum
+upon hygienic measures, the consolidated and amended acts and orders
+published under the head of "Sanitary Police." In this way those
+interested will have beneath their eyes all which it is important for
+them to know, both in a medical and legal point of view.
+
+        MEMORANDUM _on the Principles and Practice of
+          Disinfection, as applicable to the present Epidemic of
+          Cattle Disease_. By J. L. W. THUDICHUM, M.D.
+
+
+      [Sidenote: I.--Principles of disinfection.]
+
+      I.--PRINCIPLES OF DISINFECTION.
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Definition of disinfection.]
+
+      1. The term disinfection signifies the removal and
+      destruction, or destruction and subsequent removal of the
+      products of destruction, of all matters actually being or
+      containing products of disease capable of reproducing
+      disease in other animals.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. May include special purification and
+      deodorization.]
+
+      2. If the same processes and means, as used for this
+      purpose, are applied to the purification and deodorization
+      of places and things not actually infected, but capable or
+      suspected of being infected, then these preventive measures
+      are practically and properly included under the definition
+      of disinfection.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Reproducers and primary carriers of
+      infection.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Infectious parts of dead animals.]
+
+      3. The reproducers of the infectious matter or contagion are
+      all kinds of cattle of the ox tribe, which also are at
+      present in this country the only animals liable to its
+      specific effects. It is probable that the contagion adheres
+      with particular pertinacity to all secretions and discharges
+      from sick animals. For this reason, fæces or droppings,
+      urine, ruminated food, all secretions from the mouth, nose,
+      and eyes, and any sore parts of the surface of the diseased
+      animals must be considered as the principal and primary
+      carriers of the infectious matter or plague poison. It is
+      also probable that many parts of animals which have died
+      from the cattle plague, or have been killed during advanced
+      stages of the disease, are infectious, some because they are
+      primarily imbued with the contagion, others because they
+      have been in contact with it after the death of the animal.
+      Skins, hides, hair, horns, and hoofs, must therefore always
+      be treated with precaution. The chances of infection by
+      flesh, fat, cleaned guts, and blood, are perhaps more
+      remote, but cannot be lost sight of.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Particular danger of droppings, or fæces.]
+
+      4. The cattle plague, although affecting every part of the
+      animal, shows its visible effects most extensively in the
+      intestinal canal. It is believed, and apparently upon good
+      grounds, that the intestinal discharges are the principal
+      agents, upon the distribution of which mainly depends the
+      spread of the disorder.
+
+      [Sidenote: 5. Enumeration of infected things and places.]
+
+      5. It follows from the above, that all articles which have
+      been in contact with a diseased animal, or any of its
+      discharges, particularly its fæces, are capable of carrying
+      the infection for an indefinite time, and must be looked
+      upon as being actually infectious to other healthy animals.
+      Such are racks of wood or iron; cribs or mangers of wood,
+      iron, or stone; articles used for fastening animals; leather
+      collars and straps, ropes and chains; all harness of any
+      animals used for drawing, and all carts, waggons, and
+      carriages which they have actually been drawing; the stalls
+      or sheds in which animals have been standing; the whole
+      lengths of the gutters and drains through which their urine
+      has been flowing; the entire surface over which their manure
+      has been drawn, and all implements with which the removal
+      has been effected; the entire dung-heap upon which infected
+      manure has been put, and the fluid contents of the manure
+      pit, or of the special receptacle for the urine; yards or
+      sheds in which cattle have been kept to tread down long
+      straw, and the whole of such straw and manure, as also the
+      ground beneath them; paths and roads upon which diseased
+      cattle have walked or been carried; fields and meadows upon
+      which they have been grazing; all carts, carriages, trucks
+      and railway trucks in which diseased cattle have been
+      conveyed, and all the platforms, railings, bridges, and
+      boards upon which they have been moved thereto; as also all
+      apparatus which has been used to pen, tie, lift, haul,
+      lower, and fix them; the clothes, and particularly shoes and
+      boots, and iron-pointed sticks of drivers and their dogs;
+      the apparel of all cattle-herds or attendants, particularly
+      their shoes and boots; the shoes and boots of all persons
+      visiting places where diseased cattle are or have been
+      standing; and, in general, the clothes of all persons
+      visiting infected places, ships, and all parts of the
+      platforms, stages, stairs and bridges, hoists and cranes
+      used for embarking and landing the animals; markets, and all
+      sheds, and pens, and implements used in contact with cattle;
+      slaughter-houses, and all persons and implements in them
+      which have been employed upon sick cattle, as also sundry
+      parts or organs which come from sick animals killed in
+      slaughter-houses; knackers' yards, trucks or carts, horses,
+      men, and implements which have been employed in the disposal
+      of sick or dead animals; wells and ponds from which diseased
+      cattle have been drinking, or into which any portion of
+      their excreta has had any opportunity of flowing, directly
+      or indirectly; all fodder, grass, hay, straw, clover, &c.,
+      and particularly remnants of fodder upon which diseased
+      cattle have been feeding; and, in general, all persons,
+      animals, places, buildings, and movable things which have
+      been in contact with matters proceeding from diseased
+      cattle, or with such diseased cattle themselves. To the
+      above-mentioned places and things any of the processes and
+      agents enumerated and described in the following may have
+      to be applied.
+
+
+      [Sidenote: II. Practice of disinfection.]
+
+      II.--PRACTICE OF DISINFECTION.
+
+      [Sidenote: A. Disinfection by earth.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Burying of animals, &c.]
+
+      A. _Disinfection by Earth._ 1. _Burying._--All matters that
+      can be buried, so as to remain covered with a thick layer of
+      ground or earth are innocuous. The ground chosen for such
+      interment should be dry. The quickest, and cheapest, and
+      most certain way of disinfecting an animal dead from the
+      plague is to bury it entire.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Burying of dung.]
+
+      2. The droppings, and all straw and other matters
+      contaminated therewith, may also be buried into ground where
+      they are not likely to be disturbed for a long time. The
+      places from which such droppings have been removed to be
+      cleaned and disinfected as will be described below.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Infected manure and compost heaps.]
+
+      3. Manure heaps and the down-trodden manure of cattle yards,
+      if they have become infected by even a small quantity of the
+      droppings of a diseased animal, should be carefully shifted
+      to a suitable piece of ground, and there be transformed into
+      compost heaps. A layer of manure one or two feet in
+      thickness should be covered all over with six inches of dry
+      earth, ashes, and mineral rubbish; upon this another layer
+      of manure may be placed, and then again a layer of earth,
+      and so forth, until the whole of the manure is stacked; it
+      should be covered all over with a continuous layer of earth
+      of from six inches to one foot in thickness. If the manure
+      heap or yard manure cannot be shifted, it may be covered on
+      the spot with a layer of dry earth, after which all animals
+      are to be kept away from it.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Removal of boil infected by soakage.]
+
+      4. If the floor of any shed or stable in which diseased
+      cattle has been standing is not constructed with special
+      water-tight and impenetrable material, it must be assumed to
+      be infected to the depth of at least six inches. This ground
+      should therefore be removed, together with any stones,
+      pavements, or wood work which may have been in contact with
+      it, carted to a piece of dry land and buried. Half-rotten
+      wood is a particularly favourable carrier of infection.
+      Mortar, bricks, loam, or any other lining of the sides of a
+      pen in which a diseased animal has been standing, should be
+      broken out and buried.
+
+      [Sidenote: B. Disinfection by fire.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Burning.]
+
+      B. _Disinfection by Fire._ 1. _Burning._--All infected
+      articles of a minor value, or made of incombustible
+      materials, can be disinfected by exposing them to a heat
+      which will char organic matter. To this class of articles
+      may be reckoned racks of wood or iron; cribs or mangers of
+      wood, iron or stone; leather collars and straps, ropes and
+      chains; dry manure, residues of fodder from which diseased
+      cattle have eaten; and all such small articles of little
+      value which can easily be replaced by new ones. Chains may
+      be exposed to a dull red heat; all other articles may be
+      heated over a fire of coal, brushwood, or straw until well
+      scorched. All new articles of ironware should be bought in a
+      galvanised state, to prevent the formation of rust, the
+      accumulations of which form convenient seats for infectious
+      matter, and for the same purpose it is desirable that iron
+      articles which have been disinfected by heat as above should
+      afterwards be either galvanised, or, at least, while hot be
+      treated with resin, to cover them with a durable varnish, or
+      should be varnished or painted.
+
+      [Sidenote: C. Disinfection by chloride of lime. General
+      remarks.]
+
+      C. _Disinfection by Chloride of Lime._--Chloride of lime, or
+      bleaching powder, is the most powerful, the cheapest and
+      most easily managed of all artificial disinfectants. It can
+      be had everywhere, and at any time, and in quantities
+      sufficient for every purpose. It should as much as possible
+      he applied in solution, of a strength varying somewhat with
+      the particular purpose for which it is to be employed; and
+      after it has been allowed to act upon the surface or matter
+      to be disinfected a reasonable time, should be washed off,
+      together with all products of decomposition. As chloride of
+      lime does not destroy only the infectious matter in a
+      mixture, but destroys all organic matter without
+      distinction, it is not applicable to large quantities of
+      matter, such as the manure of cattle, dung-heaps, &c.,
+      inasmuch as twice or three times the weight of these matters
+      of chloride of lime would be required for their effectual
+      destruction and disinfection. It is further inapplicable to
+      all matters rich in ammonia, particularly putrid urine, as
+      it destroys the ammonia and evolves a large amount of gases,
+      some of which have a repugnant odour, and are perhaps not
+      quite innocuous. But for the disinfection of surfaces of
+      things and places no better or more suitable agent than
+      chloride of lime is at present known to science.
+
+      [Sidenote: D. Special directions for disinfection of
+      stables, sheds, &c., trucks, and ships, &c.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Special directions.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Washing.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Scrubbing.]
+
+      [Sidenote: All washing water to be disinfected.]
+
+      D. _Special Directions for the Disinfection of Stables,
+      Sheds, Vans, Railway Trucks, and Cattle Ships,[V] and of
+      Persons and Things connected with them._--1. After such a
+      place has been cleaned by mechanical means, scraping, &c.,
+      as much as possible, and all manure and dirt has been
+      carefully buried, the entire surface which has been
+      contaminated, or is likely to have been contaminated, should
+      be covered with a layer of chloride of lime in powder. The
+      powder should be worked about with a broom until equally
+      distributed. It is intended to disinfect the water to be
+      used in the washing process which is now to commence. Clean
+      water, from a hose in which it flows under pressure, or from
+      a force-pump, garden-engine, or from large watering-pots or
+      water-cans, or poured freely from buckets, should now be
+      applied to the entire surface by one person, while another
+      at the same time scrubs the entire surface; and particularly
+      all crevices, joints, and irregularities. The washing water
+      and chloride of lime are then to be worked down the gutters,
+      into the sinks, cesses, or natural watercourses. No washing
+      water from any infected place or thing should ever be
+      allowed to flow into any cesspool, urine-hold, dung-heap,
+      pond, sewer, or natural watercourse, without having
+      previously been mixed and stirred with a liberal amount of
+      chloride of lime. When the place has thus been scrubbed
+      until the water flows off clean, it is ready for effectual
+      disinfection.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Actual disinfection.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Solution of chloride of lime.]
+
+      [Sidenote: How applied.]
+
+      [Sidenote: How long to be left on.]
+
+      2. For this purpose a solution of chloride of lime in water,
+      in the proportion of one pound of the powder to one gallon
+      of water, is made. For the lair of one animal from six to
+      ten gallons of such fluid should be prepared. This fluid is
+      now distributed over the whole surface to be disinfected,
+      gradually, by squirting from a syringe, or by pumping
+      through a force-pump, garden-engine, or by watering from a
+      watering-pot or can with a finely pierced rose. All
+      woodwork, stones, bricks, cement, mortar, all fixtures of
+      whatever material, should be well wetted with the solution,
+      and immediately be scrubbed with a hard brush. Floor and
+      ceiling are also scrubbed, and the whole is left in this wet
+      state covered with the chloride of lime solution for at
+      least one hour, during which time care is taken that no
+      parts become dry.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. To be washed off after disinfection.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Flushing.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Precautions as to direction of clean water.]
+
+      3. As the chloride of lime and the products of its
+      decomposing action upon infectious matters may be hurtful to
+      cattle, these matters have to be carefully washed off by a
+      second and final flushing. For this too much water and too
+      much scrubbing cannot be employed. Care should be taken to
+      apply the clean water always to the highest parts, so as to
+      cause it to flow thence to the lower parts, and to wash away
+      the waste from the lower parts before applying any fresh
+      water to the upper parts.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Care not to carry back dirt by brooms, boots,
+      &c.]
+
+      4. Care should also be taken to rinse and flush every broom
+      which has worked away sediment and waste from the lower
+      parts into and through the gutters and drains before
+      applying it again to the clean upper parts. Care should also
+      be taken that the working persons should not step from the
+      dirty or partially cleansed places on to the clean ones, as
+      this may suffice to bring infection back to the disinfected
+      place.
+
+      [Sidenote: 5. Disinfection of workmen and tools.]
+
+      5. Lastly, all persons employed in this work, having swept
+      and flushed the gutters with the same care as the lairs, are
+      collected, together with all engines and tools which they
+      have used, as near as possible to the sink or place of final
+      egress of water from the premises, and there disinfected as
+      will be described.
+
+      [Sidenote: Tools.]
+
+      The tools, such as hooks, forks, spades, hoes, barrows, &c.,
+      are scrubbed with the above solution of chloride of lime,
+      and subsequently water until clean; they are then
+      repeatedly wetted with the solution, and after it has had
+      time to disinfect the entire surfaces of them, they are
+      washed clean and laid up, or hung up to dry.
+
+      [Sidenote: Workmen.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Disinfection of boots.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Disinfection of workpeople's bodies, hands, &c.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Changing and disinfecting clothes.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Burning of articles of little value.]
+
+      The workmen, then, having finished the disinfection and
+      flushing of all objects and surfaces, effect their own
+      disinfection in the following manner:--They wash their boots
+      most carefully with chloride of lime and water, scraping the
+      soles and scrubbing the seams where the soles join the upper
+      leather. They wash their hands and arms, and by means of
+      clean rags or sponges they remove any splashes from their
+      clothes. After this they go indoors, remove all clothes from
+      head to foot, wash their bodies, and particularly their
+      hands, faces, hair and feet, with plenty of soap and water,
+      and put on fresh clothes and linen. The clothes and linen
+      which they have taken off should be treated as infected, set
+      to soak immediately in boiling water and afterwards
+      disinfected, or in water containing two ounces of chloride
+      of lime to the gallon in solution, or containing four ounces
+      of Condy's red permanganate of potash fluid in solution; or
+      the clothes and linen should be put in a copper and boiled
+      and subsequently washed. All articles of little value which
+      are much soiled should be burned on a bright fire.
+
+      [Sidenote: E. Disinfection of live stock.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Stock may carry infection in two modes.]
+
+      E. _Disinfection of Live Stock._--1. Live cattle may carry
+      infection in two ways: first, by being themselves infected
+      with the plague and reproducing the poison; and secondly, by
+      accidentally carrying the poison from other animals in a
+      dormant state upon some part of their surface, their hair,
+      and particularly their feet. These latter animals may
+      therefore infect others without being or becoming themselves
+      subjects of the plague. All persons therefore buying new
+      animals, should disinfect them before allowing them to enter
+      their premises. In a similar manner, if in a stable there
+      has been a case of plague, the healthy or apparently healthy
+      animals should all be disinfected.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Mode and means of disinfecting live stock.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Warming and refreshing drink.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Penned in the quarantine shed.]
+
+      2. The mode in which live animals may be disinfected,
+      consists in washing them with disinfectant solutions of such
+      strength as will destroy the contagion without injuring the
+      surface of the animal. A solution of two ounces of chloride
+      of lime in a gallon of water, is a proper solution for
+      washing the coat of animals. A mixture of four ounces of
+      Condy's red permanganate of potash fluid, with one gallon of
+      water, is also a proper disinfectant solution. For
+      full-sized cows and bullocks, &c., several gallons of either
+      of these solutions should be used. Great care should be
+      taken to keep the solution away from the eyes, nostrils,
+      mouth, and tender parts. When the entire surface is washed
+      and disinfected, all disinfectant is removed by the
+      application of great quantities of clean tepid water to all
+      parts. The animal is given a warming and refreshing drink,
+      and is conducted by a clean attendant to the clean
+      quarantine shed. There it should receive fodder both dry and
+      green, and sop, and plenty of pure cold water, and be rubbed
+      dry with whisks of straw and hay.
+
+      [Sidenote: F. The quarantine shed.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Objects.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Both quarantine and surface disinfection are
+      required.]
+
+      F. _The Quarantine Shed._--1. The quarantine shed is
+      intended to keep the new and suspected cattle separate for a
+      period of at least ten days, in order to afford the
+      security, to be obtained by observation alone, that it is
+      not actually infected with plague. While, therefore,
+      disinfection of the surface of cattle removes one kind of
+      danger, another, which cannot be removed, can only be kept
+      circumscribed or penned in, and this is done by the
+      quarantine shed. But the keeping of cattle in the quarantine
+      shed would not disinfect its surface with certainty even
+      during a much longer period than ten days; disinfection of
+      the surface therefore cannot supply the precaution of the
+      quarantine shed, and a rigorous quarantine cannot supply the
+      effect of surface disinfection. Both precautions are
+      necessary for perfect security, although either of them,
+      without the other, obviates a particular kind and a certain
+      amount of danger.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Management of the quarantine shed.]
+
+      2. The quarantine shed should be situated in an isolated
+      part of the premises. All manure and urine from it should
+      flow and be carried to a particular place separate and
+      distinct from the common dung-heap, and be buried daily.
+
+      [Sidenote: Cleanliness.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Persons attending healthy stock not to attend
+      quarantine shed, and vice versâ.]
+
+      The utmost cleanliness should be observed in the shed. All
+      tools, pails, currycombs, etc., used in this shed should be
+      used in it exclusively and nowhere else. The person
+      attending the quarantine shed should not be allowed to go
+      into the shed where healthy stock is kept, or permitted to
+      approach healthy stock. No person attending healthy stock
+      should be permitted to approach quarantine cattle, or to go
+      near or into the quarantine shed. But should unfortunately
+      only one person be available for both duties, that person
+      should be allowed to approach quarantine cattle only when
+      clothed in the safety dress to be immediately described.
+
+      [Sidenote: G. The safety dress.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Description.]
+
+      G. _The Safety Dress._--1. This consists of strong
+      water-boots reaching up to the knees, well greased all over;
+      of a waterproof coat, buttoned close all the way up in
+      front, and closing tightly round the neck and wrists. The
+      head is to be covered with a cap which takes the hair well
+      in.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Persons who should use the safety dress.]
+
+      [Sidenote: To disinfect before leaving suspected or infected
+      premises.]
+
+      2. Every person having occasion to visit sheds in which
+      there is diseased cattle, or suspected cattle, or quarantine
+      cattle, should be provided with the above dress, put it on
+      when entering the place, take it off when leaving the place,
+      and have it disinfected immediately. This precaution should
+      be strictly observed by all inspectors, all veterinarians,
+      or others called in to attend sick cattle, by all dealers
+      and butchers entering sheds, yards, or meadows, for the
+      purpose of sale or purchase, and by all other persons coming
+      on the premises on business in connexion with cattle.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Strangers not to enter sheds except in
+      disinfected safety dresses.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Proprietors of cattle to keep safety dresses.]
+
+      3. The owners of stock should not allow any strangers to
+      enter their sheds, yards, or meadows, except in disinfected
+      safety-dresses; and in case this should give rise to
+      difficulties, they will do well to have themselves one or
+      two such safety-dresses at hand, and to cause all persons
+      whose business compels them to enter their sheds, to leave
+      their own boots behind, and to put on the long boots,
+      waterproof-coat, and special cap. Only thus can they hope to
+      exclude all ordinary and obvious chances of infection from
+      their previously healthy sheds, yards, and meadows.
+
+      [Sidenote: H. Measures to be taken where plague has
+      appeared.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Killing and burying diseased animals.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Disinfecting the living and the stables.]
+
+      H. _Measures to be taken on Premises where Plague has
+      actually appeared._--1. When the plague has actually
+      appeared in any shed, yard, or place, the sick animal should
+      at once be removed with all due precautions. It is certainly
+      the safest and best to pole-axe the animal at once, and to
+      bury it entire, and then to disinfect the particular lair as
+      above described, clear out the stable or shed, disinfect
+      the whole of it and all apparatus, also all the animals, and
+      only to let the animals enter the shed, &c. again, after it
+      is completely sweet and dry.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Hospital shed.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Situation of.]
+
+      2. If, however, a proprietor is desirous of keeping a sick
+      animal because its illness does not appear severe or fatal,
+      he should place it in a separate shed, which must not be the
+      same as or near to the quarantine shed, and be distant from
+      all healthy animals, and so situated that the prevailing
+      wind does not blow from this hospital shed towards the
+      healthy or quarantine shed. The water should also not flow
+      from this hospital shed towards the others, or the yard, or
+      any meadow, but should be carefully drained away and sent
+      off the premises by a special sink.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Preventing of diffusion of fæces.]
+
+      3. To prevent the scattering of fæces by infected animals
+      (and also by suspected animals and all animals suffering
+      from diarrhoea), their tails should be so tied to one or
+      other of their horns as to protect them against being soiled
+      by the intestinal discharges, and to prevent them from
+      distributing such discharges by the ceaseless motions
+      peculiar to these organs. The spattering of fæces should be
+      prevented by a copious supply of rough straw, with some
+      sand, sawdust, or ashes placed behind and underneath the
+      animal. The straw and fæces should be dealt with as has been
+      described. Animals affected with plague or diarrhoea should
+      not be led along streets, highroads, and paths, as they
+      would be certain to drop infectious fæces, which would then
+      be distributed over the entire length of these roads by the
+      feet of men and animals, and the wheels of vehicles.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Special management of hospital shed.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Persons to be employed.]
+
+      4. The sick animals should be disinfected repeatedly; their
+      pens should be cleaned and disinfected repeatedly, during
+      the course of the illness. This should be done by persons
+      either guarded by the safety dress, or--and this is
+      safest--by such as may not come into contact with healthy
+      cattle, or have to enter healthy sheds. All tools, pails,
+      fodder, &c., to be used in the hospital shed to be kept for
+      that purpose only, and never to be used with healthy, or
+      quarantine, or only suspected cattle.
+
+      [Sidenote: 5. Disinfection of parts of dead or killed
+      animals.]
+
+      5. If the proprietor of any dead piece of cattle, whether it
+      has died naturally or been killed, should decide upon
+      dismembering it instead of burying it entire, and upon
+      utilising the hide, horns, hoofs, tallow, and bones, he
+      should disinfect the skin, horns, and hoofs, by steeping
+      them for one hour in a strong solution of chloride of lime,
+      containing one pound of the powder in each gallon of water,
+      and afterwards washing them. The tallow should be thickly
+      powdered with chloride of lime all over, and be sent
+      directly to the boilers. It should not be boiled in any
+      vessel employed on the farm. Under all circumstances, it is
+      advisable to let this dismemberment of dead and fallen
+      cattle he performed at the knacker's yard.
+
+      [Sidenote: 6. Flesh, &c., to be buried.]
+
+      6. Flesh, blood, guts, lungs, and the bones of the head of
+      infected animals should not be trafficked with, as they
+      cannot easily be disinfected. They should always be buried.
+
+      [Sidenote: I. Disinfection of meadows, fields, roads, &c.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Meadows.]
+
+      I. _Disinfection of Meadows, Fields, Roads, &c._--1. Meadows
+      infected by diseased cattle should be carefully cleaned of
+      all dung, by burying each dropping on the spot where it
+      lies, cutting out the round piece of turf with the dropping
+      on it, and turning it upside down. The grass on the entire
+      meadow should then be cut and burned. It should then be left
+      without any cattle for at least a month, including at least
+      two wet days.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Of roads, &c.]
+
+      2. All roads, paths, streets of towns, or villages should be
+      carefully and frequently scavenged. All carts, vans, or
+      waggons used for carrying manure, should be water-tight,
+      caulked and painted, and should not be permitted to ooze and
+      drop their fluid or semi-fluid contents on the road over
+      which they are drawn. They should be kept clean and
+      disinfected, as a precautionary measure, by the proceedings
+      above described.
+
+
+      [Sidenote: III. General recommendations.]
+
+      III. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS.
+
+      In conclusion it must be pointed out to farmers, dairymen,
+      and all persons having charge of cattle,
+
+      _That the same great measures which are known to maintain
+      and restore the health of human beings, will also maintain
+      and restore the health of cattle._
+
+      Pure air; dry, spacious, well-ventilated and well-drained
+      clean sheds; clean and dry meadows; plenty of pure water;
+      frequent currying and washing; the prevention of the
+      development, by the destruction of the germs, of internal
+      and external parasites, particularly entozoa; proper food in
+      suitable quantities, and at proper times; protection from
+      inclement weather; the utmost cleanliness in the removal of
+      manure; the storing of the manure at a great distance from
+      the cattle-shed, and, in addition, the most conscientious
+      observance of the precautionary and disinfecting measures
+      above described--all these measures and agents together
+      will secure the utmost possible health of stock and the
+      prosperity of the agriculturist and dairyman. But the
+      neglect of any one of them will make the stock liable to
+      become infected, and the more so the more several or all
+      collateral conditions of the healthy existence of animals
+      are neglected. The negligent man is therefore certain to
+      lose, to injure his neighbour by defeating his precautions,
+      and to damage society; but the watchful and painstaking man
+      will be rewarded not only by the preservation of his
+      property, but particularly by the consciousness that it has
+      been preserved by his own care and attention, and that
+      thereby he has also benefited the state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This consolidates and amends the former Orders.
+
+      (_Copy._)
+
+      At the _Council Chamber, Whitehall_, the 22nd day of
+      _September_, 1865.
+
+      By the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
+
+        PRESENT.
+
+        Lord President.
+        Duke of Somerset.
+        Earl of Clarendon.
+        Earl de Grey and Ripon.
+        Mr. Secretary Cardwell.
+        Mr. H. A. Bruce.
+
+      WHEREAS by an Act passed in the session of the eleventh and
+      twelfth years of Her present Majesty's reign, chapter one
+      hundred and seven, intituled "An Act to prevent until the
+      1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next
+      session of Parliament, the spreading of contagious or
+      infectious disorders amongst sheep, cattle, and other
+      animals," and which has since been from time to time
+      continued by divers subsequent Acts, and lastly by an Act
+      passed in the session of the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth
+      years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter one
+      hundred and nineteen, it is (amongst other things) enacted
+      that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her
+      Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from
+      time to time, to make such Orders and Regulations as to them
+      may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or
+      regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as
+      they may designate in such Order or Orders, of sheep,
+      cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins,
+      hides, horns, hoofs, or other part of any animals, or of
+      hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate
+      infection; and also for the purpose of purifying any yard,
+      stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts,
+      carriages, or other vehicles; and also for the purpose of
+      directing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any
+      animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the
+      provisions of the said Act, are to be disposed of; and also
+      for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the
+      appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other
+      animals, and to make any other Orders or Regulations for the
+      purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act,
+      and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such Orders or
+      Regulations; and that all provisions for any of the purposes
+      aforesaid in any such Order or Orders contained shall have
+      the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted
+      in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the
+      said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay
+      any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or such smaller sum as
+      the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may
+      in any case by such Order direct:--
+
+      And whereas a contagious or infectious disorder now prevails
+      among the cattle of Great Britain, which is generally
+      designated the "cattle plague," and may be recognised by the
+      following symptoms:--
+
+      "Great depression of the vital powers, frequent shivering,
+      staggering gait, cold extremities, quick and short
+      breathing, drooping head, reddened eyes, with a discharge
+      from them, and also from the nostrils, of a mucous nature;
+      raw-looking places on the inner side of the lips and roof of
+      the mouth, diarrhoea or dysenteric purging:"
+
+      And whereas several Orders, dated respectively the 24th of
+      July, the 11th, 18th, and 26th of August, 1865, have been
+      made under the authority of the said Acts by the Lords of
+      Her Majesty's Privy Council, with a view to check the
+      spreading of the said disorder:
+
+      And whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the
+      said Orders:
+
+      Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do
+      hereby, by virtue of, and in exercise of the powers given
+      by, the said Act, so continued as aforesaid, order as
+      follows:--
+
+      1. This Order shall extend to all parts of Great Britain.
+
+      2. The said Orders dated respectively the 24th of July, the
+      11th, 18th, and 26th of August, 1865, are revoked, with the
+      exception of so much of the said Order of the 24th of July,
+      1865, as empowers the Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council
+      to appoint Inspectors within the limits of the Metropolitan
+      Police District, provided that such revocation shall not
+      affect any appointment made, or any act done, or penalty
+      recoverable, under any Order hereby revoked.
+
+      3. In this Order the word "animal" shall mean any cow,
+      heifer, bull, bullock, ox, calf, sheep, lamb, goat, or
+      swine; and the word "Inspector" shall include any Inspector
+      appointed under this Order, or under any of the said revoked
+      Orders.
+
+      4. Whenever the Local Authority, as hereinafter defined,
+      shall be satisfied of the existence of the said disorder in,
+      or have reason to apprehend its approach to, the district
+      over which his or their jurisdiction extends, it shall be
+      lawful for such Local Authority, if he or they shall think
+      fit, from time to time to appoint one or more Veterinary
+      Surgeon or Surgeons, or other duly qualified person or
+      persons, to be an Inspector or Inspectors, for the purpose
+      of carrying into effect the rules and regulations made by
+      this Order, within the district for which he or they shall
+      have been appointed. And the same authority may, from time
+      to time, revoke such appointment.
+
+      5. Subject to the powers herein reserved to the Clerk of Her
+      Majesty's Privy Council, the Local Authority within the City
+      of London, and the liberties thereof, shall be the Lord
+      Mayor; in any municipal borough in England or Wales, the
+      Mayor; in any Petty Sessional Division in England or Wales
+      (exclusive so far as relates to the jurisdiction of the
+      Inspector of so much of the said division as lies, within
+      the limits of a municipal borough for which an Inspector has
+      been appointed), the Justices acting in and for such Petty
+      Sessional Division. The Local Authority in any burgh or town
+      in Scotland which is subject to the jurisdiction of a
+      Provost or other Principal Magistrate, shall be the Provost
+      or such Principal Magistrate; and in any other place in
+      Scotland not within the jurisdiction of such Provost or
+      other Principal Magistrate, the Justices of the County in
+      Sessions assembled.
+
+      6. Every Inspector shall from time to time report to the
+      Local Authority by which he is appointed, the steps taken by
+      him for carrying into effect the regulations prescribed by
+      this Order; and the Local Authority shall certify, in such
+      manner as may be directed by one of Her Majesty's Principal
+      Secretaries of State, the number of days that such Inspector
+      has actually been engaged in the performance of his duty,
+      and the number of miles travelled by him while thus engaged.
+
+      7. Every Inspector shall furnish the Lords of the Council
+      with such information in regard to the said disorder, as
+      their Lordships may, from time to time, require.
+
+      8. Every person having in his possession, or under his
+      custody, any animal labouring under the said disorder, shall
+      forthwith give notice thereof to the Inspector of the
+      district within which such person resides, or if no
+      Inspector shall have been appointed for the district within
+      which such person resides, then to the Officers hereinafter
+      named, according to the place of residence of the person
+      obliged to give notice; that is to say: within the
+      Metropolitan Police District, to the said Clerk of the Privy
+      Council; within the City of London, and the liberties
+      thereof, to the Lord Mayor; within any other borough, burgh,
+      or town subject to the jurisdiction of a Mayor, Provost, or
+      other Principal Magistrate, to such Mayor, Provost, or other
+      Principal Magistrate; elsewhere in England, to the Clerk of
+      the Justices acting in and for the Petty Sessional Division;
+      and elsewhere in Scotland, to the Clerk of the Peace of the
+      county.
+
+      9. Every Inspector shalt have power to enter upon and
+      inspect any premises or place in which any animal or animals
+      may be found within the district for which he is appointed,
+      and to examine and inspect, whenever and wherever he may
+      deem it necessary, any animal within such district.
+
+      10. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to
+      seize and slaughter, or cause to be seized and slaughtered,
+      and to be buried, as hereinafter directed, in any convenient
+      place, any animal labouring under the said disorder.
+
+      11. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to
+      cause to be cleansed and disinfected, in any manner which he
+      may think proper, any premises in which animals labouring
+      under the said disorder have been, or may be, and to cause
+      to be disinfected, and if necessary destroyed, any fodder,
+      manure, or refuse matter, which he may deem likely to
+      propagate the said disorder. And every owner or occupier of
+      such premises shall obey any order given by such Inspector
+      for that purpose.
+
+      12. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to
+      direct that any animal which he suspects to be labouring
+      under the said disorder, shall be kept separate from animals
+      free from the said disorder. And every person having in his
+      possession, or under his custody, such animal, shall obey
+      any order given by such Inspector for that purpose.
+
+      13. Every person having in his possession, or under his
+      custody, any animal labouring under the said disorder,
+      shall, as far as practicable, keep such animal separate from
+      all other animals, and shall not, if the animal be within a
+      district for which an Inspector has been appointed, remove
+      the same from his land or premises, without the licence of
+      the Inspector.
+
+      14. No person shall send or bring to any fair or market, or
+      expose for sale, or send or carry by any railway, or by any
+      ship or vessel coastwise, or place upon, or drive along, any
+      highway or the sides thereof; any animal labouring under the
+      said disorder.
+
+      15. No person in any district for which an Inspector has
+      been appointed shall, without the licence of the Inspector,
+      send or bring to or from market, or remove from his land or
+      premises, any animal which has been in the same shed or
+      stable, or has been in the same herd or flock, or has been
+      in contact, with any animal labouring under the said
+      disorder.
+
+      16. No person shall place, or keep, any animal labouring
+      under the said disorder in any common or unenclosed land,
+      or, if the animal be in a district for which an Inspector
+      has been appointed, in any field or pasture, where, in the
+      judgment of the Inspector, such animal may be likely to
+      propagate the said disorder.
+
+      17. All animals having died of the said disorder, or having
+      been slaughtered on account thereof; shall be buried with
+      their skins, and with a sufficient quantity of quick-lime,
+      or other disinfectant, as soon as practicable, and shall be
+      covered with at least five feet of earth, or shall, in
+      districts for which an Inspector has been appointed, with
+      the consent of the owner, be otherwise disposed of; in
+      manner directed by the Inspector.
+
+      18. During the continuance of the "cattle plague" within
+      the said City of London, or that part of the Metropolitan
+      Police District which is under the jurisdiction of the
+      Metropolitan Board of Works, no animal shall be brought or
+      sent to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, or any other market
+      within the said City or the said part of the Metropolitan
+      Police District, except for the purpose of being there sold
+      for immediate slaughtering; and every such animal, as soon
+      as sold, shall be marked for slaughter, in the manner in
+      which cattle are ordinarily marked for slaughter in the
+      Metropolitan Cattle Market.
+
+      19. Whenever any Local Authority, as hereinbefore defined,
+      declares, by notice published in any newspaper circulating
+      within his or their jurisdiction, that it is expedient that
+      animals, as hereinbefore defined, or some specified
+      description thereof, shall be excluded from any specified
+      market or fair within that jurisdiction, for a time to be
+      specified in such notice, it is hereby ordered, that after
+      the publication of such notice, it shall not be lawful for
+      any person to bring or send such animals or description
+      thereof into such market or fair: provided always, that this
+      clause of this Order shall not, unless renewed by a further
+      Order, be in force after the expiration of three calendar
+      months from the date of this Order.
+
+      20. Every person offending against this Order shall, in
+      pursuance of the said Act, for every such offence forfeit
+      any sum not exceeding twenty pounds which the Justices
+      before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may
+      think fit to impose.
+
+             (Signed)             ARTHUR HELPS.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[R] Since these lines were put into the printer's hands, the French
+Government have proposed to other nations to take measures collectively
+to prevent the pilgrimage to Mecca continuing to be a cause of the
+spread of cholera. We hasten to render justice to this prudent
+initiative. But why not take the same measures against typhus which are
+judged necessary against cholera?
+
+[S] The typhus which broke out fifteen days ago near Roubaix, in France,
+bordering upon Belgium, where the epizootia rages, appears to have been
+stifled in its focus by the instantaneous extermination of the whole
+herd in which it declared itself.
+
+[T] "It is amusing to read authors of the last century on the treatment
+of this disease. They were far more confident in their powers than we
+helpless creatures pretend to be. The directions given are full and
+distinct, and in chapters boldly headed 'The Cure.' The beast is to be
+bled, washed, and hot vinegar and water, with aromatic herbs, may be
+placed in the stable to revive the cattle. The animal must be rubbed a
+quarter of an hour, both morning and evening, and the bags of a milch
+cow should be anointed morning and evening with warm oil. A rowel is to
+be made in the dewlap by taking a skein of hemp, tow, or twisted
+packthread, a foot long, and as thick as a man's thumb. _The
+prescriptions are most amusing._ They may serve to entertain those who
+want the cure at present, and for this reason I reproduce one or
+two."--_Gamgee, Letter on 21st August._
+
+[U] Dr. Letheby reported that 12,916 lbs., or more than five tons of
+meat, had been condemned in the City markets during the past week as
+unfit for human food. It consisted of 64 sheep, 4 calves, 7 pigs, 142
+quarters of beef, and 361 joints and pieces of meat; 5377 lbs. were
+diseased or from animals that had died of disease, and the rest was
+putrid. All of it was destroyed. Yesterday, a sub-committee of the
+Metropolitan Plague Committee, at a meeting at the Mansion House, passed
+an unanimous resolution, on the motion of Mr. Brewster, recommending
+that, as unexpected and insuperable difficulties had arisen in carrying
+out the purposes for which they were appointed, the money already
+subscribed should be returned to the subscribers, after deducting, _pro
+ratâ_, the expenses already incurred.
+
+[V] For the disinfection of railway trucks and cattle ships, see Special
+Memorandum.
+
+
+
+
+THIRD PART.
+
+_To Farmers and Graziers._
+
+
+You would have had just cause to reproach me with a want of common sense
+if I had obliged you to read a book of two hundred pages, and to lose
+your time in looking for the advice you will require, if the cattle
+plague should visit your stalls and herds, instead of being able to turn
+at once to the matter which concerns you. I have taken up my pen on
+purpose to be of service to you; this is my principal duty, which I am
+now going to fulfil by summing up in a few pages the most important
+facts which have been described in the two first parts of this work.
+
+The cattle plague, which has lately fallen upon horned beasts, is a
+plague, no doubt: but there are different species of plagues, and it is
+necessary that you should know that this disease is one arising from
+the absorption of seeds and germs with which the air is impregnated, and
+which is drawn by the animals into their bodies when breathing the air
+around them. When these germs, these infectious poisons, have penetrated
+into the lungs and blood of the animals, these seeds of infection remain
+there from eight to twelve days without producing any very perceptible
+effects; but after that time the tainted animal becomes dejected, loses
+his appetite, is seized with fever, laborious breathing, and
+diarrhoea, to which sum of disorders in the health of oxen, cows, &c.,
+the name of _typhus_ has been given; or, as this distemper is contagious
+in the highest degree, it has also been called the _contagious typhus_.
+
+You may compare this disease, in order to form a more precise idea of
+it, to the small-pox, which sometimes afflicts your children, or to
+typhoid fever. These complaints, which are familiar to most of you, have
+some resemblance to the typhus of the ox. Only in the small-pox, which
+is caught by contagion, and which seldom attacks more than once, like
+typhus, the disease is localized on the skin; whilst in the cattle
+plague the internal organs are the principal seat of the evil.
+
+This comparison will show you at once that the cattle plague, or rather
+the cattle typhus, can only be cured when the disease has run its full
+course, as you have observed in a person tainted with small-pox; so that
+your task must be to help the sick animal to endure his complaint until
+the end, or until he is cured; and you must not attempt to check it by
+violent means, for if you did you would hasten the death which you
+desire to prevent. You will likewise understand that if the disease--as
+is certainly the case--does not attack the same animal twice, it would
+be very beneficial to inoculate the animal whilst he is sound and
+healthy, whenever this scourge threatens--as in the present time--to
+attack all cattle. Perhaps you may be told that inoculation, which
+prevents small-pox in man, cannot be applicable to cattle; that animals
+inoculated with the virus of the typhus have all died of the
+consequences of the operation, and so on. To all these objections you
+will answer, with that downright good sense which belongs to your class,
+_that Nature cannot have two weights and two measures_; and that if the
+inoculation of the typhus kills animals, whilst the inoculation of the
+small-pox saves men, both maladies being governed by the same laws, it
+is the inexperience of physicians, and not the operation itself, which
+must be made to account for it.
+
+In a word, to sow virus is to reap it; but there are many ways of sowing
+it, and one man will reap a rich harvest, whilst another shall gather
+nothing but tares. Let those unbelievers say what they like, and take my
+word for it, that we shall one day cure typhus as frequently as we do
+small-pox, by inoculating it, and when it appears in spite of that
+course, by treating it medicinally.
+
+This contagious disease is very frequent in certain countries,
+principally in Russia and Hungary, on the banks of the great rivers
+which empty themselves into the Black Sea. In those remote countries,
+when the seasons are either too rainy or too hot--and you know what a
+summer that of 1865 has been--the pastures generate the pestilential
+poisons of the typhus, the cattle absorb these destructive principles,
+and die of them.
+
+But as the herds of cattle in those countries are bred for sale, and are
+sent for that purpose to other countries, to France, Italy, England,
+&c., the animals which have had the germ of the disease transport it
+with them wherever they go. Thus, it is certain that some oxen conveyed
+from Russia and Hungary, where the typhus frequently rages, brought the
+disease with them into Great Britain in the month of last June; and as
+the complaint is communicated from one animal to another, and afterwards
+at great distances, it spread with great rapidity over England and
+Scotland. So great are its powers of contagion, that some of the cattle
+sent back from England have transmitted the disease to Holland, in the
+first place, and afterwards to Belgium; and it was feared at one time
+that all Europe would be invaded by it.
+
+The first belief was--and everything tends to make good the
+opinion--that the typhus originally came from abroad; but many
+respectable authorities, seeing the foul and nauseous state of the
+stalls and cowsheds both in London and elsewhere, the overcrowding of
+the animals, and the general neglect to which they are exposed, have
+asserted that the disease had its origin in London. This, we repeat, is
+not likely to have been the case, but it is not absolutely impossible;
+at all events, there can be no question that the grievous conditions in
+which some of your brethren keep their cattle have contributed to spread
+the distemper, independently of other causes.
+
+Moreover, it is necessary to tell you, that sheep and horned cattle are
+of all living animals those which are most sensitive to the influence of
+contagious diseases. Every year you see instances of this fact in your
+own fields and meadows. Your sheep, you all know, easily contract the
+small-pox, worm diseases both on the skin and in the interior of the
+body; your oxen have aphthous diseases, disorders of the blood and the
+lungs, scabs and carbuncles--diseases which are all more or less
+contagious, and which are generally brought on by want of care, and,
+above all, by improper feeding: by which you see how much of the
+sufferings of the cattle, and of the heavy losses to you which follow
+them, depends upon yourselves and may be avoided. Besides, these poor
+creatures, which some of you treat so harshly, are extremely
+susceptible, and the blows they receive may easily affect their whole
+mass of blood. You must, therefore, for your own sakes, treat them more
+kindly and gently.
+
+Therefore, the typhus which was imported from Russia into England,
+finding your cattle in such wretched conditions of cleanliness and
+health, was propagated amongst them with fearful rapidity. When once the
+disease had developed itself within your sheds and stalls, it would have
+been the wisest plan immediately to kill the sick cattle, or to treat
+them medicinally, carefully abstaining from driving to market any of
+your beasts which had been exposed to the contagion. But unfortunately
+you did not act in this manner; many amongst you could not put up
+patiently with your losses, and only consulting your private interest,
+to the detriment of the general good, you sold your sick cows and oxen,
+and sowing the contagion about the country and through the markets, the
+scourge was soon scattered in every direction, so that instead of
+stifling the disease at its birth everything was done to propagate and
+diffuse it.
+
+Now, if we add, that the germs of this typhus penetrate everywhere, that
+it is sufficient to convey sick cattle along the public roads, and by
+this means to pass near farms and meadows containing healthy cattle, to
+transmit the contagion, that these noxious germs impregnate your own
+clothes, the fleece of sheep, and every article, implement, and vehicle
+used in agriculture, you cannot but see how often, though unwillingly,
+you must have disseminated the evil far and wide.
+
+The germs, the miasmata of the disease, insinuate themselves not only
+upon animals and men, but they shed their virus upon the grass of the
+fields, the walls of the stalls and stables, and every agricultural
+utensil. Every tainted animal scatters the pestilential and contagious
+germs, not only by the air he expires, but by his droppings, and after
+death by his mortal remains--his hide, his horns, his entrails, his
+flesh--all of which disseminate the deadly germs into the atmosphere,
+which afterwards diffuses them in every direction.
+
+The germs of this virulent distemper have no doubt smitten some cattle
+which appeared in the best health and conditions, those of the rich as
+well as those of the poor; but, just in the same manner as the cholera
+chiefly fixes itself upon the sickly, the ill-fed, the unclean, upon
+those who live in crowded dwellings and badly ventilated rooms; so, too,
+does the typhus choose its victims among the stalls and stables of those
+graziers who keep their cows tied up for years to the rack, giving them
+neither air nor exercise, and feeding them, not on that diet which their
+health requires, but on those things which add to their milk and
+increase their flesh. It follows, of course, that the greater number of
+these cows, more or less disordered by this long course of baleful
+treatment, and many of which die of consumption, after their
+deteriorated milk has infused into men the seeds of diseases, must
+afford an easy prey to the typhus, _to receive which they seem almost
+expressly to have been trained_.
+
+It is highly important then, farmers and graziers, that you should be
+able to recognise this ox-typhus; in the first place, that you may take
+the necessary measures to prevent its contagion; and secondly, that you
+may apply the treatment which shall have been recommended to you.
+
+You must at all times, but above all when the contagious disease is
+raging, keep a watchful eye on your cattle. If you notice in their gait,
+in their looks, about their ears, any unusual signs; if they seem to you
+less eager, less active, less vigilant, if they leave any part of their
+rations when in the stables, or if, when in the fields, they no longer
+browse with that continual alacrity which sometimes it is difficult to
+divert them from, be upon your guard, and dread the outbreak of the
+complaint. If to these changes of minor importance is added an appetite
+really less acute, if the rumination is less regular, if the animal
+looks sad and dispirited, if he exhibits an unwonted look of gloom, if
+his leaden eye continues fixed, astonished, be sure a morbid change is
+inwardly at work, and that this cruel distemper is spreading through his
+frame.
+
+By-and-bye the animal loses his appetite more and more; rumination is
+shorter and less frequent; he holds his head down, his ears sink and
+fall; he grinds his teeth. Then as to the cows: their milk, which was
+already diminished, suddenly dries up altogether, and that lowness of
+spirits which had been visible for some days before, passes into stupor.
+If at this time you touch their horns, their extremities, their hide in
+any part, you find that all these different parts are sometimes warm,
+sometimes cold. From this day forward you will witness, one by one, a
+succession of disorders in the animal's health: partial shiverings at
+the attachment of the fore and hind limbs, loud panting breathing, with
+slight cough, the urine scanty and thick, the droppings hard and
+constipated, and finally, general excessive warmth. If you press the
+back the pressure will be painful, and all the signs of intense fever
+will be manifest.
+
+Already these indications have divulged the nature of the malady you
+have to deal with; but others more significant succeed them which remove
+every doubt. The breathing becomes more hurried and oppressed, more
+puffy; from the eyes, nostrils, and mouth there issues a discharge
+which, thin and irritant at first, soon becomes thick and purulent, and
+of a fetid smell. Diarrhoea takes the place of constipation; the
+sexual organs of the cow are red and inflamed, and furrowed with livid
+streaks. The cattle grow leaner and leaner, some of them dying at this
+period. If they still hold out, the diarrhoea becomes more frequent,
+more fetid, and sometimes bloody; gases are developed under the skin,
+along the spine, where they form wide flat tumours, which crackle when
+pressed upon with the fingers. Finally, the mucus which runs from the
+head becomes still thicker and more fetid; a glutinous foam stops up the
+mouth; the eyes, filled with humour, sink in the orbit; the bodily
+warmth decreases, the animal sways his head from right to left, becomes
+insensible, cold; his head lolls on one side, and he dies, panting, from
+exhaustion and asphyxia, the tenth or twelfth day after the disease has
+been confirmed.
+
+The carcass exhibits a repulsive appearance; the hide is dry,
+excoriated, and cracked; it sticks to the bones, which show the form of
+a skeleton, and the putrid decomposition, which had already set in
+before death, seizes rapidly on all the tissues.
+
+The course of the disease is not always the same. Sometimes the animal
+is agitated at first, and all the functions of life are so disturbed
+that death comes on in the two or three first days. At other times, the
+lungs are more affected than the other internal organs; the cough is
+more intense, the breath hurried and obstructed, the excess of mucus
+preventing the air from passing into the chest.
+
+When once you have seen this disease it is impossible to mistake it for
+any other, unless it be the chest complaint called peripneumonia, which
+is likewise contagious. But in this disease, as the Report of the Royal
+Agricultural Society states, the attack is generally insidious; the eyes
+preserve their vivacity, and the appetite is not lost until towards the
+close. A short, dry cough shows itself from the outbreak, and persists.
+The breathing is frequent and painful; the sides of the chest when
+struck with the fingers give out the hard, solid sound of a full barrel,
+this percussion being painful. The eyes, nose, and mouth do not
+discharge those purulent secretions seen in typhus; the diarrhoea only
+comes on at the end, being less frequent and fetid. In the milch cows
+the milk decreases, but is not quite suppressed. The heat of the horns
+and lower extremities is retained. The peripneumonia, in a word, runs
+its course more regularly, and carries off the animal about the fourth
+week. Thus it will be seen that the two distempers widely differ in
+their symptoms.
+
+Every beast which dies of the contagious typhus, bears on its digestive
+organs the traces of the malady, more or less strongly marked. The third
+and fourth stomachs and the intestines exhibit red or livid patches, and
+at other times ulcerations.
+
+The cattle plague is by far the most formidable malady which can affect
+animals. When left to itself, or treated without discernment, it carries
+off ninety cattle out of a hundred. In prior visitations, especially
+that of 1750, when six millions of horned beasts were swept off in
+Europe, England lost from three to four hundred thousand; and we may
+suppose that the number of cattle which have perished since last June
+exceeds sixty thousand.
+
+_The treatment_ is very difficult, owing to the contagious character of
+the disease, and it has given rise to much discussion. In some
+countries, the governments, considering the distemper incurable, only
+seek to stamp it out wherever it may appear. They slaughter all the sick
+cattle, and even those which had come near them, allowing a compensation
+of half the value of the beast. This measure has not always proved
+successful, the disease having in spite of it sometimes extended over
+the whole of the country thus defended from its diffusion.
+
+England protected by the sea, and which has been spared for a century,
+was taken somewhat unawares, so that some uncertainty has been witnessed
+in the measures employed to arrest its course. In some districts, the
+parties interested have had the good sense to form assurance funds; and
+it is much to be regretted that the same plan has not been adopted for
+the metropolis.
+
+But we cannot help what has been done; let us, therefore, be reconciled
+with the past, and see what is best to be done in future for the
+interests of all. What is the present state of the matter? A certain
+number of districts, both in England and Scotland, are still exempt from
+the typhus; in others the disease is generally extending its ravages.
+
+Those districts which hitherto have been spared, should institute
+assurance funds, and take every precaution to secure themselves against
+this scourge. In France, in Belgium, even in Great Britain, some places
+managed, in 1750, to successfully protect themselves by prohibiting the
+importation of any foreign cattle or animal. These preventive measures
+may now be taken with some chance of success in certain parts. Ireland,
+which, thanks to the published Orders in Council, seems to have escaped
+up to this time from the contagion, shows us the effectual results of
+these sanitary measures.
+
+As for the districts already infected, it is of the highest importance
+to send no more tainted beasts to the different fairs and markets,
+otherwise the distemper will spread indefinitely: the unsold cattle, the
+sheep, the pigs, which are placed only a few yards apart, must
+necessarily convey the contagion everywhere. It would even be necessary
+at this time not to collect oxen and other animals together in the same
+markets; we urgently invite the attention of all public authorities to
+this most important question.
+
+At all events, the farmers and graziers who, after all the cautions they
+have received, all the orders which have been published, and all the
+dangers which have been clearly exposed to them, should still persist in
+driving their cattle out of their abodes, would deserve censure, and
+ought to be heavily fined. The best they can do, since the contagion has
+not been prevented, is to submit their cattle to the treatment which we
+are now going to explain to them in detail.
+
+It has been abundantly proved by the many convictions at the various
+police courts, that the flesh of cattle seriously diseased has been sold
+to the consumers, to the great injury of the public health; and if the
+cholera, which is steadily and surely advancing towards us, should mix
+its fatal germs with those of the ox-typhus, we must all expect
+deplorable consequences, in case the flesh of tainted oxen should
+continue to be sold by the butchers, as during the last three months it
+has been.
+
+Every farmer or grazier who shall have fully ascertained that the ox
+typhus has insinuated itself into his farm or his stables, must
+instantly have recourse to the necessary measures and safeguards by
+means of which he may limit its pernicious influence, and prevent the
+spread of the contagion to his other cattle still sound and healthy. Let
+him immediately divide his stock of animals into three classes or
+lots--the first class must consist of healthy cattle, having had no
+direct contact with the infected beasts; the second class must contain
+those cattle which, though not yet sick, may become so, because they
+have been in contact with those tainted; the third class will be
+composed of cattle smitten with the typhus.
+
+The sound and healthy cattle forming the first class must be removed
+from the farm, and driven to the field separately, by some other road,
+in different pastures, and only after the dispersion of the morning
+mists. Those which are accustomed to continue at the rack must be taken
+out twice a day, for the twofold object of taking wholesome exercise,
+and allowing their stalls and sheds to be cleaned.
+
+Their feeding must be attended to and watched with very particular care;
+the rations of those which were being fattened up must be decreased, and
+they ought to be sold to the butcher for consumption as soon as
+possible. Let the following provisions be added to their daily
+sustenance:
+
+  Pounded oats                 4 pounds.
+  Pounded juniper berries      1 pound.
+  Powdered gentian             1 ounce.
+  Sulphate of iron             2 drachms.
+  Carbonate of soda            2   "
+
+The herdsman who tends the cattle whilst feeding in the fields must have
+them cleaned every day: he will carefully wash and scrub them; he will
+not allow them to drink out of the ponds, or at any stagnant and muddy
+watercourse.
+
+Those belonging to the second class must receive the same strengthening
+and tonic ration in the morning; and, twice every day, one of the
+following anti-contagious preparations: either a solution of _chlorate
+of potash_ or of _permanganate of potash_; two drachms of either of
+these salts dissolved in eight ounces of warm water, mixed afterwards
+with a gallon of an infusion of sage or hyssop, just at the time when
+the drink is given to them.
+
+Or you may employ, for the same purpose, a solution of arseniate of
+soda--two grains dissolved in four ounces of water, and mixed with
+their drink in the same way. You need hardly be told that these doses
+must be reduced one half, when you have to treat a calf or a heifer, and
+that the same diminution will hold good, in their cases, for all other
+medicaments. _The use of these anti-contagious drinks is of the highest
+importance; I recommend you earnestly to study their effects, and to
+continue them even after the distemper shall have broken out._
+
+These drinks having no disagreeable taste, the cattle take to them in
+general; should the contrary be the case, give them in a bottle as all
+men who are cattle owners know how to do.
+
+If the health of any of these animals among which the outbreak of the
+typhus is apprehended should seem below the standard, you must apply a
+purgative to those whose bowels do not operate well, and even have
+recourse to bleeding in exceptional cases.
+
+During the absence of those cattle which are undergoing the preventive
+treatment, let the hygienic conditions of their stalls and sheds be
+looked to; for no circumstance must be overlooked or neglected if we
+hope to withstand the propagation of so formidable a malady. Be careful
+to take out the litter every day, to wash the floor and cleanse it of
+the droppings, to ventilate the place thoroughly, to fumigate it with
+burnt sulphur or aromatic plants, such as juniper berries, sage,
+rosemary, salted with nitrate of potash and arsenic acid; in order to
+promote the combustion and give effect to its disinfectious properties.
+At night, camphor or tar, or naphthaline, or creosote, or even iodine,
+may be left in the stable to diffuse their vapours; all these measures
+are very effectual in modifying the air.
+
+Let us now see what must be done with respect to the sick animals
+themselves.
+
+The typhus, as we have said, when once it is developed in an ox or cow,
+usually pursues its fatal course until the last period of its cure;
+generally death alone can arrest its march. Besides, the disorders which
+this disease produces in the various functions of the body are not the
+same at the different stages of its duration. Thus, for instance, the
+fever produces great excitement in the beginning, but later it produces
+exhaustion. Without being a physician, a man can understand that the
+treatment to be applied to these different states ought not to be the
+same. We must, moreover, observe that the typhus is of all known
+distempers the most difficult to treat. It requires in the doctor a
+degree of skill, of practical experience, vigilance, decision, and
+sureness of hand which no man can be expected to possess at the first
+outbreak of the epizootia.
+
+On the other hand, the constitution of the ox, so easily shaken,
+undergoes in two weeks all the commotion which a man labouring under
+typhoid fever would be subject to in a month. The phenomena succeed each
+other with terrific swiftness, leaving scarcely time for us to act, or
+for the medicines to operate. Do not, therefore, marvel at the great
+mortality among your cattle, and at my repeated recommendations of the
+preventive treatment by means of inoculation.
+
+At the outbreak, you must reduce the violence of the fever, prevent the
+derangements in connexion with the nervous centres, assuage the thirst,
+empty the stomachs and intestines, which will be the principal seat of
+the complaint, and sometimes let blood.
+
+But how are you to obtain these results? By abolishing the solid
+feeding, which is easily done, since the animal has lost his appetite.
+Give him to drink, three or four times a day, half a pailful of a
+decoction of good hay, adding thereto a sprinkling of salt; or a
+decoction of wall-wort, with a drachm of nitrate of potash; or water
+whitened with bran and flour, or whey, with a little vinegar. If the
+animal has a tendency to cold, if he coughs, if his breathing is
+oppressed, give him warm drinks, consisting of an infusion of mallow
+leaves and borage, or else a light decoction of barley and oats, and
+cover the animal's body warmly over.
+
+Now, with respect to purgatives: give the animal, night and morning,
+according to the effect produced, 6 or 8 ounces of Epsom salts (sulphate
+of magnesia), or an equal dose of Glauber's salt (sulphate of soda),
+dissolved in two pints of honey-coloured water; or 12 ounces of linseed
+oil in some warm drink; or a decoction of senna leaves and prunes, with
+an ounce of sulphate of soda added thereto.
+
+We might point out a larger number of purgatives, but we shall desist
+from so doing. Those which we have just prescribed, not being irritant
+to the intestines, are the best which can be employed.
+
+If the animal is very restive, if he passes through alternate fits of
+dejection, stupor, and great excitement, you must have recourse to
+bleeding, particularly local bleeding, by opening the small veins of the
+head. If the excitement does not abate you must add, night and morning,
+to one of his drinks, 2 grains of extract of belladonna, or a half ounce
+of powdered belladonna leaves. If the fever, at first, is irregular, and
+tends to become malignant, you must then have recourse to sulphate of
+quinine, 20 grains in the morning, and the same quantity during the day.
+
+When the disease is principally seated in the lungs, add to one of the
+pectoral drinks 4 ounces of oxymel of squills, and 2 grains of opium,
+giving also an emetic--5 grains of tartar-emetic to 4 pints of water--to
+be taken in four times, at intervals of two hours.
+
+Whilst this medication is applied to the internal organs, let the animal
+have unusual care taken of him; let his head be washed several times a
+day with vinegar and water.
+
+Such is the course of treatment to be adopted during the first three or
+four days. It must be, of course, followed methodically, watching and
+obeying the signs of nature. The purgatives must not be given on those
+days when the sick animal is bled, and the doses must vary with the
+effects they produce.
+
+From the fourth to the seventh day the symptoms change, diarrhoea
+shows itself, and the running appears at the nose, mouth, and eyes; you
+must then continue the use of purgatives, but the dose must be weaker.
+Those mentioned above are suitable in every way. The drinks, too,
+continue the same. Sometimes, at this period of the disease, the animal
+is utterly cast down, nothing can draw him from his stupor: he lies down
+the whole day; in this case you give him acetate of ammonia, from 1 to 6
+ounces, in a pint of water, gradually increasing from 1 to 2 ounces a
+day, according to the effect produced; and meanwhile, plain
+non-acidulated drinks should be administered.
+
+At this stage of the disease it is right to assist the depurative work
+of nature. This is effected by inserting a seton in the neck, and the
+secretion of this issue is kept up by means of such an ointment as the
+basilicon with powdered cantharides. Finally, the mouth, nose, and eyes
+must be washed very often with an infusion of camomile and sage.
+
+At the last period of the distemper, the beast sinks into a state of
+general exhaustion; his life seems all but extinguished through excess
+of weakness. You must now sustain and keep him up by every possible
+contrivance; give him bitter and stimulating drinks, beer diluted with
+water, adding thereto some powder of Peruvian bark, or sulphate of
+quinine. This is prepared by steeping in 8 pints of boiling water,
+Peruvian bark, gentian root, centaury leaves and flowers, and hops, 1
+ounce of each; or else prepare a drink consisting of veterinary treacle,
+extract of juniper, 1 ounce of each, dissolved in 2 ounces of alcohol,
+and then mixed with 3 pints of water.
+
+When the diarrhoea becomes fetid and bloody, give, night and morning,
+a clyster composed of a decoction of Peruvian bark, and a teaspoonful of
+powdered charcoal from the poplar, well sifted. If the running from the
+nostrils begins to stop, you must inject into the nasal orifices some
+spoonfuls of a sternutatory solution, thus composed--
+
+  Spanish pepper                 1 ounce.
+  Essence of turpentine          1   "
+  Camphor                        2 drachms.
+  Vinegar                        2 pints.
+
+Should any sores form on the skin, or should they arise from the opening
+of purulent deposits, dress them with the following ointment--
+
+  Acetate of copper             ½ a drachm.
+  Calcined alum                 20 grains.
+  Sal ammoniac                  20   "
+  Camphor                       ½ a drachm.
+  Common ointment               ½ an ounce.
+
+If the natural heat diminishes greatly, if the chill reaches the hams
+and skin, let the beast be rubbed all over, three times a day, with
+wool, moistened with the following liniment--
+
+  Laurel oil                    ½ an ounce.
+  Green soap                    ½     "
+  Volatile oil of lavender      ½ a drachm.
+  Solution of ammonia           ½     "
+
+Simultaneously with the above, give the following cordial, to be drunk
+in two draughts--
+
+  Cinnamon                      ½ an ounce.
+  Extract of gentian            1 ounce.
+  Red wine                      2 pints.
+
+Should the animal fall into a state of lethargy, you must have recourse
+to strokes of fire, according to surgical usage.
+
+This distemper must extend to its extreme degree of gravity before it
+advances towards its cure; you need, therefore, not despair until the
+last moment. At this period of exhaustion, the drinks above-mentioned
+are given up, or you add nutritive beverages to them, such as beef-tea,
+fat soups, milk, and farinaceous drinks.
+
+If the animal holds on, and his appetite returns, which will be shown by
+the desquamation of the nostrils, by the return of rumination, by the
+habit of the beast to look right and left, to question you in a manner,
+add cut straw to his nutritive drinks: send him out every day into the
+open air, and let him return by slow degrees to his habitual feeding.
+But it is extremely important to watch the intestinal functions; to
+diminish and change the food, if the diarrhoea returns; as such
+relapses often cause the death of an animal considered out of danger.
+
+Such, then, farmers and graziers, is the treatment to be opposed to the
+ox typhus: it is simple as respects the remedies, and I have deemed that
+it ought to be so, in order that the medicines prescribed might be had
+everywhere, and at a cost which the poor man could command as well as
+the rich. The disease is variable, it is not always equally deadly; and
+there comes a moment when in some sort it cures itself, with a little
+assistance and watching. The great point is, to be careful and vigilant,
+to attend to nature and the instincts of the suffering cattle, and lend
+yourselves to both.
+
+I cannot reproduce here the instructions given by the Privy Council to
+protect your cattle from contagion, and above all not to propagate it,
+but I shall refer you to Doctor Thudichum's _Memorandum_, page 257. This
+exposition is too complete to need anything added to it by me; study it
+well; let it be your monitor and guide; read it over again and again;
+your own interests and those of the whole country depend on the manner
+in which you shall treat this admirable warning.
+
+There are in this disease, as in every other, unforeseen varieties and
+complications, such as those which are brought on by the gestation and
+abortion of cows, and those proceeding from prior disease; for these
+accidents you will provide. Moreover, such a terrible distemper can only
+be treated according to the advice of a professional man. Call him in,
+then, follow his advice and prescriptions with rigid exactness, and do
+not attempt to do better than he; and, above all, arm yourselves against
+the insidious pretensions of quacks and charlatans, whatever mantle they
+may put on to hide their ignorance.
+
+
+
+
+FOURTH PART.
+
+    _Suggestions on the Improvements to be effected in the Study
+      of Medical Science, in order that we may be in a Condition
+      to confront Diseases generally, but Epizootic and Epidemic
+      Diseases in particular._
+
+
+The epizootia of bovine typhus which is now extending its unrestricted
+ravages over this island, and which has assumed the magnitude of a
+general calamity, has naturally excited and stirred up the public mind.
+Thoughtful and earnest men could not look on and witness unmoved the
+ever progressive march of the scourge; but each observer has,
+consistently with his means and qualifications, striven to find a remedy
+to resist the evil. Thus, we have seen, and with respectful interest we
+have watched, the gentlemen of the press, and other men of letters,
+economists, scientific men, and, above all, physicians, producing from
+day to day in the newspapers articles and letters of remarkable merit
+on the all-engrossing subject of this epizootia. The re-opening of the
+medical colleges furnished the skilful professors at their head with a
+seasonable opportunity to consider this dire distemper, according to the
+views of general pathology and medical philosophy, and this they have
+done with unquestionable talent and ability. Still, something remains to
+be said on this important matter, and since I have taken up my pen, like
+others, I wish to mingle my voice with that of my brethren, and inquire
+whether the time is not come to avail ourselves more fully than we have
+done yet of the grand discoveries of the exact sciences, which, with
+respect to the science of medicine, are the instruments of its progress.
+And my object in doing so, is, that we may, as far as possible, rise to
+a level with the ordeal which the future may have in store for us.
+
+Medicine is at once an art and a science. An art it has been at all
+times, and in every age of civilized man; but it became a science only
+when human knowledge had acquired a certain expansion; when natural
+phenomena had been tested and explained; when mathematics, physics,
+chemistry, botany, general anatomy, general pathology, had enabled the
+inquiring physician to study with important results whatever belongs to
+his theme; to understand the serial chain and connexion of bodies with
+each other, in the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, and to
+investigate their immutable laws. Uric acid, as we see with the
+microscope, will always crystallize in rhombohedrons, according to a
+fixed law; the vegetable cell, the germination of a seed, must obey, and
+always submit to, the innate and indestructible forces inherent in them.
+That which is true in the vegetable is true in the animal world, as
+regards the pre-established order which regulates and controls the
+phenomena of life. These laws which govern the development of organic
+phenomena being immutable and everlasting, permit the different
+generations which succeed each other on our globe to build upon a
+durable basis, which certifies to the slow and laborious, but
+irresistible march of human progress.
+
+Medical science being in truth only the application of other positive
+sciences to the preservation of health and the cure of diseases,
+continues like them to perfect itself incessantly; but all it can do is
+to follow them at a distance, and it can never hope to reach their
+degree of superiority.
+
+These are truths which have been long admitted and felt by us.
+Therefore, we have appealed for assistance to the discoveries of the
+natural sciences: physics, chemistry, have in our hands become effectual
+means of observation and analysis; and we, in our age, gain more
+knowledge in fifty years than our forefathers did in several centuries,
+for they were then necessarily rather artists than scholars. In a word,
+medical science or biology is constituting itself, and if it be fully
+conscious of its impotence in the case of many diseases, it also knows
+its progressive improvement. It is striving to achieve the highest place
+among social institutions, and the day may come when it shall obtain it,
+for nations will then owe to us their health and life--that is to say,
+their earthly happiness.
+
+The laws by which organic phenomena are regulated, are, we have said,
+everlasting; we may also declare that they are general. One of these
+laws common to the plant, to the shell, to every species of vertebrata,
+reappears in man, whose organization comprises all the functions divided
+among the other organic kingdoms. Not only does the organization of man
+obey the laws which govern the vital phenomena of other animals; not
+only does he possess their organs and functions, but he is a tributary
+subject to their diseases. So that the knowledge of the laws affecting
+the functions and diseases of those creatures which are placed below him
+in the scale of animals ought to be the first foundation of all medical
+study.
+
+These truths are too manifest to be new; they are written and professed
+everywhere, and every one amongst us has received general notions of
+comparative anatomy and physiology at the beginning of his course of
+study. But let us admit that these notions only served to expand the
+circle of our knowledge and ideas, and that we seldom or never apply
+them to the practice of our art. It would have been very different had
+we received at the beginning of our medical novitiate, not merely in
+theory and books, but practically and experimentally, precise notions of
+anatomy, physiology, and, let me add, of the _pathology of all
+animals_. Let us suppose for a moment that the task had been imposed
+upon us before entering upon the study of human maladies, to observe the
+structure of plants and animals, to submit their tissues to
+microscopical examination and chemical analysis; to study experimentally
+all their functions and diseases, and acknowledge that had such been the
+case, the anatomy, physiology; and pathology of man would have been far
+better understood, and that most of the difficulties against which we
+now contend in vain in our helplessness, might easily have been
+overcome.
+
+Comparative anatomy and physiology are the first conditions of all
+medical instruction of a serious character; there can be no doubt on the
+subject, but the evidence being not perhaps so palpable with respect to
+comparative pathology, it will not be useless, therefore, to enter into
+fuller particulars as to this subject.
+
+We know not whether any one has ever sought to retrace the first origin
+of our diseases in the animal kingdom, but it would undoubtedly be a
+study of great scientific interest. As for us, we gladly believe that
+man, created to be the sovereign lord of the earth, did not originally
+receive the principle of every organic disease with which we see him
+affected. It seems to us probable that he was created sound in body and
+in mind, but unequal is his vital powers, and in his faculties and
+talents, the social functions being various and dissimilar, and subject
+to physical and moral infirmities. We think it likely that plants and
+animals, from which, in course of time, man's substance is formed, have
+transmitted the first causes, the germs of some organic diseases with
+which they were themselves affected. We see in this transmission of
+animal diseases to man, a connecting link, which appears to us to be a
+condition of harmony, order, peace, and happiness among all living
+beings. It seems to us that the first injunction of a legislator should
+be--_love other animals like yourselves_; for if man had practised this
+maxim, he would have logically applied the same to his fellow-creatures;
+and no doubt, with such principles to guide them, past generations would
+not have bequeathed to us the innumerable calamities we have had to
+deplore.
+
+We think that we receive from animals some of their diseases, because
+the fact is palpably evident; thus they have parasitical diseases, such
+as favus, tænia, psora, trichinosis, which they transmit to us. They are
+likewise smitten with small-pox, typhoid fever, and with typhus; and
+under certain given conditions they may transmit them to us. They die of
+consumption and cancer, and it is probable that they transfuse into us
+through their milk and flesh the germs of these diseases. Finally, we
+have our epidemics as they have their epizootics; and here we will limit
+our instances of this reciprocation.
+
+It is certain that the study of these maladies in animals would have
+been for us the source of precise knowledge, which, if well understood
+and explained, would have often led to their preventive treatment. This
+is what has occurred in the case of small-pox; it is what will one day
+occur in typhoid fever, in times of epidemic, as will be the case in a
+certain number of other general or local diseases.
+
+In truth, some complaints now looked upon as inherent to the human
+species, were originally foreign to it; most parasitical diseases
+belong to this class. Thus man has not the _psora_, or itch--the
+disease does not properly belong to him; the parasite which engenders it
+is not bred in him, it is always transmitted to him by animals. It is
+the same with the tænia, or tape-worm, with the trichina, or fine
+hair-worm.
+
+Medical science, instituted on the bases of comparative pathology, would
+have made the study of diseases in the brute creation, not the
+collateral, but the principal object of its inquiries. It would have
+applied itself to the cure of the lower animals; and whilst learning to
+cure them, it would have ensured the cure of men's diseases.
+
+If such be the case, can any one believe that the treatment of diathetic
+and hereditary maladies would be, as they still are, insoluble problems;
+and that the physician would have the misery of seeing decimated, whilst
+he helplessly looks on, a large part of the population, condemned
+inevitably to die of consumption and cancer? Would every man smitten
+with hydrophobia be irrevocably condemned to death? Assuredly, it would
+not be so.
+
+That the physician should have been reduced to the painful necessity of
+confessing his want of means, when medicine could be nothing more than
+an art, we admit; but now that science has grown up and come of age,
+society has a right to challenge him to do, what in past ages could not
+have been expected of him. Briefly, we think that the time is come, by
+blending comparative pathology with anatomy and physiology, to construct
+one of the bases of the tripod on which medical science will have to
+rest. The success which has already been achieved in this direction is a
+certain guarantee for those which we may hope for hereafter.
+
+Such is our deep conviction, and perhaps we have some title to speak out
+decidedly on this point, as we have long since exemplified our precepts
+by actual proofs.
+
+Persuaded for many years that comparative pathology afforded to
+industrious men a new mine, rich in precious veins for working, we
+several times endeavoured to explore this fertile field. But,
+unfortunately, our means of action not being consistent with our
+sanguine expectations, we were repeatedly compelled to suspend our
+pursuits, until at last we found at the Ecole Vétérinaire d'Alfort, the
+favourable opportunity and the essential conditions of which we had so
+long been in quest.
+
+Grieved at our helplessness to stay the ravages of pulmonary
+consumption, I formed one day the resolution to study that wasteful
+complaint in animals in order to discover, or at least to look for, the
+required remedy. With that view, I confined in a dark, cold, and damp
+cellar a number of animals to practise on: birds of different species,
+rabbits, a monkey, a dog, &c. To these animals I dealt out a deficient
+quantity of food. The monkey, as might have been expected, was the first
+to be affected, since in our climates they all die of consumption. Next,
+and for the same reason, it was the parrot's turn; then the chickens and
+ducks died; after them the rabbits;--in fine, at the end of fourteen
+months, the dog alone survived. All the rest had sunk under consumption,
+and exhibited tubercles in different organs--in the lungs or mesentery.
+
+It was then necessary to have the counter-proof: to place a second set
+of animals in the same conditions, to produce the disease again, and
+attempt its cure. But the first experiment had been a long one, and I
+was forced to relinquish the inquiry, which, moreover, was above my
+means at that period.
+
+On another occasion, it seemed to me strange that we should be obliged
+to open the bladder of patients suffering from the stone, or to subject
+them to lithotrity, which has also its perils. Nature, I said to myself,
+forms calculi by uniting organic elements, by crystallizing them, and by
+cementing them with vesical mucus. But would it not be possible to cure
+the disease by employing contrary means--dissolving the calculi in the
+bladder by means of continued injections, changing the chemical agents
+according to the composition of the calculus, and adding thereto the
+action of a galvanic current?
+
+After this, I pursued my inquiry in this direction. I studied for
+several months the chemical composition of calculi by examining them in
+their dissolved state; and I saw that those in which the alkaline bases
+prevailed, being submitted to a diluted solution of tartaric acid, which
+would not injure the bladder, crumbled after a time; that the calculi
+with excess of acid were also attacked by an alkaline solution; in
+fine, that the calculi of oxalate of lime alone seemed to resist the
+action of these chemical solutions. But it is well known that they
+sometimes defy all lithotrite instruments, and compel us to have
+recourse to the knife.
+
+These preliminary experiments over, it was necessary to come to their
+application, and for that purpose to make experiments on some animals.
+The canine species, omnivorous like ourselves, was chosen in preference.
+Bitches were selected to be practised on; for as their urinary passages
+are wider and more flexible, it enabled me to insert in the bladder
+fragments of calculi already analysed, which were to serve as the nuclei
+to the stones they were intended to develop.
+
+This second assortment of animals, penned up apart from each other, were
+supplied with different modes of sustenance: some of them were put upon
+a diet of meat only, others on a farinaceous diet, and a third set on a
+mixed course of food. These experiments were being regularly followed
+up, when an important and unforeseen event compelled me to desist at the
+end of six months. The poor animals were destroyed; but all of them, as
+I had anticipated, had generated calculi of various chemical
+composition.
+
+These unfinished inquiries concerning comparative pathology, thus
+interrupted in spite of myself, might, had circumstances allowed them to
+reach the goal, have authorized us to undertake in man the dissolution
+of stone in the bladder. And how would this have been effected? By
+seizing the stone between the two ends of the catheter with the double
+current, and by injecting a well-sustained series of dissolvents into
+the patient, whilst lying at his ease in a recumbent posture.
+
+Nor is this all. They would likewise, I believe, have thrown some light
+on the organic production of calculi, on the lithic diathesis, and the
+particular formation of the stone; and led us, in some degree, to their
+preventive treatment, which is always superior to the curative remedy.
+
+On a subsequent occasion, I betook myself to my task under more
+favourable conditions. I undertook at Alfort, conjointly with Professor
+Delafond, a course of experiments on the cutaneous diseases of animals
+in relation to comparative pathology, having already, whilst walking
+the hospitals, published a work on the "Entomology and Pathology of
+Psora in Man," which had been printed at the expense of the Academy.
+
+These inquiries and examinations at Alfort were persisted in for five
+years, and were considered to have led to very satisfactory results as
+regards general pathology. But I have spoken of these labours in the
+first part of my book.
+
+Pardon me, reader, and do not suppose that vanity or any desire to
+parade myself has induced me to refer to these experiments. No; my only
+object is to show to what results similar studies might lead, if they
+were executed on a large scale and on the whole animal kingdom; if,
+instead of these partial efforts made under favour, some special and
+appropriate medical institution encouraged earnest experimentalists,
+supplying them without stint with all necessary resources, and with the
+best and completest instruments of observation.
+
+Will any one deny, that if medical science had been settled on this
+foundation fifty years ago--that is to say, since the exact sciences
+first began to provide us with the means of investigation, it would now
+be so impotent? Epizootias and epidemics would not thus flout us as they
+do; the cholera would no longer be an enigma, nor the ox typhus so
+incurable. No! a hundred times no! Medical science would not he helpless
+and impotent in our day, had our forerunners been more mindful and
+provident.
+
+But, instead of this, the science for which we plead would have done
+good work. It would have made and confirmed an infinite variety of
+observations on the brute creation; it would have transmitted our
+diseases to them as they transmit their diseases to us; it would have
+treated and cured these diseases, and every such cure would have been a
+new triumph, a new victory for mankind.
+
+For instance, during an outbreak of cholera, this science would have
+been ready and prepared to try different experiments on men and animals;
+it would first have communicated the cholera to animals, and then
+submitted them to a variety of experimental treatments. This cholera,
+which is not an infectious fever, with its regular and assigned periods,
+like typhus, and which we are not obliged to suffer to run its course,
+but which, on the contrary, is a nervous affection produced by some
+poisonous miasma, the toxical effects of which first of all assail the
+nervous system and then more particularly the great sympathetic; the
+cramps being but the result of a reflective action--_this cholera, we
+say, must be curable_, and well-advised experiments would reveal the
+remedy we want for it, nor should we have to wait long for the
+revelation.
+
+As for me, I once made a desperate attempt in this direction. It was
+during the cholera of 1854. We remarked whilst dissecting subjects, as
+is always the case, that the mucous membranes of the stomach and
+intestines, which were in a manner paralyzed, had suffered the fluid
+parts of the blood to ooze out on the surface. Hence the cause of those
+vomitings, and those watery and colourless diarrhoeas which nothing
+can stop, so that at a given moment the patients die, poisoned, of
+course, but dying more particularly through want of circulation, the
+blood being reduced to its solid parts and unable to circulate any
+longer. Relying on this fact, and trusting for want of better to the
+secondary effects, I strove to restore to the blood its aqueous part,
+and, if possible, to re-establish the circulation.
+
+With this view, I went to the Hôpital de la Charité, provided with all
+the requisite instruments. Choleraic patients were being brought there
+every hour. The experiments being new, venturesome, and _dangerous_, in
+the eyes of the hospital directors, I was only suffered to operate on
+the moribund. The first patient, considered to be in a state
+sufficiently desperate to be given up to me, was a woman, forty-five
+years old. She was literally insensible, and thoroughly cold. I
+hesitated for a moment to try the operation under conditions so
+unreasonable, so preposterous--almost upon a corpse. The radial arteries
+in the arm had ceased to beat, and the heart alone kept up a feeble
+circulation at the central parts. At length I opened the vein, from
+which not a single drop of blood proceeded, and taking the usual
+measures to prevent the air from having access, I gradually and slowly
+injected two ounces of alkaline solution, the process of injection
+lasting twelve minutes. It was scarcely over before the patient
+half-opened her eyelids, and looked about her with astonishment; the
+pulse became perceptible for a few moments, and all present thought she
+was saved. We put a few questions to her; the patient could not answer
+us, but she nodded as much as to say "yes," when asked if she felt
+better. But this was all we could do in her case. The circulation
+stopped again, the patient relapsed into her state of insensibility and
+died two hours after the injection.
+
+The result obtained in this instance had not answered our expectation.
+However, the circulation had for a minute or two resumed its course, and
+a flash of reason had once more shown itself.
+
+I thought the experiment ought to be repeated, and accordingly the next
+morning I made another trial. The patient this time was a working
+shoemaker, thirty-eight years of age, exactly in the same far-gone,
+hopeless state as the patient of the day before. In his case, the inward
+commotion caused by the injection was more powerful; twenty minutes
+after the injection he was able to see, to understand, to speak, to
+raise his head; but this vital recovery was, as in the former case, but
+of short continuance, and two hours and a half after the operation the
+man expired.
+
+After these experiments I dissected the two bodies, and then, finding
+that their lungs were infiltrated with water, I understood that the
+alkaline solution had not been assimilated, that it had stopped in its
+passage into the pulmonary parenchyma, to the detriment of the functions
+of the hæmatosis. I also understood that the proper injection, instead
+of distilled alkaline water, would have been the serum of the blood,
+drawn at the very moment from some man or animal.
+
+The conclusion which I drew from these experiments was that a variety of
+operations, made at different stages of the malady, might lead to
+beneficial results, especially if we succeeded in transmitting the
+cholera to animals, as that would enable us to test a large number of
+curative agents and to pursue a methodical course of experimentalization.
+
+From all I have said, I infer that life, health, and disease, being
+subject to the same laws throughout the whole animal kind, it is certain
+that the physician should possess precise knowledge as to the
+organization, the functions, and diseases of animals. That by proceeding
+in this manner, we shall advance from the simple to the complex, from
+the plant to the animal, and from the animal to man. That we must of
+necessity emerge from the state in which we are now entangled BY FOUNDING
+AND ESTABLISHING IN LONDON A COLLEGE OF THE NATURAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES.
+Every medical pupil might spend two years in this college, receiving in
+it an experimental and practical training; he would devote himself in it
+to the chemical analysis of all bodies, to physiological experiments and
+tests, without limit and of every kind.
+
+Most deeply do I appreciate the many difficulties and obstacles that
+would interfere with the execution of such a design. In our civilized
+age, nations seem rather bent on seeking out the means of exterminating
+each other than of protecting themselves and animals from epidemics and
+epizootias. It is believed that every first-rate kingdom now spends from
+400 to 500 millions of francs (16 to 20,000,000_l._) annually in
+maintaining their land and sea forces, whilst one-half of their
+populations are living in misery and ignorance, in disease and
+corruption. The time is not come--shall we ever see it?--to employ the
+vital powers of the peoples, to better incessantly their social
+condition. Perhaps, by reason of its organization, the Government of
+this country would not be authorized to devote 100,000_l._ or
+200,000_l._ to the establishment of an institution like the medical
+college I suggest, notwithstanding its paramount necessity. But England
+is in the habit of doing great things independently of the Government.
+In default of the ruling powers, then, let me appeal to the national
+initiative, for if the spectacle which we are at present witnessing was
+not, in the case of England, one of those trials which invigorate a
+people by the salutary teachings which they bring; if it did not induce
+them to take some energetic resolution by which their interests would be
+saved and their power enlarged, it would indeed be a deplorable sign of
+the times and make us despair of its future.
+
+Moreover, to show the urgency of founding a _College of Natural and
+Medical Science_, let us add, that in every other country they are
+endeavouring to unite this indispensable complement to medical
+education. The German universities, the Faculty of Paris, have, for
+several years past, incorporated a course of comparative pathology, with
+the other series of public lectures.
+
+It is not a mere Utopia that we propose, but an extension and
+improvement, all the parts of which are already prepared. If this
+College could be thrown open to-morrow, competent professors would be
+ready at the call of duty to indite the programme for this instruction
+within twenty-four hours; and as for the professors themselves, there
+would be enough to choose among the large body of efficient scholars who
+do honour to the country.
+
+If we have been rightly understood, we desire to see established in
+London an institution which would afford an equivalent to what exists in
+Paris, at the Museum and Collège de France, where numerous courses of
+lectures on anatomy, physiology, physics, and chemistry are given. Only
+in London this special college would be formed and organized on such a
+scale as to bear away the palm from every previous foundation of the
+same kind; it would be an institution unexampled in the world, out of
+whose halls would one day come anatomists, physiologists, and
+pathologists of the very highest order of excellence.--But organic
+matter would not be the sole object of this instruction, for the animal
+is something more than matter. Courses of medical history and
+philosophy, of really general pathology, would introduce the students to
+the grand phenomena of nature, to the great laws which govern the worlds
+and the globe; and descending from the heights of science to the
+observation of the infinitely minute, they would never forget the
+important part of the vital powers, and of that unknown power called at
+different times by the names of +pneuma+, _archéc_--_mind_ and _soul_.
+
+The Regent's Park would, we think, be the proper site for this college,
+as the contiguity of the Zoological Gardens would afford continual
+opportunities for investigating the diseases of animals.
+
+Moreover, this college would not trench upon or interfere in any manner
+with those medical and veterinary establishments which at present exist;
+it would ally itself with, and complete them, nothing more. The
+instruction received at this "College of Natural and Medical Science"
+would be so useful and necessary, and so attractive withal, that the
+sons of the great families would come to it to finish their collegiate
+studies, to the great benefit of the country. Other young men, in
+considerable numbers, would flock to it from various parts of the world.
+The foundation of such an institution would be an epoch in the history
+of science, and would give England another claim to the esteem of
+nations.
+
+I conclude, then, with a conviction that a nation which owes to Lord
+Bacon, the founder of experimental philosophy, his imperishable book on
+the _restoration, the method and teaching of the sciences_; to Harvey,
+the circulation; to Priestley, the constitution of chemistry; to
+Sydenham, the modern Hippocrates, his treatise on "Practical Medicine";
+to Jenner, vaccination; and to Charles Bell, the discovery of the
+sensitive and motor nerves--is a people too great and too enlightened to
+retrograde; and that, if the epizootic of ox typhus did find them at
+first unready and disarmed, they will in the end convert this disaster
+into a new source of greatness and strength.
+
+Such is the sincere hope which I cherish and the prayer I offer up for
+the happiness of a country which, for the future, has become my own.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+  BREMEN, August 30.
+
+The following report, drawn up by two German veterinary surgeons, of a
+recent visit to London to examine into the cattle murrain, has been
+furnished by the agent of the North German Lloyd's at Nordenhamm:--
+
+"On Wednesday, the 9th instant, we, the undersigned, were requested to
+be at Nordenhamm, if possible, the following morning. Upon our arrival
+we were asked by the agent of the North German Lloyd's, who had
+consulted with several of the chief cattle exporters, to undertake a
+voyage to London at once in the steamer _Schwan_, in the interest of the
+cattle export from the Weser. The object of our mission was, first, to
+examine as closely as possible into the epidemic cattle disease raging
+in and around London for some time past; then carefully to observe the
+treatment of cattle upon the vessel during the voyage, upon arrival, and
+at the time of disembarkation; lastly, to use every means in our power
+to prevent obstacles being opposed to the continued export of cattle
+from these ports to England.
+
+"Furnished by the agent of the North German Lloyd's with letters of
+introduction to cattle dealers in London, and with the necessary funds,
+we left Nordenhamm in the steamer _Schwan_, Captain Christensen, at 4
+P.M., on the 10th instant. The vessel carried 347 head of large
+cattle, 2 calves, and 260 sheep. Favoured by very fine weather, we
+arrived in the Thames at 2 P.M., on the 12th. At the beginning
+of the voyage the animals were rather uneasy, trampled a good deal, and
+caused considerable motion in the ship; after a time, however, they
+became quiet. A sharp, penetrating smell was easily perceptible in the
+'tween decks of the ship, which was quickly removed upon a light breeze
+springing up, by means of the excellent ventilation and numerous
+air-pipes and wind shafts. The animals were several times watered, and
+it was easy to see how greatly they were refreshed. The hay in the
+racks, on the other hand, was hardly touched.
+
+"Upon arriving in the port we were introduced by the captain to the two
+veterinary surgeons stationed here to inspect the cattle, and witnessed
+the rapid disembarkation of the cargo, all of which were thoroughly
+healthy, not one being condemned. The cattle, when landed, were
+immediately brought to carts standing in readiness and transported to
+London, where they are cleansed and then driven into the adjacent
+fields.
+
+"After doing all in our power to attain the object of our journey, we
+went back to the port to wait for the _Schwan_, having first thoroughly
+cleansed the clothes we had worn during our inspection of the diseased
+cattle. The _Schwan_ came in shortly after our arrival, and disembarked
+256 head of large cattle, 12 calves and 400 sheep, all in good
+condition. Mr. Philipps, the London agent of the North German Lloyd's,
+was on the spot, together with several reporters from newspapers, who
+wished to see by personal investigation how and in what condition cattle
+are brought from the Weser.
+
+"We re-embarked on the _Schwan_ upon the 19th. The crew were engaged
+during the voyage in carefully cleansing the ship. The weather was fine,
+and we arrived safely at Nordenhamm upon the 21st.
+
+  (Signed)
+
+  "G. J. RIPPEN,
+  "Veterinary Surgeon at Seefield.
+
+  "H. FASTING,
+  "Veterinary Surgeon at Schwey."
+
+
+NOTE B.
+
+Professor Simonds having had such opportunities of investigating those
+diseases as they existed in England and in foreign countries as were
+possessed only by a few Englishmen, might be permitted to offer a few
+observations. He had been appointed by the Royal Agricultural Societies
+of England and Ireland to proceed to the Continent in 1857, when there
+was a rumour that the disease which existed among cattle in this country
+at the present time was prevailing in Mecklenburg. Consuls sent
+despatches that the rinderpest was prevailing largely, and the
+Government, as a precautionary measure, closed the ports against the
+introduction of cattle from the Baltic to this country. He found,
+however, from his observations abroad that since 1817 there had been no
+disease of this kind westward of a line between Revel in the Baltic and
+the Gulf of Venice, but to the eastward of that line it had existed. He
+came up with the affection at the Carpathian mountains, where it was
+raging in 1857 just as it is raging in England at the present time. Not
+only had it existed there, but it had been carried into the interior of
+Russia in the ordinary method of the cattle trade. A person who was in
+the habit of purchasing cattle attended a fair and bought a number of
+animals, and took them to his own farm, and in the course of ten days
+one or two were seized with the disease, and the result was there was a
+gradual spread of the evil in that district. It gained ground until the
+Government instituted the sanitary police regulations, which, though
+they were such as would be considered strange in England, were, he
+believed, absolutely necessary for the extirpation of the plague. It was
+undoubtedly true that no foreign animals had been seized at our ports or
+in the metropolitan market; but it was not necessary for the case they
+had in hand to say whether the disease was or was not of foreign
+importation. There was this fact before them, that it was not until the
+month of June that the disease appeared in England. A certain number of
+animals came out of a diseased district. He had documentary evidence
+that animals came from Revel and came from the district of Esthonia. He
+had before him proof that the disease now in England was raging in that
+district. They had proof that shortly after the arrival of those cattle
+in England the disease manifested itself here. He admitted there were
+difficulties in the way of checking the importation of foreign cattle.
+The Government had its eyes open to the matter, and he did not think it
+possible for the Government to have done more than they had done or to
+have done more quickly what they had been doing. At this moment half the
+supply of the metropolitan market came from foreign countries, and he
+did not wish to convey any reflection by saying that this disease had
+its origin from abroad. He would admit that the animals from Germany and
+Hungary were coming in a healthy condition; but he could not admit that
+they came from Russia, Poland, or Galicia in so perfect a condition,
+because the regulations there were not sufficient to stamp out the
+disease. The Government had made an inquiry as to the general health of
+cattle on the Continent. They believed France, Belgium, Holland,
+Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, and a large part of the Continent that
+supplied cattle to this country were free from disease. This went to
+show that we had admitted a disease not from where we received our
+supplies of meat, but from some other district. Then it must be
+associated with the fact that it came into this country when animals
+arrived here from an infected district in Russia. Animals from Germany
+and Hungary were often shipped and mixed with others from a diseased
+district. As regarded the disease being spontaneous, we had been free
+from it for twenty years. What was the state of our cowsheds fifty years
+ago? Were they not in a more filthy condition than they are now? If,
+therefore, the disease had been induced from common causes it would have
+been here years and years ago. It was no reflection to say that a great
+many cases could be traced directly to the metropolitan market. Take one
+case which occurred in Sussex. Certain cattle had been bought in the
+metropolitan market and were taken home. In three or four days they were
+ill, and presented symptoms of this affection. In a few days more the
+cows and calves were dead. In another instance calves were bought in
+Chichester Market, where they had been taken from London. The result was
+the death of twelve cows and ten calves. The people had other cattle on
+the same farm, and not one of them took it. He could say, too, that
+persons who had only one animal had lost it by the disease. How had the
+disease got into Norfolk and Kent but by the animals which went from the
+metropolitan market? He could prove by documentary evidence that it was
+so. He could show there was not a single instance where the origin of
+the disease could not be traced to the metropolis. It was the most
+fearful visitation that had ever been seen in England. They had adopted
+a system of compensation in Norfolk, and if by this meeting something
+was done to shut out the animals of infected districts, no doubt the
+promoters would receive not only the thanks of London, but the country
+generally.
+
+Mr. Gibbins--Now, if the disease came from abroad, and diseased cattle
+were shipped on the other side of the sea, no doubt the voyage would
+concentrate and aggravate the disease. The Government inspectors
+reported, however, that not one instance had been seen of foreign cattle
+so diseased, nor had any been seized and destroyed in London or anywhere
+else. Whether the disease came from abroad or elsewhere he was not able
+to state. Sir George Grey asked him whether he had found any disease
+among the foreign cattle that came into the market. He said not one.
+They had, no doubt, many instances of the disease amongst the cows that
+were ordinarily called milch cows, but that were not milch cows when
+they came to market, because one effect of the disease was to deprive
+the animal of milk. These were then sent to the market and sold as fat
+stock. He could only say they had had no cases, except in cows, whether
+they came from the dairies in London or elsewhere.
+
+
+NOTE C.
+
+M. Dembinski, Professor of Analytical Chemistry and Natural Science, had
+also addressed a communication to the Lord Mayor on the subject. The
+prevalent Rinderpest, he said, originated in the steppes of Podolia,
+from which considerable herds of cattle were exported through the
+steppes to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Riga, and Revel, and thence to the
+ports of Memel, Königsberg, Dantzic, Hamburg, Kiel, and the Hague.
+_Deprived of congenial food and pure water on their transport through
+the steppes, and then arriving at marshy lands, the exhausted animals
+drank the stagnant water, which, during hot weather, exhaled a
+pestiferous malaria, and infected them with a predisposition to the
+epidemic in question, which developed itself into a kind of fever on the
+voyage to England in a crowded condition._
+
+
+NOTE D.
+
+  INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS, VIENNA,
+  August, 1865.
+
+With regard to the cattle plague, it may be well to state that Austria
+has been most unfortunately situated, from the readiness with which
+Russian cattle have been admitted into the country at various parts of
+the western and southern frontiers. At the opening of the Congress this
+difficulty was particularly noted by the Ministerial counsellor, Dr.
+Vell, who attended on behalf of the Government, for the purpose of
+welcoming the assembly, and giving an assurance that its deliberations
+would meet with all the attention they deserved. He specially referred
+to the fact that the laws relating to cattle disease prevention had been
+entirely revised in 1850, but that the Steppe murrain continued to be
+introduced by smuggled stock into the western and southern provinces of
+the State. It was therefore necessary to attempt a more effectual
+control over the propagation of so disastrous a malady.
+
+Herr Pabst welcomed the meeting on behalf of the Minister of Trade. He
+said that the value of the cattle of the Austrian dominions considerably
+exceeded one hundred million pounds sterling (one thousand million
+Austrian florins), and that cattle plagues completely put a stop to the
+development of that essential branch of agriculture which embraces the
+improvement and increase of live stock in a country. He assured the
+assembly that all would be done that was possible to improve the
+existing state of matters, and that he hoped they would greatly aid the
+Government by the discussions which would take place and the conclusions
+at which they would arrive.
+
+I may state, by the way, that an opinion rather generally expressed by
+some, and stoutly maintained by others, was that the peculiar
+disposition of some of the Austrian subjects, and the feeling existing
+in Hungary against State measures, rendered the law, to a great extent,
+inoperative. I can, from personal experience, state that although
+stringent and most efficient means are used for the suppression of
+cattle plagues, and with the best results in Austria proper, there is
+great difficulty in carrying out the law in districts where Austrian
+rule is at a discount. Indeed this is clearly indicated by the manner in
+which the Rinderpest penetrates into Austria, where the laws are similar
+to those in the kingdom of Prussia, which is, and has long been,
+completely protected from invasions of the disorder.
+
+At the meeting of the first International Congress, held in Hamburg in
+1865, Dr. Röll stated that owing to the length of time to which the
+quarantine for Russian cattle extended on the Austrian frontier, herds
+of cattle were often smuggled through, and companies had been formed for
+the purpose of insurance against seizure by the authorities. The
+unlawful traffic was therefore carried on with comparative safety to the
+dealers, who cared not what misfortune they brought on a country if only
+their personal ends could be served. This question was the first to
+occupy the attention of the Congress last week; when a resolution was
+proposed to shorten the period of quarantine for cattle from Russia
+into any country from twenty-one days to ten. The discussion was keen.
+It was stipulated, however, that the quarantine should be carried out
+most strictly over all parts of the frontier, without respect to any
+breed of cattle or other circumstances which might be brought forward as
+exceptional reasons for retaining animals in quarantine. The committee
+appointed to prepare a succinct report on the subject included
+Professors Unterberger, Seifmann, Werner, Zlamal, Hertwig, Haubner, and
+Röll; and the committee decided in favour of the shortened quarantine,
+on the following conditions:--First--When the establishment of
+quarantine institutions is effected in accordance with the requirements
+of trade and the peculiarities of the frontier, special attention must
+be paid to the erection of quarantine stables, &c., where there are
+facilities for procuring an abundance of fodder and water. Second--The
+animals to be kept under efficient veterinary supervision wherever they
+have to submit to quarantine. The inspectors must be properly qualified
+veterinary surgeons. Third--The use of a brand to indicate that the
+animals have been in quarantine. Fourth--The effectual disinfection, by
+washing and otherwise, of animals as they leave the quarantine.
+Fifth--The introduction of a poll-tax along the eastern frontiers, and
+the appointment of proper veterinarians to be on the watch as to the
+health of cattle along the frontiers. Sixth--Careful supervision to be
+placed over the traffic in cattle wherever it takes place in a country.
+Seventh--The punishment to the full extent that the law allows of all
+who break the rules relating to quarantine or other means for the
+prevention of the cattle plague.
+
+Professor Hertwig, of Berlin, whose opinion is always listened to with
+great respect in veterinary circles, stated his reasons for adopting
+these resolutions now, whereas in 1863 he was against shortening the
+period of quarantine. He referred chiefly to the importance of not
+offering temptations for cattle dealers to evade the law by insisting on
+unreasonable restrictions. The feeling of the assembly was greatly in
+favour of avoiding vexatious and expensive measures, which might greatly
+interfere with the employment of capital in cattle traffic. A small
+number of professors, not exceeding eight or nine, held out for a
+quarantine of twenty-one days.
+
+It may be as well to state that quarantine regulations, which have been
+regarded as almost useless in the prevention of human disorders, from
+the great difficulties in the way of carrying them out efficiently, are
+recognised as of great value in controlling the propagation of cattle
+plagues. It is possible to control the movement of herds, and the
+governments of Central Europe have found it absolutely essential so to
+do. Indeed, the ablest medical men who have written against the adoption
+of a quarantine system for human small-pox and cholera, such as
+Professor Siegmund, of Berlin, acknowledge its value and absolute
+requirement with regard to the Rinderpest. A professor from Galicia
+argued in favour of controlling the movements of people wherever the
+disease appeared, and no fact seems to have been better ascertained than
+that of the communication of the Rinderpest from herd to herd by human
+beings. Professor Jessen, of Dorpat, states that in Russia the malady
+was at one time speedily propagated by the people, who regarded the
+destruction of their stock as a visitation of Providence, and who
+summoned a priest into their stables to pray with them that the plague
+might be stayed. Moving from farm to farm, the malady was by this means
+rapidly transmitted. In Hungary, many outbreaks result from people
+dressing the carcases and hawking about the meat, which, even where
+human beings remain uninjured, is deadly to the cattle whenever the
+water with which it is washed is thrown about the yards, or the meat is
+hung up near sheds containing living animals.
+
+The members present at the International Congress spoke in favour of
+establishing a fund, apart from the Government grants, for the payment
+of diseased or infected animals which have to be slaughtered with a view
+to the prevention of the plague. Special precautions were suggested as
+to the transmission of articles the product of diseased animals.
+
+1. Perfectly dried skins, the points of horns cut off, as they often are
+for commercial purposes, the salted and dried intestines of cattle,
+melted tallow, wools, cowhair, &.c., could be freely allowed to pass
+unobserved.
+
+2. Entire horns, hoofs, &c., which are detached from the soft parts, but
+which often contain adhering flesh, &c., should be disinfected with
+chloride of lime.
+
+3. As melted tallow is often conveyed in bags which may be charged with
+the poison, those bags should be washed with chloride of lime solution.
+
+4. Fresh bones, fresh skins, and intestines, unmelted tallow, raw flesh,
+and fresh sheepskins, should not be sold whenever the Rinderpest exists
+in a district.
+
+According to all the accounts which reach us, the foreign observations
+and resolutions may be of essential service in England. The members of
+the Assembly were informed by Mr. Erner of the origin and the progress
+of the cattle plague in England, and were deeply interested by the
+account given of the imminent danger in which many countries are placed
+that purchase breeding stock in the British isles. The theories of
+spontaneous origin amuse the learned here not a little, as they justly
+think we ought not to be so far behind every nation in the possession of
+knowledge regarding the propagation of such a disorder as the steppe
+murrain.
+
+
+NOTE E.
+
+Now, if the disease came from abroad, and diseased cattle were shipped
+on the other side of the sea, no doubt the voyage would concentrate and
+aggravate the disease. Whether the disease came from abroad or elsewhere
+he was not able to state. Sir George Grey asked him whether he had found
+any disease among the foreign cattle that came into the market. He had
+not one. He could only say they had had no cases, except in cows,
+whether they came from the dairies in London or elsewhere. So far as
+they knew, not one single bullock or ox had been condemned.--MR. GIBBINS,
+_18th August, Meeting at the Mansion House_.
+
+The very first shed in which the plague must have appeared in London is
+a pattern of cleanliness, and the stock was magnificent, as proved by
+the animals in a shed to which the disease has not been propagated.
+Almost simultaneously the malady broke out in the Essex marshes, and in
+every instance we trace a more or less direct contamination by foreign
+stock.
+
+
+NOTE F.
+
+  VIENNA, August, 1865.
+
+On the 28th of August about thirty of the members of the Congress
+accepted an invitation to visit the renowned agricultural establishment
+at Altenburg, in Hungary. After the visitors had inspected the herds and
+other appurtenances of this institution, Professor Maasch, its director,
+intimated that the Rinderpest had appeared at Nickolsdorf, about four
+German miles from Altenburg. The President of the Congress had known
+this fact before the party left Vienna for Hungary; but as he feared
+some enthusiasts would first see the plague, and then inspect the
+Altenburg herds, he preferred to adopt the stratagem of communicating
+the information through Professor Maasch, after the great Agricultural
+College of Hungary had been viewed. Nickolsdorf, where the steppe
+murrain appeared on the 10th of August, is an exquisitely clean village,
+with well-whitewashed buildings and broad roads, constituting the centre
+of a thriving agricultural district. Its people are typical Hungarians,
+not too anxious to work, and, on the whole, poor; but they are
+intelligent, notwithstanding the national proclivity to farm a thousand
+acres badly rather than one-fourth the quantity to perfection. Their
+wants are not great, and their worldly luxuries, beyond potatoes and
+schnaps, are bought with the profits made on large herds of cattle. One
+herd only had suffered from the cattle plague when we visited the
+village. This herd consisted of 1225 animals, divided into three lots.
+The affected portion numbered 450 animals--bullocks intended for work
+and slaughter--varying in age from three to seven years. The cows and
+heifers had not been smitten. The 450 animals amongst which the disease
+appeared were housed in no less than sixteen different sheds in
+Nickolsdorf. Out of each of these places sick animals had been taken,
+and either slaughtered or permitted to die. We killed four for
+dissection on the 29th. Six more had been previously killed, their hides
+slacked, and the entire body buried; nine had died, and two we left in
+life to be soon slaughtered and disposed of as the others. The district
+veterinary surgeon in constant attendance was an extremely active and
+intelligent man, who recognised the disease on its first outbreak, and
+adopted such measures for separation, destruction, and burial, as
+prevented the disease from spreading so rapidly as it has in England.
+
+The cause of the outbreak was the intermingling of cattle-dealers' stock
+with the Nickolsdorf herd; and although the animals which carried it
+have not been fully traced, they are believed to have been owned by a
+butcher who had purchased them in Comorn, where the malady is raging.
+Singular variations have been seen in the symptoms exhibited, especially
+when animals are first affected. During the Nickolsdorf outbreak there
+has been an invariable incubation of five or six days; then furor or
+delirium appears: the bullocks stare, roar, stamp with their feet, are
+prepared to attack people who approach them, and seem to be dizzy at
+intervals. They shiver, their muscles twitch, the eyes soon begin to
+discharge, and the mucus which flows from the mouth foams. The pulse is
+at first slower than usual, until all the fever symptoms appear. There
+is more constipation than diarrhoea, though, on examination, the
+mucous membranes are all found to be affected precisely in the manner so
+often observed in England during the present outbreak. The differences
+in the symptoms are accounted for by peculiarities of breed, the
+condition of stalls, the food the animals have lived on, and similar
+circumstances. We may hear more of these Hungarian outbreaks, but the
+chances are we shall not witness in any part of Austria the wholesale
+devastation now going on in Great Britain.--_International Veterinary
+Congress._
+
+
+NOTE G.
+
+At present the cowkeepers send off the infected beasts to the market, or
+to some slaughter-house, where they might be killed. There was believed
+to be great danger in allowing the infected cows to be driven through
+the streets. If the good could be separated from the bad animals, and if
+the latter could be conveyed to sanitoriums, where the medical men could
+operate upon them, then much benefit would result; and then, too, if the
+animals died, they would be buried on the spot. All the professors were
+agreed in this, that if a compensation fund were raised, and the
+cowkeeper were told that he would be remunerated for his loss, he would
+at once inform the authorities when the disease made its appearance in
+his cowshed. Shed after shed was being now shut up, and men and women
+who seemed to be affluent one day were the next reduced to ruin. An
+illustration of this would suffice. One day last week a cowkeeper at
+Pimlico had 70 or 80 healthy cows. On Wednesday three of them were found
+dead. On Thursday 42 of them were sent to the market. Of these 42 three
+showed symptoms of the disease, and then the whole of the 42 beasts had
+to be slaughtered because of the disease being among the three. The poor
+fellow was thus ruined. Last Monday he sent nine more cows to the
+market, and these also had to be slaughtered. At present the man was
+absolutely out of his mind. Out of his 70 beasts, he had not one left.
+Some persons were saying that the disease arose from bad water, bad
+ventilation, and bad cowsheds; but in the case of Miss Burdett Coutts,
+who had had 40 head of cattle, which were most carefully housed and
+attended to--particularly from the moment she heard that the disease was
+amongst them--all were gone, with the exception of one cow; so that,
+whether it was a want of water or a want of ventilation which in other
+cases caused it, this was an instance in which everything was done that
+could be done, and yet the plague raged and the mortality
+ensued.--MR. GIBBINS, _Meeting at the Mansion House_.
+
+
+NOTE J.
+
+Yesterday morning Dr. Jarvis, medical officer of St. Matthew's,
+Bethnal-green, received information that Mr. Castell, an extensive
+purveyor of milk, had lost eighty-four cows during the past week. Other
+cowkeepers in this district have also experienced great losses. The
+disease has manifested itself with more or less virulence at St. Anne's,
+Limehouse; St. John, Hackney: St. Mary-le-Bow, St. George's-in-the-East,
+St. John, Wapping; Christ Church, Spitalfields; St. Leonard's,
+Shoreditch; St. Mary, Whitechapel; St. Paul's, Shadwell; the hamlet of
+Ratcliff, Stoke Newington, Kingsland, and Tottenham.
+
+Mr. Gibbins, chairman of the Metropolitan Markets Committee, Mr. Rudkin,
+a member of the committee, Mr. Tegg, veterinary surgeon to the market,
+and Mr. Baldry, clerk to the market, applied to the sitting magistrate
+at Clerkenwell Police Court yesterday for summonses against cowkeepers
+for sending diseased cows into the market. During the course of the
+present week no less than nineteen cows had been seized in the market
+and fairs and condemned. The order was asked for under the 8th section
+of the recent Order in Council, which recited that it shall not be
+lawful to send or bring to any fair or market, or to send or carry by
+any railway, or by any ship or vessel coastwise, or to place upon or to
+drive along any highway, or the sides thereof, any animal labouring
+under disease. The cattle seized had not been examined by a Government
+inspector, and no certificate had been given to the owners that they
+were fit to be removed. The market authorities wished it to be known
+that proceedings would be taken in every case that was brought under
+their notice. Mr. Cooke observed that the inspectors had power to seize
+and slaughter, or cause to be slaughtered, and to be buried in any
+convenient place, any animal labouring under the disease. Had that been
+done? Mr. Tegg said that the animals were in some of the cases
+slaughtered, and the others would be slaughtered in the course of the
+day. The summonses were granted.
+
+Yesterday, the summonses issued at the instance of Mr. Frederick Thomas
+Stanley, a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and one
+of the inspectors appointed under the Order in Council, came on for
+hearing before Mr. Burcham, magistrate at the Southwark police court.
+The summons in the first case was addressed to Thomas Meredith, of the
+Flying Horse-yard, Blackman-street, for that the defendant, without the
+licence of the said inspector, did unlawfully remove from his premises
+some animals labouring under the cattle disease. Mr. Sleigh, instructed
+by Mr. Gant, appeared to support the summons; and Mr. W. Edwin for the
+defendant. Evidence was given that the defendant had been warned that
+the cows were diseased, but that he had removed them notwithstanding.
+The further hearing of the case was adjourned, as were also the other
+summonses of a like nature.
+
+In pursuance of powers vested in him by the Manx Legislature, the
+governor of the Isle of Man has issued a proclamation prohibiting the
+importation of cattle into the island. Tinder the same Act his
+Excellency has power to subject all cattle imported into the island to a
+five days' quarantine.
+
+
+NOTE K.
+
+Tracing, as we have done, the sale of infected stock from abroad as far
+back as the 19th of June, we find that each week that the disease has
+been amongst us a fresh county has been contaminated; and more than that
+when we consider that Scotland has not escaped.
+
+
+NOTE L.
+
+SCOTLAND.--The cattle plague has travelled North to Aberdeenshire, and
+has killed a number of animals almost simultaneously on three farms at
+many miles distance from one another. The owners of stock in one of the
+districts, and the Royal Northern Agricultural Association, are taking,
+or resolving to take, sharp and prompt steps to stay the progress of the
+disease. The committee of the association having met on Friday,
+appointed a committee of inspection, arranged for a public meeting of
+persons interested, and favourably entertained the notion of forming a
+fund for mutual insurance against the sacrifices and losses which the
+extension of the disease might occasion. A meeting of the General
+Central Union was also held at Stirling on Friday, and a committee was
+appointed to confer on the subject with the directors of the Highland
+Society, and report to another meeting to be held next Friday.--
+_Scotsman._
+
+The most important communication received to-day is from Scotland. The
+malady has undoubtedly broken out near Kelso, on fourteen head of cattle
+imported into London and sent north. Twenty-eight animals have been
+seized with the disease at Woolwich, and calves from the London market
+are said to have taken the malady down to Horsham and Grinstead.
+
+Information has been received concerning the sale of at least fifty-four
+diseased and infected animals in the Metropolitan Cattle Market the 3rd
+instant.
+
+
+NOTE M.
+
+Mr. Charles Panter has, at the request of Earl Granville, drawn up a
+statement relative to the health of the cows on a farm hired by his
+lordship at Golder's-green, on the Finchley-road. In publishing the
+statement, Earl Granville says: "When I left England, a month ago, there
+were about 130 milch cows in four sheds. In the two largest and best
+managed I found only one cow yesterday (Sept. 4). His Royal Highness the
+Duke of Coburg informed me last week that what he believed to be the
+same disease visited Coburg last year. No one could trace its origin,
+and no medical treatment was successful. Air and water were their only
+remedies. Some men had died from eating the meat killed at a particular
+stage of the disease. His Royal Highness had seen a horse die in four
+hours, killed by flies which came from the carcase of a cow which had
+been allowed to remain above ground. The disease disappeared in the
+autumn as mysteriously as it had come. I understand that Professor
+Simonds is of opinion that the disease mentioned by the Duke of Coburg
+is not the same as that from which we are suffering here--that its name
+is the Siberian Pest." Mr. Panter's statement is dated Sept. 4, and is
+as follows:--"On the 13th of July I purchased five Dutch cows in the
+Metropolitan Market, and placed them in quarantine at Child's-hill Farm,
+one mile from here. On the 22nd of July one of them showed signs of
+debility; diarrhoea followed. Thinking it was only a cold, she was
+treated accordingly, but continued to get worse, and died in five days.
+Two more were attacked in a similar way, when veterinary advice was
+called in, but in five days the whole either died or were slaughtered.
+Every precaution was used to prevent the spread of infection here; the
+men who attended the sick cattle were not allowed to go among the
+healthy ones, and _vice versâ_. But, previous to this, bearing of the
+disease in the London cowsheds, I adopted precautionary measures, such
+as a liberal use daily of chloride of lime, administered one ounce of
+nitre in half a pint of water to each cow, and a small quantity of tar,
+and painted their noses with tar. But on the 8th of August,
+unfortunately, the disease showed itself here in a fat cow that had been
+for ten months in the best built, best drained and ventilated shed. No
+new stock had been added for nine weeks. In a few hours four more cows
+showed symptoms of it. I immediately had them all removed and
+slaughtered, and made a _post-mortem_ examination of them, and found the
+windpipe in a state of decomposition, the lungs inflated, the small
+intestines red and inflamed, and the meat of a dark yellow colour
+outside, and dark red inside, which I think unfit for human food after
+the first stage. The disease confined itself to the above shed of
+forty-eight cows (which are now all gone) till the 20th of August, when
+it broke out in another shed of thirty-five cows, some ten yards from
+the former one, and continued its ravages, taking from two to four cows
+daily, till they are all gone but two, one of which has not been
+attacked; the other, which was a bad case, is cured, and partly come to
+her milk again. On the first symptoms I had her separated from the other
+stock, and did not treat her for two days, when diarrhoea set in; I
+then gave her a bottle of brandy and four ounces of ground ginger in
+three quarts of old ale. She lay in a kind of stupor for twelve hours,
+when I could see a change in her for the better. I continued to give her
+daily four quarts of gruel made with old ale and two ounces of ginger.
+In four days she was sufficiently recovered to eat a little hay, &c.,
+and do without further treatment. In another case the above treatment
+failed, and the animal died in three days. In other cases I allowed
+anyone to treat them who thought they had a remedy, both professional
+men and others. One persevering young veterinary surgeon came up out of
+Somersetshire and treated two cases most energetically, but failed in
+both; one died in four, and the other in eight days. In other cases
+tonics, stimulants, blisters, and setons have been tried, but all
+failed. The whole of the eighty-one cows lost were of the English breed;
+we have not as yet had any loss out of the other two sheds, consisting
+of about half English and half Dutch cows, and standing about forty
+yards from the infected shed. It may be interesting for your lordship
+to know that I had the shed at Child's-hill Farm immediately cleansed
+with disinfectants, and washed with hot lime, &c., and bought twelve
+fresh cows and placed them there on the 16th, which are now in perfect
+health; and a neighbour situated midway between here and that farm had
+twenty-three cows lying in a field; the plague took twenty of them, and
+in three weeks he replaced them with new stock, which are still healthy,
+he having had them a month. Another neighbour, a mile distant, had a
+fine herd of seventy-two cows (English) lying in the fields a fortnight
+ago. The plague broke out among them, and now he has only eight left in
+health. From my own experience, and from all I can learn, I believe the
+disease is atmospheric, and of a typhoid character. The first symptom in
+a milking cow is an almost entire loss of milk, then loss of appetite, a
+watery discharge from the eyes, nostrils, and mouth, which thickens as
+the disease develops itself; rumination ceases, her ears hang down, her
+eyes are heavy and sunken, bloody matter is seen in the excrement, great
+debility is seen, diarrhoea sets in, and death takes place in from
+three to nine days. I have read of iron water being a preventive of the
+disease. All the water your cows have drunk comes six miles through
+rusty iron pipes."
+
+
+NOTE N.
+
+THE CATTLE MURRAIN AT HOLLY LODGE.--On the 27th of June an
+Alderney bull was purchased at Bushey, near Watford, and placed with the
+rest of the herd, then consisting of eleven cows, five sucking calves,
+three yearling heifers, and one bull. The bull had been imported from
+Alderney for several months. About a month after--namely, on the 29th of
+July--a cow in calf was attacked with unusual symptoms. She was
+separated from the rest; nourishing drinks were administered; but having
+calved, she died forty-eight hours after the first symptoms were
+observed. This led to the belief that she died of the disease which then
+began to prevail. This cow had been pastured with the others in a field
+occasionally used for grazing sheep that were taken to the Metropolitan
+Cattle-market, and, if not sold, brought back again until the next
+market day; the sheep were separated from the cows by iron hurdles. The
+Holly Lodge Estate is partly bounded on the east by the route taken by
+drovers with foreign and other cattle to and from the market, some of
+which are also occasionally brought back to neighbouring fields. The
+high road forms the western boundary within a few yards of the
+cattle-sheds and pastures. These facts are stated to show that the
+contagion might have been easily communicated to the animals. A few days
+later three calves were attacked with cold shivering and twitching of
+the muscles. The previous nights having become suddenly and unusually
+cold and wet, the symptoms were at first attributed to that cause.
+Although these calves had been pastured quite apart from the cow which
+first died, the cow had been driven across the field where the calves
+lay to the shed in which it died, the calves having been placed in the
+next shed, where two of them died on the 6th of August, unmistakeably
+of the cattle plague. The third calf was sent to the Royal Veterinary
+College, where it also died. By the 9th of August four cows and the bull
+were seized with the disease so virulently that it was thought necessary
+to kill them after three days' illness. On the 12th a cow and a heifer
+were also destroyed, and on the 14th one of the sucking calves died.
+Thus, out of a herd of nineteen animals, twelve had died within a
+fortnight. The malady had taken so strong and sudden a hold upon them
+that no systematic means of remedy could be applied except separation,
+warmth, stimulants, and the medicines ordinarily given in cases of cold
+and fever. On the 13th of August two more cows were pronounced incurable
+by two of the veterinary surgeons who had been called in; but it was
+determined, upon further advice, to try a mode of treatment upon them
+not hitherto adopted. One drachm of calomel was administered in gruel,
+four hours afterwards one pint of castor oil, and three hours later one
+quart of yeast. About two quarts of warm porter were added to a gruel of
+yeast and oatmeal, and given at intervals. These remedies acted most
+efficiently, and in one case gave much encouragement. The next day the
+cow began to eat hay, to chew her cud, and to yield a good quantity of
+milk. These remedies, together with bi-sulphate of soda, which
+invariably produced a return of the milk, and quinine, were then tried
+upon four other patients, with varied success. But in the end all these
+cows died, not, it is believed, of the cattle murrain, but of exhaustion
+occasioned by the activity of the drugs administered to them. This
+belief was strengthened by the healthy appearance presented by the
+viscera of the first cow thus experimented upon, on its being partially
+dissected after death. The remaining cow thus treated is still alive. It
+is impossible to avoid believing that had the medical man who kindly
+gave his attention to these animals, been better acquainted with the
+constitution of the creature, or had those who tended them had any
+knowledge of medicine, three of the cows treated in this manner might
+and probably would have recovered; and even when the animals succumbed
+the consequences were less serious, the virulence of the poison being
+expelled--at least it was undiscernible to those who dissected them.
+During the fortnight that the murrain was raging, one cow in calf and
+one calf remained perfectly healthy, apparently, until both were seized
+within a day of each other; these had always been kept separate from the
+sick animals, and tended by other men. The calf died, and the cow was
+destroyed, in consequence of the symptoms being so violent. In this case
+very little calomel was given. As it may be as well to mention all
+particulars, it may be stated here that the men who tended the animals
+were provided with a dress, and that it was found desirable that a
+certain quantity of stimulants--brandy, coffee, and strong soup--should
+be given to prevent nausea and other uncomfortable feelings from which
+the men suffered. All the directions respecting the burying of the
+animals issued by the Privy Council have been strictly complied with;
+clothes, &c., have been burnt, chloride of lime (Macdougall's
+disinfectant) was used with others to destroy insects and flies, with
+abundance of white-washing. The men were recommended to use, as a wash
+for the mouth, manganate of potash. The first crop of grass in the field
+where the cattle lay before their sickness, and during it, has been
+destroyed also; and it is intended to use some disinfectant, such as
+charcoal or lime, to spread over the field. Miss B. C. feels so
+persuaded that some mode of treatment could be found to alleviate, if
+not to save life, that she has determined to employ a medical gentleman,
+who kindly offers his services, and to take also the advice of a good
+cow or veterinary surgeon, and to try the effects of various remedies in
+some of the cowsheds where persons will be glad to let such experiments
+be tried; and it is also her intention to ask the Privy Council to allow
+one of the Government Inspectors to assist and report upon the cases. It
+may not be altogether unimportant to add that the state of the
+atmosphere seemed to have some effect upon the health of the animals, as
+upon those occasions the symptoms were most severe during the
+thunder-storms which then occurred. The milk which returned was found to
+be rather watery, and the cream had a peculiar appearance. At first the
+pigs declined it, and it was not thought advisable to continue to give
+it at all to any animals for about a week. It is now perfectly good.
+
+
+NOTE O.
+
+Advices from Holland, dated the Hague, Sept. 6, state: "The cattle
+disease has now been observed in the parishes of Kethel, Delfshaven,
+Moordrecht, Uaardingen, Averschie, Kvalingen, Nieuwerkerk on the Issel
+(two hours from Rotterdam), Spykenisse, Schiedam, Herrjansdam, Maasland,
+Sommelsdyk, and Zevenhuisen. It has spread most at Kethel, where it
+first broke out among a cargo of cattle not admitted into England. In
+the other parishes some sixty animals were infected on the 1st inst. The
+post-mortem examination of the diseased beasts presents the abnormal
+appearances that have been found in the disease elsewhere, _i.e._,
+swollen mucous membranes with red spots, peculiar exudations in the
+fourth stomach and intestines, &c. The medical commission declares the
+malady to be the _typhus contagiosus bovum_ of modern veterinary
+surgery, and recommends that infected animals should be treated with
+from three to four drachms of muriatic acid, mixed with six ounces of
+treacle and decoction of linseed. Decoctions of Peruvian bark and osier
+peelings, with sulphuric ether, are also said to be beneficial to weak
+animals. The avoidance of all contact of the cattle-tenders with
+infected beasts is especially enjoined, and ventilation and cleanliness
+of the stalls strongly recommended. Cattle markets and fairs are
+suspended until further orders, and extraordinary measures for
+disinfection are applied upon steamboats and railways."
+
+
+NOTE P.
+
+The following document has been received at the Foreign Office from her
+Majesty's Agent and Consul-General at Bucharest:--
+
+(_Translation from the Official "Monitoral," No. 173, August 8-20,
+1865._)
+
+GENERAL DIRECTION OF THE SANITARY SERVICE.
+
+From the 1st to the 15th July a typhus epizooty broke out among the
+large horned cattle in the districts of Ilfov, Jassy, Bolgrad, Falcin,
+Buzeo, and Roman, which still continues, but is on the decrease. The
+Direction, in consequence, publishes the above for the information of
+those concerned.
+
+  The Director-General,
+
+  (Signed)        D. GLUCH.
+
+  Aug. 2-14, 1865.
+
+
+NOTE R.
+
+August 14.
+
+THE QUESTION OF INFECTION.--Yesterday afternoon Mr. Alfred
+Ebsworth, of 11, Trinity-street, Southwark, the medical officer of
+health for the parish of St. Mary, Newington, attended before the
+sitting magistrate to make a statement with regard to the condition of
+the parish from the influx of diseased cattle, and the manner in which
+they were disposed of. Addressing the magistrate (Mr. Burnham) Mr.
+Ebsworth said that on that morning he, in his capacity of medical
+officer of health for the parish of St. Mary, Newington, received an
+order to attend professionally a man who was seriously ill in
+Kent-street, within the parish. While paying the visit to the patient
+his attention had been drawn to the condition of a slaughter-house on
+the other side of the street, where it was reported to him there were
+fifteen cows which had been ordered by the Government officer to be
+destroyed at the Bricklayers' Arms Station, and then to be buried. The
+animals were accordingly destroyed by the men in the employ of Mr.
+George Nicholls, the proprietor of the yard in question; and from Mr.
+Nicholls he had learned that, instead of the carcases of the animals
+being buried, they were carted through the parish of St. George's to
+Mitcham, where they were boiled down, and brought back through the
+parish of St. Mary, Newington, in the shape of cats'-meat. He (Mr.
+Ebsworth) felt it his duty to come before the magistrate with this
+complaint, especially when the cattle plague was so prevalent. He had a
+right to inquire upon what grounds the carcases had not been disposed of
+on the spot where they had been slaughtered, instead of being carted
+through the parish he represented, in a way calculated to spread the
+infection. He could not but regard this as a most iniquitous proceeding,
+and he attended with a view to prevent a repetition of the practice. Mr.
+Frederick T. Stanley presented himself, and said that he was a member of
+the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. He had been appointed an
+inspector of cattle under the orders issued by the Privy Council. Within
+the district there were no means of burying the carcases of the diseased
+and condemned animals, and in the instance referred to they could not
+have been buried in the cowshed. It was impossible to bury the carcases
+in the London districts, and hence they were sent to the knacker's yard,
+where it was supposed they would be disposed of. Mr. Ebsworth: And
+that, your worship, is what I complain of. Mr. Burcham: You think that
+the practice to which you have called my attention is calculated to
+propagate the extension of the disease. Mr. Stanley declared that the
+skins were disinfected under his especial orders. Mr. Burcham remarked
+that the animals had been taken to the slaughter-house, not for the
+purpose of being killed and buried, but that their skins should be taken
+off and disinfected. Why should they have been taken to Mitcham? Mr.
+Stanley stated that the disease could not be communicated from a dead
+animal, and it was conveyed only by inoculation, or through the breath
+of a living animal upon the dead body of a diseased ox. Mr. Burcham: I
+do not agree with you in that opinion. I believe that infection may be
+conveyed by a dead animal. Mr. Ebsworth said that such was his opinion,
+and, having regard to 28,000 patients in the parish, he had felt it his
+bounden duty to come forward to make this complaint. He thought such
+things ought not to occur. Mr. Burcham was of the same opinion, and that
+such a commodity ought not to be allowed to be conveyed through the
+public streets in open carts. Just before the magistrate was about to
+rise, Mr. Stanley introduced to his worship Professor Simonds, and a
+long colloquy (in private) ensued between them. At its close Professor
+Simonds retired, and Mr. Burcham said: I wish to state that I wanted to
+be satisfied that everything was done by Mr. Stanley that could be done
+under the circumstances by which he was surrounded, in the midst of
+great difficulty. I have had an interview with Professor Simonds, and he
+informs me that there are the greatest difficulties, if not
+impossibilities, in finding any places near London in which the dead
+carcases of diseased animals can be buried. In the case now before me
+these animals were slaughtered at the Bricklayers' Arms Station, and
+were then taken to the slaughter-house in Kent-street, under the notion
+that the owner of the slaughter-house had the means of boiling them
+down. It appears that he had no such apparatus, and hence he found it
+necessary to send the carcases to Mitcham, the nearest place at which he
+believed the carcases could be buried and disposed of, and the
+neighbourhood thereby disinfected. Professor Simonds is perfectly sure
+that this meat when boiled down cannot by any probability cause the
+infection to spread. It was possible, but not probable, that infection
+might be introduced by the carcases of the diseased animals on their way
+to the place where they had to be boiled down; but it appears to me,
+from what I have just heard, that every precaution has been taken to
+prevent such an occurrence. It seems that the authorities cannot find a
+place within a reasonable distance in which the carcases can be buried,
+and, therefore, they are obliged to have recourse to boiling them down,
+as the only alternative. It is right that I should add that the conduct
+of Mr. Stanley, the inspector, has been quite in conformity with the
+directions he has received, not only under the Orders in Council, but
+also sanctioned in my presence to-day by Professor Simonds. I trust that
+this statement will remove from the mind of Mr. Stanley any unfavourable
+impression he may have entertained; and I will only add my opinion, that
+the diseased cattle ought to be removed through these populous
+districts in closed and not in open carts. The conversation then closed,
+and at an unusually late hour the court adjourned.
+
+DISEASED MEAT.--At the Thames Police Court yesterday Henry
+Frost, an old man, was charged with having allowed to be deposited on
+the premises occupied by him in the rear of the house, No. 13,
+Sidney-street, Stepney, four quarters of beef prepared for sale and
+intended for the food of man, but which was unfit for human food. Frost
+carried on the business of a greengrocer. He asserted that he let the
+place to other men, who were the actual offenders. It was intimated that
+the vestry had no disposition to press for a heavy penalty. Mr. Paget
+fined the prisoner 40s. At Clerkenwell, Mr. Tegg, inspector at the
+Metropolitan Cattle Market for the City authorities applied to Mr.
+D'Eyncourt for an order to destroy a quantity of diseased meat which he
+purposed seizing. Mr. D'Eyncourt said the meat must be actually seized
+and condemned upon evidence before he could make the order. In the
+matter of the seizure of 32 quarters of beef, weighing about 3000 lbs.,
+which was found on the premises of a knacker in Pleasant-grove,
+Belle-isle, Mr. D'Eyncourt dismissed an application made against the
+defendant under the Nuisances Removal Act. The defence set up was that
+the meat was recognised as bad and diseased by the killer as soon as the
+animals were slaughtered.
+
+
+NOTE S.
+
+The Orders in Council seemed only to complicate the matter, and how
+effectually to combat the evil was a most difficult question. Some said
+the grand remedy was the knife, and others suggested that the diseased
+animals should be sent to a sanatorium. To destroy the diseased cattle
+was impossible, except the owner of them or the inspector went round and
+obtained an order from a magistrate for their destruction. The last
+meeting was adjourned, among other purposes, in order that the committee
+might take the opinion of the law officers upon the subject. It so
+happened, however, that most of the law officers of the Corporation were
+at present out of town. Fortunately the Common Serjeant was found, and
+he gave an opinion which confirmed the committee in their view that they
+had no power to kill, and no power to do anything except in the matter
+of isolation. Then the committee passed a resolution that another
+committee ought to be formed to raise the necessary funds for
+compensating the cattle-owners, and to see that those funds were
+properly applied, for the money was only intended to apply to the cattle
+plague, and was not meant to go in the shape of compensation for
+pleuro-pneumonia, or for the foot diseases. In other words, they were
+now legislating for the cattle plague or Rinderpest only. He resided at
+Dulwich, and he found that in the villages adjoining there were many
+cows, and never in his life had he seen finer cows. Not one of them had
+been affected by the disease. There was a cowkeeper at Peckham who had
+200 cows, and all of them were in the most healthy state. At Brixton
+Hill a man had 30 cows in the same excellent condition. At Dulwich
+nearly all the cows were diseased, but there the shed and other
+accommodation was exceedingly bad. In parts of Peckham Rye some of the
+cowkeepers had lost their cattle, but there again the places were badly
+ventilated, and the cows were badly cared for. He believed that the
+disease might be prevented by the use of proper precautions on the part
+of those who had the greatest interest in keeping their cows in a
+healthy state. He believed, too, that this question affected the whole
+of the metropolitan district quite as much as it did the City itself.
+There were no fewer than 106 head of diseased cattle lately seized; but,
+as he said before, they could not be killed without an order from a
+magistrate, and a magistrate would naturally feel a difficulty in
+issuing an order to kill so many as 106 head. It was necessary, under
+such circumstances, that a deputation should wait upon the Home
+Secretary and ask him to provide a remedy, and tell the authorities what
+they were to do at such a crisis. If, as it now appeared, the inspectors
+and the markets' committee had been slaughtering beasts without
+authority, who was to pay the costs should proceedings against them be
+commenced? Professor Simonds seemed to think that next session a bill of
+indemnity would be introduced, and certainly something of this kind was
+rendered necessary, for cattle were now coming here which were consigned
+to A., B., and C., and then the owners could not be found, and without
+the consent of the owners the diseased beasts could not be killed. The
+next subject in the report had reference to slaughter-houses. As there
+were no places at present to which cattle in an incipient stage of the
+disease could be removed from the sheds in which they were placed along
+with untainted cattle, it was now proposed that slaughter-houses should
+be established in London for their reception. Then came the question,
+how were the beasts to be removed from the sheds to the
+slaughter-houses? It was the opinion of many that they ought to be
+removed in vans, and not driven through the streets; but, however that
+might be, slaughter-houses should be erected in the metropolis where the
+tainted animals might be killed. Then came the question, how was an
+animal to be dealt with when first stricken with the disease? It was
+suggested that hospitals or sanatoriums should be provided, to which the
+beasts should be sent. But this was a matter of great importance, to
+which the attention of the committee to be appointed and that of the
+medical men would have to be directed. If the plague went on it would
+affect all classes, rich and poor alike, and instead of meat being as
+now at a reasonable rate, it would go up 4_d._ or 6_d._ per pound; but
+he had hopes that the disease might be checked, particularly as
+Professors Simonds and Gamgee had been more successful in the treatment
+of it than they had previously been.
+
+
+NOTE T.
+
+August 31.
+
+DEPUTATION TO THE HOME OFFICE.--Yesterday afternoon the Lord
+Mayor proceeded from the Mansion House to the Home Office, and had an
+interview with Mr. Waddington on the subject of the cattle plague, and
+the desirability of establishing hospitals or sanatoriums within the
+metropolitan districts for the reception and medical treatment of
+diseased cattle. His lordship was accompanied on the occasion by the
+following deputation from the Markets and Cattle Plague Committees:--Mr.
+Gibbins (Chairman of the Markets Committee), Mr. Webber, Mr. Gower, Mr.
+Brewster, Mr. Rudkin, and Dr. Jarvis (the Medical Officer of Health for
+Bethnal-green). Sir George Grey having left London for Falloden.
+
+The Lord Mayor introduced the deputation to Mr. Waddington, and in doing
+so, said that their object was to obtain the sanction of Government to
+the establishment of hospitals or sanatoriums within the metropolitan
+districts, to which diseased cattle could be conveyed from the cowsheds
+in order that they might there receive medical treatment, and be, if
+possible, restored to health. He observed that similar establishments
+had been formed at Edinburgh and other large towns, and that they had
+been found to work most satisfactorily, not only in separating the
+diseased cattle from those which were non-diseased, but in affording
+facilities to the medical profession to exercise their skill and
+knowledge under circumstances more favourable to a fair trial of both
+than they could expect to find in crowded cowsheds, many of which were
+in a filthy condition and badly ventilated. He pointed out the progress
+the plague had made, and was still making, in the metropolis, and how
+its effects upon the high price of meat and milk were affecting all
+classes of the community. The difficulties, he said, of adequately
+meeting the necessities of the case were at present very great, and some
+of these consisted in the alleged illegality of slaughtering diseased
+animals without an order from a magistrate, and also the illegality of
+removing those diseased from the cowsheds to the hospitals, supposing
+the latter to exist. But he hoped the Government, who had no doubt well
+considered a subject of such vast importance, would speedily do away
+with those difficulties, and render the fullest aid to the Markets'
+Committee and Metropolitan Cattle Plague Committee, who were unceasingly
+devoting their time and attention to mitigate, and, if possible, put an
+end to the evil. At present, however, the object of the deputation was
+limited to that of obtaining the sanction of the Government to the
+establishment of the hospitals or sanatoriums. This was an object which
+had not only received the general approval of the two committees
+mentioned, but also of the medical profession, and he might add, what it
+was by no means unimportant to bear in mind, that the cowkeepers
+themselves and the salesmen of the Cattle Market were also in favour of
+it.
+
+Mr. Gibbins and the several members of the deputation corroborated what
+had fallen from the Lord Mayor, and strongly advocated the necessity of
+having the hospitals speedily established.
+
+Mr. Rudkin called the attention of Mr. Waddington to the fact that the
+day before there were fourteen diseased cows seized at the
+slaughter-house of the Cattle Market, which had been sent there from the
+cowsheds of the metropolis. He argued that this in itself was a proof
+that the Order in Council, as at present carried out, was insufficient
+to prevent diseased cows from being sent from the cowsheds by their
+owners to be slaughtered for human food.
+
+Mr. Waddington, who listened very attentively to the whole of the
+statements, said he would take an early opportunity of communicating
+with Sir George Grey upon the subject. In the first instance, however,
+he wished the deputation to forward to him their views in writing, and
+these also would be transmitted to the Home Secretary.
+
+The deputation promised to comply with the suggestion, and thanked Mr.
+Waddington for the courtesy with which he had received and the patience
+with which he had listened to them.
+
+YORKSHIRE.--The plague has extended to this district. The cases
+reported, however, are extremely few, and precautions are being taken
+which it is hoped may stop the further progress of the disease. On
+Tuesday a meeting of the Yorkshire Medical Veterinary Society was held
+at Leeds, and the question was discussed in all its bearings. It was
+stated that four cases had occurred in Leeds, and the disease has also
+appeared in the Skyrack division of the Riding. The general result of
+the discussion was, that members of the society were recommended, when
+diseased cattle were submitted, not to order them to be killed, but to
+place them in a sanatorium for medicinal treatment; the wholesale
+destruction of the animals being regarded as a blot upon the profession.
+
+
+NOTE V.
+
+Indeed, information has reached us of the disease existing in
+Dumfriesshire, but there is some doubt on this point. So long as we hear
+of infected, or probably infected, cattle being disseminated in large
+numbers from the great markets of the country, we must have the
+propagation of the malady. For the welfare of this country, it is deeply
+to be regretted that our Government cannot deal with this question as
+Continental authorities do. _I regret to say some of our neighbours
+laugh at our expense._ They see us helpless owing to the wretched state
+of our laws on the subject, and they are not a little amused at the
+theories of spontaneous development of the disease which some still
+advocate. The French Emperor has sent over Professor Bouley, who is
+still in this country, and who telegraphed on his first arrival, about
+ten days ago, that the ports of France should be instantly closed to
+British cattle. This has been done, and we may depend upon it the French
+people will not suffer as we now must.--GAMGEE, _Lettre du 24 Août_.
+
+
+NOTE Y.
+
+August 16.
+
+MORE SEIZURES OF DISEASED MEAT.--Yesterday Mr. Paget, in the
+course of the proceedings at the Thames Police Court, was informed that
+there was a large quantity of meat in a van in the police-yard
+adjoining, which had been seized that day by Mr. J. Stevens, the
+sanitary inspector of Mile-end Old Town, and which was described as
+unfit for human food. The inspector stated, that in consequence of
+having been informed that there was a quantity of diseased meat at the
+shop of Mr. Frost, butcher, Sydney-street, Mile-end Old Town, he went
+there that morning, and found four quarters of beef (two fore and two
+hind quarters) which were from a diseased beast. He made a seizure of
+them, and heard that the animal had been sent by a person of the name of
+Stephens, a cowkeeper in business on Bow-common. The meat was in a very
+nasty state, and totally unfit for human food. (Mr. Paget went into the
+police-yard to examine the meat, which was in a very shocking state.)
+Dr. Freeman, Medical Officer of Health of the Hamlet of Mile-end Old
+Town, stated that his attention was called to the state of the meat by
+the sanitary inspector. He examined it, and gave his opinion that it
+should be destroyed, as it was not only in a diseased condition, but he
+believed that it had died from some disease. Mr. Paget: Can you state
+the nature of the disease which caused its death?--Witness: I cannot.
+Most likely it was the prevailing epidemic; and if it were eaten it
+would be very injurious. Mr. Paget, after hearing the evidence, ordered
+that the meat should be immediately destroyed, when the inspector took
+the van with its contents to a knacker's yard to see the order carried
+into effect.
+
+
+NOTE Z.
+
+NEFARIOUS ATTEMPT TO SPREAD THE PLAGUE.--Yesterday Mr. Gifford,
+Sanitary Inspector to the parish of Paddington, asked (at Marylebone
+Police Court) for the magistrate's advice under the following
+circumstances:--Applicant said that, in consequence of information
+received, he yesterday went to a cowshed situate on the Maryland Farm,
+Harrow-road. He found the door fastened. On looking through one of the
+chinks, he saw a cow which apparently was in the worst stage of the now
+prevailing disease, and his opinion was verified after he had burst open
+the door and examined the animal. He subsequently ascertained that the
+diseased cow had been brought some distance by a man who was at feud
+with the owner of the Maryland Farm, and surreptitiously placed amongst
+the healthy cattle. This was the first case where the disease had shown
+itself in the parish of Paddington. Mr. Yardley referred the applicant
+to the Order in Council, dated the 24th of July, 1865, under which he
+thought inspectors of nuisances had power to act summarily.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  SAVILL AND EDWARDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,
+  COVENT GARDEN.
+
+
+
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |             Transcriber's Note:               |
+    |                                               |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the  |
+    | original document have been preserved.        |
+    |                                               |
+    | Greek words are transliterated and marked     |
+    | +like so+                                     |
+    |                                               |
+    | Typographical errors corrected in the text:   |
+    |                                               |
+    | Page  62  Ge11e changed to Gellé              |
+    | Page  67  Bruneleschi changed to Brunelleschi |
+    | Page 142  Röol changed to Röll                |
+    | Page 175  charboneux changed to charbonneux   |
+    | Page 253  eat changed to ate                  |
+    | Page 354  lairs changed to fairs              |
+    | Page 377  Boulay changed to Bouley            |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On the cattle plague: or, Contagious
+typhus in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment, by Honoré Bourguignon
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE CATTLE PLAGUE ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On the cattle plague: or, Contagious typhus
+in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment, by Honoré Bourguignon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: On the cattle plague: or, Contagious typhus in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment
+
+Author: Honoré Bourguignon
+
+Release Date: June 22, 2011 [EBook #36496]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE CATTLE PLAGUE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Kosker, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h1>  ON THE CATTLE PLAGUE:</h1>
+
+  <h4>OR,</h4>
+
+<h2>Contagious Typhus in Horned Cattle.</h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<h3>ITS HISTORY, ORIGIN, DESCRIPTION, AND TREATMENT.</h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4>  BY</h4>
+
+<h2>H. BOURGUIGNON,</h2>
+
+<h4>  Doctor of the Facult&eacute; de Paris, Fellow of the Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de
+    M&eacute;decine de Paris; Laureate of the Institute of France, Member of the
+    Legion of Honour, etc.</h4>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">  "Scribo nec ficta, nee picta, sed qu&aelig; ratio,<br />
+  sensus et experientia docent."</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4>  PHILADELPHIA:<br />
+  J. B. LIPPINCOTT &amp; CO.<br />
+  LONDON: J CHURCHILL &amp; SONS.<br />
+  1869.</h4>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">TO<br />
+<br />
+MISS BURDETT COUTTS.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<p class="smcap">
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madam,</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The numerous services which you have rendered, and the interest you have
+shown in the calamitous epizootic which at this moment decimates the
+noble herds of England, have prompted me to dedicate the following pages
+to you, satisfied that I am only giving public expression to the homage
+felt for you by many of your fellow-countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honour to be, Madam,</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span style="padding-right: 7em;">With respect, your obedient servant,</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="padding-right: 5em;">H. BOURGUIGNON.</span>
+</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<hr /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span>
+<br />
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>Nations, during the successive phases of their evolution on the globe,
+in which they advance from a state of infancy and barbarism to one of
+virility and civilization, from civilization to decadence or senility;
+and from decadence to their final extinction, are liable to numberless
+calamities.</p>
+
+<p>These calamities are produced by moral causes, and are then called
+social Revolutions; and in other instances from physical causes, and
+then they are termed Cataclysms, Epidemics, or Epizootics.</p>
+
+<p>In these crises, the initiative and devotion of individuals, the public
+administration, and the application of knowledge acquired in the Arts
+and Sciences, afford collectively an infallible criterion for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>
+ascertaining the position which a nation occupies in the scale of
+civilization, and the value of its religious, social, and political
+institutions.</p>
+
+<p>Calamities always leave behind them disasters and victims, but they
+bequeath also a precious legacy. Nations which are called upon for fresh
+and progressive efforts, find in the experience they have gained a new
+source of strength and means of future greatness. I am convinced that
+this will be the case with England; though, helpless for the moment, and
+unable to stay the Cattle Plague which now ravages her entire extent,
+she will in future be found better prepared to resist the inroads of
+such a direful enemy.</p>
+
+<p>No branch of human knowledge has been more rudely tested during the
+present epizootic than medical science. Many persons have been astounded
+at its helplessness; but if they had reflected at what a distance
+medicine has to follow in the wake of the exact sciences by which it is
+furnished with instruments for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span>prosecuting its researches,&mdash;that
+organic chemistry progresses but slowly,&mdash;that the Cattle Plague was
+entirely unknown to the present generation of medical men in
+England,&mdash;and that the means for its scientific and practical study have
+been therefore wholly wanting, they would have been less surprised to
+find that it is as difficult to cure the Cattle Plague as it, is to cure
+phthisis, cancer, hydrophobia, and the cholera, against which medicine
+but too often is of little avail.</p>
+
+<p>In times of great national calamity it behoves every one to contribute
+in proportion to his talents, fortune, or abilities, to alleviate the
+effects of the common misfortune. The poor man's mite, and the honest
+intention of the most insignificant, when added to the budget of common
+efforts, have their relative value; and it is for these reasons that I
+have published the following monograph on the Cattle Plague.</p>
+
+<p>If it assists in any way to the extinction of the present epizootic, or
+if it serve to point <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>out the necessity of combining the study of
+comparative pathology with that of medicine, I shall feel that I have
+contributed something which may favour my claim to be enrolled among the
+citizens of England.</p>
+
+<p>This book, as may easily be seen, was originally written in my native
+language. A few kind and obliging friends&mdash;more particularly Mr. Taylor
+Sinnett, Drs. Clapton and Gervis, of St. Thomas's Hospital, and Mr.
+Berridge, of the British Museum&mdash;have rendered me the greatest
+assistance in the translation. Without the guidance of such competent
+auxiliaries I could not have performed my arduous task.</p>
+
+<p>I therefore beg to return to those gentlemen, and to all those who have
+assisted me on this occasion, my sincerest and most grateful thanks.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span style="padding-right: 1em;">H. B.</span></p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="70%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="12%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="68%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="10%" style="font-size: 80%;">PAGE</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Introduction</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="4">FIRST PART.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlh" colspan="3">The History of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox, from
+      the remotest Times down to the Present Day</td>
+  <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="4">SECOND PART.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlh" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span>&mdash;On Typhus Disease in
+    general, and the Typhus which affects the Ox in particular</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span>&mdash;The Origin and Causes
+    of the Ox-Typhus</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlh" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span>&mdash;Description of the
+    Contagious Typhus of the Ox; its Symptoms, Course, Progress, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Symptomatic Characteristics</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">2.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Lesions found in the Bodies after Death</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlt">3.</td>
+  <td class="tdlh">Diagnosis&mdash;Prognosis&mdash;Use of the Flesh of Animals&mdash;Danger of
+    direct Absorption</td>
+  <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlt">4.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">General Considerations on the Typhus, and Recapitulation of the Symptoms</td>
+  <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlh" colspan="3"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>
+    <span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span>&mdash;Treatment of the Ox-Typhus</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlt">1 &amp; 2.</td>
+  <td class="tdlh">Means and Measures to be employed to resist the Causes of Contagious Typhus
+    of the Bovine Species</td>
+  <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">3.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Curative Medication</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlt">4.</td>
+  <td class="tdlh">Hygienic Measures to be taken against the Extension of the
+    Contagion&mdash;Acts and Orders concerning sanitary Police Regulations</td>
+  <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="4">THIRD PART.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="3">To Farmers and Graziers</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="4">FOURTH PART.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlh" colspan="3">Suggestions on the Improvements to be effected in
+      the Study of Medical Science, in order that we
+      may be in a Condition to confront Disease generally,
+      and Epizootic and Epidemic Diseases in particular</td>
+  <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="4">APPENDIX.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Various Documents</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>Everyone is talking of the <span class="smcap">Cattle Plague</span>! But why should we
+borrow this sinister and gloomy denomination from the middle ages and
+from the people's vocabulary? Is this, then, an unknown and incurable
+disease? Is this the first time that it has made its appearance on the
+soil of Great Britain? To judge by the manner in which the diffusion of
+this complaint has been met, accounted for, explained, and discussed,
+one might imagine it was so; and yet the mere observation of its causes,
+its symptoms, and its signs and effects on the bodies of the diseased
+animals, besides a few references to the medical library, would easily
+have testified that nature did not wait until the second half of the
+19th century to generate a new distemper. No! Nothing new has appeared
+for a long time in the worlds of space. The cosmic phenomena pursue
+their perpetual course, and the organic <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>phenomena, <i>&agrave; fortiori</i>, do the
+same. Life, throughout the whole range of the animal kingdom, whatever
+may be its changes and fluctuations, submits to the fixed and invariable
+laws which hold dominion over health and disease. Our presumption and
+ignorance alone can account for the astonishment we manifest, not only
+when we witness great general calamities, but even when we look upon
+those simple morbid derangements which organic matter, both animal and
+vegetable, is continually undergoing on the globe, in the natural
+progress of destruction and dissolution.</p>
+
+<p>The habit we most of us have contracted of confining our observations to
+the phenomena which strike our eyes, instead of fixing them on the
+general causes by which these phenomena have been produced; the
+forgetfulness of some, in others the want of acquaintance with general
+and comparative pathology, have in this instance led many conscientious
+inquirers to misapprehend both the nature and the treatment of the
+cattle complaint. It is in vain that we have subdivided and classed
+medical science&mdash;in vain that we have arbitrarily instituted a
+veterinary medicine and a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>human medicine; nature, in her acts, has no
+such subtleties. With nature, organic matter is organic matter, life is
+life; and although it may be true that both organic matter and life
+become more complex, and continue to rise in perfection till they reach
+man, it is quite as true that the laws of pathology and physiology are
+the same in all, and that it is just as difficult to cure the typhus of
+the ox as that of man. As, therefore, it is because we overlooked these
+fundamental truths, that the outbreak of the cattle distemper found us
+unprepared, we must treat the subject with all the gravity which is its
+due.</p>
+
+<p>Let it not, however, be feared that the special fact of the <i>so-called</i>
+Cattle Plague will be lost sight of amidst a crowd of scientific
+generalities. No; collateral reflections, seemingly foreign to the main
+argument, will concur to elucidate it; and all these rays of light will
+converge to a common centre, reflecting, we flatter ourselves, some
+evident facts and practical truths.</p>
+
+<p>This work on the contagious typhus of the ox is divided into four
+principal parts.</p>
+
+<p>The first part contains the history of this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>typhus from the remotest
+times down to the present day. It is divided into several sections.</p>
+
+<p>The second part, which gives the description of the disease, is
+subdivided into four chapters.</p>
+
+<p>The first chapter treats of general typhus, in order that a perfect
+understanding may be arrived at as to the name and definition of the
+particular distemper which affects the ox.</p>
+
+<p>The second relates to the causes and origin of the disease.</p>
+
+<p>The third treats of its symptoms, its progress, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth contains its mode of treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The third part gives some plain instructions for the benefit of farmers,
+cattle-dealers, and dairymen.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth part gives a development of the scientific means and
+safeguards to be adopted, in order that this country shall never relapse
+into that state of helpless panic to which a want of preparation exposed
+it when the present epizootia began its ravages.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>FIRST PART.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang" style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>The History of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox, from the
+remotest times down to the present day.</i></p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">I.</p>
+
+<p>General, local, and particular causes of destruction are constantly
+reacting on organized creatures, and these causes account for those
+<i>epiphytic</i> diseases which infest plants, the <i>epizootic</i> diseases which
+spread mortality among the brute creation, and the <i>epidemic</i>, which
+strike and are fatal to the human species. Thus it is that we
+particularize at present, in the vegetable kingdom, the disease which
+has attacked the vines, olive-trees, and potatoes; in the animal
+kingdom, the silkworm sickness, and the cholera, and the typhoid fever
+of cattle: so that we may safely say, that one or other of these
+diseases is always, at a given <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>moment, raging in some part of the globe
+among some species of animal, either birds, pigs, horses, sheep, horned
+cattle, or, in fine, attacks man himself.</p>
+
+<p>When, however, the peccant invasion falls only on the vegetables and
+animals situated at our antipodes, we seldom hear of the ravages it
+commits; and when we do, forgetful of the affinity which links together
+all the organic beings on the earth and their mutual dependence, nothing
+can exceed the indifference we show to these calamities. Then, when the
+danger threatens us nearer home, or when the evil has invaded us, we
+have recourse to quarantine as the grand preservative to shield us. But
+this preservative remedy is most frequently deceptive&mdash;a mere illusion;
+for the real plague, typhus and cholera, borne along by the winds of
+heaven, pass over the longest distances and the highest obstacles, and
+baffle all our calculations; teaching us, by their successive returns,
+that we shall continually be exposed to their destructive havoc so long
+as we neglect to eradicate the evil at its original source, that is, in
+those countries from which it emanates.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>And this is the place to observe, that the cholera morbus threatens to
+keep a permanent footing in the English possessions of India, because
+the public works, by means of which the great rivers used to be confined
+to their beds, have not of late been repaired and kept in good order in
+those countries; owing to which neglect, their waters overflow the
+plains, leaving, when they subside, those pestilential deposits which
+afford a perpetual incubation to the cholera.</p>
+
+<p>We are induced to dwell thus on the general causes of these diseases,
+because the sick plants, on which dumb animals feed, and the sick
+animals, on which man himself feeds, have a continual relation of cause
+and effect; and we shall have to refer to this subject and give it
+weight, when we come to speak of the treatment of these diseases.</p>
+
+<p>It is an important fact, which deserves our most pointed attention and
+consideration, that the vital resistance inherent in the animal frame to
+withstand the attacks of these contagious diseases, is very far from
+being the same throughout the whole kind. Man, in this respect, is the
+most favoured and best <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>fortified; he is able, without much
+degenerating, to inhabit any latitude, to go with a sort of impunity, if
+his calling require him to do so, amidst the most pestilential
+emanations, and to continue for hours inhaling their baneful fumes. We
+could quote many striking examples of this resisting power in man. But
+there is one which we have recently witnessed, and which all can
+appreciate. We refer to the slaughter-house of the great Metropolitan
+Market. Here we saw, in lumps and fragments, every variety of corrupt
+<i>detritus</i> of animals which had been seized with the contagious typhus;
+we saw the animals, too, being felled and slaughtered and dissected, in
+a high temperature which rendered the air so poisonous that we could
+hardly breathe it; yet amidst all this infection the workmen employed to
+move and handle these revolting wrecks appeared indifferent to the
+scene, and quite in their usual health. No living animal besides man
+could stand such a trial; no other could breathe for hours, and day
+after day, like these workmen, an atmosphere so charged with decomposing
+impurities.</p>
+
+<p>We say, therefore, that man may expose <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>himself, with less danger to his
+life than any other animal, to those pernicious causes which produce and
+develop contagious diseases. Next to him, with respect to this power of
+vital resistance, come the omnivorous animals, then the carnivorous, and
+last of all, the herbivorous, in which this faculty is very feeble
+indeed.</p>
+
+<p>This prime consideration, to be fully understood and appreciated by
+unscientific readers, would require explanations beyond the scope of
+this work. Let us, however, for the present establish the fact, that
+herbivorous animals, such as sheep and horned cattle, offer but a very
+weak resistance to the causes which generate infectious and epizootic
+diseases, and let us do our best to prove it by demonstration; for if
+this truth be once admitted, we shall therefrom deduce that it is the
+duty of man constantly to surround these frail and delicate creatures
+with special care and attention, if he wishes to prevent their being
+decimated from time to time, and if he would likewise avoid the
+consequent injuries to himself&mdash;the loss of health and money accruing
+from this deterioration.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>So long as the herbivorous or grass-eating animal is properly fed; so
+long as he browses on fat pastures; so long as his blood retains those
+physiological elements which are the prime condition of health, he can,
+and does, resist the causes of most contagious maladies. But if a hot
+summer and a long continuance of dry weather chance to curtail, in
+temperate zones, the usual abundance of his fodder, then comes the fatal
+change: the blood is impoverished, the secretions are debilitated, a
+strange languor runs through the system, the vital resistance is
+unnerved, and he becomes an easy prey to those noxious influences which
+were encountered before without injury whilst his provision was
+abundant.</p>
+
+<p>This is a fundamental matter. We therefore beg leave to support and
+justify our argument by borrowing some additional evidence from prior
+labours of ours, accomplished at the Ecole d'Alfort, near Paris,
+conjointly with Professor Delafond, whose name has so often been cited
+in the public journals in connexion with the cattle plague.</p>
+
+<p>All vegetables and animals; with the exception of <i>adult</i> men, whenever
+their health <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>declines from any cause (but more particularly from
+paucity of food), spontaneously generate microscopic parasites, or very
+minute insects, the germs of which are inherent in their system. A flock
+of fleecy animals, wasted by deficient food in dry and parched meadows,
+becomes attacked in due time by a parasitical cutaneous disease, known
+as the <i>itch</i>, which is enough, if not checked, to destroy the whole.
+Now, all that is required is to remove this flock to a more fertile
+soil, where there is plenty to feed them, and the disease will disappear
+of itself without any treatment. Deficiency of food destroys the health
+of animals, and abundance of food overcomes disease in them.</p>
+
+<p>A sheep affected by this parasitical disease may, without any fear, be
+placed in a flock of healthy sheep, for he will not propagate the
+distemper; but if instead of being sound and healthy, the flock is in a
+weak declining state, this contaminated animal will diffuse the disease
+with frightful rapidity, and may cause their entire destruction. These
+facts may seem startling, but we are only speaking after the
+incontestable authority of experiments.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>We selected six healthy sheep, which we kept well supplied with
+provisions; we covered these healthy sheep with parasites (acari). On
+every one of these sound, well-fed sheep, the microscopic animalcul&aelig;
+died off without generating the cutaneous disease; for the blood, the
+humours, and the skin of sound and healthy sheep constitute a soil
+unfavourable to the propagation of these parasites, and actually starve
+them to death.</p>
+
+<p>After this first experiment, we subjected these six sheep to a deficient
+diet; they grew lean, their blood was impoverished, and then all we had
+to do was to lay upon them not thousands and thousands of these
+parasites&mdash;as we had done in the first instance&mdash;but one solitary female
+in a state of fecundity; and the parasitical distemper unfolded itself
+so fiercely as to cause the death of three of these sheep on which the
+test was allowed to run its course; whilst the other three sheep, having
+been restored in time to a recoverable condition just as they were about
+to drop off, were thoroughly cured, without any special treatment, by
+the sole influence of good food and ordinary hygienic attention.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>Other tests, similar to these experiments, were applied to dogs, horses,
+and horned cattle. A lean and scraggy dog, covered with parasites and
+eruptions, with eyes running foul humour, a dog which could neither run
+nor stand, and which was reduced to the last stage of wasting marasmus,
+was rescued from the jaws of death and thoroughly cured without special
+treatment, by the sole influence of a rich restorative diet. This dog
+afterwards became a fine hunting hound, beautiful in shape, and
+admirable for his sportive attributes.</p>
+
+<p>These experiments having been submitted to the judgment of the Acad&eacute;mie
+des Sciences in Paris, were honoured with its approval, and the reports
+concerning them were printed at the Academy's expense, and crowned at
+the competitive examination.</p>
+
+<p>The vital resistance of horned cattle is so feeble, that those animals
+which are periodically exhibited in the north of London, though
+certainly chosen from among the most healthy and robust, could not herd
+together in large numbers for the space of a month in the Agricultural
+Hall at Islington, without sinking under infectious and contagious
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>diseases&mdash;almost one and all. Under the conditions in which we see them
+in that Show, a single month would be sufficient to produce almost their
+complete destruction; for even a single week, which is the usual
+duration of their confinement, affects them so much as to render a large
+proportion of them unhealthy.</p>
+
+<p>Every one knows how apt cavalry horses are to sicken and die off during
+a campaign. Every one has heard of the fearful ravages amongst the
+horses of the Allied armies during the Crimean war, when many companies
+were dismounted owing to this mortality.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now transport ourselves in thought into the middle of those
+immense steppes where vast and innumerable herds of herbivorous animals
+are being bred for our supply, and consider what will be the effects on
+their health and life if they should be afflicted with a scarcity of
+forage, in consequence of this long dry summer.</p>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary to say that there exist in Russia, in Hungary, in
+Australia, in North and South America, and in many other parts of the
+globe, large tracts of country which are still uninhabited, whose
+uncultivated soil <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>supplies with food great numbers of sheep and cattle.
+These spacious tracts, known as moorlands or steppes, particularly
+abound in Russia, on the banks of the Wolga, the Don, the Dnieper; in
+Hungary, on the banks of the Danube; and also in South America, in the
+republics of Venezuela, New Granada, Columbia, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in hot and rainy seasons these steppes teem with rich and luxuriant
+verdure; the plants growing up in the marshes are prolific and abundant,
+and even those parts of the wild moors which produce nothing but heath
+are capable of feeding and fattening flocks and herds.</p>
+
+<p>Under conditions so auspicious as these, animals may still suffer, but
+in what way? By excess of food, or repletion. They are in general robust
+and healthy, and thus fortified they inhale without detriment the
+deleterious gases of oxygen with carbon, carburetted hydrogen and the
+like, exhaled by the plants which grow out of the swampy soils. Thus
+protected, too, they are proof against the fluctuations of the seasons,
+and against every injury which threatens them; and their strong and
+sound <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>condition enables them to sustain the fatigues of their long and
+arduous journeys, and to supply the rich countries of the West with
+their flesh, fleece, and hides.</p>
+
+<p>When the seasons have thus conveyed a due proportion of heat, water, and
+electricity to the elements of the soil, both plants and animals conduce
+to the comfort and health of man, and fulfil his expectations. But the
+laws of nature are involved in mystery. Good and evil go hand in
+hand&mdash;death and life travel close together&mdash;and a few years of
+prosperous harvests are almost invariably followed by blight,
+barrenness, and scarcity. Most men think only of the present time, and
+this imprudence and want of foresight prevent farmers and great cattle
+proprietors from collecting and holding in reserve the requisite stores
+of sustenance to supply their sheep and oxen during these barren
+seasons. Sickness then breaks out, and these helpless creatures perish
+in vast numbers, to the detriment of their owners' best interests.</p>
+
+<p>And truly, when continual rains cause the rivers to overflow, when the
+plains are drenched and soaked, or when a burning sun scorches <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>the
+ground, herbivorous animals wander in vain from field to field in quest
+of sustenance to restore their strength, or of pure and healthy water to
+slake their thirst; their vital resistance dwindles away, deleterious
+gases poison and bewilder them, their blood is debased, and as Ovid
+says,</p>
+
+<p class="cen">
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Corpora f&oelig;da jacent, vitiantur odoribus herb&aelig;."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>And since these mild and harmless animals, which seem to have been
+created merely to clothe us, and to nourish us with their milk and
+flesh, have not been endowed by nature either with the intelligence, or
+the activity, or the cunning, or the invention, or the skill bestowed on
+the omnivorous and carnivorous species, hard is their fate under the
+pressing needs of hunger. Peaceful creatures, they browse in vain on
+deleterious plants on a sterile soil; their external and internal
+teguments now afford a favourable seat for the propagation of
+parasites&mdash;for the <i>parasitogenia</i>; and soon after a general <i>adynamia</i>,
+or relaxation of the fibres, delivers them up without resistance to the
+morbific elements of the infectious diseases to which they are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>exposed,
+where the languishing, the sick, and the rotting are herded together,
+and they are carried off by hecatombs by this wasteful and devouring
+typhus.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">II.</p>
+
+<p>We may readily conclude, from these general observations on infectious
+and contagious diseases, that they must have existed in all former ages;
+and if in our present advanced state of civilization they are so
+destructive, we may be sure that in those remote periods they must have
+been, both as regards man as well as the brute creation, the cause of
+general extermination, in whatever parts of the earth they prevailed.
+And indeed, whenever we refer to ancient or modern history, we are
+continually struck with the analogy which exists between the epidemic
+diseases signalized by the general name of <span class="smcap">Plague</span>, and which
+decimated all the living beings, and those which more recently, and at
+the present moment, have startled the world by their fatal effects on
+men and animals.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, we cannot too often repeat the fact&mdash;in order that those
+documents relating to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>the past which contain useful instruction may be
+examined and searched into&mdash;that the physiological and pathological laws
+which rule and determine the phenomena of organic matter, whether in
+health or sickness, were, like the laws of chemistry, electricity, and
+astronomy, originally established at the time of creation, and that
+matter submits with passive obedience to the laws of transformation and
+transubstantiation, which are the absolute condition of life. These are
+the eternal laws of which a synthesis so admirable is furnished by the
+Gospel, in this short injunction, "<i>Take, eat, this is my body; drink,
+this is my blood</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Now, if man, who is the sovereign master of this matter, did not take
+care to regulate and modify it for his own benefit and the benefit of
+all living creatures on whom his own life depends, as well as his wealth
+and happiness; if he did not seek thereby continually to diminish the
+sum of evil, and to extend the sum of good which it is his mission to
+increase, he would violate these laws, which are inherent in matter, and
+which have existed for his use since the creation of the world.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>We must likewise believe that those <span class="smcap">Plagues</span> which are spoken of
+in the Bible, those which Homer alludes to, that which is related by
+Plutarch, and which succeeded the general drought in 753 before Christ;
+those mentioned by Titus Livius, Virgil, Ovid, and other Latin authors,
+the most virulent of which plagues raged in the years 310, 212, and 178
+of the Foundation of Rome, resembled the epidemics or plagues which are
+witnessed in our own day.</p>
+
+<p>The plague of 212 swept away all the inhabitants of Sicily, cattle as
+well as men; that of 178 destroyed all the priests, who sought in vain
+for victims free from the contagion, to offer them up as sacrifices to
+the offended Gods.</p>
+
+<p>Cecilius Severus gives a most striking description of a pestilential
+disease which, in 376 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>, swept away all the cattle in
+Europe. Judging from his account of that scourge, we may fairly believe
+that the distemper he has described was identically the same as the one
+which has just broken out in England. "A universal distaste, sudden
+dejection, vertigoes, spasmodic tension in the limbs, <i>a painful</i>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span><i>swelling of the lower belly</i>, violent affections of the nerves, sudden
+death&mdash;everything shows the presence of a pestilential ferment, which
+irritates the solids, infects and vitiates the fluids, which is the
+cause of the putrefaction of the humours, manifested by the swelling of
+the lower belly, which in that case depends on a putrid fermentation so
+as to disengage air."</p>
+
+<p>A piece of iron, representing the sign of the Cross, was heated in the
+fire, and when red-hot was applied to the forehead of the sick animals;
+and this remedy was looked upon at that time as the most effectual they
+could apply.</p>
+
+<p>Gr&eacute;goire de Tours makes mention of an epidemic, the result of a long dry
+summer, which, in 592, was very fatal in its havoc, sparing no living
+creature whatever.</p>
+
+<p>Andr&eacute; Duchesne, in his "History of England," speaks of an epidemic
+which, in 1316, during the reign of Edward II., owed its origin, on the
+contrary, to a long season of rains.</p>
+
+<p>The celebrated physicians Ramazzini and Lancisi relate that in 1711, an
+ox which had been imported from Hungary, that constant <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>focus of typhus,
+displayed the most deadly form of the cattle disease, in the Venetian
+territory, although no alteration in the air or waters had been observed
+in Italy, and the seasons had been regular and the pastures abundant.
+The contagion spread into Piedmont, where it carried of 70,000 head of
+cattle; thence it extended to France and Holland, each of which
+countries lost 200,000 of these animals. The trade in hides introduced
+the distemper into England, where it proved no less fatal. It was the
+same in the other countries of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>In this disease, the intestines of the affected cattle were, as in the
+present epizootia, inflamed, and strewed over with livid spots and
+ulcerations, and the blood, though apparently fluid in the body of the
+animal, <i>coagulated directly after it had issued from the vein</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Herment thence concludes, that this epizootia is nothing more than an
+inflammation of the blood. Lancisi advised his contemporaries to put to
+death without pity every animal which was affected or seemed to be
+affected with the disease; and it was in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>England that this spirited
+resolve was first acted upon.</p>
+
+<p>The three counties of Middlesex, Essex, and Surrey arrested the course
+of this contagion in less than three months, by adopting this measure;
+whilst in the rest of the stricken counties of Great Britain, and
+likewise in Holland, where this decisive course was not taken at all,
+the disease prevailed among the cattle for several years. Since that
+time, it has been insisted on by some authors, that the barbarous
+process of general extermination offers the most effectual remedy which,
+in our present state of ignorance and improvidence, we could have
+recourse to, in order to check the diffusion and the duration of this
+fell disease.</p>
+
+<p>The learned Goelicke describes an epizootia which was witnessed in 1730,
+at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. His narrative, written with a masterly hand,
+might very properly be applied to the disease which we are now
+considering; and the treatment recommended by this earnest and vigilant
+observer is so wisely deduced from the symptoms, that even in the
+present day we might take that treatment as a model.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>We could have borrowed much more largely from this source of
+biographical researches had we not deemed that these quotations would be
+sufficient for the purpose we had in view in this work. But from these
+authorities we think it may justly be concluded, that infectious and
+contagious diseases among horned cattle have frequently appeared from
+the remotest times down to the middle of the eighteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>All these attacks of epizootia were a frequent and severe cause of
+suffering and misery among animals and men; but the ravages which they
+left behind them were of slight importance each time, if we compare them
+with those attending the epizootia which towards the year 1746 affected
+the animal kingdom. This dreadful scourge lasted ten years, and swept
+away nearly the whole race of horned cattle throughout Europe. It was
+closely studied and thoroughly understood in its causes, its symptoms,
+and its treatment by the scientific authors of that day, and those
+writers, more judicious than we, did not designate the malady by the
+title of <span class="smcap">Plague</span>. This particular visitation deserves to fix our
+attention in an <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>especial manner, not only on account of its striking
+resemblance to the disease which now makes us all so anxious, but
+because it induced two English physicians, Malcolm Flemming and Peter
+Layard, to write on this disease two accounts or statements which are
+equal, if not superior, to all the volumes which have since appeared on
+the subject of the Cattle Disease. There is no help for it, and our
+pride must bend itself to the acknowledgment: these two men, our seniors
+by a century, were men of quite another stamp. Their expositions,
+enriched with quotations from the Greek and Latin authors, abounding in
+facts, ingenious insights and inferences, are far superior in merit to
+the multitude of voluminous works which have been written and published
+since then. It would be easy to prove that these two sagacious inquirers
+far better understood than we have done the real nature of this cattle
+disease, and that we must be grateful to them for first opening the way
+which all of us must take in order to discover the preventive and
+curative means of which we are still ignorant.</p>
+
+<p>Let us observe, in passing, that these two <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>physicians, who appear to
+have been scarcely known, enlightened by the effects of the inoculation
+of small-pox, then practised from man to man, appear to have first
+conceived the idea, now practised in Russia, of preventing the
+propagation of the contagious cattle disease by means of inoculation;
+and we may raise the interest of this remark by reminding the reader
+that their experiments to inoculate cattle were made in 1757, eight
+years after the very year which gave birth to the future inoculation of
+man with animal virus by the celebrated Jenner. By this it would appear
+that the twofold honour of applying the method of inoculation as both
+preventive and curative means in respect of contagion in cattle, and as
+the preventive means by the variola of the cow to resist the ravages of
+the small-pox in man, is the indisputable claim of English
+physicians.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>III.</p>
+
+<p>Very little is known of the origin or first outbreak of the epizootia
+which produced such fearful ravages in the middle of the eighteenth
+century. Some suppose that it first appeared in Tartary, where it
+occasioned a disorder twice as extensive in its pernicious effects as
+any similar distemper which had been known up to that time. Thence it
+passed into Russia, from which it spread on one side into Poland,
+Livonia, Prussia, Pomerania, and Holland, and from that country into
+England; on the other side towards the East, it invaded the Turkish
+Empire, Bohemia, Hungary, Dalmatia, Austria, Moravia, Styria, the Gulf
+of Venice, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, the banks of the Rhine, and
+Denmark.</p>
+
+<p>But another opinion has assigned Bohemia as the source from which this
+destructive epizootia took its rise, and its supporters allege that
+during the siege of Prague the cattle feeding in its plains had been
+deprived of their usual fodder by the continual <i>razzias</i> of the French
+to supply their own cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>Be this as it may, this virulent cattle <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>disease having at length
+assumed the proportions of a public calamity, the several governments
+were obliged to take it into serious consideration, and the medical
+faculties and most celebrated physicians began to make it the subject of
+their studies and reports. In France, therefore, the professors of the
+faculty of Paris and Montpellier, suspending every other pursuit,
+devoted their most assiduous care and attention to dumb animals.</p>
+
+<p>Sauvages, the Dean of the Faculty at Montpellier, drew up a most
+philosophical and learned account of the prevailing disease, in which,
+like Stahl, he forgot probably for a moment the part which, in the
+progress of distempers, he ascribes to the soul.</p>
+
+<p>The professors of Paris, very famous in their day, but who, having left
+behind them no works so valuable as the "Nosologia" of Sauvages, are now
+completely forgotten, likewise addressed the result of their inquiries
+and lucubrations to the King.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor Leclerc was sent into Holland, whence he brought back a Memorial,
+which was a reflex of the opinions he found current in Denmark, and
+which has been transmitted <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>to us in the <i>Memorials of the Royal Society
+of Science at Copenhagen</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident from the reflections found in the writings of Malcolm
+Flemming, Layard, and other competent observers, that this formidable
+epizootia was in its character identical with the one described by
+Ramazzini and Lancisi in 1711; and we feel warranted in saying, after
+having examined every work of any importance which has treated of that
+visitation, that it resembles the disease now prevailing among cattle,
+in its march, in its symptoms, and in its gravity. We believe that these
+three visitations constitute but one and the same malady, occurring at
+three different periods. This appears to us a most important fact, for
+if such be the case, the tentative treatment of that time deserves our
+most particular attention. Consequently, a few retrospective glances may
+perhaps be permitted us, in considering the subject of cattle disease.</p>
+
+<p>The medical professors (including several English physicians), who
+observed and described the epizootia of 1745, divided the same into
+three periods.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>The duration of the disease, when it passed through all its phases up to
+the death of the affected animal, consisting of from ten to twelve days,
+they usually ascribed to each of these periods or stages an average
+continuance of three or four days.</p>
+
+<p>1<i>st Period.</i>&mdash;After a few days of latent incubation, which the observer
+could not suspect, the sick animal betrayed signs of the morbid state
+which was about to declare itself, by his careless feeding, by drooping
+his head, and by exhibiting the deepest dejection of spirits in his
+attitude and look. Rumination, already imperfect, soon ceased
+altogether, the appetite failed, the horns, ears, and hoofs were cold,
+the hair grew stiff, the tongue and mucus looked white; the eyes were
+tearful and fixed, the hearing obtuse, whilst, in the cows, the supply
+of milk diminished. In cases of unusual gravity, transient shiverings
+testified to a serious disturbance in all the animal functions. These
+shiverings were followed by a violent fever, the blood became inflamed,
+the breath hot, the respiration hurried and sometimes attended with
+slight coughing; when, if too violent a repercussion was transmitted to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>the nervous centres, the pressure on the vertebral line became
+intolerable, and the animal, seized with vertigo, and almost delirious
+with pain, would fall during this first period, as if struck by
+lightning.</p>
+
+<p>The same phenomena are sometimes observed in the typhoid fever of man,
+which offers moreover some analogy with the contagious typhus of the ox;
+but as the ox and the horse have likewise the real typhus fever, they
+may some day supply us with the preventive virus for that fever, in the
+same manner as the cow now supplies us with the preventive virus for the
+small-pox.</p>
+
+<p><i>2nd Period.</i>&mdash;In most cases the disease pursued its course with greater
+or less regularity; the sick animal experienced gnawing pains or
+twitchings, and spasmodic shootings in the limbs, apparently attended
+with pain. His thirst was insatiable, but he had no appetite, the
+functions of the bladder and intestines were impeded, then diarrh&oelig;a
+supervened, accompanied with dry, fetid, and sometimes bloody excreta.
+Thick viscid mucosities dripped from the nostrils, mouth, and eyes. The
+dorsal regions and the loins were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>constantly aching, headache and
+sleeplessness were permanent. The animal continued either standing or
+lying down, and if he wanted to rest, he could not bend himself
+gradually, but would fall like an inert mass to the ground.</p>
+
+<p><i>3rd Period.</i>&mdash;Diarrh&oelig;a was continual, becoming more fetid every day,
+the wasting of flesh made rapid strides; the cellular tissue beneath the
+hide was filled with gas along the vertebral channels and under the
+abdomen; the nostrils were stopped up with mucosities, the animal could
+only breathe through the mouth, puffing and blowing aloud as he drew in
+the air; and at last pustular eruptions showed themselves on various
+parts; but as this depurating crisis was insufficient, the poor beast,
+in this final period of the attack, fell a sacrifice to it between the
+seventh and twelfth day. If he chanced to be lying down his agony was
+slow, but if standing, he would sink upon himself, and expire at once.</p>
+
+<p>In this dreadful epizootia, very few of the smitten cattle survived&mdash;not
+more than four or five in a hundred; and in these favourable cases, the
+symptoms presented certain signs and critical phenomena of a happy omen.
+In <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>these rare exceptions, the pulse did not exceed seventy, the
+beatings of the heart were always perceptible, the patient did not
+refuse to drink, the continuous fever exhibited no aggravation at night,
+pustular eruptions and tumours appeared on the dewlap and the fore
+limbs, and the epidermis over the mouth and nostrils peeled off about
+the twelfth day.</p>
+
+<p>When dissected, the bodies offered to view the following alterations,
+the same having already been observed by Frascator during the prevalence
+of the epizootia in 1514, and by Lancisi and Ramazzini during that which
+was so fatal in 1711. The mucous glands of the mouth were livid, and
+occasionally excoriated; the bronchial tubes were obstructed with
+mucosities; the lungs, besides being partially congested, were sometimes
+emphysematous, that is, inflated with compressed air. Of the four
+stomachs, the rumen was full of food, the reticulum, the omasum, and the
+abomasum exhibited purple or livid spots, according to their place. The
+thin intestine and the thick intestine showed either a general
+injection, scattered livid spots, or ulcerations, according as the fever
+had worn the exanthematous or typhoid form; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>for the mucous membrane of
+the digestive channels, and especially that of the intestines, displays,
+like the external tegument in man and the brute creation, divers forms
+of inflammation, analogous with the measles, the scarlatina, and the
+small-pox; so that, if the typhoid fever in man, which is nothing else
+than the small-pox of the intestines, is so frequently cured, it is
+because the general morbid condition, the fever, often conceals
+different intestinal lesions, albeit they seem to be similar in the
+general symptoms, which taken collectively constitute the disease.</p>
+
+<p>The flesh of these diseased animals was blackish, and devoid of blood;
+the animals which fed upon it, if uncooked, sickened afterwards, or
+died. The wrecks of the bodies, and more particularly the skin,
+sometimes retained a strength of contagion so deadly, that the mere
+exportation of them was enough to cause its propagation, and to this
+cause was at that time attributed the outbreak of the contagion in
+England.</p>
+
+<p>An extraordinary case of this pernicious influence, which is related by
+Hartmann, who observed this epizootia at its decline in 1756, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>will give
+an idea of the subtlety of this malignant virus.</p>
+
+<p>A farmer who had lost an ox in consequence of that virulent distemper,
+buried it in one of his fields. The following night a bear smelt the ox,
+raked it up with his feet, ate a portion of the flesh, and a few days
+after, the beast of prey was found dead in a neighbouring wood by a
+peasant in the parish of Eumaki. The skin belonging to this bear was
+magnificent. The peasant flayed the animal and carried home his skin in
+triumph. But his triumph was short; for that same night the poor
+countryman fell ill, and died two days after the attack. The magistrates
+of Wiburg, having heard of this occurrence, sent orders to have the
+infected skin burned. Meanwhile, the skin had been given to the curate
+of the place as a compensation for the offices of burial; but his
+cupidity having persuaded him that this fine skin could not have
+destroyed the peasant whom he had just buried, he did not burn it at
+all, but induced another peasant to clean and dress it for him. This
+simple fellow and two other clodpoles, who assisted him in the
+preparation, fell ill, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>and all three of them died in the course of a
+few days. A new and peremptory order now came from Wiburg to burn this
+skin, to burn the house in which it had been dressed, to burn even the
+presbytery itself, should it be deemed necessary. The skin had already
+passed through several hands. However, the curate being still reluctant
+to part with it, took it home again. "Can it be possible," said he to
+himself, "that this skin has really proved fatal to life? What can have
+been the cause, I wonder?" At the same time he rubbed it in his hands
+and smelt it. Unlucky curate! A few days afterwards he himself was taken
+ill and died. (<i>Memoirs of the Academy of Stockholm.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>A native of Clermont Ferrand, in the department of Puy de D&ocirc;me, in
+France, the birth-place of Pascal, one day finding an ox which had died
+of the epizootia, stripped off the skin and carried it away. After his
+return home, the black typhus, and then gangrene, broke out on one of
+his arms, which had to be cut off, and the patient died of the effects
+of the amputation.</p>
+
+<p>A butcher having slaughtered an ox smitten <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>with this typhus, sold the
+flesh for meat to some soldiers of the Regiment Royal Bavi&egrave;re, then
+garrisoned in one of the towns of Languedoc. All those who partook of
+this meat were seized with diarrh&oelig;a, dysentery, and fever, and
+several of the sick soldiers very nearly died. The butcher, whose
+avarice had caused all this mischief, had richly deserved some exemplary
+punishment, and some of the sufferers proposed that he should be hanged
+outright, but the majority, more clement, sentenced him to be beaten
+black and blue with horsewhips.</p>
+
+<p>The popular saying, <i>when the beast is dead the poison is dead</i>, being
+generally true, the virulence of the contagion, in the above instances,
+possessed venomous properties of an exceptional character, for if every
+sick animal slaughtered by the butchers and sold to the consumers, or
+those which had been flayed for the sake of the skin, had contained so
+murderous a virus in their tissues, the number of victims to the
+contagion among the human species would have been appalling. And in that
+case, too, similar sacrifices would be witnessed at present, for it
+cannot be doubted <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>that, in the actual state of the meat market in
+London, the people are now in the daily habit of eating the flesh of
+cattle which are diseased.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">IV.</p>
+
+<p>Physicians of different countries have naturally bestowed much time and
+care in considering and discussing the nature of this epizootia, because
+they have felt that a satisfactory theory and appreciation of its
+principal phenomena, might afford the medical faculty a rational basis
+for some special treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Layard and the physicians of Geneva have considered this cattle disease
+to be <i>a malignant fever with an eruptive tendency</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the estimation of the faculties of Paris and Montpellier, this cattle
+disease, considered in its symptoms, was nothing more than <i>a malignant
+fever essentially contagious</i>, the action of which appeared to tend
+exclusively towards the skin, and therefore it was rational to provoke
+external eruptions and deposits which, as they matured, diverted from
+the centre the greatest part of the morbific matter.</p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+
+<p><i>The treatment</i>, to which, above all, we invite the reader's attention
+(more particularly that of medical men), necessarily varied according to
+the period of the disease. It was sometimes preservative, sometimes
+curative, as the case might be.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Preventive Treatment.</i>&mdash;The farmers and cattle-breeders, whose
+herds were still exempt from the contagion, mindful of the advice which
+they received through the public press, took very particular care of
+their cattle during this season of epizootia: they rubbed them over with
+a brush, and washed them at least once a day; they sheltered them from
+the inclemency of wind and rain; they took their milch cows, which until
+then they had kept shut up in unhealthy cow-houses, into the open air of
+the fields; they washed and fumigated the stables; they examined the
+quality of the fodder and of the other articles of food; they added
+marine salt to their drinking water, or poured salt water over their
+forage; and above all, they took care that no foreign animal commingled
+with their flocks and herds.</p>
+
+<p>Some physicians, on their side conscious of the duty which devolves upon
+them in such <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>seasons of calamity, instead of resting satisfied with
+recommending remedies, betook themselves boldly to the work, and studied
+the disease experimentally in respect to its propagation and prevention.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, for instance, certain Dutch physicians, in 1754, wishing to know
+whether the morbid matter would transmit the disease by inoculation,
+made incisions in the necks of some oxen, cows and calves, inserting in
+the wound a little tow saturated with the morbid secretions discharged
+from the eyes and nostrils. This direct inoculation having been
+practised on seventeen animals, transmitted the disease to them all in
+the course of a few days.</p>
+
+<p>The English physicians having been made acquainted with these
+experiments, applied them to a more practical purpose, no longer to
+discover whether the disease could thus be transmitted (for that had
+been proved), but to find out (what was far more important) whether this
+fearful distemper could be prevented and kept off.</p>
+
+<p>Malcolm Flemming, in 1755, merely suggested the idea of inoculation as a
+preventive means, without proceeding to a course of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>experiments to
+ratify his opinion. He intimates his notion in the following terms:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I apprehend that inoculation will stand the better chance of bringing
+on the distemper, if the subject it is performed on is as young as
+safety will permit, the vessels being then most absorbent, and the
+animal economy most easily put into disorder.</p>
+
+<p>"But even in case the inoculation of calves should be found so
+successful as universally to prevail, the method I recommend will not be
+altogether useless; for, by being properly modelled and adapted to
+circumstances, it may, I am persuaded, prevent contagion, and likewise
+act as a preparative in any epidemical affection of the inflammatory
+kind, not only in horned cattle, but likewise in all other quadrupeds
+that civil society may think worthy of preservation, and even in the
+human species."</p>
+
+<p>Layard, in 1757, devotes the seventh chapter of his work, "The Means to
+prevent the Infection," to the consideration of the preventive
+treatment, in which he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"No one will think of bringing the infection into any place free from
+it, merely for the sake of inoculating their cattle; but if the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>contagious distemper be in the neighbourhood of a herd, or break out so
+as to endanger the stock, the grazier or farmer may, by inoculating his
+cattle, with proper precautions, at least secure his stock, since he can
+house them before they fall sick, prepare them, and have due care taken,
+knowing the course of the distemper.</p>
+
+<p>"Sir William St. Quintin, the Rev. Dr. Fountayne, Dean of York, and
+other gentlemen have succeeded in inoculation: in Holland it has both
+failed and succeeded. These gentlemen all inoculated with matter taken
+from the running of the mouth, nose, or eyes. Professor Swenke mentions
+that the beast from which he took the matter was recovering from the
+distemper. A circumstance to be attended to is this:&mdash;had matter been
+taken after the crisis, from a tumour, boil, pimple, or scab, either on
+the back near the spine, or on the legs, the pus would have proved much
+more elaborated, subtle, and infecting than that which, flowing with the
+mucus of the nose, must necessarily be, in some degree, sheathed by this
+glutinous excretion, though I am well aware how putrid and acrid it is
+rendered by the disease.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>"That nothing may be omitted which in any shape can contribute to the
+success of inoculation, due attention should be paid to the constitution
+and state of the beast, no less in this practice on the cattle than on
+the human species. Undoubtedly the young, healthy, and strong bid fairer
+for a good issue than the old, sickly, and feeble; each of these
+different constitutions demand a particular treatment, even in the
+method of preparation; and however trifling it may seem to many&mdash;the
+urging a necessity of preparation&mdash;I will venture to affirm that I have
+seen excellent effects arising from a rational preparation, and fatal
+events from want of preparation. I have likewise been witness of
+unfavourable turns, merely from an injudicious preparation.</p>
+
+<p>"The beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding; those that
+have but a small share of blood must have none drawn. The strong must,
+besides moderate bleeding and purging, be kept on light diet, and their
+body kept open. Thus, scalded bran, mixed with their hay and chaff, will
+cool them. The weakly, and such as are inclined to scour, must <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>be kept
+on dry fodder, and have peas and beans given them to strengthen them. A
+mess of malt, or a quart of warm ale, with a few spices, will be very
+suitable for them.</p>
+
+<p>"Whatever diseases the cattle may be affected with, if time will permit,
+they are first to be removed.</p>
+
+<p>"The cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed, rubbed dry,
+and then curried, to remove all the filth from the hair and skin. Then
+they are to be placed in a spacious barn or stable, where the air is
+temperate and no cold can come to them. There they are to be prepared
+according to the direction already given, foddered with good sweet hay,
+and watered with clear spring water; and if the distemper be not near,
+they may be turned out into the air, near the barn or stable, and may
+stay there a few hours in the middle of the day.</p>
+
+<p>"When it appears that the cattle are in perfect health, free from any
+infection or disease, brisk and lively, neither costive nor scouring,
+and chewing their cud, then the operation may be safely undertaken, and
+henceforth they must be confined to the barn.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>"Since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the contagious
+and putrid particles separated from the blood, wherever the infectious
+matter makes an impression at first, particular care must be taken not
+to inoculate near such vital parts as the heart and lungs, nor near the
+womb, if a cow with calf be inoculated; for, though rowels are properly
+applied in the dewlaps to draw off the pestilential humour from the
+breast, and in other cases beasts are frequently rowelled in the
+flanks,&mdash;yet, in this operation, as matter is inserted by these channels
+into the neighbouring vessels, those vital parts, or the womb, might
+become the chief seat of the disease, and the event prove fatal.</p>
+
+<p>"To prevent such accidents, human beings have been inoculated on the
+arms and legs, and now-a-days the arms are found sufficient. I would
+recommend that the cattle should be inoculated about the middle of the
+shoulders or buttocks, on both sides, to have the benefit of two drains.
+The skin is to be cut lengthways two inches, deep enough for the blood
+to start, but not to bleed much. In this incision is to be put a dossil
+or pledget <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>of tow, dipped in the matter of a boil full ripe, opened in
+the back of a young calf recovering from the distemper. It may not be
+amiss to stitch up the wound, to keep the tow in, and let it remain
+forty-eight hours. Then the stitches are to be cut, the tow taken out,
+and the wound dressed with yellow basilicum ointment, or one made with
+turpentine and yolk of egg, spread on pledgets of tow. These dressings
+are to be continued during the whole illness, and till after the
+recovery of the beast, to promote the discharge; and then the wound may
+be healed with the cerate of lapis calaminaris, or any other.</p>
+
+<p>"On the third day after inoculation, the discolouring of the wound,
+whose lips appear grey and swollen, will be a sign that the inoculation
+has succeeded; but the beasts, as Professor Swenke informs us, did not
+fall ill till the sixth day, which answers exactly to the observations
+daily made in the inoculating of children. Yet the Professor adds that
+on the third day a costiveness came on, which was removed by giving each
+calf three ounces of Epsom salts.</p>
+
+<p>"No sooner do the symptoms of heaviness <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>and stupidity appear than the
+beasts must have a light covering thrown over them, and at night
+fastened loosely. They must be rubbed morning and evening, and curried,
+till the boils begin to rise; warm hay-water and vinegar-whey must be
+given plentifully. Should the beasts require more nourishment, dry meat,
+such as cut hay, with a little bran, may be offered. I should be very
+cautious in giving milk-pottage, even after the boils and pimples had
+all come out, for fear of bringing on a scouring. However, this caution
+is proper, that whenever milk-pottage be given, the vinegar-whey is to
+be omitted for obvious reasons. In cases of accident, the same attention
+is to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the natural way,
+and the medicines recommended are the same I would use; but by
+inoculation there seldom is a call for any, so favourably does the
+distemper proceed through its several stages.</p>
+
+<p>"The crisis being over, it will be proper to purge the cattle, to air
+them by degrees, and to have the same regard in the management of them
+as is laid down in the chapter on the method of cure."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>Such are the recommendations which Layard has prescribed for those who
+have to practise inoculation as a preventive treatment; it would be
+difficult to offer an example of greater prudence or precision.</p>
+
+<p>A certain number of oxen were, by means of this inoculation, protected
+against the attack of the cattle disease; and this mode of treatment
+was, as we shall afterwards explain, adopted in Russia. Unfortunately,
+this rational and preventive treatment was discovered only at the end of
+the epizootia, when already upwards of six millions of horned cattle had
+fallen a sacrifice to the contagious fever.</p>
+
+<p><i>Curative Means.</i>&mdash;When the first course of the disease had left no
+doubt of the attack, the sick animal was subjected to an appropriate
+diet, and restricted to liquids either as medicinal decoctions, or as
+alimentary beverages. The decoctions consisted of whey mixed with a
+little vinegar, and nitred hay. The broths, or alimentary beverages,
+consisted of a decoction of bread, and of water mixed with bran and
+meal, whether of barley, oats, or wheat.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>At this stage of the curative process, the majority of physicians
+recommended one or two bleedings, in order to abate the violence of the
+fever, and of the congestions near the nervous centres and the lungs;
+and as constipation prevailed at the time, they strove with the same
+object to empty the digestive passages, the intestines, and the
+stomachs, notwithstanding the difficulty that exists to produce this
+result in ruminating animals.</p>
+
+<p>The purgatives employed consisted of a decoction of senna, mixed with
+prune juice, with a little rhubarb or fresh linseed oil, infused in
+their drink, or applied as a clyster in warm water slightly salted.
+Those who practised polypharmacy administered at night a mixture of
+nitre, camphor, red-lead, and rhubarb, in half a pailful of warm water;
+and greatly did they boast of the active influence of this beverage.</p>
+
+<p>Some practitioners even endeavoured, in the first stage of the malady,
+to accelerate its action on the skin by giving for that purpose warm
+drinks, and by covering the cattle with woollen cloths, to promote
+perspiration; but it was generally admitted that the sick animals
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>preferred cold drinks, and that they were particularly fond of
+acidulated whey.</p>
+
+<p>In the second period of the distemper, the same drinks were continued,
+adding thereto some theriac or Jesuit's bark, in order to lessen the
+frequency of the diarrh&oelig;tic evacuations. They also provoked the
+depurating secretions from the mouth, nose, and eyes, by repeated
+washings; and as those animals, in which the running was most easy and
+copious, seemed to be less seriously affected with the disease, they
+strove to increase that which flowed from the glands of the mouth by
+fixing a gag in the jaws, and keeping it there for several hours. This
+measure seemed so efficacious that a decree from the Parlement de Rouen,
+issued on the 13th of March, 1745, ordered the application of a gag, or
+bit, for three hours every day, to the cattle under treatment.</p>
+
+<p>In the third period, they sought to overcome the wasting of strength in
+the system by means of tonic and nutritious drinks, decoctions of
+centaury, Jesuit's bark, juniper berries, &amp;c. They likewise administered
+emollient clysters if the evacuations were bloody.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>Moreover, they placed two or three setons, principally in the dewlap, in
+order to obey the signs and indications of nature&mdash;<i>quo natura vergit, eo
+ducendum</i>; as a salutary and critical eruption of the skin was at that
+period forcing its way. These setons were kept open with a mixture of
+turpentine and yolks of egg, for the purpose of encouraging the
+secretion. The purulent or emphysematous tumours were cut.</p>
+
+<p>But whatever means might be employed, almost all the cattle perished,
+and the few and rare recoveries only afforded the pessimists the
+satisfaction of claiming the merit of them for themselves. It was
+remarked, besides, that the fattest beasts were the least able to resist
+the effects of the distemper.</p>
+
+<p>It is hardly necessary to say, that during the whole course of the
+treatment, great care was taken to keep both the stables and the cattle
+in a perfect state of cleanliness.</p>
+
+<p>The convalescence of those animals which were cured was invariably long,
+and required great attention as to their food and hygienic treatment.
+Solid substances, roots, and forage were withheld until rumination
+revived; and it was only after several days of encouraging <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>trials that
+the recovered animal was suffered at last to feed all day in the field,
+according to his pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Such, then, was that formidable epizootia which, in the middle of the
+eighteenth century, swept away upwards of six millions of horned cattle,
+and which occasioned a loss to Europe exceeding fifty millions
+sterling&mdash;perhaps we might say a hundred millions&mdash;for other domestic
+animals, sheep, horses, &amp;c. (as generally happens in cases of
+epizootia), had likewise suffered, in different degrees, from the
+various complaints arising from inclement seasons.</p>
+
+<p>It was certainly necessary to our purpose that we should have taken this
+retrospective view of the cattle disease, and it will afford us a
+valuable guide for the future. We may now content ourselves with
+bringing together the different annals in the chain of time which
+elapsed between Layard's treatise, which was published in 1757, and the
+present day. This chain of time amounts to 108 years.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>V.</p>
+
+<p>The typhus of Horned Cattle, which had shown itself in a manner
+permanent, sometimes raging at one part of the globe, sometimes at
+another, could not, under the unaltered conditions by which it had been
+generated, suspend its ravages; and though, thanks to her isolated
+position, England may be less exposed to it than other countries, it is,
+however, necessary to take note of what may serve for our instruction in
+the several epizootics which will pass under our view.</p>
+
+<p>Medical writers relate that contagious typhus broke out several times in
+Holland during the years 1768, 1769, and 1770; it also appeared in
+French Flanders in 1771, in Hainault in 1773. In France one particular
+spot was, at this period, completely rendered intact by drawing a
+sanitary fence about its limits, and bestowing on the cattle particular
+hygienic attention as a safeguard. The stables of these animals were
+washed, cleansed, and fumigated; spring water was given them to drink,
+their food was chosen with care, and a certain quantity of salt was
+mixed with it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>In 1774, Holland, a cold and damp country, was once more invaded by the
+scourge; and the Government offered in vain a reward of 80,000 florins
+to any one who should discover the preventive or specific remedy for the
+disease.</p>
+
+<p>The typhus which, at that epoch, had likewise broken out again in the
+south of France, threatened to become an abiding peril to the wealth of
+nations. Two French authors, Vicq d'Azyr and Paulet, betook themselves
+earnestly to the task of collecting every document which up to that time
+had been published on the successive visitations of the malady, and of
+offering the means of preventing it. Their intention was unquestionably
+laudable, but the time for obtaining such a result had not yet arrived;
+besides which, these two writers, whatever may have been their desert,
+were not equal to an achievement of this character. They belonged,
+indeed, to that order of men who look upon the cultivation of science
+solely as a step to personal distinction.</p>
+
+<p>Vicq d'Azyr himself was but twenty-five years old when he issued, in
+1775, his work, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>entitled, "Expos&eacute; des Moyens curatifs et preservatifs
+qui peuvent &ecirc;tre employ&eacute;s contre les Maladies des B&ecirc;tes &agrave; Cornes." We
+should deceive ourselves if we expected to find in this exposition
+anything but an interesting compilation of the works already published.</p>
+
+<p>Paulet's treatise appeared likewise in 1775, under the title,
+"Recherches historiques et physiques sur les Maladies epizootiques, avec
+les Moyens d'y r&eacute;m&eacute;dier dans tous les Cas, publi&eacute;es <i>par ordre du Roi</i>."
+Paris. Two volumes.</p>
+
+<p>After reading and reflecting on this title, as servile as it is
+arrogant, I might have dispensed with all examination of the work. A
+scientific man, whilst in the pursuit of truth, takes orders from
+nobody, not even from kings. Paulet, therefore, writing <i>by order</i>,
+could only produce a work of mediocrity, and such is incontestably the
+degree of value of his two volumes, forming, as they do, a fastidious
+dissertation of epizootics in general, and of those relating to cattle
+in particular.</p>
+
+<p>The works of Paulet and Vicq d'Azyr, written at the same time, not being
+the labour of men practising the medical art, are on a level as to the
+notions which they have handed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>down to us; but that of Vicq d'Azyr
+being the better of the two, we shall extract therefrom what may chiefly
+interest us.</p>
+
+<p>Vicq d'Azyr relates the history of the epizootics, and expatiates on the
+original cause of the typhus in horned cattle, and on its nature. The
+passages in which he treats of its mode of propagation and its
+treatment, are the most deserving of our notice.</p>
+
+<p>He says, that he tried to no purpose to communicate the disease a second
+time to animals which had been fortunate enough to get cured.</p>
+
+<p>That cows covered with the fresh skins stripped from dead cattle,
+victims to the distemper, did not contract it.</p>
+
+<p>That infected clothes which had been worn by men who had served in
+hospitals where cattle were under treatment, having been laid on the
+backs of several beasts in sound health, were found to transmit the
+distemper in three cases out of six.</p>
+
+<p>That the gases expelled from the intestines, received into a bladder
+ball, and let out under the noses of healthy cattle, have communicated
+the disease to them, after ten or fifteen days <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>of latent incubation;
+and that the same gases being mixed with their drink, have also
+propagated the contagion.</p>
+
+<p>That frictions, with the hands impregnated with virus, having been made
+over the skin, did not produce any ill effects.</p>
+
+<p>That some oxen which had been designedly placed for a few hours among
+sick animals, have afterwards been seized with the distemper.</p>
+
+<p>That a calf which had been placed in a stall containing some oxen
+grievously affected, but which calf had a basket beneath its nose filled
+with aromatic herbs, withstood the contagion.</p>
+
+<p>That cowsheds which had been partially cleansed and fumigated,
+transmitted the disease to other cattle, even several months after they
+had been vacated.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, he mentions the experiments of inoculation made by Lay and in
+England, but not understanding their aim and capacity, he adds, that
+inoculation does not seem to him of any use, since the inoculated
+animals all died. Yet he quotes the encouraging results obtained by
+Camper in Holland, who, out of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>112 inoculated cattle, saved 41; and
+those of Koopman, who, out of 94, cured 45 by this very inoculation.</p>
+
+<p>He reminds us that the cattle typhus is an abiding disease in Hungary
+and Russia, where the beasts having bad water to drink, can only be
+protected by a constant use of marine salt (<i>sel gemme</i>); but being
+deprived of this salt, when they go great distances to be sold, and
+being exposed to extreme fatigue and privations, the typhus then spreads
+among them. He likewise tells us that Hungary and Dalmatia, which used
+to supply the markets of Italy with butcher's meat, were obliged to give
+up sending any cattle there, the Italians having firmly refused to
+purchase the same at any price whatever.</p>
+
+<p>As regards treatment, the advice which Vicq d'Azyr gives to
+agriculturists, is mostly borrowed from the authors who have written on
+the great epizootics of 1711, and 1745 to 1755. Thus, he advises them to
+give as drinks in the first stage, water whitened with meal and nitred;
+to purge the animals with linseed oil; even to make scarifications on
+the skin, and to keep up the suppuration <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>with turpentine; to make the
+animals inhale six times a day vapours seasoned with vinegar; to wrap
+them over with woollen cloths; to bleed them once or twice; to
+administer to them, when diarrh&oelig;a shows itself, a beverage containing
+wormwood, quinine, and diascordium; to cut open the tumours containing
+pus or air, etc.</p>
+
+<p>It is, as is seen, the same treatment as that quoted above; he
+guarantees its success, and supports his views by the authority of Van
+Swieten and Huxan.</p>
+
+<p>Van Swieten, however, had somewhat modified the treatment, by the
+predominance which he allowed to acids; and this course seemed to him to
+be only reasonable with respect to animals whose sick humours contain an
+excess of alkali.</p>
+
+<p>Vicq d'Azyr fixed his attention on the means of prevention, the most
+effectual of which, in his opinion, was to slaughter every animal which
+had either sickened, or had been exposed to the influence of the
+contagion; and as he insisted that the authorities had no measures to
+keep in this matter of public interest, he made it a principle that the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>government was bound to compensate the cattle proprietors whose animals
+had to be killed&mdash;the more so, said he, that the crafty husbandmen would
+never come forward and freely declare the invalidity of their cattle,
+unless some indemnity were held out to them, which they would look upon
+as a sort of equivalent for the benefits they had expected by cutting
+them up and selling them as the food of man.</p>
+
+<p>The doctors of the period, scenting in Vicq d'Azyr a dangerous
+competitor, considered the advice of exterminating the diseased cattle
+as an <i>ingenious means of curing</i> them, and as the author's age and
+experience gave warrant for this satirical tone of discussion, the
+public joined them in laughing at him.</p>
+
+<p>The epizootic typhus, if not so destructive, was at least as frequent in
+the early part of the nineteenth century, as it had been during the
+eighteenth. The armies during the wars of united Europe against the
+French Republic and Empire, found it constantly in their train. Nor
+could it be otherwise, the two leading causes of its prevalence being at
+hand. For on one hand there was the transit of large <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>herds from the
+steppes of Hungary, and on the other the wretched hygienic conditions
+amidst which the cattle had to live in the campaigning armies.</p>
+
+<p>Many books have been published of late years on the diseases of cattle,
+in France and Germany; and several distinguished English veterinary
+surgeons, especially Professor Simonds, have also devoted their
+attention to the same subject. In the second part of this work, we shall
+have occasion to refer to their labours.</p>
+
+<p>In France, Renault, Delafond, d'Arboval, Gell&eacute;, whose works enjoy a
+deserved reputation, have discussed the subject of the origin of this
+disease.</p>
+
+<p>Renault asserts that the disease has but one single focus, the steppes
+of Russia and Hungary. The epizootics of Asia, Africa, and South America
+are caused, he considers, by the importation of animals to those
+countries. It is thus that he explains the epizootia which, under the
+name of Delombodera, devastated the American Republics in 1832, and that
+which, in 1841, appeared in Egypt. Renault thinks that neither the long
+transit, nor the filthy state <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>of the markets, nor the most wretched
+feeding, are sufficient to account for contagious typhus among cattle;
+that in addition to these causes, it still requires, in order to produce
+and generate it among animals, a predisposition, and a special aptitude,
+such as, hitherto at least, do not appear to have been witnessed except
+in the progeny of the steppes.</p>
+
+<p>The other professors of his fraternity have submitted arguments to him,
+which to us seem very rational; and we will endeavour to do justice to
+them when we discuss the origin of the typhus which at this moment is
+afflicting England.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">VI.</p>
+
+<p>These historical dissertations and speculations on the subject of the
+bovine epizootia certainly deserve to draw the attention of all who feel
+an interest in the malady; but how insignificant they are compared with
+the concluding facts which I have still to mention, before I at length
+address myself to the consideration of the epizootia which is now
+consuming our herds!</p>
+
+<p>The indisputable fact that so terrible a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>distemper as this typhus had
+fixed itself permanently in Russia, and that it was causing incalculable
+losses to the lordly proprietors of the steppes, as well as to the
+government, roused them at last from their indifference. Then, indeed,
+they urged the veterinary doctors to adopt some energetic means to
+arrest the long duration of the scourge, and we must admit to their
+honour, that various experiments which were tried for the purpose of
+preventing the evil, have been crowned with complete success. Any one
+may ascertain the fact by referring to the <i>Journal Magazin</i> of Berlin,
+in which the learned Professor Jessen of Dorpat has explained the
+results of these important experiments.</p>
+
+<p>The Russian veterinarians having observed that the oxen which had been
+cured of the typhus could mingle with impunity with the infected herds,
+conceived the idea of communicating the complaint to sound cattle by
+means of inoculation, and thereby to shield them from the contagion.</p>
+
+<p>The first experiments in the inoculation of <i>Tchouma</i> or cattle typhus,
+were made in the year 1853, by order of the government, in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>the
+neighbourhood of Odessa, at the Heridin farm, by Professor Jessen.</p>
+
+<p>The first inoculative attempts were very fatal; they caused the death of
+all the inoculated animals. But it was soon perceived that these
+grievous results, far from prejudicing the theory, really confirmed it;
+and that the virus, attenuated in its toxical properties, would prove as
+effectual as was expected. And truly, in 1854 and 1855, at the Dorpat
+establishment, the inoculations made with a better selected virus
+afforded results less disastrous. At Kozau they were still more
+satisfactory. In fine, passing from experiment to experiment, they
+arrived at the conclusion that it was necessary to inoculate several
+heads of cattle, the one after the other, without having recourse to any
+other virus than the first inoculated, so that they might thereby obtain
+virus of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and up to the 10th generation. The
+virus thus attenuated in its morbid effects answered at length every
+experiment, and oxen thus inoculated could mingle with impunity with
+diseased cattle.</p>
+
+<p>At the veterinary establishment of Chalkoff <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>they inoculated, during
+eight meetings, 1059 animals with virus of the 3rd generation, and the
+results were as satisfactory as could be wished for, only 60 animals
+having sunk under the effects of this preventive operation.</p>
+
+<p>The inoculations made in 1857 and 1858 on an estate belonging to the
+Duchess Helena, at Karlowska, in the government of Pultawa, and
+conducted by the veterinarian Raussels, likewise afforded the most
+satisfactory results.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Jessen thinks it certain, that beasts born of cows which have
+been afflicted with contagious typhus do not contract the disease. He
+maintains that Europe may be preserved from this frightful scourge, by
+taking care that no cattle be exported from the steppes of Russia save
+those which have had the distemper either naturally or by inoculation,
+and he is striving to propagate this opinion, and to render it
+practical, by having all the cattle inoculated, without exception.</p>
+
+<p>It is deeply to be regretted that counsels so prudent have not been
+heeded in the 47 governments which, out of the 53 possessed by Russia,
+have generated the contagious typhus; for then it would not so
+frequently <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>have effected its passage into the neighbouring states, and
+England most probably, would not now have to take up arms against its
+fatal extension.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">VII.</p>
+
+<p>We here conclude that part of our labour which includes the history of
+this disease, and what we have been able to glean from those medical
+writers, and others, who have given us the results of their experience.
+It may have appeared somewhat protracted, but it has at least laid open
+to the student the antecedent investigations of our predecessors, under
+calamities of the same kind, but considerably more fatal than what has
+yet been witnessed in Western Europe during our time. We have
+disinterred and brought to light the forgotten works of conscientious
+and competent men. Like Brunelleschi, the architect, we have sought, not
+to invent a theory, but to recover a practice; and thus we have received
+the observations and precious facts, and finally the preventive
+treatment, of other men and other times, which had coped successfully
+against the cattle disease when its ravages were infinitely greater.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>To resume, then: these inquiries (which we undertook without
+anticipating so rich a harvest) have proved, and made evident&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>That the contagious typhus afflicting horned cattle, has spread its
+destructive principle over our globe ever since there have been animals
+living on its surface.</p>
+
+<p>That from century to century, not to say from year to year, it has
+carried its terrors amidst nations and peoples.</p>
+
+<p>That the remedial measures which had been taken and applied prior to the
+middle of the eighteenth century, were utterly powerless either to cure
+this disease or to prevent it.</p>
+
+<p>That at that period appeared two English physicians, men of remarkable
+aptitude and penetration, one of whom, Malcolm Flemming, laid down in
+theory the bases of a preventive treatment; whilst the other, Peter
+Layard, applied this theory to practice, by inoculating sound and
+healthy animals with the morbid virus of the typhus, in order to protect
+them from the fatal effects of the contagion.</p>
+
+<p>That this all-important progress in medical experience, has been
+absolutely forgotten; so much so, indeed, that the experiments of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>inoculation, tried in Russia only ten or twelve years ago with perfect
+success, do not seem to be connected by any link with those made in
+England a century before, and that the invasion of the so-called
+<span class="smcap">Cattle Plague</span> in 1865 seemed to some men to have introduced a
+new scourge, which men were not armed and prepared to meet&mdash;which they
+were powerless to cure, or to stay in its progress.</p>
+
+<p>These inquiries, then, have proved, we think, that we are not so
+helpless as we had imagined to resist the evil. But we cannot help
+feeling, that we have laid bare in this exposition some most distressing
+inferences concerning the human mind. For, in truth, can anything be
+more deplorable, than thus to see the civilized nations of Europe
+endure, from century to century, these reiterated outbreaks of cattle
+typhus, and to see likewise that no man of sufficient energy and
+independence has yet arisen to tell the truth fearlessly to the
+governments and peoples, however painful that truth may be, and to
+expose the futility of the measures hitherto employed to arrest the
+scourge?</p>
+
+<p>And, on the other hand, is it not most <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>afflicting to see discoveries of
+indisputable value buried out of view, submerged in public libraries,
+utterly unknown and forgotten, like their authors, to such a degree,
+that the distemper which they have made known in its entirety, and which
+is as old as the world itself, seems to us almost new in 1865?</p>
+
+<p>God send, that these cruel trials and severe lessons which the past has
+bequeathed to us may teach us something for our benefit! May the
+irresistible might which is derived from the auspicious union of capital
+and intelligence supersede the vain and flimsy efforts of isolated
+energy! May the government, which lavishes hundreds of millions upon the
+destructive engines of war, devote some portion of its ample means to
+the study of hereditary infections and contagious diseases! For these
+fatal epidemics decimate men as well as cattle, and we may at least ward
+off from our children the desolating disease which at present afflicts
+ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>We possess already every requisite means to protect ourselves from the
+formidable visitation of these diseases: we have science; we have the
+men who cultivate and teach it; we <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>have the experience of the past
+added to our own. To-day, we are called upon to resist the baleful
+effects of cattle typhus; but another epizootia may come to-morrow, and
+strike our horses and our sheep&mdash;those domestic animals which constitute
+our most precious possession. The cholera hovers about us. If we do
+nothing, if we talk and debate instead of acting, these scourges will
+come upon us on a sudden, and find us quite as helpless as ever to
+resist their sway.</p>
+
+<p>These palpable truths deserve to be further developed, and will be
+treated more copiously at the end of this book. They will constitute the
+complement of our work, necessarily written in haste, since the danger
+we had to expose was itself so urgent and alarming.</p>
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> To assist the researches of other inquirers on this vital
+subject, now so generally interesting, we may add, that the cattle
+treatises already referred to&mdash;of Malcolm Flemming and Peter Layard&mdash;are
+to be found in the Library of the British Museum, bound together in a
+single volume, which is certainly worth ten times its weight in gold. It
+contains, indeed, eight different opuscula, all relating to cattle
+complaints, which scientific students may consult with real
+gratification. I will here transcribe the titles of the most important
+of these treatises, the pregnant expositions of the two English
+physicians above-named.
+</p><p class="noin">
+That of Malcolm Flemming:
+</p><p class="noin">
+"A Proposal, in order to Diminish the Progress of the Distemper among
+the Horned Cattle, supported by Facts. London, 1755."
+</p><p class="noin">
+That of Peter Layard:
+</p><p class="noin">
+"An Essay on the Nature, Cause, and Cure of the Contagious Distemper
+among the Horned Cattle in these Kingdoms. London, 1757."
+</p><p class="noin">
+A great many accounts, treatises, and expositions on the same subject
+appeared at the same time in France, Holland, Denmark, and Switzerland.
+One, which appeared in the last of these countries, is entitled:
+</p><p class="noin">
+"Reflexions sur la Maladie du Gros B&eacute;tail, par la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; des M&eacute;decius
+de Gen&egrave;ve. 1756."</p></div>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>SECOND PART.</h2>
+
+<p>This Part is divided, as already stated, into four chapters.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>On Typhous Diseases in general, and the Typhus which affects the Ox in
+particular.</i></p>
+<br />
+
+<p>By following the example of those authors who have described the
+contagious typhus of the ox, we might proceed at once to explain its
+symptoms, and go directly to our purpose; but, by taking this hasty
+course, we should expose ourselves to be imperfectly understood by the
+majority of our readers, and to leave certain doubts in the minds of
+physicians as to the nature of the disease and the propriety of its
+treatment.</p>
+
+<p>All animals, including man himself, are born with a predisposition and
+liability to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>contract a certain number of contagious febrile diseases;
+they bear in a manner a certain number of physiological elements, which
+might be called latent germs, and which, under given conditions, become
+the leaven of these diseases. This must, indeed, be the case, since
+after these disorders have been once developed those who have been cured
+of them are not apt to contract them again, the morbid developments
+having destroyed that natural aptitude which had previously existed to
+undergo the morbid action of the contagious virus. These diseases are
+not numerous; they constitute a very distinct class, and the same laws,
+which regulate the phenomena in one of them are applicable to all the
+rest.</p>
+
+<p>These diseases exhibit the following characteristics: 1st, a period of
+incubation, during which the whole economy, more particularly the blood
+and humours, experience very important changes and modifications; 2nd, a
+febrile state, which varies in its continuous or intermittent types, and
+in its intensity, according to the species of the animals, and which
+proceeds from the alteration of the blood; 3rd, a revulsion at once
+toxical and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>congestive towards the nervous centre, inducing <i>stupor</i>;
+4th, a flux of mucus from the mouth and chest; 5th, a more intense,
+congestive, and inflammatory flux or discharge from the external or
+internal teguments&mdash;the skin or the mucous membrane of the digestive
+channels; 6th, a period of adynamia and dejection, with a tendency, in
+some cases, to a critical or salutary rejection of the morbid matter by
+the development of tumours or abscesses in the skin; 7th, they are at
+once infectious and contagious, epizootic or epidemic; that is to say,
+they are transmitted in different degrees by contact, by inoculation,
+and at a distance by the means of vitiated air; 8th, finally&mdash;and this
+is their leading characteristic&mdash;<i>they are not subject to recurrence</i>,
+each individual that has once been affected, losing in general all
+aptitude to contract the disease a second time.</p>
+
+<p>This last characteristic, when well understood, ought in reason to
+induce us to have recourse to the preventive treatment, and such has
+been the case with respect to the most virulent amongst them&mdash;small-pox
+and the typhus of the ox.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>Prompted by these principles, which are as logical and fixed as any
+mathematical deduction, I suggested in 1855 that inoculation should be
+applied in typhoid fever, which is nothing else but the equivalent of
+intestinal small-pox, in order to prevent the disease in men. But if the
+simplest truth sometimes requires a contest of ages before it is heard
+and understood, I could not hope to fix attention on a fact which might
+be taken as problematical. I felt that I was outrunning time, and that I
+should neither be heard nor understood; and so it has proved.</p>
+
+<p>Be that as it may, these typhous diseases have, as is seen, their laws
+and foreseen development. They attack animals generally, but chiefly
+herbivorous animals, endowed, as we have shown in the first part, with a
+vital resistance which is, relatively speaking, very inconsiderable.</p>
+
+<p>These febrile typhous diseases (whether their development is caused by a
+spontaneous morbid action in the patient or by an evident contagion),
+have a period of incubation during which the vital strength undergoes
+latent morbid modifications, though not sufficient to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>indicate, save in
+times of epizootics and epidemics, the particular form which is about to
+reveal its symptoms in the course of a few days. This period of
+incubation being over, the mouth and chest become affected, and fever
+declares itself; and then the <i>materies morbi</i>, which is to become the
+special and dominant characteristic of the distemper, is directed either
+to the skin, or to the digestive mucous membrane. In the first case, we
+see evidence of exanthematic diseases, which present only the lightest
+forms of detersive disorders, such as measles, scarlatina, or that more
+serious one, from its pustulous form, the small-pox. In the second case,
+the elimination takes place from the intestinal canal, and then we see
+produced in animals, as well as in men, the typhous diseases: that is to
+say, the typhoid fever&mdash;a pustulous and ulcerous malady of the
+intestines&mdash;or the common typhus of the hospitals, prisons, and
+campaigning armies; and again, in animals, there is also the typhus of
+the steppes, of the marshes, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The Eastern pestilence, the plague of Rome in the age of Antoninus and
+the plague of Athens, which might have given to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>Hippocrates the right
+of treating with Artaxerxes as one potentate treats with another, ought
+perhaps to be classed among those typhuses not subject to recurrence.</p>
+
+<p>As for the <i>cholera</i>, it seems to be a contagious and epidemic disorder,
+of a distinct and particular kind. We are ignorant of its essential
+cause, its nature, and its mode of treatment; and although it has
+prevailed in every age, and even frequently of late years, it will
+always, by reason of the strange formation of our medical institutions,
+find us as weak and defenceless to resist its attack as we have ever
+been.</p>
+
+<p>If we have been properly understood, typhous diseases are, above all,
+general febrile affections. At one time the <i>materies morbi</i>, or
+discharge, affects the skin; at another, the digestive mucous membrane.
+When it acts upon the skin, as clinical observation shows, there is
+sometimes a sort of hesitation in the eruptive process; people wonder
+what disease is coming forth; the eruption wavers in the form it will
+assume, till at length its real character is determined. The same
+uncertainty prevails when the intestines are affected. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>Sometimes the
+exanthema is merely the equivalent of simple measles or scarlatina of
+the intestinal mucous membrane, and many typhoid fevers of short
+continuance are nothing else in their nature. The same occurs in common
+typhuses. Sometimes the local affection proceeds as far as pustulous
+eruption, sometimes only to exanthematic rubefaction; hence the various
+alterations which we have witnessed in the intestines of cattle killed
+in our presence at the slaughter-houses of the Metropolitan Market, and
+which we ourselves dissected. The experienced Professor Bouley, from the
+Ecole V&eacute;t&eacute;rinaire of Alfort, near Paris, whose visit must have been
+beneficial to England, clearly recognised in an ox which was slaughtered
+and dissected at the Metropolitan Market, the genuine pustule of typhoid
+fever. But in most cases, as we shall show, it is the other forms which
+prevail.</p>
+
+<p>We make these observations in order to anticipate the objections of
+those reasoners who, being more influenced and guided by the local facts
+and by the symptoms, than by the general phenomena of comparative
+pathology, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>might argue that such or such fact is opposed to our
+doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>In a word, then, typhous diseases have their types; but the living being
+is subjected to so many different influences, hereditary, idiosyncratic,
+climataic, hygienic, &amp;c., that by the side of one subject going through
+the course of morbid phenomena with fatal regularity, another may be
+seen in which such or such functional derangement is readily
+distinguished. Thus in some animals, predisposed thereto by prior
+disorders, the morbid action originally propelled towards the channels
+of respiration will continue to be most salient; and after dissection
+the lungs will be congested and emphysematous, and the intestines
+relatively but scarcely altered. The animal, indeed, though bordering on
+typhus, will sink under the effect of functional derangement in the
+breathing passages. In others, by the influence of some particular
+predisposing cause, disorders of the nervous centres will be signalized;
+a cerebral and spinal pains will be intolerable, delirium will quickly
+ensue, and the asphyxiated patient, if a man, will succumb in the course
+of a few <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>days; or if an ox, he will be wild and ungovernable, and then
+fall as if thunderstruck, fastened to his stall. Finally, in other
+cases, these first two phases of the distemper will not prove fatal, the
+intestinal injuries will pursue their course, and the affected animals
+will not die until the third period.</p>
+
+<p>As we have seen, the morbid phenomena may be different, although the
+affection continues the same; the typhoid fever or the typhus being
+nevertheless the essential disease which prevails.</p>
+
+<p>These generalities, to some readers, may appear irrelevant, but let them
+not be mistaken; they have a claim to our notice, and are really
+important. They show, indeed, that independent of the preventive
+treatment, which is an absolute rule in the case of virulent,
+contagious, and non-recurring diseases, the treatment of the disease
+itself, when it has declared itself, and when it pursues its course,
+cannot be the same for every patient; and that, moreover, this treatment
+must vary in the different phases of the disease, as physicians and
+veterinarians are well aware.</p>
+
+<p>These generalities, likewise, explain the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>various diseases&mdash;viz., those
+in which the animals blend together the typhous and exanthematic
+diseases. The measles and the scarlet fever, affecting the external or
+internal membranes, are like the first steps of these maladies; they are
+generally slight, and we have but to watch over the progress of the
+symptoms, and to assist nature, which, with few exceptions, brings all
+things to a favourable issue.</p>
+
+<p>These disorders, which are relatively slight and do not provoke in the
+economy any of those changes which in some sort transform the
+constitution, are not absolutely proof against relapse. They lead us
+rationally and by degrees to the more infectious and contagious
+diseases, to the common typhus; therefore it is unnecessary to apply the
+preventive treatment to them, that being exclusively reserved for the
+latter.</p>
+
+<p>Let it then be well understood, that the typhus of the ox, the study of
+which we are about to enter upon, may vary in its symptoms and
+post-mortem appearances, without losing thereby the characteristic mark
+which renders it a thoroughly distinct, and, in the present day, a
+thoroughly well known distemper.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>Now that the reader possesses these general notions of the Contagious
+Typhus, we shall be able to speak to him in a language which he will
+understand, and give a definition which he will be able to judge and
+appreciate.</p>
+
+<p>The typhus of the ox, then, is a <i>virulent, contagious, febrile, and
+non-recurring disease, with stupor and derangement of the nervous,
+respiratory, and digestive functions; leaving various changes in the
+respective organs of these functions, and chiefly in the intestines</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This new definition seems to us to be more faithful and just than those
+hitherto given; and this, if needed, we could demonstrate.</p>
+
+<p>I do not disguise from myself that some of the opinions expressed in
+these generalities may, at first sight, appear strange and liable to
+objection. Thus, it may be argued that inoculation as a preventive
+treatment of typhous maladies is far from being a general law,
+applicable to every case; since in Russia, for instance, where this
+inoculation is practised every day, it completely fails in certain
+foreign herds, and they die of the consequences of the operation; and
+that this, therefore, might happen in England.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>To these objections we would reply, first, as regards the novelty of
+opinions expressed, that we have taken up the pen, because we had to
+write something different from what has already been published in known
+works, otherwise it would have been our duty to remain silent; and
+secondly, as regards the inefficacy of inoculation, that organic and
+vital phenomena have their principles and their laws, which are fixed
+and invincible, from which it is reasonable to deduce consequences and
+positive rules of conduct, which cannot yield to superannuated opinions
+or imperfectly executed experiments. To institute experiments indeed
+under the rigorous conditions of a logical and irrefutable
+demonstration, is not so easy a matter as may generally be thought.</p>
+
+<p>For our part, the principles deduced from strict observation are the
+basis on which we build, and if it so chance that we are baffled in our
+experiments we vary them indefinitely; and if still we are deceived in
+our hopes, we ascribe the miscarriage to our impotence, to inadequate
+means, and to the defective instruments which the physical and chemical
+sciences, still in their cradle as regards organic matter, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>supply for
+our use. Above all, we wish it to be remembered&mdash;"<i>Scribo nec ficta, nec
+picta, sed qu&aelig; ratio, sensus, et experientia docent</i>."</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>The Origin and Causes of the Ox Typhus.</i></p>
+<br />
+<p class="cen">I.</p>
+
+<p>I have drawn my conclusions as to the preventive treatment of typhus in
+the ox, from the knowledge I had acquired of its morbid phenomena, its
+nature, and its non-recurrence; and it is a logical deduction quite as
+accurate as could be the result of a syllogism. The study of the origin
+of this typhus, and of the causes by which it is generated and spread
+abroad, will supply us with additional arguments to sustain this
+deduction, as well as those signs and indications which are the very
+foundation of curative treatment. The description of the disease will
+contribute to the same result; for the rational treatment of a distemper
+can be derived only from a knowledge of all the phenomena which occasion
+it, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>of the functional derangements, and of the alterations observed in
+bodies after death.</p>
+
+<p>I wish particularly to say at once, in entering upon the subject of
+etiology, that the special works which treat of it contain precise
+information as to the causes and origin of the typhus in horned cattle;
+and that the chief organs of the press in every country&mdash;those ephemeral
+encyclop&aelig;dias in which unfortunately so much vital force and
+intelligence are dissipated&mdash;have published articles of the highest
+interest on this subject. It would be physically impossible for me to
+begin again a bibliographical labour similar to the one exhibited in the
+First Part, in order to afford due justice to each of these public
+writers, who have met the epizootia on the confines of their country and
+fought hand to hand with it. This work is not susceptible of so much
+enlargement. Let it be well understood, that I claim no other merit than
+that of discussing these questions of etiology, in that order and with
+that common sense which fix ideas firmly in the mind&mdash;which, if I may
+use the term, <i>photograph</i> them on those parts of the brain allotted to
+the memory and judgment; also of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>drawing from known and admitted facts
+more rational and practical conclusions than those which have been
+current up to the present time.</p>
+
+<p>Much has been already said and argued on the origin of the contagious
+typhus which affects the ox; some adhering exclusively to the special
+conditions observable in the breed of those oxen which are reared and
+fed on the steppes of Russia and Hungary; others, more reasonably, as it
+seems to us, ascribing it to the hygienic conditions generally, that is
+to say, to the climate, the season, the feeding, &amp;c., &amp;c., amidst which
+these animals are living.</p>
+
+<p>All these discussions upon what has been said and argued on this subject
+have been very useful. For, had it been rigidly proved that the oxen of
+the steppes, by some peculiar organization, carry within them those
+germs or physiological elements which at given times become the leaven
+of the distemper, and, at a subsequent period, the elements of the
+contagion, then, indeed, a fact of capital importance and prominent
+authority would have been established, and the attention of all men
+interested in these inquiries would have been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>exclusively concentrated
+on that particular race of animals and on those countries smitten with
+the curse, in order to arrest and confine the disease within its one and
+only focus.</p>
+
+<p>The supporters of this theory, concerning the first circumscribed origin
+of the typhus, maintain that all the epizootics whose deplorable history
+we have given in the first part of this work, have had no other
+generative causes than the propagation of the complaint, born and
+begotten on the banks of the Wolga and the Danube, and subsequently
+conveyed to the different parts of the earth by the emigration of the
+cattle. And in this manner, too, they have accounted for the appearance
+of the typhus in South America, in Africa, and in Asia.</p>
+
+<p>Since this doctrine on the origin of the typhus has been conceived and
+maintained by men of a high order of understanding, we must suppose that
+they had been struck and convinced by important facts and serious
+reasons; and as it would be unfair to oppose a plain denial to an
+opinion now so generally adopted, we are bound to say in what manner
+these authors justify their views, after which we shall endeavour to
+refute them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>The partisans of the circumscribed origin, who make it depend
+exclusively on the peculiar organization of the race of the steppes,
+have based their argument, peremptory and unanswerable as they imagine,
+on the prime fact, that it has always been possible to trace the
+diffusion of the typhus in a given country, to some sick animal of the
+steppes conveyed to that kingdom. In this manner it is, that they
+explain the generation of the epizootics which have so frequently wasted
+the continent of Europe. On whatever point of the globe they may appear,
+this, and only this, is the source of their existence. The isolated
+position of Great Britain is made to support their arguments. "Behold,"
+they exclaim, "Great Britain, which, thanks to its surrounding seas, has
+escaped most of the epizootics which have desolated France and Germany
+during the early part of the nineteenth century." Nay, more, the present
+visitation of the distemper is also seized upon to sustain their theory,
+since certain oxen, natives of the steppes, appear to have imported it
+into London.</p>
+
+<p>We must add, that nothing is wanting in order to prove this assertion;
+for they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>relate with perfect regularity, and step by step, the course
+taken by the contagion; they specify the time occupied on its passage,
+and even the names of the infected vessels which have thus imported the
+principle of the typhus.</p>
+
+<p>It must be admitted that all the facts thus stated are indisputable; we
+acknowledge as true, that the bovine race of the steppes has conveyed
+into other countries the contagious germs of the disease; we admit that
+its dissemination may be thus accounted for.</p>
+
+<p>But to admit this fact, and to draw from it the conclusion that the
+bovine race of the steppes alone is capable, by some particular and
+distinct organization, of developing the original typhus of the ox, and
+that this typhus has no other focus on the earth than the banks of the
+Dnieper and the Don, does not appear to us a sound logical deduction.
+And as, if this conclusion were positively recognised, we might see but
+one side of the evil, and deduce very serious consequences therefrom, it
+is necessary to receive these facts for what they are worth, and no
+more.</p>
+
+<p>Let us first observe, that those writers who ascribe the contagious
+typhus to the race of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>Southern Russia, do not take into consideration
+the epizootics of this typhus, the account of which has been handed down
+to us by the ancient authors of Greece and Rome; and that they refer
+just as little to those which are quite as frequent in the republics of
+South America as on the banks of the Dnieper. For even if we allow that
+once, and only once, one of these epizootics may be traced to the
+arrival of a ship containing oxen brought from the steppes, how, on the
+other hand, can we believe that all other epizootics have had such a
+fortuitous cause to generate it; consequently, the typhus, in these
+cases, must have been locally developed and diffused among American
+cattle?</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, we seek in vain for the reasons which would authorize us to
+assign to the bovine race of the steppes a particular organization,
+rendering it alone fit to engender the typhus. But let us grant for a
+moment, that the Russian and Hungarian oxen constitute a peculiar race,
+as their framework and the length of their horns would seem to imply;
+this much being conceded, it still remains to be shown in what respect
+their anatomical and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>physiological structure differs from that of other
+animals to such an extent as to render them alone liable to originate
+this fatal typhus.</p>
+
+<p>Oh! if it were true that the bovine race of the steppes alone could
+engender the typhus! we would hail the fact with joy, and would show
+without much exertion of reasoning that, in that case, we possessed not
+only the means of preventing the disease by inoculating sound and
+healthy cattle, but the far more important means of sweeping it for ever
+from the earth, by at once exterminating that cursed race, smitten with
+the original predisposition of this plague; and as, after all, the
+murderous scourge of the typhus of the steppes has already cost, and may
+perhaps continue to cost the various nations of the Old World millions
+upon millions, they would feel that their most urgent interest would be
+to come to an understanding (nor would the sacrifice be too much for
+their resources) so as to destroy and extirpate the evil at its original
+source. There would then be no difficulty in raising up a new breed of
+cattle in those countries, by transporting to it those of other nations
+free from the infection.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>But who does not understand that this heroic sacrifice would be
+illusory, and that the foreign races, modified in time in this new
+medium, would regenerate the typhus; so that the double sacrifice of
+extermination and indemnity would have been made to no purpose?</p>
+
+<p>We wish we could adopt this hypothesis, so simple and so consolatory, of
+the circumscribed origin of the typhus, and its exclusive propagation
+through the race of the steppes; but our mind is altogether opposed to
+that view, and for the following reasons, amongst others:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>If the bovine race of the steppes alone could produce the typhic virus,
+by reason of a particular organization which is the prime condition of
+its existence, <i>this race alone would of necessity be fit to receive its
+taint</i> by the influence of contagion. But if the other animals of the
+same species, as unfortunately too surely happens, can receive the
+principle of the disorder, develop the ailment, and die of its effects,
+then the reasoning of our opponents is faulty from its source; and it
+must be admitted that all horned cattle are apt to generate the typhic
+virus in those countries <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>which afford the conditions of its production,
+and that this exclusive predisposition as it is called, attributed to
+the race inhabiting the steppes, is simply a chimera.</p>
+
+<p>But arguments are seldom exhausted even to defend a bad cause, and it is
+objected that the fact that all oxen may contract the typhus transmitted
+by the contact of animals from one to another, does not prove that the
+original predisposition is the same in every race; and they persist in
+maintaining&mdash;1st, that the typhus of the steppes is alone able
+originally to beget the disease; 2nd, that having thus begotten and
+produced it, it becomes, after this organic conception, apt to be
+transmitted to every animal, and fit to be assimilated with them.</p>
+
+<p>To these subtleties and argumentative refinements it would be as easy
+for me to oppose abstract reasonings equally strong, as it would have
+been for the Jansenists and Mollinists, had it so chanced that they had
+been drawn into a debate on the origin and nature of the virus of the
+plague which carried off Jansenius. But let us confine ourselves to
+serious facts and conclude&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>1st. That we have no proof of any anatomical and physiological
+difference in the humours or in the blood&mdash;that is to say, in the
+organic, intimate, and biological elements of the individuals which
+collectively constitute the bovine species.</p>
+
+<p>2nd. That we have a right to believe, that all horned cattle are apt to
+develop the typhic virus when they are placed within the conditions
+required for that effect&mdash;that is to say, when they are exposed to the
+special morbific causes which form its condition <i>sine qu&acirc; non</i>, and
+which are met with on the banks of those great rivers which water
+Southern Russia and Hungary, in Africa, on the banks of the Nile, in
+South America, on the margins of the lakes, and in what are called hot
+climates, &amp;c.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">II.</p>
+
+<p>But if the origin of the typhus cannot exclusively depend on the
+peculiar organization of certain individuals of the bovine species, we
+must inquire after and search for the real causes which produce it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>We have explained already, in the First Part, what alterations organic
+matter undergoes in general, when accidental causes happen to modify its
+organic elements; and we have pointed out the fact, that of all living
+creatures herbivorous animals were those that offered the least vital
+resistance to the causes of disease and destruction.</p>
+
+<p>This unquestionable fact being taken for granted, let us now consider
+under what conditions live the multitudinous herds of horned cattle
+which in Russia and in South America are reared and supported solely for
+the produce of their flesh, and sometimes, too, for that of their hides.</p>
+
+<p>The great breeders and proprietors fix the number of their heads of
+cattle according and in proportion to the quantity of the pastures, but
+like other men, they mortgage the future for their benefit without
+making due allowance for accidents or extreme changes of weather, as
+when years of unusual drought succeed those of heavy rain; so that these
+herds, by the single fact of these extreme fluctuations in the degrees
+of temperature, are exposed to a multiplicity of causes productive of
+disease. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>same nature which generates life and health generates
+disease and dissolution, and when the former are neglected the latter
+will prevail.</p>
+
+<p>In the prosperous and favoured countries of the temperate zone, such as
+England and France, these extreme variations in the seasons, which are
+always the cause of a deficiency or alteration in the production of
+fodder, are equally the cause of the numerous epizootics which attack
+all the herbivorous species, and particularly those to which oxen fall
+victims, such as the tumourous typhus (<i>le typhus charbonneux</i>), the
+so-called aphthous fever, the contagious peripneumonia (which is not
+liable to return and is prevented by inoculation), parasitical cutaneous
+disease.</p>
+
+<p>But in less favoured countries, in those which are damp, argillaceous,
+swampy, inundated by the overflows of their lakes and rivers, or by the
+reflux of the sea, there is deposited a slimy or brackish water, which a
+temporary torrid heat afterwards causes to ferment; and then a
+superabundance of life, a teeming vegetation, springs up in all
+directions. In the midst of this swarming vitality live and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>thrive an
+infinity of worms, maggots, animalcul&aelig;, insects, mollusca, fish,
+reptiles, birds, &amp;c.; and here, too, all these creatures die and decay,
+when this slime, the prolific source of generations which we might look
+upon as spontaneous, begins to dry up and disintegrate. Then from these
+organic vegetable and animal matters, in a state of decomposition,
+escape those deleterious gases, such as hydrogen, carbonic oxide,
+nitrogen, carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, and even phosphoretted
+hydrogen.</p>
+
+<p>Often to all these causes of infection are added myriads of
+grasshoppers, which cover the ground, where they die, aggravating the
+mass of pestiferous vapour which fills the atmosphere. Finally, the
+water which slakes the thirst of the herds of cattle is corrupted; the
+plants on which they feed distil poisons; the air, the water, and the
+plants, carry within them a principle of venom and death. After this,
+how can we be surprised if this flood of putrid emanations is
+transformed into a contagious typhic virus, whose subtle and
+pestilential effluvia are conveyed by the ox to considerable distances?</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>In fine, let us recapitulate in our minds all the causes of destruction
+to which these passive creatures are exposed, and we shall acknowledge
+that there is no necessity to attribute to them a peculiar organization
+in order to understand the development of the typhus, which, at a given
+moment, cuts them all off; and that in the deltas of the different
+countries, as well in Asia, Africa, and America, as in Europe, are to be
+found those conditions of infectious disease which we have described. In
+these causes, and only in these causes, or in those which resemble them,
+will rational men seek for the principle of the contagious typhus in the
+bovine race.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, who is there who does not understand that what is true with
+regard to cholera is likewise applicable to this contagious typhus? The
+cholera, for causes analogous to these, subject to the particular state
+of the soil, is generated, not exclusively, it is true, but most
+frequently, on the banks of the Ganges, in the same manner as the
+contagious typhus is developed in certain countries where its natural
+focus is found.</p>
+
+<p>The race of animals which exists on this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>deadly and destructive soil is
+an instrument of incubation for typhus, not in consequence of their
+peculiar structure, but because the conditions under which they live
+condemn them to this fate.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">III.</p>
+
+<p>Now the breeding of cattle, and the feeding and fattening of them for
+the market, constitute a branch of industry&mdash;a great interest. They all
+have to be removed, conveyed to various distances, and sold; so that
+this traffic becomes a new cause to be added to all those which foster,
+develop and propagate the distemper.</p>
+
+<p>In prosperous times, when the seasons, conformably with our wishes, have
+pursued a course which we call regular (for we are fain to believe that
+the planets turn on their axes on our account), and when the cattle find
+the ground covered with rich pastures, and limpid streams&mdash;conditions
+which are eminently favourable in themselves, though in Hungary it is
+necessary to add gum, salt, mineral <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>water, and arsenic acid, before the
+health of these animals is satisfactory,&mdash;then the cattle breeders make
+their sordid calculations, and select the heads of cattle intended for
+sale.</p>
+
+<p>With animals, as with man, health is but relative, not absolute; the
+healthiest in appearance often bearing within its frame the fatal
+principle of no distant death. Fatness not being by any means a sure
+sign of vital strength, many of these cumbersome beasts, though
+seemingly in good and sound condition, contain in their systems, in
+various stages of incubation, the tainted leaven of contagious
+affections, such as peripneumonia, or even the typhus itself.</p>
+
+<p>But, regardless of this liability, their sale and migration are resolved
+upon at length. Hitherto these harmless creatures have lived in the most
+perfect stillness and retirement. Their calm, monotonous life has been
+as regular as the course of time; never by a single pulsation have their
+hearts exceeded the wonted number per minute; they are all gifted with a
+nervous sensibility of which the vulgar have no notion. Some favoured
+few have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>felt the sympathy of friendship for the herdsman who tended
+them, and for the companions with which they fed. They have been leaders
+of their own herd, they have marched at their head; they have given the
+signal when to seek shelter beneath the trees, or when to repair to the
+brook. They have loved the fields amidst which they have grown and
+thriven. Some of them, reared and fed beneath the domestic thatch, were
+grateful for the care they had received; their master was endeared to
+them, they would run to meet his coming, answer to their name, and lick
+his hand with fondness.</p>
+
+<p>And it is the course of this tranquil, this happy existence, that is
+about to be broken abruptly. It is this creature, the pattern of
+gentleness and goodness, that we are going to treat like a heap of
+insensible and inert matter&mdash;which we are going to subject to
+unutterable torture!</p>
+
+<p>And now, indeed, these creatures are all at once handed over to the
+savage guidance, to the thongs and cudgels, of a hind, whose cruelty
+keeps pace with his stolid ignorance, and who abets his dogs to quicken
+their course to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>neighbouring market. From this moment, half-fed and
+athirst, these poor animals are forced to make long journeys afoot; or
+since the construction of railways, to be heaped together confusedly in
+a locomotive pen. There, the shaking, the sudden starts, the friction of
+five hundred wheels on the rails, the horrid snorting of the engines,
+alarm and terrify them to such a degree as to turn the whole mass of
+their blood.</p>
+
+<p>In such a state of vital prostration or feverish excitement, entire
+herds are carried to the public markets or to annual fairs with other
+animals, and nearly all sent to the shambles. But some amongst them are
+reserved for another fate. The females, for instance, are set apart to
+serve as milch cows; and in this manner they carry with them into the
+cowsheds, wherein they are received, the taint of those contagious
+distempers, the germs of which lay concealed in their frames, or which
+they have contracted from the companions of their journey.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these heads of cattle, starting from the steppes of Russia, have
+to travel five hundred miles in an open cage, less cared for and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>protected than bales of merchandise, exposed to the rain, to the heat
+of the sun, to sudden changes of temperature, to cold and cutting
+draughts, increased by the rapid motion of the train;&mdash;these animals,
+foundered, prostrate, panting with fever and torturing pains, still have
+to undergo new trials, if they cross the sea. In this case, the wretched
+victims are violently expelled from the locomotive, rocking sheds of the
+railway; a leathern strap hanging from a crane lifts them into the air,
+and lets them down into the mid-deck of a ship, where they are crowded
+as closely together as possible, for here, too, space is very costly.
+Finally, the vessel gets under way and ploughs the ocean; contrary winds
+beat it about in every direction, and these poor creatures have to
+endure a new kind of torture, accompanied by the intolerable pangs of
+sea-sickness; and in this state it is that they alight on the British
+soil, and are driven off to the different markets.</p>
+
+<p>It is useless to expatiate at length on the state of general derangement
+and disease in which these oxen reach their final destination. Some
+amongst them have endured for eight or <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>nine days these unspeakable
+tortures, without being sustained by nourishment&mdash;for no animal, when
+his spirits forsake him, can assimilate his food amidst all this
+physical suffering and so great a shock to his nervous system.</p>
+
+<p>Let us here declare that these animals, though removed from their
+meadows with all the signs and appearances of sound health, at a time
+when a fine season had been productive of abundance, and when no
+epizootia was raging in the country which they have left, may
+nevertheless bear within them the taint of contagious typhus; and let us
+ask ourselves what must come to pass in those disastrous years when this
+typhus prevails under the influence of those destructive causes which
+were passed in review just now, and when the Russian and Hungarian
+proprietors, eager to forestall an inevitable general calamity, hasten
+to send off to Italy, France, Holland, Finland, or to the ports of
+England, many animals already seized with typhus, and whose virus must
+have acquired infectious properties still more intense and deadly under
+the influence of the deep disquiet and commotion which the removal <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>and
+conveyance of these animals, under conditions so deplorable, must have
+produced in their frames.</p>
+
+<p>Such are indeed the pernicious conditions in which oxen may be, and
+often are, dispatched to England; and such appears to be the real cause
+of the outbreak of the spreading epizootia which we witness at this
+moment, and which has created so much alarm in so many counties of
+England.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">IV.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now consider this contagious typhus in its destructive extension
+over the British soil; let us study and examine the causes <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>of its
+diffusion as they pass under our notice.</p>
+
+<p>The mooted question of determining whether the cattle typhus was
+originally imported from abroad, or whether it broke out spontaneously
+in England, has been, and still is, a subject of dubious debate amongst
+some professional men, amongst the leading writers of the public
+journals, and also amongst agriculturists and farmers.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p>And, in truth, the propagation of the distemper is occasionally
+witnessed under conditions so singular and striking, that it seems to
+warrant and supply arguments for every conceivable opinion.</p>
+
+<p>When the disease was recognised and identified for the first time on the
+24th of June, 1865, public opinion ascribed its appearance to contagion
+arising from some diseased cows imported from Finland, and which, after
+being exposed in the Islington Market on the 19th, were sold and removed
+to the cowsheds of a breeder or dairyman.</p>
+
+<p>We may observe that, on hearing the intelligence of this sudden
+invasion, the public <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>mind, which is so excitable in England, did not
+disguise the indignation it felt against foreign countries which had
+been capable of contaminating an island so advantageously situated and
+so well protected, and infecting her magnificent herds, exuberant with
+health. But after a closer examination of the facts, and possibly
+alarmed, at the serious consequences of a Continental blockade which
+would deprive the United Kingdom, not of the entire twenty or thirty
+thousand live stock, such as oxen, sheep, pigs, &amp;c., which they receive
+every week, but only of the eight or ten thousand head of cattle which
+are landed weekly on their coasts to supply their markets, public
+opinion was appeased. But, unfortunately, this national susceptibility
+now took the opposite extreme; and the only causes it now saw were the
+dirt and want of adequate ventilation in the metropolitan stables and
+sheds; and to these causes it attributed, first the generation, and then
+the propagation or diffusion of the malady; an opinion which appeared
+all the more natural and reasonable, in that the oxen and cows of the
+graziers were the first victims of the typhus.</p>
+
+<p>We all know how liable, among all nations, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>the public mind is to waver
+and fluctuate, and how susceptible and open it is to new impressions
+during fatal visitations and general calamities; nor can we feel the
+least surprise at the uncertainty which has so long prevailed, and still
+continues, as to the real causes of the introduction of the bovine
+typhus in England.</p>
+
+<p>Let us therefore examine this question of etiology, and try to discover
+what opinion ought to prevail.</p>
+
+<p>It is important to establish at once two material facts which seem to us
+indisputable:</p>
+
+<p>1st. That the contagious typhus in cattle which is known to be permanent
+in the southeast of Europe, actually existed there during the month of
+June, 1865; 2nd, That some of the horned cattle, fed and reared in that
+part of Europe, were transported to England, after having crossed
+through Russia from south to north, in order to avoid passing through
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>As for the first of these facts, it is admitted and received, as might
+easily be proved by reproducing the speeches and addresses delivered by
+the veterinary doctors at the Congress now being held at Vienna, and at
+which were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>present the men whose experience of this cattle distemper
+gives them the highest authority&mdash;Hertwig, Jessen, R&ouml;ll, Siegmund,
+Gerlach, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The contagious typhus of horned cattle is so fully in the epizootic
+state in those countries which are washed by the Black Sea, that it was
+enough for the veterinarians present at the Congress to manifest a
+desire to see cattle afflicted with this disease, for the opportunity so
+to do to be immediately afforded them.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus, then, the fact is undeniable, the contagious typhus was raging, in
+June, 1865, in Hungary and Russia, as it rages there at all times.</p>
+
+<p>As for the conveyance of cattle from those countries into England, the
+fact is no less certain and assured. It is well known that a convoy of
+300 heads of cattle, proceeding from the pasture-grounds of Hungary and
+Austria, was transported into Finland by rail, and afterwards shipped at
+Revel for England. Thanks to the rapid locomotion by steam, the
+migration of these cattle had lasted but ten days&mdash;two days for the
+transport by land, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>and eight days for the passage by sea, through the
+tortuous line of the Baltic; but this was sufficient length of time for
+the incubation to be produced, even supposing the animals to have looked
+sound when their transit began.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, it is indubitable that the markets of this immeasurable London
+have for many years been supplied with horned cattle from every country:
+from France, Holland, Belgium, Podolia, Poland, Prussia, Austria,
+Hungary, and Russia.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the Islington Market (the fact is assured) had received horned
+cattle imported from the countries where typhus is known to be
+permanent. Were these cattle thus imported affected with the typhus?
+This fact likewise is as certain as the other, since two of the foreign
+cows thus imported, were the first to fall sick, and to die of this
+typhus.</p>
+
+<p>But if the contagious typhus of horned cattle rages permanently on the
+banks of the streams which discharge themselves into the Black Sea, and
+if the beasts reared in those countries have long been transported to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>England and other countries, how, it will be asked, is it that the
+disease has not broken out more frequently, for it has never been seen
+in Great Britain, at least, during the former part of the nineteenth
+century?</p>
+
+<p>This question is not devoid of a certain degree of importance, and
+deserves to fix our attention for a moment.</p>
+
+<p>Now the conditions in which the animals were exhibited in 1863 and 1864
+were precisely the same as those of 1865, before the outbreak of the
+disease; and yet the contagion has been possible in 1865, whilst it was
+not so in 1863.</p>
+
+<p>We do not presume to explain the mysterious phenomena which govern the
+development of epidemics and epizootics; but it seems to us not
+altogether impossible to give a rational and satisfactory elucidation of
+the facts.</p>
+
+<p>In general, in <i>epizootics</i>, and I might even say in some particular
+epidemics&mdash;in that of the typhus, for instance&mdash;three connected and
+inseparable facts form the condition <i>sine qu&acirc; non</i>, of the generation
+of the disease. First, a focus for producing the virus; secondly, for
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>the most part a favourable soil, and a special predisposition amongst
+animals to receive and propagate it; thirdly, what is called an epidemic
+or epizootic genius&mdash;that is to say, a particular state of the
+atmospheric elements, or the air, which hitherto has escaped our
+analyses, and whose morbific properties vary in their degrees of
+intensity. Thus the epizootic genius of 1711, the terrible one of 1750,
+and the one which now diffuses its contagious miasma, have differed in
+some of their virulent conditions.</p>
+
+<p>However that may be, it will be sufficient to glance back at the past to
+assure ourselves that, in general, epizootics have been coincident with
+some violent change of season, such as extreme droughts, or
+superabundant rains; that is to say, when the cattle, disturbed in the
+physiological conditions of their health, have become favourable to the
+incubation of the miasmatic leaven scattered through the air, or else
+when these animals were living under irregular conditions, and had to
+endure unwonted fatigues and privations, as in the folds of campaigning
+armies, for instance.</p>
+
+<p>These epizootics have appeared to depend <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>not only on the state of the
+soil and of the health of the cattle, but also (we repeat it designedly)
+on an element no less indispensable to the propagation of the disease&mdash;a
+special state of the air, which favours the development and preservation
+of typhic miasma: for sometimes a sudden change of temperature has
+proved sufficient to stop the rampant progress of the contagion, the
+other conditions remaining unaltered.</p>
+
+<p>These relations of cause and effect between the contagious principle,
+the predisposition of the animals, and the state of the atmosphere,
+evidently are subject to some exceptions; but we must allow that in the
+present epizootic they are absolutely and completely applicable. For, in
+truth, the years 1864 and 1865 have been distinguished, if not by the
+persistency of a high rate of temperature not often witnessed, at least
+by an excessive drought during the months which are both hot and rainy;
+and this has happened in the various countries of Europe, thereby
+producing a falling off in the pasture and fodder both as respects their
+quantity and quality.</p>
+
+<p>As to England, a country usually cold and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>damp, but renowned for its
+spacious green fields and meadows, it has suffered more than any other
+country from these unfavourable conditions, and their destructive
+influence on the grass and corn; the herds having found a great
+reduction of food where formerly they met with abundance. Everybody has
+seen, as we have ourselves, large herds of cattle, wandering in
+amazement from field to field, and seeking for something to browse on a
+parched and arid soil. A supplementary provision of corn, roots, malt,
+and the grounds of the beer vat or spirit barrel, no doubt served to
+mitigate the sad effects of these privations on the health of cattle;
+but in spite of all that could be done, their blood became impoverished,
+their strength and vital resistance sank, and (like the animals which we
+transferred at will into a soil more favourable to the spread of
+parasitic diseases), they afforded last June, as they do now, an unusual
+predisposition to suffer and transform the morbific principles of
+typhus, which in all probability they would have been proof against at
+any other time. We may very fairly infer this much, for we must of
+necessity believe that the regular importation <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>of cattle from those
+countries which are considered as the permanent focus of typhus, has
+from time to time transported the miasmatic germs of this malady into
+England, although the virus did not take effect on British cattle at
+those periods, for want of one or other of the conditions necessary to
+its generation and development.</p>
+
+<p>We may likewise infer, and a watchful appreciation of the facts
+contained in the veterinary medical journals would show that this
+opinion is not unfounded, that the special disease which constitutes
+this typhus (similar in that respect to epidemic diseases), may develop
+itself in one beast by accident, spontaneously, sporadically&mdash;that is to
+say, without immediate contagion; in a word, <i>apart from those epizootic
+conditions which alone render its propagation possible</i>. To be brief, we
+think that an isolated case of cattle typhus may by chance be detected,
+when there is no epizootia prevailing to account for it, just as we
+occasionally meet with cases of typhus or cholera among men during
+seasons absolutely free from these epidemics. It would not, therefore,
+appear to us altogether impossible, that under the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>influence of very
+special conditions, the contagious typhus of the ox might have its birth
+in England; and this would favour the theory of those reasoners who
+maintain that this typhus met with the first causes, and the origin of
+its development, in the stalls and cowsheds of London. But such has not
+been the cause of cattle typhus in the epizootia which we see at
+present.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt some animals suffered great privations, but, whatever
+alteration their health may have sustained, all this is nothing to be
+compared to the sufferings endured by the cattle in the steppes under
+the influence of deleterious conditions of the most exceptional
+character, which do, indeed, give birth to this typhus, and which we
+have already described.</p>
+
+<p>No, certainly not! <i>Nothing authorizes us to believe that the typhus now
+under our observation was bred and born, at first, within the stalls and
+cowsheds of London.</i> It was most assuredly imported. But it is true,
+nevertheless, that this cruel scourge found the horned cattle of England
+predisposed to receive it, and it likewise met with atmospheric
+conditions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>favourable to its subsequent diffusion; in a word, it met
+with the epizootic genius proper for the generation and propagation of
+the typhus miasma.</p>
+
+<p>It is thus that we may account for and reconcile the two contending
+theories, one of which refers the cause of this typhus to foreign
+importation, whilst the other insists that it originated in the filthy
+and half-ventilated cowsheds of the metropolis.</p>
+
+<p>But if this typhus could not spring up spontaneously out of the bovine
+race of England, it must be confessed that, independently of the general
+predisposition due to a great and protracted drought, it found in the
+sickening sheds of the metropolitan and country cattle the most
+favourable conditions for its incubation and subsequent diffusion.</p>
+
+<p>It would, indeed, be difficult to conceive of anything more directly
+adverse to the hygienic laws of health in cattle than the stalls and
+sheds dotted over the densely populated districts of London. Most of
+these pent-up cribs are situated in narrow lanes and yards, in filthy
+streets and blind alleys; and within these close, hot, and steaming
+receptacles the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>miserable cows, pressed against each other, without
+ever moving a limb, waste away and become phthisical in a very short
+space of time. We may readily imagine what a prey to the contagion must
+be afforded by these animals, already more or less ailing, some of which
+are fed in a great measure on malt, so sour and acrid that the very
+smell of it is intolerable. The milk from these cows is, moreover, of so
+wretched a quality, that in a cowhouse containing 48 of these poor
+creatures, at Kensington, I found only one, the milk of which exhibited
+the taste and quality fit for a sick child, for whom I ordered a milk
+diet.</p>
+
+<p>It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that the present epizootia,
+during this late tropical season<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> especially, should have met with all
+the conditions most conducive to its development and propagation.</p>
+
+<p>When the cattle distemper first broke out, the graziers, not suspecting
+its gravity, attempted to treat the animals themselves, but soon
+afterwards perceiving the fruitlessness of all their remedial measures,
+they felt that the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>best thing they could do was to turn their sick
+beasts to whatever account they could, by driving them to market or to
+the slaughter-houses, an expedient which they were the more disposed to
+adopt, inasmuch as the diseased cows had ceased to give milk. And then,
+the removal of these animals, in various stages of the disorder, became
+the most rapid means of disseminating the contagion, which, had it been
+concentrated and pent-up at first within its narrow focus, would
+otherwise have spread with less fearful havoc.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the meanwhile the sick cows being commingled with thousands of heads
+of cattle exposed for sale at the different markets, communicated far
+and wide the principle of the disease; and as a certain number of these
+animals remaining unsold were driven back to the farms, into stalls
+until then removed from every cause of contagion, they introduced among
+their sound companions the fatal germs of the distemper; and as, again,
+this effectual means of propagating the evil was repeated several times
+in the same week, the consequence was that, by the end of July&mdash;a little
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>more than a month after the outbreak&mdash;the whole of the south of England
+was in some sort contaminated. Thence the contagion extended to the
+north of the kingdom, and passed into Scotland; so that, at present, the
+cattle-typhus has spread its ramifications over a great number of the
+counties of Great Britain.<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the first instance, the contagion spread from animal to animal by
+means of an infecting influence in some degree direct, among cattle
+sheltered beneath the same roof, or collected in swarms within the same
+markets. But very soon the air itself was impregnated and polluted by
+the vaporization and diffusion of the typhic miasma; and herds of cattle
+which had no contact, either direct or indirect, with infected animals,
+were seen to be tainted with the distemper. Whether this contamination
+was produced by the passage of attainted cattle along the public roads
+(having fields on the right and left), or otherwise, nothing but an
+absolute isolation, an utter impossibility of contact, appeared to offer
+a perfect immunity against the spread of the evil.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>The miasma, condensed by the fogs and transported in all directions by
+the winds, now began to overleap every natural or artificial barrier,
+and the favoured herds, ruminating at their ease in the manorial farms
+of the wealthy patricians, in their well-kept parks and amid every
+luxury, were suddenly smitten with an evil which in their case seemed an
+anomaly. In such peaceful homes these innocent creatures were tended by
+intelligent and benevolent hands, which understood and felt for their
+frail constitutions; food of the best quality was lavishly supplied to
+them, and whatever they could wish for lay around them in abundance;
+richly reared, they had themselves become so many ornaments within these
+scenes of beauty, and all men thought that here, at least, were plots of
+rural ground which the genius of epizootia would not invade, and in
+which the healthy herds were invulnerable to contagion.</p>
+
+<p>It was under these circumstances that the fine farms of Earl Granville,
+at Golder's Green, skirting the Finchley Road,<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> containing as many as
+130 milch cows, were suddenly and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>fiercely attacked amidst their
+seeming immunity, and struck down in great numbers.</p>
+
+<p>"When I left England a month ago," said the noble lord, "there were
+about 130 milch cows in four sheds; in the two largest and best managed
+I found only one cow yesterday, September 4th."</p>
+
+<p>The park of Holly Lodge,<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> which is partly bounded by the main road
+along which pass and repass files of cattle going to and coming from the
+markets, was visited by the same unsparing scourge. Now certainly, the
+noble and beneficent lady of the manor, who secured to her cattle every
+attention, and who, confiding in the resources of medical science,
+attempted every means to save these stricken creatures doomed to an
+inevitable death; she whose enlightened mind, equally open to the claims
+of science as to those of misfortune, desired that experiments should be
+made which might tend to throw any light on this devastating malady;
+she, at any rate, one would think, might have escaped the common lot
+without exciting wonder or envy at the privilege which she enjoyed. But
+this fell <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>and sweeping epizootia, inexorable in its latitudinarian
+march, entered those shady bounds, and decimated those orderly sheds
+with the same impartiality as it did that of the poor man, Cutting,
+whose whole fortune was stored up in the two milch cows whose death he
+had to deplore.</p>
+
+<p>This epizootia threatens to invade, one by one, all the European States,
+like the awful scourge of 1750, to which we have already drawn
+attention. For even now Holland and Belgium<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> have been smitten; and
+the alarm it has excited has for a time superseded the panic which the
+stealthy advance of the cholera to the west had kindled. Some imagine
+that it might have been kept out of Great Britain, or have been checked
+in its outbreak. But, in spite of all the safest precautions and the
+soundest measures of preparation, it would most likely have baffled
+human skill, and neither been held aloof nor stifled in its focus. But
+how painful it is, to have to write and to think that ignorance,
+carelessness, revolting cupidity, and the most wanton violation of the
+laws, have all contributed to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>extend the evil, with the foulest
+premeditation and the blindest disregard!</p>
+
+<p>To feel one's self a stranger in a country, and to be able to rejoice at
+one's connexions with it, and at the same time to be obliged to give
+publicity to certain truths distasteful to those to whom they are told,
+is a most painful task. But, as it would be to swerve from that duty and
+loyalty which the national interests as well as those of science impose
+upon a writer, not to speak out with impartial justice in a matter of so
+vital an importance, we beg permission to consider, without reserve,
+this delicate question:&mdash;the causes which have contributed to propagate
+the complaint.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">V.</p>
+
+<p>England, so long spared by that wasting scourge, which had so often
+extended its ravages over France and other kingdoms during the last
+sixty years, was taken by surprise; and the regulations and laws
+necessary to stifle without delay the distemper in its focus&mdash;that is to
+say, in the metropolis&mdash;not being <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>in readiness, the outbreak of the
+disease found her helpless and unarmed.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the organic forms of the English Government and
+municipal bodies, the reserve of the Cabinet during the vacation, the
+limited power of the Lord Mayor and his civic counsellors, the
+subdivision of London into parishes and vestries, as in the good times
+of the middle ages, the loose scattering of the shambles and meat
+markets through the many streets of the huge town, the right asserted by
+each man to be absolutely independent and free, the sanctity of the
+Englishman's home, &amp;c., &amp;c., all concurred to let loose and propagate
+the contagion, instead of keeping it within bounds.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, whilst the competent authorities, with all the energy which
+could be expected of them on so grave a matter, were meeting and
+discussing the best measures to be taken, and the interesting debates at
+the Mansion-house were throwing the first light upon the question, the
+insidious malady pursued its destructive progress, diffusing new terror
+and alarm. When at length the Privy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>Council issued their orders,
+prescribing the public declaration of sick cattle, and that no affected
+beast was to be conveyed either by rail or by ship, whilst all the
+necessary means of purification and disinfection were to be employed,
+&amp;c., it was unfortunately too late, the dreadful calamity having taken
+root and multiplied its stem like the upas-tree.</p>
+
+<p>What a field for reflection there is in these cases, which originating
+with the imperfect state of the laws and institutions, have fostered and
+encouraged the disease! But this is a subject which it would not behove
+us to discuss, and we prefer to show by the notes which will be found
+appended to the end of this work, and which are produced as attesting
+documents, that cattle proprietors, by their own confession, too often
+sacrifice the interests of the public to their own private advantage.<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a></p>
+
+<p>Nor have we been able to participate in the thoughts and reflections of
+so many sensible and judicious persons, on the impotence and
+dilatoriness of the public authorities, and also, let us say, on the
+inadequate pecuniary means <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>proposed by a people so lavish of its wealth
+when useful and great undertakings are designed, without paying a
+natural tribute of regret, to the memory of a Prince who took so deep an
+interest in the progress of agriculture, and who, had he still been
+living, would have known how to direct with a firm and steady hand, the
+right measures to be taken amidst so many intricacies and
+embarrassments.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes allusion has been made to France in the speeches delivered at
+these meetings, presided over by that active magistrate, the Lord Mayor.
+In the course of these remarks the speakers have praised and held up to
+admiration the advantages of her system of centralization, the decrees
+of her sanitary police, and the promptness with which she executes the
+measures which the public interests require. That is true. France is
+certainly in a state to resist the scourge with very effectual means to
+arrest its progress; but if in this matter, as in some others, she have
+acquired a superiority, it has only been by an experience dearly
+purchased, these epizootics having returned more than once to destroy
+her flocks and herds. Politically, the same might be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>said of her
+revolutions, those great moral epidemics.</p>
+
+<p>An orator, a writer, went so far as to say, in one of his numerous
+letters, the one dated the 24th of August: "I regret to say some of our
+neighbours laugh at our expense."<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a></p>
+
+<p>No, your neighbours will not laugh at your misfortunes. They sympathize
+at present both in your joys and sorrows, and if I have taken up my pen
+on this occasion, it has only been because I could not look with
+indifference on your too just anxieties, when I flattered myself that I
+might write some useful pages to mitigate and relieve them.</p>
+
+<p>As most newspaper readers are aware,<a name="FNanchor_M_13" id="FNanchor_M_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> and as everybody may easily
+ascertain, the diseased cattle, in spite of reiterated orders to destroy
+them immediately, were, nevertheless, driven to the markets to be sold
+for what could be got for them; or when their tainted condition was too
+glaring they were at once sent off to the private shambles, the owners
+of which, in order to disguise the accusatory proof of the misdemeanor,
+hastened to sell the body of the animal. It would be quite impossible to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>mention all the violations of the law, which every day continue to fill
+the columns of the public journals. One graceless wretch, who deserved
+to be hanged for it, if his ignorance do not excuse him, was so infamous
+as to introduce a sick cow into a shed not yet attainted, in his
+criminal desire of propagating the disease there.<a name="FNanchor_N_14" id="FNanchor_N_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_14" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus, then, independently of the causes inherent to the typhus itself,
+which served of necessity to diffuse it, other causes proceeding from
+the defective state of the law, and the perfidy of individuals, have
+contributed to its dissemination. And yet the Government circulars, the
+newspapers, and the reports of veterinary doctors have made known that
+the slightest omissions and inattentions were serious&mdash;that the want of
+ventilation and cleanliness in the stables, the overcrowding of the
+cattle, and their abiding near their own droppings, or dung-heaps&mdash;that
+the keeping of dead bodies close to farms, cowsheds, enclosed grounds,
+and fields&mdash;that the hasty and imperfect burial of cattle&mdash;that the
+collection and transit of their fragments, bones, horns, and skins&mdash;that
+the driving on the public roads of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>any animal either tainted itself, or
+having lived among those that were sick&mdash;that the clothes of persons and
+stable utensils, soiled with putrid liquids&mdash;that all these, and similar
+causes, were capable of propagating or aggravating the disease.</p>
+
+<p>But whilst we must loudly condemn the voluntary misdeeds of those who
+drove their sick cattle to market, it must likewise be allowed that, to
+conform one's self rigidly to the given injunctions, was sometimes
+attended with serious embarrassments. How great, indeed, must have been
+the perplexity of any grazier who, being the owner, for instance, of
+forty head of cattle, and having seen ten of them perish under his eyes,
+without knowing where to dispose of them, was threatened with the loss
+of the remaining thirty within a few days! How could he calmly and
+patiently resign himself to suffer so large a quantity of animal matter
+to accumulate and putrefy around him, when, suddenly ruined, and
+destitute of every resource, the authorities held back instead of coming
+to his assistance.</p>
+
+<p>The prime cause of all the transgressions committed in despite of the
+Privy Council's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>orders, may therefore be referred in part to the want
+of compensation to be granted to the owners of infected cattle. It all
+might be almost reduced to a question of money. For let us suppose for a
+moment, that inspectors entrusted with adequate powers, had been
+authorized, after a close examination, to point out the tainted cattle;
+to fix a moderate price on them by way of compensation; to have them
+slaughtered, carried away, and immediately buried, would not such a
+course have diminished the generation of contagious miasma in a
+considerable proportion?</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, some cattle-breeders and farmers exposed themselves to the
+imposition of fines and penalties without any evil designs; for when
+they drove their beasts to market they were only in the stage of
+incubation, at the preliminary period, when it is really no easy task to
+distinguish the distemper. The following fact will exemplify this.</p>
+
+<p>At each market, in spite of continual warnings, the inspectors pick out
+and despatch to the slaughter-houses a certain number of sick cattle,
+not only those affected with typhus, but with other disorders. One
+cannot help <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>wondering, on seeing the poor, lean, sickly condition of
+some of these creatures, how their owners could have been so mad as to
+expose them for sale; but in their number there are a few which,
+although sick, appear in good health to the common observer.</p>
+
+<p>About a fortnight ago, during one of our visits to the great
+Metropolitan Market, Mr. Tegg, the veterinary inspector, whose
+intelligence and earnestness are quite equal to the very difficult
+charge with which he is entrusted, ordered to be seized and removed to a
+secluded fold near the slaughter-houses, a dozen diseased animals. When
+once these cattle had been thus collected in a body, it was easy to
+submit them to a still closer examination. Most of these beasts, adult
+cows and oxen, were lean, panting, feverish, dispirited, and remained
+motionless where they stood. But among them was a cow, with a brisk and
+lively look, a quick open eye, which watched us with anxiety, and fled
+at our approach every time we passed by her. The turn came for this cow
+to be examined. Mr. Tegg, strong and handy&mdash;as every good veterinary
+doctor should be&mdash;seized hold of one of her horns, but he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>was quickly
+shaken off; other persons came up to assist him; the fiery animal was
+suddenly seized by both horns, by the nostrils, and the tail; but so
+strong and spirited was the animal, that she defended herself with
+advantage against all her adversaries, and once more shook herself free.</p>
+
+<p>It was necessary, however, to master the creature, so they surrounded
+her again, pressing her back this time into a corner of the pen, to
+overpower her. But lo! the animal takes a sudden spring, and leaps over
+the bars. Assuredly this cow, for a beast suspected of the typhus taint,
+had given a proof, if not of health, at least of extraordinary vigour;
+and her owner, who had seen her condemned with much vexation, now
+thought he saw ample reason to reclaim her, and drive her back to the
+market for sale. However the cow, on taking such a leap, and under
+conditions so unfavourable, came down with all her weight upon her
+limbs, fracturing one of her forelegs.</p>
+
+<p>After this accident, we were able to prosecute the examination we
+desired, and Mr. Tegg showed us a row of little glandular swellings on
+the ridge of the gums, and livid spots on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>the vaginal mucous membrane,
+which confirmed his diagnosis. The owner of this cow, nevertheless,
+still discredited the diseased state of the beast; so to convince him,
+she was driven off at once to the slaughter-house to be struck down;
+but, unfortunately, three or four others filled the required area, so
+that the poor cow was forced to witness the execution of her
+fellow-creatures before being killed herself. The look and posture of
+this cow, her excited yet terrified glance as she surveyed this scene of
+carnage, was one of those pictures which no pencil could draw; and
+although we acknowledge that man possesses an incontestable right to
+apply to his own use the dead or live matter of animals for his food and
+sustenance, we could not help feeling for the poor victim, slipping over
+the blood, and thus scenting death before receiving the stroke.</p>
+
+<p>We are not excessively sensitive; we have seen a hundred horses bleeding
+from the incisions made by veterinary pupils, and scores of oxen
+slaughtered; we ourselves have practised numerous experiments on
+animals; but the affecting sight of that animal witnessing the slaughter
+of others, and waiting her turn to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>die, touched us deeply. We could not
+help asking ourselves, how it was that man could dispense with
+compassion and good feeling even in that bloody toil, and why he did not
+bandage the eyes of the doomed creatures he was going to sacrifice?
+These dumb animals that we treat like inert matter are sensitive like
+ourselves; they are very conscious of pain; and if it be our privilege
+to compute the number of our days, we ought not to forget that they are,
+like us, endowed with intelligence, so that when they are thus detained
+at the place of execution, all their senses and faculties being
+concentrated on their destroyer, they are fully conscious of the cruel
+fate which awaits them.</p>
+
+<p>At last it was the poor beast's turn to be slaughtered, and ten minutes
+afterwards we opened her entrails, and had proof that Mr. Tegg's
+judgment was exact, for already the stomach and intestines offered to
+view indubitable signs of the typhus at its first period.</p>
+
+<p>The owner of the cow was then convinced and brought to reason, but he
+still very fairly asserted the goodness of his motives, about which none
+present doubted at all, and applied <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>for compensation to the full value
+of the beast, both as butcher's meat and offal, which application was
+granted.</p>
+
+<p>Judge, therefore, by this particular example, how many tainted cattle
+there must have been which have propagated this distemper, some with and
+some without the knowledge of their owners; and, "<i>horresco referens!</i>"
+how much of this tainted meat must have been purchased and eaten by the
+public, since this cow had all the appearance of health and vigour, and
+the real diseased condition might not have been detected at all, but for
+the experience and sagacity of Mr. Tegg, the inspector.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">VI.</p>
+
+<p>In this consideration of the causes of the contagious typhus in bovine
+cattle, we have deemed it essential to invite attention both to those
+which are generally recognised and admitted, and to those which, though
+they may have been settled in the minds of observant and experienced
+men, may yet appear hypothetical to certain readers.</p>
+
+<p>Besides which, in every scientific work, allowance must be made for the
+past and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>future; and here we have two vital distinctions. If the man
+who undertakes this task does not go on, he falls back; and it was to
+avoid incurring this reproach that we have passed our old boundaries and
+visited new avenues. We are aware that more than one objection might be
+urged against the opinions and theories which we have exposed, in order
+to account for the outbreak of typhus in England; we might anticipate,
+we might reply to these objections; but we would rather recapitulate our
+inquiry into the causes, in the tangible form of practical propositions.</p>
+
+<p>From the general considerations above given, we think we may conclude,</p>
+
+<p>1st. That the causes which generate the cattle typhus on our globe are
+permanent and unceasing, not only on the banks of the great rivers which
+empty themselves into the Black Sea, but also in other countries&mdash;in
+America, in Africa, &amp;c.; wherever, in a word, exist the conditions, not
+of race (the race of the animal in this case being but secondary), but
+of climate and of the organic elements which are indispensable to the
+formation and development of typhic miasma.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>2nd. That the cattle typhus, although it exists not necessarily, but
+through the improvidence or want of caution in man, on different parts
+of the earth, never appears at all in the temperate and more genial
+zones, save under particular and special circumstances, analogous in
+some degree with those which generate the human typhus&mdash;inclemency of
+the seasons, overcrowded dwellings, bad or insufficient food, and want
+of cleanliness; and that these particular and special circumstances give
+birth to the epizootic genus, rendering the cattle fit and apt to
+receive the germs of the contagious virus, and to foster its incubation.</p>
+
+<p>3rd. That the cattle typhus, thus accidentally developed in the
+temperate and genial zones, by means of the vicious hygienic conditions
+amidst which horned cattle are accustomed to live, and which serve as
+the causes of its propagation, is afterwards transmitted by the contact
+of animals living in the same stall or shed, or collected in herds on
+the same ground, or transported in the same vehicles, by land or sea.</p>
+
+<p>4th. That the droppings of animals, their litter, their dead bodies, and
+their detritus, or <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>broken-up remains&mdash;also the stables, vehicles, and
+implements which have served for their use, and all matters or
+substances which have touched them or approached them&mdash;are generative
+elements of the distemper.</p>
+
+<p>5th. That the typhic miasma, thus reproduced and multiplied in one place
+under the influence of all these producing causes, is conveyed by the
+winds to great distances, smiting those well guarded cattle which
+appeared to be fully protected from the possibility of infection by
+their isolation.</p>
+
+<p>6th. That the want of prompt and stringent measures first to
+concentrate, and then to stifle this typhus in its focus; the love of
+lucre, the perfidy of some, and the absence of foresight and caution in
+others, may be, and have been in the particular cases which we are
+dealing with, material causes and agencies of its diffusion.</p>
+
+<p>Such we consider to be the causes which engender and propagate cattle
+typhus, and which will serve as a basis for the preventive measures to
+be employed in order to withstand and check its propagation.</p>
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> We are aware that the transport of cattle is conducted in a
+different manner during the prevalence of this epizootia. The account
+given by two German veterinary surgeons of the management of the vessels
+of the North German Lloyd's, and of the manner in which the animals are
+treated, is a proof of this; but before the appearance of the epizootia,
+the transport of animals by land and by sea left much to be desired.
+This account will be found at the end of this work (<span class="smcap">Note A</span>);
+and all documents in support of the facts which have served as the basis
+of our dissertation, are also in the Appendix, arranged alphabetically
+in the form of notes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> <a href="#Note_B">See Notes B, C, D, E.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> <a href="#Note_F">See Note F.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> On the 15th of September, the thermometer stood at 80&deg;
+Fahrenheit.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> <a href="#Note_G">See Notes G, J.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> <a href="#Note_K">See Notes K, L.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> <a href="#Note_M">See Note M.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> <a href="#Note_N">See Note N.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> <a href="#Note_O">See Notes O, P.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> <a href="#Note_R">See Notes R, S, T.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> <a href="#Note_V">See Note V.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_M_13" id="Footnote_M_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> <a href="#Note_Y">See Note Y.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_N_14" id="Footnote_N_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_14"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> <a href="#Note_Z">See Note Z.</a></p></div>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Description of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox; its Symptoms, Course,
+Progress, &amp;c.</i></p>
+<br />
+
+<p>I have already written the history of the typhus which affects the ox; I
+have shown and dwelt upon the signs and characters of typhus diseases
+generally, deducing therefrom the denomination and definition of that of
+the ox in particular; finally, I have described the causes which
+generate and diffuse it abroad.</p>
+
+<p>Now, I must make known the various phases and alterations to which the
+disease is liable, and which, in the language of the medical schools,
+are called its symptoms and characteristics; its progress or course; its
+prognosis; its <i>post-mortem</i> appearances, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>This examination, like those which have preceded it, will afford new
+foundations for medical practice.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>I.</p>
+
+<p><i>Symptomatic Characteristics.</i>&mdash;The typhus of the ox, like all
+infectious and contagious diseases, offers to observation four
+successive changes: 1st, a <i>period of Incubation</i>, during which the
+original structure is subject to internal and latent derangements; 2nd,
+a <i>period of Initiation</i>, during which the first evident signs of the
+disease are manifested; 3rd, a <i>period of Endurance</i>, during which the
+phenomena are fully developed; 4th, a <i>period of Decline</i>, or wasting
+atony.</p>
+
+<p>These divisions and classifications, it will readily be conceived, are
+rather fanciful, for nature does not adapt herself to our methodical
+forms. Still we shall abide by them, because they have their relative
+and practical utility, and because they will afford to the practitioner
+suggestions more easily understood; and finally, because the organic
+changes are different at these various periods, which in their entirety
+constitute the typhus of the bovine species.</p>
+
+<p>The description of those different phases through which the organism of
+cattle smitten with the contagion has to pass, has moreover <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>been given
+in a masterly manner by the veterinary physicians of the different
+European countries, especially by those in which opportunities to
+observe it have been most frequent&mdash;that is to say, by the Russian,
+German, and French veterinary doctors, Jessen, R&ouml;ll, D'Arboval, Gell&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p>The English physicians of the 18th century, as we have already seen,
+were also in no respect inferior to those of our own time. Finally, Mr.
+Simonds, who published a very able Report on his return from his
+scientific exploration in Galicia, in 1857, and the skilful Professor
+Bouley, in his recent communications to the Acad&eacute;mie de M&eacute;decine, in
+Paris, respecting his examination of the present cattle typhus in
+England, have described the disease with minute exactness, as we
+ourselves have verified on the various sick beasts which we have seen
+during the last two months.</p>
+
+<p>1. <i>Period of Incubation.</i>&mdash;Several careful experiments, which have been
+cited in the historical division of this work, and numerous fortuitous
+occasions, have authorized us to assign a duration of nine or twelve
+days to the period of incubation, according to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>general conditions
+of the epizootia, the manner in which the contagion is transmitted, and
+the former state of health of the affected cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Thus an epizootia at the outset, either when it has become general, or
+when it is at its decline, does not always transmit typhic miasma of the
+same virulent intensity, nor does it always provoke in the frame a
+labour of incubation which is invariable. The contagion transmitted from
+animal to animal living continually in the same stalls or sheds is
+followed by an incubation more quick and active than that which results
+from a chance contact in the markets, or from a contagion produced at a
+distance, by the transmission of the miasmatic effluvium along the
+public highways.</p>
+
+<p>Let us add to these considerations the relative state of each animal's
+health, and we shall then perfectly understand that the incubation must
+vary both in its continuance and in the characteristics of its
+manifestation. In some animals it scarcely betrays the derangements
+produced by its morbid operation: they preserve their appetite and their
+usual looks. A close and attentive observation would alone be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>able to
+distinguish some slight alterations in their way of living, in the
+regularity of their rumination and sleep. But in others, there is no
+mistaking a something irregular and unusual in their appearance and
+living; the vital state is no longer the same. Thus an animal which used
+to be cheerful and familiar becomes silent and solitary; it browses the
+grass with less eagerness and avidity; it lies down more frequently and
+longer; it lingers by the side of the hedge along the field, or it
+wanders about, here and there, with a listless look, and without any
+object. Others moan and complain, bellowing at intervals in an unusual
+manner, very expressive of languor and pain.</p>
+
+<p>But apart from seasons of epizootia, the beasts too often exhibit these
+imperceptible shades of variety in their looks and actions for the
+attention to be struck by them; these changes, therefore, are almost
+always unnoticed.</p>
+
+<p>However, the typhic miasma absorbed at the same time by the respiratory
+and digestive mucous membranes serves to modify the qualities of the
+blood, and secretly reacts on the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>nervous system; soon after, the
+animal exhibits more decidedly those changes which previously were
+hardly to be detected; his want of appetite is more marked, his sadness
+more obvious, and his attention fixes itself more slowly and carelessly
+on the objects which surround him. When he is in the shed, his usual
+food is found in excess of his wants, his thirst is much keener and more
+frequent, and a continual dejection and lowness of spirits or a
+transitory agitation disturb all his functions. When the farmers or
+graziers notice these premonitory signs for the first time they pay but
+little attention thereto; but if the contagion has found its way into
+their stalls and sheds they are no longer deceived by them, but begin to
+apprehend that in a day or two fresh victims will be added to the
+number.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Period of Initiation.</i>&mdash;Soon the elaboration of the virulent miasma
+in the organic structure changes the quality of the blood and humours,
+the functions of assimilation and secretion are modified, the nervous
+centres receive vitiated organic elements and are disturbed in their
+physiological conditions, and the smitten animal displays that state of
+latent uneasiness <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>which he is imperfectly conscious of by a general
+look of heaviness and stupor (<span class="Greek" title="pneuma">&#932;&#965;&#966;&#959;&#962;</span>), which has suggested for
+this disease its name of typhus.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, the poor animal's eyes are fixed, the hearing becomes obtuse or
+indifferent, as may be seen in the sinking of the ears, those organs
+which are so sensitive, so contractile, and so vigilant in herbivorous
+animals. With the head hanging down and motionless, the neck stretched
+out, their forelegs open and spread, their buttocks drawn together and
+one of them completely lax, they seem to succumb beneath the weight of
+their bodies. In a word, the animal exhibits through its whole bearing a
+heavy sadness, a general dejection, which bespeak a great derangement in
+the whole structure. From this time, in the animals which are most
+seriously affected, the appetite ceases, the rumination becomes
+irregular and partial, whilst in some others the appetite and rumination
+are maintained in different degrees.</p>
+
+<p>But the incubation of the morbid elements pursues its course, the
+alteration of the blood becomes general, and the circulation is
+increased and quickened. After this the fever <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>interposes and stops the
+secretions, that of the udders is dried up, the mucous channels cease to
+flow, the mucous membrane of the mouth becomes whitish, the little
+glands situated on it are more permanent, especially in the
+circumference of the gums; the floor of the tongue and the larynx are
+inflamed, the mucous membrane of the cow's sexual organs is red and
+furrowed with livid streaks, the white of the eye is parched, and the
+skin feels alternately hot and cold, as well as the horns and hoofs.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the sufferers have an external horripilation, transient
+shiverings are felt in the front and hind quarters and at the junction
+of the limbs with the trunk. Some pregnant cows near their delivery
+miscarry. In a word, at this period of irritation, the whole frame is at
+war with the typhic elements which besiege it, and which overcome the
+preservative power of the vital forces, and from this general
+disturbance arises an incandescent fever, which drains and stops all the
+secretions at their source.</p>
+
+<p>These general symptoms are the first signs and warnings of functional
+derangements more significant, which may, however, vary according to the
+predispositions of each animal, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>and transfer their evolutions either to
+the nervous centres or to the respiratory mucous membrane, or to that of
+the digestive channels, in the inflammatory and febrile form of the
+contagious typhus. Such at least is what we observe in the typhus of
+1865 in England.</p>
+
+<p>The functional derangements, in truth, subordinate to and depending on
+the predispositions exhibited by the cattle, are far from being the same
+in all. In some, the nervous derangements predominate; in others, it is
+those of the respiratory, and in others, it is those of the digestive
+channels.</p>
+
+<p>As in this period of irritation the nervous centres are more
+particularly affected, the animal suffers cerebral and rickety pains, a
+constant cephalalgia, which provokes vague anxiety; he is sometimes
+cheerful, sometimes wild and furious; he clenches his teeth and yawns,
+the muscles of his face spasmodically contract, the spine feels very
+sensitive when pressed, a burning and insatiable thirst comes on, the
+breathing is hurried, and the intestinal evacuations are suspended.</p>
+
+<p>In this form the tox&aelig;mia appears to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>concentrate about the nervous
+centres&mdash;as is observed elsewhere at the outset of certain violent
+fevers, in the typhus and typhoid fever of man, for instance&mdash;and some
+of their number may perish the victims of these nervous disorders, and
+even fall as if struck with electricity. They die apparently from the
+result of the typhic poison; for at this second period, we do not trace
+in the nervous centres those injuries which might account for so sudden
+a death.</p>
+
+<p>When the respiratory apparatus concentrates upon it the febrile
+congestion, the breathing becomes painful, accelerated, embarrassed,
+sometimes convulsive, and a deep, oppressive cough is heard from time to
+time. The animal, under the yoke of this oppressive uneasiness, turns
+his head from right to left, scents, and seems to question his flanks,
+where the seat of the disorder is; and then, whether the pulmonary
+affection is congestive or inflammatory or emphysematous, he may die of
+the consequences of obstruction to the pulmonary circulation and from
+the alteration of the blood, under the influence of a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>slow asphyxia,
+but only at the third or fourth period.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, when the typhus localizes more particularly its morbid
+phenomena on the digestive channels, we discern local alterations on the
+floor of the tongue and the buccal mucous membrane, spots of livid red,
+leaving behind them ulcerations of greater or less extent and depth on
+different parts of the intestinal canal. In this form, which follows
+more regularly all the periods, constipation is obstinate at the outset,
+evacuation of the bowels takes place with difficulty, the f&aelig;ces are hard
+and the urine scanty, the belly is inflated and sensitive.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes at this period of initiation, one of these three symptomatic
+forms&mdash;the nervous, the pulmonary, and the digestive&mdash;may predominate
+exclusively, so far as to mask the disease as a whole, and to constitute
+it a special malady. But in that case, it is only the exaggeration of
+the functional derangements which in their total constitute the typhus:
+for when the distemper pursues its course, these three principal centres
+of life <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>are always affected in different degrees. Thus, not one of the
+cattle smitten with the typhus goes through all the phases of the
+disease, without suffering at a given moment in its nervous,
+respiratory, and digestive functions.</p>
+
+<p>In this respect, the typhus of the ox presents an apparent analogy with
+the typhoid fever in man, although it is different. Consequently, the
+name of <i>typhus fever</i> given by some veterinary surgeons, is not
+altogether inapplicable to it.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Period of Duration.</i>&mdash;At this stage of the disease, which may be
+said to extend from the fourth to the seventh day, the nervous
+derangements are confined to symptoms of uneasiness and sensibility
+along the dorsal spine; for those cases which exhibited more violent
+derangement in the nervous functions have proved fatal. In this period
+of the disease the breathing is more embarrassed, particularly when the
+pulmonary form of the disease prevails. The pulse, which is hard and
+frequent, indicates from forty to sixty pulsations; the beatings of the
+heart are more violent and audible; the mucous membranes, dry at the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>outbreak, recover their secretions, but these latter are endowed with
+irritating properties. Thus the eyelids, swollen and tumefied at the
+edges beneath the lashes, drip with a corrosive liquid, which soon marks
+its furrow along the chanfrin; the bronchi&aelig;, the trachea, the nostrils,
+the salivary glands, exude a serosity which runs out of the nasal and
+buccal orifices. The exanthematic eruption having discharged itself
+through the digestive channels, constipation is followed by diarrh&oelig;a,
+rumination is completely stopped, the beast declines all solid
+nutriment, and pants for drinks,&mdash;for those especially which have a
+slight taste of acidity in them.</p>
+
+<p>The derangements at this period pursue a rapid course&mdash;the breathing
+becomes more and more difficult, the skin is hot and dry, the hairs
+stiffen more and more, gases are developed in the cellular tissues
+beneath the skin, along the dorsal vertebr&aelig;, at the abdominal folds of
+the posterior limbs and under the abdomen, in the form of flat, uneven,
+crepitant tumours, which crackle when pressed with the hand; the
+diarrh&oelig;a becomes more liquefied <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>and irritant, for then it is no
+longer a flow of droppings covered with mucus which is expelled, but
+secretions already putrid, sometimes reddish in colour, and attended
+with f&oelig;tid gases, which induce tenesmus in the rectum, and force up
+the tail. The animal grows perceptibly lean, his dejection is extreme,
+and cows which are with calf miscarry.</p>
+
+<p>At night, the animal seems to have an increase of fever, sometimes of a
+remittent type, after which he becomes drowsy and lies down to rest
+himself or to sleep, if he can; but the difficulty of breathing, the
+abdominal pains, soon force him to rise again, which he cannot do
+without an effort.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Period of Decline and Sinking.</i>&mdash;This stage is observed to extend
+from the eighth day to the twelfth or the fourteenth. The morbid
+functions pursue their course, for the disease has its regular phases
+and a successive variation of phenomena. The secretions, which a few
+days before were fluid and irritating, have undergone a change; they
+have become thick and purulent, they flow more slowly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>from the ocular
+mucous membranes, and also from the nasal and buccal, which are red and
+inflamed, and they already emit a f&oelig;tid smell. The dull tarnished
+eyes become hollowed, purulent mucus lodges within their orbits, the
+bronchi&aelig; are stopped up, the breathing grows louder and more panting,
+the animal instinctively stretches his neck to ease it; the wasting of
+the flesh exposes the bones of the sacrum and coccyx, laying bare the
+vertebr&aelig; and the ribs; the emphysematous tumours are more extensive and
+crackling; the skin, less heated, wrinkles up and splits about the bony
+protuberances; the udders are crusty and excoriated; detached boils,
+hard and rounded at first, then soft and purulent, begin to show
+themselves on the trunk and the upper parts of the limbs. The
+diarrh&oelig;a, still frequent, becomes bloody and intolerably offensive.</p>
+
+<p>At this final period the organic structure yields to the effects of a
+general alteration of the liquids and solids. The vital force has lost
+the power of reaction; a mass of blood, decomposed by the double
+influence of a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>virulent tox&aelig;mia and the obstructions of respiration,
+conveys to all the organs a principle of dissolution; the nervous system
+is in a manner paralysed, as is shown in the animal's insensibility.</p>
+
+<p>The secretions stop up the various channels and cavities; they lodge
+within them; they undergo a putrid decomposition, and pass out with
+difficulty in the form of a purulent and bloody flux, in the highest
+degree infectious. Very soon the sick animal has ceased really to live;
+it struggles and labours with its agony; if the lungs are clogged with
+gas or fluid they rattle hurriedly and often; the animal cannot hold its
+head up even when lying down, and when standing moves it to and fro as
+if affected with the natural shaking of old age, and as if seeking to
+ward off some indescribable evil, the occurrence of which it was
+awaiting.</p>
+
+<p>The animal's body is a prey given up beforehand to the laws of organic
+decomposition: the internal mucous membrane of the cheeks and lips peels
+off in strips when rubbed; the sores on the skin have a livid and
+gangrenous look; the eggs which the flies deposit on the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>edge of the
+eyelids and at the nasal orifices, or on the excoriations of the skin,
+quickly pass into the state of larv&aelig;. The air they expire is cold and
+infectious; the native caloric, extinguished in every focus
+successively, disappears; the vaginal mucous membrane is tumefied, the
+anal opening gapes, and from it flows a bloody and decomposed liquid
+which the rectum can no longer expel. The mouth, half open and coated
+with a thick glutinous foam, vainly tries to inhale long draughts of air
+which can no longer reach the lungs. Finally, if the animal is lying
+down, he expires in slow agony, his head borne down by its own weight;
+or, if standing, he sinks and falls down, his death having anticipated
+the fall.</p>
+
+<p>Such are the symptoms&mdash;the subjective signs which enable us to detect
+the contagious typhus of the ox. But all animals do not exhibit these
+disorders of the vital functions with the same regularity and excess.
+Some of these we have seen, from first to last, sustain the internal
+effects of the morbid process&mdash;in some sort passively&mdash;without revealing
+any deep derangements in the nervous, respiratory, and digestive
+functions. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>poisonous virus had smitten them; they suffered in their
+general structure; they looked stupefied; they lost, at a given moment,
+their appetite and rumination; they had fever; their breathing had
+become short and frequent; they had diarrh&oelig;a; they gradually lost
+flesh, and the excreta passed through certain changes and
+transformations. In a word, the animal had manifestly the bovine typhus;
+but, thanks to a relative immunity, to a special organization, which
+renders some of these beasts capable of resisting the contagion for a
+long period, and sometimes altogether<a name="FNanchor_O_15" id="FNanchor_O_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_15" class="fnanchor">[O]</a>&mdash;thanks to that variety which
+we observe in different constitutions (for small-pox and typhus in man,
+and the true typhoid fever in animals, do not operate with the same
+violence on all alike)&mdash;thanks to this privileged organization,&mdash;we have
+seen some oxen pass through every stage of the disease without
+exhibiting this terrible train of morbid phenomena.</p>
+
+<p>In these cases&mdash;for even this mild form of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>the distemper at last
+produces death&mdash;the injuries fix themselves more exclusively on the
+digestive channels, and we witness, in dissection, ulcerations in some,
+in others mere spots of a livid red, more or less extensive.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, although the typhus be one of the gravest maladies which
+destroy and decimate cattle, all sick animals are not mortally affected
+thereby. In the present epizootia, five per cent., as nearly as can be
+ascertained, recover; and when that happens, signs of a favourable omen
+are observable during the course of the attack. In these favourable
+instances, indeed, the symptoms, even though they exhibit a certain
+gravity, pursue a regular course; fever does not become remittent; the
+f&aelig;cal discharge is copious and easy, with less f&oelig;tor; the animal
+loses flesh slowly and progressively; the tumours are cutaneous,
+inflammatory; their character is good, depurative, and rather purulent
+than gaseous and crackling. The droppings do not show that high degree
+of pestilential decomposition described above; the animal in his drink
+welcomes and digests a mixture of bran and flour; the secretions of
+purulent mucus and the f&aelig;cal discharges dry <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>up and stop in the early
+part of the period of decline; the epidermis of the openings through
+which they passed out peels off in thin scales, and afterwards in scurfs
+or husks&mdash;in a word, the economy does not experience those acute
+disturbances which strike one of the tripods of life&mdash;that is to say,
+either the nervous centres, the lungs, or the digestive organs.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in these curable cases, in which the cure is most generally due to
+nature's own efforts, but which a systematic treatment might render far
+more frequent, the convalescence is long, and requires great attention
+and a well-regulated diet, in which the food is carefully measured and
+divided. Here there must be a rigid superintendence. A laxity in the
+watchfulness, or too much reliance on the reviving health, have produced
+sudden relapses, and been fatal to many sick cattle, which had been
+looked upon as thoroughly cured. For it may well be conceived that
+convalescent animals, after sustaining such violent derangements in
+their health, and having been brought down to the lowest degree of
+prostration and marasmus&mdash;to a reconstitution, we may call it, of the
+solids and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>liquids&mdash;have a devouring hunger. If, therefore, the keeper
+who looks after them unhappily forgets that the principal lesions or
+sores are seated in the stomach and intestines, and if he gives them too
+much solid nutriment, he impedes the cure, irritates the ulcerations not
+yet thoroughly covered over, and soon adds another victim to those which
+had already died.</p>
+
+<p>This convalescence lasts from fifteen to twenty days, and the animal
+only recovers its health at last by slow degrees. Still the careful
+keeper need not be afraid of a relapse when he is patient and watchful.</p>
+
+<p>Such, then, is the contagious typhus of the ox. Type of the unreturnable
+infectious diseases, its virulent miasms undergo within the structure a
+series of transformations: they produce in the frame a general disorder
+fully capable of annihilating the predisposition or aptitude of the
+animal to receive the taint. A disease essentially specific, it affects
+the principal centres of life; it kills its victim both by its deadly
+virus and by the local derangements to which it gives rise; for how is
+it possible to preserve life when the whole nervous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>system, that
+promoter and regulator of all the functions, is upset?&mdash;when the lungs
+which revivify the blood, when the digestive organs which are the very
+sources of alimentation, are smitten with stagnation?&mdash;when, in fine,
+not only these vital centres have ceased to operate, but when each by
+itself is the cause of torturing pains and exhaustion?</p>
+
+<p>The typhus, moreover, is observed in all animals of the bovine species,
+whatever may be their race, their age, or their sex. The recovered
+animals may live with impunity amidst diseased herds of cattle, thanks
+to its non-relapsive nature. Jessen has even witnessed cows which, after
+their own cure, communicated a sort of immunity to their offspring. For
+the same reason it is that epizootias are less fatal in those countries
+where they often occur, the constitutions of those animals which are
+engendered amongst such habituated herds, preserving a prophylaxy
+inherent to the blood which has been transmitted to them.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, what a pregnant subject is this for the physician, and what
+more meritorious task can he set himself than the treatment of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>such a
+distemper, which reason assures him must eventually lead to the cure and
+eradication of the same complaint in the human species?</p>
+
+<p>From a cause which as yet has been indistinguishable and imponderable,
+what important, what marvellous results loom in the future! The air
+seems to us pure and wholesome, yet it conceals a typhic miasma of the
+most deadly kind; it carries this pernicious principle into the richest
+meadows, where we see feeding flocks and herds which to us seem
+exuberant with health. Then this miasma is inhaled and absorbed, and it
+meets in the frame the special and indispensable organic element which
+is needed for its multiplication; there it undergoes certain latent
+transformations, and a fermentation, a germination, which we call
+<i>incubation</i>, in order to explain a process which we cannot understand.
+Then fever is kindled, all the functions are disturbed, and the sick
+animal is struck down, leaving us wondering, ignorant, and powerless
+spectators in the presence of phenomena which, nevertheless, are the
+eternal work of nature and have endured through all time.&mdash;But if <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>in
+the invisible typhic atom nature gives us death, it also gives us life
+in the zoosperma.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">II.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Lesions found in the Bodies of Oxen after Death.</i></p>
+
+<p>The description which we have given of the disorders produced in the
+different functions by the operation of the typhus, may easily suggest
+what must be the lesions exhibited by the organs of the body.</p>
+
+<p>Death, we have said already, may overtake the disease at any of its
+periods, and thus show every aspect and every degree of the organic
+lesions. Such an animal being struck down at the period of initiation,
+will not, of course, present the changes and varieties of the period of
+decline, and <i>vice vers&acirc;</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In general, the state of the dead bodies is that of the most decided
+marasmus; the remains are intensely repulsive, as well by the stench
+they emit as by the sight they afford; and, in summer especially,
+decomposition sets in with great rapidity. Consequently, the utmost care
+is required in conveying <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>them from place to place; and this attention
+is the more essential, because in the transit, the cavities being
+deprived of their contractile power, let flow the pestilential liquids
+which they contain, thereby infecting the carriages and public roads.
+The urgent necessity there is to inhume at once these dead bodies, the
+most active agents in diffusing the contagion, is equally the drift of
+this observation.</p>
+
+<p>The deceased animal, as a subject of anatomy, enables us to certify the
+seat of the emphysematous tumours, and to see that they are really due
+to the air which insinuates itself into the cellular tissue, and which,
+receding from the pressure of the fingers between the cells, produced
+the crackling sound we noticed above. This penetration of the air is,
+moreover, a far more general effect than was supposed.</p>
+
+<p>It is ascertained, likewise, from the examination of these subjects,
+that the round, fluctuating, and smaller tumours, are indeed purulent
+gatherings, which occasionally find a passage into the layers and
+interstices of the muscles.</p>
+
+<p>The muscular flesh is usually flabby, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>bloodless, unsightly, of a very
+nauseous smell; and it would be difficult to imagine that the most
+avaricious trickster would dare to offer even the most presentable parts
+of it for sale and consumption. But when the expedients and artifices
+known to the butcher's trade are had resort to, when, regardless of the
+public health, the unprincipled dealer selects the most fleshy parts,
+when he dresses and adorns them by colouring them over with the blood of
+a healthy beast, the unwary eye of the purchaser may be deceived.
+Observe, that we are now speaking of cattle that have died in the last
+stage of this marasmus, so that we might suppose, even if the many
+summonses before the magistrates, and the too moderate fines which have
+been imposed on the guilty parties, had not shed the broadest light upon
+the fact, that <i>a large number of sick cattle which had been slaughtered
+at different stages of this frightful disease, have been dressed and
+adorned, exposed for sale, sold, and eaten by a very large portion of
+the inhabitants of London and of the country likewise</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Digestive Channels.</i>&mdash;The mucous membrane of the buccal cavity is, for
+the most part, of a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>livid whiteness; ecchymosed stains, and sometimes
+ulcerations, differing in their form and number, are visible on the
+floor of the tongue. Mr. Simonds has had an anatomical model
+constructed, which presents a perfect type of these ulcerations, some of
+which are of a scarlet hue, with perpendicular edges. The <i>stomachs</i>
+exhibit a variety of ulcerations.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>paunch</i>, or first stomach, always contains a large quantity of food
+intended for rumination; sometimes these aliments are dry, and lie
+sticking to its sides; at other times they are diluted with water which
+had not yet been absorbed after drinking. The inner membrane of this
+first reservoir may show flat spots, with livid injections of different
+sizes.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>honeycomb</i>, or second stomach, generally exhibits the same injuries
+as the paunch.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>manyplies</i>, or third stomach, contains between its lamin&aelig; hard,
+pulverulent, and dry alimentary substances, which are seen sticking to
+the different leaves. On removing these substances, some ecchymosed
+spots are laid bare, the epithelium of which easily peels off;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>sometimes ulcerations, and even perforations, are visible.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>reed</i>, or fourth stomach, whose sides are thicker, more fleshy, and
+more vascular, exhibits within its folds various kinds of lesions or
+sores: they consist of large flat stains of a darkish red, more or less
+soft, and sometimes ulcerations red on their deep surface, with clean
+edges.</p>
+
+<p>As for the intestines, properly so called, the <i>duodenum</i> shows the same
+injuries, but most generally large ecchymosed spots.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>small intestine</i> appears on the outside, even when it preserves its
+place in the abdomen, of a reddish colour, lined with vessels distended
+with blood, the signs of a general congestion of its membranes. The
+examination of the mucous membrane, after it has been cut open
+lengthways, shows, indeed, that this portion of the digestive tube is
+the principal seat of the distemper; for, independently of this general
+injection, you perceive ulcerations which have succeeded to detached
+pustules or lengthy flat spots, the result of a cluster of several of
+Peyer's glands, brought together by the plastic influence of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>inflammation. These flat spots, or wafers, very similar to those we
+observe in the typhoid fever of man, are inflamed and ulcerated in
+different degrees.</p>
+
+<p>The mucous membrane of the <i>large intestine</i> exhibits lesions depending
+on the period of the disease. About the third period, the injection is
+sometimes general, especially near the rectum; but in the fourth and
+last period we often meet with ulcerations which are smaller in the
+upper part, larger and deeper about the lower or rectal part. The
+membrane of the sexual parts of the cow is strongly injected, and of a
+dull red colour.</p>
+
+<p>As we have seen, the different organs of the digestive apparatus may, in
+this typhus, offer to view extensive alterations perfectly consistent
+with the gravity of the symptoms or the functional derangements. In two
+cases in which disorders of the respiration had prevailed, and which had
+been sacrificed on the eighth or tenth day of the disease, we only
+observed partial injections of a very limited character, either on the
+gastric membranes or on that of the intestine, and which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>might have
+been detected in the case of common intestinal inflammation. Therefore,
+in these two cases, the characteristic lesions of the typhus, if they
+must be localized in the intestine, were, so to speak, absolutely
+wanting. It was, we will not say exactly the same, on four other
+animals, three oxen and one cow; but if, in two of them, the fourth
+stomach was inflamed, if in the third the small intestine was congested,
+and if, lastly, in the cow the large intestine showed ulcerations, we
+could not in these lesions distinguish those of typhoid fever.</p>
+
+<p>These facts struck us with great surprise, for we were far from
+suspecting them. We hoped, on opening the intestine of these animals,
+which had certainly all died of the typhus, to meet assuredly in a
+determined spot some well-known lesion declared beforehand. To our great
+astonishment, such has not always been the case. So that our theories,
+conclusive as they seemed on the identity of the ox typhus and the
+typhoid fever in man, and which more than anyone else we wished to see
+confirmed, must submit to observation.</p>
+
+<p>In fine, in this epizootia the intestinal lesions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>or sores present
+different appearances. Developed to the utmost in some cases, so much so
+as to exhibit ulcerations at the root of the tongue as well as in the
+intestines, and to be in a manner the excess of the injuries which are
+seen in typhoid fever, they are in other cases scarcely perceptible, and
+sometimes entirely absent, when the animal is struck down in the third
+or fourth period, that is to say, when the exanthematic or pustular
+state has had time to develope itself on the digestive channels. One of
+these animals seized by Mr. Tegg at the Camden Town market, was in such
+a state of exhaustion that he could not be driven to the
+slaughter-house, only two hundred yards distant; they were forced to
+fell him on the spot midway, in order to have him conveyed to the place
+of dissection. We only detected partial injections on the digestive tube
+of this beast. The pulmonary emphysema which had caused this animal's
+death was developed in the highest degree.&mdash;He was opened at the request
+of M. Bouley, of Alfort.</p>
+
+<p><i>Apparatus of Respiration.</i>&mdash;Here, again, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>typhus shows us injuries
+which differ from those of typhoid fever; for if the breathing is always
+more or less obstructed at the outbreak of this fever, no serious
+organic change in the lungs is the consequence thereof. In the ox
+typhus, on the contrary, when the pulmonary form prevails, the
+derangements of the respiratory organs are remarkable. Thus, the mucous
+membrane of the nostrils, from which flows a purulent and fetid mucus,
+is sometimes ulcerated and excoriated. The larynx and the trachea or
+windpipe, choked up with frothy mucus, show the same alterations, though
+less frequently. The lungs, which are rather congested than inflamed,
+are emphysematous, the air having entered and distended the cellular
+tissue which unites the lobes together.</p>
+
+<p>In some cases, the lungs are so gorged with air that their lobes
+constitute but a single heap, rendering them irrecognisable, so greatly
+do their volume, their specific gravity, and their spongy aeriform
+aspect differ from the natural state.</p>
+
+<p><i>Apparatus of Circulation.</i>&mdash;The inner sides <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>of the heart show
+ecchymosed spots, and the same is the case with the larger vessels. The
+blood, diminished in its quantity and altered in its quality, is
+blackish and more fluid; but in most cases it coagulates instantaneously
+and in a mass, without separating into its solid and liquid parts.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nervous System.</i>&mdash;Having observed and dissected the dead bodies at the
+slaughter-houses of the markets, we were not able to examine either the
+brain or the spinal marrow. Besides, let us remark in this place, that
+the mode of felling cattle in England would have rendered impossible
+such an examination. For the animals are struck with a club, which kills
+them both by cerebral concussion and by the direct alteration of the
+brain; the instrument having a sharp end which perforates the skull and
+injures the cerebral lobes. Nor is this all; the moment the animal is
+struck down, a flexible rod is inserted into the hole made in the skull,
+and driven as far as the spinal canal, so as to tear to pieces the
+protuberance and the bulb, that is to say, the vital knot. This manner
+of killing cattle seems to us, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>however, preferable to the one adopted
+in France, where the animal does not sink till he has been struck
+repeatedly with the club.</p>
+
+<p>But be that as it may, those authors who have examined the nervous
+centres of horned cattle which had perished victims of the typhus, have
+usually found the meninges, or membranes that envelope the brain,
+injected, whilst the brain itself was slightly dotted over with blood.</p>
+
+<p>These anatomical lesions of the nervous centres being insufficient of
+themselves to explain the death at the second period, we have
+endeavoured to give the explanation of it in treating of the symptoms.</p>
+
+<p>The other organs, the spleen, the liver, the kidneys, present
+alterations of a secondary interest only.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">III.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang" style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Diagnosis&mdash;Prognosis&mdash;Use of the Flesh of Animals which have
+Died of the Typhus&mdash;Danger of direct Absorption.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>The typhus of the ox has such distinct and strongly marked
+characteristics that it is not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>easily mistaken. However, to conform
+ourselves to received custom, I will say some words about the principal
+symptoms of some distempers affecting the ox, between which and typhus
+unprofessional persons might be embarrassed, and hesitate to distinguish
+them. We will transfer, however, those particulars pertaining to the
+diagnosis to the part written for the special use of agriculturists,
+farmers, and graziers, in order that they may readily find whatever it
+may be necessary for them to know when they chance to have any sick and
+tainted cattle to treat and cure.</p>
+
+<p>We have likewise a few words to say on the subject of the prognosis of
+the disease, as regards its propagation and its time of lasting.
+Finally, we will unfold a question of very real importance in
+hygiene&mdash;we mean the use and consumption of the flesh of animals as
+food, and the danger which may accrue to man and other animals from
+contact with their dead bodies, or fragments of the same.</p>
+
+<p>The diseases of the ox, which we are accustomed to consider as
+distinguished from typhus, are the contagious peripneumonia, the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>apthous fever, and the "charbonneux" typhus; but, as we have just said,
+we will mention by-and-by their chief characteristics.</p>
+
+<p>Everyone is anxious, and natural indeed is that anxiety, to know what
+this epizootia will become&mdash;what will be its course; how long it will
+last; whether it will extend its ravages over the whole extent of the
+three kingdoms; and if, in fine, it will invade all Europe.</p>
+
+<p>To answer in a precise manner these questions would be a difficult task;
+for who amongst us can assign at present any definite course to the
+atmospheric variations? and yet they have a genuine influence on the
+progress of the epizootia. On the other hand, the measures which have
+been taken hitherto to confine the contagion to its different foci, have
+unhappily proved almost ineffectual, but it may be hoped that, assisted
+by experience, we shall be able to resist the evil more effectually, and
+check its propagation.</p>
+
+<p>If the atmospheric conditions and the preventive measures could not
+modify the spread of the distemper, we should have reason to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>dread a
+still greater extension of the contagion; for the virulent character of
+the epizootia appears to be of an exceptional intensity, and we may
+perhaps compare it with the famous epizootia, of the middle of the
+eighteenth century, which for ten years afflicted all Europe with its
+ravages, striking down six millions of horned cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Let the reader cast an eye over the extracts borrowed from the
+physicians of the principal faculties who have described this typhus,
+and which we have reproduced in the first part of this book relating to
+its history, and he will then be convinced that the disease is
+absolutely the same as that which then raged so fiercely. And if that is
+the case, we must anticipate that it will extend its ravages whilst
+prolonging its duration. Already it has spread to Holland and Belgium;
+Hungary and other provinces in the south-east of Germany&mdash;a fact much
+less surprising&mdash;are likewise smitten with it; and now we hear the news
+that France, though so vigilantly on her guard, has seen her frontiers
+passed over. In spite of the <i>cordon sanitaire</i> which she had prudently
+established <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>everywhere, some horned cattle have been seized with the
+typhus at the town of Raubaix, in the north.</p>
+
+<p>Without setting ourselves up as pessimists, let us declare that we must
+expect that the contagion will continue to spread. Let us make up our
+minds to this, in order to take the necessary sanitary measures, and set
+ourselves seriously to work by trying the preventive treatment. But,
+alas! between the Government, the municipal corporations, the
+agricultural societies, the cattle proprietors, and, with regret we add,
+the veterinary surgeons, there has been sadly wanting, up to the present
+time, that mutual understanding; that prompt and decisive action, and
+those pecuniary advances which are so necessary to encounter and contend
+with this great calamity.</p>
+
+<p>As for estimating with any approach to accuracy the sacrifice of
+property; the pecuniary loss, which this fatal epizootic may occasion
+the country, the want of exact statistics as to the number of cattle
+which have already been struck down will not permit us to do it. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>But we
+may, perhaps, already set it down approximately from 50,000 to 60,000
+head of cattle for England and Scotland, until we have obtained more
+precise statistical information on this significant point of inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>That would represent, however, a very considerable capital; for if we
+compute the loss of each animal at the average sum of 15<i>l.</i> only, the
+sacrifice already incurred would not be less than from 750,000<i>l.</i> to
+900,000<i>l.</i> This sacrifice in money might possibly have proved the be
+all and the end all; and at this point we might, perhaps, have arrested
+the contagion, had we all been able to act advisedly and harmoniously
+together, in the name and for the interest of the public, from the first
+appearance of the disease. But this calculation of, let us say,
+900,000<i>l.</i>, is made on the supposition that each cattle owner had been
+willing to abide by his own loss; whereas, unfortunately, many of them
+have striven to shift it on others, and large numbers of the sick and
+tainted beasts having been sold and consumed, a proportionate sum thus
+recovered by those avaricious men must be of course <i>deducted</i> from this
+estimate. Deducted, indeed! Considering the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>consequences on the public
+health, is it not rather an aggravation than a mitigation of the loss?</p>
+
+<p>These last assertions naturally lead us to inquire whether we are not
+justified in saying that the flesh of sick and tainted cattle, thus
+circulated and consumed, has not had its baleful effects on the public
+health.</p>
+
+<p>The butchers who sold the flesh of these sick and tainted cattle have no
+doubt been careful to abstain from using it in their own families; and
+the first time they speculated on the health of their fellow-citizens,
+well knowing what they did, their conscience probably reproached them
+with the misdemeanour. But afterwards, when no bad consequences to their
+customers had been seen, their own impunity, joined to this apparent
+harmlessness to their neighbours, rendered them bolder, and it became a
+daily habit with them to sell this peccant offal, which poisons even the
+earth by its contact.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the graziers themselves were in league with the butchers, and
+took care to slaughter the affected animals before the wasting of their
+flesh by the progress of the distemper had bereft them of their greatest
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>value. Their private interest prompting them thus to dispose of the
+sick animals as fast as they could, the majority of the tainted beasts
+were sold and eaten in the second stage or period of the typhus.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if the flesh of these diseased animals had been eaten raw,
+accidents most terrible and appalling would certainly have been the
+consequence, although dogs may have fed upon it without injury. But the
+cooking of animal flesh at 100 degrees of heat has the property of
+destroying for a time the septic germs, as the famous debates now being
+held by the experimentalists who are studying the subject of spontaneous
+generation tend to show. This poisonous meat, therefore, may at first
+have been digested without producing immediate ill effects.</p>
+
+<p>Our medical practice, however, authorizes us to declare that, after
+making every allowance for the influences of this extraordinarily hot
+summer, digestive and nervous complaints of the acutest description, and
+without any special cause to account for them, have been very numerous
+indeed during the last two months, and beyond all proportion greater
+than they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>usually are in London. And we cannot but feel that, if the
+cholera should reach the shores of England at this critical conjuncture,
+it will find organisms most ready to receive its virus. Then, indeed, if
+the typhic miasma come to mix and blend with the choleraic miasma, all
+living beings will have to contend with the most deleterious causes of
+alterations in their health, and we may (God send it be otherwise!)
+witness one of those measureless calamities which, known in former ages
+as the <i>Black Pestilence</i>, decimated cattle and men indiscriminately,
+and which, when we read the sorrowful accounts of it in history, make
+the flesh creep with affright.</p>
+
+<p>We sincerely hope that such misfortunes may be spared us. But ought we
+to abstain entirely and absolutely from consuming the flesh of cattle
+smitten with typhus? It is a delicate question, but still we shall
+answer it, making due allowance for every interest concerned.</p>
+
+<p>We conceive that all animals which are smitten with the early effects of
+the disorder, which begin to operate at the opening of its second
+period, that is to say, when the first <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>symptoms are declared, such as
+stupor, loss of appetite and shiverings, may be handed over to the
+butchers. But this must only be done on the <i>positive understanding and
+condition</i> that every animal, sick or not sick, in times of epizootia,
+shall pass, either in the farm, the market, or the stable, under the
+examination of a competent veterinary inspector, who shall mark the
+beast when fit to be sold for consumption. With this precaution, which
+at present is put in practice in Belgium, every interest is cared for
+and guarded&mdash;those of the public health as well as those of the cattle
+owners.</p>
+
+<p>But there is another question of some importance which deserves to fix
+our attention for a moment. People sometimes inquire whether the
+ox-typhus can be communicated to other animals, and even to man, either
+by contact, by direct absorption, or by inhaling the miasma floating in
+the atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>Experiments of great interest might be made on this subject; but we can
+already assert, on the evidence of facts publicly known, that the direct
+absorption of putrid matter and purulent secretions, and likewise the
+mere <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>contact with tainted flesh, when the epidermis or scarf-skin is
+cracked or peeled off, or when the least open sore exists, may give
+access to the disease, and produce death, both in man and other animals.
+In these cases, the absorbed virus operates, not as a specific agent,
+giving birth to typhus, but as a provocative septic agent, endowed with
+infectious properties, which infuse into the economy a germ of virulent
+and mortal disease. So long as a sound and intact outer skin stands as a
+safeguard between us and absorption, we may fearlessly touch and handle
+the tainted flesh of these animals. But the slightest sore or abrasion
+is an open door to let in death. A young veterinary surgeon, who had a
+slight wound in one of his arms, was carried off within forty-eight
+hours, as was proved at a coroner's inquest, after he had dissected an
+ox which had died of the typhus.<a name="FNanchor_P_16" id="FNanchor_P_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_16" class="fnanchor">[P]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>We see by this fatal example that we must be particularly careful not to
+touch an ox tainted with typhus when we carry about us <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>any open sore,
+unless we take the utmost precaution in order to guard against all
+direct contact or absorption. Man, as we have said <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>and shown, breathes
+with comparative impunity an atmosphere laden with the infectious miasma
+of this typhus. But that which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>to-day is true may not be true
+to-morrow; let us, therefore, be also on our guard against the too
+continuous absorption of an atmosphere impregnated with these
+deleterious principles.</p>
+
+<p>As for herbivorous animals in general, a similar organization must, in
+their cases, predispose them to receive the contagion. Whenever we visit
+the markets, we cannot help fearing to see the ox typhus communicated to
+the sheep and pigs which are stationed around them. It is an
+unquestionable fact that, in certain epizootias, all animals without
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>distinction have been smitten and struck down, and the herbivorous
+animals more rapidly than any other. The habit of collecting such vast
+numbers of cattle in the same market, and on the same day, though
+convenient for business, appears to us injudicious, especially during
+the prevalence of this scourge.</p>
+
+<p>This part of our treatise was in the printer's hands when Mr. Simonds
+wrote a letter to the Privy Council which justifies all our
+apprehensions. The typhus of the ox has been communicated to a number of
+sheep, and we must all expect to see this cruel disease assume much
+larger proportions than heretofore, since it has now obtained a second
+focus for its maintenance and dissemination.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="right">"Veterinary Department, 23, New-street,<br /> Spring-gardens,
+Sept. 25th.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I beg to report that, acting on the
+instructions received from you to investigate without loss
+of time the statement received at your office relative to an
+outbreak of the cattle plague in a remote part of the county
+of Norfolk, supposed to have arisen from cattle having been
+in contact with some diseased sheep, recently brought to the
+premises, I have visited the district in question, and
+inquired into all the circumstances of the case.</p>
+
+<p>"It appears that as far back as the 17th of August <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>Mr. C.
+Temple, farmer and merchant, of Blakeney, received on his
+farm 120 lambs which he had instructed a dealer to procure
+for him for feeding purposes.</p>
+
+<p>"The lambs were bought at Thetford-fair on the preceding
+day, and were immediately sent by rail to Fakenham, from
+which place they were driven to Blakeney, a distance of
+about ten miles. On their arrival they appeared to be
+fatigued to a greater extent than ordinary, which was,
+however, attributed to the heat of the weather and the
+exertion the animals had undergone.</p>
+
+<p>"In addition to this, the shepherd observed that several of
+them seemed unwell, and he remarked to his master that they
+did not appear to be a 'very healthy lot,' and that he
+thought it would be better to return them to the dealer.
+Within a day or two of this time the symptoms of illness
+were more marked in all the original cases, and many more of
+the animals had been attacked. On the 24th two of the worst
+cases were removed from the field to the farm premises, and
+were placed in a shed for treatment, in which afterwards a
+cow was put. On the 25th two of the lambs died, and in
+consequence of this, and of the large number which were now
+affected, the whole were brought, on the morning of the
+27th, into the same yard where the shed previously alluded
+to was situated. There is also another shed, separated from
+this yard only by some old furze faggots, into which the
+cows were driven night and morning for being milked. The
+lambs remained in the yard till the morning of the 28th,
+when having had some medicine administered to them, they
+were returned to the fold and never came again near the
+cows.</p>
+
+<p>"While in the yard three died, two on the 27th, and one on
+the 28th, and on the following day two others died in the
+field. From this time the disease went on, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>so that by
+Friday last, the 22nd of September, the day of my visit,
+forty-six had either died or been killed, and twenty-seven
+were in a very precarious condition.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 7th of September, ten days after the last exposure
+to the sheep, a cow gave evidence of being affected with the
+cattle plague, this animal being the one which had been put
+into the shed occupied by the diseased sheep on the 24th of
+August. A second cow was attacked on the 11th of September,
+and a third shortly afterwards, which was followed by
+others; so that by the 16th all the cows, six in number, a
+heifer, and a calf, were all dead.</p>
+
+<p>"My examination of the lambs showed that they were
+unmistakably the subjects of the plague. The symptoms agreed
+in almost every particular with those observed in cattle
+affected with the malady, and the <i>post-mortem</i> appearances
+were also identical.</p>
+
+<p>"With a view to ascertain the true nature of the changes
+produced in the system prior to death, I had four of the
+lambs killed, and from these I took some diseased parts and
+forwarded them to the Royal Veterinary College without note
+or comment. These parts were examined by my colleague, Mr.
+Varnell, who at once recognised the special changes of
+structure which are caused by the cattle plague.</p>
+
+<p>"The whole facts of the case leave not the least doubt of
+sheep being liable to the disease termed the cattle plague,
+and that when affected they can easily communicate the
+malady to the ox tribe; and moreover, that when so conveyed
+it proves equally as destructive as when propagated from ox
+to ox in the ordinary manner.</p>
+
+<p>"The case is also more important from having occurred in a
+place no less than fourteen miles distant from any other
+where the cattle plague exists, thus placing beyond a doubt
+the fact of the malady being introduced among the cattle by
+the sheep alone.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>"I regret to add that this is not a solitary case of sheep
+being affected by the cattle plague. I learned that some
+sheep were supposed to be similarly affected belonging to
+Mr. R. J. H. Harvey, M.P., on his estate at Crown Point,
+near Norwich. This place I also visited, and found a large
+flock of upwards of 2000 lambs, among which the malady was
+prevailing. A large number had been separated from the
+diseased, and gave no evidence of the malady. Very many,
+however, had died, and the disease was making rapid
+progress. I also examined many of the dead, and found the
+<i>post-mortem</i> appearances to be identical with those seen in
+the other cases spoken of in this report.</p>
+
+<p>"In this instance the malady was brought into the estate by
+the purchase of some cattle, which afterwards died from the
+disease, and which were unfortunately pastured with the
+sheep at the time the disease manifested itself.</p>
+
+<p>"The whole matter is one of the greatest importance, and
+which I lose no time in submitting to you for the
+information of the Lords of the Council.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="right smcap">"Jas. B. Simonds."</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">IV.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>General Considerations on the Ox-Typhus, and the
+Recapitulation of the Symptoms.</i></p>
+
+<p>We have seen the causes, the symptoms, and the cadaveric alterations of
+the Bovine typhus, and we may therefore apply ourselves <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>at present to
+the consideration of its pathogenia and its nature. Only, the limits of
+this book will not admit of a complete discussion of every point of this
+important question of pathology; for if we desired to show in what
+respect the typhus differs from, and in what respect it resembles, such
+and such a morbid entity, febrile, infectious and contagious like it,
+such a dissertation would require a whole volume for itself; we are
+therefore obliged to keep within certain limits.</p>
+
+<p>Like every watchful physician who has applied himself to the study of
+comparative pathology, we entertained our own preconceived opinions as
+to the nature of this <i>Cattle Plague</i>. Arguing <i>&agrave; priori</i> from what we
+knew, from the laws of the pathogenia of those exanthematic diseases
+which we have alluded to in a former chapter; from the identity of
+variola in various animals; from the preventive treatment to which this
+identity has led; believing that animals and man have each their typhoid
+fever, as they have their variola or small-pox; considering with the
+Ecole de Tours, typhoid fever as a variola of the intestinal mucous
+membrane, and having proposed, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>in 1855,<a name="FNanchor_Q_17" id="FNanchor_Q_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_Q_17" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a> to adopt inoculation as a
+preventive treatment, drawing an easy comparison between the typhus we
+are now observing and the typhoid fever in man; hoping, we may say,
+indeed, to find in this typhus the inoculative and preventive virus
+which is required for our typhoid fever, all will understand with what
+eager and vivid curiosity we have examined the entrails of the victims
+struck down by this epizootia. For, if this typhus had been a genuine
+typhoid fever, the bovine species which has already provided the
+preventive virus for small-pox, would equally have afforded us the
+preventive virus for typhoid fever. In this hypothesis, our proposal to
+inoculate the typhoid fever, which up to this time has been tried on
+horses only, and in experiments badly conducted, by pupils of the
+Veterinary School of Lyons, was perhaps on the eve of being realised.
+But we regret to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>say, we have been forced to submit to evidence, and to
+acknowledge that the present infectious typhus is not the one we require
+to provide us with the anti-typhoid virus.</p>
+
+<p>In the same manner as pathologists disagree as to the question, whether
+the typhus and typhoid fever in man are one and the same disease, so
+should we long debate, without coming to an agreement, as to that which
+relates to the typhus and typhoid fever of the ox. We cannot pretend to
+produce a reconciliation between these dissentient schools; all we
+desire, is to sum up what observation has suggested to us, on account of
+the practical and therapeutic interest belonging to the subject.</p>
+
+<p>For ourselves, the typhus and the typhoid fever of the ox are two
+diseases of the same order, but nevertheless distinct; and the reasons
+upon which we ground our opinion are suggested to us by the nature of
+the intestinal lesions, the symptoms, and causes of these distempers.</p>
+
+<p>As we have already seen, the contagious typhus of the ox, at least that
+of the present <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>epizootia, is an infectious disease, which varies in the
+intensity of the functional disorders and the cadaveric lesions to which
+it gives rise. The typhoid fever, we mean the real one,&mdash;for there are
+other intestinal exanthematic fevers which simulate it,&mdash;always localize
+on the small intestines a pustulous exanthem, and in the typhus of the
+ox, this pustulous exanthem and the ulcerations by which it is
+succeeded, are frequently wanting.</p>
+
+<p>The real typhoid fever springs up in every country under the influence
+of local causes, and is not in the same degree infectious and contagious
+as the typhus proper. In fine, the typhoid fever smites many species of
+animals&mdash;the horse, the pig, etc., without transmitting its contagion
+with the same intensity.</p>
+
+<p>The contagious typhus of the ox appears to be more especially proper to
+that animal; for in those latitudes where it developes itself other
+animals are not affected by it.</p>
+
+<p>For these reasons, then, to which we could easily add many others, we
+consider the typhus of the present epizootia a special and distinct type
+of typhic diseases, and differing from the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>typhoid fever: it is the
+highest expression of its class, and occupies the first degree in the
+scale of infectious typhic diseases. Next to it we should place the
+typhoid fever, which we admit is not often found in the ox. But
+veterinary pathology is still less understood than human pathology, and
+typhoid fever may perhaps be recognised in those diseases which the
+former science has described under the names of <i>adynamic</i> and <i>ataxic
+fevers</i>. Besides, a persistent research among the veterinary memorials
+and reports might possibly enable us to discover some instances in which
+the real typhoid fever in the ox had been traced, apart from the
+epizootic conditions. Here is an instance of it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Gell&eacute;, in vol. i. page 245 of the <i>Pathologie Bovine</i>, quotes the
+following abstract which had been forwarded to him by one of his
+brethren, on the dissection of an ox, which was made on the 10th of May,
+1824:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Duodenum.</i>&mdash;Uniform redness of the mucous membrane, with thickening,
+softening, and petechial spots. In the middle portion were discovered
+some of Peyer's glands, small <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>round pustules, whitish at the top, with
+a reddish circumference. In some parts contiguous to these pustules lay
+ulcerations somewhat extensive, which seemed to be the result of the
+softening of the pustules which had preceded them. A dark pus issued
+from these ulcerations. The inflammation by which they were attended was
+diffused in some places, whilst in others it was circumscribed. In some
+parts the intestinal mucous membrane was utterly destroyed. The
+mesenteric glands were red and soft."</p>
+
+<p>Gell&eacute; adds:&mdash;"I have recorded this interesting narrative, as it may
+perhaps serve hereafter to throw light on a point of doctrine."</p>
+
+<p>The intention which Gell&eacute; nurtured at the time, is, we see, now
+fulfilled conformably with his object.</p>
+
+<p>The contagious typhus of the ox not being a real typhoid fever, we shall
+not, consequently, be able to borrow from it the preventive virus for
+that disease in man. But if these diseases differ, and if it is
+difficult, in the present state of science, to assign to them <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>such
+distinct characters as to produce a perfect agreement among all medical
+writers, we must, however, admit, that to designate the ox-typhus now
+before us by the generic name of <span class="smcap">plague</span>, after the Germans, who
+have given it the name of <span class="smcap">rinderpest</span>, would carry us too far
+back.</p>
+
+<p>Let us acknowledge also, that the denomination of <i>contagious typhus</i>,
+adopted by the French veterinary doctors, is not, any more than the
+designation of <span class="smcap">typhus fever</span>, applied to it by English
+physicians, totally free from objection.</p>
+
+<p>In truth, the various species of typhus whose characteristics we have
+already given (see p. 73), are all of them febrile and contagious.
+Whoever uses the word <i>typhus</i>, speaks of a contagious and febrile
+malady, inasmuch as we cannot conceive typhus without its
+accompaniments, fever and contagion. But as the prevailing
+characteristic of this infectious disease is, above all, its
+<i>contagion</i>, we have preferred to adopt the name of <i>contagious typhus</i>,
+without, however, deceiving ourselves as to the value of the
+denomination. The final <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>elucidation has not yet been found for these
+diseases; at some future day they will be methodically divided and
+arranged, and each of them will then receive a special title, which will
+remove from the mind that vague uncertainty which at present we regret.</p>
+
+<p>But if some faults of doctrine are open to debate, no doubt whatever can
+exist in the mind as to the morbid individuality of ox-typhus, or the
+general conditions of its pathogenia; and we are able to deduce from the
+preceding explanation, the following conclusions as so many propositions
+definitively settled:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st. The typhus of the ox is a disease essentially infectious, which is
+produced by the absorption of the morbigenous miasma in the air.</p>
+
+<p>2nd. This typhic miasma is absorbed and engendered by the ox, under the
+influence of a number of special deleterious causes.</p>
+
+<p>3rd. When the miasma has been absorbed and incubation produced, the
+disease itself is but a supreme effort of nature&mdash;a struggle between the
+vital forces and the morbid <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>evolution of the poison, in order to guard
+and defend life against the danger which threatens it.</p>
+
+<p>4th. A malady essentially general, <i>totius substanti&aelig;</i>, it directs its
+action, in different degrees, over the whole structure, but chiefly on
+the nervous centres, on the organs of respiration, and on the digestive
+apparatus.</p>
+
+<p>5th. Its progress is regular; to the latest period of incubation it
+succeeds that of the general poisoning of the blood&mdash;that of the pyrexia
+of general fever&mdash;which for a time stops up all the secretions. Then,
+the morbid flux is localized according to particular predispositions:
+either on the nervous centres, when the animal is struck down at the
+outbreak; or on the lungs, when the respiratory derangements become the
+leading symptoms; or on the digestive channels, when the train of
+typhoid phenomena is observable.</p>
+
+<p>6th. The period of acute inflammation, which had dried up the sources of
+secretion, gives place to that of the depurative and critical
+exhalations or secretions; from every mucous membrane, from every
+outlet, there issues a mucous discharge, which at first is thin <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>and
+clear, but afterwards becomes thick and purulent, and endowed with the
+most infectious properties. The intestinal mucous membrane, smitten with
+a particular lesion, becomes the seat of a flux extremely copious and
+intolerably fetid. Gases, and occasionally purulent deposits, are
+developed in the cellular tissue beneath the skin.</p>
+
+<p>7th. The organism or physical frame, disturbed in the very centres of
+life, undergoes a general transformation, a kind of organic
+decomposition beforehand, and all the symptoms of reaction are followed
+by a period of wasting atony and adynamia, which usher in dissolution or
+life's extinction.</p>
+
+<p>8th. Finally, throughout the whole course of the distemper, one special
+functional derangement&mdash;<i>stupor</i>&mdash;has been witnessed as the predominant
+symptom, the nervous system being in a manner annihilated in its
+functions in consequence of the general infection.</p>
+
+<p>Such are, in a brief outline, the principal symptoms of this typhus,
+which, when once engrafted on the economy, pursues its fatal march, and
+no treatment can then arrest its <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>evolution. As in small-pox, so in
+typhoid fever and in most general disorders, Nature for a time must be
+allowed to exercise her new functions, which succeed each other in due
+course, and which the physician must not stop; for if he did, he would
+accelerate death; but he must watch with a vigilant eye, in order to
+assist the vital powers.</p>
+
+<p>The medical man, satisfied with these facts, will therefore abandon the
+chimerical hope of finding a specific remedy for such a disease. The
+virus once absorbed, the frame will endure, and fatally endure, all the
+morbid phenomena which must produce and succeed each other. <i>Against
+such a poison no other antidote exists than the poison itself.</i> And this
+will be easily understood. What necessity have we for a specific remedy
+to resist a distemper, which carries within itself its preventive
+treatment? If it germinates and is propagated, let us not accuse Nature
+and render her responsible; our own blindness, the lack of a community
+of interests among the people, our social institutions, the still
+imperfect state of the exact sciences, &amp;c., amply explain how <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>it is
+that we have not yet employed the effectual means we possess, not of
+curing it, but preventing it. If we could have our choice between
+prevention and cure, should we not naturally take the former?</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, the sources, the causes which generate the typhic miasma, are
+thoroughly well known to us, and these we can avoid. The developed
+miasms hang suspended in the air; we may, perhaps, one day destroy them,
+if not in the outer atmosphere, at least in the stalls and sheds where
+the animals inhale and absorb them. In fine, if we are powerless to
+arrest the fell disease when its periods revolve, we may hope at some
+future time to act with greater efficiency upon it during its period of
+incubation.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, if this formidable disease cannot be stopped in its
+progress, does it follow that we should not treat it at all? Certainly
+not! Far be such a heresy from our thoughts. What would be the
+consequence, if we left to their fate the sufferers from the small-pox,
+from typhoid fever, and from typhus itself, instead of watching over
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>them with the utmost solicitude? If the physician, the enlightened
+interpreter of morbid phenomena, did not direct them with a bold and
+fearless hand, but abandoned Nature to her helpless course, why,
+necessarily, every patient would die, whereas a large number are now
+saved.</p>
+
+<p>That which is true in the case of man, is likewise true in the case of
+animals: we are bound to treat them when they are ill. If to-day we
+think it more expeditious and more profitable to exterminate them, we
+certainly neglect our duty. We are the sovereign masters of animals;
+they are the companions of our toils and pleasures, their lives must be
+given to preserve our own; but on their well-being and their happiness
+our own well-being and happiness also depend. They will return to us the
+sufferings and diseases of which they die a hundred times over. Like
+ourselves, they die of consumptive, tubercular, cancerous, eruptive,
+typhoid, and parasitical diseases. And who can tell whether they have
+not communicated these disorders to man, who was, perhaps, originally
+exempt from them; and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>whether they do not continually communicate them
+to him?</p>
+
+<p>What noble pages might be written on the close connexion which exists
+between all organized beings, both physically and morally! Let us love
+these animals, let us treat them with kindness, and all our other
+qualities will be raised by so doing.</p>
+
+<p>But as a man must belong to the time he lives in, we will take up for a
+moment with the doctrines of the economists; we will tolerate the
+extermination of diseased animals, as a painful necessity. Our duty is
+to seek in the study of the diseases of animals <i>and in their cure</i>, the
+cure of the disorders which afflict the human species. We shall,
+therefore, now proceed to consider the subject of the treatment of
+horned cattle, both as relates to preventive and curative medication.</p>
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_O_15" id="Footnote_O_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_15"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> Mr. Simonds has for three months had under his observation
+a cow which has lived with impunity among animals sick and dying of the
+typhus. And a young calf did not contract the disease for more than
+three weeks.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_P_16" id="Footnote_P_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_16"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> Another instance of the fatal effects of the terrible
+disease now ravaging our flocks and herds of cattle, and resulting in
+the death of a veterinary surgeon, has just occurred in the town of
+Sudbury, Suffolk.
+</p><p class="noin">
+Last week the epidemic made its appearance in the stock-yard of Mr.
+Ruffell, farmer, Melford, and the cases were attended by Mr. Robert John
+Plumbly, veterinary surgeon, Sudbury. On Thursday a cow, which was
+evidently suffering from the disease, was brought out and shot by Mr.
+Plumbly, who afterwards made a partial <i>post-mortem</i> examination of the
+carcase. In doing so with a small scalpel his shirt-sleeves became
+saturated with blood, &amp;c. from the animal. He returned home, and the
+same day was attacked with sickness and acute pains in the head and
+chest, accompanied with a soreness in the bones generally. On the
+following day he appeared somewhat better, and was able to attend to his
+duties, but became worse towards evening, and was confined to his house
+on the following day. He considered that he was merely suffering from
+the effects of a severe cold, and did not call in medical assistance
+till Saturday night. He slept well that night, and seemed somewhat
+better on Sunday morning. About two o'clock in the afternoon he got out
+of his bed to have it made, when he appeared comparatively strong and in
+good spirits; but almost immediately afterwards he was taken in what
+seemed to be a fit, and expired in a few minutes, before the surgeon,
+who only lived next door, could come to his assistance. It was thought
+that death had resulted from apoplexy, and a medical certificate to that
+effect was given. Rumours, however, soon becoming current that Mr.
+Plumbly's death was caused by the cattle plague, the borough coroner (R.
+Ransom, Esq.) directed a <i>post-mortem</i> examination to be made. But, by
+this time, so rapid was the spread of the virus through the system that
+the body appeared perfectly plague-stricken, and by Tuesday morning,
+when the surgeons arrived to examine it, and it was taken out of the
+coffin, the corpse scarcely retained the semblance of a human being, the
+head and trunk being much swollen and black in colour, the features
+quite undistinguishable, and all the flesh converted into a putrid
+jelly-like mass. The tissues were completely disintegrated, so that it
+was utterly impossible to make any examination.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">An inquest was held on Tuesday afternoon, at the court room, Town Hall,
+before the coroner, R. Ransom, Esq., and a jury; Mr. Joseph Barker,
+chemist, being chosen foreman. The mayor (S. Higgs, Esq.) and other
+gentlemen were present during the whole of the inquiry, which lasted
+four hours.
+</p><p class="noin">
+The jury went and viewed the body, which lay in an outhouse, but were so
+overcome with the fearful spectacle that they were permitted by the
+coroner to retire to partake of stimulants before they could further
+proceed with the inquiry.
+</p><p class="noin">
+The first witness called was Mr. William Brown, veterinary surgeon, and
+partner with the deceased, who deposed to having gone with him to Mr.
+Ruffell's farm at Long Melford, on Thursday last, to examine several
+cows down with the cattle plague. One was brought out and shot by the
+deceased, who proceeded to examine the intestines and viscera, which did
+not present the appearances usually observable in advanced stages of the
+disease, there being but slight ulceration of the coats of the stomach
+and bowels. The lungs were not examined, as the deceased had only a
+small scalpel with him. In making incisions in the body the
+shirt-sleeves of the deceased became covered with blood, but he did not
+prick or cut himself.
+</p><p class="noin">
+Henrietta Dansie, nurse, was examined, and said that deceased had been
+suffering from boils on his right arm, one of which she had poulticed on
+Wednesday, the day before he had examined the diseased animal. He
+removed the poultice himself, but declined to put on a plaster as the
+place was a small one, although not healed. He changed his linen on his
+return from Melford; but the same afternoon he was taken with sickness
+and vomiting, and complained of acute pains in his head and bones. On
+Sunday afternoon, shortly before he died, he wished to have his bed
+made, and got out and stood whilst it was being done. He then complained
+of faintness, and got into bed again, and witness to revive him washed
+his face and hands; in doing so she observed that the nails of one of
+the hands which had lain in the bed were turning black. She was about to
+give him some pills when she noticed a sudden change come over him; and
+thinking he was going to faint or have a fit, she rang for assistance
+and went herself for the doctor, who, being from home, another surgeon
+residing next door was called in, but by this time the unfortunate
+gentleman was quite dead.
+</p><p class="noin">
+Mr. Maurice Mason, surgeon, said he was called in to see the deceased
+the night before he died, and visited him again on Sunday morning, and
+ordered him a lotion and leeches for his head and effervescing drinks
+(the leeches were not applied). From the appearance of the body and the
+evidence which had been adduced, witness was of opinion that the death
+of the deceased was caused by the absorption of poisonous virus from the
+dead beast.
+</p><p class="noin">
+Mr. W. B. Smith, surgeon, gave similar evidence, and added that the
+tissues of the body were so disintegrated that it would have been
+utterly impossible to have made a <i>post-mortem</i> examination.
+</p><p class="noin">
+After half an hour's consultation the jury returned a verdict, "that
+deceased died from the effects of the absorption of virus or poison into
+his system upon the occasion of his making a <i>post-mortem</i> examination
+of a cow which had died from a certain disease called the cattle
+plague."
+</p><p class="noin">
+The sad occurrence has caused much sensation in the town, the deceased,
+who was only 23 years of age, being well known and much respected.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_Q_17" id="Footnote_Q_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Q_17"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> "Appel &agrave; des Exp&eacute;riences dans le but d'&eacute;tablir le
+Traitement Pr&eacute;servatif de la Fi&egrave;vre Typhoide et des Maladies
+infectieuses inr&eacute;cidivables, par l'inoculation de leurs produits
+morbides." Memoire lu &agrave; l'Institut, le 8 Octobre, 1855. Ins&eacute;r&eacute; dans la
+Gazette Hebdomadaire de M&eacute;decine. Paris.</p></div>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Treatment and Cure of the Ox-Typhus.</i></p>
+<br />
+
+<p>In now addressing ourselves to the treatment, and, as far as human
+agency can effect it, to the cure, of this insidious distemper, we
+cannot conceal from ourselves, that this is the most difficult, the most
+delicate, and, at the same time, the most important division of our
+work; for it is to this part, above all, that attention will be
+directed. This portion of our task, therefore, will prove especially
+arduous; and nothing can give a better notion of the difficulties we
+shall have to encounter than the many fruitless attempts which, for
+several months past, have been made to overcome them by many ardent
+inquirers, stimulated by the best possible intentions.</p>
+
+<p>This, then, is the moment&mdash;if we may be allowed the metaphor&mdash;to take
+the bull by the horns; and we do so without hesitation. If, like so many
+others, we are baffled and overcome in this unequal struggle&mdash;if our
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>strength is not on a level with our desires&mdash;we trust we shall be
+pardoned.</p>
+
+<p>Several paths leading to the same end may be followed in this exposition
+of the treatment of ox-typhus. After mature reflection, we shall adopt
+the one, which will allow us to take the disease at its birth, <i>ab ovo</i>;
+to study it in all its phases, in its first and second causes, and then
+in the successive periods of its development.</p>
+
+<p>In this manner, we shall be able to give an account of each fact of real
+importance mentioned in the foregoing pages, and to comprise within the
+treatment whatever is connected either directly or indirectly with the
+disease.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we will relate in so many separate articles,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st. The means and measures to be employed to meet and resist the first
+local causes which may generate the typhus, then the secondary causes
+which serve to propagate it.</p>
+
+<p>2nd. The means of preventing the spread of the disease to animals still
+in good health.</p>
+
+<p>3rd. The means of treating it at its different <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>periods, from the period
+of incubation to that of its decline.</p>
+
+<p>4th. Finally, we shall insert the laws and sanitary regulations which
+have been published in England relative to this disease.</p>
+
+<p>As will be seen, by adopting this method, the whole matter will be
+considered consecutively and in regular order; and the reader will
+understand that when such a phase of the malady is developed it is
+because the preceding one, which is the cause of it, has not been
+effectually contended with.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">I.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang" style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Means and Measures to be employed to resist the Causes of
+the Contagious Typhus of the Bovine Species.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>We have shown fully and explicitly in what countries of the globe, and
+in what particular conditions, the typhus is generated among oxen. We
+know that this dire disease has its focus on the banks of great rivers
+or lakes, which are periodically overflowed, and on which is deposited a
+slime teeming with organic <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>matter; in marshy plains, where the same
+natural impurities are fostered; and that these first hotbeds of the
+evil are found in China, in India, in America, in Africa, as well as on
+the shores of the Black Sea. A spirit of observation which delights in
+measuring the phenomena of nature with the contracted compass of its own
+short views and conceptions, could alone have imagined that the
+ox-typhus was only to be found originally in the steppes of Hungary and
+Russia, and that the bovine species of those countries, thanks to a
+special organization, was alone capable of generating the typhus.</p>
+
+<p>Since we know, then, in what conditions this disease is developed, and
+especially in what manner it is propagated in Europe, it is not
+impossible now, when nations are united by the means of quick and easy
+communication, by commercial treaties, and by the mutual relations of
+science, to examine what measures might be taken to modify and control
+these conditions. A commission formed for this purpose, a scientific
+congress, would be able to make on the spot a study of all the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>circumstances which favour the development of typhus, and the result of
+their reports would enlighten the peoples as to the causes which produce
+it and from which they are first to suffer. They would be recommended to
+choose as pastures the healthiest places, to withdraw their cattle at
+certain seasons from those plots of ground which are baleful to them;
+new systems of agriculture would be planned and tried, &amp;c. These
+questions being carefully examined, might lead to important results; nor
+can we understand how, in the age in which we live, the same
+indifference and apathy as prevailed in the past should be maintained in
+presence of the positive and permanent causes of this infectious
+disease, whose contagion, as we now see by many proofs, may extend at
+once to so large a portion of Europe. There is now something to be done
+in this matter; it is the duty of the governments to deal with it
+effectually, and to take serious measures to destroy the evil radically,
+if radically it can be destroyed, and, if not, to alleviate its
+pernicious effects as much as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, many breeders of cattle have not waited until now to guard
+against some of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>first causes of the typhus: already they give the
+animals rock salt, ferruginous and arsenical preparations, but all this
+is done without method, and according to each man's will and pleasure.
+It would, therefore, be necessary to institute regulations, and to see
+them carried out and practised under the superintendence of public
+functionaries, armed with sufficient power and authority.</p>
+
+<p>These measures having been taken, others no less indispensable ought to
+follow. They should determine for the herds of cattle intended for
+exportation, the ways and channels they must travel by to go to any
+central part or to any railway station; and there the inspectors on duty
+should mark every animal that passes out of the district he is leaving.
+Heavy penalties should be inflicted on all who might infringe these
+rules.</p>
+
+<p>These precautions would contribute in part to arrest the propagation of
+the complaint; but there is another measure more radical and effectual,
+which should be taken in order to prevent its extension&mdash;we mean
+inoculation, which has met with complete success in some of the
+governments of Russia.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>Thus we see, there are powerful means of withstanding the production of
+the disease in its focus, or generative bed, and likewise its extension
+among the herds of neighbouring countries; and these latter might render
+them in some sort obligatory, by refusing most rigidly to admit to their
+markets, as in Italy has sometimes been done, every head of cattle which
+was not marked as inoculated or which was not furnished with a permit of
+health.</p>
+
+<p>It is easy to conceive that those countries wherein the ox-typhus has
+its birth, and for which the breeding of cattle and their exportation
+are a great source of wealth, would soon feel that they are more
+interested than any other in stifling the contagion in its focus, and in
+affording to those countries that receive their herds, every security
+and guarantee which they have a right to expect. Interest in this case
+coming to the help of common sense, very satisfactory results would in
+course of time be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, we are conscious that we are here dealing with very
+complicated questions; for, though in a book they may seem simple and
+easy, their application is a matter of extreme <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>difficulty. We know too
+well that these preventive measures for protecting animals will meet
+with many obstacles, and only be adopted at last with tardy reluctance,
+since man himself continues in some respect indifferent to the causes
+which spread about the fearful epidemics to which he falls a victim in
+consequence of his neglect.</p>
+
+<p>In truth, it is well known that the cholera of the present day&mdash;that
+much more serious <i>plague</i>&mdash;had its origin on the banks of the Red Sea,
+amidst the infectious miasmata developed near Mecca, where thousands of
+pilgrims who had died of fatigue and privation, and hundreds of
+thousands of sheep butchered and religiously offered up in sacrifice,
+have, beneath a torrid heat, generated the choleraic miasma, which
+formerly was supposed to be produced exclusively on the banks of the
+Ganges. This fact duly ascertained and proved, we might suppose that the
+governments of the different nations among which the cholera is about to
+extend its ravages, were indignant and had complained at thus being
+smitten with a scourge, due to the careless ignorance and sordid avidity
+of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>some official of the Turkish Government. But we should be mistaken.</p>
+
+<p>No! every one hoped at first that he, at least, would be spared by the
+contagion, and the authorities did nothing to resist the evil but adopt
+the old course of <i>quarantine</i>&mdash;a remedy more illusory now than ever,
+since the nations are in constant communication, either in their own
+persons or by the exchange of their commodities; and consequently, the
+epidemic is pursuing its invading course from week to week.</p>
+
+<p>That which is being done for the cholera gives us a scale by which we
+may estimate the efforts which will be made to arrest the generation and
+the contagion of the cattle typhus.<a name="FNanchor_R_18" id="FNanchor_R_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_R_18" class="fnanchor">[R]</a></p>
+
+<p>We are certainly bound to resist the introduction of horned cattle
+tainted with typhus; but in the conditions amidst which they live, some
+of them may bear the seeds of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>distemper, even whilst they appear in
+perfect health, and therefore able to endure the fatigue of a long
+journey.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in order to avoid exciting the incubation of the typhus during
+their transit either to Finland, Holland, France, or England, it must
+never be forgotten that these animals are gifted with a nervous
+sensibility of wonderful acuteness, joined to the weakest vital
+resistance. Care must be taken to husband their strength, to give them a
+choice distribution of food easy of assimilation; barley-meal, or other
+grains, must be mixed up with their drink; they must be protected from
+the changes of weather; they must have room enough and air enough in the
+locomotive stalls on the railway trains and on board ship.</p>
+
+<p>We pass over in silence the hygienic measures to be taken in order to
+keep these vehicles of transit in a proper sanitary state: the sanitary
+police regulations inserted further on will make them sufficiently
+known.</p>
+
+<p>All these measures having been taken to meet and withstand distant
+causes and dangers, let us now direct our attention to those local
+causes which strike our eyes, and which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>likewise have their share of
+influence in propagating the disease. Thus, whenever an inclement season
+comes to deprive the herbivorous animals of sufficient pasture, or to
+deteriorate its natural qualities, we are bound to remedy this change,
+and to increase the cares we devote to them; for these frail and
+helpless creatures, immediately feel and suffer from the effects of a
+sustenance less than usually restorative. Under such circumstances, we
+must make exceptional sacrifices; when they return from feeding on the
+grass, we should give them some additional fodder, or roots of a
+generous quality. We must imitate the regimen used in the country of the
+steppes, by adding to their forage a solution of marine salt, or a
+solution of sulphate of iron. Day by day we must give to the weakest and
+least fed cattle, a ration consisting of bruised oats, pounded juniper
+berries, gentian, sulphate of iron, and carbonate of soda.</p>
+
+<p>For, if we neglect to take those measures which are required to prevent
+among herbivorous animals the development of those ordinary epizootias,
+which every year are generated on our own soil, they will certainly
+afford a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>favourable seat to the typhic miasma transmitted by foreign
+animals, or exceptionally generated by themselves. These cares and
+attentions must be greatly increased, when the foreign epizootia, has
+spread itself, as in the present instance, among our flocks and herds.
+Then, indeed, we must be careful not to load these creatures with
+pampering food for the purpose of fattening them. For it may be
+profitable, and the breeder may plume himself, on having produced an
+adipose monstrosity to such a degree as to bury, for instance, a pig's
+head in the fleshy exuberance of his thorax; but such a derogation from
+the laws of nature borders closely on disease, and assuredly such an
+unnatural accumulation, predisposes the glutted animals to epizootic
+diseases in general.</p>
+
+<p>The water given them to drink must be attended to with particular
+solicitude. It should never be drawn up from ponds or stagnant rivers.
+The animals kept in the pasture grounds should always find at their
+disposal, in receptacles intended for their use, a supply of pure fresh
+water.</p>
+
+<p>After these precautions with respect to their food and sustenance,
+attention must next be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>directed to the hygienic conditions required by
+the animal. Every morning he should be cleaned, washed, brushed, and
+dried; what is every day done for the horse must now be done for the ox.
+These unusual cares will be most salutary to him, and greatly increase
+his vital resistance.</p>
+
+<p>The animal thus protected in his food and particular necessities,
+attention must next be directed to the stalls and sheds. Over-crowding
+must be carefully avoided; the proper cube of air for breathing must be
+measured out for each head of cattle; every day the latter must be
+carried out into the open air; the floor of the stall or shed must first
+be thoroughly cleansed and washed out, after which it must be sprinkled
+with a solution of chloride of lime. If the stall is not well aired, a
+little straw should be burned on the ground, to improve the atmosphere,
+or else branches of resinous trees, or juniper berries may be used. In
+some cases aromatic fumigations of sage, rosemary, or mint, boiled in
+water, are employed, the balsamic vapours which arise therefrom being at
+once tonic and purifying. During the night a tub, containing pitch and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>tar, should be left in the stall, or a large piece of camphor should be
+suspended from the ceiling. Vinegar may be spilt on a piece of red-hot
+iron, or powder of sulphur may be burned into sulphuric gas and diffuse
+its vapours through the stall or shed. This excellent parasiticide may
+perhaps be equally endowed with anti-typhic properties.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, when this fatal epizootia is ravaging the country, every farmer
+and agriculturist must carefully abstain from mixing with his herds any
+cattle which have been bought either at fairs or markets; he must take
+care, conformably with the directions issued by the Privy Council, (to
+which we refer the reader for more ample details,) to avoid all contact
+both direct and indirect with horned cattle tainted with the typhus, as
+he might himself become an instrument of the contagion.&mdash;Let him never
+forget that to take as the guide for his actions in these times of
+calamity his private and personal interest, is the greatest crime a man
+can commit. Let him strive, therefore, to assist the authorities in the
+measures which they have taken for the interest of all.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>II.</p>
+
+<p>Now that we have examined the measures which prudence directs us to take
+to defend ourselves against the causes which produce and propagate
+typhus, let us think of the means of preventing it, when the contagion
+threatens to diffuse itself over a whole kingdom, as at present it is
+doing in England.</p>
+
+<p>When, on the 19th of last June, it was believed that the typhus or
+Cattle Plague, as they continue to call it, had effected its invasion in
+England, the Government, informed by professional men of the serious
+danger to which the interests of the country would be exposed, if the
+disease should spread, might have considered this distemper not as a
+question of private interest, but as one of public and national concern.
+It might at the outset have given to this epizootia all the significancy
+of a public calamity, have looked upon it as the invasion of an enemy
+threatening to destroy its territory, and have employed every possible
+means to stifle it at its birth.</p>
+
+<p>We well know that the English Government, derived as it is rather from
+political <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>than from religious and social changes, is at once
+monarchical, aristocratic, and partially democratic, and for that reason
+embarrassed in its working by so many wheels. Its authority is scattered
+and divided, whilst the respect ascribed to the prerogatives of each
+distinct public power is the safeguard of the State. In the absence of
+both Houses during the recess, it could take no resolution as to ways
+and means; for the difficulties on this unhappy occasion, we cannot too
+often repeat it, are reduced to a question of money. Deprived of the
+requisite authority, it was unable to do more than exhume the old laws
+on the matter and ordain new ones. And yet, the impotence of the
+Government was not perhaps so great as is imagined; for whilst it
+suffered the typhus almost unmolested to devastate the country, it very
+justly, and in the name of the public interest, took vigorous and
+effectual measures to stamp out another epidemic&mdash;the rash and insane
+conspiracy of the Fenians. It stood still and would not authorize
+domiciliary visits in stables and stalls, nor the seizure of sick
+animals, but it did not falter a moment at the domiciliary visits and
+incarceration of insurgent citizens <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>meditating mischief, so that in
+this instance, the privilege of immunity has been given to the brute
+creation. Everybody, both in England and out of England, admires their
+vigour and despatch in stifling the insurrection in its bud. But why not
+act with equal promptitude in the case of an epizootia?</p>
+
+<p>Arming itself, in this manner, in the public interest, and with
+sufficient power, the Government might have appointed an executive
+commission, with the Lord Mayor as president. Such a commission would
+have applied itself at once to the consideration and studious
+examination of the subject in all its bearings, and would have proposed
+prompt and energetic measures, which the Government, with equal
+despatch, would have confirmed by giving to them the authority of law,
+as they have since tardily done. A fund, which, for the wealth of
+England, would not have been considerable, 250,000<i>l.</i>&mdash;the cost of a
+few Armstrong guns&mdash;might have been placed at the disposal of this
+Board, to enable its directors to meet and provide for, without delay,
+every just claim and want arising from the scourge.</p>
+
+<p>An auxiliary commission, exclusively medical, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>and consisting of medical
+and veterinary doctors, might have been formed conjointly with the
+former, and every preventive measure, considered by them as necessary to
+stamp out the complaint at the outbreak, after it had been proposed by
+the medical board, and submitted to the executive commission, and by
+them to the Home Secretary, might have been acted upon by law within
+twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>Taken unawares, and the mode of treating the sick animals not being
+known at first, they would have been reduced to the cruel necessity of
+exterminating at once all tainted cattle, as well as those belonging to
+tainted herds, but not without compensating the owners of those
+cattle.<a name="FNanchor_S_19" id="FNanchor_S_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_S_19" class="fnanchor">[S]</a></p>
+
+<p>They would have sent two physicians to Russia and Hungary, to observe
+and study the preventive and curative medication, especially their mode
+of inoculation, and thanks to the rapid locomotion of these times,
+twenty days would have been sufficient for this foreign <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>exploration.
+The physicians constituting the medical board should have been
+authorized to seize any beast tainted with the typhus; a company should
+have been charged to collect and keep ready for the public service, at
+the four quarters of London, an ample retinue of horses, closed
+carriages, and working men, to convey at all hours of the day and night
+the carcases of the slaughtered animals to the respective spots, where
+long and deep trenches had been dug to receive them. Each carcase before
+burial to have been well sprinkled with chloride of lime.</p>
+
+<p>By taking this course, every one's interest would have been respected,
+as much as can be desired when a great calamity threatens a country;
+besides, in doing so, the present ministers would but have followed the
+example of the Government (with regard to compensation), during the
+epizootia of the eighteenth century. The proprietors who had thus
+received, not the full and absolute price, but a sum sufficiently
+remunerative for their sacrificed cattle, would have assisted the
+authorities, and thereby would have served the common interest, because
+their sick cattle, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>perishing every hour within their stalls and sheds,
+were no longer a real source of embarrassment and ruin. They would not
+have been obliged to drive them to market to get what they could out of
+them and disencumber themselves. The most active cause of the contagion
+would by this means have been prevented.</p>
+
+<p>This allowance having been made for the most pressing dangers, attention
+should next have been directed to a matter no less important&mdash;we mean
+the treatment and cure of this distemper; for we will never admit that
+England can have fallen back a century, and that whilst those
+enlightened men&mdash;Malcolm Flemming and Layard&mdash;proposed and tried to cure
+and prevent ox-typhus in 1757, we, in 1865, shall have been reduced to
+the horrible alternative, the repugnant barbarity, of the general and
+indiscriminate extermination of the tainted cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst, therefore, the treatment of the typhus would have been studied
+on the spot, and the most urgent measures would have been taken to
+withstand the propagation of the evil, they would have established, a
+few <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>miles from London and on the northern side, in the direction of the
+great cattle market, a number of hospitals or sanitariums, and, as far
+as possible, within a park. These hospitals, constructed of wood,
+containing, besides stables and sheds, a slaughter-house, a
+dwelling-house for the staff of employ&eacute;s, a laboratory stocked with all
+the physical and chemical instruments required, &amp;c., would in two or
+three weeks have been sufficiently prepared to receive a certain number
+of cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Provided with these advantages and opportunities, a permanent stage of
+operation would have been raised on which trials and experiments might
+have been made with every chance of fruitful results. In these
+sanitariums, for instance, the most practical physicians and
+veterinarians might have entered upon a systematic course of treatment,
+dividing the bovine patients into classes, according to their periods of
+disease, their age, &amp;c.; and trying some particular mode of treatment,
+some remedy considered as effectual, alternately, upon each of these
+classes of tainted cattle. These experiments, having been made under
+circumstances so favourable, would have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>enabled the faculty to
+establish a medical basis, which, if not infallible, would have been
+relatively efficacious, and might have saved a large number of the
+infected animals.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst thus fixing their attention on the cure of the sick animals,
+these experimentalists would have carefully studied and practised the
+preventive treatment by inoculation, availing themselves both of
+Layard's hints and recommendations and of the practical knowledge
+acquired by the medical expedition to the steppes, which would by that
+time have returned from their mission. They would have selected animals
+smitten with the genuine typhus, of the typhoid and intestinal form, in
+<i>the third period</i>, whilst the depurative and critical secretions are
+running from the mucous membranes; they would have gathered the virus
+from its springs of infection or from its purulent subcutaneous deposits
+or from the serum of the blood.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, they might have chosen four heifers, of good
+constitutions and healthy, and these they might have prepared, according
+to Layard's advice, for inoculation, by a special treatment, and by
+hygienic and medical cares. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>On some of these the inoculation would have
+been made near the tail, according to the subcutaneous process, with a
+lancet charged with typhic virus; on others, a crucial incision, or
+cross-cut, would have been made on the crupper. But, to speak truth, we
+cannot do better than Layard, whose ingenious treatment, with all due
+deference to a certain veterinarian of our day, deserves a very
+different epithet than that of being amusing.<a name="FNanchor_T_20" id="FNanchor_T_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_T_20" class="fnanchor">[T]</a> Layard says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That nothing may be omitted which in any shape can
+contribute to the success of inoculation, due attention
+should be paid to the constitution and state of the beast,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>no less in this practice on the cattle than on the human
+species. Undoubtedly the young, healthy, and strong bid
+fairer for a good issue than the old, sickly, and feeble;
+each of these different constitutions demand a particular
+treatment, even in the method of preparation; and however
+trifling it may seem to many&mdash;the urging a necessity of
+preparation&mdash;I will venture to affirm that I have seen
+excellent effects arising from a rational preparation, and
+fatal events from want of preparation. I have likewise been
+witness of unfavourable turns, merely from an injudicious
+preparation.</p>
+
+<p>"The beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding;
+those that have but a small share of blood must have none
+drawn. The strong must, besides moderate bleeding and
+purging, be kept on light diet and their body kept open.
+Thus, scalded bran, mixed with their hay and chaff; will
+cool them. The weakly, and such as are inclined to scour,
+must be kept on dry fodder, and have peas and beans given
+them to strengthen them. A mess of malt, or a quart of warm
+ale, with a few spices, will be very suitable for them.</p>
+
+<p>"Whatever diseases the cattle be affected with, if time will
+permit, they are first to be removed.</p>
+
+<p>"The cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed,
+rubbed dry, and then curried, to remove all the filth from
+the hair and skin. Then they are to be placed in a spacious
+barn or stable, where the air is temperate and no cold can
+come to them. There they are to be prepared according to the
+direction already given, foddered with good sweet hay, and
+watered with clear spring water; and if the distemper be not
+near they may be turned out into the air, near the barn or
+stable, and may stay there a few hours in the middle of the
+day.</p>
+
+<p>"When it appears that the cattle are in perfect health, free
+from any infection or other disease, brisk and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>lively,
+neither costive nor scouring, and chewing their cud, then
+the operation may be safely undertaken, and henceforth they
+must be confined to the barn.</p>
+
+<p>"Since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the
+contagious and putrid particles separated from the blood,
+wherever the infectious matter makes an impression at first,
+particular care must be taken not to inoculate near such
+vital parts as the heart and lungs, nor near the womb, if a
+cow with calf be inoculated; for, though rowels are properly
+applied in the dewlaps, to draw off the pestilential humour
+from the breast, and in other cases beasts are frequently
+rowelled in the flanks,&mdash;yet in this operation, as matter is
+inserted by these channels into the neighbouring vessels,
+those vital parts, or the womb, might become the chief seat
+of the disease, and the event prove fatal.</p>
+
+<p>"To prevent such accidents, human beings have been
+inoculated on the arms and legs, and now-a-days the arms are
+found sufficient. I would recommend that the cattle should
+be inoculated about the middle of the shoulders or buttocks,
+on both sides, to have the benefit of two drains. The skin
+is to be cut lengthways two inches, deep enough for the
+blood to start, but not to bleed much. In this incision is
+to be put a dossil or pledget of tow, dipped in the matter
+of a boil full ripe, opened in the back of a young calf
+recovering from the distemper. It may not be amiss to stitch
+up the wound, to keep the tow in, and let it remain
+forty-eight hours. Then the stitches are to be cut, the tow
+taken out, and the wound dressed with yellow basilicon
+ointment, or one made with turpentine and yolk of egg,
+spread on pledgets of tow. These dressings are to be
+continued during the whole illness, and till after the
+recovery of the beast, to promote the discharge; and then
+the wound may be healed with the cerate of lapis
+calaminaris, or any other.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>"On the third day after inoculation, the discolouring of the
+wound, whose lips appear grey and swollen, will be a sign
+that the inoculation has succeeded; but the beasts, as
+Professor Swenke informs us, did not fall ill till the sixth
+day, which answers exactly to the observations daily made in
+the inoculating of children. Yet the Professor adds that on
+the third day a costiveness came on, which was removed by
+giving each calf three ounces of Epsom salts.</p>
+
+<p>"No sooner do the symptoms of heaviness and stupidity appear
+than the beasts must have a light covering thrown over them,
+and at night fastened loosely. They must be rubbed morning
+and evening, and curried, till the boils begin to rise; warm
+hay-water and vinegar-whey must be given plentifully. Should
+the beasts require more nourishment, dry meat, such as hay,
+with a little bran, may be offered. I should be very
+cautious in giving milk-pottage, even after the boils and
+pimples had all come out, for fear of bringing on a
+scouring. However, this caution is proper, that whenever
+milk-pottage be given the vinegar-whey is to be omitted for
+obvious reasons. In cases of accident, the same attention is
+to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the
+natural way, and the medicines recommended are the same I
+would use; but by inoculation there seldom is a call for
+any, so favourably does the distemper proceed through its
+several stages.</p>
+
+<p>"The crisis being over, it will be proper to purge the
+cattle, to air them by degrees, and to have the same regard
+in the management of them as is laid down in the chapter on
+the method of cure."</p></div>
+
+<p>The typhic virus is so highly infectious and poisonous that the first
+animals inoculated <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>would have all died; it would have been necessary to
+inoculate successively a number of animals with the virus derived from
+the first inoculation, and transmitted from an inoculated animal to a
+healthy one, by which means they would have acquired a virus of the
+first, second, third generation, and so on. These inoculations having
+always been made on four animals at a time; on two of them, the disease
+would have been left to take its own course, in order that the
+experimentalists might watch its progress and development, and the two
+others would have supplied the virus for inoculation.</p>
+
+<p>At the third or fourth generation, the virus, modified and attenuated in
+its infectious principles, would no longer have been mortal in its
+effects, as experience has proved in Russia. Then the inoculated
+animals, placed under the control of hygienic cares and a few purgative
+and tonic medications, would have passed from convalescence to health.
+The virus thus attenuated would have supplied the means of a practical
+inoculation on a large scale to all healthy animals.</p>
+
+<p>Proceeding thus, they would, moreover, but <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>have followed the method
+adopted in those times of epidemic and epizootia when the small-pox is
+raging. On those occasions, we subject our sick patients to vaccination
+or revaccination; we inoculate the variola in our sheep threatened with
+the contagion; we pursue the same course in cases of epizootia, of
+peripneumonia. And truly, that which it is reasonable to do in one case
+may be generalized and applied to a greater number.</p>
+
+<p>The experiment we have suggested might, perhaps, have been long and
+difficult, nay, even costly, but we should have established, after a
+certain time, the rational method of this preventive treatment, and have
+distributed the same throughout the country. Veterinarians would have
+formed in particular districts their centre of operation, in which the
+preventive virus might have been produced, and they might have gone from
+farm-house to farm-house to inoculate all the cattle within them.</p>
+
+<p>From these facts and observations made by the physicians, precious
+documents would have been derived; and if, contrary to all expectation,
+success had not justified every hope, we should have bequeathed to
+future generations <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>facts and experiences which would have been of the
+most useful character to them and full of instruction. Thus it is that
+science advances and progress is accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>If all that we have just indicated as a realizable matter had been done,
+in effect, England would have afforded in this, as she has so often done
+in other cases, a noble example to be followed, and would have acquired
+a new title to the admiration of other nations.</p>
+
+<p>But, unfortunately it has not been so: silence has succeeded to
+eloquence at Guildhall, and the meetings at the Mansion-house have
+flickered away. That which was held on the 27th of September, seems
+likely to be the last of them.<a name="FNanchor_U_21" id="FNanchor_U_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_U_21" class="fnanchor">[U]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>The subscriptions which, in spite of all the praiseworthy efforts and
+earnestness of the Lord Mayor, did not reach 2000<i>l.</i>, were returned to
+the subscribers, so that all the attempts which have been made to
+centralize the direction to be given to the various measures have proved
+abortive. The plan of forming sanitariums, as well as that of
+compensating the owners of cattle, have both fallen to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>What can we think of such a state of things when we see the ox-typhus
+extending its ravages to sheep, and have to fear that the disease will
+spread to other animal species? What serious reflections it creates in
+our minds, and what awful consequences we might deduce therefrom! But
+what would be the use of them?</p>
+
+<p>Let us add, however, that France, save on the recognised principle of
+indemnification, and a more speedy extermination of her tainted cattle,
+has shown the same deficiency as to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>the means of treatment as England;
+whilst we have the consolation of attributing this impotence on the part
+of this country to the fact that the outbreak of the epizootia has
+occurred during the Parliamentary recess.</p>
+
+<p>It is, therefore, to institutions rather than to individuals that we
+must ascribe the impossibility of conquering the difficulties which have
+been met, and which at any other time might not have obstructed the
+course of things. Far be it from us therefore to accuse of indifference
+a great people renowned for their zealous promotion of public interests,
+for their charity and inexhaustible philanthropy, whose innumerable
+asylums have been opened to every misfortune, who support so many
+hospitals and public charities by their voluntary contributions, and
+who, in so many calamities, have seen some devoted heroine issue from
+her retirement to assuage them. For if the Crimean war produced its lady
+beneficent in the person of Florence Nightingale, all of us must allow
+that if others had followed the example of Miss Burdett Coutts, who, in
+a manner, has stood alone against the storm, by the facilities she has
+afforded for treating and experimentalizing on the cattle <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>smitten with
+typhus, the formidable scourge might have been arrested in its focus.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">III.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Curative Medication.</i></p>
+
+<p>We might acquire the means of resisting the general causes which develop
+the typhus; we might stop its diffusion, we might even prevent it, by
+inoculating the sound and healthy animals, and yet it would be
+necessary, none the less, to search for the means of curing it; for, as
+in the small-pox, the preventive treatment of which we know, certain
+circumstances would arise in the disease which would oblige us to treat
+it. And as we are far from being able to resist the generation and
+dissemination of this scourge, which reckons almost as many victims as
+sufferers, it is important to make known what treatment we can oppose to
+the functional derangements to which it gives rise.</p>
+
+<p>As we have already said, this typhus, when the organism has absorbed its
+peccant and infectious miasma, produces a succession of disorders which
+become in a manner <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>temporary functions; it pursues its phases, its
+periods; and as the functional derangements differ at these several
+epochs from the development of the morbid phenomena, the course of
+medicine which is employed to check them cannot always be the same.
+Starting, therefore, from practical data, we will attend the disease in
+its gradual advance&mdash;that is to say, in its distinct periods&mdash;and will
+afterwards explain certain predominant symptoms, which, owing to their
+importance, must likewise fix the attention of the careful therapeutist.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that we have recognised four periods in the
+regular course of typhus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div style="margin-left: 37%; margin-right: 20%;"><p class="noin">
+1st, a period of incubation;<br />
+2nd, a period of initiation;<br />
+3rd, a period of duration;<br />
+4th, a period of decline.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>But, in the first place, before beginning the treatment, every farmer or
+grazier, or cattle-owner, who keeps a certain number of cattle, should
+divide his herd into several classes, in order to regulate and methodize
+the cares to be given to the sick.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, he will form a first class, comprising <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>the animals in a sound and
+healthy state, having had no intercourse, either direct or indirect,
+with the tainted cattle, and which he will be careful immediately to
+isolate and keep apart.</p>
+
+<p>A second class must be formed of those beasts, which, though as yet
+unaffected with the distemper, have, nevertheless, been exposed more or
+less directly to its contagion, by living and consorting with them, or
+by their contact with other animals, either at fairs or markets, or in
+the ships and cattle-trucks on the railway during their transit from one
+place to another. The horned cattle composing this latter class must be
+carefully watched, and be made the subject of the preventive treatment,
+the moment the first sign appears of the working of the incubation.</p>
+
+<p>A third class must be formed, consisting of cattle actually smitten with
+the distemper.</p>
+
+<p>These divisions of animals being thus settled and separated, will
+diminish the labour and the cost of treatment and the liability to
+diffuse the complaint, especially when the epizootia begins to lose its
+virulence.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span><i>First Period&mdash;of Incubation.</i></p>
+
+<p>We have said that infectious diseases, when once the frame had suffered
+the effects of the poisonous miasma, pursued their fatal course, and
+that, generally speaking, it was impossible after such infection to
+arrest its development. We say generally, for the typhus at the outbreak
+of its appearance on a virgin soil sometimes manifests itself in a
+benignant manner, then it becomes more destructive, by-and-bye its
+pernicious properties decline, and it in some sort goes out of itself.
+One would say that the epizootia, like those it smites, has likewise its
+peculiarities, its period of initiation, of duration, and of decline.
+There are in consequence fixed times or epochs during which the
+sufferers afford better scope for our means of action; at a given moment
+the attenuated virus, having lost much of its deadly effects, ceases to
+produce death, which decline is the real source of the marvellous
+successes obtained by certain remedies against the epizootia.</p>
+
+<p>If it be true that the distemper at its period of duration, and at its
+most critical moment, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>cannot be fettered, we should not be justified in
+asserting positively the same, as respects the period of incubation.
+Indeed, we are convinced ourselves, that if ever this disease shall be
+clogged in the wheel, <i>if ever its specific remedy shall be discovered,
+it will be within the period of incubation</i>, when the economy begins to
+struggle with the first phenomena of the poisoning. Be that as it may,
+we cannot, in epizootic times, too earnestly enjoin the owners of cattle
+to submit their animals to a strict and close inspection, in order that,
+when the first signs of incubation appear, they may modify the animal's
+usual diet, and attack the disease at its birth, so as to render it
+abortive, if the thing can be done.</p>
+
+<p>At this period we must endeavour to come to Nature's assistance, we must
+shake and stir up the economy, we must unseat the morbid functions which
+seek to master us, and then the vital force, thus solicited and
+stimulated, may sometimes struggle with advantage. To do this
+effectually, if the animal is atonic and predisposed to adynamia, if his
+internal organs are relaxed, we will strengthen him by administering
+every day a stimulating <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>beverage. If he is confined to the stall we
+will give him the open air, and let him graze the fields; which is a
+treatment by itself for the invalid animal, so vivifying is the pure air
+of the common, and so thoroughly different from the atmosphere which is
+pent up within his stall. If the animal is strong, lusty, exuberant with
+health, let him be purged once or twice, the purgative to be given at
+intervals of twenty-four hours. (We shall give the medical formula in
+the chapter addressed to farmers, graziers, &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p>This purgation, moreover, will correspond with the theory of those
+authors who consider the evacuations as the proper means of delivering
+the economy from the infectious miasms which have been absorbed.</p>
+
+<p>If the beast is plethoric, recourse should sometimes be had to bleeding,
+especially in hot and dry seasons, like the one we have recently passed
+through.</p>
+
+<p>These stimulative and depletive medications cannot but be favourable to
+the animal, since it will anticipate the treatment to which he must be
+submitted a few days later, when the disease shall have declared
+itself.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>To this treatment, in some sort preventive, must be annexed an
+<i>antimiasmatic</i> beverage, either a <i>permanganate of potash</i>, or a
+solution of <i>chlorate of potash</i>, or of <i>arsenic acid</i> in powder, mixed
+with some aromatized beverage, or solution of <i>arseniate of soda</i>. These
+anti-typhic drinks must be discontinued on those days when the sick
+cattle are purged.</p>
+
+<p>It need hardly be said, that during this period of incubation the
+feeding of the cattle must be strictly attended to, and that the animal
+must receive unusual hygienic care.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Second Period, or that of Initiation.</i></p>
+
+<p>At this period the constitution and temperament of the sick cattle must
+first of all be deliberately studied, so as to ascertain fully which are
+<i>lymphatic</i>, which are <i>nervous</i>, and which are <i>sanguine</i>. We must
+notice the age, the sex, the state of gestation, and make allowance for
+any prior complaints to which any of the sick cattle may have been
+subject. For if, like certain system-mongers, we reduced the treatment
+of all tainted cattle to the same mathematical formula of medication,
+that is, either to bleeding or to purging exclusively, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>we should
+certainly increase the number of victims.</p>
+
+<p>In this stage of the disease we have to contend with the derangements of
+the circulation and secretions. The fever is generally intense, the
+blood is inflamed or vitiated, the mucous membranes are dried up;
+shiverings, alternations of cold and heat, &amp;c., occur. We must then
+mitigate these morbid phenomena either by bleeding or purging. The
+bleeding must be more or less copious, according to the strength of the
+animal. For, it must not be forgotten that we have several critical
+phases to pass through, and if we exhaust the animal by too largely
+draining him of blood, we may forfeit the success of the treatment. If
+bleeding is considered unnecessary, let the sufferer be purged at once,
+by administering either <i>sulphate of magnesia</i> (<i>Epsom salts</i>), <i>or
+sulphate of soda</i> (<i>Glauber's salt</i>). These purges to be taken daily,
+for two or three days, according to the way they operate. Linseed oil,
+mixed in some warm beverage, may be given instead of these, or else a
+mixture of rhubarb and calomel, or even a decoction of senna. Preference
+should be given to saline <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>or laxative purges, as, drastic purgatives,
+such as aloes or jalap, sometimes concentrate the inflammation on the
+narrow parts of the digestive channels.</p>
+
+<p>In this second stage&mdash;the period of initiation&mdash;the appetite is
+generally gone, the thirst excessive; so that nutritive or solid feeding
+must of course be suppressed.</p>
+
+<p>As for the drinks, they must be cold, consisting of water with
+sufficient flour mixed in it to whiten it, and a little vinegar or
+sulphuric acid, to acidulate it. A decoction of good hay with some
+marine salt, or nitrate of potash; a decoction of pellitory or
+wall-wort, of ground-ivy, or whey, or buttermilk, likewise acidulated,
+and which the cattle are very partial to, will in every way be suitable
+for their use. If the heat of the skin diminishes, and if congestion
+appears to settle on the lungs, the drinks must be given warm,
+consisting of a decoction of borage leaves, mallows, marsh-mallow, and
+pellitory. In these cases, the body must be protected from chills by
+overlaying it with blankets, so as to keep the mass of the blood as much
+as possible on the surface, and check the tendency it has to load the
+internal organs.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>By following these prescriptions, we shall answer all the conditions of
+the treatment during the second period. In truth, by the process of
+bleeding, we shall have reduced the heat of the fever, and prevented too
+great a flow towards the nervous, pulmonary, or digestive centres. The
+purgings will have acted with similar effects; and, what is more, they
+will have cleared the <i>prim&aelig; vi&aelig;</i>, and rendered the circulation of the
+abdominal apparatus more easy. In fine, the drinks will have contributed
+to assuage the violence of the fever. The washing, which must be
+effected with a wet sponge passed over the nose, mouth, and eyes, and
+then over the skin, which must afterwards be rubbed dry, will be both
+useful and pleasant to the sick animal. This cleansing will maintain the
+important functions of the skin in due order.</p>
+
+<p>Some persons have advocated as most efficacious at this period
+hydro-therapia, or the Water-cure, in the form of warm and cold
+ablutions, vapour baths, &amp;c. This treatment, so bracing by its revulsive
+action, and the powerful influence of which we witnessed for several
+years in the establishment which we <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>superintended at Belle Vue, near
+Paris, might prove of some service in ox-typhus, especially in the form
+of the vapour bath; but it requires so much practice, and so incessant
+and watchful a care, that it is needful to have the process attended by
+an experienced practitioner.</p>
+
+<p>We must remark, in addition, that the general state of the animal, and
+his desire for food, will show the degree of strictness and restraint
+which must be observed in regulating his diet. His instinct must be
+taken by us as a guide; and if the drinks rendered nutritive by the
+addition of bran, oatmeal, barley flour, or even seed of grass pounded,
+are relished by him, we must indulge his desires to some extent, in
+order to keep up his strength.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Third Period, or that of Duration.</i></p>
+
+<p>At this stage of the distemper we must watch and follow step by step the
+symptoms which attend it, and come to their relief.</p>
+
+<p>All the secretions have now resumed their course; from the mucous
+membranes there occurs a copious discharge, first of all serous, then
+thick and muco-purulent; the breathing <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>may be obstructed, the
+diarrh&oelig;a frequent; the air infiltrates beneath the integument. The
+fever is sometimes continuous, sometimes intermittent. We must satisfy
+the cravings of the vital powers by administering the same beverages as
+in the preceding period. Far from checking the diarrh&oelig;a, as some
+advise, we must regulate the evacuations by means of laxatives, such as
+tartrate of potash, sulphate of magnesia, or sulphate of soda. It is
+very essential, indeed, that the mucous membranes of the digestive
+channels should be free, and not irritated by the contact of solid
+alimentary substances or bilious secretions.</p>
+
+<p>If the diarrh&oelig;a be too frequent or irritating, we must give the
+sufferer night and morning a clyster, consisting of bran water.</p>
+
+<p>At this period we will follow the advice given over and over again by
+all the physicians of the last century, and apply cauteries with red-hot
+iron, or fix one or two setons either on the dewlap, the neck, or the
+thighs, and these issues must be kept open by means of basilicon
+ointment. It is unquestionably of the highest importance to promote all
+the depurative secretions in animals whose cellular <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>tissue is choked up
+with grease and lymph. Those only have got well in which the running has
+been regular and copious, and the wasting of the flesh progressive.</p>
+
+<p>If the fever is not regular, two pills of sulphate of quinine must be
+given, each pill containing one gramme, one pill in the morning, the
+other during the day, in order to prevent the fit, which usually takes
+place in the evening. If the state of atony, of adynamia, comes on at
+this period, <i>acetate of ammonia</i> must be given, from one to six ounces,
+in a pint of water, the same to be administered in two doses; only the
+acidulous or alkaline drinks must be discontinued, otherwise the acetate
+of ammonia would be decomposed in its passage into the digestive
+channels. Finally, the eyes, the nostrils, and the mouth must be
+frequently washed with an infusion of camomile, or some other aromatic
+plant.</p>
+
+<p>The setons must be kept up very carefully. If the sick animal relishes
+the nutritive beverages, let him have a decoction of bread, rice,
+barley, or oats.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span><i>Fourth Period, or that of Decline.</i></p>
+
+<p>At this stage of the disease, in which adynamia predominates, everything
+must tend to support the organism. The drinks must be bitter and
+stimulating; beer, with plenty of hops in it, with an addition of
+powdered Peruvian bark or sulphate of iron, may be given; or a decoction
+of this bark, with gentian roots, centaury leaves, and hops; or again, a
+beverage may be administered night and morning, made of veterinary
+theriacum, of extract of juniper and alcohol; or finally, an infusion of
+aromatic plants.</p>
+
+<p>If the diarrh&oelig;a be bloody and fetid, give the animal night and
+morning a clyster, consisting of a decoction of Jesuit's bark, adding
+thereto a spoonful of powdered wood charcoal, pounded to the finest
+powder, and passed carefully through a sieve. If the running ceases, its
+return must be excited by injecting in the nostrils a spoonful of
+sternutatory vinegar or smelling salts. Finally, the purulent boils must
+be opened, and dressed with stimulating ointment.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>At this closing period, which determines the fate of the disease, as we
+say, there is a tendency to despair of the cure. Seeing the fatal course
+of most attacks, we lose heart, death seems inevitable, and we yield its
+prey to its fangs. But let us not despair; let us remember that, in
+these febrile infectious diseases, above all, the phenomena must almost
+always proceed to the last stage of exhaustion of the vital powers to
+render the cure attainable. Some patients, smitten with typhoid fever or
+cholera, have owed their lives to the indefatigable tenacity of the
+contest <i>in extremis</i> between life and death.</p>
+
+<p>I still see before me a choleraic patient, whom, during the epidemic of
+1849, I had left in the morning at ten o'clock, passing into the cold
+period. At five o'clock I returned to see him; the whole family was in
+tears, and the sheet had been thrown over the patient's head, as if he
+had already breathed his last. Time was precious to me at that fell
+season, and I was about to retire, when I applied my finger to the wrist
+of the sufferer, and felt a faint pulsation at long intervals. I threw
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>my coat off directly, called for flannel and essential oil of mustard,
+which I had prescribed that morning. I set the example, and instantly
+the whole family helped me to rub the patient in every direction. In a
+quarter of an hour the heart quickened and revived, and in less than
+half an hour more the circulation resumed its course; at the end of an
+hour of this obstinate struggle the vital heat began to show itself&mdash;in
+a word, the patient was saved.</p>
+
+<p>We must not, therefore, give up the contest until the death of the
+sufferer is fully ascertained; and the same persistency should be
+practised in the case of animals smitten with the typhus. If the
+circulation slackens, if the skin turns cold, take a piece of wool, coat
+it with rubefacient liniment, and rub the animal therewith, more
+particularly along the spine. Then give him a cordial drink, and pass
+<i>raies de feu</i> over the loins. All these appliances will help to
+stimulate the nervous system, and resuscitate the exhausted powers of
+life.</p>
+
+<p>If, at last, we are so fortunate as to overcome the profound adynamia
+which has <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>utterly prostrated the frame, we next shall have to sustain
+the sick animal by giving him decoctions of meat with sea-salt, or
+sulphate of iron added to it, or a light broth, made with meat and
+bread.</p>
+
+<p>Herbivorous animals, put upon a carnivorous diet, would not generally
+endure it, of course; but some of them rather incline to unctuous
+beverages, and even to cooked or raw meat. All men know that certain
+horse trainers give race-horses a small portion of meat, especially when
+the races are coming on, in order to increase their mettle and strength.</p>
+
+<p>We remember a sheep, which we saw at the Ecole d'Alfort, during our
+studies of comparative pathology and the cutaneous diseases of domestic
+animals, which manifested a great liking for meat, and even ate it
+ravenously like a glutton.</p>
+
+<p>In convalescence, the animal must be sent into the open air, in some
+fold enclosed with bars; he must be taken every day to pasture, each day
+increasing the time he is allowed to feed, and gradually he will be left
+to return to his usual regimen. But still it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>must be observed, that in
+this distemper convalescence is long and slow, and very deceitful. A too
+substantial course of feeding often revives the inflammation of the
+intestines by irritating ulcerations not yet healed, and more than one
+animal which had been looked upon as cured has perished in its
+convalescence through a lack of watchful attention.</p>
+
+<p>Herbivorous beasts, therefore, incline to and digest animal food;
+consequently, we must give sick oxen meat broths, pure milk, or milk and
+water. With these must be mixed wheat straw chopped small, for hay or
+even oat straw would swell and distend the stomachs.</p>
+
+<p>The typhus in this epizootia is not regular in its progress and
+development. Frequently the nervous or pulmonary phenomena predominate,
+when the treatment, such as we have just explained, must be modified. We
+must also bear in mind that nature does not divide a disease into
+periods, like those we have adopted to render our exposition of the
+symptoms more intelligible and the treatment itself more methodical.</p>
+
+<p>If the nervous form of the disease <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>prevails&mdash;if the animal shows
+alternations of dulness and restlessness&mdash;if, pressure on the spine is
+very painful&mdash;above all, if, in bulls, for instance, there is plethora,
+let the bleedings and purgings be increased in order to abate the
+nervous erethismus. In this form, the violence of the attack usually
+carries off the beast. Should there, however, be any chance of saving
+him it will be by employing this medication, which is at once revulsive
+and depletive, notwithstanding the well-known fact that bleedings, far
+from relieving the nervous system, sometimes aggravate its irritability.</p>
+
+<p>A general ablution with cold water may be tried in <i>desperate cases</i>.
+The animal must then be immediately well rubbed, and covered with wool,
+in order to excite a thorough reaction.</p>
+
+<p>In the pulmonary form of the typhus, but only during the acute stage,
+the drinks must be warm and emollient, composed of a decoction of
+soothing substances, with mallows, &amp;c.; or one of linseed, to which must
+be added some oxymel of squills and opium. The purgatives must be
+non-stimulating; and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>emetics, freely diluted, for instance, will be
+very serviceable.</p>
+
+<p>At the third and fourth period in this pulmonary form of the disease,
+adopt the treatment prescribed for intestinal typhus.</p>
+
+<p>We might have greatly enlarged the list of the pharmaceutic agents, but
+the richer a treatment is in remedies the poorer it is in cures. We have
+made choice of the simplest and safest among all the remedies advised by
+experienced men, making allowance for the difficulties inherent to the
+number of animals, the mode of application, the cost, &amp;c., always
+keeping in view the life of the animal to be saved and the interest of
+the cattle owners.</p>
+
+<p>We think that the treatment by inoculation might have prevented the
+typhus in a very large proportion, and that the curative medication
+might have saved many of the infected cattle at the worst period of the
+epizootia.</p>
+
+<p>Such, then, are the results which will one day be obtained, when we
+shall be able to supersede the barbarous process of general
+extermination, by the adoption of a rational treatment, founded at once
+on science and practical experience.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>IV.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang" style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Hygienic Measures to be taken against the Extension of the
+Contagion&mdash;Acts and Orders concerning Sanitary Police
+Regulations.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>I have purposely neglected, in discussing the various plans of
+treatment, certain measures to be adopted with the object of opposing
+the spread of the contagion. The memorandum published on this subject by
+the Privy Council, and drawn up by Dr. Thudichum, is so complete and so
+clear, that we can find nothing better to say. I recommend its perusal
+to all who possess horned cattle, and who have occasion to send them to
+any distance. It is of the highest importance to follow this judicious
+advice, as the general interest will constitute here the safeguard of
+the pecuniary interests of each in particular. I add to this memorandum
+upon hygienic measures, the consolidated and amended acts and orders
+published under the head of "Sanitary Police." In this way those
+interested will have beneath their eyes all which it is important for
+them to know, both in a medical and legal point of view.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang" style="margin-left: 6em;"><span
+  class="smcap">Memorandum</span> <i>on the Principles and Practice of Disinfection, as
+  applicable to the present Epidemic of Cattle Disease</i>. By J. L. W. <span
+  class="smcap">Thudichum</span>, M.D.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="sidenote">I.&mdash;Principles of disinfection.</div>
+
+<p class="cen">I.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Principles of Disinfection.</span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1. Definition of disinfection.</div>
+
+<p>1. The term disinfection signifies the removal and destruction, or
+destruction and subsequent removal of the products of destruction, of
+all matters actually being or containing products of disease capable of
+reproducing disease in other animals.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">2. May include special purification and deodorization.</div>
+
+<p>2. If the same processes and means, as used for this purpose, are
+applied to the purification and deodorization of places and things not
+actually infected, but capable or suspected of being infected, then
+these preventive measures are practically and properly included under
+the definition of disinfection.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">3. Reproducers and primary carriers of infection.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infectious parts of dead animals.</div>
+
+<p>3. The reproducers of the infectious matter or contagion are all kinds
+of cattle of the ox tribe, which also are at present in this country the
+only animals liable to its specific effects. It is probable that the
+contagion adheres with particular pertinacity to all secretions and
+discharges from sick animals. For this reason, f&aelig;ces or droppings,
+urine, ruminated food, all secretions from the mouth, nose, and eyes,
+and any sore parts of the surface of the diseased animals must be
+considered as the principal and primary carriers of the infectious
+matter or plague poison. It is also probable that many parts of animals
+which have died from the cattle plague, or have been killed during
+advanced stages of the disease, are infectious, some because they are
+primarily imbued with the contagion, others because they have been in
+contact with it after the death of the animal. Skins, hides, hair,
+horns, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>and hoofs, must therefore always be treated with precaution. The
+chances of infection by flesh, fat, cleaned guts, and blood, are perhaps
+more remote, but cannot be lost sight of.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">4. Particular danger of droppings, or f&aelig;ces.</div>
+
+<p>4. The cattle plague, although affecting every part of the animal, shows
+its visible effects most extensively in the intestinal canal. It is
+believed, and apparently upon good grounds, that the intestinal
+discharges are the principal agents, upon the distribution of which
+mainly depends the spread of the disorder.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">5. Enumeration of infected things and places.</div>
+
+<p>5. It follows from the above, that all articles which have been in
+contact with a diseased animal, or any of its discharges, particularly
+its f&aelig;ces, are capable of carrying the infection for an indefinite time,
+and must be looked upon as being actually infectious to other healthy
+animals. Such are racks of wood or iron; cribs or mangers of wood, iron,
+or stone; articles used for fastening animals; leather collars and
+straps, ropes and chains; all harness of any animals used for drawing,
+and all carts, waggons, and carriages which they have actually been
+drawing; the stalls or sheds in which animals have been standing; the
+whole lengths of the gutters and drains through which their urine has
+been flowing; the entire surface over which their manure has been drawn,
+and all implements with which the removal has been effected; the entire
+dung-heap upon which infected manure has been put, and the fluid
+contents of the manure pit, or of the special receptacle for the urine;
+yards or sheds in which cattle have been kept to tread down long straw,
+and the whole of such straw and manure, as also the ground beneath them;
+paths and roads upon which diseased cattle have walked or been carried;
+fields and meadows <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>upon which they have been grazing; all carts,
+carriages, trucks and railway trucks in which diseased cattle have been
+conveyed, and all the platforms, railings, bridges, and boards upon
+which they have been moved thereto; as also all apparatus which has been
+used to pen, tie, lift, haul, lower, and fix them; the clothes, and
+particularly shoes and boots, and iron-pointed sticks of drivers and
+their dogs; the apparel of all cattle-herds or attendants, particularly
+their shoes and boots; the shoes and boots of all persons visiting
+places where diseased cattle are or have been standing; and, in general,
+the clothes of all persons visiting infected places, ships, and all
+parts of the platforms, stages, stairs and bridges, hoists and cranes
+used for embarking and landing the animals; markets, and all sheds, and
+pens, and implements used in contact with cattle; slaughter-houses, and
+all persons and implements in them which have been employed upon sick
+cattle, as also sundry parts or organs which come from sick animals
+killed in slaughter-houses; knackers' yards, trucks or carts, horses,
+men, and implements which have been employed in the disposal of sick or
+dead animals; wells and ponds from which diseased cattle have been
+drinking, or into which any portion of their excreta has had any
+opportunity of flowing, directly or indirectly; all fodder, grass, hay,
+straw, clover, &amp;c., and particularly remnants of fodder upon which
+diseased cattle have been feeding; and, in general, all persons,
+animals, places, buildings, and movable things which have been in
+contact with matters proceeding from diseased cattle, or with such
+diseased cattle themselves. To the above-mentioned places and things any
+of the processes and agents <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>enumerated and described in the following
+may have to be applied.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="sidenote">II. Practice of disinfection.</div>
+
+<p class="cen">II.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Practice of Disinfection.</span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A. Disinfection by earth.<br />
+1. Burying of animals, &amp;c.</div>
+
+<p>A. <i>Disinfection by Earth.</i> 1. <i>Burying.</i>&mdash;All matters that can be
+buried, so as to remain covered with a thick layer of ground or earth
+are innocuous. The ground chosen for such interment should be dry. The
+quickest, and cheapest, and most certain way of disinfecting an animal
+dead from the plague is to bury it entire.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">2. Burying of dung.</div>
+
+<p>2. The droppings, and all straw and other matters contaminated
+therewith, may also be buried into ground where they are not likely to
+be disturbed for a long time. The places from which such droppings have
+been removed to be cleaned and disinfected as will be described below.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">3. Infected manure and compost heaps.</div>
+
+<p>3. Manure heaps and the down-trodden manure of cattle yards, if they
+have become infected by even a small quantity of the droppings of a
+diseased animal, should be carefully shifted to a suitable piece of
+ground, and there be transformed into compost heaps. A layer of manure
+one or two feet in thickness should be covered all over with six inches
+of dry earth, ashes, and mineral rubbish; upon this another layer of
+manure may be placed, and then again a layer of earth, and so forth,
+until the whole of the manure is stacked; it should be covered all over
+with a continuous layer of earth of from six inches to one foot in
+thickness. If the manure heap or yard manure cannot be shifted, it may
+be covered on the spot with a layer of dry earth, after which all
+animals are to be kept away from it.</p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
+<div class="sidenote">4. Removal of boil infected by soakage.</div>
+
+<p>4. If the floor of any shed or stable in which diseased cattle has been
+standing is not constructed with special water-tight and impenetrable
+material, it must be assumed to be infected to the depth of at least six
+inches. This ground should therefore be removed, together with any
+stones, pavements, or wood work which may have been in contact with it,
+carted to a piece of dry land and buried. Half-rotten wood is a
+particularly favourable carrier of infection. Mortar, bricks, loam, or
+any other lining of the sides of a pen in which a diseased animal has
+been standing, should be broken out and buried.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">B. Disinfection by fire.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1. Burning.</div>
+
+<p>B. <i>Disinfection by Fire.</i> 1. <i>Burning.</i>&mdash;All infected articles of a
+minor value, or made of incombustible materials, can be disinfected by
+exposing them to a heat which will char organic matter. To this class of
+articles may be reckoned racks of wood or iron; cribs or mangers of
+wood, iron or stone; leather collars and straps, ropes and chains; dry
+manure, residues of fodder from which diseased cattle have eaten; and
+all such small articles of little value which can easily be replaced by
+new ones. Chains may be exposed to a dull red heat; all other articles
+may be heated over a fire of coal, brushwood, or straw until well
+scorched. All new articles of ironware should be bought in a galvanised
+state, to prevent the formation of rust, the accumulations of which form
+convenient seats for infectious matter, and for the same purpose it is
+desirable that iron articles which have been disinfected by heat as
+above should afterwards be either galvanised, or, at least, while hot be
+treated with resin, to cover them with a durable varnish, or should be
+varnished or painted.</p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>
+<div class="sidenote">C. Disinfection by chloride of lime. General remarks.</div>
+
+<p>C. <i>Disinfection by Chloride of Lime.</i>&mdash;Chloride of lime, or bleaching
+powder, is the most powerful, the cheapest and most easily managed of
+all artificial disinfectants. It can be had everywhere, and at any time,
+and in quantities sufficient for every purpose. It should as much as
+possible he applied in solution, of a strength varying somewhat with the
+particular purpose for which it is to be employed; and after it has been
+allowed to act upon the surface or matter to be disinfected a reasonable
+time, should be washed off, together with all products of decomposition.
+As chloride of lime does not destroy only the infectious matter in a
+mixture, but destroys all organic matter without distinction, it is not
+applicable to large quantities of matter, such as the manure of cattle,
+dung-heaps, &amp;c., inasmuch as twice or three times the weight of these
+matters of chloride of lime would be required for their effectual
+destruction and disinfection. It is further inapplicable to all matters
+rich in ammonia, particularly putrid urine, as it destroys the ammonia
+and evolves a large amount of gases, some of which have a repugnant
+odour, and are perhaps not quite innocuous. But for the disinfection of
+surfaces of things and places no better or more suitable agent than
+chloride of lime is at present known to science.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">D. Special directions for disinfection of stables, sheds,
+&amp;c., trucks, and ships, &amp;c.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1. Special directions.</div>
+
+<p>D. <i>Special Directions for the Disinfection of Stables, Sheds, Vans,
+Railway Trucks, and Cattle Ships,<a name="FNanchor_V_22" id="FNanchor_V_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_V_22" class="fnanchor">[V]</a> and of Persons and Things connected
+with them.</i>&mdash;1. After such a place has been cleaned by mechanical means,
+scraping, &amp;c., as much as possible, and all manure and</p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>
+<div class="sidenote">Washing.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Scrubbing.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">All washing water to be disinfected.</div>
+
+<p>dirt has been carefully buried, the entire surface which has been
+contaminated, or is likely to have been contaminated, should be covered
+with a layer of chloride of lime in powder. The powder should be worked
+about with a broom until equally distributed. It is intended to
+disinfect the water to be used in the washing process which is now to
+commence. Clean water, from a hose in which it flows under pressure, or
+from a force-pump, garden-engine, or from large watering-pots or
+water-cans, or poured freely from buckets, should now be applied to the
+entire surface by one person, while another at the same time scrubs the
+entire surface; and particularly all crevices, joints, and
+irregularities. The washing water and chloride of lime are then to be
+worked down the gutters, into the sinks, cesses, or natural
+watercourses. No washing water from any infected place or thing should
+ever be allowed to flow into any cesspool, urine-hold, dung-heap, pond,
+sewer, or natural watercourse, without having previously been mixed and
+stirred with a liberal amount of chloride of lime. When the place has
+thus been scrubbed until the water flows off clean, it is ready for
+effectual disinfection.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">2. Actual disinfection.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Solution of chloride of lime.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">How applied.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">How long to be left on.</div>
+
+<p>2. For this purpose a solution of chloride of lime in water, in the
+proportion of one pound of the powder to one gallon of water, is made.
+For the lair of one animal from six to ten gallons of such fluid should
+be prepared. This fluid is now distributed over the whole surface to be
+disinfected, gradually, by squirting from a syringe, or by pumping
+through a force-pump, garden-engine, or by watering from a watering-pot
+or can with a finely pierced rose. All woodwork, stones, bricks, cement,
+mortar, all fixtures of whatever material, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>should be well wetted with
+the solution, and immediately be scrubbed with a hard brush. Floor and
+ceiling are also scrubbed, and the whole is left in this wet state
+covered with the chloride of lime solution for at least one hour, during
+which time care is taken that no parts become dry.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">3. To be washed off after disinfection.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Flushing.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Precautions as to direction of clean water.</div>
+
+<p>3. As the chloride of lime and the products of its decomposing action
+upon infectious matters may be hurtful to cattle, these matters have to
+be carefully washed off by a second and final flushing. For this too
+much water and too much scrubbing cannot be employed. Care should be
+taken to apply the clean water always to the highest parts, so as to
+cause it to flow thence to the lower parts, and to wash away the waste
+from the lower parts before applying any fresh water to the upper parts.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">4. Care not to carry back dirt by brooms, boots, &amp;c.</div>
+
+<p>4. Care should also be taken to rinse and flush every broom which has
+worked away sediment and waste from the lower parts into and through the
+gutters and drains before applying it again to the clean upper parts.
+Care should also be taken that the working persons should not step from
+the dirty or partially cleansed places on to the clean ones, as this may
+suffice to bring infection back to the disinfected place.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">5. Disinfection of workmen and tools.</div>
+
+<p>5. Lastly, all persons employed in this work, having swept and flushed
+the gutters with the same care as the lairs, are collected, together
+with all engines and tools which they have used, as near as possible to
+the sink or place of final egress of water from the premises, and there
+disinfected as will be described.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tools.</div>
+
+<p>The tools, such as hooks, forks, spades, hoes, barrows, &amp;c., are
+scrubbed with the above solution of chloride of lime, and subsequently
+water until clean; they are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>then repeatedly wetted with the solution,
+and after it has had time to disinfect the entire surfaces of them, they
+are washed clean and laid up, or hung up to dry.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Workmen.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Disinfection of boots.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Disinfection of workpeople's bodies, hands, &amp;c.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Changing and disinfecting clothes.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Burning of articles of little value.</div>
+
+<p>The workmen, then, having finished the disinfection and flushing of all
+objects and surfaces, effect their own disinfection in the following
+manner:&mdash;They wash their boots most carefully with chloride of lime and
+water, scraping the soles and scrubbing the seams where the soles join
+the upper leather. They wash their hands and arms, and by means of clean
+rags or sponges they remove any splashes from their clothes. After this
+they go indoors, remove all clothes from head to foot, wash their
+bodies, and particularly their hands, faces, hair and feet, with plenty
+of soap and water, and put on fresh clothes and linen. The clothes and
+linen which they have taken off should be treated as infected, set to
+soak immediately in boiling water and afterwards disinfected, or in
+water containing two ounces of chloride of lime to the gallon in
+solution, or containing four ounces of Condy's red permanganate of
+potash fluid in solution; or the clothes and linen should be put in a
+copper and boiled and subsequently washed. All articles of little value
+which are much soiled should be burned on a bright fire.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">E. Disinfection of live stock.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1. Stock may carry infection in two modes.</div>
+
+<p>E. <i>Disinfection of Live Stock.</i>&mdash;1. Live cattle may carry infection in
+two ways: first, by being themselves infected with the plague and
+reproducing the poison; and secondly, by accidentally carrying the
+poison from other animals in a dormant state upon some part of their
+surface, their hair, and particularly their feet. These latter animals
+may therefore infect others without being or becoming themselves
+subjects of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>plague. All persons therefore buying new animals,
+should disinfect them before allowing them to enter their premises. In a
+similar manner, if in a stable there has been a case of plague, the
+healthy or apparently healthy animals should all be disinfected.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">2. Mode and means of disinfecting live stock.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Warming and refreshing drink.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Penned in the quarantine shed.</div>
+
+<p>2. The mode in which live animals may be disinfected, consists in
+washing them with disinfectant solutions of such strength as will
+destroy the contagion without injuring the surface of the animal. A
+solution of two ounces of chloride of lime in a gallon of water, is a
+proper solution for washing the coat of animals. A mixture of four
+ounces of Condy's red permanganate of potash fluid, with one gallon of
+water, is also a proper disinfectant solution. For full-sized cows and
+bullocks, &amp;c., several gallons of either of these solutions should be
+used. Great care should be taken to keep the solution away from the
+eyes, nostrils, mouth, and tender parts. When the entire surface is
+washed and disinfected, all disinfectant is removed by the application
+of great quantities of clean tepid water to all parts. The animal is
+given a warming and refreshing drink, and is conducted by a clean
+attendant to the clean quarantine shed. There it should receive fodder
+both dry and green, and sop, and plenty of pure cold water, and be
+rubbed dry with whisks of straw and hay.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">F. The quarantine shed.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1. Objects.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Both quarantine and surface disinfection are required.</div>
+
+<p>F. <i>The Quarantine Shed.</i>&mdash;1. The quarantine shed is intended to keep
+the new and suspected cattle separate for a period of at least ten days,
+in order to afford the security, to be obtained by observation alone,
+that it is not actually infected with plague. While, therefore,
+disinfection of the surface of cattle removes one
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>kind of danger, another, which cannot be removed, can only be kept
+circumscribed or penned in, and this is done by the quarantine shed. But
+the keeping of cattle in the quarantine shed would not disinfect its
+surface with certainty even during a much longer period than ten days;
+disinfection of the surface therefore cannot supply the precaution of
+the quarantine shed, and a rigorous quarantine cannot supply the effect
+of surface disinfection. Both precautions are necessary for perfect
+security, although either of them, without the other, obviates a
+particular kind and a certain amount of danger.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">2. Management of the quarantine shed.</div>
+
+<p>2. The quarantine shed should be situated in an isolated part of the
+premises. All manure and urine from it should flow and be carried to a
+particular place separate and distinct from the common dung-heap, and be
+buried daily.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cleanliness.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Persons attending healthy stock not to attend quarantine
+shed, and vice vers&acirc;.</div>
+
+<p>The utmost cleanliness should be observed in the shed. All tools, pails,
+currycombs, etc., used in this shed should be used in it exclusively and
+nowhere else. The person attending the quarantine shed should not be
+allowed to go into the shed where healthy stock is kept, or permitted to
+approach healthy stock. No person attending healthy stock should be
+permitted to approach quarantine cattle, or to go near or into the
+quarantine shed. But should unfortunately only one person be available
+for both duties, that person should be allowed to approach quarantine
+cattle only when clothed in the safety dress to be immediately
+described.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">G. The safety dress.<br />
+1. Description.</div>
+
+<p>G. <i>The Safety Dress.</i>&mdash;1. This consists of strong water-boots reaching
+up to the knees, well greased all over; of a waterproof coat, buttoned
+close all the way <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>up in front, and closing tightly round the neck and
+wrists. The head is to be covered with a cap which takes the hair well
+in.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">2. Persons who should use the safety dress.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">To disinfect before leaving suspected or infected premises.</div>
+
+<p>2. Every person having occasion to visit sheds in which there is
+diseased cattle, or suspected cattle, or quarantine cattle, should be
+provided with the above dress, put it on when entering the place, take
+it off when leaving the place, and have it disinfected immediately. This
+precaution should be strictly observed by all inspectors, all
+veterinarians, or others called in to attend sick cattle, by all dealers
+and butchers entering sheds, yards, or meadows, for the purpose of sale
+or purchase, and by all other persons coming on the premises on business
+in connexion with cattle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">3. Strangers not to enter sheds except in disinfected safety
+dresses.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Proprietors of cattle to keep safety dresses.</div>
+
+<p>3. The owners of stock should not allow any strangers to enter their
+sheds, yards, or meadows, except in disinfected safety-dresses; and in
+case this should give rise to difficulties, they will do well to have
+themselves one or two such safety-dresses at hand, and to cause all
+persons whose business compels them to enter their sheds, to leave their
+own boots behind, and to put on the long boots, waterproof-coat, and
+special cap. Only thus can they hope to exclude all ordinary and obvious
+chances of infection from their previously healthy sheds, yards, and
+meadows.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">H. Measures to be taken where plague has appeared.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Killing and burying diseased animals.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Disinfecting the living and the stables.</div>
+
+<p>H. <i>Measures to be taken on Premises where Plague has actually
+appeared.</i>&mdash;1. When the plague has actually appeared in any shed, yard,
+or place, the sick animal should at once be removed with all due
+precautions. It is certainly the safest and best to pole-axe the animal
+at once, and to bury it entire, and then to disinfect the particular
+lair as above described, clear <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>out the stable or shed, disinfect the
+whole of it and all apparatus, also all the animals, and only to let the
+animals enter the shed, &amp;c. again, after it is completely sweet and dry.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">2. Hospital shed.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Situation of.</div>
+
+<p>2. If, however, a proprietor is desirous of keeping a sick animal
+because its illness does not appear severe or fatal, he should place it
+in a separate shed, which must not be the same as or near to the
+quarantine shed, and be distant from all healthy animals, and so
+situated that the prevailing wind does not blow from this hospital shed
+towards the healthy or quarantine shed. The water should also not flow
+from this hospital shed towards the others, or the yard, or any meadow,
+but should be carefully drained away and sent off the premises by a
+special sink.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">3. Preventing of diffusion of f&aelig;ces.</div>
+
+<p>3. To prevent the scattering of f&aelig;ces by infected animals (and also by
+suspected animals and all animals suffering from diarrh&oelig;a), their
+tails should be so tied to one or other of their horns as to protect
+them against being soiled by the intestinal discharges, and to prevent
+them from distributing such discharges by the ceaseless motions peculiar
+to these organs. The spattering of f&aelig;ces should be prevented by a
+copious supply of rough straw, with some sand, sawdust, or ashes placed
+behind and underneath the animal. The straw and f&aelig;ces should be dealt
+with as has been described. Animals affected with plague or diarrh&oelig;a
+should not be led along streets, highroads, and paths, as they would be
+certain to drop infectious f&aelig;ces, which would then be distributed over
+the entire length of these roads by the feet of men and animals, and the
+wheels of vehicles.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>4. Special management of hospital shed.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Persons to be employed.</div>
+
+<p>4. The sick animals should be disinfected repeatedly; their pens should
+be cleaned and disinfected repeatedly, during the course of the illness.
+This should be done by persons either guarded by the safety dress,
+or&mdash;and this is safest&mdash;by such as may not come into contact with
+healthy cattle, or have to enter healthy sheds. All tools, pails,
+fodder, &amp;c., to be used in the hospital shed to be kept for that purpose
+only, and never to be used with healthy, or quarantine, or only
+suspected cattle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">5. Disinfection of parts of dead or killed animals.</div>
+
+<p>5. If the proprietor of any dead piece of cattle, whether it has died
+naturally or been killed, should decide upon dismembering it instead of
+burying it entire, and upon utilising the hide, horns, hoofs, tallow,
+and bones, he should disinfect the skin, horns, and hoofs, by steeping
+them for one hour in a strong solution of chloride of lime, containing
+one pound of the powder in each gallon of water, and afterwards washing
+them. The tallow should be thickly powdered with chloride of lime all
+over, and be sent directly to the boilers. It should not be boiled in
+any vessel employed on the farm. Under all circumstances, it is
+advisable to let this dismemberment of dead and fallen cattle he
+performed at the knacker's yard.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">6. Flesh, &amp;c., to be buried.</div>
+
+<p>6. Flesh, blood, guts, lungs, and the bones of the head of infected
+animals should not be trafficked with, as they cannot easily be
+disinfected. They should always be buried.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">I. Disinfection of meadows, fields, roads, &amp;c.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">1. Meadows.</div>
+
+<p>I. <i>Disinfection of Meadows, Fields, Roads, &amp;c.</i>&mdash;1. Meadows infected by
+diseased cattle should be carefully cleaned of all dung, by burying each
+dropping on the spot where it lies, cutting out the round piece of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>turf
+with the dropping on it, and turning it upside down. The grass on the
+entire meadow should then be cut and burned. It should then be left
+without any cattle for at least a month, including at least two wet
+days.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">2. Of roads, &amp;c.</div>
+
+<p>2. All roads, paths, streets of towns, or villages should be carefully
+and frequently scavenged. All carts, vans, or waggons used for carrying
+manure, should be water-tight, caulked and painted, and should not be
+permitted to ooze and drop their fluid or semi-fluid contents on the
+road over which they are drawn. They should be kept clean and
+disinfected, as a precautionary measure, by the proceedings above
+described.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="sidenote">III. General recommendations.</div>
+
+<p class="cen">III. <span class="smcap">General Recommendations.</span></p>
+
+<p>In conclusion it must be pointed out to farmers, dairymen, and all
+persons having charge of cattle,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang" style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>That the same great measures which are known to maintain and
+restore the health of human beings, will also maintain and
+restore the health of cattle.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Pure air; dry, spacious, well-ventilated and well-drained clean sheds;
+clean and dry meadows; plenty of pure water; frequent currying and
+washing; the prevention of the development, by the destruction of the
+germs, of internal and external parasites, particularly entozoa; proper
+food in suitable quantities, and at proper times; protection from
+inclement weather; the utmost cleanliness in the removal of manure; the
+storing of the manure at a great distance from the cattle-shed, and, in
+addition, the most conscientious observance of the precautionary and
+disinfecting measures above described&mdash;all these measures and agents
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>together will secure the utmost possible health of stock and the
+prosperity of the agriculturist and dairyman. But the neglect of any one
+of them will make the stock liable to become infected, and the more so
+the more several or all collateral conditions of the healthy existence
+of animals are neglected. The negligent man is therefore certain to
+lose, to injure his neighbour by defeating his precautions, and to
+damage society; but the watchful and painstaking man will be rewarded
+not only by the preservation of his property, but particularly by the
+consciousness that it has been preserved by his own care and attention,
+and that thereby he has also benefited the state.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>This consolidates and amends the former Orders.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="cen">(<i>Copy.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>At the <i>Council Chamber, Whitehall</i>, the 22nd day of
+<i>September</i>, 1865.</p>
+
+<p class="cen">By the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.</p>
+
+<div style="margin-left: 35%; margin-right: 20%;">
+<span class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Present.</span><br />
+Lord President.<br />
+Duke of Somerset.<br />
+Earl of Clarendon.<br />
+Earl de Grey and Ripon.<br />
+Mr. Secretary Cardwell.<br />
+Mr. H. A. Bruce.</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span> by an Act passed in the session of the eleventh and
+twelfth years of Her present Majesty's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>reign, chapter one hundred and
+seven, intituled "An Act to prevent until the 1st day of September,
+1850, and to the end of the then next session of Parliament, the
+spreading of contagious or infectious disorders amongst sheep, cattle,
+and other animals," and which has since been from time to time continued
+by divers subsequent Acts, and lastly by an Act passed in the session of
+the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth years of the reign of Her present
+Majesty, chapter one hundred and nineteen, it is (amongst other things)
+enacted that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her
+Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from time to time,
+to make such Orders and Regulations as to them may seem necessary for
+the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such
+parts or places as they may designate in such Order or Orders, of sheep,
+cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, hides,
+horns, hoofs, or other part of any animals, or of hay, straw, fodder, or
+other articles likely to propagate infection; and also for the purpose
+of purifying any yard, stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons,
+carts, carriages, or other vehicles; and also for the purpose of
+directing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any animals,
+parts of animals, or other things seized under the provisions of the
+said Act, are to be disposed of; and also for the purpose of causing
+notices to be given of the appearance of any disorder among sheep,
+cattle, or other animals, and to make any other Orders or Regulations
+for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act, and
+again to revoke, alter, or vary any such Orders or Regulations; and that
+all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such Order or
+Orders contained shall have the like force and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>effect as if the same
+had been inserted in the said Act; and that all persons offending
+against the said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay
+any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or such smaller sum as the said
+Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may in any case by such
+Order direct:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>And whereas a contagious or infectious disorder now prevails among the
+cattle of Great Britain, which is generally designated the "cattle
+plague," and may be recognised by the following symptoms:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Great depression of the vital powers, frequent shivering, staggering
+gait, cold extremities, quick and short breathing, drooping head,
+reddened eyes, with a discharge from them, and also from the nostrils,
+of a mucous nature; raw-looking places on the inner side of the lips and
+roof of the mouth, diarrh&oelig;a or dysenteric purging:"</p>
+
+<p>And whereas several Orders, dated respectively the 24th of July, the
+11th, 18th, and 26th of August, 1865, have been made under the authority
+of the said Acts by the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council, with a
+view to check the spreading of the said disorder:</p>
+
+<p>And whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the said Orders:</p>
+
+<p>Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do hereby, by
+virtue of, and in exercise of the powers given by, the said Act, so
+continued as aforesaid, order as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. This Order shall extend to all parts of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>2. The said Orders dated respectively the 24th of July, the 11th, 18th,
+and 26th of August, 1865, are revoked, with the exception of so much of
+the said Order <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>of the 24th of July, 1865, as empowers the Clerk of Her
+Majesty's Privy Council to appoint Inspectors within the limits of the
+Metropolitan Police District, provided that such revocation shall not
+affect any appointment made, or any act done, or penalty recoverable,
+under any Order hereby revoked.</p>
+
+<p>3. In this Order the word "animal" shall mean any cow, heifer, bull,
+bullock, ox, calf, sheep, lamb, goat, or swine; and the word "Inspector"
+shall include any Inspector appointed under this Order, or under any of
+the said revoked Orders.</p>
+
+<p>4. Whenever the Local Authority, as hereinafter defined, shall be
+satisfied of the existence of the said disorder in, or have reason to
+apprehend its approach to, the district over which his or their
+jurisdiction extends, it shall be lawful for such Local Authority, if he
+or they shall think fit, from time to time to appoint one or more
+Veterinary Surgeon or Surgeons, or other duly qualified person or
+persons, to be an Inspector or Inspectors, for the purpose of carrying
+into effect the rules and regulations made by this Order, within the
+district for which he or they shall have been appointed. And the same
+authority may, from time to time, revoke such appointment.</p>
+
+<p>5. Subject to the powers herein reserved to the Clerk of Her Majesty's
+Privy Council, the Local Authority within the City of London, and the
+liberties thereof, shall be the Lord Mayor; in any municipal borough in
+England or Wales, the Mayor; in any Petty Sessional Division in England
+or Wales (exclusive so far as relates to the jurisdiction of the
+Inspector of so much of the said division as lies, within the limits of
+a municipal borough for which an Inspector has been appointed), <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>the
+Justices acting in and for such Petty Sessional Division. The Local
+Authority in any burgh or town in Scotland which is subject to the
+jurisdiction of a Provost or other Principal Magistrate, shall be the
+Provost or such Principal Magistrate; and in any other place in Scotland
+not within the jurisdiction of such Provost or other Principal
+Magistrate, the Justices of the County in Sessions assembled.</p>
+
+<p>6. Every Inspector shall from time to time report to the Local Authority
+by which he is appointed, the steps taken by him for carrying into
+effect the regulations prescribed by this Order; and the Local Authority
+shall certify, in such manner as may be directed by one of Her Majesty's
+Principal Secretaries of State, the number of days that such Inspector
+has actually been engaged in the performance of his duty, and the number
+of miles travelled by him while thus engaged.</p>
+
+<p>7. Every Inspector shall furnish the Lords of the Council with such
+information in regard to the said disorder, as their Lordships may, from
+time to time, require.</p>
+
+<p>8. Every person having in his possession, or under his custody, any
+animal labouring under the said disorder, shall forthwith give notice
+thereof to the Inspector of the district within which such person
+resides, or if no Inspector shall have been appointed for the district
+within which such person resides, then to the Officers hereinafter
+named, according to the place of residence of the person obliged to give
+notice; that is to say: within the Metropolitan Police District, to the
+said Clerk of the Privy Council; within the City of London, and the
+liberties thereof, to the Lord Mayor; within any other borough, burgh,
+or town subject to the jurisdiction of a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>Mayor, Provost, or other
+Principal Magistrate, to such Mayor, Provost, or other Principal
+Magistrate; elsewhere in England, to the Clerk of the Justices acting in
+and for the Petty Sessional Division; and elsewhere in Scotland, to the
+Clerk of the Peace of the county.</p>
+
+<p>9. Every Inspector shalt have power to enter upon and inspect any
+premises or place in which any animal or animals may be found within the
+district for which he is appointed, and to examine and inspect, whenever
+and wherever he may deem it necessary, any animal within such district.</p>
+
+<p>10. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to seize and
+slaughter, or cause to be seized and slaughtered, and to be buried, as
+hereinafter directed, in any convenient place, any animal labouring
+under the said disorder.</p>
+
+<p>11. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to cause to be
+cleansed and disinfected, in any manner which he may think proper, any
+premises in which animals labouring under the said disorder have been,
+or may be, and to cause to be disinfected, and if necessary destroyed,
+any fodder, manure, or refuse matter, which he may deem likely to
+propagate the said disorder. And every owner or occupier of such
+premises shall obey any order given by such Inspector for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>12. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to direct that
+any animal which he suspects to be labouring under the said disorder,
+shall be kept separate from animals free from the said disorder. And
+every person having in his possession, or under his custody, such
+animal, shall obey any order given by such Inspector for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>13. Every person having in his possession, or under <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>his custody, any
+animal labouring under the said disorder, shall, as far as practicable,
+keep such animal separate from all other animals, and shall not, if the
+animal be within a district for which an Inspector has been appointed,
+remove the same from his land or premises, without the licence of the
+Inspector.</p>
+
+<p>14. No person shall send or bring to any fair or market, or expose for
+sale, or send or carry by any railway, or by any ship or vessel
+coastwise, or place upon, or drive along, any highway or the sides
+thereof; any animal labouring under the said disorder.</p>
+
+<p>15. No person in any district for which an Inspector has been appointed
+shall, without the licence of the Inspector, send or bring to or from
+market, or remove from his land or premises, any animal which has been
+in the same shed or stable, or has been in the same herd or flock, or
+has been in contact, with any animal labouring under the said disorder.</p>
+
+<p>16. No person shall place, or keep, any animal labouring under the said
+disorder in any common or unenclosed land, or, if the animal be in a
+district for which an Inspector has been appointed, in any field or
+pasture, where, in the judgment of the Inspector, such animal may be
+likely to propagate the said disorder.</p>
+
+<p>17. All animals having died of the said disorder, or having been
+slaughtered on account thereof; shall be buried with their skins, and
+with a sufficient quantity of quick-lime, or other disinfectant, as soon
+as practicable, and shall be covered with at least five feet of earth,
+or shall, in districts for which an Inspector has been appointed, with
+the consent of the owner, be otherwise disposed of; in manner directed
+by the Inspector.</p>
+
+<p>18. During the continuance of the "cattle plague" <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>within the said City
+of London, or that part of the Metropolitan Police District which is
+under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Board of Works, no animal
+shall be brought or sent to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, or any other
+market within the said City or the said part of the Metropolitan Police
+District, except for the purpose of being there sold for immediate
+slaughtering; and every such animal, as soon as sold, shall be marked
+for slaughter, in the manner in which cattle are ordinarily marked for
+slaughter in the Metropolitan Cattle Market.</p>
+
+<p>19. Whenever any Local Authority, as hereinbefore defined, declares, by
+notice published in any newspaper circulating within his or their
+jurisdiction, that it is expedient that animals, as hereinbefore
+defined, or some specified description thereof, shall be excluded from
+any specified market or fair within that jurisdiction, for a time to be
+specified in such notice, it is hereby ordered, that after the
+publication of such notice, it shall not be lawful for any person to
+bring or send such animals or description thereof into such market or
+fair: provided always, that this clause of this Order shall not, unless
+renewed by a further Order, be in force after the expiration of three
+calendar months from the date of this Order.</p>
+
+<p>20. Every person offending against this Order shall, in pursuance of the
+said Act, for every such offence forfeit any sum not exceeding twenty
+pounds which the Justices before whom he or she shall be convicted of
+such offence may think fit to impose.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+(Signed) <span class="smcap">Arthur Helps</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_R_18" id="Footnote_R_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_R_18"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> Since these lines were put into the printer's hands, the
+French Government have proposed to other nations to take measures
+collectively to prevent the pilgrimage to Mecca continuing to be a cause
+of the spread of cholera. We hasten to render justice to this prudent
+initiative. But why not take the same measures against typhus which are
+judged necessary against cholera?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_S_19" id="Footnote_S_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_S_19"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> The typhus which broke out fifteen days ago near Roubaix,
+in France, bordering upon Belgium, where the epizootia rages, appears to
+have been stifled in its focus by the instantaneous extermination of the
+whole herd in which it declared itself.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_T_20" id="Footnote_T_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_T_20"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> "It is amusing to read authors of the last century on the
+treatment of this disease. They were far more confident in their powers
+than we helpless creatures pretend to be. The directions given are full
+and distinct, and in chapters boldly headed 'The Cure.' The beast is to
+be bled, washed, and hot vinegar and water, with aromatic herbs, may be
+placed in the stable to revive the cattle. The animal must be rubbed a
+quarter of an hour, both morning and evening, and the bags of a milch
+cow should be anointed morning and evening with warm oil. A rowel is to
+be made in the dewlap by taking a skein of hemp, tow, or twisted
+packthread, a foot long, and as thick as a man's thumb. <i>The
+prescriptions are most amusing.</i> They may serve to entertain those who
+want the cure at present, and for this reason I reproduce one or
+two."&mdash;<i>Gamgee, Letter on 21st August.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_U_21" id="Footnote_U_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_U_21"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> Dr. Letheby reported that 12,916 lbs., or more than five
+tons of meat, had been condemned in the City markets during the past
+week as unfit for human food. It consisted of 64 sheep, 4 calves, 7
+pigs, 142 quarters of beef, and 361 joints and pieces of meat; 5377 lbs.
+were diseased or from animals that had died of disease, and the rest was
+putrid. All of it was destroyed. Yesterday, a sub-committee of the
+Metropolitan Plague Committee, at a meeting at the Mansion House, passed
+an unanimous resolution, on the motion of Mr. Brewster, recommending
+that, as unexpected and insuperable difficulties had arisen in carrying
+out the purposes for which they were appointed, the money already
+subscribed should be returned to the subscribers, after deducting, <i>pro
+rat&acirc;</i>, the expenses already incurred.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_V_22" id="Footnote_V_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_V_22"><span class="label">[V]</span></a> For the disinfection of railway trucks and cattle ships,
+see Special Memorandum.</p></div>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>THIRD PART.</h2>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>To Farmers and Graziers.</i></p>
+<br />
+
+<p>You would have had just cause to reproach me with a want of common sense
+if I had obliged you to read a book of two hundred pages, and to lose
+your time in looking for the advice you will require, if the cattle
+plague should visit your stalls and herds, instead of being able to turn
+at once to the matter which concerns you. I have taken up my pen on
+purpose to be of service to you; this is my principal duty, which I am
+now going to fulfil by summing up in a few pages the most important
+facts which have been described in the two first parts of this work.</p>
+
+<p>The cattle plague, which has lately fallen upon horned beasts, is a
+plague, no doubt: but there are different species of plagues, and it is
+necessary that you should know that this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>disease is one arising from
+the absorption of seeds and germs with which the air is impregnated, and
+which is drawn by the animals into their bodies when breathing the air
+around them. When these germs, these infectious poisons, have penetrated
+into the lungs and blood of the animals, these seeds of infection remain
+there from eight to twelve days without producing any very perceptible
+effects; but after that time the tainted animal becomes dejected, loses
+his appetite, is seized with fever, laborious breathing, and
+diarrh&oelig;a, to which sum of disorders in the health of oxen, cows, &amp;c.,
+the name of <i>typhus</i> has been given; or, as this distemper is contagious
+in the highest degree, it has also been called the <i>contagious typhus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>You may compare this disease, in order to form a more precise idea of
+it, to the small-pox, which sometimes afflicts your children, or to
+typhoid fever. These complaints, which are familiar to most of you, have
+some resemblance to the typhus of the ox. Only in the small-pox, which
+is caught by contagion, and which seldom attacks more than once, like
+typhus, the disease is localized <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>on the skin; whilst in the cattle
+plague the internal organs are the principal seat of the evil.</p>
+
+<p>This comparison will show you at once that the cattle plague, or rather
+the cattle typhus, can only be cured when the disease has run its full
+course, as you have observed in a person tainted with small-pox; so that
+your task must be to help the sick animal to endure his complaint until
+the end, or until he is cured; and you must not attempt to check it by
+violent means, for if you did you would hasten the death which you
+desire to prevent. You will likewise understand that if the disease&mdash;as
+is certainly the case&mdash;does not attack the same animal twice, it would
+be very beneficial to inoculate the animal whilst he is sound and
+healthy, whenever this scourge threatens&mdash;as in the present time&mdash;to
+attack all cattle. Perhaps you may be told that inoculation, which
+prevents small-pox in man, cannot be applicable to cattle; that animals
+inoculated with the virus of the typhus have all died of the
+consequences of the operation, and so on. To all these objections you
+will answer, with that downright good sense which belongs to your class,
+<i>that Nature cannot have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>two weights and two measures</i>; and that if the
+inoculation of the typhus kills animals, whilst the inoculation of the
+small-pox saves men, both maladies being governed by the same laws, it
+is the inexperience of physicians, and not the operation itself, which
+must be made to account for it.</p>
+
+<p>In a word, to sow virus is to reap it; but there are many ways of sowing
+it, and one man will reap a rich harvest, whilst another shall gather
+nothing but tares. Let those unbelievers say what they like, and take my
+word for it, that we shall one day cure typhus as frequently as we do
+small-pox, by inoculating it, and when it appears in spite of that
+course, by treating it medicinally.</p>
+
+<p>This contagious disease is very frequent in certain countries,
+principally in Russia and Hungary, on the banks of the great rivers
+which empty themselves into the Black Sea. In those remote countries,
+when the seasons are either too rainy or too hot&mdash;and you know what a
+summer that of 1865 has been&mdash;the pastures generate the pestilential
+poisons of the typhus, the cattle absorb these destructive principles,
+and die of them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>But as the herds of cattle in those countries are bred for sale, and are
+sent for that purpose to other countries, to France, Italy, England,
+&amp;c., the animals which have had the germ of the disease transport it
+with them wherever they go. Thus, it is certain that some oxen conveyed
+from Russia and Hungary, where the typhus frequently rages, brought the
+disease with them into Great Britain in the month of last June; and as
+the complaint is communicated from one animal to another, and afterwards
+at great distances, it spread with great rapidity over England and
+Scotland. So great are its powers of contagion, that some of the cattle
+sent back from England have transmitted the disease to Holland, in the
+first place, and afterwards to Belgium; and it was feared at one time
+that all Europe would be invaded by it.</p>
+
+<p>The first belief was&mdash;and everything tends to make good the
+opinion&mdash;that the typhus originally came from abroad; but many
+respectable authorities, seeing the foul and nauseous state of the
+stalls and cowsheds both in London and elsewhere, the overcrowding of
+the animals, and the general neglect to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>which they are exposed, have
+asserted that the disease had its origin in London. This, we repeat, is
+not likely to have been the case, but it is not absolutely impossible;
+at all events, there can be no question that the grievous conditions in
+which some of your brethren keep their cattle have contributed to spread
+the distemper, independently of other causes.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, it is necessary to tell you, that sheep and horned cattle are
+of all living animals those which are most sensitive to the influence of
+contagious diseases. Every year you see instances of this fact in your
+own fields and meadows. Your sheep, you all know, easily contract the
+small-pox, worm diseases both on the skin and in the interior of the
+body; your oxen have aphthous diseases, disorders of the blood and the
+lungs, scabs and carbuncles&mdash;diseases which are all more or less
+contagious, and which are generally brought on by want of care, and,
+above all, by improper feeding: by which you see how much of the
+sufferings of the cattle, and of the heavy losses to you which follow
+them, depends upon yourselves and may be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>avoided. Besides, these poor
+creatures, which some of you treat so harshly, are extremely
+susceptible, and the blows they receive may easily affect their whole
+mass of blood. You must, therefore, for your own sakes, treat them more
+kindly and gently.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, the typhus which was imported from Russia into England,
+finding your cattle in such wretched conditions of cleanliness and
+health, was propagated amongst them with fearful rapidity. When once the
+disease had developed itself within your sheds and stalls, it would have
+been the wisest plan immediately to kill the sick cattle, or to treat
+them medicinally, carefully abstaining from driving to market any of
+your beasts which had been exposed to the contagion. But unfortunately
+you did not act in this manner; many amongst you could not put up
+patiently with your losses, and only consulting your private interest,
+to the detriment of the general good, you sold your sick cows and oxen,
+and sowing the contagion about the country and through the markets, the
+scourge was soon scattered in every direction, so that instead of
+stifling the disease at its birth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>everything was done to propagate and
+diffuse it.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if we add, that the germs of this typhus penetrate everywhere, that
+it is sufficient to convey sick cattle along the public roads, and by
+this means to pass near farms and meadows containing healthy cattle, to
+transmit the contagion, that these noxious germs impregnate your own
+clothes, the fleece of sheep, and every article, implement, and vehicle
+used in agriculture, you cannot but see how often, though unwillingly,
+you must have disseminated the evil far and wide.</p>
+
+<p>The germs, the miasmata of the disease, insinuate themselves not only
+upon animals and men, but they shed their virus upon the grass of the
+fields, the walls of the stalls and stables, and every agricultural
+utensil. Every tainted animal scatters the pestilential and contagious
+germs, not only by the air he expires, but by his droppings, and after
+death by his mortal remains&mdash;his hide, his horns, his entrails, his
+flesh&mdash;all of which disseminate the deadly germs into the atmosphere,
+which afterwards diffuses them in every direction.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>The germs of this virulent distemper have no doubt smitten some cattle
+which appeared in the best health and conditions, those of the rich as
+well as those of the poor; but, just in the same manner as the cholera
+chiefly fixes itself upon the sickly, the ill-fed, the unclean, upon
+those who live in crowded dwellings and badly ventilated rooms; so, too,
+does the typhus choose its victims among the stalls and stables of those
+graziers who keep their cows tied up for years to the rack, giving them
+neither air nor exercise, and feeding them, not on that diet which their
+health requires, but on those things which add to their milk and
+increase their flesh. It follows, of course, that the greater number of
+these cows, more or less disordered by this long course of baleful
+treatment, and many of which die of consumption, after their
+deteriorated milk has infused into men the seeds of diseases, must
+afford an easy prey to the typhus, <i>to receive which they seem almost
+expressly to have been trained</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is highly important then, farmers and graziers, that you should be
+able to recognise this ox-typhus; in the first place, that you may take
+the necessary measures to prevent its <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>contagion; and secondly, that you
+may apply the treatment which shall have been recommended to you.</p>
+
+<p>You must at all times, but above all when the contagious disease is
+raging, keep a watchful eye on your cattle. If you notice in their gait,
+in their looks, about their ears, any unusual signs; if they seem to you
+less eager, less active, less vigilant, if they leave any part of their
+rations when in the stables, or if, when in the fields, they no longer
+browse with that continual alacrity which sometimes it is difficult to
+divert them from, be upon your guard, and dread the outbreak of the
+complaint. If to these changes of minor importance is added an appetite
+really less acute, if the rumination is less regular, if the animal
+looks sad and dispirited, if he exhibits an unwonted look of gloom, if
+his leaden eye continues fixed, astonished, be sure a morbid change is
+inwardly at work, and that this cruel distemper is spreading through his
+frame.</p>
+
+<p>By-and-bye the animal loses his appetite more and more; rumination is
+shorter and less frequent; he holds his head down, his ears sink and
+fall; he grinds his teeth. Then as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>to the cows: their milk, which was
+already diminished, suddenly dries up altogether, and that lowness of
+spirits which had been visible for some days before, passes into stupor.
+If at this time you touch their horns, their extremities, their hide in
+any part, you find that all these different parts are sometimes warm,
+sometimes cold. From this day forward you will witness, one by one, a
+succession of disorders in the animal's health: partial shiverings at
+the attachment of the fore and hind limbs, loud panting breathing, with
+slight cough, the urine scanty and thick, the droppings hard and
+constipated, and finally, general excessive warmth. If you press the
+back the pressure will be painful, and all the signs of intense fever
+will be manifest.</p>
+
+<p>Already these indications have divulged the nature of the malady you
+have to deal with; but others more significant succeed them which remove
+every doubt. The breathing becomes more hurried and oppressed, more
+puffy; from the eyes, nostrils, and mouth there issues a discharge
+which, thin and irritant at first, soon becomes thick and purulent, and
+of a fetid smell. Diarrh&oelig;a takes the place of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>constipation; the
+sexual organs of the cow are red and inflamed, and furrowed with livid
+streaks. The cattle grow leaner and leaner, some of them dying at this
+period. If they still hold out, the diarrh&oelig;a becomes more frequent,
+more fetid, and sometimes bloody; gases are developed under the skin,
+along the spine, where they form wide flat tumours, which crackle when
+pressed upon with the fingers. Finally, the mucus which runs from the
+head becomes still thicker and more fetid; a glutinous foam stops up the
+mouth; the eyes, filled with humour, sink in the orbit; the bodily
+warmth decreases, the animal sways his head from right to left, becomes
+insensible, cold; his head lolls on one side, and he dies, panting, from
+exhaustion and asphyxia, the tenth or twelfth day after the disease has
+been confirmed.</p>
+
+<p>The carcass exhibits a repulsive appearance; the hide is dry,
+excoriated, and cracked; it sticks to the bones, which show the form of
+a skeleton, and the putrid decomposition, which had already set in
+before death, seizes rapidly on all the tissues.</p>
+
+<p>The course of the disease is not always the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>same. Sometimes the animal
+is agitated at first, and all the functions of life are so disturbed
+that death comes on in the two or three first days. At other times, the
+lungs are more affected than the other internal organs; the cough is
+more intense, the breath hurried and obstructed, the excess of mucus
+preventing the air from passing into the chest.</p>
+
+<p>When once you have seen this disease it is impossible to mistake it for
+any other, unless it be the chest complaint called peripneumonia, which
+is likewise contagious. But in this disease, as the Report of the Royal
+Agricultural Society states, the attack is generally insidious; the eyes
+preserve their vivacity, and the appetite is not lost until towards the
+close. A short, dry cough shows itself from the outbreak, and persists.
+The breathing is frequent and painful; the sides of the chest when
+struck with the fingers give out the hard, solid sound of a full barrel,
+this percussion being painful. The eyes, nose, and mouth do not
+discharge those purulent secretions seen in typhus; the diarrh&oelig;a only
+comes on at the end, being less frequent and fetid. In the milch cows
+the milk decreases, but is not quite <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>suppressed. The heat of the horns
+and lower extremities is retained. The peripneumonia, in a word, runs
+its course more regularly, and carries off the animal about the fourth
+week. Thus it will be seen that the two distempers widely differ in
+their symptoms.</p>
+
+<p>Every beast which dies of the contagious typhus, bears on its digestive
+organs the traces of the malady, more or less strongly marked. The third
+and fourth stomachs and the intestines exhibit red or livid patches, and
+at other times ulcerations.</p>
+
+<p>The cattle plague is by far the most formidable malady which can affect
+animals. When left to itself, or treated without discernment, it carries
+off ninety cattle out of a hundred. In prior visitations, especially
+that of 1750, when six millions of horned beasts were swept off in
+Europe, England lost from three to four hundred thousand; and we may
+suppose that the number of cattle which have perished since last June
+exceeds sixty thousand.</p>
+
+<p><i>The treatment</i> is very difficult, owing to the contagious character of
+the disease, and it has given rise to much discussion. In some
+countries, the governments, considering the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>distemper incurable, only
+seek to stamp it out wherever it may appear. They slaughter all the sick
+cattle, and even those which had come near them, allowing a compensation
+of half the value of the beast. This measure has not always proved
+successful, the disease having in spite of it sometimes extended over
+the whole of the country thus defended from its diffusion.</p>
+
+<p>England protected by the sea, and which has been spared for a century,
+was taken somewhat unawares, so that some uncertainty has been witnessed
+in the measures employed to arrest its course. In some districts, the
+parties interested have had the good sense to form assurance funds; and
+it is much to be regretted that the same plan has not been adopted for
+the metropolis.</p>
+
+<p>But we cannot help what has been done; let us, therefore, be reconciled
+with the past, and see what is best to be done in future for the
+interests of all. What is the present state of the matter? A certain
+number of districts, both in England and Scotland, are still exempt from
+the typhus; in others the disease is generally extending its ravages.</p>
+
+<p>Those districts which hitherto have been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>spared, should institute
+assurance funds, and take every precaution to secure themselves against
+this scourge. In France, in Belgium, even in Great Britain, some places
+managed, in 1750, to successfully protect themselves by prohibiting the
+importation of any foreign cattle or animal. These preventive measures
+may now be taken with some chance of success in certain parts. Ireland,
+which, thanks to the published Orders in Council, seems to have escaped
+up to this time from the contagion, shows us the effectual results of
+these sanitary measures.</p>
+
+<p>As for the districts already infected, it is of the highest importance
+to send no more tainted beasts to the different fairs and markets,
+otherwise the distemper will spread indefinitely: the unsold cattle, the
+sheep, the pigs, which are placed only a few yards apart, must
+necessarily convey the contagion everywhere. It would even be necessary
+at this time not to collect oxen and other animals together in the same
+markets; we urgently invite the attention of all public authorities to
+this most important question.</p>
+
+<p>At all events, the farmers and graziers who, after all the cautions they
+have received, all <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>the orders which have been published, and all the
+dangers which have been clearly exposed to them, should still persist in
+driving their cattle out of their abodes, would deserve censure, and
+ought to be heavily fined. The best they can do, since the contagion has
+not been prevented, is to submit their cattle to the treatment which we
+are now going to explain to them in detail.</p>
+
+<p>It has been abundantly proved by the many convictions at the various
+police courts, that the flesh of cattle seriously diseased has been sold
+to the consumers, to the great injury of the public health; and if the
+cholera, which is steadily and surely advancing towards us, should mix
+its fatal germs with those of the ox-typhus, we must all expect
+deplorable consequences, in case the flesh of tainted oxen should
+continue to be sold by the butchers, as during the last three months it
+has been.</p>
+
+<p>Every farmer or grazier who shall have fully ascertained that the ox
+typhus has insinuated itself into his farm or his stables, must
+instantly have recourse to the necessary measures and safeguards by
+means of which he may limit its pernicious influence, and prevent <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>the
+spread of the contagion to his other cattle still sound and healthy. Let
+him immediately divide his stock of animals into three classes or
+lots&mdash;the first class must consist of healthy cattle, having had no
+direct contact with the infected beasts; the second class must contain
+those cattle which, though not yet sick, may become so, because they
+have been in contact with those tainted; the third class will be
+composed of cattle smitten with the typhus.</p>
+
+<p>The sound and healthy cattle forming the first class must be removed
+from the farm, and driven to the field separately, by some other road,
+in different pastures, and only after the dispersion of the morning
+mists. Those which are accustomed to continue at the rack must be taken
+out twice a day, for the twofold object of taking wholesome exercise,
+and allowing their stalls and sheds to be cleaned.</p>
+
+<p>Their feeding must be attended to and watched with very particular care;
+the rations of those which were being fattened up must be decreased, and
+they ought to be sold to the butcher for consumption as soon as
+possible. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span>Let the following provisions be added to their daily
+sustenance:</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="55%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="png 309">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="60%">Pounded oats</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%">4 pounds.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Pounded juniper berries</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1 pound.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Powdered gentian</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1 ounce.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Sulphate of iron</td>
+  <td class="tdl">2 drachms.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Carbonate of soda</td>
+  <td class="tdl">2 drachms.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>The herdsman who tends the cattle whilst feeding in the fields must have
+them cleaned every day: he will carefully wash and scrub them; he will
+not allow them to drink out of the ponds, or at any stagnant and muddy
+watercourse.</p>
+
+<p>Those belonging to the second class must receive the same strengthening
+and tonic ration in the morning; and, twice every day, one of the
+following anti-contagious preparations: either a solution of <i>chlorate
+of potash</i> or of <i>permanganate of potash</i>; two drachms of either of
+these salts dissolved in eight ounces of warm water, mixed afterwards
+with a gallon of an infusion of sage or hyssop, just at the time when
+the drink is given to them.</p>
+
+<p>Or you may employ, for the same purpose, a solution of arseniate of
+soda&mdash;two grains dissolved in four ounces of water, and mixed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>with
+their drink in the same way. You need hardly be told that these doses
+must be reduced one half, when you have to treat a calf or a heifer, and
+that the same diminution will hold good, in their cases, for all other
+medicaments. <i>The use of these anti-contagious drinks is of the highest
+importance; I recommend you earnestly to study their effects, and to
+continue them even after the distemper shall have broken out.</i></p>
+
+<p>These drinks having no disagreeable taste, the cattle take to them in
+general; should the contrary be the case, give them in a bottle as all
+men who are cattle owners know how to do.</p>
+
+<p>If the health of any of these animals among which the outbreak of the
+typhus is apprehended should seem below the standard, you must apply a
+purgative to those whose bowels do not operate well, and even have
+recourse to bleeding in exceptional cases.</p>
+
+<p>During the absence of those cattle which are undergoing the preventive
+treatment, let the hygienic conditions of their stalls and sheds be
+looked to; for no circumstance must be overlooked or neglected if we
+hope to withstand <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>the propagation of so formidable a malady. Be careful
+to take out the litter every day, to wash the floor and cleanse it of
+the droppings, to ventilate the place thoroughly, to fumigate it with
+burnt sulphur or aromatic plants, such as juniper berries, sage,
+rosemary, salted with nitrate of potash and arsenic acid; in order to
+promote the combustion and give effect to its disinfectious properties.
+At night, camphor or tar, or naphthaline, or creosote, or even iodine,
+may be left in the stable to diffuse their vapours; all these measures
+are very effectual in modifying the air.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now see what must be done with respect to the sick animals
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The typhus, as we have said, when once it is developed in an ox or cow,
+usually pursues its fatal course until the last period of its cure;
+generally death alone can arrest its march. Besides, the disorders which
+this disease produces in the various functions of the body are not the
+same at the different stages of its duration. Thus, for instance, the
+fever produces great excitement in the beginning, but later it produces
+exhaustion. Without being a physician, a man can understand that the
+treatment to be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>applied to these different states ought not to be the
+same. We must, moreover, observe that the typhus is of all known
+distempers the most difficult to treat. It requires in the doctor a
+degree of skill, of practical experience, vigilance, decision, and
+sureness of hand which no man can be expected to possess at the first
+outbreak of the epizootia.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the constitution of the ox, so easily shaken,
+undergoes in two weeks all the commotion which a man labouring under
+typhoid fever would be subject to in a month. The phenomena succeed each
+other with terrific swiftness, leaving scarcely time for us to act, or
+for the medicines to operate. Do not, therefore, marvel at the great
+mortality among your cattle, and at my repeated recommendations of the
+preventive treatment by means of inoculation.</p>
+
+<p>At the outbreak, you must reduce the violence of the fever, prevent the
+derangements in connexion with the nervous centres, assuage the thirst,
+empty the stomachs and intestines, which will be the principal seat of
+the complaint, and sometimes let blood.</p>
+
+<p>But how are you to obtain these results? <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>By abolishing the solid
+feeding, which is easily done, since the animal has lost his appetite.
+Give him to drink, three or four times a day, half a pailful of a
+decoction of good hay, adding thereto a sprinkling of salt; or a
+decoction of wall-wort, with a drachm of nitrate of potash; or water
+whitened with bran and flour, or whey, with a little vinegar. If the
+animal has a tendency to cold, if he coughs, if his breathing is
+oppressed, give him warm drinks, consisting of an infusion of mallow
+leaves and borage, or else a light decoction of barley and oats, and
+cover the animal's body warmly over.</p>
+
+<p>Now, with respect to purgatives: give the animal, night and morning,
+according to the effect produced, 6 or 8 ounces of Epsom salts (sulphate
+of magnesia), or an equal dose of Glauber's salt (sulphate of soda),
+dissolved in two pints of honey-coloured water; or 12 ounces of linseed
+oil in some warm drink; or a decoction of senna leaves and prunes, with
+an ounce of sulphate of soda added thereto.</p>
+
+<p>We might point out a larger number of purgatives, but we shall desist
+from so doing. Those which we have just prescribed, not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>being irritant
+to the intestines, are the best which can be employed.</p>
+
+<p>If the animal is very restive, if he passes through alternate fits of
+dejection, stupor, and great excitement, you must have recourse to
+bleeding, particularly local bleeding, by opening the small veins of the
+head. If the excitement does not abate you must add, night and morning,
+to one of his drinks, 2 grains of extract of belladonna, or a half ounce
+of powdered belladonna leaves. If the fever, at first, is irregular, and
+tends to become malignant, you must then have recourse to sulphate of
+quinine, 20 grains in the morning, and the same quantity during the day.</p>
+
+<p>When the disease is principally seated in the lungs, add to one of the
+pectoral drinks 4 ounces of oxymel of squills, and 2 grains of opium,
+giving also an emetic&mdash;5 grains of tartar-emetic to 4 pints of water&mdash;to
+be taken in four times, at intervals of two hours.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst this medication is applied to the internal organs, let the animal
+have unusual care taken of him; let his head be washed several times a
+day with vinegar and water.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the course of treatment to be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>adopted during the first three or
+four days. It must be, of course, followed methodically, watching and
+obeying the signs of nature. The purgatives must not be given on those
+days when the sick animal is bled, and the doses must vary with the
+effects they produce.</p>
+
+<p>From the fourth to the seventh day the symptoms change, diarrh&oelig;a
+shows itself, and the running appears at the nose, mouth, and eyes; you
+must then continue the use of purgatives, but the dose must be weaker.
+Those mentioned above are suitable in every way. The drinks, too,
+continue the same. Sometimes, at this period of the disease, the animal
+is utterly cast down, nothing can draw him from his stupor: he lies down
+the whole day; in this case you give him acetate of ammonia, from 1 to 6
+ounces, in a pint of water, gradually increasing from 1 to 2 ounces a
+day, according to the effect produced; and meanwhile, plain
+non-acidulated drinks should be administered.</p>
+
+<p>At this stage of the disease it is right to assist the depurative work
+of nature. This is effected by inserting a seton in the neck, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>and the
+secretion of this issue is kept up by means of such an ointment as the
+basilicon with powdered cantharides. Finally, the mouth, nose, and eyes
+must be washed very often with an infusion of camomile and sage.</p>
+
+<p>At the last period of the distemper, the beast sinks into a state of
+general exhaustion; his life seems all but extinguished through excess
+of weakness. You must now sustain and keep him up by every possible
+contrivance; give him bitter and stimulating drinks, beer diluted with
+water, adding thereto some powder of Peruvian bark, or sulphate of
+quinine. This is prepared by steeping in 8 pints of boiling water,
+Peruvian bark, gentian root, centaury leaves and flowers, and hops, 1
+ounce of each; or else prepare a drink consisting of veterinary treacle,
+extract of juniper, 1 ounce of each, dissolved in 2 ounces of alcohol,
+and then mixed with 3 pints of water.</p>
+
+<p>When the diarrh&oelig;a becomes fetid and bloody, give, night and morning,
+a clyster composed of a decoction of Peruvian bark, and a teaspoonful of
+powdered charcoal from the poplar, well sifted. If the running from the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>nostrils begins to stop, you must inject into the nasal orifices some
+spoonfuls of a sternutatory solution, thus composed&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="55%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="png 317a">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="60%">Spanish pepper</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%">&nbsp;&nbsp;1 ounce.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Essence of turpentine</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;1 ounce.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Camphor</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;2 drachms.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Vinegar</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;2 pints.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Should any sores form on the skin, or should they arise from the opening
+of purulent deposits, dress them with the following ointment&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="55%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="png 317b">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="60%">Acetate of copper</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&frac12; a drachm.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Calcined alum</td>
+  <td class="tdl">20 grains.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Sal ammoniac</td>
+  <td class="tdl">20 grains.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Camphor</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&frac12; a drachm.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Common ointment</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&frac12; an ounce.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>If the natural heat diminishes greatly, if the chill reaches the hams
+and skin, let the beast be rubbed all over, three times a day, with
+wool, moistened with the following liniment&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="55%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="png 317c">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="60%">Laurel oil</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&frac12; an ounce.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Green soap</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&frac12; an ounce.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Volatile oil of lavender</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&frac12; a drachm.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Solution of ammonia</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&frac12; a drachm.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Simultaneously with the above, give the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>following cordial, to be drunk
+in two draughts&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="55%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="png 318">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="60%">Cinnamon</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&frac12; an ounce.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Extract of gentian</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;1 ounce.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Red wine</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;2 pints.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Should the animal fall into a state of lethargy, you must have recourse
+to strokes of fire, according to surgical usage.</p>
+
+<p>This distemper must extend to its extreme degree of gravity before it
+advances towards its cure; you need, therefore, not despair until the
+last moment. At this period of exhaustion, the drinks above-mentioned
+are given up, or you add nutritive beverages to them, such as beef-tea,
+fat soups, milk, and farinaceous drinks.</p>
+
+<p>If the animal holds on, and his appetite returns, which will be shown by
+the desquamation of the nostrils, by the return of rumination, by the
+habit of the beast to look right and left, to question you in a manner,
+add cut straw to his nutritive drinks: send him out every day into the
+open air, and let him return by slow degrees to his habitual feeding.
+But it is extremely important to watch the intestinal functions; to
+diminish and change the food, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>if the diarrh&oelig;a returns; as such
+relapses often cause the death of an animal considered out of danger.</p>
+
+<p>Such, then, farmers and graziers, is the treatment to be opposed to the
+ox typhus: it is simple as respects the remedies, and I have deemed that
+it ought to be so, in order that the medicines prescribed might be had
+everywhere, and at a cost which the poor man could command as well as
+the rich. The disease is variable, it is not always equally deadly; and
+there comes a moment when in some sort it cures itself, with a little
+assistance and watching. The great point is, to be careful and vigilant,
+to attend to nature and the instincts of the suffering cattle, and lend
+yourselves to both.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot reproduce here the instructions given by the Privy Council to
+protect your cattle from contagion, and above all not to propagate it,
+but I shall refer you to Doctor Thudichum's <i>Memorandum</i>, page 257. This
+exposition is too complete to need anything added to it by me; study it
+well; let it be your monitor and guide; read it over again and again;
+your own interests and those of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>whole country depend on the manner
+in which you shall treat this admirable warning.</p>
+
+<p>There are in this disease, as in every other, unforeseen varieties and
+complications, such as those which are brought on by the gestation and
+abortion of cows, and those proceeding from prior disease; for these
+accidents you will provide. Moreover, such a terrible distemper can only
+be treated according to the advice of a professional man. Call him in,
+then, follow his advice and prescriptions with rigid exactness, and do
+not attempt to do better than he; and, above all, arm yourselves against
+the insidious pretensions of quacks and charlatans, whatever mantle they
+may put on to hide their ignorance.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>FOURTH PART.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang" style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Suggestions on the Improvements to be effected in the Study
+of Medical Science, in order that we may be in a Condition
+to confront Diseases generally, but Epizootic and Epidemic
+Diseases in particular.</i></p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The epizootia of bovine typhus which is now extending its unrestricted
+ravages over this island, and which has assumed the magnitude of a
+general calamity, has naturally excited and stirred up the public mind.
+Thoughtful and earnest men could not look on and witness unmoved the
+ever progressive march of the scourge; but each observer has,
+consistently with his means and qualifications, striven to find a remedy
+to resist the evil. Thus, we have seen, and with respectful interest we
+have watched, the gentlemen of the press, and other men of letters,
+economists, scientific men, and, above all, physicians, producing from
+day to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>day in the newspapers articles and letters of remarkable merit
+on the all-engrossing subject of this epizootia. The re-opening of the
+medical colleges furnished the skilful professors at their head with a
+seasonable opportunity to consider this dire distemper, according to the
+views of general pathology and medical philosophy, and this they have
+done with unquestionable talent and ability. Still, something remains to
+be said on this important matter, and since I have taken up my pen, like
+others, I wish to mingle my voice with that of my brethren, and inquire
+whether the time is not come to avail ourselves more fully than we have
+done yet of the grand discoveries of the exact sciences, which, with
+respect to the science of medicine, are the instruments of its progress.
+And my object in doing so, is, that we may, as far as possible, rise to
+a level with the ordeal which the future may have in store for us.</p>
+
+<p>Medicine is at once an art and a science. An art it has been at all
+times, and in every age of civilized man; but it became a science only
+when human knowledge had acquired a certain expansion; when natural
+phenomena had been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>tested and explained; when mathematics, physics,
+chemistry, botany, general anatomy, general pathology, had enabled the
+inquiring physician to study with important results whatever belongs to
+his theme; to understand the serial chain and connexion of bodies with
+each other, in the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, and to
+investigate their immutable laws. Uric acid, as we see with the
+microscope, will always crystallize in rhombohedrons, according to a
+fixed law; the vegetable cell, the germination of a seed, must obey, and
+always submit to, the innate and indestructible forces inherent in them.
+That which is true in the vegetable is true in the animal world, as
+regards the pre-established order which regulates and controls the
+phenomena of life. These laws which govern the development of organic
+phenomena being immutable and everlasting, permit the different
+generations which succeed each other on our globe to build upon a
+durable basis, which certifies to the slow and laborious, but
+irresistible march of human progress.</p>
+
+<p>Medical science being in truth only the application of other positive
+sciences to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>preservation of health and the cure of diseases,
+continues like them to perfect itself incessantly; but all it can do is
+to follow them at a distance, and it can never hope to reach their
+degree of superiority.</p>
+
+<p>These are truths which have been long admitted and felt by us.
+Therefore, we have appealed for assistance to the discoveries of the
+natural sciences: physics, chemistry, have in our hands become effectual
+means of observation and analysis; and we, in our age, gain more
+knowledge in fifty years than our forefathers did in several centuries,
+for they were then necessarily rather artists than scholars. In a word,
+medical science or biology is constituting itself, and if it be fully
+conscious of its impotence in the case of many diseases, it also knows
+its progressive improvement. It is striving to achieve the highest place
+among social institutions, and the day may come when it shall obtain it,
+for nations will then owe to us their health and life&mdash;that is to say,
+their earthly happiness.</p>
+
+<p>The laws by which organic phenomena are regulated, are, we have said,
+everlasting; we may also declare that they are general. One of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>these
+laws common to the plant, to the shell, to every species of vertebrata,
+reappears in man, whose organization comprises all the functions divided
+among the other organic kingdoms. Not only does the organization of man
+obey the laws which govern the vital phenomena of other animals; not
+only does he possess their organs and functions, but he is a tributary
+subject to their diseases. So that the knowledge of the laws affecting
+the functions and diseases of those creatures which are placed below him
+in the scale of animals ought to be the first foundation of all medical
+study.</p>
+
+<p>These truths are too manifest to be new; they are written and professed
+everywhere, and every one amongst us has received general notions of
+comparative anatomy and physiology at the beginning of his course of
+study. But let us admit that these notions only served to expand the
+circle of our knowledge and ideas, and that we seldom or never apply
+them to the practice of our art. It would have been very different had
+we received at the beginning of our medical novitiate, not merely in
+theory and books, but practically and experimentally, precise notions of
+anatomy, physiology, and, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>let me add, of the <i>pathology of all
+animals</i>. Let us suppose for a moment that the task had been imposed
+upon us before entering upon the study of human maladies, to observe the
+structure of plants and animals, to submit their tissues to
+microscopical examination and chemical analysis; to study experimentally
+all their functions and diseases, and acknowledge that had such been the
+case, the anatomy, physiology; and pathology of man would have been far
+better understood, and that most of the difficulties against which we
+now contend in vain in our helplessness, might easily have been
+overcome.</p>
+
+<p>Comparative anatomy and physiology are the first conditions of all
+medical instruction of a serious character; there can be no doubt on the
+subject, but the evidence being not perhaps so palpable with respect to
+comparative pathology, it will not be useless, therefore, to enter into
+fuller particulars as to this subject.</p>
+
+<p>We know not whether any one has ever sought to retrace the first origin
+of our diseases in the animal kingdom, but it would undoubtedly be a
+study of great scientific interest. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span>As for us, we gladly believe that
+man, created to be the sovereign lord of the earth, did not originally
+receive the principle of every organic disease with which we see him
+affected. It seems to us probable that he was created sound in body and
+in mind, but unequal is his vital powers, and in his faculties and
+talents, the social functions being various and dissimilar, and subject
+to physical and moral infirmities. We think it likely that plants and
+animals, from which, in course of time, man's substance is formed, have
+transmitted the first causes, the germs of some organic diseases with
+which they were themselves affected. We see in this transmission of
+animal diseases to man, a connecting link, which appears to us to be a
+condition of harmony, order, peace, and happiness among all living
+beings. It seems to us that the first injunction of a legislator should
+be&mdash;<i>love other animals like yourselves</i>; for if man had practised this
+maxim, he would have logically applied the same to his fellow-creatures;
+and no doubt, with such principles to guide them, past generations would
+not have bequeathed to us the innumerable calamities we have had to
+deplore.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>We think that we receive from animals some of their diseases, because
+the fact is palpably evident; thus they have parasitical diseases, such
+as favus, t&aelig;nia, psora, trichinosis, which they transmit to us. They are
+likewise smitten with small-pox, typhoid fever, and with typhus; and
+under certain given conditions they may transmit them to us. They die of
+consumption and cancer, and it is probable that they transfuse into us
+through their milk and flesh the germs of these diseases. Finally, we
+have our epidemics as they have their epizootics; and here we will limit
+our instances of this reciprocation.</p>
+
+<p>It is certain that the study of these maladies in animals would have
+been for us the source of precise knowledge, which, if well understood
+and explained, would have often led to their preventive treatment. This
+is what has occurred in the case of small-pox; it is what will one day
+occur in typhoid fever, in times of epidemic, as will be the case in a
+certain number of other general or local diseases.</p>
+
+<p>In truth, some complaints now looked upon as inherent to the human
+species, were originally foreign to it; most parasitical diseases
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>belong to this class. Thus man has not the <i>psora</i>, or itch&mdash;the
+disease does not properly belong to him; the parasite which engenders it
+is not bred in him, it is always transmitted to him by animals. It is
+the same with the t&aelig;nia, or tape-worm, with the trichina, or fine
+hair-worm.</p>
+
+<p>Medical science, instituted on the bases of comparative pathology, would
+have made the study of diseases in the brute creation, not the
+collateral, but the principal object of its inquiries. It would have
+applied itself to the cure of the lower animals; and whilst learning to
+cure them, it would have ensured the cure of men's diseases.</p>
+
+<p>If such be the case, can any one believe that the treatment of diathetic
+and hereditary maladies would be, as they still are, insoluble problems;
+and that the physician would have the misery of seeing decimated, whilst
+he helplessly looks on, a large part of the population, condemned
+inevitably to die of consumption and cancer? Would every man smitten
+with hydrophobia be irrevocably condemned to death? Assuredly, it would
+not be so.</p>
+
+<p>That the physician should have been reduced <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>to the painful necessity of
+confessing his want of means, when medicine could be nothing more than
+an art, we admit; but now that science has grown up and come of age,
+society has a right to challenge him to do, what in past ages could not
+have been expected of him. Briefly, we think that the time is come, by
+blending comparative pathology with anatomy and physiology, to construct
+one of the bases of the tripod on which medical science will have to
+rest. The success which has already been achieved in this direction is a
+certain guarantee for those which we may hope for hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>Such is our deep conviction, and perhaps we have some title to speak out
+decidedly on this point, as we have long since exemplified our precepts
+by actual proofs.</p>
+
+<p>Persuaded for many years that comparative pathology afforded to
+industrious men a new mine, rich in precious veins for working, we
+several times endeavoured to explore this fertile field. But,
+unfortunately, our means of action not being consistent with our
+sanguine expectations, we were repeatedly compelled to suspend our
+pursuits, until at last we found at the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>Ecole V&eacute;t&eacute;rinaire d'Alfort, the
+favourable opportunity and the essential conditions of which we had so
+long been in quest.</p>
+
+<p>Grieved at our helplessness to stay the ravages of pulmonary
+consumption, I formed one day the resolution to study that wasteful
+complaint in animals in order to discover, or at least to look for, the
+required remedy. With that view, I confined in a dark, cold, and damp
+cellar a number of animals to practise on: birds of different species,
+rabbits, a monkey, a dog, &amp;c. To these animals I dealt out a deficient
+quantity of food. The monkey, as might have been expected, was the first
+to be affected, since in our climates they all die of consumption. Next,
+and for the same reason, it was the parrot's turn; then the chickens and
+ducks died; after them the rabbits;&mdash;in fine, at the end of fourteen
+months, the dog alone survived. All the rest had sunk under consumption,
+and exhibited tubercles in different organs&mdash;in the lungs or mesentery.</p>
+
+<p>It was then necessary to have the counter-proof: to place a second set
+of animals in the same conditions, to produce the disease again, and
+attempt its cure. But the first experiment <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>had been a long one, and I
+was forced to relinquish the inquiry, which, moreover, was above my
+means at that period.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion, it seemed to me strange that we should be obliged
+to open the bladder of patients suffering from the stone, or to subject
+them to lithotrity, which has also its perils. Nature, I said to myself,
+forms calculi by uniting organic elements, by crystallizing them, and by
+cementing them with vesical mucus. But would it not be possible to cure
+the disease by employing contrary means&mdash;dissolving the calculi in the
+bladder by means of continued injections, changing the chemical agents
+according to the composition of the calculus, and adding thereto the
+action of a galvanic current?</p>
+
+<p>After this, I pursued my inquiry in this direction. I studied for
+several months the chemical composition of calculi by examining them in
+their dissolved state; and I saw that those in which the alkaline bases
+prevailed, being submitted to a diluted solution of tartaric acid, which
+would not injure the bladder, crumbled after a time; that the calculi
+with excess of acid were also attacked by an alkaline <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>solution; in
+fine, that the calculi of oxalate of lime alone seemed to resist the
+action of these chemical solutions. But it is well known that they
+sometimes defy all lithotrite instruments, and compel us to have
+recourse to the knife.</p>
+
+<p>These preliminary experiments over, it was necessary to come to their
+application, and for that purpose to make experiments on some animals.
+The canine species, omnivorous like ourselves, was chosen in preference.
+Bitches were selected to be practised on; for as their urinary passages
+are wider and more flexible, it enabled me to insert in the bladder
+fragments of calculi already analysed, which were to serve as the nuclei
+to the stones they were intended to develop.</p>
+
+<p>This second assortment of animals, penned up apart from each other, were
+supplied with different modes of sustenance: some of them were put upon
+a diet of meat only, others on a farinaceous diet, and a third set on a
+mixed course of food. These experiments were being regularly followed
+up, when an important and unforeseen event compelled me to desist at the
+end of six months. The poor animals were destroyed; but all of them, as
+I <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>had anticipated, had generated calculi of various chemical
+composition.</p>
+
+<p>These unfinished inquiries concerning comparative pathology, thus
+interrupted in spite of myself, might, had circumstances allowed them to
+reach the goal, have authorized us to undertake in man the dissolution
+of stone in the bladder. And how would this have been effected? By
+seizing the stone between the two ends of the catheter with the double
+current, and by injecting a well-sustained series of dissolvents into
+the patient, whilst lying at his ease in a recumbent posture.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is this all. They would likewise, I believe, have thrown some light
+on the organic production of calculi, on the lithic diathesis, and the
+particular formation of the stone; and led us, in some degree, to their
+preventive treatment, which is always superior to the curative remedy.</p>
+
+<p>On a subsequent occasion, I betook myself to my task under more
+favourable conditions. I undertook at Alfort, conjointly with Professor
+Delafond, a course of experiments on the cutaneous diseases of animals
+in relation to comparative pathology, having already, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>whilst walking
+the hospitals, published a work on the "Entomology and Pathology of
+Psora in Man," which had been printed at the expense of the Academy.</p>
+
+<p>These inquiries and examinations at Alfort were persisted in for five
+years, and were considered to have led to very satisfactory results as
+regards general pathology. But I have spoken of these labours in the
+first part of my book.</p>
+
+<p>Pardon me, reader, and do not suppose that vanity or any desire to
+parade myself has induced me to refer to these experiments. No; my only
+object is to show to what results similar studies might lead, if they
+were executed on a large scale and on the whole animal kingdom; if,
+instead of these partial efforts made under favour, some special and
+appropriate medical institution encouraged earnest experimentalists,
+supplying them without stint with all necessary resources, and with the
+best and completest instruments of observation.</p>
+
+<p>Will any one deny, that if medical science had been settled on this
+foundation fifty years ago&mdash;that is to say, since the exact sciences
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>first began to provide us with the means of investigation, it would now
+be so impotent? Epizootias and epidemics would not thus flout us as they
+do; the cholera would no longer be an enigma, nor the ox typhus so
+incurable. No! a hundred times no! Medical science would not he helpless
+and impotent in our day, had our forerunners been more mindful and
+provident.</p>
+
+<p>But, instead of this, the science for which we plead would have done
+good work. It would have made and confirmed an infinite variety of
+observations on the brute creation; it would have transmitted our
+diseases to them as they transmit their diseases to us; it would have
+treated and cured these diseases, and every such cure would have been a
+new triumph, a new victory for mankind.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, during an outbreak of cholera, this science would have
+been ready and prepared to try different experiments on men and animals;
+it would first have communicated the cholera to animals, and then
+submitted them to a variety of experimental treatments. This cholera,
+which is not an infectious fever, with its regular and assigned periods,
+like <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>typhus, and which we are not obliged to suffer to run its course,
+but which, on the contrary, is a nervous affection produced by some
+poisonous miasma, the toxical effects of which first of all assail the
+nervous system and then more particularly the great sympathetic; the
+cramps being but the result of a reflective action&mdash;<i>this cholera, we
+say, must be curable</i>, and well-advised experiments would reveal the
+remedy we want for it, nor should we have to wait long for the
+revelation.</p>
+
+<p>As for me, I once made a desperate attempt in this direction. It was
+during the cholera of 1854. We remarked whilst dissecting subjects, as
+is always the case, that the mucous membranes of the stomach and
+intestines, which were in a manner paralyzed, had suffered the fluid
+parts of the blood to ooze out on the surface. Hence the cause of those
+vomitings, and those watery and colourless diarrh&oelig;as which nothing
+can stop, so that at a given moment the patients die, poisoned, of
+course, but dying more particularly through want of circulation, the
+blood being reduced to its solid parts and unable to circulate any
+longer. Relying on this fact, and trusting for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>want of better to the
+secondary effects, I strove to restore to the blood its aqueous part,
+and, if possible, to re-establish the circulation.</p>
+
+<p>With this view, I went to the H&ocirc;pital de la Charit&eacute;, provided with all
+the requisite instruments. Choleraic patients were being brought there
+every hour. The experiments being new, venturesome, and <i>dangerous</i>, in
+the eyes of the hospital directors, I was only suffered to operate on
+the moribund. The first patient, considered to be in a state
+sufficiently desperate to be given up to me, was a woman, forty-five
+years old. She was literally insensible, and thoroughly cold. I
+hesitated for a moment to try the operation under conditions so
+unreasonable, so preposterous&mdash;almost upon a corpse. The radial arteries
+in the arm had ceased to beat, and the heart alone kept up a feeble
+circulation at the central parts. At length I opened the vein, from
+which not a single drop of blood proceeded, and taking the usual
+measures to prevent the air from having access, I gradually and slowly
+injected two ounces of alkaline solution, the process of injection
+lasting twelve minutes. It was scarcely over before <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>the patient
+half-opened her eyelids, and looked about her with astonishment; the
+pulse became perceptible for a few moments, and all present thought she
+was saved. We put a few questions to her; the patient could not answer
+us, but she nodded as much as to say "yes," when asked if she felt
+better. But this was all we could do in her case. The circulation
+stopped again, the patient relapsed into her state of insensibility and
+died two hours after the injection.</p>
+
+<p>The result obtained in this instance had not answered our expectation.
+However, the circulation had for a minute or two resumed its course, and
+a flash of reason had once more shown itself.</p>
+
+<p>I thought the experiment ought to be repeated, and accordingly the next
+morning I made another trial. The patient this time was a working
+shoemaker, thirty-eight years of age, exactly in the same far-gone,
+hopeless state as the patient of the day before. In his case, the inward
+commotion caused by the injection was more powerful; twenty minutes
+after the injection he was able to see, to understand, to speak, to
+raise his head; but this vital <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>recovery was, as in the former case, but
+of short continuance, and two hours and a half after the operation the
+man expired.</p>
+
+<p>After these experiments I dissected the two bodies, and then, finding
+that their lungs were infiltrated with water, I understood that the
+alkaline solution had not been assimilated, that it had stopped in its
+passage into the pulmonary parenchyma, to the detriment of the functions
+of the h&aelig;matosis. I also understood that the proper injection, instead
+of distilled alkaline water, would have been the serum of the blood,
+drawn at the very moment from some man or animal.</p>
+
+<p>The conclusion which I drew from these experiments was that a variety of
+operations, made at different stages of the malady, might lead to
+beneficial results, especially if we succeeded in transmitting the
+cholera to animals, as that would enable us to test a large number of
+curative agents and to pursue a methodical course of
+experimentalization.</p>
+
+<p>From all I have said, I infer that life, health, and disease, being
+subject to the same laws throughout the whole animal kind, it is certain
+that the physician should possess precise <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>knowledge as to the
+organization, the functions, and diseases of animals. That by proceeding
+in this manner, we shall advance from the simple to the complex, from
+the plant to the animal, and from the animal to man. That we must of
+necessity emerge from the state in which we are now entangled <span class="smcap">by
+founding and establishing in London a College of the Natural and Medical
+Sciences</span>. Every medical pupil might spend two years in this
+college, receiving in it an experimental and practical training; he
+would devote himself in it to the chemical analysis of all bodies, to
+physiological experiments and tests, without limit and of every kind.</p>
+
+<p>Most deeply do I appreciate the many difficulties and obstacles that
+would interfere with the execution of such a design. In our civilized
+age, nations seem rather bent on seeking out the means of exterminating
+each other than of protecting themselves and animals from epidemics and
+epizootias. It is believed that every first-rate kingdom now spends from
+400 to 500 millions of francs (16 to 20,000,000<i>l.</i>) annually in
+maintaining their land and sea forces, whilst one-half of their
+populations are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>living in misery and ignorance, in disease and
+corruption. The time is not come&mdash;shall we ever see it?&mdash;to employ the
+vital powers of the peoples, to better incessantly their social
+condition. Perhaps, by reason of its organization, the Government of
+this country would not be authorized to devote 100,000<i>l.</i> or
+200,000<i>l.</i> to the establishment of an institution like the medical
+college I suggest, notwithstanding its paramount necessity. But England
+is in the habit of doing great things independently of the Government.
+In default of the ruling powers, then, let me appeal to the national
+initiative, for if the spectacle which we are at present witnessing was
+not, in the case of England, one of those trials which invigorate a
+people by the salutary teachings which they bring; if it did not induce
+them to take some energetic resolution by which their interests would be
+saved and their power enlarged, it would indeed be a deplorable sign of
+the times and make us despair of its future.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, to show the urgency of founding a <i>College of Natural and
+Medical Science</i>, let us add, that in every other country they are
+endeavouring to unite this indispensable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>complement to medical
+education. The German universities, the Faculty of Paris, have, for
+several years past, incorporated a course of comparative pathology, with
+the other series of public lectures.</p>
+
+<p>It is not a mere Utopia that we propose, but an extension and
+improvement, all the parts of which are already prepared. If this
+College could be thrown open to-morrow, competent professors would be
+ready at the call of duty to indite the programme for this instruction
+within twenty-four hours; and as for the professors themselves, there
+would be enough to choose among the large body of efficient scholars who
+do honour to the country.</p>
+
+<p>If we have been rightly understood, we desire to see established in
+London an institution which would afford an equivalent to what exists in
+Paris, at the Museum and Coll&egrave;ge de France, where numerous courses of
+lectures on anatomy, physiology, physics, and chemistry are given. Only
+in London this special college would be formed and organized on such a
+scale as to bear away the palm from every previous foundation of the
+same kind; it would be an institution unexampled in the world, out <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>of
+whose halls would one day come anatomists, physiologists, and
+pathologists of the very highest order of excellence.&mdash;But organic
+matter would not be the sole object of this instruction, for the animal
+is something more than matter. Courses of medical history and
+philosophy, of really general pathology, would introduce the students to
+the grand phenomena of nature, to the great laws which govern the worlds
+and the globe; and descending from the heights of science to the
+observation of the infinitely minute, they would never forget the
+important part of the vital powers, and of that unknown power called at
+different times by the names of <span class="Greek" title="Typhos">&#960;&#957;&#949;&#965;&#956;&#945;</span>, <i>arch&eacute;c&mdash;mind</i> and
+<i>soul</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Regent's Park would, we think, be the proper site for this college,
+as the contiguity of the Zoological Gardens would afford continual
+opportunities for investigating the diseases of animals.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, this college would not trench upon or interfere in any manner
+with those medical and veterinary establishments which at present exist;
+it would ally itself with, and complete them, nothing more. The
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>instruction received at this "College of Natural and Medical Science"
+would be so useful and necessary, and so attractive withal, that the
+sons of the great families would come to it to finish their collegiate
+studies, to the great benefit of the country. Other young men, in
+considerable numbers, would flock to it from various parts of the world.
+The foundation of such an institution would be an epoch in the history
+of science, and would give England another claim to the esteem of
+nations.</p>
+
+<p>I conclude, then, with a conviction that a nation which owes to Lord
+Bacon, the founder of experimental philosophy, his imperishable book on
+the <i>restoration, the method and teaching of the sciences</i>; to Harvey,
+the circulation; to Priestley, the constitution of chemistry; to
+Sydenham, the modern Hippocrates, his treatise on "Practical Medicine";
+to Jenner, vaccination; and to Charles Bell, the discovery of the
+sensitive and motor nerves&mdash;is a people too great and too enlightened to
+retrograde; and that, if the epizootic of ox typhus did find them at
+first unready and disarmed, they will in the end convert this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>disaster
+into a new source of greatness and strength.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the sincere hope which I cherish and the prayer I offer up for
+the happiness of a country which, for the future, has become my own.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<hr />
+<br />
+<h2>APPENDIX.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note A.</span><a name="Note_A" id="Note_A"></a></p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Bremen</span>, August 30.</p>
+
+<p>The following report, drawn up by two German veterinary surgeons, of a
+recent visit to London to examine into the cattle murrain, has been
+furnished by the agent of the North German Lloyd's at Nordenhamm:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"On Wednesday, the 9th instant, we, the undersigned, were requested to
+be at Nordenhamm, if possible, the following morning. Upon our arrival
+we were asked by the agent of the North German Lloyd's, who had
+consulted with several of the chief cattle exporters, to undertake a
+voyage to London at once in the steamer <i>Schwan</i>, in the interest of the
+cattle export from the Weser. The object of our mission was, first, to
+examine as closely as possible into the epidemic cattle disease raging
+in and around London for some time past; then carefully to observe the
+treatment of cattle upon the vessel during the voyage, upon arrival, and
+at the time of disembarkation; lastly, to use every means in our power
+to prevent obstacles being opposed to the continued export of cattle
+from these ports to England.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>"Furnished by the agent of the North German Lloyd's with letters of
+introduction to cattle dealers in London, and with the necessary funds,
+we left Nordenhamm in the steamer <i>Schwan</i>, Captain Christensen, at 4
+<span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, on the 10th instant. The vessel carried 347 head of large
+cattle, 2 calves, and 260 sheep. Favoured by very fine weather, we
+arrived in the Thames at 2 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, on the 12th. At the beginning
+of the voyage the animals were rather uneasy, trampled a good deal, and
+caused considerable motion in the ship; after a time, however, they
+became quiet. A sharp, penetrating smell was easily perceptible in the
+'tween decks of the ship, which was quickly removed upon a light breeze
+springing up, by means of the excellent ventilation and numerous
+air-pipes and wind shafts. The animals were several times watered, and
+it was easy to see how greatly they were refreshed. The hay in the
+racks, on the other hand, was hardly touched.</p>
+
+<p>"Upon arriving in the port we were introduced by the captain to the two
+veterinary surgeons stationed here to inspect the cattle, and witnessed
+the rapid disembarkation of the cargo, all of which were thoroughly
+healthy, not one being condemned. The cattle, when landed, were
+immediately brought to carts standing in readiness and transported to
+London, where they are cleansed and then driven into the adjacent
+fields.</p>
+
+<p>"After doing all in our power to attain the object of our journey, we
+went back to the port to wait for the <i>Schwan</i>, having first thoroughly
+cleansed the clothes we had worn during our inspection of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span>diseased
+cattle. The <i>Schwan</i> came in shortly after our arrival, and disembarked
+256 head of large cattle, 12 calves and 400 sheep, all in good
+condition. Mr. Philipps, the London agent of the North German Lloyd's,
+was on the spot, together with several reporters from newspapers, who
+wished to see by personal investigation how and in what condition cattle
+are brought from the Weser.</p>
+
+<p>"We re-embarked on the <i>Schwan</i> upon the 19th. The crew were engaged
+during the voyage in carefully cleansing the ship. The weather was fine,
+and we arrived safely at Nordenhamm upon the 21st.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+(Signed) "<span class="smcap">G. J. Rippen</span>,<br />
+"Veterinary Surgeon at Seefield.<br />
+<br />
+"<span class="smcap"> H. Fasting</span>,<br />
+"Veterinary Surgeon at Schwey."</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note B.</span><a name="Note_B" id="Note_B"></a></p>
+
+<p>Professor Simonds having had such opportunities of investigating those
+diseases as they existed in England and in foreign countries as were
+possessed only by a few Englishmen, might be permitted to offer a few
+observations. He had been appointed by the Royal Agricultural Societies
+of England and Ireland to proceed to the Continent in 1857, when there
+was a rumour that the disease which existed among cattle in this country
+at the present time was prevailing in Mecklenburg. Consuls sent
+despatches that the rinderpest was prevailing largely, and the
+Government, as a precautionary measure, closed the ports against the
+introduction of cattle from the Baltic to this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>country. He found,
+however, from his observations abroad that since 1817 there had been no
+disease of this kind westward of a line between Revel in the Baltic and
+the Gulf of Venice, but to the eastward of that line it had existed. He
+came up with the affection at the Carpathian mountains, where it was
+raging in 1857 just as it is raging in England at the present time. Not
+only had it existed there, but it had been carried into the interior of
+Russia in the ordinary method of the cattle trade. A person who was in
+the habit of purchasing cattle attended a fair and bought a number of
+animals, and took them to his own farm, and in the course of ten days
+one or two were seized with the disease, and the result was there was a
+gradual spread of the evil in that district. It gained ground until the
+Government instituted the sanitary police regulations, which, though
+they were such as would be considered strange in England, were, he
+believed, absolutely necessary for the extirpation of the plague. It was
+undoubtedly true that no foreign animals had been seized at our ports or
+in the metropolitan market; but it was not necessary for the case they
+had in hand to say whether the disease was or was not of foreign
+importation. There was this fact before them, that it was not until the
+month of June that the disease appeared in England. A certain number of
+animals came out of a diseased district. He had documentary evidence
+that animals came from Revel and came from the district of Esthonia. He
+had before him proof that the disease now in England was raging in that
+district. They had proof that shortly after the arrival of those cattle
+in England the disease manifested itself <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>here. He admitted there were
+difficulties in the way of checking the importation of foreign cattle.
+The Government had its eyes open to the matter, and he did not think it
+possible for the Government to have done more than they had done or to
+have done more quickly what they had been doing. At this moment half the
+supply of the metropolitan market came from foreign countries, and he
+did not wish to convey any reflection by saying that this disease had
+its origin from abroad. He would admit that the animals from Germany and
+Hungary were coming in a healthy condition; but he could not admit that
+they came from Russia, Poland, or Galicia in so perfect a condition,
+because the regulations there were not sufficient to stamp out the
+disease. The Government had made an inquiry as to the general health of
+cattle on the Continent. They believed France, Belgium, Holland,
+Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, and a large part of the Continent that
+supplied cattle to this country were free from disease. This went to
+show that we had admitted a disease not from where we received our
+supplies of meat, but from some other district. Then it must be
+associated with the fact that it came into this country when animals
+arrived here from an infected district in Russia. Animals from Germany
+and Hungary were often shipped and mixed with others from a diseased
+district. As regarded the disease being spontaneous, we had been free
+from it for twenty years. What was the state of our cowsheds fifty years
+ago? Were they not in a more filthy condition than they are now? If,
+therefore, the disease had been induced from common causes it would have
+been here years and years ago. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>It was no reflection to say that a great
+many cases could be traced directly to the metropolitan market. Take one
+case which occurred in Sussex. Certain cattle had been bought in the
+metropolitan market and were taken home. In three or four days they were
+ill, and presented symptoms of this affection. In a few days more the
+cows and calves were dead. In another instance calves were bought in
+Chichester Market, where they had been taken from London. The result was
+the death of twelve cows and ten calves. The people had other cattle on
+the same farm, and not one of them took it. He could say, too, that
+persons who had only one animal had lost it by the disease. How had the
+disease got into Norfolk and Kent but by the animals which went from the
+metropolitan market? He could prove by documentary evidence that it was
+so. He could show there was not a single instance where the origin of
+the disease could not be traced to the metropolis. It was the most
+fearful visitation that had ever been seen in England. They had adopted
+a system of compensation in Norfolk, and if by this meeting something
+was done to shut out the animals of infected districts, no doubt the
+promoters would receive not only the thanks of London, but the country
+generally.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gibbins&mdash;Now, if the disease came from abroad, and diseased cattle
+were shipped on the other side of the sea, no doubt the voyage would
+concentrate and aggravate the disease. The Government inspectors
+reported, however, that not one instance had been seen of foreign cattle
+so diseased, nor had any been seized and destroyed in London or anywhere
+else. Whether <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>the disease came from abroad or elsewhere he was not able
+to state. Sir George Grey asked him whether he had found any disease
+among the foreign cattle that came into the market. He said not one.
+They had, no doubt, many instances of the disease amongst the cows that
+were ordinarily called milch cows, but that were not milch cows when
+they came to market, because one effect of the disease was to deprive
+the animal of milk. These were then sent to the market and sold as fat
+stock. He could only say they had had no cases, except in cows, whether
+they came from the dairies in London or elsewhere.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note C.</span><a name="Note_C" id="Note_C"></a></p>
+
+<p>M. Dembinski, Professor of Analytical Chemistry and Natural Science, had
+also addressed a communication to the Lord Mayor on the subject. The
+prevalent Rinderpest, he said, originated in the steppes of Podolia,
+from which considerable herds of cattle were exported through the
+steppes to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Riga, and Revel, and thence to the
+ports of Memel, K&ouml;nigsberg, Dantzic, Hamburg, Kiel, and the Hague.
+<i>Deprived of congenial food and pure water on their transport through
+the steppes, and then arriving at marshy lands, the exhausted animals
+drank the stagnant water, which, during hot weather, exhaled a
+pestiferous malaria, and infected them with a predisposition to the
+epidemic in question, which developed itself into a kind of fever on the
+voyage to England in a crowded condition.</i></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note D.</span><a name="Note_D" id="Note_D"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">International Veterinary Congress, Vienna</span>,<br />
+August, 1865.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the cattle plague, it may be well to state that Austria
+has been most unfortunately situated, from the readiness with which
+Russian cattle have been admitted into the country at various parts of
+the western and southern frontiers. At the opening of the Congress this
+difficulty was particularly noted by the Ministerial counsellor, Dr.
+Vell, who attended on behalf of the Government, for the purpose of
+welcoming the assembly, and giving an assurance that its deliberations
+would meet with all the attention they deserved. He specially referred
+to the fact that the laws relating to cattle disease prevention had been
+entirely revised in 1850, but that the Steppe murrain continued to be
+introduced by smuggled stock into the western and southern provinces of
+the State. It was therefore necessary to attempt a more effectual
+control over the propagation of so disastrous a malady.</p>
+
+<p>Herr Pabst welcomed the meeting on behalf of the Minister of Trade. He
+said that the value of the cattle of the Austrian dominions considerably
+exceeded one hundred million pounds sterling (one thousand million
+Austrian florins), and that cattle plagues completely put a stop to the
+development of that essential branch of agriculture which embraces the
+improvement and increase of live stock in a country. He assured the
+assembly that all would be done that was possible to improve the
+existing state of matters, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>that he hoped they would greatly aid the
+Government by the discussions which would take place and the conclusions
+at which they would arrive.</p>
+
+<p>I may state, by the way, that an opinion rather generally expressed by
+some, and stoutly maintained by others, was that the peculiar
+disposition of some of the Austrian subjects, and the feeling existing
+in Hungary against State measures, rendered the law, to a great extent,
+inoperative. I can, from personal experience, state that although
+stringent and most efficient means are used for the suppression of
+cattle plagues, and with the best results in Austria proper, there is
+great difficulty in carrying out the law in districts where Austrian
+rule is at a discount. Indeed this is clearly indicated by the manner in
+which the Rinderpest penetrates into Austria, where the laws are similar
+to those in the kingdom of Prussia, which is, and has long been,
+completely protected from invasions of the disorder.</p>
+
+<p>At the meeting of the first International Congress, held in Hamburg in
+1865, Dr. R&ouml;ll stated that owing to the length of time to which the
+quarantine for Russian cattle extended on the Austrian frontier, herds
+of cattle were often smuggled through, and companies had been formed for
+the purpose of insurance against seizure by the authorities. The
+unlawful traffic was therefore carried on with comparative safety to the
+dealers, who cared not what misfortune they brought on a country if only
+their personal ends could be served. This question was the first to
+occupy the attention of the Congress last week; when a resolution was
+proposed to shorten the period of quarantine <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>for cattle from Russia
+into any country from twenty-one days to ten. The discussion was keen.
+It was stipulated, however, that the quarantine should be carried out
+most strictly over all parts of the frontier, without respect to any
+breed of cattle or other circumstances which might be brought forward as
+exceptional reasons for retaining animals in quarantine. The committee
+appointed to prepare a succinct report on the subject included
+Professors Unterberger, Seifmann, Werner, Zlamal, Hertwig, Haubner, and
+R&ouml;ll; and the committee decided in favour of the shortened quarantine,
+on the following conditions:&mdash;First&mdash;When the establishment of
+quarantine institutions is effected in accordance with the requirements
+of trade and the peculiarities of the frontier, special attention must
+be paid to the erection of quarantine stables, &amp;c., where there are
+facilities for procuring an abundance of fodder and water. Second&mdash;The
+animals to be kept under efficient veterinary supervision wherever they
+have to submit to quarantine. The inspectors must be properly qualified
+veterinary surgeons. Third&mdash;The use of a brand to indicate that the
+animals have been in quarantine. Fourth&mdash;The effectual disinfection, by
+washing and otherwise, of animals as they leave the quarantine.
+Fifth&mdash;The introduction of a poll-tax along the eastern frontiers, and
+the appointment of proper veterinarians to be on the watch as to the
+health of cattle along the frontiers. Sixth&mdash;Careful supervision to be
+placed over the traffic in cattle wherever it takes place in a country.
+Seventh&mdash;The punishment to the full extent that the law allows of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>all
+who break the rules relating to quarantine or other means for the
+prevention of the cattle plague.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Hertwig, of Berlin, whose opinion is always listened to with
+great respect in veterinary circles, stated his reasons for adopting
+these resolutions now, whereas in 1863 he was against shortening the
+period of quarantine. He referred chiefly to the importance of not
+offering temptations for cattle dealers to evade the law by insisting on
+unreasonable restrictions. The feeling of the assembly was greatly in
+favour of avoiding vexatious and expensive measures, which might greatly
+interfere with the employment of capital in cattle traffic. A small
+number of professors, not exceeding eight or nine, held out for a
+quarantine of twenty-one days.</p>
+
+<p>It may be as well to state that quarantine regulations, which have been
+regarded as almost useless in the prevention of human disorders, from
+the great difficulties in the way of carrying them out efficiently, are
+recognised as of great value in controlling the propagation of cattle
+plagues. It is possible to control the movement of herds, and the
+governments of Central Europe have found it absolutely essential so to
+do. Indeed, the ablest medical men who have written against the adoption
+of a quarantine system for human small-pox and cholera, such as
+Professor Siegmund, of Berlin, acknowledge its value and absolute
+requirement with regard to the Rinderpest. A professor from Galicia
+argued in favour of controlling the movements of people wherever the
+disease appeared, and no fact seems to have been better ascertained than
+that of the communication of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>Rinderpest from herd to herd by human
+beings. Professor Jessen, of Dorpat, states that in Russia the malady
+was at one time speedily propagated by the people, who regarded the
+destruction of their stock as a visitation of Providence, and who
+summoned a priest into their stables to pray with them that the plague
+might be stayed. Moving from farm to farm, the malady was by this means
+rapidly transmitted. In Hungary, many outbreaks result from people
+dressing the carcases and hawking about the meat, which, even where
+human beings remain uninjured, is deadly to the cattle whenever the
+water with which it is washed is thrown about the yards, or the meat is
+hung up near sheds containing living animals.</p>
+
+<p>The members present at the International Congress spoke in favour of
+establishing a fund, apart from the Government grants, for the payment
+of diseased or infected animals which have to be slaughtered with a view
+to the prevention of the plague. Special precautions were suggested as
+to the transmission of articles the product of diseased animals.</p>
+
+<p>1. Perfectly dried skins, the points of horns cut off, as they often are
+for commercial purposes, the salted and dried intestines of cattle,
+melted tallow, wools, cowhair, &amp;c., could be freely allowed to pass
+unobserved.</p>
+
+<p>2. Entire horns, hoofs, &amp;c., which are detached from the soft parts, but
+which often contain adhering flesh, &amp;c., should be disinfected with
+chloride of lime.</p>
+
+<p>3. As melted tallow is often conveyed in bags which may be charged with
+the poison, those bags should be washed with chloride of lime solution.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>4. Fresh bones, fresh skins, and intestines, unmelted tallow, raw flesh,
+and fresh sheepskins, should not be sold whenever the Rinderpest exists
+in a district.</p>
+
+<p>According to all the accounts which reach us, the foreign observations
+and resolutions may be of essential service in England. The members of
+the Assembly were informed by Mr. Erner of the origin and the progress
+of the cattle plague in England, and were deeply interested by the
+account given of the imminent danger in which many countries are placed
+that purchase breeding stock in the British isles. The theories of
+spontaneous origin amuse the learned here not a little, as they justly
+think we ought not to be so far behind every nation in the possession of
+knowledge regarding the propagation of such a disorder as the steppe
+murrain.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note E.</span><a name="Note_E" id="Note_E"></a></p>
+
+<p>Now, if the disease came from abroad, and diseased cattle were shipped
+on the other side of the sea, no doubt the voyage would concentrate and
+aggravate the disease. Whether the disease came from abroad or elsewhere
+he was not able to state. Sir George Grey asked him whether he had found
+any disease among the foreign cattle that came into the market. He had
+not one. He could only say they had had no cases, except in cows,
+whether they came from the dairies in London or elsewhere. So far as
+they knew, not one single bullock or ox had been condemned.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Mr.
+Gibbins</span>, <i>18th August, Meeting at the Mansion House</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The very first shed in which the plague must have appeared in London is
+a pattern of cleanliness, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>the stock was magnificent, as proved by
+the animals in a shed to which the disease has not been propagated.
+Almost simultaneously the malady broke out in the Essex marshes, and in
+every instance we trace a more or less direct contamination by foreign
+stock.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note F.</span><a name="Note_F" id="Note_F"></a></p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Vienna</span>, August, 1865.</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th of August about thirty of the members of the Congress
+accepted an invitation to visit the renowned agricultural establishment
+at Altenburg, in Hungary. After the visitors had inspected the herds and
+other appurtenances of this institution, Professor Maasch, its director,
+intimated that the Rinderpest had appeared at Nickolsdorf, about four
+German miles from Altenburg. The President of the Congress had known
+this fact before the party left Vienna for Hungary; but as he feared
+some enthusiasts would first see the plague, and then inspect the
+Altenburg herds, he preferred to adopt the stratagem of communicating
+the information through Professor Maasch, after the great Agricultural
+College of Hungary had been viewed. Nickolsdorf, where the steppe
+murrain appeared on the 10th of August, is an exquisitely clean village,
+with well-whitewashed buildings and broad roads, constituting the centre
+of a thriving agricultural district. Its people are typical Hungarians,
+not too anxious to work, and, on the whole, poor; but they are
+intelligent, notwithstanding the national proclivity to farm a thousand
+acres badly rather than one-fourth the quantity to perfection. Their
+wants <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>are not great, and their worldly luxuries, beyond potatoes and
+schnaps, are bought with the profits made on large herds of cattle. One
+herd only had suffered from the cattle plague when we visited the
+village. This herd consisted of 1225 animals, divided into three lots.
+The affected portion numbered 450 animals&mdash;bullocks intended for work
+and slaughter&mdash;varying in age from three to seven years. The cows and
+heifers had not been smitten. The 450 animals amongst which the disease
+appeared were housed in no less than sixteen different sheds in
+Nickolsdorf. Out of each of these places sick animals had been taken,
+and either slaughtered or permitted to die. We killed four for
+dissection on the 29th. Six more had been previously killed, their hides
+slacked, and the entire body buried; nine had died, and two we left in
+life to be soon slaughtered and disposed of as the others. The district
+veterinary surgeon in constant attendance was an extremely active and
+intelligent man, who recognised the disease on its first outbreak, and
+adopted such measures for separation, destruction, and burial, as
+prevented the disease from spreading so rapidly as it has in England.</p>
+
+<p>The cause of the outbreak was the intermingling of cattle-dealers' stock
+with the Nickolsdorf herd; and although the animals which carried it
+have not been fully traced, they are believed to have been owned by a
+butcher who had purchased them in Comorn, where the malady is raging.
+Singular variations have been seen in the symptoms exhibited, especially
+when animals are first affected. During the Nickolsdorf outbreak there
+has been an invariable incubation of five or six <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>days; then furor or
+delirium appears: the bullocks stare, roar, stamp with their feet, are
+prepared to attack people who approach them, and seem to be dizzy at
+intervals. They shiver, their muscles twitch, the eyes soon begin to
+discharge, and the mucus which flows from the mouth foams. The pulse is
+at first slower than usual, until all the fever symptoms appear. There
+is more constipation than diarrh&oelig;a, though, on examination, the
+mucous membranes are all found to be affected precisely in the manner so
+often observed in England during the present outbreak. The differences
+in the symptoms are accounted for by peculiarities of breed, the
+condition of stalls, the food the animals have lived on, and similar
+circumstances. We may hear more of these Hungarian outbreaks, but the
+chances are we shall not witness in any part of Austria the wholesale
+devastation now going on in Great Britain.&mdash;<i>International Veterinary
+Congress.</i></p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note G.</span><a name="Note_G" id="Note_G"></a></p>
+
+<p>At present the cowkeepers send off the infected beasts to the market, or
+to some slaughter-house, where they might be killed. There was believed
+to be great danger in allowing the infected cows to be driven through
+the streets. If the good could be separated from the bad animals, and if
+the latter could be conveyed to sanitoriums, where the medical men could
+operate upon them, then much benefit would result; and then, too, if the
+animals died, they would be buried on the spot. All the professors were
+agreed in this, that if a compensation fund were raised, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>the
+cowkeeper were told that he would be remunerated for his loss, he would
+at once inform the authorities when the disease made its appearance in
+his cowshed. Shed after shed was being now shut up, and men and women
+who seemed to be affluent one day were the next reduced to ruin. An
+illustration of this would suffice. One day last week a cowkeeper at
+Pimlico had 70 or 80 healthy cows. On Wednesday three of them were found
+dead. On Thursday 42 of them were sent to the market. Of these 42 three
+showed symptoms of the disease, and then the whole of the 42 beasts had
+to be slaughtered because of the disease being among the three. The poor
+fellow was thus ruined. Last Monday he sent nine more cows to the
+market, and these also had to be slaughtered. At present the man was
+absolutely out of his mind. Out of his 70 beasts, he had not one left.
+Some persons were saying that the disease arose from bad water, bad
+ventilation, and bad cowsheds; but in the case of Miss Burdett Coutts,
+who had had 40 head of cattle, which were most carefully housed and
+attended to&mdash;particularly from the moment she heard that the disease was
+amongst them&mdash;all were gone, with the exception of one cow; so that,
+whether it was a want of water or a want of ventilation which in other
+cases caused it, this was an instance in which everything was done that
+could be done, and yet the plague raged and the mortality
+ensued.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Mr. Gibbins</span>, <i>Meeting at the Mansion House</i>.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note J.</span><a name="Note_J" id="Note_J"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning Dr. Jarvis, medical officer of St. Matthew's,
+Bethnal-green, received information that Mr. Castell, an extensive
+purveyor of milk, had lost eighty-four cows during the past week. Other
+cowkeepers in this district have also experienced great losses. The
+disease has manifested itself with more or less virulence at St. Anne's,
+Limehouse; St. John, Hackney: St. Mary-le-Bow, St. George's-in-the-East,
+St. John, Wapping; Christ Church, Spitalfields; St. Leonard's,
+Shoreditch; St. Mary, Whitechapel; St. Paul's, Shadwell; the hamlet of
+Ratcliff, Stoke Newington, Kingsland, and Tottenham.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gibbins, chairman of the Metropolitan Markets Committee, Mr. Rudkin,
+a member of the committee, Mr. Tegg, veterinary surgeon to the market,
+and Mr. Baldry, clerk to the market, applied to the sitting magistrate
+at Clerkenwell Police Court yesterday for summonses against cowkeepers
+for sending diseased cows into the market. During the course of the
+present week no less than nineteen cows had been seized in the market
+and fairs and condemned. The order was asked for under the 8th section
+of the recent Order in Council, which recited that it shall not be
+lawful to send or bring to any fair or market, or to send or carry by
+any railway, or by any ship or vessel coastwise, or to place upon or to
+drive along any highway, or the sides thereof, any animal labouring
+under disease. The cattle seized had not been examined by a Government
+inspector, and no certificate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>had been given to the owners that they
+were fit to be removed. The market authorities wished it to be known
+that proceedings would be taken in every case that was brought under
+their notice. Mr. Cooke observed that the inspectors had power to seize
+and slaughter, or cause to be slaughtered, and to be buried in any
+convenient place, any animal labouring under the disease. Had that been
+done? Mr. Tegg said that the animals were in some of the cases
+slaughtered, and the others would be slaughtered in the course of the
+day. The summonses were granted.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday, the summonses issued at the instance of Mr. Frederick Thomas
+Stanley, a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and one
+of the inspectors appointed under the Order in Council, came on for
+hearing before Mr. Burcham, magistrate at the Southwark police court.
+The summons in the first case was addressed to Thomas Meredith, of the
+Flying Horse-yard, Blackman-street, for that the defendant, without the
+licence of the said inspector, did unlawfully remove from his premises
+some animals labouring under the cattle disease. Mr. Sleigh, instructed
+by Mr. Gant, appeared to support the summons; and Mr. W. Edwin for the
+defendant. Evidence was given that the defendant had been warned that
+the cows were diseased, but that he had removed them notwithstanding.
+The further hearing of the case was adjourned, as were also the other
+summonses of a like nature.</p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of powers vested in him by the Manx Legislature, the
+governor of the Isle of Man has issued a proclamation prohibiting the
+importation of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span>cattle into the island. Tinder the same Act his
+Excellency has power to subject all cattle imported into the island to a
+five days' quarantine.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note K.</span><a name="Note_K" id="Note_K"></a></p>
+
+<p>Tracing, as we have done, the sale of infected stock from abroad as far
+back as the 19th of June, we find that each week that the disease has
+been amongst us a fresh county has been contaminated; and more than that
+when we consider that Scotland has not escaped.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note L.</span><a name="Note_L" id="Note_L"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scotland.</span>&mdash;The cattle plague has travelled North to
+Aberdeenshire, and has killed a number of animals almost simultaneously
+on three farms at many miles distance from one another. The owners of
+stock in one of the districts, and the Royal Northern Agricultural
+Association, are taking, or resolving to take, sharp and prompt steps to
+stay the progress of the disease. The committee of the association
+having met on Friday, appointed a committee of inspection, arranged for
+a public meeting of persons interested, and favourably entertained the
+notion of forming a fund for mutual insurance against the sacrifices and
+losses which the extension of the disease might occasion. A meeting of
+the General Central Union was also held at Stirling on Friday, and a
+committee was appointed to confer on the subject with the directors of
+the Highland Society, and report to another meeting to be held next
+Friday.&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>The most important communication received to-day is from Scotland. The
+malady has undoubtedly broken out near Kelso, on fourteen head of cattle
+imported into London and sent north. Twenty-eight animals have been
+seized with the disease at Woolwich, and calves from the London market
+are said to have taken the malady down to Horsham and Grinstead.</p>
+
+<p>Information has been received concerning the sale of at least fifty-four
+diseased and infected animals in the Metropolitan Cattle Market the 3rd
+instant.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note M.</span><a name="Note_M" id="Note_M"></a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Charles Panter has, at the request of Earl Granville, drawn up a
+statement relative to the health of the cows on a farm hired by his
+lordship at Golder's-green, on the Finchley-road. In publishing the
+statement, Earl Granville says: "When I left England, a month ago, there
+were about 130 milch cows in four sheds. In the two largest and best
+managed I found only one cow yesterday (Sept. 4). His Royal Highness the
+Duke of Coburg informed me last week that what he believed to be the
+same disease visited Coburg last year. No one could trace its origin,
+and no medical treatment was successful. Air and water were their only
+remedies. Some men had died from eating the meat killed at a particular
+stage of the disease. His Royal Highness had seen a horse die in four
+hours, killed by flies which came from the carcase of a cow which had
+been allowed to remain above ground. The disease disappeared in the
+autumn as mysteriously as it had come. I understand that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>Professor
+Simonds is of opinion that the disease mentioned by the Duke of Coburg
+is not the same as that from which we are suffering here&mdash;that its name
+is the Siberian Pest." Mr. Panter's statement is dated Sept. 4, and is
+as follows:&mdash;"On the 13th of July I purchased five Dutch cows in the
+Metropolitan Market, and placed them in quarantine at Child's-hill Farm,
+one mile from here. On the 22nd of July one of them showed signs of
+debility; diarrh&oelig;a followed. Thinking it was only a cold, she was
+treated accordingly, but continued to get worse, and died in five days.
+Two more were attacked in a similar way, when veterinary advice was
+called in, but in five days the whole either died or were slaughtered.
+Every precaution was used to prevent the spread of infection here; the
+men who attended the sick cattle were not allowed to go among the
+healthy ones, and <i>vice vers&acirc;</i>. But, previous to this, bearing of the
+disease in the London cowsheds, I adopted precautionary measures, such
+as a liberal use daily of chloride of lime, administered one ounce of
+nitre in half a pint of water to each cow, and a small quantity of tar,
+and painted their noses with tar. But on the 8th of August,
+unfortunately, the disease showed itself here in a fat cow that had been
+for ten months in the best built, best drained and ventilated shed. No
+new stock had been added for nine weeks. In a few hours four more cows
+showed symptoms of it. I immediately had them all removed and
+slaughtered, and made a <i>post-mortem</i> examination of them, and found the
+windpipe in a state of decomposition, the lungs inflated, the small
+intestines red and inflamed, and the meat of a dark <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>yellow colour
+outside, and dark red inside, which I think unfit for human food after
+the first stage. The disease confined itself to the above shed of
+forty-eight cows (which are now all gone) till the 20th of August, when
+it broke out in another shed of thirty-five cows, some ten yards from
+the former one, and continued its ravages, taking from two to four cows
+daily, till they are all gone but two, one of which has not been
+attacked; the other, which was a bad case, is cured, and partly come to
+her milk again. On the first symptoms I had her separated from the other
+stock, and did not treat her for two days, when diarrh&oelig;a set in; I
+then gave her a bottle of brandy and four ounces of ground ginger in
+three quarts of old ale. She lay in a kind of stupor for twelve hours,
+when I could see a change in her for the better. I continued to give her
+daily four quarts of gruel made with old ale and two ounces of ginger.
+In four days she was sufficiently recovered to eat a little hay, &amp;c.,
+and do without further treatment. In another case the above treatment
+failed, and the animal died in three days. In other cases I allowed
+anyone to treat them who thought they had a remedy, both professional
+men and others. One persevering young veterinary surgeon came up out of
+Somersetshire and treated two cases most energetically, but failed in
+both; one died in four, and the other in eight days. In other cases
+tonics, stimulants, blisters, and setons have been tried, but all
+failed. The whole of the eighty-one cows lost were of the English breed;
+we have not as yet had any loss out of the other two sheds, consisting
+of about half English and half Dutch cows, and standing about forty
+yards from the infected <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>shed. It may be interesting for your lordship
+to know that I had the shed at Child's-hill Farm immediately cleansed
+with disinfectants, and washed with hot lime, &amp;c., and bought twelve
+fresh cows and placed them there on the 16th, which are now in perfect
+health; and a neighbour situated midway between here and that farm had
+twenty-three cows lying in a field; the plague took twenty of them, and
+in three weeks he replaced them with new stock, which are still healthy,
+he having had them a month. Another neighbour, a mile distant, had a
+fine herd of seventy-two cows (English) lying in the fields a fortnight
+ago. The plague broke out among them, and now he has only eight left in
+health. From my own experience, and from all I can learn, I believe the
+disease is atmospheric, and of a typhoid character. The first symptom in
+a milking cow is an almost entire loss of milk, then loss of appetite, a
+watery discharge from the eyes, nostrils, and mouth, which thickens as
+the disease develops itself; rumination ceases, her ears hang down, her
+eyes are heavy and sunken, bloody matter is seen in the excrement, great
+debility is seen, diarrh&oelig;a sets in, and death takes place in from
+three to nine days. I have read of iron water being a preventive of the
+disease. All the water your cows have drunk comes six miles through
+rusty iron pipes."</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note N.</span><a name="Note_N" id="Note_N"></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Cattle Murrain at Holly Lodge.</span>&mdash;On the 27th of June an
+Alderney bull was purchased at Bushey, near Watford, and placed with the
+rest <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>of the herd, then consisting of eleven cows, five sucking calves,
+three yearling heifers, and one bull. The bull had been imported from
+Alderney for several months. About a month after&mdash;namely, on the 29th of
+July&mdash;a cow in calf was attacked with unusual symptoms. She was
+separated from the rest; nourishing drinks were administered; but having
+calved, she died forty-eight hours after the first symptoms were
+observed. This led to the belief that she died of the disease which then
+began to prevail. This cow had been pastured with the others in a field
+occasionally used for grazing sheep that were taken to the Metropolitan
+Cattle-market, and, if not sold, brought back again until the next
+market day; the sheep were separated from the cows by iron hurdles. The
+Holly Lodge Estate is partly bounded on the east by the route taken by
+drovers with foreign and other cattle to and from the market, some of
+which are also occasionally brought back to neighbouring fields. The
+high road forms the western boundary within a few yards of the
+cattle-sheds and pastures. These facts are stated to show that the
+contagion might have been easily communicated to the animals. A few days
+later three calves were attacked with cold shivering and twitching of
+the muscles. The previous nights having become suddenly and unusually
+cold and wet, the symptoms were at first attributed to that cause.
+Although these calves had been pastured quite apart from the cow which
+first died, the cow had been driven across the field where the calves
+lay to the shed in which it died, the calves having been placed in the
+next shed, where two of them died on the 6th <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span>of August, unmistakeably
+of the cattle plague. The third calf was sent to the Royal Veterinary
+College, where it also died. By the 9th of August four cows and the bull
+were seized with the disease so virulently that it was thought necessary
+to kill them after three days' illness. On the 12th a cow and a heifer
+were also destroyed, and on the 14th one of the sucking calves died.
+Thus, out of a herd of nineteen animals, twelve had died within a
+fortnight. The malady had taken so strong and sudden a hold upon them
+that no systematic means of remedy could be applied except separation,
+warmth, stimulants, and the medicines ordinarily given in cases of cold
+and fever. On the 13th of August two more cows were pronounced incurable
+by two of the veterinary surgeons who had been called in; but it was
+determined, upon further advice, to try a mode of treatment upon them
+not hitherto adopted. One drachm of calomel was administered in gruel,
+four hours afterwards one pint of castor oil, and three hours later one
+quart of yeast. About two quarts of warm porter were added to a gruel of
+yeast and oatmeal, and given at intervals. These remedies acted most
+efficiently, and in one case gave much encouragement. The next day the
+cow began to eat hay, to chew her cud, and to yield a good quantity of
+milk. These remedies, together with bi-sulphate of soda, which
+invariably produced a return of the milk, and quinine, were then tried
+upon four other patients, with varied success. But in the end all these
+cows died, not, it is believed, of the cattle murrain, but of exhaustion
+occasioned by the activity of the drugs administered to them. This
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>belief was strengthened by the healthy appearance presented by the
+viscera of the first cow thus experimented upon, on its being partially
+dissected after death. The remaining cow thus treated is still alive. It
+is impossible to avoid believing that had the medical man who kindly
+gave his attention to these animals, been better acquainted with the
+constitution of the creature, or had those who tended them had any
+knowledge of medicine, three of the cows treated in this manner might
+and probably would have recovered; and even when the animals succumbed
+the consequences were less serious, the virulence of the poison being
+expelled&mdash;at least it was undiscernible to those who dissected them.
+During the fortnight that the murrain was raging, one cow in calf and
+one calf remained perfectly healthy, apparently, until both were seized
+within a day of each other; these had always been kept separate from the
+sick animals, and tended by other men. The calf died, and the cow was
+destroyed, in consequence of the symptoms being so violent. In this case
+very little calomel was given. As it may be as well to mention all
+particulars, it may be stated here that the men who tended the animals
+were provided with a dress, and that it was found desirable that a
+certain quantity of stimulants&mdash;brandy, coffee, and strong soup&mdash;should
+be given to prevent nausea and other uncomfortable feelings from which
+the men suffered. All the directions respecting the burying of the
+animals issued by the Privy Council have been strictly complied with;
+clothes, &amp;c., have been burnt, chloride of lime (Macdougall's
+disinfectant) was used with others <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span>to destroy insects and flies, with
+abundance of white-washing. The men were recommended to use, as a wash
+for the mouth, manganate of potash. The first crop of grass in the field
+where the cattle lay before their sickness, and during it, has been
+destroyed also; and it is intended to use some disinfectant, such as
+charcoal or lime, to spread over the field. Miss B. C. feels so
+persuaded that some mode of treatment could be found to alleviate, if
+not to save life, that she has determined to employ a medical gentleman,
+who kindly offers his services, and to take also the advice of a good
+cow or veterinary surgeon, and to try the effects of various remedies in
+some of the cowsheds where persons will be glad to let such experiments
+be tried; and it is also her intention to ask the Privy Council to allow
+one of the Government Inspectors to assist and report upon the cases. It
+may not be altogether unimportant to add that the state of the
+atmosphere seemed to have some effect upon the health of the animals, as
+upon those occasions the symptoms were most severe during the
+thunder-storms which then occurred. The milk which returned was found to
+be rather watery, and the cream had a peculiar appearance. At first the
+pigs declined it, and it was not thought advisable to continue to give
+it at all to any animals for about a week. It is now perfectly good.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note O.</span><a name="Note_O" id="Note_O"></a></p>
+
+<p>Advices from Holland, dated the Hague, Sept. 6, state: "The cattle
+disease has now been observed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span>in the parishes of Kethel, Delfshaven,
+Moordrecht, Uaardingen, Averschie, Kvalingen, Nieuwerkerk on the Issel
+(two hours from Rotterdam), Spykenisse, Schiedam, Herrjansdam, Maasland,
+Sommelsdyk, and Zevenhuisen. It has spread most at Kethel, where it
+first broke out among a cargo of cattle not admitted into England. In
+the other parishes some sixty animals were infected on the 1st inst. The
+post-mortem examination of the diseased beasts presents the abnormal
+appearances that have been found in the disease elsewhere, <i>i.e.</i>,
+swollen mucous membranes with red spots, peculiar exudations in the
+fourth stomach and intestines, &amp;c. The medical commission declares the
+malady to be the <i>typhus contagiosus bovum</i> of modern veterinary
+surgery, and recommends that infected animals should be treated with
+from three to four drachms of muriatic acid, mixed with six ounces of
+treacle and decoction of linseed. Decoctions of Peruvian bark and osier
+peelings, with sulphuric ether, are also said to be beneficial to weak
+animals. The avoidance of all contact of the cattle-tenders with
+infected beasts is especially enjoined, and ventilation and cleanliness
+of the stalls strongly recommended. Cattle markets and fairs are
+suspended until further orders, and extraordinary measures for
+disinfection are applied upon steamboats and railways."</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note P.</span><a name="Note_P" id="Note_P"></a></p>
+
+<p>The following document has been received at the Foreign Office from her
+Majesty's Agent and Consul-General at Bucharest:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>(<i>Translation from the Official "Monitoral," No. 173, August 8-20,
+1865.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">General Direction of the Sanitary Service.</span></p>
+
+<p>From the 1st to the 15th July a typhus epizooty broke out among the
+large horned cattle in the districts of Ilfov, Jassy, Bolgrad, Falcin,
+Buzeo, and Roman, which still continues, but is on the decrease. The
+Direction, in consequence, publishes the above for the information of
+those concerned.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span style="padding-right: 8em">The Director-General,</span><br />
+<span style="padding-right: 3em;">(Signed) <span class="smcap">D. Gluch</span>.</span></p>
+<p class="noin"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aug. 2-14, 1865.</span>
+</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note R.</span><a name="Note_R" id="Note_R"></a></p>
+
+<p class="right">August 14.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Question of Infection.</span>&mdash;Yesterday afternoon Mr. Alfred
+Ebsworth, of 11, Trinity-street, Southwark, the medical officer of
+health for the parish of St. Mary, Newington, attended before the
+sitting magistrate to make a statement with regard to the condition of
+the parish from the influx of diseased cattle, and the manner in which
+they were disposed of. Addressing the magistrate (Mr. Burnham) Mr.
+Ebsworth said that on that morning he, in his capacity of medical
+officer of health for the parish of St. Mary, Newington, received an
+order to attend professionally a man who was seriously ill in
+Kent-street, within the parish. While paying the visit to the patient
+his attention had been drawn to the condition of a slaughter-house on
+the other side of the street, where <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>it was reported to him there were
+fifteen cows which had been ordered by the Government officer to be
+destroyed at the Bricklayers' Arms Station, and then to be buried. The
+animals were accordingly destroyed by the men in the employ of Mr.
+George Nicholls, the proprietor of the yard in question; and from Mr.
+Nicholls he had learned that, instead of the carcases of the animals
+being buried, they were carted through the parish of St. George's to
+Mitcham, where they were boiled down, and brought back through the
+parish of St. Mary, Newington, in the shape of cats'-meat. He (Mr.
+Ebsworth) felt it his duty to come before the magistrate with this
+complaint, especially when the cattle plague was so prevalent. He had a
+right to inquire upon what grounds the carcases had not been disposed of
+on the spot where they had been slaughtered, instead of being carted
+through the parish he represented, in a way calculated to spread the
+infection. He could not but regard this as a most iniquitous proceeding,
+and he attended with a view to prevent a repetition of the practice. Mr.
+Frederick T. Stanley presented himself, and said that he was a member of
+the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. He had been appointed an
+inspector of cattle under the orders issued by the Privy Council. Within
+the district there were no means of burying the carcases of the diseased
+and condemned animals, and in the instance referred to they could not
+have been buried in the cowshed. It was impossible to bury the carcases
+in the London districts, and hence they were sent to the knacker's yard,
+where it was supposed they would be disposed of. Mr. Ebsworth: <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>And
+that, your worship, is what I complain of. Mr. Burcham: You think that
+the practice to which you have called my attention is calculated to
+propagate the extension of the disease. Mr. Stanley declared that the
+skins were disinfected under his especial orders. Mr. Burcham remarked
+that the animals had been taken to the slaughter-house, not for the
+purpose of being killed and buried, but that their skins should be taken
+off and disinfected. Why should they have been taken to Mitcham? Mr.
+Stanley stated that the disease could not be communicated from a dead
+animal, and it was conveyed only by inoculation, or through the breath
+of a living animal upon the dead body of a diseased ox. Mr. Burcham: I
+do not agree with you in that opinion. I believe that infection may be
+conveyed by a dead animal. Mr. Ebsworth said that such was his opinion,
+and, having regard to 28,000 patients in the parish, he had felt it his
+bounden duty to come forward to make this complaint. He thought such
+things ought not to occur. Mr. Burcham was of the same opinion, and that
+such a commodity ought not to be allowed to be conveyed through the
+public streets in open carts. Just before the magistrate was about to
+rise, Mr. Stanley introduced to his worship Professor Simonds, and a
+long colloquy (in private) ensued between them. At its close Professor
+Simonds retired, and Mr. Burcham said: I wish to state that I wanted to
+be satisfied that everything was done by Mr. Stanley that could be done
+under the circumstances by which he was surrounded, in the midst of
+great difficulty. I have had an interview with Professor Simonds, and he
+informs me <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>that there are the greatest difficulties, if not
+impossibilities, in finding any places near London in which the dead
+carcases of diseased animals can be buried. In the case now before me
+these animals were slaughtered at the Bricklayers' Arms Station, and
+were then taken to the slaughter-house in Kent-street, under the notion
+that the owner of the slaughter-house had the means of boiling them
+down. It appears that he had no such apparatus, and hence he found it
+necessary to send the carcases to Mitcham, the nearest place at which he
+believed the carcases could be buried and disposed of, and the
+neighbourhood thereby disinfected. Professor Simonds is perfectly sure
+that this meat when boiled down cannot by any probability cause the
+infection to spread. It was possible, but not probable, that infection
+might be introduced by the carcases of the diseased animals on their way
+to the place where they had to be boiled down; but it appears to me,
+from what I have just heard, that every precaution has been taken to
+prevent such an occurrence. It seems that the authorities cannot find a
+place within a reasonable distance in which the carcases can be buried,
+and, therefore, they are obliged to have recourse to boiling them down,
+as the only alternative. It is right that I should add that the conduct
+of Mr. Stanley, the inspector, has been quite in conformity with the
+directions he has received, not only under the Orders in Council, but
+also sanctioned in my presence to-day by Professor Simonds. I trust that
+this statement will remove from the mind of Mr. Stanley any unfavourable
+impression he may have entertained; and I will only add my opinion, that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>the diseased cattle ought to be removed through these populous
+districts in closed and not in open carts. The conversation then closed,
+and at an unusually late hour the court adjourned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Diseased Meat.</span>&mdash;At the Thames Police Court yesterday Henry
+Frost, an old man, was charged with having allowed to be deposited on
+the premises occupied by him in the rear of the house, No. 13,
+Sidney-street, Stepney, four quarters of beef prepared for sale and
+intended for the food of man, but which was unfit for human food. Frost
+carried on the business of a greengrocer. He asserted that he let the
+place to other men, who were the actual offenders. It was intimated that
+the vestry had no disposition to press for a heavy penalty. Mr. Paget
+fined the prisoner 40s. At Clerkenwell, Mr. Tegg, inspector at the
+Metropolitan Cattle Market for the City authorities applied to Mr.
+D'Eyncourt for an order to destroy a quantity of diseased meat which he
+purposed seizing. Mr. D'Eyncourt said the meat must be actually seized
+and condemned upon evidence before he could make the order. In the
+matter of the seizure of 32 quarters of beef, weighing about 3000 lbs.,
+which was found on the premises of a knacker in Pleasant-grove,
+Belle-isle, Mr. D'Eyncourt dismissed an application made against the
+defendant under the Nuisances Removal Act. The defence set up was that
+the meat was recognised as bad and diseased by the killer as soon as the
+animals were slaughtered.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note S.</span><a name="Note_S" id="Note_S"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Orders in Council seemed only to complicate the matter, and how
+effectually to combat the evil was a most difficult question. Some said
+the grand remedy was the knife, and others suggested that the diseased
+animals should be sent to a sanatorium. To destroy the diseased cattle
+was impossible, except the owner of them or the inspector went round and
+obtained an order from a magistrate for their destruction. The last
+meeting was adjourned, among other purposes, in order that the committee
+might take the opinion of the law officers upon the subject. It so
+happened, however, that most of the law officers of the Corporation were
+at present out of town. Fortunately the Common Serjeant was found, and
+he gave an opinion which confirmed the committee in their view that they
+had no power to kill, and no power to do anything except in the matter
+of isolation. Then the committee passed a resolution that another
+committee ought to be formed to raise the necessary funds for
+compensating the cattle-owners, and to see that those funds were
+properly applied, for the money was only intended to apply to the cattle
+plague, and was not meant to go in the shape of compensation for
+pleuro-pneumonia, or for the foot diseases. In other words, they were
+now legislating for the cattle plague or Rinderpest only. He resided at
+Dulwich, and he found that in the villages adjoining there were many
+cows, and never in his life had he seen finer cows. Not one of them had
+been affected <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>by the disease. There was a cowkeeper at Peckham who had
+200 cows, and all of them were in the most healthy state. At Brixton
+Hill a man had 30 cows in the same excellent condition. At Dulwich
+nearly all the cows were diseased, but there the shed and other
+accommodation was exceedingly bad. In parts of Peckham Rye some of the
+cowkeepers had lost their cattle, but there again the places were badly
+ventilated, and the cows were badly cared for. He believed that the
+disease might be prevented by the use of proper precautions on the part
+of those who had the greatest interest in keeping their cows in a
+healthy state. He believed, too, that this question affected the whole
+of the metropolitan district quite as much as it did the City itself.
+There were no fewer than 106 head of diseased cattle lately seized; but,
+as he said before, they could not be killed without an order from a
+magistrate, and a magistrate would naturally feel a difficulty in
+issuing an order to kill so many as 106 head. It was necessary, under
+such circumstances, that a deputation should wait upon the Home
+Secretary and ask him to provide a remedy, and tell the authorities what
+they were to do at such a crisis. If, as it now appeared, the inspectors
+and the markets' committee had been slaughtering beasts without
+authority, who was to pay the costs should proceedings against them be
+commenced? Professor Simonds seemed to think that next session a bill of
+indemnity would be introduced, and certainly something of this kind was
+rendered necessary, for cattle were now coming here which were consigned
+to A., B., and C., and then the owners could not be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>found, and without
+the consent of the owners the diseased beasts could not be killed. The
+next subject in the report had reference to slaughter-houses. As there
+were no places at present to which cattle in an incipient stage of the
+disease could be removed from the sheds in which they were placed along
+with untainted cattle, it was now proposed that slaughter-houses should
+be established in London for their reception. Then came the question,
+how were the beasts to be removed from the sheds to the
+slaughter-houses? It was the opinion of many that they ought to be
+removed in vans, and not driven through the streets; but, however that
+might be, slaughter-houses should be erected in the metropolis where the
+tainted animals might be killed. Then came the question, how was an
+animal to be dealt with when first stricken with the disease? It was
+suggested that hospitals or sanatoriums should be provided, to which the
+beasts should be sent. But this was a matter of great importance, to
+which the attention of the committee to be appointed and that of the
+medical men would have to be directed. If the plague went on it would
+affect all classes, rich and poor alike, and instead of meat being as
+now at a reasonable rate, it would go up 4<i>d.</i> or 6<i>d.</i> per pound; but
+he had hopes that the disease might be checked, particularly as
+Professors Simonds and Gamgee had been more successful in the treatment
+of it than they had previously been.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note T.</span><a name="Note_T" id="Note_T"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">August 31.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deputation to the Home Office.</span>&mdash;Yesterday afternoon the Lord
+Mayor proceeded from the Mansion House to the Home Office, and had an
+interview with Mr. Waddington on the subject of the cattle plague, and
+the desirability of establishing hospitals or sanatoriums within the
+metropolitan districts for the reception and medical treatment of
+diseased cattle. His lordship was accompanied on the occasion by the
+following deputation from the Markets and Cattle Plague Committees:&mdash;Mr.
+Gibbins (Chairman of the Markets Committee), Mr. Webber, Mr. Gower, Mr.
+Brewster, Mr. Rudkin, and Dr. Jarvis (the Medical Officer of Health for
+Bethnal-green). Sir George Grey having left London for Falloden.</p>
+
+<p>The Lord Mayor introduced the deputation to Mr. Waddington, and in doing
+so, said that their object was to obtain the sanction of Government to
+the establishment of hospitals or sanatoriums within the metropolitan
+districts, to which diseased cattle could be conveyed from the cowsheds
+in order that they might there receive medical treatment, and be, if
+possible, restored to health. He observed that similar establishments
+had been formed at Edinburgh and other large towns, and that they had
+been found to work most satisfactorily, not only in separating the
+diseased cattle from those which were non-diseased, but in affording
+facilities to the medical profession to exercise their skill and
+knowledge under circumstances <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>more favourable to a fair trial of both
+than they could expect to find in crowded cowsheds, many of which were
+in a filthy condition and badly ventilated. He pointed out the progress
+the plague had made, and was still making, in the metropolis, and how
+its effects upon the high price of meat and milk were affecting all
+classes of the community. The difficulties, he said, of adequately
+meeting the necessities of the case were at present very great, and some
+of these consisted in the alleged illegality of slaughtering diseased
+animals without an order from a magistrate, and also the illegality of
+removing those diseased from the cowsheds to the hospitals, supposing
+the latter to exist. But he hoped the Government, who had no doubt well
+considered a subject of such vast importance, would speedily do away
+with those difficulties, and render the fullest aid to the Markets'
+Committee and Metropolitan Cattle Plague Committee, who were unceasingly
+devoting their time and attention to mitigate, and, if possible, put an
+end to the evil. At present, however, the object of the deputation was
+limited to that of obtaining the sanction of the Government to the
+establishment of the hospitals or sanatoriums. This was an object which
+had not only received the general approval of the two committees
+mentioned, but also of the medical profession, and he might add, what it
+was by no means unimportant to bear in mind, that the cowkeepers
+themselves and the salesmen of the Cattle Market were also in favour of
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gibbins and the several members of the deputation corroborated what
+had fallen from the Lord <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>Mayor, and strongly advocated the necessity of
+having the hospitals speedily established.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rudkin called the attention of Mr. Waddington to the fact that the
+day before there were fourteen diseased cows seized at the
+slaughter-house of the Cattle Market, which had been sent there from the
+cowsheds of the metropolis. He argued that this in itself was a proof
+that the Order in Council, as at present carried out, was insufficient
+to prevent diseased cows from being sent from the cowsheds by their
+owners to be slaughtered for human food.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Waddington, who listened very attentively to the whole of the
+statements, said he would take an early opportunity of communicating
+with Sir George Grey upon the subject. In the first instance, however,
+he wished the deputation to forward to him their views in writing, and
+these also would be transmitted to the Home Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>The deputation promised to comply with the suggestion, and thanked Mr.
+Waddington for the courtesy with which he had received and the patience
+with which he had listened to them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Yorkshire.</span>&mdash;The plague has extended to this district. The cases
+reported, however, are extremely few, and precautions are being taken
+which it is hoped may stop the further progress of the disease. On
+Tuesday a meeting of the Yorkshire Medical Veterinary Society was held
+at Leeds, and the question was discussed in all its bearings. It was
+stated that four cases had occurred in Leeds, and the disease has also
+appeared in the Skyrack division of the Riding. The general result of
+the discussion was, that members of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>the society were recommended, when
+diseased cattle were submitted, not to order them to be killed, but to
+place them in a sanatorium for medicinal treatment; the wholesale
+destruction of the animals being regarded as a blot upon the profession.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note V.</span><a name="Note_V" id="Note_V"></a></p>
+
+<p>Indeed, information has reached us of the disease existing in
+Dumfriesshire, but there is some doubt on this point. So long as we hear
+of infected, or probably infected, cattle being disseminated in large
+numbers from the great markets of the country, we must have the
+propagation of the malady. For the welfare of this country, it is deeply
+to be regretted that our Government cannot deal with this question as
+Continental authorities do. <i>I regret to say some of our neighbours
+laugh at our expense.</i> They see us helpless owing to the wretched state
+of our laws on the subject, and they are not a little amused at the
+theories of spontaneous development of the disease which some still
+advocate. The French Emperor has sent over Professor Bouley, who is
+still in this country, and who telegraphed on his first arrival, about
+ten days ago, that the ports of France should be instantly closed to
+British cattle. This has been done, and we may depend upon it the French
+people will not suffer as we now must.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Gamgee</span>, <i>Lettre du 24
+Ao&ucirc;t</i>.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note Y.</span><a name="Note_Y" id="Note_Y"></a></p>
+
+<p class="right">August 16.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">More Seizures of Diseased Meat.</span>&mdash;Yesterday Mr. Paget, in the
+course of the proceedings at the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>Thames Police Court, was informed that
+there was a large quantity of meat in a van in the police-yard
+adjoining, which had been seized that day by Mr. J. Stevens, the
+sanitary inspector of Mile-end Old Town, and which was described as
+unfit for human food. The inspector stated, that in consequence of
+having been informed that there was a quantity of diseased meat at the
+shop of Mr. Frost, butcher, Sydney-street, Mile-end Old Town, he went
+there that morning, and found four quarters of beef (two fore and two
+hind quarters) which were from a diseased beast. He made a seizure of
+them, and heard that the animal had been sent by a person of the name of
+Stephens, a cowkeeper in business on Bow-common. The meat was in a very
+nasty state, and totally unfit for human food. (Mr. Paget went into the
+police-yard to examine the meat, which was in a very shocking state.)
+Dr. Freeman, Medical Officer of Health of the Hamlet of Mile-end Old
+Town, stated that his attention was called to the state of the meat by
+the sanitary inspector. He examined it, and gave his opinion that it
+should be destroyed, as it was not only in a diseased condition, but he
+believed that it had died from some disease. Mr. Paget: Can you state
+the nature of the disease which caused its death?&mdash;Witness: I cannot.
+Most likely it was the prevailing epidemic; and if it were eaten it
+would be very injurious. Mr. Paget, after hearing the evidence, ordered
+that the meat should be immediately destroyed, when the inspector took
+the van with its contents to a knacker's yard to see the order carried
+into effect.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Note Z.</span><a name="Note_Z" id="Note_Z"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nefarious Attempt to spread the Plague.</span>&mdash;Yesterday Mr. Gifford,
+Sanitary Inspector to the parish of Paddington, asked (at Marylebone
+Police Court) for the magistrate's advice under the following
+circumstances:&mdash;Applicant said that, in consequence of information
+received, he yesterday went to a cowshed situate on the Maryland Farm,
+Harrow-road. He found the door fastened. On looking through one of the
+chinks, he saw a cow which apparently was in the worst stage of the now
+prevailing disease, and his opinion was verified after he had burst open
+the door and examined the animal. He subsequently ascertained that the
+diseased cow had been brought some distance by a man who was at feud
+with the owner of the Maryland Farm, and surreptitiously placed amongst
+the healthy cattle. This was the first case where the disease had shown
+itself in the parish of Paddington. Mr. Yardley referred the applicant
+to the Order in Council, dated the 24th of July, 1865, under which he
+thought inspectors of nuisances had power to act summarily.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h3>THE END.</h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4>LONDON:<br />
+SAVILL AND EDWARDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,<br />
+COVENT GARDEN</h4>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Transcriber's Note</p>
+<br />
+Some inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in
+the original document has been preserved.<br />
+<br />
+Typographical errors corrected in the text:<br />
+<br />
+Page&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  62&nbsp;  Ge11e changed to Gell&eacute;<br />
+Page&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  67&nbsp;  Bruneleschi changed to Brunelleschi<br />
+Page&nbsp; 142&nbsp;  Röol changed to Röll<br />
+Page&nbsp; 175&nbsp;  charboneux changed to charbonneux<br />
+Page&nbsp; 253&nbsp;  eat changed to ate<br />
+Page&nbsp; 354&nbsp;  lairs changed to fairs<br />
+Page&nbsp; 377&nbsp;  Boulay changed to Bouley<br />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On the cattle plague: or, Contagious
+typhus in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment, by Honoré Bourguignon
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On the cattle plague: or, Contagious typhus
+in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment, by Honore Bourguignon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: On the cattle plague: or, Contagious typhus in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment
+
+Author: Honore Bourguignon
+
+Release Date: June 22, 2011 [EBook #36496]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE CATTLE PLAGUE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Kosker, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |             Transcriber's Note:               |
+    |                                               |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the  |
+    | original document have been preserved.        |
+    |                                               |
+    | Greek words are transliterated and marked     |
+    | +like so+.                                    |
+    |                                               |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  ON THE
+  CATTLE PLAGUE:
+  OR,
+  Contagious Typhus in Horned Cattle.
+
+  ITS HISTORY, ORIGIN, DESCRIPTION, AND TREATMENT.
+
+
+
+
+  BY
+  H. BOURGUIGNON,
+
+  Doctor of the Faculte de Paris, Fellow of the Societe de Medecine
+    de Paris; Laureate of the Institute of France, Member of the
+    Legion of Honour, etc.
+
+
+
+
+  "Scribo nec ficta, nee picta, sed quae ratio,
+    sensus et experientia docent."
+
+
+
+
+  PHILADELPHIA:
+  J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
+  LONDON: J CHURCHILL & SONS.
+  1869.
+
+
+
+
+  TO
+  MISS BURDETT COUTTS.
+
+
+  MADAM,
+
+The numerous services which you have rendered, and the interest you have
+shown in the calamitous epizootic which at this moment decimates the
+noble herds of England, have prompted me to dedicate the following pages
+to you, satisfied that I am only giving public expression to the homage
+felt for you by many of your fellow-countrymen.
+
+I have the honour to be, Madam,
+
+  With respect, your obedient servant,
+
+  H. BOURGUIGNON.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Nations, during the successive phases of their evolution on the globe,
+in which they advance from a state of infancy and barbarism to one of
+virility and civilization, from civilization to decadence or senility;
+and from decadence to their final extinction, are liable to numberless
+calamities.
+
+These calamities are produced by moral causes, and are then called
+social Revolutions; and in other instances from physical causes, and
+then they are termed Cataclysms, Epidemics, or Epizootics.
+
+In these crises, the initiative and devotion of individuals, the public
+administration, and the application of knowledge acquired in the Arts
+and Sciences, afford collectively an infallible criterion for
+ascertaining the position which a nation occupies in the scale of
+civilization, and the value of its religious, social, and political
+institutions.
+
+Calamities always leave behind them disasters and victims, but they
+bequeath also a precious legacy. Nations which are called upon for fresh
+and progressive efforts, find in the experience they have gained a new
+source of strength and means of future greatness. I am convinced that
+this will be the case with England; though, helpless for the moment, and
+unable to stay the Cattle Plague which now ravages her entire extent,
+she will in future be found better prepared to resist the inroads of
+such a direful enemy.
+
+No branch of human knowledge has been more rudely tested during the
+present epizootic than medical science. Many persons have been astounded
+at its helplessness; but if they had reflected at what a distance
+medicine has to follow in the wake of the exact sciences by which it is
+furnished with instruments for prosecuting its researches,--that
+organic chemistry progresses but slowly,--that the Cattle Plague was
+entirely unknown to the present generation of medical men in
+England,--and that the means for its scientific and practical study have
+been therefore wholly wanting, they would have been less surprised to
+find that it is as difficult to cure the Cattle Plague as it, is to cure
+phthisis, cancer, hydrophobia, and the cholera, against which medicine
+but too often is of little avail.
+
+In times of great national calamity it behoves every one to contribute
+in proportion to his talents, fortune, or abilities, to alleviate the
+effects of the common misfortune. The poor man's mite, and the honest
+intention of the most insignificant, when added to the budget of common
+efforts, have their relative value; and it is for these reasons that I
+have published the following monograph on the Cattle Plague.
+
+If it assists in any way to the extinction of the present epizootic, or
+if it serve to point out the necessity of combining the study of
+comparative pathology with that of medicine, I shall feel that I have
+contributed something which may favour my claim to be enrolled among the
+citizens of England.
+
+This book, as may easily be seen, was originally written in my native
+language. A few kind and obliging friends--more particularly Mr. Taylor
+Sinnett, Drs. Clapton and Gervis, of St. Thomas's Hospital, and Mr.
+Berridge, of the British Museum--have rendered me the greatest
+assistance in the translation. Without the guidance of such competent
+auxiliaries I could not have performed my arduous task.
+
+I therefore beg to return to those gentlemen, and to all those who have
+assisted me on this occasion, my sincerest and most grateful thanks.
+
+  H. B.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                 PAGE
+
+  Introduction                                                      1
+
+
+  FIRST PART.
+
+  The History of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox, from
+      the remotest Times down to the Present Day                    5
+
+
+  SECOND PART.
+
+  CHAPTER I.--On Typhus Disease in general, and the
+      Typhus which affects the Ox in particular                    72
+
+  CHAPTER II.--The Origin and Causes of the Ox-Typhus              84
+
+  CHAPTER III.--Description of the Contagious Typhus
+      of the Ox; its Symptoms, Course, Progress, &c.              140
+          1. Symptomatic Characteristics                          141
+          2. Lesions found in the Bodies after Death              163
+          3. Diagnosis--Prognosis--Use of the Flesh of
+               Animals--Danger of direct Absorption               173
+          4. General Considerations on the Typhus, and
+               Recapitulation of the Symptoms                     191
+
+      CHAPTER IV.--Treatment of the Ox-Typhus                     206
+          1 & 2. Means and Measures to be employed
+               to resist the Causes of Contagious Typhus
+               of the Bovine Species                              208
+          3. Curative Medication                                  237
+          4. Hygienic Measures to be taken against the
+               Extension of the Contagion--Acts and
+               Orders concerning sanitary Police Regulations      257
+
+
+  THIRD PART.
+
+  To Farmers and Graziers                                         281
+
+
+  FOURTH PART.
+
+  Suggestions on the Improvements to be effected in
+      the Study of Medical Science, in order that we
+      may be in a Condition to confront Disease generally,
+      and Epizootic and Epidemic Diseases in particular           311
+
+
+  APPENDIX.
+
+  Various Documents                                               337
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Everyone is talking of the CATTLE PLAGUE! But why should we
+borrow this sinister and gloomy denomination from the middle ages and
+from the people's vocabulary? Is this, then, an unknown and incurable
+disease? Is this the first time that it has made its appearance on the
+soil of Great Britain? To judge by the manner in which the diffusion of
+this complaint has been met, accounted for, explained, and discussed,
+one might imagine it was so; and yet the mere observation of its causes,
+its symptoms, and its signs and effects on the bodies of the diseased
+animals, besides a few references to the medical library, would easily
+have testified that nature did not wait until the second half of the
+19th century to generate a new distemper. No! Nothing new has appeared
+for a long time in the worlds of space. The cosmic phenomena pursue
+their perpetual course, and the organic phenomena, _a fortiori_, do the
+same. Life, throughout the whole range of the animal kingdom, whatever
+may be its changes and fluctuations, submits to the fixed and invariable
+laws which hold dominion over health and disease. Our presumption and
+ignorance alone can account for the astonishment we manifest, not only
+when we witness great general calamities, but even when we look upon
+those simple morbid derangements which organic matter, both animal and
+vegetable, is continually undergoing on the globe, in the natural
+progress of destruction and dissolution.
+
+The habit we most of us have contracted of confining our observations to
+the phenomena which strike our eyes, instead of fixing them on the
+general causes by which these phenomena have been produced; the
+forgetfulness of some, in others the want of acquaintance with general
+and comparative pathology, have in this instance led many conscientious
+inquirers to misapprehend both the nature and the treatment of the
+cattle complaint. It is in vain that we have subdivided and classed
+medical science--in vain that we have arbitrarily instituted a
+veterinary medicine and a human medicine; nature, in her acts, has no
+such subtleties. With nature, organic matter is organic matter, life is
+life; and although it may be true that both organic matter and life
+become more complex, and continue to rise in perfection till they reach
+man, it is quite as true that the laws of pathology and physiology are
+the same in all, and that it is just as difficult to cure the typhus of
+the ox as that of man. As, therefore, it is because we overlooked these
+fundamental truths, that the outbreak of the cattle distemper found us
+unprepared, we must treat the subject with all the gravity which is its
+due.
+
+Let it not, however, be feared that the special fact of the _so-called_
+Cattle Plague will be lost sight of amidst a crowd of scientific
+generalities. No; collateral reflections, seemingly foreign to the main
+argument, will concur to elucidate it; and all these rays of light will
+converge to a common centre, reflecting, we flatter ourselves, some
+evident facts and practical truths.
+
+This work on the contagious typhus of the ox is divided into four
+principal parts.
+
+The first part contains the history of this typhus from the remotest
+times down to the present day. It is divided into several sections.
+
+The second part, which gives the description of the disease, is
+subdivided into four chapters.
+
+The first chapter treats of general typhus, in order that a perfect
+understanding may be arrived at as to the name and definition of the
+particular distemper which affects the ox.
+
+The second relates to the causes and origin of the disease.
+
+The third treats of its symptoms, its progress, &c.
+
+The fourth contains its mode of treatment.
+
+The third part gives some plain instructions for the benefit of farmers,
+cattle-dealers, and dairymen.
+
+The fourth part gives a development of the scientific means and
+safeguards to be adopted, in order that this country shall never relapse
+into that state of helpless panic to which a want of preparation exposed
+it when the present epizootia began its ravages.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST PART.
+
+    _The History of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox, from the
+      remotest times down to the present day._
+
+
+I.
+
+General, local, and particular causes of destruction are constantly
+reacting on organized creatures, and these causes account for those
+_epiphytic_ diseases which infest plants, the _epizootic_ diseases which
+spread mortality among the brute creation, and the _epidemic_, which
+strike and are fatal to the human species. Thus it is that we
+particularize at present, in the vegetable kingdom, the disease which
+has attacked the vines, olive-trees, and potatoes; in the animal
+kingdom, the silkworm sickness, and the cholera, and the typhoid fever
+of cattle: so that we may safely say, that one or other of these
+diseases is always, at a given moment, raging in some part of the globe
+among some species of animal, either birds, pigs, horses, sheep, horned
+cattle, or, in fine, attacks man himself.
+
+When, however, the peccant invasion falls only on the vegetables and
+animals situated at our antipodes, we seldom hear of the ravages it
+commits; and when we do, forgetful of the affinity which links together
+all the organic beings on the earth and their mutual dependence, nothing
+can exceed the indifference we show to these calamities. Then, when the
+danger threatens us nearer home, or when the evil has invaded us, we
+have recourse to quarantine as the grand preservative to shield us. But
+this preservative remedy is most frequently deceptive--a mere illusion;
+for the real plague, typhus and cholera, borne along by the winds of
+heaven, pass over the longest distances and the highest obstacles, and
+baffle all our calculations; teaching us, by their successive returns,
+that we shall continually be exposed to their destructive havoc so long
+as we neglect to eradicate the evil at its original source, that is, in
+those countries from which it emanates.
+
+And this is the place to observe, that the cholera morbus threatens to
+keep a permanent footing in the English possessions of India, because
+the public works, by means of which the great rivers used to be confined
+to their beds, have not of late been repaired and kept in good order in
+those countries; owing to which neglect, their waters overflow the
+plains, leaving, when they subside, those pestilential deposits which
+afford a perpetual incubation to the cholera.
+
+We are induced to dwell thus on the general causes of these diseases,
+because the sick plants, on which dumb animals feed, and the sick
+animals, on which man himself feeds, have a continual relation of cause
+and effect; and we shall have to refer to this subject and give it
+weight, when we come to speak of the treatment of these diseases.
+
+It is an important fact, which deserves our most pointed attention and
+consideration, that the vital resistance inherent in the animal frame to
+withstand the attacks of these contagious diseases, is very far from
+being the same throughout the whole kind. Man, in this respect, is the
+most favoured and best fortified; he is able, without much
+degenerating, to inhabit any latitude, to go with a sort of impunity, if
+his calling require him to do so, amidst the most pestilential
+emanations, and to continue for hours inhaling their baneful fumes. We
+could quote many striking examples of this resisting power in man. But
+there is one which we have recently witnessed, and which all can
+appreciate. We refer to the slaughter-house of the great Metropolitan
+Market. Here we saw, in lumps and fragments, every variety of corrupt
+_detritus_ of animals which had been seized with the contagious typhus;
+we saw the animals, too, being felled and slaughtered and dissected, in
+a high temperature which rendered the air so poisonous that we could
+hardly breathe it; yet amidst all this infection the workmen employed to
+move and handle these revolting wrecks appeared indifferent to the
+scene, and quite in their usual health. No living animal besides man
+could stand such a trial; no other could breathe for hours, and day
+after day, like these workmen, an atmosphere so charged with decomposing
+impurities.
+
+We say, therefore, that man may expose himself, with less danger to his
+life than any other animal, to those pernicious causes which produce and
+develop contagious diseases. Next to him, with respect to this power of
+vital resistance, come the omnivorous animals, then the carnivorous, and
+last of all, the herbivorous, in which this faculty is very feeble
+indeed.
+
+This prime consideration, to be fully understood and appreciated by
+unscientific readers, would require explanations beyond the scope of
+this work. Let us, however, for the present establish the fact, that
+herbivorous animals, such as sheep and horned cattle, offer but a very
+weak resistance to the causes which generate infectious and epizootic
+diseases, and let us do our best to prove it by demonstration; for if
+this truth be once admitted, we shall therefrom deduce that it is the
+duty of man constantly to surround these frail and delicate creatures
+with special care and attention, if he wishes to prevent their being
+decimated from time to time, and if he would likewise avoid the
+consequent injuries to himself--the loss of health and money accruing
+from this deterioration.
+
+So long as the herbivorous or grass-eating animal is properly fed; so
+long as he browses on fat pastures; so long as his blood retains those
+physiological elements which are the prime condition of health, he can,
+and does, resist the causes of most contagious maladies. But if a hot
+summer and a long continuance of dry weather chance to curtail, in
+temperate zones, the usual abundance of his fodder, then comes the fatal
+change: the blood is impoverished, the secretions are debilitated, a
+strange languor runs through the system, the vital resistance is
+unnerved, and he becomes an easy prey to those noxious influences which
+were encountered before without injury whilst his provision was
+abundant.
+
+This is a fundamental matter. We therefore beg leave to support and
+justify our argument by borrowing some additional evidence from prior
+labours of ours, accomplished at the Ecole d'Alfort, near Paris,
+conjointly with Professor Delafond, whose name has so often been cited
+in the public journals in connexion with the cattle plague.
+
+All vegetables and animals; with the exception of _adult_ men, whenever
+their health declines from any cause (but more particularly from
+paucity of food), spontaneously generate microscopic parasites, or very
+minute insects, the germs of which are inherent in their system. A flock
+of fleecy animals, wasted by deficient food in dry and parched meadows,
+becomes attacked in due time by a parasitical cutaneous disease, known
+as the _itch_, which is enough, if not checked, to destroy the whole.
+Now, all that is required is to remove this flock to a more fertile
+soil, where there is plenty to feed them, and the disease will disappear
+of itself without any treatment. Deficiency of food destroys the health
+of animals, and abundance of food overcomes disease in them.
+
+A sheep affected by this parasitical disease may, without any fear, be
+placed in a flock of healthy sheep, for he will not propagate the
+distemper; but if instead of being sound and healthy, the flock is in a
+weak declining state, this contaminated animal will diffuse the disease
+with frightful rapidity, and may cause their entire destruction. These
+facts may seem startling, but we are only speaking after the
+incontestable authority of experiments.
+
+We selected six healthy sheep, which we kept well supplied with
+provisions; we covered these healthy sheep with parasites (acari). On
+every one of these sound, well-fed sheep, the microscopic animalculae
+died off without generating the cutaneous disease; for the blood, the
+humours, and the skin of sound and healthy sheep constitute a soil
+unfavourable to the propagation of these parasites, and actually starve
+them to death.
+
+After this first experiment, we subjected these six sheep to a deficient
+diet; they grew lean, their blood was impoverished, and then all we had
+to do was to lay upon them not thousands and thousands of these
+parasites--as we had done in the first instance--but one solitary female
+in a state of fecundity; and the parasitical distemper unfolded itself
+so fiercely as to cause the death of three of these sheep on which the
+test was allowed to run its course; whilst the other three sheep, having
+been restored in time to a recoverable condition just as they were about
+to drop off, were thoroughly cured, without any special treatment, by
+the sole influence of good food and ordinary hygienic attention.
+
+Other tests, similar to these experiments, were applied to dogs, horses,
+and horned cattle. A lean and scraggy dog, covered with parasites and
+eruptions, with eyes running foul humour, a dog which could neither run
+nor stand, and which was reduced to the last stage of wasting marasmus,
+was rescued from the jaws of death and thoroughly cured without special
+treatment, by the sole influence of a rich restorative diet. This dog
+afterwards became a fine hunting hound, beautiful in shape, and
+admirable for his sportive attributes.
+
+These experiments having been submitted to the judgment of the Academie
+des Sciences in Paris, were honoured with its approval, and the reports
+concerning them were printed at the Academy's expense, and crowned at
+the competitive examination.
+
+The vital resistance of horned cattle is so feeble, that those animals
+which are periodically exhibited in the north of London, though
+certainly chosen from among the most healthy and robust, could not herd
+together in large numbers for the space of a month in the Agricultural
+Hall at Islington, without sinking under infectious and contagious
+diseases--almost one and all. Under the conditions in which we see them
+in that Show, a single month would be sufficient to produce almost their
+complete destruction; for even a single week, which is the usual
+duration of their confinement, affects them so much as to render a large
+proportion of them unhealthy.
+
+Every one knows how apt cavalry horses are to sicken and die off during
+a campaign. Every one has heard of the fearful ravages amongst the
+horses of the Allied armies during the Crimean war, when many companies
+were dismounted owing to this mortality.
+
+Let us now transport ourselves in thought into the middle of those
+immense steppes where vast and innumerable herds of herbivorous animals
+are being bred for our supply, and consider what will be the effects on
+their health and life if they should be afflicted with a scarcity of
+forage, in consequence of this long dry summer.
+
+It is unnecessary to say that there exist in Russia, in Hungary, in
+Australia, in North and South America, and in many other parts of the
+globe, large tracts of country which are still uninhabited, whose
+uncultivated soil supplies with food great numbers of sheep and cattle.
+These spacious tracts, known as moorlands or steppes, particularly
+abound in Russia, on the banks of the Wolga, the Don, the Dnieper; in
+Hungary, on the banks of the Danube; and also in South America, in the
+republics of Venezuela, New Granada, Columbia, &c.
+
+Now, in hot and rainy seasons these steppes teem with rich and luxuriant
+verdure; the plants growing up in the marshes are prolific and abundant,
+and even those parts of the wild moors which produce nothing but heath
+are capable of feeding and fattening flocks and herds.
+
+Under conditions so auspicious as these, animals may still suffer, but
+in what way? By excess of food, or repletion. They are in general robust
+and healthy, and thus fortified they inhale without detriment the
+deleterious gases of oxygen with carbon, carburetted hydrogen and the
+like, exhaled by the plants which grow out of the swampy soils. Thus
+protected, too, they are proof against the fluctuations of the seasons,
+and against every injury which threatens them; and their strong and
+sound condition enables them to sustain the fatigues of their long and
+arduous journeys, and to supply the rich countries of the West with
+their flesh, fleece, and hides.
+
+When the seasons have thus conveyed a due proportion of heat, water, and
+electricity to the elements of the soil, both plants and animals conduce
+to the comfort and health of man, and fulfil his expectations. But the
+laws of nature are involved in mystery. Good and evil go hand in
+hand--death and life travel close together--and a few years of
+prosperous harvests are almost invariably followed by blight,
+barrenness, and scarcity. Most men think only of the present time, and
+this imprudence and want of foresight prevent farmers and great cattle
+proprietors from collecting and holding in reserve the requisite stores
+of sustenance to supply their sheep and oxen during these barren
+seasons. Sickness then breaks out, and these helpless creatures perish
+in vast numbers, to the detriment of their owners' best interests.
+
+And truly, when continual rains cause the rivers to overflow, when the
+plains are drenched and soaked, or when a burning sun scorches the
+ground, herbivorous animals wander in vain from field to field in quest
+of sustenance to restore their strength, or of pure and healthy water to
+slake their thirst; their vital resistance dwindles away, deleterious
+gases poison and bewilder them, their blood is debased, and as Ovid
+says,
+
+  "Corpora foeda jacent, vitiantur odoribus herbae."
+
+And since these mild and harmless animals, which seem to have been
+created merely to clothe us, and to nourish us with their milk and
+flesh, have not been endowed by nature either with the intelligence, or
+the activity, or the cunning, or the invention, or the skill bestowed on
+the omnivorous and carnivorous species, hard is their fate under the
+pressing needs of hunger. Peaceful creatures, they browse in vain on
+deleterious plants on a sterile soil; their external and internal
+teguments now afford a favourable seat for the propagation of
+parasites--for the _parasitogenia_; and soon after a general _adynamia_,
+or relaxation of the fibres, delivers them up without resistance to the
+morbific elements of the infectious diseases to which they are exposed,
+where the languishing, the sick, and the rotting are herded together,
+and they are carried off by hecatombs by this wasteful and devouring
+typhus.
+
+
+II.
+
+We may readily conclude, from these general observations on infectious
+and contagious diseases, that they must have existed in all former ages;
+and if in our present advanced state of civilization they are so
+destructive, we may be sure that in those remote periods they must have
+been, both as regards man as well as the brute creation, the cause of
+general extermination, in whatever parts of the earth they prevailed.
+And indeed, whenever we refer to ancient or modern history, we are
+continually struck with the analogy which exists between the epidemic
+diseases signalized by the general name of PLAGUE, and which
+decimated all the living beings, and those which more recently, and at
+the present moment, have startled the world by their fatal effects on
+men and animals.
+
+Moreover, we cannot too often repeat the fact--in order that those
+documents relating to the past which contain useful instruction may be
+examined and searched into--that the physiological and pathological laws
+which rule and determine the phenomena of organic matter, whether in
+health or sickness, were, like the laws of chemistry, electricity, and
+astronomy, originally established at the time of creation, and that
+matter submits with passive obedience to the laws of transformation and
+transubstantiation, which are the absolute condition of life. These are
+the eternal laws of which a synthesis so admirable is furnished by the
+Gospel, in this short injunction, "_Take, eat, this is my body; drink,
+this is my blood._"
+
+Now, if man, who is the sovereign master of this matter, did not take
+care to regulate and modify it for his own benefit and the benefit of
+all living creatures on whom his own life depends, as well as his wealth
+and happiness; if he did not seek thereby continually to diminish the
+sum of evil, and to extend the sum of good which it is his mission to
+increase, he would violate these laws, which are inherent in matter, and
+which have existed for his use since the creation of the world.
+
+We must likewise believe that those PLAGUES which are spoken of
+in the Bible, those which Homer alludes to, that which is related by
+Plutarch, and which succeeded the general drought in 753 before Christ;
+those mentioned by Titus Livius, Virgil, Ovid, and other Latin authors,
+the most virulent of which plagues raged in the years 310, 212, and 178
+of the Foundation of Rome, resembled the epidemics or plagues which are
+witnessed in our own day.
+
+The plague of 212 swept away all the inhabitants of Sicily, cattle as
+well as men; that of 178 destroyed all the priests, who sought in vain
+for victims free from the contagion, to offer them up as sacrifices to
+the offended Gods.
+
+Cecilius Severus gives a most striking description of a pestilential
+disease which, in 376 A.D., swept away all the cattle in
+Europe. Judging from his account of that scourge, we may fairly believe
+that the distemper he has described was identically the same as the one
+which has just broken out in England. "A universal distaste, sudden
+dejection, vertigoes, spasmodic tension in the limbs, _a painful_
+_swelling of the lower belly_, violent affections of the nerves, sudden
+death--everything shows the presence of a pestilential ferment, which
+irritates the solids, infects and vitiates the fluids, which is the
+cause of the putrefaction of the humours, manifested by the swelling of
+the lower belly, which in that case depends on a putrid fermentation so
+as to disengage air."
+
+A piece of iron, representing the sign of the Cross, was heated in the
+fire, and when red-hot was applied to the forehead of the sick animals;
+and this remedy was looked upon at that time as the most effectual they
+could apply.
+
+Gregoire de Tours makes mention of an epidemic, the result of a long dry
+summer, which, in 592, was very fatal in its havoc, sparing no living
+creature whatever.
+
+Andre Duchesne, in his "History of England," speaks of an epidemic
+which, in 1316, during the reign of Edward II., owed its origin, on the
+contrary, to a long season of rains.
+
+The celebrated physicians Ramazzini and Lancisi relate that in 1711, an
+ox which had been imported from Hungary, that constant focus of typhus,
+displayed the most deadly form of the cattle disease, in the Venetian
+territory, although no alteration in the air or waters had been observed
+in Italy, and the seasons had been regular and the pastures abundant.
+The contagion spread into Piedmont, where it carried of 70,000 head of
+cattle; thence it extended to France and Holland, each of which
+countries lost 200,000 of these animals. The trade in hides introduced
+the distemper into England, where it proved no less fatal. It was the
+same in the other countries of Europe.
+
+In this disease, the intestines of the affected cattle were, as in the
+present epizootia, inflamed, and strewed over with livid spots and
+ulcerations, and the blood, though apparently fluid in the body of the
+animal, _coagulated directly after it had issued from the vein_.
+
+Herment thence concludes, that this epizootia is nothing more than an
+inflammation of the blood. Lancisi advised his contemporaries to put to
+death without pity every animal which was affected or seemed to be
+affected with the disease; and it was in England that this spirited
+resolve was first acted upon.
+
+The three counties of Middlesex, Essex, and Surrey arrested the course
+of this contagion in less than three months, by adopting this measure;
+whilst in the rest of the stricken counties of Great Britain, and
+likewise in Holland, where this decisive course was not taken at all,
+the disease prevailed among the cattle for several years. Since that
+time, it has been insisted on by some authors, that the barbarous
+process of general extermination offers the most effectual remedy which,
+in our present state of ignorance and improvidence, we could have
+recourse to, in order to check the diffusion and the duration of this
+fell disease.
+
+The learned Goelicke describes an epizootia which was witnessed in 1730,
+at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. His narrative, written with a masterly hand,
+might very properly be applied to the disease which we are now
+considering; and the treatment recommended by this earnest and vigilant
+observer is so wisely deduced from the symptoms, that even in the
+present day we might take that treatment as a model.
+
+We could have borrowed much more largely from this source of
+biographical researches had we not deemed that these quotations would be
+sufficient for the purpose we had in view in this work. But from these
+authorities we think it may justly be concluded, that infectious and
+contagious diseases among horned cattle have frequently appeared from
+the remotest times down to the middle of the eighteenth century.
+
+All these attacks of epizootia were a frequent and severe cause of
+suffering and misery among animals and men; but the ravages which they
+left behind them were of slight importance each time, if we compare them
+with those attending the epizootia which towards the year 1746 affected
+the animal kingdom. This dreadful scourge lasted ten years, and swept
+away nearly the whole race of horned cattle throughout Europe. It was
+closely studied and thoroughly understood in its causes, its symptoms,
+and its treatment by the scientific authors of that day, and those
+writers, more judicious than we, did not designate the malady by the
+title of PLAGUE. This particular visitation deserves to fix our
+attention in an especial manner, not only on account of its striking
+resemblance to the disease which now makes us all so anxious, but
+because it induced two English physicians, Malcolm Flemming and Peter
+Layard, to write on this disease two accounts or statements which are
+equal, if not superior, to all the volumes which have since appeared on
+the subject of the Cattle Disease. There is no help for it, and our
+pride must bend itself to the acknowledgment: these two men, our seniors
+by a century, were men of quite another stamp. Their expositions,
+enriched with quotations from the Greek and Latin authors, abounding in
+facts, ingenious insights and inferences, are far superior in merit to
+the multitude of voluminous works which have been written and published
+since then. It would be easy to prove that these two sagacious inquirers
+far better understood than we have done the real nature of this cattle
+disease, and that we must be grateful to them for first opening the way
+which all of us must take in order to discover the preventive and
+curative means of which we are still ignorant.
+
+Let us observe, in passing, that these two physicians, who appear to
+have been scarcely known, enlightened by the effects of the inoculation
+of small-pox, then practised from man to man, appear to have first
+conceived the idea, now practised in Russia, of preventing the
+propagation of the contagious cattle disease by means of inoculation;
+and we may raise the interest of this remark by reminding the reader
+that their experiments to inoculate cattle were made in 1757, eight
+years after the very year which gave birth to the future inoculation of
+man with animal virus by the celebrated Jenner. By this it would appear
+that the twofold honour of applying the method of inoculation as both
+preventive and curative means in respect of contagion in cattle, and as
+the preventive means by the variola of the cow to resist the ravages of
+the small-pox in man, is the indisputable claim of English
+physicians.[A]
+
+
+III.
+
+Very little is known of the origin or first outbreak of the epizootia
+which produced such fearful ravages in the middle of the eighteenth
+century. Some suppose that it first appeared in Tartary, where it
+occasioned a disorder twice as extensive in its pernicious effects as
+any similar distemper which had been known up to that time. Thence it
+passed into Russia, from which it spread on one side into Poland,
+Livonia, Prussia, Pomerania, and Holland, and from that country into
+England; on the other side towards the East, it invaded the Turkish
+Empire, Bohemia, Hungary, Dalmatia, Austria, Moravia, Styria, the Gulf
+of Venice, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, the banks of the Rhine, and
+Denmark.
+
+But another opinion has assigned Bohemia as the source from which this
+destructive epizootia took its rise, and its supporters allege that
+during the siege of Prague the cattle feeding in its plains had been
+deprived of their usual fodder by the continual _razzias_ of the French
+to supply their own cavalry.
+
+Be this as it may, this virulent cattle disease having at length
+assumed the proportions of a public calamity, the several governments
+were obliged to take it into serious consideration, and the medical
+faculties and most celebrated physicians began to make it the subject of
+their studies and reports. In France, therefore, the professors of the
+faculty of Paris and Montpellier, suspending every other pursuit,
+devoted their most assiduous care and attention to dumb animals.
+
+Sauvages, the Dean of the Faculty at Montpellier, drew up a most
+philosophical and learned account of the prevailing disease, in which,
+like Stahl, he forgot probably for a moment the part which, in the
+progress of distempers, he ascribes to the soul.
+
+The professors of Paris, very famous in their day, but who, having left
+behind them no works so valuable as the "Nosologia" of Sauvages, are now
+completely forgotten, likewise addressed the result of their inquiries
+and lucubrations to the King.
+
+Doctor Leclerc was sent into Holland, whence he brought back a Memorial,
+which was a reflex of the opinions he found current in Denmark, and
+which has been transmitted to us in the _Memorials of the Royal Society
+of Science at Copenhagen_.
+
+It is evident from the reflections found in the writings of Malcolm
+Flemming, Layard, and other competent observers, that this formidable
+epizootia was in its character identical with the one described by
+Ramazzini and Lancisi in 1711; and we feel warranted in saying, after
+having examined every work of any importance which has treated of that
+visitation, that it resembles the disease now prevailing among cattle,
+in its march, in its symptoms, and in its gravity. We believe that these
+three visitations constitute but one and the same malady, occurring at
+three different periods. This appears to us a most important fact, for
+if such be the case, the tentative treatment of that time deserves our
+most particular attention. Consequently, a few retrospective glances may
+perhaps be permitted us, in considering the subject of cattle disease.
+
+The medical professors (including several English physicians), who
+observed and described the epizootia of 1745, divided the same into
+three periods.
+
+The duration of the disease, when it passed through all its phases up to
+the death of the affected animal, consisting of from ten to twelve days,
+they usually ascribed to each of these periods or stages an average
+continuance of three or four days.
+
+_1st Period._--After a few days of latent incubation, which the observer
+could not suspect, the sick animal betrayed signs of the morbid state
+which was about to declare itself, by his careless feeding, by drooping
+his head, and by exhibiting the deepest dejection of spirits in his
+attitude and look. Rumination, already imperfect, soon ceased
+altogether, the appetite failed, the horns, ears, and hoofs were cold,
+the hair grew stiff, the tongue and mucus looked white; the eyes were
+tearful and fixed, the hearing obtuse, whilst, in the cows, the supply
+of milk diminished. In cases of unusual gravity, transient shiverings
+testified to a serious disturbance in all the animal functions. These
+shiverings were followed by a violent fever, the blood became inflamed,
+the breath hot, the respiration hurried and sometimes attended with
+slight coughing; when, if too violent a repercussion was transmitted to
+the nervous centres, the pressure on the vertebral line became
+intolerable, and the animal, seized with vertigo, and almost delirious
+with pain, would fall during this first period, as if struck by
+lightning.
+
+The same phenomena are sometimes observed in the typhoid fever of man,
+which offers moreover some analogy with the contagious typhus of the ox;
+but as the ox and the horse have likewise the real typhus fever, they
+may some day supply us with the preventive virus for that fever, in the
+same manner as the cow now supplies us with the preventive virus for the
+small-pox.
+
+_2nd Period._--In most cases the disease pursued its course with greater
+or less regularity; the sick animal experienced gnawing pains or
+twitchings, and spasmodic shootings in the limbs, apparently attended
+with pain. His thirst was insatiable, but he had no appetite, the
+functions of the bladder and intestines were impeded, then diarrhoea
+supervened, accompanied with dry, fetid, and sometimes bloody excreta.
+Thick viscid mucosities dripped from the nostrils, mouth, and eyes. The
+dorsal regions and the loins were constantly aching, headache and
+sleeplessness were permanent. The animal continued either standing or
+lying down, and if he wanted to rest, he could not bend himself
+gradually, but would fall like an inert mass to the ground.
+
+_3rd Period._--Diarrhoea was continual, becoming more fetid every day,
+the wasting of flesh made rapid strides; the cellular tissue beneath the
+hide was filled with gas along the vertebral channels and under the
+abdomen; the nostrils were stopped up with mucosities, the animal could
+only breathe through the mouth, puffing and blowing aloud as he drew in
+the air; and at last pustular eruptions showed themselves on various
+parts; but as this depurating crisis was insufficient, the poor beast,
+in this final period of the attack, fell a sacrifice to it between the
+seventh and twelfth day. If he chanced to be lying down his agony was
+slow, but if standing, he would sink upon himself, and expire at once.
+
+In this dreadful epizootia, very few of the smitten cattle survived--not
+more than four or five in a hundred; and in these favourable cases, the
+symptoms presented certain signs and critical phenomena of a happy omen.
+In these rare exceptions, the pulse did not exceed seventy, the
+beatings of the heart were always perceptible, the patient did not
+refuse to drink, the continuous fever exhibited no aggravation at night,
+pustular eruptions and tumours appeared on the dewlap and the fore
+limbs, and the epidermis over the mouth and nostrils peeled off about
+the twelfth day.
+
+When dissected, the bodies offered to view the following alterations,
+the same having already been observed by Frascator during the prevalence
+of the epizootia in 1514, and by Lancisi and Ramazzini during that which
+was so fatal in 1711. The mucous glands of the mouth were livid, and
+occasionally excoriated; the bronchial tubes were obstructed with
+mucosities; the lungs, besides being partially congested, were sometimes
+emphysematous, that is, inflated with compressed air. Of the four
+stomachs, the rumen was full of food, the reticulum, the omasum, and the
+abomasum exhibited purple or livid spots, according to their place. The
+thin intestine and the thick intestine showed either a general
+injection, scattered livid spots, or ulcerations, according as the fever
+had worn the exanthematous or typhoid form; for the mucous membrane of
+the digestive channels, and especially that of the intestines, displays,
+like the external tegument in man and the brute creation, divers forms
+of inflammation, analogous with the measles, the scarlatina, and the
+small-pox; so that, if the typhoid fever in man, which is nothing else
+than the small-pox of the intestines, is so frequently cured, it is
+because the general morbid condition, the fever, often conceals
+different intestinal lesions, albeit they seem to be similar in the
+general symptoms, which taken collectively constitute the disease.
+
+The flesh of these diseased animals was blackish, and devoid of blood;
+the animals which fed upon it, if uncooked, sickened afterwards, or
+died. The wrecks of the bodies, and more particularly the skin,
+sometimes retained a strength of contagion so deadly, that the mere
+exportation of them was enough to cause its propagation, and to this
+cause was at that time attributed the outbreak of the contagion in
+England.
+
+An extraordinary case of this pernicious influence, which is related by
+Hartmann, who observed this epizootia at its decline in 1756, will give
+an idea of the subtlety of this malignant virus.
+
+A farmer who had lost an ox in consequence of that virulent distemper,
+buried it in one of his fields. The following night a bear smelt the ox,
+raked it up with his feet, ate a portion of the flesh, and a few days
+after, the beast of prey was found dead in a neighbouring wood by a
+peasant in the parish of Eumaki. The skin belonging to this bear was
+magnificent. The peasant flayed the animal and carried home his skin in
+triumph. But his triumph was short; for that same night the poor
+countryman fell ill, and died two days after the attack. The magistrates
+of Wiburg, having heard of this occurrence, sent orders to have the
+infected skin burned. Meanwhile, the skin had been given to the curate
+of the place as a compensation for the offices of burial; but his
+cupidity having persuaded him that this fine skin could not have
+destroyed the peasant whom he had just buried, he did not burn it at
+all, but induced another peasant to clean and dress it for him. This
+simple fellow and two other clodpoles, who assisted him in the
+preparation, fell ill, and all three of them died in the course of a
+few days. A new and peremptory order now came from Wiburg to burn this
+skin, to burn the house in which it had been dressed, to burn even the
+presbytery itself, should it be deemed necessary. The skin had already
+passed through several hands. However, the curate being still reluctant
+to part with it, took it home again. "Can it be possible," said he to
+himself, "that this skin has really proved fatal to life? What can have
+been the cause, I wonder?" At the same time he rubbed it in his hands
+and smelt it. Unlucky curate! A few days afterwards he himself was taken
+ill and died. (_Memoirs of the Academy of Stockholm._)
+
+A native of Clermont Ferrand, in the department of Puy de Dome, in
+France, the birth-place of Pascal, one day finding an ox which had died
+of the epizootia, stripped off the skin and carried it away. After his
+return home, the black typhus, and then gangrene, broke out on one of
+his arms, which had to be cut off, and the patient died of the effects
+of the amputation.
+
+A butcher having slaughtered an ox smitten with this typhus, sold the
+flesh for meat to some soldiers of the Regiment Royal Baviere, then
+garrisoned in one of the towns of Languedoc. All those who partook of
+this meat were seized with diarrhoea, dysentery, and fever, and
+several of the sick soldiers very nearly died. The butcher, whose
+avarice had caused all this mischief, had richly deserved some exemplary
+punishment, and some of the sufferers proposed that he should be hanged
+outright, but the majority, more clement, sentenced him to be beaten
+black and blue with horsewhips.
+
+The popular saying, _when the beast is dead the poison is dead_, being
+generally true, the virulence of the contagion, in the above instances,
+possessed venomous properties of an exceptional character, for if every
+sick animal slaughtered by the butchers and sold to the consumers, or
+those which had been flayed for the sake of the skin, had contained so
+murderous a virus in their tissues, the number of victims to the
+contagion among the human species would have been appalling. And in that
+case, too, similar sacrifices would be witnessed at present, for it
+cannot be doubted that, in the actual state of the meat market in
+London, the people are now in the daily habit of eating the flesh of
+cattle which are diseased.
+
+
+IV.
+
+Physicians of different countries have naturally bestowed much time and
+care in considering and discussing the nature of this epizootia, because
+they have felt that a satisfactory theory and appreciation of its
+principal phenomena, might afford the medical faculty a rational basis
+for some special treatment.
+
+Layard and the physicians of Geneva have considered this cattle disease
+to be _a malignant fever with an eruptive tendency_.
+
+In the estimation of the faculties of Paris and Montpellier, this cattle
+disease, considered in its symptoms, was nothing more than _a malignant
+fever essentially contagious_, the action of which appeared to tend
+exclusively towards the skin, and therefore it was rational to provoke
+external eruptions and deposits which, as they matured, diverted from
+the centre the greatest part of the morbific matter.
+
+_The treatment_, to which, above all, we invite the reader's attention
+(more particularly that of medical men), necessarily varied according to
+the period of the disease. It was sometimes preservative, sometimes
+curative, as the case might be.
+
+_The Preventive Treatment._--The farmers and cattle-breeders, whose
+herds were still exempt from the contagion, mindful of the advice which
+they received through the public press, took very particular care of
+their cattle during this season of epizootia: they rubbed them over with
+a brush, and washed them at least once a day; they sheltered them from
+the inclemency of wind and rain; they took their milch cows, which until
+then they had kept shut up in unhealthy cow-houses, into the open air of
+the fields; they washed and fumigated the stables; they examined the
+quality of the fodder and of the other articles of food; they added
+marine salt to their drinking water, or poured salt water over their
+forage; and above all, they took care that no foreign animal commingled
+with their flocks and herds.
+
+Some physicians, on their side conscious of the duty which devolves upon
+them in such seasons of calamity, instead of resting satisfied with
+recommending remedies, betook themselves boldly to the work, and studied
+the disease experimentally in respect to its propagation and prevention.
+
+Thus, for instance, certain Dutch physicians, in 1754, wishing to know
+whether the morbid matter would transmit the disease by inoculation,
+made incisions in the necks of some oxen, cows and calves, inserting in
+the wound a little tow saturated with the morbid secretions discharged
+from the eyes and nostrils. This direct inoculation having been
+practised on seventeen animals, transmitted the disease to them all in
+the course of a few days.
+
+The English physicians having been made acquainted with these
+experiments, applied them to a more practical purpose, no longer to
+discover whether the disease could thus be transmitted (for that had
+been proved), but to find out (what was far more important) whether this
+fearful distemper could be prevented and kept off.
+
+Malcolm Flemming, in 1755, merely suggested the idea of inoculation as a
+preventive means, without proceeding to a course of experiments to
+ratify his opinion. He intimates his notion in the following terms:--
+
+"I apprehend that inoculation will stand the better chance of bringing
+on the distemper, if the subject it is performed on is as young as
+safety will permit, the vessels being then most absorbent, and the
+animal economy most easily put into disorder.
+
+"But even in case the inoculation of calves should be found so
+successful as universally to prevail, the method I recommend will not be
+altogether useless; for, by being properly modelled and adapted to
+circumstances, it may, I am persuaded, prevent contagion, and likewise
+act as a preparative in any epidemical affection of the inflammatory
+kind, not only in horned cattle, but likewise in all other quadrupeds
+that civil society may think worthy of preservation, and even in the
+human species."
+
+Layard, in 1757, devotes the seventh chapter of his work, "The Means to
+prevent the Infection," to the consideration of the preventive
+treatment, in which he says:--
+
+"No one will think of bringing the infection into any place free from
+it, merely for the sake of inoculating their cattle; but if the
+contagious distemper be in the neighbourhood of a herd, or break out so
+as to endanger the stock, the grazier or farmer may, by inoculating his
+cattle, with proper precautions, at least secure his stock, since he can
+house them before they fall sick, prepare them, and have due care taken,
+knowing the course of the distemper.
+
+"Sir William St. Quintin, the Rev. Dr. Fountayne, Dean of York, and
+other gentlemen have succeeded in inoculation: in Holland it has both
+failed and succeeded. These gentlemen all inoculated with matter taken
+from the running of the mouth, nose, or eyes. Professor Swenke mentions
+that the beast from which he took the matter was recovering from the
+distemper. A circumstance to be attended to is this:--had matter been
+taken after the crisis, from a tumour, boil, pimple, or scab, either on
+the back near the spine, or on the legs, the pus would have proved much
+more elaborated, subtle, and infecting than that which, flowing with the
+mucus of the nose, must necessarily be, in some degree, sheathed by this
+glutinous excretion, though I am well aware how putrid and acrid it is
+rendered by the disease.
+
+"That nothing may be omitted which in any shape can contribute to the
+success of inoculation, due attention should be paid to the constitution
+and state of the beast, no less in this practice on the cattle than on
+the human species. Undoubtedly the young, healthy, and strong bid fairer
+for a good issue than the old, sickly, and feeble; each of these
+different constitutions demand a particular treatment, even in the
+method of preparation; and however trifling it may seem to many--the
+urging a necessity of preparation--I will venture to affirm that I have
+seen excellent effects arising from a rational preparation, and fatal
+events from want of preparation. I have likewise been witness of
+unfavourable turns, merely from an injudicious preparation.
+
+"The beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding; those that
+have but a small share of blood must have none drawn. The strong must,
+besides moderate bleeding and purging, be kept on light diet, and their
+body kept open. Thus, scalded bran, mixed with their hay and chaff, will
+cool them. The weakly, and such as are inclined to scour, must be kept
+on dry fodder, and have peas and beans given them to strengthen them. A
+mess of malt, or a quart of warm ale, with a few spices, will be very
+suitable for them.
+
+"Whatever diseases the cattle may be affected with, if time will permit,
+they are first to be removed.
+
+"The cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed, rubbed dry,
+and then curried, to remove all the filth from the hair and skin. Then
+they are to be placed in a spacious barn or stable, where the air is
+temperate and no cold can come to them. There they are to be prepared
+according to the direction already given, foddered with good sweet hay,
+and watered with clear spring water; and if the distemper be not near,
+they may be turned out into the air, near the barn or stable, and may
+stay there a few hours in the middle of the day.
+
+"When it appears that the cattle are in perfect health, free from any
+infection or disease, brisk and lively, neither costive nor scouring,
+and chewing their cud, then the operation may be safely undertaken, and
+henceforth they must be confined to the barn.
+
+"Since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the contagious
+and putrid particles separated from the blood, wherever the infectious
+matter makes an impression at first, particular care must be taken not
+to inoculate near such vital parts as the heart and lungs, nor near the
+womb, if a cow with calf be inoculated; for, though rowels are properly
+applied in the dewlaps to draw off the pestilential humour from the
+breast, and in other cases beasts are frequently rowelled in the
+flanks,--yet, in this operation, as matter is inserted by these channels
+into the neighbouring vessels, those vital parts, or the womb, might
+become the chief seat of the disease, and the event prove fatal.
+
+"To prevent such accidents, human beings have been inoculated on the
+arms and legs, and now-a-days the arms are found sufficient. I would
+recommend that the cattle should be inoculated about the middle of the
+shoulders or buttocks, on both sides, to have the benefit of two drains.
+The skin is to be cut lengthways two inches, deep enough for the blood
+to start, but not to bleed much. In this incision is to be put a dossil
+or pledget of tow, dipped in the matter of a boil full ripe, opened in
+the back of a young calf recovering from the distemper. It may not be
+amiss to stitch up the wound, to keep the tow in, and let it remain
+forty-eight hours. Then the stitches are to be cut, the tow taken out,
+and the wound dressed with yellow basilicum ointment, or one made with
+turpentine and yolk of egg, spread on pledgets of tow. These dressings
+are to be continued during the whole illness, and till after the
+recovery of the beast, to promote the discharge; and then the wound may
+be healed with the cerate of lapis calaminaris, or any other.
+
+"On the third day after inoculation, the discolouring of the wound,
+whose lips appear grey and swollen, will be a sign that the inoculation
+has succeeded; but the beasts, as Professor Swenke informs us, did not
+fall ill till the sixth day, which answers exactly to the observations
+daily made in the inoculating of children. Yet the Professor adds that
+on the third day a costiveness came on, which was removed by giving each
+calf three ounces of Epsom salts.
+
+"No sooner do the symptoms of heaviness and stupidity appear than the
+beasts must have a light covering thrown over them, and at night
+fastened loosely. They must be rubbed morning and evening, and curried,
+till the boils begin to rise; warm hay-water and vinegar-whey must be
+given plentifully. Should the beasts require more nourishment, dry meat,
+such as cut hay, with a little bran, may be offered. I should be very
+cautious in giving milk-pottage, even after the boils and pimples had
+all come out, for fear of bringing on a scouring. However, this caution
+is proper, that whenever milk-pottage be given, the vinegar-whey is to
+be omitted for obvious reasons. In cases of accident, the same attention
+is to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the natural way,
+and the medicines recommended are the same I would use; but by
+inoculation there seldom is a call for any, so favourably does the
+distemper proceed through its several stages.
+
+"The crisis being over, it will be proper to purge the cattle, to air
+them by degrees, and to have the same regard in the management of them
+as is laid down in the chapter on the method of cure."
+
+Such are the recommendations which Layard has prescribed for those who
+have to practise inoculation as a preventive treatment; it would be
+difficult to offer an example of greater prudence or precision.
+
+A certain number of oxen were, by means of this inoculation, protected
+against the attack of the cattle disease; and this mode of treatment
+was, as we shall afterwards explain, adopted in Russia. Unfortunately,
+this rational and preventive treatment was discovered only at the end of
+the epizootia, when already upwards of six millions of horned cattle had
+fallen a sacrifice to the contagious fever.
+
+_Curative Means._--When the first course of the disease had left no
+doubt of the attack, the sick animal was subjected to an appropriate
+diet, and restricted to liquids either as medicinal decoctions, or as
+alimentary beverages. The decoctions consisted of whey mixed with a
+little vinegar, and nitred hay. The broths, or alimentary beverages,
+consisted of a decoction of bread, and of water mixed with bran and
+meal, whether of barley, oats, or wheat.
+
+At this stage of the curative process, the majority of physicians
+recommended one or two bleedings, in order to abate the violence of the
+fever, and of the congestions near the nervous centres and the lungs;
+and as constipation prevailed at the time, they strove with the same
+object to empty the digestive passages, the intestines, and the
+stomachs, notwithstanding the difficulty that exists to produce this
+result in ruminating animals.
+
+The purgatives employed consisted of a decoction of senna, mixed with
+prune juice, with a little rhubarb or fresh linseed oil, infused in
+their drink, or applied as a clyster in warm water slightly salted.
+Those who practised polypharmacy administered at night a mixture of
+nitre, camphor, red-lead, and rhubarb, in half a pailful of warm water;
+and greatly did they boast of the active influence of this beverage.
+
+Some practitioners even endeavoured, in the first stage of the malady,
+to accelerate its action on the skin by giving for that purpose warm
+drinks, and by covering the cattle with woollen cloths, to promote
+perspiration; but it was generally admitted that the sick animals
+preferred cold drinks, and that they were particularly fond of
+acidulated whey.
+
+In the second period of the distemper, the same drinks were continued,
+adding thereto some theriac or Jesuit's bark, in order to lessen the
+frequency of the diarrhoetic evacuations. They also provoked the
+depurating secretions from the mouth, nose, and eyes, by repeated
+washings; and as those animals, in which the running was most easy and
+copious, seemed to be less seriously affected with the disease, they
+strove to increase that which flowed from the glands of the mouth by
+fixing a gag in the jaws, and keeping it there for several hours. This
+measure seemed so efficacious that a decree from the Parlement de Rouen,
+issued on the 13th of March, 1745, ordered the application of a gag, or
+bit, for three hours every day, to the cattle under treatment.
+
+In the third period, they sought to overcome the wasting of strength in
+the system by means of tonic and nutritious drinks, decoctions of
+centaury, Jesuit's bark, juniper berries, &c. They likewise administered
+emollient clysters if the evacuations were bloody.
+
+Moreover, they placed two or three setons, principally in the dewlap, in
+order to obey the signs and indications of nature--_quo natura vergit,
+eo ducendum_; as a salutary and critical eruption of the skin was at
+that period forcing its way. These setons were kept open with a mixture
+of turpentine and yolks of egg, for the purpose of encouraging the
+secretion. The purulent or emphysematous tumours were cut.
+
+But whatever means might be employed, almost all the cattle perished,
+and the few and rare recoveries only afforded the pessimists the
+satisfaction of claiming the merit of them for themselves. It was
+remarked, besides, that the fattest beasts were the least able to resist
+the effects of the distemper.
+
+It is hardly necessary to say, that during the whole course of the
+treatment, great care was taken to keep both the stables and the cattle
+in a perfect state of cleanliness.
+
+The convalescence of those animals which were cured was invariably long,
+and required great attention as to their food and hygienic treatment.
+Solid substances, roots, and forage were withheld until rumination
+revived; and it was only after several days of encouraging trials that
+the recovered animal was suffered at last to feed all day in the field,
+according to his pleasure.
+
+Such, then, was that formidable epizootia which, in the middle of the
+eighteenth century, swept away upwards of six millions of horned cattle,
+and which occasioned a loss to Europe exceeding fifty millions
+sterling--perhaps we might say a hundred millions--for other domestic
+animals, sheep, horses, &c. (as generally happens in cases of
+epizootia), had likewise suffered, in different degrees, from the
+various complaints arising from inclement seasons.
+
+It was certainly necessary to our purpose that we should have taken this
+retrospective view of the cattle disease, and it will afford us a
+valuable guide for the future. We may now content ourselves with
+bringing together the different annals in the chain of time which
+elapsed between Layard's treatise, which was published in 1757, and the
+present day. This chain of time amounts to 108 years.
+
+
+V.
+
+The typhus of Horned Cattle, which had shown itself in a manner
+permanent, sometimes raging at one part of the globe, sometimes at
+another, could not, under the unaltered conditions by which it had been
+generated, suspend its ravages; and though, thanks to her isolated
+position, England may be less exposed to it than other countries, it is,
+however, necessary to take note of what may serve for our instruction in
+the several epizootics which will pass under our view.
+
+Medical writers relate that contagious typhus broke out several times in
+Holland during the years 1768, 1769, and 1770; it also appeared in
+French Flanders in 1771, in Hainault in 1773. In France one particular
+spot was, at this period, completely rendered intact by drawing a
+sanitary fence about its limits, and bestowing on the cattle particular
+hygienic attention as a safeguard. The stables of these animals were
+washed, cleansed, and fumigated; spring water was given them to drink,
+their food was chosen with care, and a certain quantity of salt was
+mixed with it.
+
+In 1774, Holland, a cold and damp country, was once more invaded by the
+scourge; and the Government offered in vain a reward of 80,000 florins
+to any one who should discover the preventive or specific remedy for the
+disease.
+
+The typhus which, at that epoch, had likewise broken out again in the
+south of France, threatened to become an abiding peril to the wealth of
+nations. Two French authors, Vicq d'Azyr and Paulet, betook themselves
+earnestly to the task of collecting every document which up to that time
+had been published on the successive visitations of the malady, and of
+offering the means of preventing it. Their intention was unquestionably
+laudable, but the time for obtaining such a result had not yet arrived;
+besides which, these two writers, whatever may have been their desert,
+were not equal to an achievement of this character. They belonged,
+indeed, to that order of men who look upon the cultivation of science
+solely as a step to personal distinction.
+
+Vicq d'Azyr himself was but twenty-five years old when he issued, in
+1775, his work, entitled, "Expose des Moyens curatifs et preservatifs
+qui peuvent etre employes contre les Maladies des Betes a Cornes." We
+should deceive ourselves if we expected to find in this exposition
+anything but an interesting compilation of the works already published.
+
+Paulet's treatise appeared likewise in 1775, under the title,
+"Recherches historiques et physiques sur les Maladies epizootiques, avec
+les Moyens d'y remedier dans tous les Cas, publiees _par ordre du Roi_."
+Paris. Two volumes.
+
+After reading and reflecting on this title, as servile as it is
+arrogant, I might have dispensed with all examination of the work. A
+scientific man, whilst in the pursuit of truth, takes orders from
+nobody, not even from kings. Paulet, therefore, writing _by order_,
+could only produce a work of mediocrity, and such is incontestably the
+degree of value of his two volumes, forming, as they do, a fastidious
+dissertation of epizootics in general, and of those relating to cattle
+in particular.
+
+The works of Paulet and Vicq d'Azyr, written at the same time, not being
+the labour of men practising the medical art, are on a level as to the
+notions which they have handed down to us; but that of Vicq d'Azyr
+being the better of the two, we shall extract therefrom what may chiefly
+interest us.
+
+Vicq d'Azyr relates the history of the epizootics, and expatiates on the
+original cause of the typhus in horned cattle, and on its nature. The
+passages in which he treats of its mode of propagation and its
+treatment, are the most deserving of our notice.
+
+He says, that he tried to no purpose to communicate the disease a second
+time to animals which had been fortunate enough to get cured.
+
+That cows covered with the fresh skins stripped from dead cattle,
+victims to the distemper, did not contract it.
+
+That infected clothes which had been worn by men who had served in
+hospitals where cattle were under treatment, having been laid on the
+backs of several beasts in sound health, were found to transmit the
+distemper in three cases out of six.
+
+That the gases expelled from the intestines, received into a bladder
+ball, and let out under the noses of healthy cattle, have communicated
+the disease to them, after ten or fifteen days of latent incubation;
+and that the same gases being mixed with their drink, have also
+propagated the contagion.
+
+That frictions, with the hands impregnated with virus, having been made
+over the skin, did not produce any ill effects.
+
+That some oxen which had been designedly placed for a few hours among
+sick animals, have afterwards been seized with the distemper.
+
+That a calf which had been placed in a stall containing some oxen
+grievously affected, but which calf had a basket beneath its nose filled
+with aromatic herbs, withstood the contagion.
+
+That cowsheds which had been partially cleansed and fumigated,
+transmitted the disease to other cattle, even several months after they
+had been vacated.
+
+Finally, he mentions the experiments of inoculation made by Lay and in
+England, but not understanding their aim and capacity, he adds, that
+inoculation does not seem to him of any use, since the inoculated
+animals all died. Yet he quotes the encouraging results obtained by
+Camper in Holland, who, out of 112 inoculated cattle, saved 41; and
+those of Koopman, who, out of 94, cured 45 by this very inoculation.
+
+He reminds us that the cattle typhus is an abiding disease in Hungary
+and Russia, where the beasts having bad water to drink, can only be
+protected by a constant use of marine salt (_sel gemme_); but being
+deprived of this salt, when they go great distances to be sold, and
+being exposed to extreme fatigue and privations, the typhus then spreads
+among them. He likewise tells us that Hungary and Dalmatia, which used
+to supply the markets of Italy with butcher's meat, were obliged to give
+up sending any cattle there, the Italians having firmly refused to
+purchase the same at any price whatever.
+
+As regards treatment, the advice which Vicq d'Azyr gives to
+agriculturists, is mostly borrowed from the authors who have written on
+the great epizootics of 1711, and 1745 to 1755. Thus, he advises them to
+give as drinks in the first stage, water whitened with meal and nitred;
+to purge the animals with linseed oil; even to make scarifications on
+the skin, and to keep up the suppuration with turpentine; to make the
+animals inhale six times a day vapours seasoned with vinegar; to wrap
+them over with woollen cloths; to bleed them once or twice; to
+administer to them, when diarrhoea shows itself, a beverage containing
+wormwood, quinine, and diascordium; to cut open the tumours containing
+pus or air, etc.
+
+It is, as is seen, the same treatment as that quoted above; he
+guarantees its success, and supports his views by the authority of Van
+Swieten and Huxan.
+
+Van Swieten, however, had somewhat modified the treatment, by the
+predominance which he allowed to acids; and this course seemed to him to
+be only reasonable with respect to animals whose sick humours contain an
+excess of alkali.
+
+Vicq d'Azyr fixed his attention on the means of prevention, the most
+effectual of which, in his opinion, was to slaughter every animal which
+had either sickened, or had been exposed to the influence of the
+contagion; and as he insisted that the authorities had no measures to
+keep in this matter of public interest, he made it a principle that the
+government was bound to compensate the cattle proprietors whose animals
+had to be killed--the more so, said he, that the crafty husbandmen would
+never come forward and freely declare the invalidity of their cattle,
+unless some indemnity were held out to them, which they would look upon
+as a sort of equivalent for the benefits they had expected by cutting
+them up and selling them as the food of man.
+
+The doctors of the period, scenting in Vicq d'Azyr a dangerous
+competitor, considered the advice of exterminating the diseased cattle
+as an _ingenious means of curing_ them, and as the author's age and
+experience gave warrant for this satirical tone of discussion, the
+public joined them in laughing at him.
+
+The epizootic typhus, if not so destructive, was at least as frequent in
+the early part of the nineteenth century, as it had been during the
+eighteenth. The armies during the wars of united Europe against the
+French Republic and Empire, found it constantly in their train. Nor
+could it be otherwise, the two leading causes of its prevalence being at
+hand. For on one hand there was the transit of large herds from the
+steppes of Hungary, and on the other the wretched hygienic conditions
+amidst which the cattle had to live in the campaigning armies.
+
+Many books have been published of late years on the diseases of cattle,
+in France and Germany; and several distinguished English veterinary
+surgeons, especially Professor Simonds, have also devoted their
+attention to the same subject. In the second part of this work, we shall
+have occasion to refer to their labours.
+
+In France, Renault, Delafond, d'Arboval, Gelle, whose works enjoy a
+deserved reputation, have discussed the subject of the origin of this
+disease.
+
+Renault asserts that the disease has but one single focus, the steppes
+of Russia and Hungary. The epizootics of Asia, Africa, and South America
+are caused, he considers, by the importation of animals to those
+countries. It is thus that he explains the epizootia which, under the
+name of Delombodera, devastated the American Republics in 1832, and that
+which, in 1841, appeared in Egypt. Renault thinks that neither the long
+transit, nor the filthy state of the markets, nor the most wretched
+feeding, are sufficient to account for contagious typhus among cattle;
+that in addition to these causes, it still requires, in order to produce
+and generate it among animals, a predisposition, and a special aptitude,
+such as, hitherto at least, do not appear to have been witnessed except
+in the progeny of the steppes.
+
+The other professors of his fraternity have submitted arguments to him,
+which to us seem very rational; and we will endeavour to do justice to
+them when we discuss the origin of the typhus which at this moment is
+afflicting England.
+
+
+VI.
+
+These historical dissertations and speculations on the subject of the
+bovine epizootia certainly deserve to draw the attention of all who feel
+an interest in the malady; but how insignificant they are compared with
+the concluding facts which I have still to mention, before I at length
+address myself to the consideration of the epizootia which is now
+consuming our herds!
+
+The indisputable fact that so terrible a distemper as this typhus had
+fixed itself permanently in Russia, and that it was causing incalculable
+losses to the lordly proprietors of the steppes, as well as to the
+government, roused them at last from their indifference. Then, indeed,
+they urged the veterinary doctors to adopt some energetic means to
+arrest the long duration of the scourge, and we must admit to their
+honour, that various experiments which were tried for the purpose of
+preventing the evil, have been crowned with complete success. Any one
+may ascertain the fact by referring to the _Journal Magazin_ of Berlin,
+in which the learned Professor Jessen of Dorpat has explained the
+results of these important experiments.
+
+The Russian veterinarians having observed that the oxen which had been
+cured of the typhus could mingle with impunity with the infected herds,
+conceived the idea of communicating the complaint to sound cattle by
+means of inoculation, and thereby to shield them from the contagion.
+
+The first experiments in the inoculation of _Tchouma_ or cattle typhus,
+were made in the year 1853, by order of the government, in the
+neighbourhood of Odessa, at the Heridin farm, by Professor Jessen.
+
+The first inoculative attempts were very fatal; they caused the death of
+all the inoculated animals. But it was soon perceived that these
+grievous results, far from prejudicing the theory, really confirmed it;
+and that the virus, attenuated in its toxical properties, would prove as
+effectual as was expected. And truly, in 1854 and 1855, at the Dorpat
+establishment, the inoculations made with a better selected virus
+afforded results less disastrous. At Kozau they were still more
+satisfactory. In fine, passing from experiment to experiment, they
+arrived at the conclusion that it was necessary to inoculate several
+heads of cattle, the one after the other, without having recourse to any
+other virus than the first inoculated, so that they might thereby obtain
+virus of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and up to the 10th generation. The
+virus thus attenuated in its morbid effects answered at length every
+experiment, and oxen thus inoculated could mingle with impunity with
+diseased cattle.
+
+At the veterinary establishment of Chalkoff they inoculated, during
+eight meetings, 1059 animals with virus of the 3rd generation, and the
+results were as satisfactory as could be wished for, only 60 animals
+having sunk under the effects of this preventive operation.
+
+The inoculations made in 1857 and 1858 on an estate belonging to the
+Duchess Helena, at Karlowska, in the government of Pultawa, and
+conducted by the veterinarian Raussels, likewise afforded the most
+satisfactory results.
+
+Professor Jessen thinks it certain, that beasts born of cows which have
+been afflicted with contagious typhus do not contract the disease. He
+maintains that Europe may be preserved from this frightful scourge, by
+taking care that no cattle be exported from the steppes of Russia save
+those which have had the distemper either naturally or by inoculation,
+and he is striving to propagate this opinion, and to render it
+practical, by having all the cattle inoculated, without exception.
+
+It is deeply to be regretted that counsels so prudent have not been
+heeded in the 47 governments which, out of the 53 possessed by Russia,
+have generated the contagious typhus; for then it would not so
+frequently have effected its passage into the neighbouring states, and
+England most probably, would not now have to take up arms against its
+fatal extension.
+
+
+VII.
+
+We here conclude that part of our labour which includes the history of
+this disease, and what we have been able to glean from those medical
+writers, and others, who have given us the results of their experience.
+It may have appeared somewhat protracted, but it has at least laid open
+to the student the antecedent investigations of our predecessors, under
+calamities of the same kind, but considerably more fatal than what has
+yet been witnessed in Western Europe during our time. We have
+disinterred and brought to light the forgotten works of conscientious
+and competent men. Like Brunelleschi, the architect, we have sought, not
+to invent a theory, but to recover a practice; and thus we have received
+the observations and precious facts, and finally the preventive
+treatment, of other men and other times, which had coped successfully
+against the cattle disease when its ravages were infinitely greater.
+
+To resume, then: these inquiries (which we undertook without
+anticipating so rich a harvest) have proved, and made evident--
+
+That the contagious typhus afflicting horned cattle, has spread its
+destructive principle over our globe ever since there have been animals
+living on its surface.
+
+That from century to century, not to say from year to year, it has
+carried its terrors amidst nations and peoples.
+
+That the remedial measures which had been taken and applied prior to the
+middle of the eighteenth century, were utterly powerless either to cure
+this disease or to prevent it.
+
+That at that period appeared two English physicians, men of remarkable
+aptitude and penetration, one of whom, Malcolm Flemming, laid down in
+theory the bases of a preventive treatment; whilst the other, Peter
+Layard, applied this theory to practice, by inoculating sound and
+healthy animals with the morbid virus of the typhus, in order to protect
+them from the fatal effects of the contagion.
+
+That this all-important progress in medical experience, has been
+absolutely forgotten; so much so, indeed, that the experiments of
+inoculation, tried in Russia only ten or twelve years ago with perfect
+success, do not seem to be connected by any link with those made in
+England a century before, and that the invasion of the so-called
+CATTLE PLAGUE in 1865 seemed to some men to have introduced a
+new scourge, which men were not armed and prepared to meet--which they
+were powerless to cure, or to stay in its progress.
+
+These inquiries, then, have proved, we think, that we are not so
+helpless as we had imagined to resist the evil. But we cannot help
+feeling, that we have laid bare in this exposition some most distressing
+inferences concerning the human mind. For, in truth, can anything be
+more deplorable, than thus to see the civilized nations of Europe
+endure, from century to century, these reiterated outbreaks of cattle
+typhus, and to see likewise that no man of sufficient energy and
+independence has yet arisen to tell the truth fearlessly to the
+governments and peoples, however painful that truth may be, and to
+expose the futility of the measures hitherto employed to arrest the
+scourge?
+
+And, on the other hand, is it not most afflicting to see discoveries of
+indisputable value buried out of view, submerged in public libraries,
+utterly unknown and forgotten, like their authors, to such a degree,
+that the distemper which they have made known in its entirety, and which
+is as old as the world itself, seems to us almost new in 1865?
+
+God send, that these cruel trials and severe lessons which the past has
+bequeathed to us may teach us something for our benefit! May the
+irresistible might which is derived from the auspicious union of capital
+and intelligence supersede the vain and flimsy efforts of isolated
+energy! May the government, which lavishes hundreds of millions upon the
+destructive engines of war, devote some portion of its ample means to
+the study of hereditary infections and contagious diseases! For these
+fatal epidemics decimate men as well as cattle, and we may at least ward
+off from our children the desolating disease which at present afflicts
+ourselves.
+
+We possess already every requisite means to protect ourselves from the
+formidable visitation of these diseases: we have science; we have the
+men who cultivate and teach it; we have the experience of the past
+added to our own. To-day, we are called upon to resist the baleful
+effects of cattle typhus; but another epizootia may come to-morrow, and
+strike our horses and our sheep--those domestic animals which constitute
+our most precious possession. The cholera hovers about us. If we do
+nothing, if we talk and debate instead of acting, these scourges will
+come upon us on a sudden, and find us quite as helpless as ever to
+resist their sway.
+
+These palpable truths deserve to be further developed, and will be
+treated more copiously at the end of this book. They will constitute the
+complement of our work, necessarily written in haste, since the danger
+we had to expose was itself so urgent and alarming.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] To assist the researches of other inquirers on this vital subject,
+now so generally interesting, we may add, that the cattle treatises
+already referred to--of Malcolm Flemming and Peter Layard--are to be
+found in the Library of the British Museum, bound together in a single
+volume, which is certainly worth ten times its weight in gold. It
+contains, indeed, eight different opuscula, all relating to cattle
+complaints, which scientific students may consult with real
+gratification. I will here transcribe the titles of the most important
+of these treatises, the pregnant expositions of the two English
+physicians above-named.
+
+That of Malcolm Flemming:
+
+"A Proposal, in order to Diminish the Progress of the Distemper among
+the Horned Cattle, supported by Facts. London, 1755."
+
+That of Peter Layard:
+
+"An Essay on the Nature, Cause, and Cure of the Contagious Distemper
+among the Horned Cattle in these Kingdoms. London, 1757."
+
+A great many accounts, treatises, and expositions on the same subject
+appeared at the same time in France, Holland, Denmark, and Switzerland.
+One, which appeared in the last of these countries, is entitled:
+
+"Reflexions sur la Maladie du Gros Betail, par la Societe des Medecius
+de Geneve. 1756."
+
+
+
+
+SECOND PART.
+
+This Part is divided, as already stated, into four chapters.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+_On Typhous Diseases in general, and the Typhus which affects the Ox in
+particular._
+
+
+By following the example of those authors who have described the
+contagious typhus of the ox, we might proceed at once to explain its
+symptoms, and go directly to our purpose; but, by taking this hasty
+course, we should expose ourselves to be imperfectly understood by the
+majority of our readers, and to leave certain doubts in the minds of
+physicians as to the nature of the disease and the propriety of its
+treatment.
+
+All animals, including man himself, are born with a predisposition and
+liability to contract a certain number of contagious febrile diseases;
+they bear in a manner a certain number of physiological elements, which
+might be called latent germs, and which, under given conditions, become
+the leaven of these diseases. This must, indeed, be the case, since
+after these disorders have been once developed those who have been cured
+of them are not apt to contract them again, the morbid developments
+having destroyed that natural aptitude which had previously existed to
+undergo the morbid action of the contagious virus. These diseases are
+not numerous; they constitute a very distinct class, and the same laws,
+which regulate the phenomena in one of them are applicable to all the
+rest.
+
+These diseases exhibit the following characteristics: 1st, a period of
+incubation, during which the whole economy, more particularly the blood
+and humours, experience very important changes and modifications; 2nd, a
+febrile state, which varies in its continuous or intermittent types, and
+in its intensity, according to the species of the animals, and which
+proceeds from the alteration of the blood; 3rd, a revulsion at once
+toxical and congestive towards the nervous centre, inducing _stupor_;
+4th, a flux of mucus from the mouth and chest; 5th, a more intense,
+congestive, and inflammatory flux or discharge from the external or
+internal teguments--the skin or the mucous membrane of the digestive
+channels; 6th, a period of adynamia and dejection, with a tendency, in
+some cases, to a critical or salutary rejection of the morbid matter by
+the development of tumours or abscesses in the skin; 7th, they are at
+once infectious and contagious, epizootic or epidemic; that is to say,
+they are transmitted in different degrees by contact, by inoculation,
+and at a distance by the means of vitiated air; 8th, finally--and this
+is their leading characteristic--_they are not subject to recurrence_,
+each individual that has once been affected, losing in general all
+aptitude to contract the disease a second time.
+
+This last characteristic, when well understood, ought in reason to
+induce us to have recourse to the preventive treatment, and such has
+been the case with respect to the most virulent amongst them--small-pox
+and the typhus of the ox.
+
+Prompted by these principles, which are as logical and fixed as any
+mathematical deduction, I suggested in 1855 that inoculation should be
+applied in typhoid fever, which is nothing else but the equivalent of
+intestinal small-pox, in order to prevent the disease in men. But if the
+simplest truth sometimes requires a contest of ages before it is heard
+and understood, I could not hope to fix attention on a fact which might
+be taken as problematical. I felt that I was outrunning time, and that I
+should neither be heard nor understood; and so it has proved.
+
+Be that as it may, these typhous diseases have, as is seen, their laws
+and foreseen development. They attack animals generally, but chiefly
+herbivorous animals, endowed, as we have shown in the first part, with a
+vital resistance which is, relatively speaking, very inconsiderable.
+
+These febrile typhous diseases (whether their development is caused by a
+spontaneous morbid action in the patient or by an evident contagion),
+have a period of incubation during which the vital strength undergoes
+latent morbid modifications, though not sufficient to indicate, save in
+times of epizootics and epidemics, the particular form which is about to
+reveal its symptoms in the course of a few days. This period of
+incubation being over, the mouth and chest become affected, and fever
+declares itself; and then the _materies morbi_, which is to become the
+special and dominant characteristic of the distemper, is directed either
+to the skin, or to the digestive mucous membrane. In the first case, we
+see evidence of exanthematic diseases, which present only the lightest
+forms of detersive disorders, such as measles, scarlatina, or that more
+serious one, from its pustulous form, the small-pox. In the second case,
+the elimination takes place from the intestinal canal, and then we see
+produced in animals, as well as in men, the typhous diseases: that is to
+say, the typhoid fever--a pustulous and ulcerous malady of the
+intestines--or the common typhus of the hospitals, prisons, and
+campaigning armies; and again, in animals, there is also the typhus of
+the steppes, of the marshes, &c.
+
+The Eastern pestilence, the plague of Rome in the age of Antoninus and
+the plague of Athens, which might have given to Hippocrates the right
+of treating with Artaxerxes as one potentate treats with another, ought
+perhaps to be classed among those typhuses not subject to recurrence.
+
+As for the _cholera_, it seems to be a contagious and epidemic disorder,
+of a distinct and particular kind. We are ignorant of its essential
+cause, its nature, and its mode of treatment; and although it has
+prevailed in every age, and even frequently of late years, it will
+always, by reason of the strange formation of our medical institutions,
+find us as weak and defenceless to resist its attack as we have ever
+been.
+
+If we have been properly understood, typhous diseases are, above all,
+general febrile affections. At one time the _materies morbi_, or
+discharge, affects the skin; at another, the digestive mucous membrane.
+When it acts upon the skin, as clinical observation shows, there is
+sometimes a sort of hesitation in the eruptive process; people wonder
+what disease is coming forth; the eruption wavers in the form it will
+assume, till at length its real character is determined. The same
+uncertainty prevails when the intestines are affected. Sometimes the
+exanthema is merely the equivalent of simple measles or scarlatina of
+the intestinal mucous membrane, and many typhoid fevers of short
+continuance are nothing else in their nature. The same occurs in common
+typhuses. Sometimes the local affection proceeds as far as pustulous
+eruption, sometimes only to exanthematic rubefaction; hence the various
+alterations which we have witnessed in the intestines of cattle killed
+in our presence at the slaughter-houses of the Metropolitan Market, and
+which we ourselves dissected. The experienced Professor Bouley, from the
+Ecole Veterinaire of Alfort, near Paris, whose visit must have been
+beneficial to England, clearly recognised in an ox which was slaughtered
+and dissected at the Metropolitan Market, the genuine pustule of typhoid
+fever. But in most cases, as we shall show, it is the other forms which
+prevail.
+
+We make these observations in order to anticipate the objections of
+those reasoners who, being more influenced and guided by the local facts
+and by the symptoms, than by the general phenomena of comparative
+pathology, might argue that such or such fact is opposed to our
+doctrine.
+
+In a word, then, typhous diseases have their types; but the living being
+is subjected to so many different influences, hereditary, idiosyncratic,
+climataic, hygienic, &c., that by the side of one subject going through
+the course of morbid phenomena with fatal regularity, another may be
+seen in which such or such functional derangement is readily
+distinguished. Thus in some animals, predisposed thereto by prior
+disorders, the morbid action originally propelled towards the channels
+of respiration will continue to be most salient; and after dissection
+the lungs will be congested and emphysematous, and the intestines
+relatively but scarcely altered. The animal, indeed, though bordering on
+typhus, will sink under the effect of functional derangement in the
+breathing passages. In others, by the influence of some particular
+predisposing cause, disorders of the nervous centres will be signalized;
+a cerebral and spinal pains will be intolerable, delirium will quickly
+ensue, and the asphyxiated patient, if a man, will succumb in the course
+of a few days; or if an ox, he will be wild and ungovernable, and then
+fall as if thunderstruck, fastened to his stall. Finally, in other
+cases, these first two phases of the distemper will not prove fatal, the
+intestinal injuries will pursue their course, and the affected animals
+will not die until the third period.
+
+As we have seen, the morbid phenomena may be different, although the
+affection continues the same; the typhoid fever or the typhus being
+nevertheless the essential disease which prevails.
+
+These generalities, to some readers, may appear irrelevant, but let them
+not be mistaken; they have a claim to our notice, and are really
+important. They show, indeed, that independent of the preventive
+treatment, which is an absolute rule in the case of virulent,
+contagious, and non-recurring diseases, the treatment of the disease
+itself, when it has declared itself, and when it pursues its course,
+cannot be the same for every patient; and that, moreover, this treatment
+must vary in the different phases of the disease, as physicians and
+veterinarians are well aware.
+
+These generalities, likewise, explain the various diseases--viz., those
+in which the animals blend together the typhous and exanthematic
+diseases. The measles and the scarlet fever, affecting the external or
+internal membranes, are like the first steps of these maladies; they are
+generally slight, and we have but to watch over the progress of the
+symptoms, and to assist nature, which, with few exceptions, brings all
+things to a favourable issue.
+
+These disorders, which are relatively slight and do not provoke in the
+economy any of those changes which in some sort transform the
+constitution, are not absolutely proof against relapse. They lead us
+rationally and by degrees to the more infectious and contagious
+diseases, to the common typhus; therefore it is unnecessary to apply the
+preventive treatment to them, that being exclusively reserved for the
+latter.
+
+Let it then be well understood, that the typhus of the ox, the study of
+which we are about to enter upon, may vary in its symptoms and
+post-mortem appearances, without losing thereby the characteristic mark
+which renders it a thoroughly distinct, and, in the present day, a
+thoroughly well known distemper.
+
+Now that the reader possesses these general notions of the Contagious
+Typhus, we shall be able to speak to him in a language which he will
+understand, and give a definition which he will be able to judge and
+appreciate.
+
+The typhus of the ox, then, is a _virulent, contagious, febrile, and
+non-recurring disease, with stupor and derangement of the nervous,
+respiratory, and digestive functions; leaving various changes in the
+respective organs of these functions, and chiefly in the intestines_.
+
+This new definition seems to us to be more faithful and just than those
+hitherto given; and this, if needed, we could demonstrate.
+
+I do not disguise from myself that some of the opinions expressed in
+these generalities may, at first sight, appear strange and liable to
+objection. Thus, it may be argued that inoculation as a preventive
+treatment of typhous maladies is far from being a general law,
+applicable to every case; since in Russia, for instance, where this
+inoculation is practised every day, it completely fails in certain
+foreign herds, and they die of the consequences of the operation; and
+that this, therefore, might happen in England.
+
+To these objections we would reply, first, as regards the novelty of
+opinions expressed, that we have taken up the pen, because we had to
+write something different from what has already been published in known
+works, otherwise it would have been our duty to remain silent; and
+secondly, as regards the inefficacy of inoculation, that organic and
+vital phenomena have their principles and their laws, which are fixed
+and invincible, from which it is reasonable to deduce consequences and
+positive rules of conduct, which cannot yield to superannuated opinions
+or imperfectly executed experiments. To institute experiments indeed
+under the rigorous conditions of a logical and irrefutable
+demonstration, is not so easy a matter as may generally be thought.
+
+For our part, the principles deduced from strict observation are the
+basis on which we build, and if it so chance that we are baffled in our
+experiments we vary them indefinitely; and if still we are deceived in
+our hopes, we ascribe the miscarriage to our impotence, to inadequate
+means, and to the defective instruments which the physical and chemical
+sciences, still in their cradle as regards organic matter, supply for
+our use. Above all, we wish it to be remembered--"_Scribo nec ficta, nec
+picta, sed quae ratio, sensus, et experientia docent._"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+_The Origin and Causes of the Ox Typhus._
+
+
+I.
+
+I have drawn my conclusions as to the preventive treatment of typhus in
+the ox, from the knowledge I had acquired of its morbid phenomena, its
+nature, and its non-recurrence; and it is a logical deduction quite as
+accurate as could be the result of a syllogism. The study of the origin
+of this typhus, and of the causes by which it is generated and spread
+abroad, will supply us with additional arguments to sustain this
+deduction, as well as those signs and indications which are the very
+foundation of curative treatment. The description of the disease will
+contribute to the same result; for the rational treatment of a distemper
+can be derived only from a knowledge of all the phenomena which occasion
+it, of the functional derangements, and of the alterations observed in
+bodies after death.
+
+I wish particularly to say at once, in entering upon the subject of
+etiology, that the special works which treat of it contain precise
+information as to the causes and origin of the typhus in horned cattle;
+and that the chief organs of the press in every country--those ephemeral
+encyclopaedias in which unfortunately so much vital force and
+intelligence are dissipated--have published articles of the highest
+interest on this subject. It would be physically impossible for me to
+begin again a bibliographical labour similar to the one exhibited in the
+First Part, in order to afford due justice to each of these public
+writers, who have met the epizootia on the confines of their country and
+fought hand to hand with it. This work is not susceptible of so much
+enlargement. Let it be well understood, that I claim no other merit than
+that of discussing these questions of etiology, in that order and with
+that common sense which fix ideas firmly in the mind--which, if I may
+use the term, _photograph_ them on those parts of the brain allotted to
+the memory and judgment; also of drawing from known and admitted facts
+more rational and practical conclusions than those which have been
+current up to the present time.
+
+Much has been already said and argued on the origin of the contagious
+typhus which affects the ox; some adhering exclusively to the special
+conditions observable in the breed of those oxen which are reared and
+fed on the steppes of Russia and Hungary; others, more reasonably, as it
+seems to us, ascribing it to the hygienic conditions generally, that is
+to say, to the climate, the season, the feeding, &c., &c., amidst which
+these animals are living.
+
+All these discussions upon what has been said and argued on this subject
+have been very useful. For, had it been rigidly proved that the oxen of
+the steppes, by some peculiar organization, carry within them those
+germs or physiological elements which at given times become the leaven
+of the distemper, and, at a subsequent period, the elements of the
+contagion, then, indeed, a fact of capital importance and prominent
+authority would have been established, and the attention of all men
+interested in these inquiries would have been exclusively concentrated
+on that particular race of animals and on those countries smitten with
+the curse, in order to arrest and confine the disease within its one and
+only focus.
+
+The supporters of this theory, concerning the first circumscribed origin
+of the typhus, maintain that all the epizootics whose deplorable history
+we have given in the first part of this work, have had no other
+generative causes than the propagation of the complaint, born and
+begotten on the banks of the Wolga and the Danube, and subsequently
+conveyed to the different parts of the earth by the emigration of the
+cattle. And in this manner, too, they have accounted for the appearance
+of the typhus in South America, in Africa, and in Asia.
+
+Since this doctrine on the origin of the typhus has been conceived and
+maintained by men of a high order of understanding, we must suppose that
+they had been struck and convinced by important facts and serious
+reasons; and as it would be unfair to oppose a plain denial to an
+opinion now so generally adopted, we are bound to say in what manner
+these authors justify their views, after which we shall endeavour to
+refute them.
+
+The partisans of the circumscribed origin, who make it depend
+exclusively on the peculiar organization of the race of the steppes,
+have based their argument, peremptory and unanswerable as they imagine,
+on the prime fact, that it has always been possible to trace the
+diffusion of the typhus in a given country, to some sick animal of the
+steppes conveyed to that kingdom. In this manner it is, that they
+explain the generation of the epizootics which have so frequently wasted
+the continent of Europe. On whatever point of the globe they may appear,
+this, and only this, is the source of their existence. The isolated
+position of Great Britain is made to support their arguments. "Behold,"
+they exclaim, "Great Britain, which, thanks to its surrounding seas, has
+escaped most of the epizootics which have desolated France and Germany
+during the early part of the nineteenth century." Nay, more, the present
+visitation of the distemper is also seized upon to sustain their theory,
+since certain oxen, natives of the steppes, appear to have imported it
+into London.
+
+We must add, that nothing is wanting in order to prove this assertion;
+for they relate with perfect regularity, and step by step, the course
+taken by the contagion; they specify the time occupied on its passage,
+and even the names of the infected vessels which have thus imported the
+principle of the typhus.
+
+It must be admitted that all the facts thus stated are indisputable; we
+acknowledge as true, that the bovine race of the steppes has conveyed
+into other countries the contagious germs of the disease; we admit that
+its dissemination may be thus accounted for.
+
+But to admit this fact, and to draw from it the conclusion that the
+bovine race of the steppes alone is capable, by some particular and
+distinct organization, of developing the original typhus of the ox, and
+that this typhus has no other focus on the earth than the banks of the
+Dnieper and the Don, does not appear to us a sound logical deduction.
+And as, if this conclusion were positively recognised, we might see but
+one side of the evil, and deduce very serious consequences therefrom, it
+is necessary to receive these facts for what they are worth, and no
+more.
+
+Let us first observe, that those writers who ascribe the contagious
+typhus to the race of Southern Russia, do not take into consideration
+the epizootics of this typhus, the account of which has been handed down
+to us by the ancient authors of Greece and Rome; and that they refer
+just as little to those which are quite as frequent in the republics of
+South America as on the banks of the Dnieper. For even if we allow that
+once, and only once, one of these epizootics may be traced to the
+arrival of a ship containing oxen brought from the steppes, how, on the
+other hand, can we believe that all other epizootics have had such a
+fortuitous cause to generate it; consequently, the typhus, in these
+cases, must have been locally developed and diffused among American
+cattle?
+
+Moreover, we seek in vain for the reasons which would authorize us to
+assign to the bovine race of the steppes a particular organization,
+rendering it alone fit to engender the typhus. But let us grant for a
+moment, that the Russian and Hungarian oxen constitute a peculiar race,
+as their framework and the length of their horns would seem to imply;
+this much being conceded, it still remains to be shown in what respect
+their anatomical and physiological structure differs from that of other
+animals to such an extent as to render them alone liable to originate
+this fatal typhus.
+
+Oh! if it were true that the bovine race of the steppes alone could
+engender the typhus! we would hail the fact with joy, and would show
+without much exertion of reasoning that, in that case, we possessed not
+only the means of preventing the disease by inoculating sound and
+healthy cattle, but the far more important means of sweeping it for ever
+from the earth, by at once exterminating that cursed race, smitten with
+the original predisposition of this plague; and as, after all, the
+murderous scourge of the typhus of the steppes has already cost, and may
+perhaps continue to cost the various nations of the Old World millions
+upon millions, they would feel that their most urgent interest would be
+to come to an understanding (nor would the sacrifice be too much for
+their resources) so as to destroy and extirpate the evil at its original
+source. There would then be no difficulty in raising up a new breed of
+cattle in those countries, by transporting to it those of other nations
+free from the infection.
+
+But who does not understand that this heroic sacrifice would be
+illusory, and that the foreign races, modified in time in this new
+medium, would regenerate the typhus; so that the double sacrifice of
+extermination and indemnity would have been made to no purpose?
+
+We wish we could adopt this hypothesis, so simple and so consolatory, of
+the circumscribed origin of the typhus, and its exclusive propagation
+through the race of the steppes; but our mind is altogether opposed to
+that view, and for the following reasons, amongst others:--
+
+If the bovine race of the steppes alone could produce the typhic virus,
+by reason of a particular organization which is the prime condition of
+its existence, _this race alone would of necessity be fit to receive its
+taint_ by the influence of contagion. But if the other animals of the
+same species, as unfortunately too surely happens, can receive the
+principle of the disorder, develop the ailment, and die of its effects,
+then the reasoning of our opponents is faulty from its source; and it
+must be admitted that all horned cattle are apt to generate the typhic
+virus in those countries which afford the conditions of its production,
+and that this exclusive predisposition as it is called, attributed to
+the race inhabiting the steppes, is simply a chimera.
+
+But arguments are seldom exhausted even to defend a bad cause, and it is
+objected that the fact that all oxen may contract the typhus transmitted
+by the contact of animals from one to another, does not prove that the
+original predisposition is the same in every race; and they persist in
+maintaining--1st, that the typhus of the steppes is alone able
+originally to beget the disease; 2nd, that having thus begotten and
+produced it, it becomes, after this organic conception, apt to be
+transmitted to every animal, and fit to be assimilated with them.
+
+To these subtleties and argumentative refinements it would be as easy
+for me to oppose abstract reasonings equally strong, as it would have
+been for the Jansenists and Mollinists, had it so chanced that they had
+been drawn into a debate on the origin and nature of the virus of the
+plague which carried off Jansenius. But let us confine ourselves to
+serious facts and conclude--
+
+1st. That we have no proof of any anatomical and physiological
+difference in the humours or in the blood--that is to say, in the
+organic, intimate, and biological elements of the individuals which
+collectively constitute the bovine species.
+
+2nd. That we have a right to believe, that all horned cattle are apt to
+develop the typhic virus when they are placed within the conditions
+required for that effect--that is to say, when they are exposed to the
+special morbific causes which form its condition _sine qua non_, and
+which are met with on the banks of those great rivers which water
+Southern Russia and Hungary, in Africa, on the banks of the Nile, in
+South America, on the margins of the lakes, and in what are called hot
+climates, &c.
+
+
+II.
+
+But if the origin of the typhus cannot exclusively depend on the
+peculiar organization of certain individuals of the bovine species, we
+must inquire after and search for the real causes which produce it.
+
+We have explained already, in the First Part, what alterations organic
+matter undergoes in general, when accidental causes happen to modify its
+organic elements; and we have pointed out the fact, that of all living
+creatures herbivorous animals were those that offered the least vital
+resistance to the causes of disease and destruction.
+
+This unquestionable fact being taken for granted, let us now consider
+under what conditions live the multitudinous herds of horned cattle
+which in Russia and in South America are reared and supported solely for
+the produce of their flesh, and sometimes, too, for that of their hides.
+
+The great breeders and proprietors fix the number of their heads of
+cattle according and in proportion to the quantity of the pastures, but
+like other men, they mortgage the future for their benefit without
+making due allowance for accidents or extreme changes of weather, as
+when years of unusual drought succeed those of heavy rain; so that these
+herds, by the single fact of these extreme fluctuations in the degrees
+of temperature, are exposed to a multiplicity of causes productive of
+disease. The same nature which generates life and health generates
+disease and dissolution, and when the former are neglected the latter
+will prevail.
+
+In the prosperous and favoured countries of the temperate zone, such as
+England and France, these extreme variations in the seasons, which are
+always the cause of a deficiency or alteration in the production of
+fodder, are equally the cause of the numerous epizootics which attack
+all the herbivorous species, and particularly those to which oxen fall
+victims, such as the tumourous typhus (_le typhus charbonneux_), the
+so-called aphthous fever, the contagious peripneumonia (which is not
+liable to return and is prevented by inoculation), parasitical cutaneous
+disease.
+
+But in less favoured countries, in those which are damp, argillaceous,
+swampy, inundated by the overflows of their lakes and rivers, or by the
+reflux of the sea, there is deposited a slimy or brackish water, which a
+temporary torrid heat afterwards causes to ferment; and then a
+superabundance of life, a teeming vegetation, springs up in all
+directions. In the midst of this swarming vitality live and thrive an
+infinity of worms, maggots, animalculae, insects, mollusca, fish,
+reptiles, birds, &c.; and here, too, all these creatures die and decay,
+when this slime, the prolific source of generations which we might look
+upon as spontaneous, begins to dry up and disintegrate. Then from these
+organic vegetable and animal matters, in a state of decomposition,
+escape those deleterious gases, such as hydrogen, carbonic oxide,
+nitrogen, carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, and even phosphoretted
+hydrogen.
+
+Often to all these causes of infection are added myriads of
+grasshoppers, which cover the ground, where they die, aggravating the
+mass of pestiferous vapour which fills the atmosphere. Finally, the
+water which slakes the thirst of the herds of cattle is corrupted; the
+plants on which they feed distil poisons; the air, the water, and the
+plants, carry within them a principle of venom and death. After this,
+how can we be surprised if this flood of putrid emanations is
+transformed into a contagious typhic virus, whose subtle and
+pestilential effluvia are conveyed by the ox to considerable distances?
+
+In fine, let us recapitulate in our minds all the causes of destruction
+to which these passive creatures are exposed, and we shall acknowledge
+that there is no necessity to attribute to them a peculiar organization
+in order to understand the development of the typhus, which, at a given
+moment, cuts them all off; and that in the deltas of the different
+countries, as well in Asia, Africa, and America, as in Europe, are to be
+found those conditions of infectious disease which we have described. In
+these causes, and only in these causes, or in those which resemble them,
+will rational men seek for the principle of the contagious typhus in the
+bovine race.
+
+Moreover, who is there who does not understand that what is true with
+regard to cholera is likewise applicable to this contagious typhus? The
+cholera, for causes analogous to these, subject to the particular state
+of the soil, is generated, not exclusively, it is true, but most
+frequently, on the banks of the Ganges, in the same manner as the
+contagious typhus is developed in certain countries where its natural
+focus is found.
+
+The race of animals which exists on this deadly and destructive soil is
+an instrument of incubation for typhus, not in consequence of their
+peculiar structure, but because the conditions under which they live
+condemn them to this fate.
+
+
+III.
+
+Now the breeding of cattle, and the feeding and fattening of them for
+the market, constitute a branch of industry--a great interest. They all
+have to be removed, conveyed to various distances, and sold; so that
+this traffic becomes a new cause to be added to all those which foster,
+develop and propagate the distemper.
+
+In prosperous times, when the seasons, conformably with our wishes, have
+pursued a course which we call regular (for we are fain to believe that
+the planets turn on their axes on our account), and when the cattle find
+the ground covered with rich pastures, and limpid streams--conditions
+which are eminently favourable in themselves, though in Hungary it is
+necessary to add gum, salt, mineral water, and arsenic acid, before the
+health of these animals is satisfactory,--then the cattle breeders make
+their sordid calculations, and select the heads of cattle intended for
+sale.
+
+With animals, as with man, health is but relative, not absolute; the
+healthiest in appearance often bearing within its frame the fatal
+principle of no distant death. Fatness not being by any means a sure
+sign of vital strength, many of these cumbersome beasts, though
+seemingly in good and sound condition, contain in their systems, in
+various stages of incubation, the tainted leaven of contagious
+affections, such as peripneumonia, or even the typhus itself.
+
+But, regardless of this liability, their sale and migration are resolved
+upon at length. Hitherto these harmless creatures have lived in the most
+perfect stillness and retirement. Their calm, monotonous life has been
+as regular as the course of time; never by a single pulsation have their
+hearts exceeded the wonted number per minute; they are all gifted with a
+nervous sensibility of which the vulgar have no notion. Some favoured
+few have felt the sympathy of friendship for the herdsman who tended
+them, and for the companions with which they fed. They have been leaders
+of their own herd, they have marched at their head; they have given the
+signal when to seek shelter beneath the trees, or when to repair to the
+brook. They have loved the fields amidst which they have grown and
+thriven. Some of them, reared and fed beneath the domestic thatch, were
+grateful for the care they had received; their master was endeared to
+them, they would run to meet his coming, answer to their name, and lick
+his hand with fondness.
+
+And it is the course of this tranquil, this happy existence, that is
+about to be broken abruptly. It is this creature, the pattern of
+gentleness and goodness, that we are going to treat like a heap of
+insensible and inert matter--which we are going to subject to
+unutterable torture!
+
+And now, indeed, these creatures are all at once handed over to the
+savage guidance, to the thongs and cudgels, of a hind, whose cruelty
+keeps pace with his stolid ignorance, and who abets his dogs to quicken
+their course to the neighbouring market. From this moment, half-fed and
+athirst, these poor animals are forced to make long journeys afoot; or
+since the construction of railways, to be heaped together confusedly in
+a locomotive pen. There, the shaking, the sudden starts, the friction of
+five hundred wheels on the rails, the horrid snorting of the engines,
+alarm and terrify them to such a degree as to turn the whole mass of
+their blood.
+
+In such a state of vital prostration or feverish excitement, entire
+herds are carried to the public markets or to annual fairs with other
+animals, and nearly all sent to the shambles. But some amongst them are
+reserved for another fate. The females, for instance, are set apart to
+serve as milch cows; and in this manner they carry with them into the
+cowsheds, wherein they are received, the taint of those contagious
+distempers, the germs of which lay concealed in their frames, or which
+they have contracted from the companions of their journey.
+
+Some of these heads of cattle, starting from the steppes of Russia, have
+to travel five hundred miles in an open cage, less cared for and
+protected than bales of merchandise, exposed to the rain, to the heat
+of the sun, to sudden changes of temperature, to cold and cutting
+draughts, increased by the rapid motion of the train;--these animals,
+foundered, prostrate, panting with fever and torturing pains, still have
+to undergo new trials, if they cross the sea. In this case, the wretched
+victims are violently expelled from the locomotive, rocking sheds of the
+railway; a leathern strap hanging from a crane lifts them into the air,
+and lets them down into the mid-deck of a ship, where they are crowded
+as closely together as possible, for here, too, space is very costly.
+Finally, the vessel gets under way and ploughs the ocean; contrary winds
+beat it about in every direction, and these poor creatures have to
+endure a new kind of torture, accompanied by the intolerable pangs of
+sea-sickness; and in this state it is that they alight on the British
+soil, and are driven off to the different markets.
+
+It is useless to expatiate at length on the state of general derangement
+and disease in which these oxen reach their final destination. Some
+amongst them have endured for eight or nine days these unspeakable
+tortures, without being sustained by nourishment--for no animal, when
+his spirits forsake him, can assimilate his food amidst all this
+physical suffering and so great a shock to his nervous system.
+
+Let us here declare that these animals, though removed from their
+meadows with all the signs and appearances of sound health, at a time
+when a fine season had been productive of abundance, and when no
+epizootia was raging in the country which they have left, may
+nevertheless bear within them the taint of contagious typhus; and let us
+ask ourselves what must come to pass in those disastrous years when this
+typhus prevails under the influence of those destructive causes which
+were passed in review just now, and when the Russian and Hungarian
+proprietors, eager to forestall an inevitable general calamity, hasten
+to send off to Italy, France, Holland, Finland, or to the ports of
+England, many animals already seized with typhus, and whose virus must
+have acquired infectious properties still more intense and deadly under
+the influence of the deep disquiet and commotion which the removal and
+conveyance of these animals, under conditions so deplorable, must have
+produced in their frames.
+
+Such are indeed the pernicious conditions in which oxen may be, and
+often are, dispatched to England; and such appears to be the real cause
+of the outbreak of the spreading epizootia which we witness at this
+moment, and which has created so much alarm in so many counties of
+England.[B]
+
+
+IV.
+
+Let us now consider this contagious typhus in its destructive extension
+over the British soil; let us study and examine the causes of its
+diffusion as they pass under our notice.
+
+The mooted question of determining whether the cattle typhus was
+originally imported from abroad, or whether it broke out spontaneously
+in England, has been, and still is, a subject of dubious debate amongst
+some professional men, amongst the leading writers of the public
+journals, and also amongst agriculturists and farmers.[C]
+
+And, in truth, the propagation of the distemper is occasionally
+witnessed under conditions so singular and striking, that it seems to
+warrant and supply arguments for every conceivable opinion.
+
+When the disease was recognised and identified for the first time on the
+24th of June, 1865, public opinion ascribed its appearance to contagion
+arising from some diseased cows imported from Finland, and which, after
+being exposed in the Islington Market on the 19th, were sold and removed
+to the cowsheds of a breeder or dairyman.
+
+We may observe that, on hearing the intelligence of this sudden
+invasion, the public mind, which is so excitable in England, did not
+disguise the indignation it felt against foreign countries which had
+been capable of contaminating an island so advantageously situated and
+so well protected, and infecting her magnificent herds, exuberant with
+health. But after a closer examination of the facts, and possibly
+alarmed, at the serious consequences of a Continental blockade which
+would deprive the United Kingdom, not of the entire twenty or thirty
+thousand live stock, such as oxen, sheep, pigs, &c., which they receive
+every week, but only of the eight or ten thousand head of cattle which
+are landed weekly on their coasts to supply their markets, public
+opinion was appeased. But, unfortunately, this national susceptibility
+now took the opposite extreme; and the only causes it now saw were the
+dirt and want of adequate ventilation in the metropolitan stables and
+sheds; and to these causes it attributed, first the generation, and then
+the propagation or diffusion of the malady; an opinion which appeared
+all the more natural and reasonable, in that the oxen and cows of the
+graziers were the first victims of the typhus.
+
+We all know how liable, among all nations, the public mind is to waver
+and fluctuate, and how susceptible and open it is to new impressions
+during fatal visitations and general calamities; nor can we feel the
+least surprise at the uncertainty which has so long prevailed, and still
+continues, as to the real causes of the introduction of the bovine
+typhus in England.
+
+Let us therefore examine this question of etiology, and try to discover
+what opinion ought to prevail.
+
+It is important to establish at once two material facts which seem to us
+indisputable:
+
+1st. That the contagious typhus in cattle which is known to be permanent
+in the southeast of Europe, actually existed there during the month of
+June, 1865; 2nd, That some of the horned cattle, fed and reared in that
+part of Europe, were transported to England, after having crossed
+through Russia from south to north, in order to avoid passing through
+Germany.
+
+As for the first of these facts, it is admitted and received, as might
+easily be proved by reproducing the speeches and addresses delivered by
+the veterinary doctors at the Congress now being held at Vienna, and at
+which were present the men whose experience of this cattle distemper
+gives them the highest authority--Hertwig, Jessen, Roell, Siegmund,
+Gerlach, &c.
+
+The contagious typhus of horned cattle is so fully in the epizootic
+state in those countries which are washed by the Black Sea, that it was
+enough for the veterinarians present at the Congress to manifest a
+desire to see cattle afflicted with this disease, for the opportunity so
+to do to be immediately afforded them.[D]
+
+Thus, then, the fact is undeniable, the contagious typhus was raging, in
+June, 1865, in Hungary and Russia, as it rages there at all times.
+
+As for the conveyance of cattle from those countries into England, the
+fact is no less certain and assured. It is well known that a convoy of
+300 heads of cattle, proceeding from the pasture-grounds of Hungary and
+Austria, was transported into Finland by rail, and afterwards shipped at
+Revel for England. Thanks to the rapid locomotion by steam, the
+migration of these cattle had lasted but ten days--two days for the
+transport by land, and eight days for the passage by sea, through the
+tortuous line of the Baltic; but this was sufficient length of time for
+the incubation to be produced, even supposing the animals to have looked
+sound when their transit began.
+
+Moreover, it is indubitable that the markets of this immeasurable London
+have for many years been supplied with horned cattle from every country:
+from France, Holland, Belgium, Podolia, Poland, Prussia, Austria,
+Hungary, and Russia.
+
+Thus, the Islington Market (the fact is assured) had received horned
+cattle imported from the countries where typhus is known to be
+permanent. Were these cattle thus imported affected with the typhus?
+This fact likewise is as certain as the other, since two of the foreign
+cows thus imported, were the first to fall sick, and to die of this
+typhus.
+
+But if the contagious typhus of horned cattle rages permanently on the
+banks of the streams which discharge themselves into the Black Sea, and
+if the beasts reared in those countries have long been transported to
+England and other countries, how, it will be asked, is it that the
+disease has not broken out more frequently, for it has never been seen
+in Great Britain, at least, during the former part of the nineteenth
+century?
+
+This question is not devoid of a certain degree of importance, and
+deserves to fix our attention for a moment.
+
+Now the conditions in which the animals were exhibited in 1863 and 1864
+were precisely the same as those of 1865, before the outbreak of the
+disease; and yet the contagion has been possible in 1865, whilst it was
+not so in 1863.
+
+We do not presume to explain the mysterious phenomena which govern the
+development of epidemics and epizootics; but it seems to us not
+altogether impossible to give a rational and satisfactory elucidation of
+the facts.
+
+In general, in _epizootics_, and I might even say in some particular
+epidemics--in that of the typhus, for instance--three connected and
+inseparable facts form the condition _sine qua non_, of the generation
+of the disease. First, a focus for producing the virus; secondly, for
+the most part a favourable soil, and a special predisposition amongst
+animals to receive and propagate it; thirdly, what is called an epidemic
+or epizootic genius--that is to say, a particular state of the
+atmospheric elements, or the air, which hitherto has escaped our
+analyses, and whose morbific properties vary in their degrees of
+intensity. Thus the epizootic genius of 1711, the terrible one of 1750,
+and the one which now diffuses its contagious miasma, have differed in
+some of their virulent conditions.
+
+However that may be, it will be sufficient to glance back at the past to
+assure ourselves that, in general, epizootics have been coincident with
+some violent change of season, such as extreme droughts, or
+superabundant rains; that is to say, when the cattle, disturbed in the
+physiological conditions of their health, have become favourable to the
+incubation of the miasmatic leaven scattered through the air, or else
+when these animals were living under irregular conditions, and had to
+endure unwonted fatigues and privations, as in the folds of campaigning
+armies, for instance.
+
+These epizootics have appeared to depend not only on the state of the
+soil and of the health of the cattle, but also (we repeat it designedly)
+on an element no less indispensable to the propagation of the disease--a
+special state of the air, which favours the development and preservation
+of typhic miasma: for sometimes a sudden change of temperature has
+proved sufficient to stop the rampant progress of the contagion, the
+other conditions remaining unaltered.
+
+These relations of cause and effect between the contagious principle,
+the predisposition of the animals, and the state of the atmosphere,
+evidently are subject to some exceptions; but we must allow that in the
+present epizootic they are absolutely and completely applicable. For, in
+truth, the years 1864 and 1865 have been distinguished, if not by the
+persistency of a high rate of temperature not often witnessed, at least
+by an excessive drought during the months which are both hot and rainy;
+and this has happened in the various countries of Europe, thereby
+producing a falling off in the pasture and fodder both as respects their
+quantity and quality.
+
+As to England, a country usually cold and damp, but renowned for its
+spacious green fields and meadows, it has suffered more than any other
+country from these unfavourable conditions, and their destructive
+influence on the grass and corn; the herds having found a great
+reduction of food where formerly they met with abundance. Everybody has
+seen, as we have ourselves, large herds of cattle, wandering in
+amazement from field to field, and seeking for something to browse on a
+parched and arid soil. A supplementary provision of corn, roots, malt,
+and the grounds of the beer vat or spirit barrel, no doubt served to
+mitigate the sad effects of these privations on the health of cattle;
+but in spite of all that could be done, their blood became impoverished,
+their strength and vital resistance sank, and (like the animals which we
+transferred at will into a soil more favourable to the spread of
+parasitic diseases), they afforded last June, as they do now, an unusual
+predisposition to suffer and transform the morbific principles of
+typhus, which in all probability they would have been proof against at
+any other time. We may very fairly infer this much, for we must of
+necessity believe that the regular importation of cattle from those
+countries which are considered as the permanent focus of typhus, has
+from time to time transported the miasmatic germs of this malady into
+England, although the virus did not take effect on British cattle at
+those periods, for want of one or other of the conditions necessary to
+its generation and development.
+
+We may likewise infer, and a watchful appreciation of the facts
+contained in the veterinary medical journals would show that this
+opinion is not unfounded, that the special disease which constitutes
+this typhus (similar in that respect to epidemic diseases), may develop
+itself in one beast by accident, spontaneously, sporadically--that is to
+say, without immediate contagion; in a word, _apart from those epizootic
+conditions which alone render its propagation possible_. To be brief, we
+think that an isolated case of cattle typhus may by chance be detected,
+when there is no epizootia prevailing to account for it, just as we
+occasionally meet with cases of typhus or cholera among men during
+seasons absolutely free from these epidemics. It would not, therefore,
+appear to us altogether impossible, that under the influence of very
+special conditions, the contagious typhus of the ox might have its birth
+in England; and this would favour the theory of those reasoners who
+maintain that this typhus met with the first causes, and the origin of
+its development, in the stalls and cowsheds of London. But such has not
+been the cause of cattle typhus in the epizootia which we see at
+present.
+
+No doubt some animals suffered great privations, but, whatever
+alteration their health may have sustained, all this is nothing to be
+compared to the sufferings endured by the cattle in the steppes under
+the influence of deleterious conditions of the most exceptional
+character, which do, indeed, give birth to this typhus, and which we
+have already described.
+
+No, certainly not! _Nothing authorizes us to believe that the typhus now
+under our observation was bred and born, at first, within the stalls and
+cowsheds of London._ It was most assuredly imported. But it is true,
+nevertheless, that this cruel scourge found the horned cattle of England
+predisposed to receive it, and it likewise met with atmospheric
+conditions favourable to its subsequent diffusion; in a word, it met
+with the epizootic genius proper for the generation and propagation of
+the typhus miasma.
+
+It is thus that we may account for and reconcile the two contending
+theories, one of which refers the cause of this typhus to foreign
+importation, whilst the other insists that it originated in the filthy
+and half-ventilated cowsheds of the metropolis.
+
+But if this typhus could not spring up spontaneously out of the bovine
+race of England, it must be confessed that, independently of the general
+predisposition due to a great and protracted drought, it found in the
+sickening sheds of the metropolitan and country cattle the most
+favourable conditions for its incubation and subsequent diffusion.
+
+It would, indeed, be difficult to conceive of anything more directly
+adverse to the hygienic laws of health in cattle than the stalls and
+sheds dotted over the densely populated districts of London. Most of
+these pent-up cribs are situated in narrow lanes and yards, in filthy
+streets and blind alleys; and within these close, hot, and steaming
+receptacles the miserable cows, pressed against each other, without
+ever moving a limb, waste away and become phthisical in a very short
+space of time. We may readily imagine what a prey to the contagion must
+be afforded by these animals, already more or less ailing, some of which
+are fed in a great measure on malt, so sour and acrid that the very
+smell of it is intolerable. The milk from these cows is, moreover, of so
+wretched a quality, that in a cowhouse containing 48 of these poor
+creatures, at Kensington, I found only one, the milk of which exhibited
+the taste and quality fit for a sick child, for whom I ordered a milk
+diet.
+
+It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that the present epizootia,
+during this late tropical season[E] especially, should have met with all
+the conditions most conducive to its development and propagation.
+
+When the cattle distemper first broke out, the graziers, not suspecting
+its gravity, attempted to treat the animals themselves, but soon
+afterwards perceiving the fruitlessness of all their remedial measures,
+they felt that the best thing they could do was to turn their sick
+beasts to whatever account they could, by driving them to market or to
+the slaughter-houses, an expedient which they were the more disposed to
+adopt, inasmuch as the diseased cows had ceased to give milk. And then,
+the removal of these animals, in various stages of the disorder, became
+the most rapid means of disseminating the contagion, which, had it been
+concentrated and pent-up at first within its narrow focus, would
+otherwise have spread with less fearful havoc.[F]
+
+In the meanwhile the sick cows being commingled with thousands of heads
+of cattle exposed for sale at the different markets, communicated far
+and wide the principle of the disease; and as a certain number of these
+animals remaining unsold were driven back to the farms, into stalls
+until then removed from every cause of contagion, they introduced among
+their sound companions the fatal germs of the distemper; and as, again,
+this effectual means of propagating the evil was repeated several times
+in the same week, the consequence was that, by the end of July--a little
+more than a month after the outbreak--the whole of the south of England
+was in some sort contaminated. Thence the contagion extended to the
+north of the kingdom, and passed into Scotland; so that, at present, the
+cattle-typhus has spread its ramifications over a great number of the
+counties of Great Britain.[G]
+
+In the first instance, the contagion spread from animal to animal by
+means of an infecting influence in some degree direct, among cattle
+sheltered beneath the same roof, or collected in swarms within the same
+markets. But very soon the air itself was impregnated and polluted by
+the vaporization and diffusion of the typhic miasma; and herds of cattle
+which had no contact, either direct or indirect, with infected animals,
+were seen to be tainted with the distemper. Whether this contamination
+was produced by the passage of attainted cattle along the public roads
+(having fields on the right and left), or otherwise, nothing but an
+absolute isolation, an utter impossibility of contact, appeared to offer
+a perfect immunity against the spread of the evil.
+
+The miasma, condensed by the fogs and transported in all directions by
+the winds, now began to overleap every natural or artificial barrier,
+and the favoured herds, ruminating at their ease in the manorial farms
+of the wealthy patricians, in their well-kept parks and amid every
+luxury, were suddenly smitten with an evil which in their case seemed an
+anomaly. In such peaceful homes these innocent creatures were tended by
+intelligent and benevolent hands, which understood and felt for their
+frail constitutions; food of the best quality was lavishly supplied to
+them, and whatever they could wish for lay around them in abundance;
+richly reared, they had themselves become so many ornaments within these
+scenes of beauty, and all men thought that here, at least, were plots of
+rural ground which the genius of epizootia would not invade, and in
+which the healthy herds were invulnerable to contagion.
+
+It was under these circumstances that the fine farms of Earl Granville,
+at Golder's Green, skirting the Finchley Road,[H] containing as many as
+130 milch cows, were suddenly and fiercely attacked amidst their
+seeming immunity, and struck down in great numbers.
+
+"When I left England a month ago," said the noble lord, "there were
+about 130 milch cows in four sheds; in the two largest and best managed
+I found only one cow yesterday, September 4th."
+
+The park of Holly Lodge,[I] which is partly bounded by the main road
+along which pass and repass files of cattle going to and coming from the
+markets, was visited by the same unsparing scourge. Now certainly, the
+noble and beneficent lady of the manor, who secured to her cattle every
+attention, and who, confiding in the resources of medical science,
+attempted every means to save these stricken creatures doomed to an
+inevitable death; she whose enlightened mind, equally open to the claims
+of science as to those of misfortune, desired that experiments should be
+made which might tend to throw any light on this devastating malady;
+she, at any rate, one would think, might have escaped the common lot
+without exciting wonder or envy at the privilege which she enjoyed. But
+this fell and sweeping epizootia, inexorable in its latitudinarian
+march, entered those shady bounds, and decimated those orderly sheds
+with the same impartiality as it did that of the poor man, Cutting,
+whose whole fortune was stored up in the two milch cows whose death he
+had to deplore.
+
+This epizootia threatens to invade, one by one, all the European States,
+like the awful scourge of 1750, to which we have already drawn
+attention. For even now Holland and Belgium[J] have been smitten; and
+the alarm it has excited has for a time superseded the panic which the
+stealthy advance of the cholera to the west had kindled. Some imagine
+that it might have been kept out of Great Britain, or have been checked
+in its outbreak. But, in spite of all the safest precautions and the
+soundest measures of preparation, it would most likely have baffled
+human skill, and neither been held aloof nor stifled in its focus. But
+how painful it is, to have to write and to think that ignorance,
+carelessness, revolting cupidity, and the most wanton violation of the
+laws, have all contributed to extend the evil, with the foulest
+premeditation and the blindest disregard!
+
+To feel one's self a stranger in a country, and to be able to rejoice at
+one's connexions with it, and at the same time to be obliged to give
+publicity to certain truths distasteful to those to whom they are told,
+is a most painful task. But, as it would be to swerve from that duty and
+loyalty which the national interests as well as those of science impose
+upon a writer, not to speak out with impartial justice in a matter of so
+vital an importance, we beg permission to consider, without reserve,
+this delicate question:--the causes which have contributed to propagate
+the complaint.
+
+
+V.
+
+England, so long spared by that wasting scourge, which had so often
+extended its ravages over France and other kingdoms during the last
+sixty years, was taken by surprise; and the regulations and laws
+necessary to stifle without delay the distemper in its focus--that is to
+say, in the metropolis--not being in readiness, the outbreak of the
+disease found her helpless and unarmed.
+
+On the other hand, the organic forms of the English Government and
+municipal bodies, the reserve of the Cabinet during the vacation, the
+limited power of the Lord Mayor and his civic counsellors, the
+subdivision of London into parishes and vestries, as in the good times
+of the middle ages, the loose scattering of the shambles and meat
+markets through the many streets of the huge town, the right asserted by
+each man to be absolutely independent and free, the sanctity of the
+Englishman's home, &c., &c., all concurred to let loose and propagate
+the contagion, instead of keeping it within bounds.
+
+Indeed, whilst the competent authorities, with all the energy which
+could be expected of them on so grave a matter, were meeting and
+discussing the best measures to be taken, and the interesting debates at
+the Mansion-house were throwing the first light upon the question, the
+insidious malady pursued its destructive progress, diffusing new terror
+and alarm. When at length the Privy Council issued their orders,
+prescribing the public declaration of sick cattle, and that no affected
+beast was to be conveyed either by rail or by ship, whilst all the
+necessary means of purification and disinfection were to be employed,
+&c., it was unfortunately too late, the dreadful calamity having taken
+root and multiplied its stem like the upas-tree.
+
+What a field for reflection there is in these cases, which originating
+with the imperfect state of the laws and institutions, have fostered and
+encouraged the disease! But this is a subject which it would not behove
+us to discuss, and we prefer to show by the notes which will be found
+appended to the end of this work, and which are produced as attesting
+documents, that cattle proprietors, by their own confession, too often
+sacrifice the interests of the public to their own private advantage.[K]
+
+Nor have we been able to participate in the thoughts and reflections of
+so many sensible and judicious persons, on the impotence and
+dilatoriness of the public authorities, and also, let us say, on the
+inadequate pecuniary means proposed by a people so lavish of its wealth
+when useful and great undertakings are designed, without paying a
+natural tribute of regret, to the memory of a Prince who took so deep an
+interest in the progress of agriculture, and who, had he still been
+living, would have known how to direct with a firm and steady hand, the
+right measures to be taken amidst so many intricacies and
+embarrassments.
+
+Sometimes allusion has been made to France in the speeches delivered at
+these meetings, presided over by that active magistrate, the Lord Mayor.
+In the course of these remarks the speakers have praised and held up to
+admiration the advantages of her system of centralization, the decrees
+of her sanitary police, and the promptness with which she executes the
+measures which the public interests require. That is true. France is
+certainly in a state to resist the scourge with very effectual means to
+arrest its progress; but if in this matter, as in some others, she have
+acquired a superiority, it has only been by an experience dearly
+purchased, these epizootics having returned more than once to destroy
+her flocks and herds. Politically, the same might be said of her
+revolutions, those great moral epidemics.
+
+An orator, a writer, went so far as to say, in one of his numerous
+letters, the one dated the 24th of August: "I regret to say some of our
+neighbours laugh at our expense."[L]
+
+No, your neighbours will not laugh at your misfortunes. They sympathize
+at present both in your joys and sorrows, and if I have taken up my pen
+on this occasion, it has only been because I could not look with
+indifference on your too just anxieties, when I flattered myself that I
+might write some useful pages to mitigate and relieve them.
+
+As most newspaper readers are aware,[M] and as everybody may easily
+ascertain, the diseased cattle, in spite of reiterated orders to destroy
+them immediately, were, nevertheless, driven to the markets to be sold
+for what could be got for them; or when their tainted condition was too
+glaring they were at once sent off to the private shambles, the owners
+of which, in order to disguise the accusatory proof of the misdemeanor,
+hastened to sell the body of the animal. It would be quite impossible to
+mention all the violations of the law, which every day continue to fill
+the columns of the public journals. One graceless wretch, who deserved
+to be hanged for it, if his ignorance do not excuse him, was so infamous
+as to introduce a sick cow into a shed not yet attainted, in his
+criminal desire of propagating the disease there.[N]
+
+Thus, then, independently of the causes inherent to the typhus itself,
+which served of necessity to diffuse it, other causes proceeding from
+the defective state of the law, and the perfidy of individuals, have
+contributed to its dissemination. And yet the Government circulars, the
+newspapers, and the reports of veterinary doctors have made known that
+the slightest omissions and inattentions were serious--that the want of
+ventilation and cleanliness in the stables, the overcrowding of the
+cattle, and their abiding near their own droppings, or dung-heaps--that
+the keeping of dead bodies close to farms, cowsheds, enclosed grounds,
+and fields--that the hasty and imperfect burial of cattle--that the
+collection and transit of their fragments, bones, horns, and skins--that
+the driving on the public roads of any animal either tainted itself, or
+having lived among those that were sick--that the clothes of persons and
+stable utensils, soiled with putrid liquids--that all these, and similar
+causes, were capable of propagating or aggravating the disease.
+
+But whilst we must loudly condemn the voluntary misdeeds of those who
+drove their sick cattle to market, it must likewise be allowed that, to
+conform one's self rigidly to the given injunctions, was sometimes
+attended with serious embarrassments. How great, indeed, must have been
+the perplexity of any grazier who, being the owner, for instance, of
+forty head of cattle, and having seen ten of them perish under his eyes,
+without knowing where to dispose of them, was threatened with the loss
+of the remaining thirty within a few days! How could he calmly and
+patiently resign himself to suffer so large a quantity of animal matter
+to accumulate and putrefy around him, when, suddenly ruined, and
+destitute of every resource, the authorities held back instead of coming
+to his assistance.
+
+The prime cause of all the transgressions committed in despite of the
+Privy Council's orders, may therefore be referred in part to the want
+of compensation to be granted to the owners of infected cattle. It all
+might be almost reduced to a question of money. For let us suppose for a
+moment, that inspectors entrusted with adequate powers, had been
+authorized, after a close examination, to point out the tainted cattle;
+to fix a moderate price on them by way of compensation; to have them
+slaughtered, carried away, and immediately buried, would not such a
+course have diminished the generation of contagious miasma in a
+considerable proportion?
+
+Moreover, some cattle-breeders and farmers exposed themselves to the
+imposition of fines and penalties without any evil designs; for when
+they drove their beasts to market they were only in the stage of
+incubation, at the preliminary period, when it is really no easy task to
+distinguish the distemper. The following fact will exemplify this.
+
+At each market, in spite of continual warnings, the inspectors pick out
+and despatch to the slaughter-houses a certain number of sick cattle,
+not only those affected with typhus, but with other disorders. One
+cannot help wondering, on seeing the poor, lean, sickly condition of
+some of these creatures, how their owners could have been so mad as to
+expose them for sale; but in their number there are a few which,
+although sick, appear in good health to the common observer.
+
+About a fortnight ago, during one of our visits to the great
+Metropolitan Market, Mr. Tegg, the veterinary inspector, whose
+intelligence and earnestness are quite equal to the very difficult
+charge with which he is entrusted, ordered to be seized and removed to a
+secluded fold near the slaughter-houses, a dozen diseased animals. When
+once these cattle had been thus collected in a body, it was easy to
+submit them to a still closer examination. Most of these beasts, adult
+cows and oxen, were lean, panting, feverish, dispirited, and remained
+motionless where they stood. But among them was a cow, with a brisk and
+lively look, a quick open eye, which watched us with anxiety, and fled
+at our approach every time we passed by her. The turn came for this cow
+to be examined. Mr. Tegg, strong and handy--as every good veterinary
+doctor should be--seized hold of one of her horns, but he was quickly
+shaken off; other persons came up to assist him; the fiery animal was
+suddenly seized by both horns, by the nostrils, and the tail; but so
+strong and spirited was the animal, that she defended herself with
+advantage against all her adversaries, and once more shook herself free.
+
+It was necessary, however, to master the creature, so they surrounded
+her again, pressing her back this time into a corner of the pen, to
+overpower her. But lo! the animal takes a sudden spring, and leaps over
+the bars. Assuredly this cow, for a beast suspected of the typhus taint,
+had given a proof, if not of health, at least of extraordinary vigour;
+and her owner, who had seen her condemned with much vexation, now
+thought he saw ample reason to reclaim her, and drive her back to the
+market for sale. However the cow, on taking such a leap, and under
+conditions so unfavourable, came down with all her weight upon her
+limbs, fracturing one of her forelegs.
+
+After this accident, we were able to prosecute the examination we
+desired, and Mr. Tegg showed us a row of little glandular swellings on
+the ridge of the gums, and livid spots on the vaginal mucous membrane,
+which confirmed his diagnosis. The owner of this cow, nevertheless,
+still discredited the diseased state of the beast; so to convince him,
+she was driven off at once to the slaughter-house to be struck down;
+but, unfortunately, three or four others filled the required area, so
+that the poor cow was forced to witness the execution of her
+fellow-creatures before being killed herself. The look and posture of
+this cow, her excited yet terrified glance as she surveyed this scene of
+carnage, was one of those pictures which no pencil could draw; and
+although we acknowledge that man possesses an incontestable right to
+apply to his own use the dead or live matter of animals for his food and
+sustenance, we could not help feeling for the poor victim, slipping over
+the blood, and thus scenting death before receiving the stroke.
+
+We are not excessively sensitive; we have seen a hundred horses bleeding
+from the incisions made by veterinary pupils, and scores of oxen
+slaughtered; we ourselves have practised numerous experiments on
+animals; but the affecting sight of that animal witnessing the slaughter
+of others, and waiting her turn to die, touched us deeply. We could not
+help asking ourselves, how it was that man could dispense with
+compassion and good feeling even in that bloody toil, and why he did not
+bandage the eyes of the doomed creatures he was going to sacrifice?
+These dumb animals that we treat like inert matter are sensitive like
+ourselves; they are very conscious of pain; and if it be our privilege
+to compute the number of our days, we ought not to forget that they are,
+like us, endowed with intelligence, so that when they are thus detained
+at the place of execution, all their senses and faculties being
+concentrated on their destroyer, they are fully conscious of the cruel
+fate which awaits them.
+
+At last it was the poor beast's turn to be slaughtered, and ten minutes
+afterwards we opened her entrails, and had proof that Mr. Tegg's
+judgment was exact, for already the stomach and intestines offered to
+view indubitable signs of the typhus at its first period.
+
+The owner of the cow was then convinced and brought to reason, but he
+still very fairly asserted the goodness of his motives, about which none
+present doubted at all, and applied for compensation to the full value
+of the beast, both as butcher's meat and offal, which application was
+granted.
+
+Judge, therefore, by this particular example, how many tainted cattle
+there must have been which have propagated this distemper, some with and
+some without the knowledge of their owners; and, "_horresco referens!_"
+how much of this tainted meat must have been purchased and eaten by the
+public, since this cow had all the appearance of health and vigour, and
+the real diseased condition might not have been detected at all, but for
+the experience and sagacity of Mr. Tegg, the inspector.
+
+
+VI.
+
+In this consideration of the causes of the contagious typhus in bovine
+cattle, we have deemed it essential to invite attention both to those
+which are generally recognised and admitted, and to those which, though
+they may have been settled in the minds of observant and experienced
+men, may yet appear hypothetical to certain readers.
+
+Besides which, in every scientific work, allowance must be made for the
+past and future; and here we have two vital distinctions. If the man
+who undertakes this task does not go on, he falls back; and it was to
+avoid incurring this reproach that we have passed our old boundaries and
+visited new avenues. We are aware that more than one objection might be
+urged against the opinions and theories which we have exposed, in order
+to account for the outbreak of typhus in England; we might anticipate,
+we might reply to these objections; but we would rather recapitulate our
+inquiry into the causes, in the tangible form of practical propositions.
+
+From the general considerations above given, we think we may conclude,
+
+1st. That the causes which generate the cattle typhus on our globe are
+permanent and unceasing, not only on the banks of the great rivers which
+empty themselves into the Black Sea, but also in other countries--in
+America, in Africa, &c.; wherever, in a word, exist the conditions, not
+of race (the race of the animal in this case being but secondary), but
+of climate and of the organic elements which are indispensable to the
+formation and development of typhic miasma.
+
+2nd. That the cattle typhus, although it exists not necessarily, but
+through the improvidence or want of caution in man, on different parts
+of the earth, never appears at all in the temperate and more genial
+zones, save under particular and special circumstances, analogous in
+some degree with those which generate the human typhus--inclemency of
+the seasons, overcrowded dwellings, bad or insufficient food, and want
+of cleanliness; and that these particular and special circumstances give
+birth to the epizootic genus, rendering the cattle fit and apt to
+receive the germs of the contagious virus, and to foster its incubation.
+
+3rd. That the cattle typhus, thus accidentally developed in the
+temperate and genial zones, by means of the vicious hygienic conditions
+amidst which horned cattle are accustomed to live, and which serve as
+the causes of its propagation, is afterwards transmitted by the contact
+of animals living in the same stall or shed, or collected in herds on
+the same ground, or transported in the same vehicles, by land or sea.
+
+4th. That the droppings of animals, their litter, their dead bodies, and
+their detritus, or broken-up remains--also the stables, vehicles, and
+implements which have served for their use, and all matters or
+substances which have touched them or approached them--are generative
+elements of the distemper.
+
+5th. That the typhic miasma, thus reproduced and multiplied in one place
+under the influence of all these producing causes, is conveyed by the
+winds to great distances, smiting those well guarded cattle which
+appeared to be fully protected from the possibility of infection by
+their isolation.
+
+6th. That the want of prompt and stringent measures first to
+concentrate, and then to stifle this typhus in its focus; the love of
+lucre, the perfidy of some, and the absence of foresight and caution in
+others, may be, and have been in the particular cases which we are
+dealing with, material causes and agencies of its diffusion.
+
+Such we consider to be the causes which engender and propagate cattle
+typhus, and which will serve as a basis for the preventive measures to
+be employed in order to withstand and check its propagation.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] We are aware that the transport of cattle is conducted in a
+different manner during the prevalence of this epizootia. The account
+given by two German veterinary surgeons of the management of the vessels
+of the North German Lloyd's, and of the manner in which the animals are
+treated, is a proof of this; but before the appearance of the epizootia,
+the transport of animals by land and by sea left much to be desired.
+This account will be found at the end of this work (NOTE A); and all
+documents in support of the facts which have served as the basis of our
+dissertation, are also in the Appendix, arranged alphabetically in the
+form of notes.
+
+[C] See Notes B, C, D, E.
+
+[D] See Note F.
+
+[E] On the 15th of September, the thermometer stood at 80 deg. Fahrenheit.
+
+[F] See Notes G, J.
+
+[G] See Notes K, L.
+
+[H] See Note M.
+
+[I] See Note N.
+
+[J] See Notes O, P.
+
+[K] See Notes R, S, T.
+
+[L] See Note V.
+
+[M] See Note Y.
+
+[N] See Note Z.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+_Description of the Contagious Typhus of the Ox; its Symptoms, Course,
+Progress, &c._
+
+
+I have already written the history of the typhus which affects the ox; I
+have shown and dwelt upon the signs and characters of typhus diseases
+generally, deducing therefrom the denomination and definition of that of
+the ox in particular; finally, I have described the causes which
+generate and diffuse it abroad.
+
+Now, I must make known the various phases and alterations to which the
+disease is liable, and which, in the language of the medical schools,
+are called its symptoms and characteristics; its progress or course; its
+prognosis; its _post-mortem_ appearances, &c. &c.
+
+This examination, like those which have preceded it, will afford new
+foundations for medical practice.
+
+
+I.
+
+_Symptomatic Characteristics._--The typhus of the ox, like all
+infectious and contagious diseases, offers to observation four
+successive changes: 1st, a _period of Incubation_, during which the
+original structure is subject to internal and latent derangements; 2nd,
+a _period of Initiation_, during which the first evident signs of the
+disease are manifested; 3rd, a _period of Endurance_, during which the
+phenomena are fully developed; 4th, a _period of Decline_, or wasting
+atony.
+
+These divisions and classifications, it will readily be conceived, are
+rather fanciful, for nature does not adapt herself to our methodical
+forms. Still we shall abide by them, because they have their relative
+and practical utility, and because they will afford to the practitioner
+suggestions more easily understood; and finally, because the organic
+changes are different at these various periods, which in their entirety
+constitute the typhus of the bovine species.
+
+The description of those different phases through which the organism of
+cattle smitten with the contagion has to pass, has moreover been given
+in a masterly manner by the veterinary physicians of the different
+European countries, especially by those in which opportunities to
+observe it have been most frequent--that is to say, by the Russian,
+German, and French veterinary doctors, Jessen, Roell, D'Arboval, Gelle.
+
+The English physicians of the 18th century, as we have already seen,
+were also in no respect inferior to those of our own time. Finally, Mr.
+Simonds, who published a very able Report on his return from his
+scientific exploration in Galicia, in 1857, and the skilful Professor
+Bouley, in his recent communications to the Academie de Medecine, in
+Paris, respecting his examination of the present cattle typhus in
+England, have described the disease with minute exactness, as we
+ourselves have verified on the various sick beasts which we have seen
+during the last two months.
+
+1. _Period of Incubation._--Several careful experiments, which have been
+cited in the historical division of this work, and numerous fortuitous
+occasions, have authorized us to assign a duration of nine or twelve
+days to the period of incubation, according to the general conditions
+of the epizootia, the manner in which the contagion is transmitted, and
+the former state of health of the affected cattle.
+
+Thus an epizootia at the outset, either when it has become general, or
+when it is at its decline, does not always transmit typhic miasma of the
+same virulent intensity, nor does it always provoke in the frame a
+labour of incubation which is invariable. The contagion transmitted from
+animal to animal living continually in the same stalls or sheds is
+followed by an incubation more quick and active than that which results
+from a chance contact in the markets, or from a contagion produced at a
+distance, by the transmission of the miasmatic effluvium along the
+public highways.
+
+Let us add to these considerations the relative state of each animal's
+health, and we shall then perfectly understand that the incubation must
+vary both in its continuance and in the characteristics of its
+manifestation. In some animals it scarcely betrays the derangements
+produced by its morbid operation: they preserve their appetite and their
+usual looks. A close and attentive observation would alone be able to
+distinguish some slight alterations in their way of living, in the
+regularity of their rumination and sleep. But in others, there is no
+mistaking a something irregular and unusual in their appearance and
+living; the vital state is no longer the same. Thus an animal which used
+to be cheerful and familiar becomes silent and solitary; it browses the
+grass with less eagerness and avidity; it lies down more frequently and
+longer; it lingers by the side of the hedge along the field, or it
+wanders about, here and there, with a listless look, and without any
+object. Others moan and complain, bellowing at intervals in an unusual
+manner, very expressive of languor and pain.
+
+But apart from seasons of epizootia, the beasts too often exhibit these
+imperceptible shades of variety in their looks and actions for the
+attention to be struck by them; these changes, therefore, are almost
+always unnoticed.
+
+However, the typhic miasma absorbed at the same time by the respiratory
+and digestive mucous membranes serves to modify the qualities of the
+blood, and secretly reacts on the nervous system; soon after, the
+animal exhibits more decidedly those changes which previously were
+hardly to be detected; his want of appetite is more marked, his sadness
+more obvious, and his attention fixes itself more slowly and carelessly
+on the objects which surround him. When he is in the shed, his usual
+food is found in excess of his wants, his thirst is much keener and more
+frequent, and a continual dejection and lowness of spirits or a
+transitory agitation disturb all his functions. When the farmers or
+graziers notice these premonitory signs for the first time they pay but
+little attention thereto; but if the contagion has found its way into
+their stalls and sheds they are no longer deceived by them, but begin to
+apprehend that in a day or two fresh victims will be added to the
+number.
+
+2. _Period of Initiation._--Soon the elaboration of the virulent miasma
+in the organic structure changes the quality of the blood and humours,
+the functions of assimilation and secretion are modified, the nervous
+centres receive vitiated organic elements and are disturbed in their
+physiological conditions, and the smitten animal displays that state of
+latent uneasiness which he is imperfectly conscious of by a general
+look of heaviness and stupor (+Typhos+), which has suggested for this
+disease its name of typhus.
+
+Indeed, the poor animal's eyes are fixed, the hearing becomes obtuse or
+indifferent, as may be seen in the sinking of the ears, those organs
+which are so sensitive, so contractile, and so vigilant in herbivorous
+animals. With the head hanging down and motionless, the neck stretched
+out, their forelegs open and spread, their buttocks drawn together and
+one of them completely lax, they seem to succumb beneath the weight of
+their bodies. In a word, the animal exhibits through its whole bearing a
+heavy sadness, a general dejection, which bespeak a great derangement in
+the whole structure. From this time, in the animals which are most
+seriously affected, the appetite ceases, the rumination becomes
+irregular and partial, whilst in some others the appetite and rumination
+are maintained in different degrees.
+
+But the incubation of the morbid elements pursues its course, the
+alteration of the blood becomes general, and the circulation is
+increased and quickened. After this the fever interposes and stops the
+secretions, that of the udders is dried up, the mucous channels cease to
+flow, the mucous membrane of the mouth becomes whitish, the little
+glands situated on it are more permanent, especially in the
+circumference of the gums; the floor of the tongue and the larynx are
+inflamed, the mucous membrane of the cow's sexual organs is red and
+furrowed with livid streaks, the white of the eye is parched, and the
+skin feels alternately hot and cold, as well as the horns and hoofs.
+
+Some of the sufferers have an external horripilation, transient
+shiverings are felt in the front and hind quarters and at the junction
+of the limbs with the trunk. Some pregnant cows near their delivery
+miscarry. In a word, at this period of irritation, the whole frame is at
+war with the typhic elements which besiege it, and which overcome the
+preservative power of the vital forces, and from this general
+disturbance arises an incandescent fever, which drains and stops all the
+secretions at their source.
+
+These general symptoms are the first signs and warnings of functional
+derangements more significant, which may, however, vary according to the
+predispositions of each animal, and transfer their evolutions either to
+the nervous centres or to the respiratory mucous membrane, or to that of
+the digestive channels, in the inflammatory and febrile form of the
+contagious typhus. Such at least is what we observe in the typhus of
+1865 in England.
+
+The functional derangements, in truth, subordinate to and depending on
+the predispositions exhibited by the cattle, are far from being the same
+in all. In some, the nervous derangements predominate; in others, it is
+those of the respiratory, and in others, it is those of the digestive
+channels.
+
+As in this period of irritation the nervous centres are more
+particularly affected, the animal suffers cerebral and rickety pains, a
+constant cephalalgia, which provokes vague anxiety; he is sometimes
+cheerful, sometimes wild and furious; he clenches his teeth and yawns,
+the muscles of his face spasmodically contract, the spine feels very
+sensitive when pressed, a burning and insatiable thirst comes on, the
+breathing is hurried, and the intestinal evacuations are suspended.
+
+In this form the toxaemia appears to concentrate about the nervous
+centres--as is observed elsewhere at the outset of certain violent
+fevers, in the typhus and typhoid fever of man, for instance--and some
+of their number may perish the victims of these nervous disorders, and
+even fall as if struck with electricity. They die apparently from the
+result of the typhic poison; for at this second period, we do not trace
+in the nervous centres those injuries which might account for so sudden
+a death.
+
+When the respiratory apparatus concentrates upon it the febrile
+congestion, the breathing becomes painful, accelerated, embarrassed,
+sometimes convulsive, and a deep, oppressive cough is heard from time to
+time. The animal, under the yoke of this oppressive uneasiness, turns
+his head from right to left, scents, and seems to question his flanks,
+where the seat of the disorder is; and then, whether the pulmonary
+affection is congestive or inflammatory or emphysematous, he may die of
+the consequences of obstruction to the pulmonary circulation and from
+the alteration of the blood, under the influence of a slow asphyxia,
+but only at the third or fourth period.
+
+Finally, when the typhus localizes more particularly its morbid
+phenomena on the digestive channels, we discern local alterations on the
+floor of the tongue and the buccal mucous membrane, spots of livid red,
+leaving behind them ulcerations of greater or less extent and depth on
+different parts of the intestinal canal. In this form, which follows
+more regularly all the periods, constipation is obstinate at the outset,
+evacuation of the bowels takes place with difficulty, the faeces are hard
+and the urine scanty, the belly is inflated and sensitive.
+
+Sometimes at this period of initiation, one of these three symptomatic
+forms--the nervous, the pulmonary, and the digestive--may predominate
+exclusively, so far as to mask the disease as a whole, and to constitute
+it a special malady. But in that case, it is only the exaggeration of
+the functional derangements which in their total constitute the typhus:
+for when the distemper pursues its course, these three principal centres
+of life are always affected in different degrees. Thus, not one of the
+cattle smitten with the typhus goes through all the phases of the
+disease, without suffering at a given moment in its nervous,
+respiratory, and digestive functions.
+
+In this respect, the typhus of the ox presents an apparent analogy with
+the typhoid fever in man, although it is different. Consequently, the
+name of _typhus fever_ given by some veterinary surgeons, is not
+altogether inapplicable to it.
+
+3. _Period of Duration._--At this stage of the disease, which may be
+said to extend from the fourth to the seventh day, the nervous
+derangements are confined to symptoms of uneasiness and sensibility
+along the dorsal spine; for those cases which exhibited more violent
+derangement in the nervous functions have proved fatal. In this period
+of the disease the breathing is more embarrassed, particularly when the
+pulmonary form of the disease prevails. The pulse, which is hard and
+frequent, indicates from forty to sixty pulsations; the beatings of the
+heart are more violent and audible; the mucous membranes, dry at the
+outbreak, recover their secretions, but these latter are endowed with
+irritating properties. Thus the eyelids, swollen and tumefied at the
+edges beneath the lashes, drip with a corrosive liquid, which soon marks
+its furrow along the chanfrin; the bronchiae, the trachea, the nostrils,
+the salivary glands, exude a serosity which runs out of the nasal and
+buccal orifices. The exanthematic eruption having discharged itself
+through the digestive channels, constipation is followed by diarrhoea,
+rumination is completely stopped, the beast declines all solid
+nutriment, and pants for drinks,--for those especially which have a
+slight taste of acidity in them.
+
+The derangements at this period pursue a rapid course--the breathing
+becomes more and more difficult, the skin is hot and dry, the hairs
+stiffen more and more, gases are developed in the cellular tissues
+beneath the skin, along the dorsal vertebrae, at the abdominal folds of
+the posterior limbs and under the abdomen, in the form of flat, uneven,
+crepitant tumours, which crackle when pressed with the hand; the
+diarrhoea becomes more liquefied and irritant, for then it is no
+longer a flow of droppings covered with mucus which is expelled, but
+secretions already putrid, sometimes reddish in colour, and attended
+with foetid gases, which induce tenesmus in the rectum, and force up
+the tail. The animal grows perceptibly lean, his dejection is extreme,
+and cows which are with calf miscarry.
+
+At night, the animal seems to have an increase of fever, sometimes of a
+remittent type, after which he becomes drowsy and lies down to rest
+himself or to sleep, if he can; but the difficulty of breathing, the
+abdominal pains, soon force him to rise again, which he cannot do
+without an effort.
+
+4. _Period of Decline and Sinking._--This stage is observed to extend
+from the eighth day to the twelfth or the fourteenth. The morbid
+functions pursue their course, for the disease has its regular phases
+and a successive variation of phenomena. The secretions, which a few
+days before were fluid and irritating, have undergone a change; they
+have become thick and purulent, they flow more slowly from the ocular
+mucous membranes, and also from the nasal and buccal, which are red and
+inflamed, and they already emit a foetid smell. The dull tarnished
+eyes become hollowed, purulent mucus lodges within their orbits, the
+bronchiae are stopped up, the breathing grows louder and more panting,
+the animal instinctively stretches his neck to ease it; the wasting of
+the flesh exposes the bones of the sacrum and coccyx, laying bare the
+vertebrae and the ribs; the emphysematous tumours are more extensive and
+crackling; the skin, less heated, wrinkles up and splits about the bony
+protuberances; the udders are crusty and excoriated; detached boils,
+hard and rounded at first, then soft and purulent, begin to show
+themselves on the trunk and the upper parts of the limbs. The
+diarrhoea, still frequent, becomes bloody and intolerably offensive.
+
+At this final period the organic structure yields to the effects of a
+general alteration of the liquids and solids. The vital force has lost
+the power of reaction; a mass of blood, decomposed by the double
+influence of a virulent toxaemia and the obstructions of respiration,
+conveys to all the organs a principle of dissolution; the nervous system
+is in a manner paralysed, as is shown in the animal's insensibility.
+
+The secretions stop up the various channels and cavities; they lodge
+within them; they undergo a putrid decomposition, and pass out with
+difficulty in the form of a purulent and bloody flux, in the highest
+degree infectious. Very soon the sick animal has ceased really to live;
+it struggles and labours with its agony; if the lungs are clogged with
+gas or fluid they rattle hurriedly and often; the animal cannot hold its
+head up even when lying down, and when standing moves it to and fro as
+if affected with the natural shaking of old age, and as if seeking to
+ward off some indescribable evil, the occurrence of which it was
+awaiting.
+
+The animal's body is a prey given up beforehand to the laws of organic
+decomposition: the internal mucous membrane of the cheeks and lips peels
+off in strips when rubbed; the sores on the skin have a livid and
+gangrenous look; the eggs which the flies deposit on the edge of the
+eyelids and at the nasal orifices, or on the excoriations of the skin,
+quickly pass into the state of larvae. The air they expire is cold and
+infectious; the native caloric, extinguished in every focus
+successively, disappears; the vaginal mucous membrane is tumefied, the
+anal opening gapes, and from it flows a bloody and decomposed liquid
+which the rectum can no longer expel. The mouth, half open and coated
+with a thick glutinous foam, vainly tries to inhale long draughts of air
+which can no longer reach the lungs. Finally, if the animal is lying
+down, he expires in slow agony, his head borne down by its own weight;
+or, if standing, he sinks and falls down, his death having anticipated
+the fall.
+
+Such are the symptoms--the subjective signs which enable us to detect
+the contagious typhus of the ox. But all animals do not exhibit these
+disorders of the vital functions with the same regularity and excess.
+Some of these we have seen, from first to last, sustain the internal
+effects of the morbid process--in some sort passively--without revealing
+any deep derangements in the nervous, respiratory, and digestive
+functions. The poisonous virus had smitten them; they suffered in their
+general structure; they looked stupefied; they lost, at a given moment,
+their appetite and rumination; they had fever; their breathing had
+become short and frequent; they had diarrhoea; they gradually lost
+flesh, and the excreta passed through certain changes and
+transformations. In a word, the animal had manifestly the bovine typhus;
+but, thanks to a relative immunity, to a special organization, which
+renders some of these beasts capable of resisting the contagion for a
+long period, and sometimes altogether[O]--thanks to that variety which
+we observe in different constitutions (for small-pox and typhus in man,
+and the true typhoid fever in animals, do not operate with the same
+violence on all alike)--thanks to this privileged organization,--we have
+seen some oxen pass through every stage of the disease without
+exhibiting this terrible train of morbid phenomena.
+
+In these cases--for even this mild form of the distemper at last
+produces death--the injuries fix themselves more exclusively on the
+digestive channels, and we witness, in dissection, ulcerations in some,
+in others mere spots of a livid red, more or less extensive.
+
+Finally, although the typhus be one of the gravest maladies which
+destroy and decimate cattle, all sick animals are not mortally affected
+thereby. In the present epizootia, five per cent., as nearly as can be
+ascertained, recover; and when that happens, signs of a favourable omen
+are observable during the course of the attack. In these favourable
+instances, indeed, the symptoms, even though they exhibit a certain
+gravity, pursue a regular course; fever does not become remittent; the
+faecal discharge is copious and easy, with less foetor; the animal
+loses flesh slowly and progressively; the tumours are cutaneous,
+inflammatory; their character is good, depurative, and rather purulent
+than gaseous and crackling. The droppings do not show that high degree
+of pestilential decomposition described above; the animal in his drink
+welcomes and digests a mixture of bran and flour; the secretions of
+purulent mucus and the faecal discharges dry up and stop in the early
+part of the period of decline; the epidermis of the openings through
+which they passed out peels off in thin scales, and afterwards in scurfs
+or husks--in a word, the economy does not experience those acute
+disturbances which strike one of the tripods of life--that is to say,
+either the nervous centres, the lungs, or the digestive organs.
+
+Now, in these curable cases, in which the cure is most generally due to
+nature's own efforts, but which a systematic treatment might render far
+more frequent, the convalescence is long, and requires great attention
+and a well-regulated diet, in which the food is carefully measured and
+divided. Here there must be a rigid superintendence. A laxity in the
+watchfulness, or too much reliance on the reviving health, have produced
+sudden relapses, and been fatal to many sick cattle, which had been
+looked upon as thoroughly cured. For it may well be conceived that
+convalescent animals, after sustaining such violent derangements in
+their health, and having been brought down to the lowest degree of
+prostration and marasmus--to a reconstitution, we may call it, of the
+solids and liquids--have a devouring hunger. If, therefore, the keeper
+who looks after them unhappily forgets that the principal lesions or
+sores are seated in the stomach and intestines, and if he gives them too
+much solid nutriment, he impedes the cure, irritates the ulcerations not
+yet thoroughly covered over, and soon adds another victim to those which
+had already died.
+
+This convalescence lasts from fifteen to twenty days, and the animal
+only recovers its health at last by slow degrees. Still the careful
+keeper need not be afraid of a relapse when he is patient and watchful.
+
+Such, then, is the contagious typhus of the ox. Type of the unreturnable
+infectious diseases, its virulent miasms undergo within the structure a
+series of transformations: they produce in the frame a general disorder
+fully capable of annihilating the predisposition or aptitude of the
+animal to receive the taint. A disease essentially specific, it affects
+the principal centres of life; it kills its victim both by its deadly
+virus and by the local derangements to which it gives rise; for how is
+it possible to preserve life when the whole nervous system, that
+promoter and regulator of all the functions, is upset?--when the lungs
+which revivify the blood, when the digestive organs which are the very
+sources of alimentation, are smitten with stagnation?--when, in fine,
+not only these vital centres have ceased to operate, but when each by
+itself is the cause of torturing pains and exhaustion?
+
+The typhus, moreover, is observed in all animals of the bovine species,
+whatever may be their race, their age, or their sex. The recovered
+animals may live with impunity amidst diseased herds of cattle, thanks
+to its non-relapsive nature. Jessen has even witnessed cows which, after
+their own cure, communicated a sort of immunity to their offspring. For
+the same reason it is that epizootias are less fatal in those countries
+where they often occur, the constitutions of those animals which are
+engendered amongst such habituated herds, preserving a prophylaxy
+inherent to the blood which has been transmitted to them.
+
+Besides, what a pregnant subject is this for the physician, and what
+more meritorious task can he set himself than the treatment of such a
+distemper, which reason assures him must eventually lead to the cure and
+eradication of the same complaint in the human species?
+
+From a cause which as yet has been indistinguishable and imponderable,
+what important, what marvellous results loom in the future! The air
+seems to us pure and wholesome, yet it conceals a typhic miasma of the
+most deadly kind; it carries this pernicious principle into the richest
+meadows, where we see feeding flocks and herds which to us seem
+exuberant with health. Then this miasma is inhaled and absorbed, and it
+meets in the frame the special and indispensable organic element which
+is needed for its multiplication; there it undergoes certain latent
+transformations, and a fermentation, a germination, which we call
+_incubation_, in order to explain a process which we cannot understand.
+Then fever is kindled, all the functions are disturbed, and the sick
+animal is struck down, leaving us wondering, ignorant, and powerless
+spectators in the presence of phenomena which, nevertheless, are the
+eternal work of nature and have endured through all time.--But if in
+the invisible typhic atom nature gives us death, it also gives us life
+in the zoosperma.
+
+
+II.
+
+_Lesions found in the Bodies of Oxen after Death._
+
+The description which we have given of the disorders produced in the
+different functions by the operation of the typhus, may easily suggest
+what must be the lesions exhibited by the organs of the body.
+
+Death, we have said already, may overtake the disease at any of its
+periods, and thus show every aspect and every degree of the organic
+lesions. Such an animal being struck down at the period of initiation,
+will not, of course, present the changes and varieties of the period of
+decline, and _vice versa_.
+
+In general, the state of the dead bodies is that of the most decided
+marasmus; the remains are intensely repulsive, as well by the stench
+they emit as by the sight they afford; and, in summer especially,
+decomposition sets in with great rapidity. Consequently, the utmost care
+is required in conveying them from place to place; and this attention
+is the more essential, because in the transit, the cavities being
+deprived of their contractile power, let flow the pestilential liquids
+which they contain, thereby infecting the carriages and public roads.
+The urgent necessity there is to inhume at once these dead bodies, the
+most active agents in diffusing the contagion, is equally the drift of
+this observation.
+
+The deceased animal, as a subject of anatomy, enables us to certify the
+seat of the emphysematous tumours, and to see that they are really due
+to the air which insinuates itself into the cellular tissue, and which,
+receding from the pressure of the fingers between the cells, produced
+the crackling sound we noticed above. This penetration of the air is,
+moreover, a far more general effect than was supposed.
+
+It is ascertained, likewise, from the examination of these subjects,
+that the round, fluctuating, and smaller tumours, are indeed purulent
+gatherings, which occasionally find a passage into the layers and
+interstices of the muscles.
+
+The muscular flesh is usually flabby, bloodless, unsightly, of a very
+nauseous smell; and it would be difficult to imagine that the most
+avaricious trickster would dare to offer even the most presentable parts
+of it for sale and consumption. But when the expedients and artifices
+known to the butcher's trade are had resort to, when, regardless of the
+public health, the unprincipled dealer selects the most fleshy parts,
+when he dresses and adorns them by colouring them over with the blood of
+a healthy beast, the unwary eye of the purchaser may be deceived.
+Observe, that we are now speaking of cattle that have died in the last
+stage of this marasmus, so that we might suppose, even if the many
+summonses before the magistrates, and the too moderate fines which have
+been imposed on the guilty parties, had not shed the broadest light upon
+the fact, that _a large number of sick cattle which had been slaughtered
+at different stages of this frightful disease, have been dressed and
+adorned, exposed for sale, sold, and eaten by a very large portion of
+the inhabitants of London and of the country likewise_.
+
+_Digestive Channels._--The mucous membrane of the buccal cavity is, for
+the most part, of a livid whiteness; ecchymosed stains, and sometimes
+ulcerations, differing in their form and number, are visible on the
+floor of the tongue. Mr. Simonds has had an anatomical model
+constructed, which presents a perfect type of these ulcerations, some of
+which are of a scarlet hue, with perpendicular edges. The _stomachs_
+exhibit a variety of ulcerations.
+
+The _paunch_, or first stomach, always contains a large quantity of food
+intended for rumination; sometimes these aliments are dry, and lie
+sticking to its sides; at other times they are diluted with water which
+had not yet been absorbed after drinking. The inner membrane of this
+first reservoir may show flat spots, with livid injections of different
+sizes.
+
+The _honeycomb_, or second stomach, generally exhibits the same injuries
+as the paunch.
+
+The _manyplies_, or third stomach, contains between its laminae hard,
+pulverulent, and dry alimentary substances, which are seen sticking to
+the different leaves. On removing these substances, some ecchymosed
+spots are laid bare, the epithelium of which easily peels off;
+sometimes ulcerations, and even perforations, are visible.
+
+The _reed_, or fourth stomach, whose sides are thicker, more fleshy, and
+more vascular, exhibits within its folds various kinds of lesions or
+sores: they consist of large flat stains of a darkish red, more or less
+soft, and sometimes ulcerations red on their deep surface, with clean
+edges.
+
+As for the intestines, properly so called, the _duodenum_ shows the same
+injuries, but most generally large ecchymosed spots.
+
+The _small intestine_ appears on the outside, even when it preserves its
+place in the abdomen, of a reddish colour, lined with vessels distended
+with blood, the signs of a general congestion of its membranes. The
+examination of the mucous membrane, after it has been cut open
+lengthways, shows, indeed, that this portion of the digestive tube is
+the principal seat of the distemper; for, independently of this general
+injection, you perceive ulcerations which have succeeded to detached
+pustules or lengthy flat spots, the result of a cluster of several of
+Peyer's glands, brought together by the plastic influence of
+inflammation. These flat spots, or wafers, very similar to those we
+observe in the typhoid fever of man, are inflamed and ulcerated in
+different degrees.
+
+The mucous membrane of the _large intestine_ exhibits lesions depending
+on the period of the disease. About the third period, the injection is
+sometimes general, especially near the rectum; but in the fourth and
+last period we often meet with ulcerations which are smaller in the
+upper part, larger and deeper about the lower or rectal part. The
+membrane of the sexual parts of the cow is strongly injected, and of a
+dull red colour.
+
+As we have seen, the different organs of the digestive apparatus may, in
+this typhus, offer to view extensive alterations perfectly consistent
+with the gravity of the symptoms or the functional derangements. In two
+cases in which disorders of the respiration had prevailed, and which had
+been sacrificed on the eighth or tenth day of the disease, we only
+observed partial injections of a very limited character, either on the
+gastric membranes or on that of the intestine, and which might have
+been detected in the case of common intestinal inflammation. Therefore,
+in these two cases, the characteristic lesions of the typhus, if they
+must be localized in the intestine, were, so to speak, absolutely
+wanting. It was, we will not say exactly the same, on four other
+animals, three oxen and one cow; but if, in two of them, the fourth
+stomach was inflamed, if in the third the small intestine was congested,
+and if, lastly, in the cow the large intestine showed ulcerations, we
+could not in these lesions distinguish those of typhoid fever.
+
+These facts struck us with great surprise, for we were far from
+suspecting them. We hoped, on opening the intestine of these animals,
+which had certainly all died of the typhus, to meet assuredly in a
+determined spot some well-known lesion declared beforehand. To our great
+astonishment, such has not always been the case. So that our theories,
+conclusive as they seemed on the identity of the ox typhus and the
+typhoid fever in man, and which more than anyone else we wished to see
+confirmed, must submit to observation.
+
+In fine, in this epizootia the intestinal lesions or sores present
+different appearances. Developed to the utmost in some cases, so much so
+as to exhibit ulcerations at the root of the tongue as well as in the
+intestines, and to be in a manner the excess of the injuries which are
+seen in typhoid fever, they are in other cases scarcely perceptible, and
+sometimes entirely absent, when the animal is struck down in the third
+or fourth period, that is to say, when the exanthematic or pustular
+state has had time to develope itself on the digestive channels. One of
+these animals seized by Mr. Tegg at the Camden Town market, was in such
+a state of exhaustion that he could not be driven to the
+slaughter-house, only two hundred yards distant; they were forced to
+fell him on the spot midway, in order to have him conveyed to the place
+of dissection. We only detected partial injections on the digestive tube
+of this beast. The pulmonary emphysema which had caused this animal's
+death was developed in the highest degree.--He was opened at the request
+of M. Bouley, of Alfort.
+
+_Apparatus of Respiration._--Here, again, the typhus shows us injuries
+which differ from those of typhoid fever; for if the breathing is always
+more or less obstructed at the outbreak of this fever, no serious
+organic change in the lungs is the consequence thereof. In the ox
+typhus, on the contrary, when the pulmonary form prevails, the
+derangements of the respiratory organs are remarkable. Thus, the mucous
+membrane of the nostrils, from which flows a purulent and fetid mucus,
+is sometimes ulcerated and excoriated. The larynx and the trachea or
+windpipe, choked up with frothy mucus, show the same alterations, though
+less frequently. The lungs, which are rather congested than inflamed,
+are emphysematous, the air having entered and distended the cellular
+tissue which unites the lobes together.
+
+In some cases, the lungs are so gorged with air that their lobes
+constitute but a single heap, rendering them irrecognisable, so greatly
+do their volume, their specific gravity, and their spongy aeriform
+aspect differ from the natural state.
+
+_Apparatus of Circulation._--The inner sides of the heart show
+ecchymosed spots, and the same is the case with the larger vessels. The
+blood, diminished in its quantity and altered in its quality, is
+blackish and more fluid; but in most cases it coagulates instantaneously
+and in a mass, without separating into its solid and liquid parts.
+
+_Nervous System._--Having observed and dissected the dead bodies at the
+slaughter-houses of the markets, we were not able to examine either the
+brain or the spinal marrow. Besides, let us remark in this place, that
+the mode of felling cattle in England would have rendered impossible
+such an examination. For the animals are struck with a club, which kills
+them both by cerebral concussion and by the direct alteration of the
+brain; the instrument having a sharp end which perforates the skull and
+injures the cerebral lobes. Nor is this all; the moment the animal is
+struck down, a flexible rod is inserted into the hole made in the skull,
+and driven as far as the spinal canal, so as to tear to pieces the
+protuberance and the bulb, that is to say, the vital knot. This manner
+of killing cattle seems to us, however, preferable to the one adopted
+in France, where the animal does not sink till he has been struck
+repeatedly with the club.
+
+But be that as it may, those authors who have examined the nervous
+centres of horned cattle which had perished victims of the typhus, have
+usually found the meninges, or membranes that envelope the brain,
+injected, whilst the brain itself was slightly dotted over with blood.
+
+These anatomical lesions of the nervous centres being insufficient of
+themselves to explain the death at the second period, we have
+endeavoured to give the explanation of it in treating of the symptoms.
+
+The other organs, the spleen, the liver, the kidneys, present
+alterations of a secondary interest only.
+
+
+III.
+
+    _Diagnosis--Prognosis--Use of the Flesh of Animals which have
+      Died of the Typhus--Danger of direct Absorption._
+
+The typhus of the ox has such distinct and strongly marked
+characteristics that it is not easily mistaken. However, to conform
+ourselves to received custom, I will say some words about the principal
+symptoms of some distempers affecting the ox, between which and typhus
+unprofessional persons might be embarrassed, and hesitate to distinguish
+them. We will transfer, however, those particulars pertaining to the
+diagnosis to the part written for the special use of agriculturists,
+farmers, and graziers, in order that they may readily find whatever it
+may be necessary for them to know when they chance to have any sick and
+tainted cattle to treat and cure.
+
+We have likewise a few words to say on the subject of the prognosis of
+the disease, as regards its propagation and its time of lasting.
+Finally, we will unfold a question of very real importance in
+hygiene--we mean the use and consumption of the flesh of animals as
+food, and the danger which may accrue to man and other animals from
+contact with their dead bodies, or fragments of the same.
+
+The diseases of the ox, which we are accustomed to consider as
+distinguished from typhus, are the contagious peripneumonia, the
+apthous fever, and the "charbonneux" typhus; but, as we have just said,
+we will mention by-and-by their chief characteristics.
+
+Everyone is anxious, and natural indeed is that anxiety, to know what
+this epizootia will become--what will be its course; how long it will
+last; whether it will extend its ravages over the whole extent of the
+three kingdoms; and if, in fine, it will invade all Europe.
+
+To answer in a precise manner these questions would be a difficult task;
+for who amongst us can assign at present any definite course to the
+atmospheric variations? and yet they have a genuine influence on the
+progress of the epizootia. On the other hand, the measures which have
+been taken hitherto to confine the contagion to its different foci, have
+unhappily proved almost ineffectual, but it may be hoped that, assisted
+by experience, we shall be able to resist the evil more effectually, and
+check its propagation.
+
+If the atmospheric conditions and the preventive measures could not
+modify the spread of the distemper, we should have reason to dread a
+still greater extension of the contagion; for the virulent character of
+the epizootia appears to be of an exceptional intensity, and we may
+perhaps compare it with the famous epizootia, of the middle of the
+eighteenth century, which for ten years afflicted all Europe with its
+ravages, striking down six millions of horned cattle.
+
+Let the reader cast an eye over the extracts borrowed from the
+physicians of the principal faculties who have described this typhus,
+and which we have reproduced in the first part of this book relating to
+its history, and he will then be convinced that the disease is
+absolutely the same as that which then raged so fiercely. And if that is
+the case, we must anticipate that it will extend its ravages whilst
+prolonging its duration. Already it has spread to Holland and Belgium;
+Hungary and other provinces in the south-east of Germany--a fact much
+less surprising--are likewise smitten with it; and now we hear the news
+that France, though so vigilantly on her guard, has seen her frontiers
+passed over. In spite of the _cordon sanitaire_ which she had prudently
+established everywhere, some horned cattle have been seized with the
+typhus at the town of Raubaix, in the north.
+
+Without setting ourselves up as pessimists, let us declare that we must
+expect that the contagion will continue to spread. Let us make up our
+minds to this, in order to take the necessary sanitary measures, and set
+ourselves seriously to work by trying the preventive treatment. But,
+alas! between the Government, the municipal corporations, the
+agricultural societies, the cattle proprietors, and, with regret we add,
+the veterinary surgeons, there has been sadly wanting, up to the present
+time, that mutual understanding; that prompt and decisive action, and
+those pecuniary advances which are so necessary to encounter and contend
+with this great calamity.
+
+As for estimating with any approach to accuracy the sacrifice of
+property; the pecuniary loss, which this fatal epizootic may occasion
+the country, the want of exact statistics as to the number of cattle
+which have already been struck down will not permit us to do it. But we
+may, perhaps, already set it down approximately from 50,000 to 60,000
+head of cattle for England and Scotland, until we have obtained more
+precise statistical information on this significant point of inquiry.
+
+That would represent, however, a very considerable capital; for if we
+compute the loss of each animal at the average sum of 15_l._ only, the
+sacrifice already incurred would not be less than from 750,000_l._ to
+900,000_l._ This sacrifice in money might possibly have proved the be
+all and the end all; and at this point we might, perhaps, have arrested
+the contagion, had we all been able to act advisedly and harmoniously
+together, in the name and for the interest of the public, from the first
+appearance of the disease. But this calculation of, let us say,
+900,000_l._, is made on the supposition that each cattle owner had been
+willing to abide by his own loss; whereas, unfortunately, many of them
+have striven to shift it on others, and large numbers of the sick and
+tainted beasts having been sold and consumed, a proportionate sum thus
+recovered by those avaricious men must be of course _deducted_ from this
+estimate. Deducted, indeed! Considering the consequences on the public
+health, is it not rather an aggravation than a mitigation of the loss?
+
+These last assertions naturally lead us to inquire whether we are not
+justified in saying that the flesh of sick and tainted cattle, thus
+circulated and consumed, has not had its baleful effects on the public
+health.
+
+The butchers who sold the flesh of these sick and tainted cattle have no
+doubt been careful to abstain from using it in their own families; and
+the first time they speculated on the health of their fellow-citizens,
+well knowing what they did, their conscience probably reproached them
+with the misdemeanour. But afterwards, when no bad consequences to their
+customers had been seen, their own impunity, joined to this apparent
+harmlessness to their neighbours, rendered them bolder, and it became a
+daily habit with them to sell this peccant offal, which poisons even the
+earth by its contact.
+
+Moreover, the graziers themselves were in league with the butchers, and
+took care to slaughter the affected animals before the wasting of their
+flesh by the progress of the distemper had bereft them of their greatest
+value. Their private interest prompting them thus to dispose of the
+sick animals as fast as they could, the majority of the tainted beasts
+were sold and eaten in the second stage or period of the typhus.
+
+Now, if the flesh of these diseased animals had been eaten raw,
+accidents most terrible and appalling would certainly have been the
+consequence, although dogs may have fed upon it without injury. But the
+cooking of animal flesh at 100 degrees of heat has the property of
+destroying for a time the septic germs, as the famous debates now being
+held by the experimentalists who are studying the subject of spontaneous
+generation tend to show. This poisonous meat, therefore, may at first
+have been digested without producing immediate ill effects.
+
+Our medical practice, however, authorizes us to declare that, after
+making every allowance for the influences of this extraordinarily hot
+summer, digestive and nervous complaints of the acutest description, and
+without any special cause to account for them, have been very numerous
+indeed during the last two months, and beyond all proportion greater
+than they usually are in London. And we cannot but feel that, if the
+cholera should reach the shores of England at this critical conjuncture,
+it will find organisms most ready to receive its virus. Then, indeed, if
+the typhic miasma come to mix and blend with the choleraic miasma, all
+living beings will have to contend with the most deleterious causes of
+alterations in their health, and we may (God send it be otherwise!)
+witness one of those measureless calamities which, known in former ages
+as the _Black Pestilence_, decimated cattle and men indiscriminately,
+and which, when we read the sorrowful accounts of it in history, make
+the flesh creep with affright.
+
+We sincerely hope that such misfortunes may be spared us. But ought we
+to abstain entirely and absolutely from consuming the flesh of cattle
+smitten with typhus? It is a delicate question, but still we shall
+answer it, making due allowance for every interest concerned.
+
+We conceive that all animals which are smitten with the early effects of
+the disorder, which begin to operate at the opening of its second
+period, that is to say, when the first symptoms are declared, such as
+stupor, loss of appetite and shiverings, may be handed over to the
+butchers. But this must only be done on the _positive understanding and
+condition_ that every animal, sick or not sick, in times of epizootia,
+shall pass, either in the farm, the market, or the stable, under the
+examination of a competent veterinary inspector, who shall mark the
+beast when fit to be sold for consumption. With this precaution, which
+at present is put in practice in Belgium, every interest is cared for
+and guarded--those of the public health as well as those of the cattle
+owners.
+
+But there is another question of some importance which deserves to fix
+our attention for a moment. People sometimes inquire whether the
+ox-typhus can be communicated to other animals, and even to man, either
+by contact, by direct absorption, or by inhaling the miasma floating in
+the atmosphere.
+
+Experiments of great interest might be made on this subject; but we can
+already assert, on the evidence of facts publicly known, that the direct
+absorption of putrid matter and purulent secretions, and likewise the
+mere contact with tainted flesh, when the epidermis or scarf-skin is
+cracked or peeled off, or when the least open sore exists, may give
+access to the disease, and produce death, both in man and other animals.
+In these cases, the absorbed virus operates, not as a specific agent,
+giving birth to typhus, but as a provocative septic agent, endowed with
+infectious properties, which infuse into the economy a germ of virulent
+and mortal disease. So long as a sound and intact outer skin stands as a
+safeguard between us and absorption, we may fearlessly touch and handle
+the tainted flesh of these animals. But the slightest sore or abrasion
+is an open door to let in death. A young veterinary surgeon, who had a
+slight wound in one of his arms, was carried off within forty-eight
+hours, as was proved at a coroner's inquest, after he had dissected an
+ox which had died of the typhus.[P]
+
+We see by this fatal example that we must be particularly careful not to
+touch an ox tainted with typhus when we carry about us any open sore,
+unless we take the utmost precaution in order to guard against all
+direct contact or absorption. Man, as we have said and shown, breathes
+with comparative impunity an atmosphere laden with the infectious miasma
+of this typhus. But that which to-day is true may not be true
+to-morrow; let us, therefore, be also on our guard against the too
+continuous absorption of an atmosphere impregnated with these
+deleterious principles.
+
+As for herbivorous animals in general, a similar organization must, in
+their cases, predispose them to receive the contagion. Whenever we visit
+the markets, we cannot help fearing to see the ox typhus communicated to
+the sheep and pigs which are stationed around them. It is an
+unquestionable fact that, in certain epizootias, all animals without
+distinction have been smitten and struck down, and the herbivorous
+animals more rapidly than any other. The habit of collecting such vast
+numbers of cattle in the same market, and on the same day, though
+convenient for business, appears to us injudicious, especially during
+the prevalence of this scourge.
+
+This part of our treatise was in the printer's hands when Mr. Simonds
+wrote a letter to the Privy Council which justifies all our
+apprehensions. The typhus of the ox has been communicated to a number of
+sheep, and we must all expect to see this cruel disease assume much
+larger proportions than heretofore, since it has now obtained a second
+focus for its maintenance and dissemination.
+
+      "Veterinary Department, 23, New-street, Spring-gardens,
+      Sept. 25th.
+
+      "SIR,--I beg to report that, acting on the
+      instructions received from you to investigate without loss
+      of time the statement received at your office relative to an
+      outbreak of the cattle plague in a remote part of the county
+      of Norfolk, supposed to have arisen from cattle having been
+      in contact with some diseased sheep, recently brought to the
+      premises, I have visited the district in question, and
+      inquired into all the circumstances of the case.
+
+      "It appears that as far back as the 17th of August Mr. C.
+      Temple, farmer and merchant, of Blakeney, received on his
+      farm 120 lambs which he had instructed a dealer to procure
+      for him for feeding purposes.
+
+      "The lambs were bought at Thetford-fair on the preceding
+      day, and were immediately sent by rail to Fakenham, from
+      which place they were driven to Blakeney, a distance of
+      about ten miles. On their arrival they appeared to be
+      fatigued to a greater extent than ordinary, which was,
+      however, attributed to the heat of the weather and the
+      exertion the animals had undergone.
+
+      "In addition to this, the shepherd observed that several of
+      them seemed unwell, and he remarked to his master that they
+      did not appear to be a 'very healthy lot,' and that he
+      thought it would be better to return them to the dealer.
+      Within a day or two of this time the symptoms of illness
+      were more marked in all the original cases, and many more of
+      the animals had been attacked. On the 24th two of the worst
+      cases were removed from the field to the farm premises, and
+      were placed in a shed for treatment, in which afterwards a
+      cow was put. On the 25th two of the lambs died, and in
+      consequence of this, and of the large number which were now
+      affected, the whole were brought, on the morning of the
+      27th, into the same yard where the shed previously alluded
+      to was situated. There is also another shed, separated from
+      this yard only by some old furze faggots, into which the
+      cows were driven night and morning for being milked. The
+      lambs remained in the yard till the morning of the 28th,
+      when having had some medicine administered to them, they
+      were returned to the fold and never came again near the
+      cows.
+
+      "While in the yard three died, two on the 27th, and one on
+      the 28th, and on the following day two others died in the
+      field. From this time the disease went on, so that by
+      Friday last, the 22nd of September, the day of my visit,
+      forty-six had either died or been killed, and twenty-seven
+      were in a very precarious condition.
+
+      "On the 7th of September, ten days after the last exposure
+      to the sheep, a cow gave evidence of being affected with the
+      cattle plague, this animal being the one which had been put
+      into the shed occupied by the diseased sheep on the 24th of
+      August. A second cow was attacked on the 11th of September,
+      and a third shortly afterwards, which was followed by
+      others; so that by the 16th all the cows, six in number, a
+      heifer, and a calf, were all dead.
+
+      "My examination of the lambs showed that they were
+      unmistakably the subjects of the plague. The symptoms agreed
+      in almost every particular with those observed in cattle
+      affected with the malady, and the _post-mortem_ appearances
+      were also identical.
+
+      "With a view to ascertain the true nature of the changes
+      produced in the system prior to death, I had four of the
+      lambs killed, and from these I took some diseased parts and
+      forwarded them to the Royal Veterinary College without note
+      or comment. These parts were examined by my colleague, Mr.
+      Varnell, who at once recognised the special changes of
+      structure which are caused by the cattle plague.
+
+      "The whole facts of the case leave not the least doubt of
+      sheep being liable to the disease termed the cattle plague,
+      and that when affected they can easily communicate the
+      malady to the ox tribe; and moreover, that when so conveyed
+      it proves equally as destructive as when propagated from ox
+      to ox in the ordinary manner.
+
+      "The case is also more important from having occurred in a
+      place no less than fourteen miles distant from any other
+      where the cattle plague exists, thus placing beyond a doubt
+      the fact of the malady being introduced among the cattle by
+      the sheep alone.
+
+      "I regret to add that this is not a solitary case of sheep
+      being affected by the cattle plague. I learned that some
+      sheep were supposed to be similarly affected belonging to
+      Mr. R. J. H. Harvey, M.P., on his estate at Crown Point,
+      near Norwich. This place I also visited, and found a large
+      flock of upwards of 2000 lambs, among which the malady was
+      prevailing. A large number had been separated from the
+      diseased, and gave no evidence of the malady. Very many,
+      however, had died, and the disease was making rapid
+      progress. I also examined many of the dead, and found the
+      _post-mortem_ appearances to be identical with those seen in
+      the other cases spoken of in this report.
+
+      "In this instance the malady was brought into the estate by
+      the purchase of some cattle, which afterwards died from the
+      disease, and which were unfortunately pastured with the
+      sheep at the time the disease manifested itself.
+
+      "The whole matter is one of the greatest importance, and
+      which I lose no time in submitting to you for the
+      information of the Lords of the Council.
+
+      "I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient servant,
+
+      "JAS. B. SIMONDS."
+
+
+IV.
+
+      _General Considerations on the Ox-Typhus, and the
+      Recapitulation of the Symptoms._
+
+We have seen the causes, the symptoms, and the cadaveric alterations of
+the Bovine typhus, and we may therefore apply ourselves at present to
+the consideration of its pathogenia and its nature. Only, the limits of
+this book will not admit of a complete discussion of every point of this
+important question of pathology; for if we desired to show in what
+respect the typhus differs from, and in what respect it resembles, such
+and such a morbid entity, febrile, infectious and contagious like it,
+such a dissertation would require a whole volume for itself; we are
+therefore obliged to keep within certain limits.
+
+Like every watchful physician who has applied himself to the study of
+comparative pathology, we entertained our own preconceived opinions as
+to the nature of this _Cattle Plague_. Arguing _a priori_ from what we
+knew, from the laws of the pathogenia of those exanthematic diseases
+which we have alluded to in a former chapter; from the identity of
+variola in various animals; from the preventive treatment to which this
+identity has led; believing that animals and man have each their typhoid
+fever, as they have their variola or small-pox; considering with the
+Ecole de Tours, typhoid fever as a variola of the intestinal mucous
+membrane, and having proposed, in 1855,[Q] to adopt inoculation as a
+preventive treatment, drawing an easy comparison between the typhus we
+are now observing and the typhoid fever in man; hoping, we may say,
+indeed, to find in this typhus the inoculative and preventive virus
+which is required for our typhoid fever, all will understand with what
+eager and vivid curiosity we have examined the entrails of the victims
+struck down by this epizootia. For, if this typhus had been a genuine
+typhoid fever, the bovine species which has already provided the
+preventive virus for small-pox, would equally have afforded us the
+preventive virus for typhoid fever. In this hypothesis, our proposal to
+inoculate the typhoid fever, which up to this time has been tried on
+horses only, and in experiments badly conducted, by pupils of the
+Veterinary School of Lyons, was perhaps on the eve of being realised.
+But we regret to say, we have been forced to submit to evidence, and to
+acknowledge that the present infectious typhus is not the one we require
+to provide us with the anti-typhoid virus.
+
+In the same manner as pathologists disagree as to the question, whether
+the typhus and typhoid fever in man are one and the same disease, so
+should we long debate, without coming to an agreement, as to that which
+relates to the typhus and typhoid fever of the ox. We cannot pretend to
+produce a reconciliation between these dissentient schools; all we
+desire, is to sum up what observation has suggested to us, on account of
+the practical and therapeutic interest belonging to the subject.
+
+For ourselves, the typhus and the typhoid fever of the ox are two
+diseases of the same order, but nevertheless distinct; and the reasons
+upon which we ground our opinion are suggested to us by the nature of
+the intestinal lesions, the symptoms, and causes of these distempers.
+
+As we have already seen, the contagious typhus of the ox, at least that
+of the present epizootia, is an infectious disease, which varies in the
+intensity of the functional disorders and the cadaveric lesions to which
+it gives rise. The typhoid fever, we mean the real one,--for there are
+other intestinal exanthematic fevers which simulate it,--always localize
+on the small intestines a pustulous exanthem, and in the typhus of the
+ox, this pustulous exanthem and the ulcerations by which it is
+succeeded, are frequently wanting.
+
+The real typhoid fever springs up in every country under the influence
+of local causes, and is not in the same degree infectious and contagious
+as the typhus proper. In fine, the typhoid fever smites many species of
+animals--the horse, the pig, etc., without transmitting its contagion
+with the same intensity.
+
+The contagious typhus of the ox appears to be more especially proper to
+that animal; for in those latitudes where it developes itself other
+animals are not affected by it.
+
+For these reasons, then, to which we could easily add many others, we
+consider the typhus of the present epizootia a special and distinct type
+of typhic diseases, and differing from the typhoid fever: it is the
+highest expression of its class, and occupies the first degree in the
+scale of infectious typhic diseases. Next to it we should place the
+typhoid fever, which we admit is not often found in the ox. But
+veterinary pathology is still less understood than human pathology, and
+typhoid fever may perhaps be recognised in those diseases which the
+former science has described under the names of _adynamic_ and _ataxic
+fevers_. Besides, a persistent research among the veterinary memorials
+and reports might possibly enable us to discover some instances in which
+the real typhoid fever in the ox had been traced, apart from the
+epizootic conditions. Here is an instance of it:--
+
+Gelle, in vol. i. page 245 of the _Pathologie Bovine_, quotes the
+following abstract which had been forwarded to him by one of his
+brethren, on the dissection of an ox, which was made on the 10th of May,
+1824:--
+
+"_Duodenum._--Uniform redness of the mucous membrane, with thickening,
+softening, and petechial spots. In the middle portion were discovered
+some of Peyer's glands, small round pustules, whitish at the top, with
+a reddish circumference. In some parts contiguous to these pustules lay
+ulcerations somewhat extensive, which seemed to be the result of the
+softening of the pustules which had preceded them. A dark pus issued
+from these ulcerations. The inflammation by which they were attended was
+diffused in some places, whilst in others it was circumscribed. In some
+parts the intestinal mucous membrane was utterly destroyed. The
+mesenteric glands were red and soft."
+
+Gelle adds:--"I have recorded this interesting narrative, as it may
+perhaps serve hereafter to throw light on a point of doctrine."
+
+The intention which Gelle nurtured at the time, is, we see, now
+fulfilled conformably with his object.
+
+The contagious typhus of the ox not being a real typhoid fever, we shall
+not, consequently, be able to borrow from it the preventive virus for
+that disease in man. But if these diseases differ, and if it is
+difficult, in the present state of science, to assign to them such
+distinct characters as to produce a perfect agreement among all medical
+writers, we must, however, admit, that to designate the ox-typhus now
+before us by the generic name of PLAGUE, after the Germans, who
+have given it the name of RINDERPEST, would carry us too far
+back.
+
+Let us acknowledge also, that the denomination of _contagious typhus_,
+adopted by the French veterinary doctors, is not, any more than the
+designation of TYPHUS FEVER, applied to it by English physicians,
+totally free from objection.
+
+In truth, the various species of typhus whose characteristics we have
+already given (see p. 73), are all of them febrile and contagious.
+Whoever uses the word _typhus_, speaks of a contagious and febrile
+malady, inasmuch as we cannot conceive typhus without its
+accompaniments, fever and contagion. But as the prevailing
+characteristic of this infectious disease is, above all, its
+_contagion_, we have preferred to adopt the name of _contagious typhus_,
+without, however, deceiving ourselves as to the value of the
+denomination. The final elucidation has not yet been found for these
+diseases; at some future day they will be methodically divided and
+arranged, and each of them will then receive a special title, which will
+remove from the mind that vague uncertainty which at present we regret.
+
+But if some faults of doctrine are open to debate, no doubt whatever can
+exist in the mind as to the morbid individuality of ox-typhus, or the
+general conditions of its pathogenia; and we are able to deduce from the
+preceding explanation, the following conclusions as so many propositions
+definitively settled:--
+
+1st. The typhus of the ox is a disease essentially infectious, which is
+produced by the absorption of the morbigenous miasma in the air.
+
+2nd. This typhic miasma is absorbed and engendered by the ox, under the
+influence of a number of special deleterious causes.
+
+3rd. When the miasma has been absorbed and incubation produced, the
+disease itself is but a supreme effort of nature--a struggle between the
+vital forces and the morbid evolution of the poison, in order to guard
+and defend life against the danger which threatens it.
+
+4th. A malady essentially general, _totius substantiae_, it directs its
+action, in different degrees, over the whole structure, but chiefly on
+the nervous centres, on the organs of respiration, and on the digestive
+apparatus.
+
+5th. Its progress is regular; to the latest period of incubation it
+succeeds that of the general poisoning of the blood--that of the pyrexia
+of general fever--which for a time stops up all the secretions. Then,
+the morbid flux is localized according to particular predispositions:
+either on the nervous centres, when the animal is struck down at the
+outbreak; or on the lungs, when the respiratory derangements become the
+leading symptoms; or on the digestive channels, when the train of
+typhoid phenomena is observable.
+
+6th. The period of acute inflammation, which had dried up the sources of
+secretion, gives place to that of the depurative and critical
+exhalations or secretions; from every mucous membrane, from every
+outlet, there issues a mucous discharge, which at first is thin and
+clear, but afterwards becomes thick and purulent, and endowed with the
+most infectious properties. The intestinal mucous membrane, smitten with
+a particular lesion, becomes the seat of a flux extremely copious and
+intolerably fetid. Gases, and occasionally purulent deposits, are
+developed in the cellular tissue beneath the skin.
+
+7th. The organism or physical frame, disturbed in the very centres of
+life, undergoes a general transformation, a kind of organic
+decomposition beforehand, and all the symptoms of reaction are followed
+by a period of wasting atony and adynamia, which usher in dissolution or
+life's extinction.
+
+8th. Finally, throughout the whole course of the distemper, one special
+functional derangement--_stupor_--has been witnessed as the predominant
+symptom, the nervous system being in a manner annihilated in its
+functions in consequence of the general infection.
+
+Such are, in a brief outline, the principal symptoms of this typhus,
+which, when once engrafted on the economy, pursues its fatal march, and
+no treatment can then arrest its evolution. As in small-pox, so in
+typhoid fever and in most general disorders, Nature for a time must be
+allowed to exercise her new functions, which succeed each other in due
+course, and which the physician must not stop; for if he did, he would
+accelerate death; but he must watch with a vigilant eye, in order to
+assist the vital powers.
+
+The medical man, satisfied with these facts, will therefore abandon the
+chimerical hope of finding a specific remedy for such a disease. The
+virus once absorbed, the frame will endure, and fatally endure, all the
+morbid phenomena which must produce and succeed each other. _Against
+such a poison no other antidote exists than the poison itself._ And this
+will be easily understood. What necessity have we for a specific remedy
+to resist a distemper, which carries within itself its preventive
+treatment? If it germinates and is propagated, let us not accuse Nature
+and render her responsible; our own blindness, the lack of a community
+of interests among the people, our social institutions, the still
+imperfect state of the exact sciences, &c., amply explain how it is
+that we have not yet employed the effectual means we possess, not of
+curing it, but preventing it. If we could have our choice between
+prevention and cure, should we not naturally take the former?
+
+Indeed, the sources, the causes which generate the typhic miasma, are
+thoroughly well known to us, and these we can avoid. The developed
+miasms hang suspended in the air; we may, perhaps, one day destroy them,
+if not in the outer atmosphere, at least in the stalls and sheds where
+the animals inhale and absorb them. In fine, if we are powerless to
+arrest the fell disease when its periods revolve, we may hope at some
+future time to act with greater efficiency upon it during its period of
+incubation.
+
+On the other hand, if this formidable disease cannot be stopped in its
+progress, does it follow that we should not treat it at all? Certainly
+not! Far be such a heresy from our thoughts. What would be the
+consequence, if we left to their fate the sufferers from the small-pox,
+from typhoid fever, and from typhus itself, instead of watching over
+them with the utmost solicitude? If the physician, the enlightened
+interpreter of morbid phenomena, did not direct them with a bold and
+fearless hand, but abandoned Nature to her helpless course, why,
+necessarily, every patient would die, whereas a large number are now
+saved.
+
+That which is true in the case of man, is likewise true in the case of
+animals: we are bound to treat them when they are ill. If to-day we
+think it more expeditious and more profitable to exterminate them, we
+certainly neglect our duty. We are the sovereign masters of animals;
+they are the companions of our toils and pleasures, their lives must be
+given to preserve our own; but on their well-being and their happiness
+our own well-being and happiness also depend. They will return to us the
+sufferings and diseases of which they die a hundred times over. Like
+ourselves, they die of consumptive, tubercular, cancerous, eruptive,
+typhoid, and parasitical diseases. And who can tell whether they have
+not communicated these disorders to man, who was, perhaps, originally
+exempt from them; and whether they do not continually communicate them
+to him?
+
+What noble pages might be written on the close connexion which exists
+between all organized beings, both physically and morally! Let us love
+these animals, let us treat them with kindness, and all our other
+qualities will be raised by so doing.
+
+But as a man must belong to the time he lives in, we will take up for a
+moment with the doctrines of the economists; we will tolerate the
+extermination of diseased animals, as a painful necessity. Our duty is
+to seek in the study of the diseases of animals _and in their cure_, the
+cure of the disorders which afflict the human species. We shall,
+therefore, now proceed to consider the subject of the treatment of
+horned cattle, both as relates to preventive and curative medication.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[O] Mr. Simonds has for three months had under his observation a cow
+which has lived with impunity among animals sick and dying of the
+typhus. And a young calf did not contract the disease for more than
+three weeks.
+
+[P] Another instance of the fatal effects of the terrible disease now
+ravaging our flocks and herds of cattle, and resulting in the death of a
+veterinary surgeon, has just occurred in the town of Sudbury, Suffolk.
+
+Last week the epidemic made its appearance in the stock-yard of Mr.
+Ruffell, farmer, Melford, and the cases were attended by Mr. Robert John
+Plumbly, veterinary surgeon, Sudbury. On Thursday a cow, which was
+evidently suffering from the disease, was brought out and shot by Mr.
+Plumbly, who afterwards made a partial _post-mortem_ examination of the
+carcase. In doing so with a small scalpel his shirt-sleeves became
+saturated with blood, &c. from the animal. He returned home, and the
+same day was attacked with sickness and acute pains in the head and
+chest, accompanied with a soreness in the bones generally. On the
+following day he appeared somewhat better, and was able to attend to his
+duties, but became worse towards evening, and was confined to his house
+on the following day. He considered that he was merely suffering from
+the effects of a severe cold, and did not call in medical assistance
+till Saturday night. He slept well that night, and seemed somewhat
+better on Sunday morning. About two o'clock in the afternoon he got out
+of his bed to have it made, when he appeared comparatively strong and in
+good spirits; but almost immediately afterwards he was taken in what
+seemed to be a fit, and expired in a few minutes, before the surgeon,
+who only lived next door, could come to his assistance. It was thought
+that death had resulted from apoplexy, and a medical certificate to that
+effect was given. Rumours, however, soon becoming current that Mr.
+Plumbly's death was caused by the cattle plague, the borough coroner (R.
+Ransom, Esq.) directed a _post-mortem_ examination to be made. But, by
+this time, so rapid was the spread of the virus through the system that
+the body appeared perfectly plague-stricken, and by Tuesday morning,
+when the surgeons arrived to examine it, and it was taken out of the
+coffin, the corpse scarcely retained the semblance of a human being, the
+head and trunk being much swollen and black in colour, the features
+quite undistinguishable, and all the flesh converted into a putrid
+jelly-like mass. The tissues were completely disintegrated, so that it
+was utterly impossible to make any examination.
+
+An inquest was held on Tuesday afternoon, at the court room, Town Hall,
+before the coroner, R. Ransom, Esq., and a jury; Mr. Joseph Barker,
+chemist, being chosen foreman. The mayor (S. Higgs, Esq.) and other
+gentlemen were present during the whole of the inquiry, which lasted
+four hours.
+
+The jury went and viewed the body, which lay in an outhouse, but were so
+overcome with the fearful spectacle that they were permitted by the
+coroner to retire to partake of stimulants before they could further
+proceed with the inquiry.
+
+The first witness called was Mr. William Brown, veterinary surgeon, and
+partner with the deceased, who deposed to having gone with him to Mr.
+Ruffell's farm at Long Melford, on Thursday last, to examine several
+cows down with the cattle plague. One was brought out and shot by the
+deceased, who proceeded to examine the intestines and viscera, which did
+not present the appearances usually observable in advanced stages of the
+disease, there being but slight ulceration of the coats of the stomach
+and bowels. The lungs were not examined, as the deceased had only a
+small scalpel with him. In making incisions in the body the
+shirt-sleeves of the deceased became covered with blood, but he did not
+prick or cut himself.
+
+Henrietta Dansie, nurse, was examined, and said that deceased had been
+suffering from boils on his right arm, one of which she had poulticed on
+Wednesday, the day before he had examined the diseased animal. He
+removed the poultice himself, but declined to put on a plaster as the
+place was a small one, although not healed. He changed his linen on his
+return from Melford; but the same afternoon he was taken with sickness
+and vomiting, and complained of acute pains in his head and bones. On
+Sunday afternoon, shortly before he died, he wished to have his bed
+made, and got out and stood whilst it was being done. He then complained
+of faintness, and got into bed again, and witness to revive him washed
+his face and hands; in doing so she observed that the nails of one of
+the hands which had lain in the bed were turning black. She was about to
+give him some pills when she noticed a sudden change come over him; and
+thinking he was going to faint or have a fit, she rang for assistance
+and went herself for the doctor, who, being from home, another surgeon
+residing next door was called in, but by this time the unfortunate
+gentleman was quite dead.
+
+Mr. Maurice Mason, surgeon, said he was called in to see the deceased
+the night before he died, and visited him again on Sunday morning, and
+ordered him a lotion and leeches for his head and effervescing drinks
+(the leeches were not applied). From the appearance of the body and the
+evidence which had been adduced, witness was of opinion that the death
+of the deceased was caused by the absorption of poisonous virus from the
+dead beast.
+
+Mr. W. B. Smith, surgeon, gave similar evidence, and added that the
+tissues of the body were so disintegrated that it would have been
+utterly impossible to have made a _post-mortem_ examination.
+
+After half an hour's consultation the jury returned a verdict, "that
+deceased died from the effects of the absorption of virus or poison into
+his system upon the occasion of his making a _post-mortem_ examination
+of a cow which had died from a certain disease called the cattle
+plague."
+
+The sad occurrence has caused much sensation in the town, the deceased,
+who was only 23 years of age, being well known and much respected.
+
+
+[Q] "Appel a des Experiences dans le but d'etablir le Traitement
+Preservatif de la Fievre Typhoide et des Maladies infectieuses
+inrecidivables, par l'inoculation de leurs produits morbides." Memoire
+lu a l'Institut, le 8 Octobre, 1855. Insere dans la Gazette Hebdomadaire
+de Medecine. Paris.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+_Treatment and Cure of the Ox-Typhus._
+
+
+In now addressing ourselves to the treatment, and, as far as human
+agency can effect it, to the cure, of this insidious distemper, we
+cannot conceal from ourselves, that this is the most difficult, the most
+delicate, and, at the same time, the most important division of our
+work; for it is to this part, above all, that attention will be
+directed. This portion of our task, therefore, will prove especially
+arduous; and nothing can give a better notion of the difficulties we
+shall have to encounter than the many fruitless attempts which, for
+several months past, have been made to overcome them by many ardent
+inquirers, stimulated by the best possible intentions.
+
+This, then, is the moment--if we may be allowed the metaphor--to take
+the bull by the horns; and we do so without hesitation. If, like so many
+others, we are baffled and overcome in this unequal struggle--if our
+strength is not on a level with our desires--we trust we shall be
+pardoned.
+
+Several paths leading to the same end may be followed in this exposition
+of the treatment of ox-typhus. After mature reflection, we shall adopt
+the one, which will allow us to take the disease at its birth, _ab ovo_;
+to study it in all its phases, in its first and second causes, and then
+in the successive periods of its development.
+
+In this manner, we shall be able to give an account of each fact of real
+importance mentioned in the foregoing pages, and to comprise within the
+treatment whatever is connected either directly or indirectly with the
+disease.
+
+Thus we will relate in so many separate articles,--
+
+1st. The means and measures to be employed to meet and resist the first
+local causes which may generate the typhus, then the secondary causes
+which serve to propagate it.
+
+2nd. The means of preventing the spread of the disease to animals still
+in good health.
+
+3rd. The means of treating it at its different periods, from the period
+of incubation to that of its decline.
+
+4th. Finally, we shall insert the laws and sanitary regulations which
+have been published in England relative to this disease.
+
+As will be seen, by adopting this method, the whole matter will be
+considered consecutively and in regular order; and the reader will
+understand that when such a phase of the malady is developed it is
+because the preceding one, which is the cause of it, has not been
+effectually contended with.
+
+
+I.
+
+    _Means and Measures to be employed to resist the Causes of
+      the Contagious Typhus of the Bovine Species._
+
+We have shown fully and explicitly in what countries of the globe, and
+in what particular conditions, the typhus is generated among oxen. We
+know that this dire disease has its focus on the banks of great rivers
+or lakes, which are periodically overflowed, and on which is deposited a
+slime teeming with organic matter; in marshy plains, where the same
+natural impurities are fostered; and that these first hotbeds of the
+evil are found in China, in India, in America, in Africa, as well as on
+the shores of the Black Sea. A spirit of observation which delights in
+measuring the phenomena of nature with the contracted compass of its own
+short views and conceptions, could alone have imagined that the
+ox-typhus was only to be found originally in the steppes of Hungary and
+Russia, and that the bovine species of those countries, thanks to a
+special organization, was alone capable of generating the typhus.
+
+Since we know, then, in what conditions this disease is developed, and
+especially in what manner it is propagated in Europe, it is not
+impossible now, when nations are united by the means of quick and easy
+communication, by commercial treaties, and by the mutual relations of
+science, to examine what measures might be taken to modify and control
+these conditions. A commission formed for this purpose, a scientific
+congress, would be able to make on the spot a study of all the
+circumstances which favour the development of typhus, and the result of
+their reports would enlighten the peoples as to the causes which produce
+it and from which they are first to suffer. They would be recommended to
+choose as pastures the healthiest places, to withdraw their cattle at
+certain seasons from those plots of ground which are baleful to them;
+new systems of agriculture would be planned and tried, &c. These
+questions being carefully examined, might lead to important results; nor
+can we understand how, in the age in which we live, the same
+indifference and apathy as prevailed in the past should be maintained in
+presence of the positive and permanent causes of this infectious
+disease, whose contagion, as we now see by many proofs, may extend at
+once to so large a portion of Europe. There is now something to be done
+in this matter; it is the duty of the governments to deal with it
+effectually, and to take serious measures to destroy the evil radically,
+if radically it can be destroyed, and, if not, to alleviate its
+pernicious effects as much as possible.
+
+Moreover, many breeders of cattle have not waited until now to guard
+against some of the first causes of the typhus: already they give the
+animals rock salt, ferruginous and arsenical preparations, but all this
+is done without method, and according to each man's will and pleasure.
+It would, therefore, be necessary to institute regulations, and to see
+them carried out and practised under the superintendence of public
+functionaries, armed with sufficient power and authority.
+
+These measures having been taken, others no less indispensable ought to
+follow. They should determine for the herds of cattle intended for
+exportation, the ways and channels they must travel by to go to any
+central part or to any railway station; and there the inspectors on duty
+should mark every animal that passes out of the district he is leaving.
+Heavy penalties should be inflicted on all who might infringe these
+rules.
+
+These precautions would contribute in part to arrest the propagation of
+the complaint; but there is another measure more radical and effectual,
+which should be taken in order to prevent its extension--we mean
+inoculation, which has met with complete success in some of the
+governments of Russia.
+
+Thus we see, there are powerful means of withstanding the production of
+the disease in its focus, or generative bed, and likewise its extension
+among the herds of neighbouring countries; and these latter might render
+them in some sort obligatory, by refusing most rigidly to admit to their
+markets, as in Italy has sometimes been done, every head of cattle which
+was not marked as inoculated or which was not furnished with a permit of
+health.
+
+It is easy to conceive that those countries wherein the ox-typhus has
+its birth, and for which the breeding of cattle and their exportation
+are a great source of wealth, would soon feel that they are more
+interested than any other in stifling the contagion in its focus, and in
+affording to those countries that receive their herds, every security
+and guarantee which they have a right to expect. Interest in this case
+coming to the help of common sense, very satisfactory results would in
+course of time be obtained.
+
+Moreover, we are conscious that we are here dealing with very
+complicated questions; for, though in a book they may seem simple and
+easy, their application is a matter of extreme difficulty. We know too
+well that these preventive measures for protecting animals will meet
+with many obstacles, and only be adopted at last with tardy reluctance,
+since man himself continues in some respect indifferent to the causes
+which spread about the fearful epidemics to which he falls a victim in
+consequence of his neglect.
+
+In truth, it is well known that the cholera of the present day--that
+much more serious _plague_--had its origin on the banks of the Red Sea,
+amidst the infectious miasmata developed near Mecca, where thousands of
+pilgrims who had died of fatigue and privation, and hundreds of
+thousands of sheep butchered and religiously offered up in sacrifice,
+have, beneath a torrid heat, generated the choleraic miasma, which
+formerly was supposed to be produced exclusively on the banks of the
+Ganges. This fact duly ascertained and proved, we might suppose that the
+governments of the different nations among which the cholera is about to
+extend its ravages, were indignant and had complained at thus being
+smitten with a scourge, due to the careless ignorance and sordid avidity
+of some official of the Turkish Government. But we should be mistaken.
+
+No! every one hoped at first that he, at least, would be spared by the
+contagion, and the authorities did nothing to resist the evil but adopt
+the old course of _quarantine_--a remedy more illusory now than ever,
+since the nations are in constant communication, either in their own
+persons or by the exchange of their commodities; and consequently, the
+epidemic is pursuing its invading course from week to week.
+
+That which is being done for the cholera gives us a scale by which we
+may estimate the efforts which will be made to arrest the generation and
+the contagion of the cattle typhus.[R]
+
+We are certainly bound to resist the introduction of horned cattle
+tainted with typhus; but in the conditions amidst which they live, some
+of them may bear the seeds of the distemper, even whilst they appear in
+perfect health, and therefore able to endure the fatigue of a long
+journey.
+
+Now, in order to avoid exciting the incubation of the typhus during
+their transit either to Finland, Holland, France, or England, it must
+never be forgotten that these animals are gifted with a nervous
+sensibility of wonderful acuteness, joined to the weakest vital
+resistance. Care must be taken to husband their strength, to give them a
+choice distribution of food easy of assimilation; barley-meal, or other
+grains, must be mixed up with their drink; they must be protected from
+the changes of weather; they must have room enough and air enough in the
+locomotive stalls on the railway trains and on board ship.
+
+We pass over in silence the hygienic measures to be taken in order to
+keep these vehicles of transit in a proper sanitary state: the sanitary
+police regulations inserted further on will make them sufficiently
+known.
+
+All these measures having been taken to meet and withstand distant
+causes and dangers, let us now direct our attention to those local
+causes which strike our eyes, and which likewise have their share of
+influence in propagating the disease. Thus, whenever an inclement season
+comes to deprive the herbivorous animals of sufficient pasture, or to
+deteriorate its natural qualities, we are bound to remedy this change,
+and to increase the cares we devote to them; for these frail and
+helpless creatures, immediately feel and suffer from the effects of a
+sustenance less than usually restorative. Under such circumstances, we
+must make exceptional sacrifices; when they return from feeding on the
+grass, we should give them some additional fodder, or roots of a
+generous quality. We must imitate the regimen used in the country of the
+steppes, by adding to their forage a solution of marine salt, or a
+solution of sulphate of iron. Day by day we must give to the weakest and
+least fed cattle, a ration consisting of bruised oats, pounded juniper
+berries, gentian, sulphate of iron, and carbonate of soda.
+
+For, if we neglect to take those measures which are required to prevent
+among herbivorous animals the development of those ordinary epizootias,
+which every year are generated on our own soil, they will certainly
+afford a favourable seat to the typhic miasma transmitted by foreign
+animals, or exceptionally generated by themselves. These cares and
+attentions must be greatly increased, when the foreign epizootia, has
+spread itself, as in the present instance, among our flocks and herds.
+Then, indeed, we must be careful not to load these creatures with
+pampering food for the purpose of fattening them. For it may be
+profitable, and the breeder may plume himself, on having produced an
+adipose monstrosity to such a degree as to bury, for instance, a pig's
+head in the fleshy exuberance of his thorax; but such a derogation from
+the laws of nature borders closely on disease, and assuredly such an
+unnatural accumulation, predisposes the glutted animals to epizootic
+diseases in general.
+
+The water given them to drink must be attended to with particular
+solicitude. It should never be drawn up from ponds or stagnant rivers.
+The animals kept in the pasture grounds should always find at their
+disposal, in receptacles intended for their use, a supply of pure fresh
+water.
+
+After these precautions with respect to their food and sustenance,
+attention must next be directed to the hygienic conditions required by
+the animal. Every morning he should be cleaned, washed, brushed, and
+dried; what is every day done for the horse must now be done for the ox.
+These unusual cares will be most salutary to him, and greatly increase
+his vital resistance.
+
+The animal thus protected in his food and particular necessities,
+attention must next be directed to the stalls and sheds. Over-crowding
+must be carefully avoided; the proper cube of air for breathing must be
+measured out for each head of cattle; every day the latter must be
+carried out into the open air; the floor of the stall or shed must first
+be thoroughly cleansed and washed out, after which it must be sprinkled
+with a solution of chloride of lime. If the stall is not well aired, a
+little straw should be burned on the ground, to improve the atmosphere,
+or else branches of resinous trees, or juniper berries may be used. In
+some cases aromatic fumigations of sage, rosemary, or mint, boiled in
+water, are employed, the balsamic vapours which arise therefrom being at
+once tonic and purifying. During the night a tub, containing pitch and
+tar, should be left in the stall, or a large piece of camphor should be
+suspended from the ceiling. Vinegar may be spilt on a piece of red-hot
+iron, or powder of sulphur may be burned into sulphuric gas and diffuse
+its vapours through the stall or shed. This excellent parasiticide may
+perhaps be equally endowed with anti-typhic properties.
+
+Finally, when this fatal epizootia is ravaging the country, every farmer
+and agriculturist must carefully abstain from mixing with his herds any
+cattle which have been bought either at fairs or markets; he must take
+care, conformably with the directions issued by the Privy Council, (to
+which we refer the reader for more ample details,) to avoid all contact
+both direct and indirect with horned cattle tainted with the typhus, as
+he might himself become an instrument of the contagion.--Let him never
+forget that to take as the guide for his actions in these times of
+calamity his private and personal interest, is the greatest crime a man
+can commit. Let him strive, therefore, to assist the authorities in the
+measures which they have taken for the interest of all.
+
+
+II.
+
+Now that we have examined the measures which prudence directs us to take
+to defend ourselves against the causes which produce and propagate
+typhus, let us think of the means of preventing it, when the contagion
+threatens to diffuse itself over a whole kingdom, as at present it is
+doing in England.
+
+When, on the 19th of last June, it was believed that the typhus or
+Cattle Plague, as they continue to call it, had effected its invasion in
+England, the Government, informed by professional men of the serious
+danger to which the interests of the country would be exposed, if the
+disease should spread, might have considered this distemper not as a
+question of private interest, but as one of public and national concern.
+It might at the outset have given to this epizootia all the significancy
+of a public calamity, have looked upon it as the invasion of an enemy
+threatening to destroy its territory, and have employed every possible
+means to stifle it at its birth.
+
+We well know that the English Government, derived as it is rather from
+political than from religious and social changes, is at once
+monarchical, aristocratic, and partially democratic, and for that reason
+embarrassed in its working by so many wheels. Its authority is scattered
+and divided, whilst the respect ascribed to the prerogatives of each
+distinct public power is the safeguard of the State. In the absence of
+both Houses during the recess, it could take no resolution as to ways
+and means; for the difficulties on this unhappy occasion, we cannot too
+often repeat it, are reduced to a question of money. Deprived of the
+requisite authority, it was unable to do more than exhume the old laws
+on the matter and ordain new ones. And yet, the impotence of the
+Government was not perhaps so great as is imagined; for whilst it
+suffered the typhus almost unmolested to devastate the country, it very
+justly, and in the name of the public interest, took vigorous and
+effectual measures to stamp out another epidemic--the rash and insane
+conspiracy of the Fenians. It stood still and would not authorize
+domiciliary visits in stables and stalls, nor the seizure of sick
+animals, but it did not falter a moment at the domiciliary visits and
+incarceration of insurgent citizens meditating mischief, so that in
+this instance, the privilege of immunity has been given to the brute
+creation. Everybody, both in England and out of England, admires their
+vigour and despatch in stifling the insurrection in its bud. But why not
+act with equal promptitude in the case of an epizootia?
+
+Arming itself, in this manner, in the public interest, and with
+sufficient power, the Government might have appointed an executive
+commission, with the Lord Mayor as president. Such a commission would
+have applied itself at once to the consideration and studious
+examination of the subject in all its bearings, and would have proposed
+prompt and energetic measures, which the Government, with equal
+despatch, would have confirmed by giving to them the authority of law,
+as they have since tardily done. A fund, which, for the wealth of
+England, would not have been considerable, 250,000_l._--the cost of a
+few Armstrong guns--might have been placed at the disposal of this
+Board, to enable its directors to meet and provide for, without delay,
+every just claim and want arising from the scourge.
+
+An auxiliary commission, exclusively medical, and consisting of medical
+and veterinary doctors, might have been formed conjointly with the
+former, and every preventive measure, considered by them as necessary to
+stamp out the complaint at the outbreak, after it had been proposed by
+the medical board, and submitted to the executive commission, and by
+them to the Home Secretary, might have been acted upon by law within
+twenty-four hours.
+
+Taken unawares, and the mode of treating the sick animals not being
+known at first, they would have been reduced to the cruel necessity of
+exterminating at once all tainted cattle, as well as those belonging to
+tainted herds, but not without compensating the owners of those
+cattle.[S]
+
+They would have sent two physicians to Russia and Hungary, to observe
+and study the preventive and curative medication, especially their mode
+of inoculation, and thanks to the rapid locomotion of these times,
+twenty days would have been sufficient for this foreign exploration.
+The physicians constituting the medical board should have been
+authorized to seize any beast tainted with the typhus; a company should
+have been charged to collect and keep ready for the public service, at
+the four quarters of London, an ample retinue of horses, closed
+carriages, and working men, to convey at all hours of the day and night
+the carcases of the slaughtered animals to the respective spots, where
+long and deep trenches had been dug to receive them. Each carcase before
+burial to have been well sprinkled with chloride of lime.
+
+By taking this course, every one's interest would have been respected,
+as much as can be desired when a great calamity threatens a country;
+besides, in doing so, the present ministers would but have followed the
+example of the Government (with regard to compensation), during the
+epizootia of the eighteenth century. The proprietors who had thus
+received, not the full and absolute price, but a sum sufficiently
+remunerative for their sacrificed cattle, would have assisted the
+authorities, and thereby would have served the common interest, because
+their sick cattle, perishing every hour within their stalls and sheds,
+were no longer a real source of embarrassment and ruin. They would not
+have been obliged to drive them to market to get what they could out of
+them and disencumber themselves. The most active cause of the contagion
+would by this means have been prevented.
+
+This allowance having been made for the most pressing dangers, attention
+should next have been directed to a matter no less important--we mean
+the treatment and cure of this distemper; for we will never admit that
+England can have fallen back a century, and that whilst those
+enlightened men--Malcolm Flemming and Layard--proposed and tried to cure
+and prevent ox-typhus in 1757, we, in 1865, shall have been reduced to
+the horrible alternative, the repugnant barbarity, of the general and
+indiscriminate extermination of the tainted cattle.
+
+Whilst, therefore, the treatment of the typhus would have been studied
+on the spot, and the most urgent measures would have been taken to
+withstand the propagation of the evil, they would have established, a
+few miles from London and on the northern side, in the direction of the
+great cattle market, a number of hospitals or sanitariums, and, as far
+as possible, within a park. These hospitals, constructed of wood,
+containing, besides stables and sheds, a slaughter-house, a
+dwelling-house for the staff of employes, a laboratory stocked with all
+the physical and chemical instruments required, &c., would in two or
+three weeks have been sufficiently prepared to receive a certain number
+of cattle.
+
+Provided with these advantages and opportunities, a permanent stage of
+operation would have been raised on which trials and experiments might
+have been made with every chance of fruitful results. In these
+sanitariums, for instance, the most practical physicians and
+veterinarians might have entered upon a systematic course of treatment,
+dividing the bovine patients into classes, according to their periods of
+disease, their age, &c.; and trying some particular mode of treatment,
+some remedy considered as effectual, alternately, upon each of these
+classes of tainted cattle. These experiments, having been made under
+circumstances so favourable, would have enabled the faculty to
+establish a medical basis, which, if not infallible, would have been
+relatively efficacious, and might have saved a large number of the
+infected animals.
+
+Whilst thus fixing their attention on the cure of the sick animals,
+these experimentalists would have carefully studied and practised the
+preventive treatment by inoculation, availing themselves both of
+Layard's hints and recommendations and of the practical knowledge
+acquired by the medical expedition to the steppes, which would by that
+time have returned from their mission. They would have selected animals
+smitten with the genuine typhus, of the typhoid and intestinal form, in
+_the third period_, whilst the depurative and critical secretions are
+running from the mucous membranes; they would have gathered the virus
+from its springs of infection or from its purulent subcutaneous deposits
+or from the serum of the blood.
+
+On the other hand, they might have chosen four heifers, of good
+constitutions and healthy, and these they might have prepared, according
+to Layard's advice, for inoculation, by a special treatment, and by
+hygienic and medical cares. On some of these the inoculation would have
+been made near the tail, according to the subcutaneous process, with a
+lancet charged with typhic virus; on others, a crucial incision, or
+cross-cut, would have been made on the crupper. But, to speak truth, we
+cannot do better than Layard, whose ingenious treatment, with all due
+deference to a certain veterinarian of our day, deserves a very
+different epithet than that of being amusing.[T] Layard says:--
+
+      "That nothing may be omitted which in any shape can
+      contribute to the success of inoculation, due attention
+      should be paid to the constitution and state of the beast,
+      no less in this practice on the cattle than on the human
+      species. Undoubtedly the young, healthy, and strong bid
+      fairer for a good issue than the old, sickly, and feeble;
+      each of these different constitutions demand a particular
+      treatment, even in the method of preparation; and however
+      trifling it may seem to many--the urging a necessity of
+      preparation--I will venture to affirm that I have seen
+      excellent effects arising from a rational preparation, and
+      fatal events from want of preparation. I have likewise been
+      witness of unfavourable turns, merely from an injudicious
+      preparation.
+
+      "The beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding;
+      those that have but a small share of blood must have none
+      drawn. The strong must, besides moderate bleeding and
+      purging, be kept on light diet and their body kept open.
+      Thus, scalded bran, mixed with their hay and chaff; will
+      cool them. The weakly, and such as are inclined to scour,
+      must be kept on dry fodder, and have peas and beans given
+      them to strengthen them. A mess of malt, or a quart of warm
+      ale, with a few spices, will be very suitable for them.
+
+      "Whatever diseases the cattle be affected with, if time will
+      permit, they are first to be removed.
+
+      "The cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed,
+      rubbed dry, and then curried, to remove all the filth from
+      the hair and skin. Then they are to be placed in a spacious
+      barn or stable, where the air is temperate and no cold can
+      come to them. There they are to be prepared according to the
+      direction already given, foddered with good sweet hay, and
+      watered with clear spring water; and if the distemper be not
+      near they may be turned out into the air, near the barn or
+      stable, and may stay there a few hours in the middle of the
+      day.
+
+      "When it appears that the cattle are in perfect health, free
+      from any infection or other disease, brisk and lively,
+      neither costive nor scouring, and chewing their cud, then
+      the operation may be safely undertaken, and henceforth they
+      must be confined to the barn.
+
+      "Since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the
+      contagious and putrid particles separated from the blood,
+      wherever the infectious matter makes an impression at first,
+      particular care must be taken not to inoculate near such
+      vital parts as the heart and lungs, nor near the womb, if a
+      cow with calf be inoculated; for, though rowels are properly
+      applied in the dewlaps, to draw off the pestilential humour
+      from the breast, and in other cases beasts are frequently
+      rowelled in the flanks,--yet in this operation, as matter is
+      inserted by these channels into the neighbouring vessels,
+      those vital parts, or the womb, might become the chief seat
+      of the disease, and the event prove fatal.
+
+      "To prevent such accidents, human beings have been
+      inoculated on the arms and legs, and now-a-days the arms are
+      found sufficient. I would recommend that the cattle should
+      be inoculated about the middle of the shoulders or buttocks,
+      on both sides, to have the benefit of two drains. The skin
+      is to be cut lengthways two inches, deep enough for the
+      blood to start, but not to bleed much. In this incision is
+      to be put a dossil or pledget of tow, dipped in the matter
+      of a boil full ripe, opened in the back of a young calf
+      recovering from the distemper. It may not be amiss to stitch
+      up the wound, to keep the tow in, and let it remain
+      forty-eight hours. Then the stitches are to be cut, the tow
+      taken out, and the wound dressed with yellow basilicon
+      ointment, or one made with turpentine and yolk of egg,
+      spread on pledgets of tow. These dressings are to be
+      continued during the whole illness, and till after the
+      recovery of the beast, to promote the discharge; and then
+      the wound may be healed with the cerate of lapis
+      calaminaris, or any other.
+
+      "On the third day after inoculation, the discolouring of the
+      wound, whose lips appear grey and swollen, will be a sign
+      that the inoculation has succeeded; but the beasts, as
+      Professor Swenke informs us, did not fall ill till the sixth
+      day, which answers exactly to the observations daily made in
+      the inoculating of children. Yet the Professor adds that on
+      the third day a costiveness came on, which was removed by
+      giving each calf three ounces of Epsom salts.
+
+      "No sooner do the symptoms of heaviness and stupidity appear
+      than the beasts must have a light covering thrown over them,
+      and at night fastened loosely. They must be rubbed morning
+      and evening, and curried, till the boils begin to rise; warm
+      hay-water and vinegar-whey must be given plentifully. Should
+      the beasts require more nourishment, dry meat, such as hay,
+      with a little bran, may be offered. I should be very
+      cautious in giving milk-pottage, even after the boils and
+      pimples had all come out, for fear of bringing on a
+      scouring. However, this caution is proper, that whenever
+      milk-pottage be given the vinegar-whey is to be omitted for
+      obvious reasons. In cases of accident, the same attention is
+      to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the
+      natural way, and the medicines recommended are the same I
+      would use; but by inoculation there seldom is a call for
+      any, so favourably does the distemper proceed through its
+      several stages.
+
+      "The crisis being over, it will be proper to purge the
+      cattle, to air them by degrees, and to have the same regard
+      in the management of them as is laid down in the chapter on
+      the method of cure."
+
+The typhic virus is so highly infectious and poisonous that the first
+animals inoculated would have all died; it would have been necessary to
+inoculate successively a number of animals with the virus derived from
+the first inoculation, and transmitted from an inoculated animal to a
+healthy one, by which means they would have acquired a virus of the
+first, second, third generation, and so on. These inoculations having
+always been made on four animals at a time; on two of them, the disease
+would have been left to take its own course, in order that the
+experimentalists might watch its progress and development, and the two
+others would have supplied the virus for inoculation.
+
+At the third or fourth generation, the virus, modified and attenuated in
+its infectious principles, would no longer have been mortal in its
+effects, as experience has proved in Russia. Then the inoculated
+animals, placed under the control of hygienic cares and a few purgative
+and tonic medications, would have passed from convalescence to health.
+The virus thus attenuated would have supplied the means of a practical
+inoculation on a large scale to all healthy animals.
+
+Proceeding thus, they would, moreover, but have followed the method
+adopted in those times of epidemic and epizootia when the small-pox is
+raging. On those occasions, we subject our sick patients to vaccination
+or revaccination; we inoculate the variola in our sheep threatened with
+the contagion; we pursue the same course in cases of epizootia, of
+peripneumonia. And truly, that which it is reasonable to do in one case
+may be generalized and applied to a greater number.
+
+The experiment we have suggested might, perhaps, have been long and
+difficult, nay, even costly, but we should have established, after a
+certain time, the rational method of this preventive treatment, and have
+distributed the same throughout the country. Veterinarians would have
+formed in particular districts their centre of operation, in which the
+preventive virus might have been produced, and they might have gone from
+farm-house to farm-house to inoculate all the cattle within them.
+
+From these facts and observations made by the physicians, precious
+documents would have been derived; and if, contrary to all expectation,
+success had not justified every hope, we should have bequeathed to
+future generations facts and experiences which would have been of the
+most useful character to them and full of instruction. Thus it is that
+science advances and progress is accomplished.
+
+If all that we have just indicated as a realizable matter had been done,
+in effect, England would have afforded in this, as she has so often done
+in other cases, a noble example to be followed, and would have acquired
+a new title to the admiration of other nations.
+
+But, unfortunately it has not been so: silence has succeeded to
+eloquence at Guildhall, and the meetings at the Mansion-house have
+flickered away. That which was held on the 27th of September, seems
+likely to be the last of them.[U]
+
+The subscriptions which, in spite of all the praiseworthy efforts and
+earnestness of the Lord Mayor, did not reach 2000_l._, were returned to
+the subscribers, so that all the attempts which have been made to
+centralize the direction to be given to the various measures have proved
+abortive. The plan of forming sanitariums, as well as that of
+compensating the owners of cattle, have both fallen to the ground.
+
+What can we think of such a state of things when we see the ox-typhus
+extending its ravages to sheep, and have to fear that the disease will
+spread to other animal species? What serious reflections it creates in
+our minds, and what awful consequences we might deduce therefrom! But
+what would be the use of them?
+
+Let us add, however, that France, save on the recognised principle of
+indemnification, and a more speedy extermination of her tainted cattle,
+has shown the same deficiency as to the means of treatment as England;
+whilst we have the consolation of attributing this impotence on the part
+of this country to the fact that the outbreak of the epizootia has
+occurred during the Parliamentary recess.
+
+It is, therefore, to institutions rather than to individuals that we
+must ascribe the impossibility of conquering the difficulties which have
+been met, and which at any other time might not have obstructed the
+course of things. Far be it from us therefore to accuse of indifference
+a great people renowned for their zealous promotion of public interests,
+for their charity and inexhaustible philanthropy, whose innumerable
+asylums have been opened to every misfortune, who support so many
+hospitals and public charities by their voluntary contributions, and
+who, in so many calamities, have seen some devoted heroine issue from
+her retirement to assuage them. For if the Crimean war produced its lady
+beneficent in the person of Florence Nightingale, all of us must allow
+that if others had followed the example of Miss Burdett Coutts, who, in
+a manner, has stood alone against the storm, by the facilities she has
+afforded for treating and experimentalizing on the cattle smitten with
+typhus, the formidable scourge might have been arrested in its focus.
+
+
+III.
+
+_Curative Medication._
+
+We might acquire the means of resisting the general causes which develop
+the typhus; we might stop its diffusion, we might even prevent it, by
+inoculating the sound and healthy animals, and yet it would be
+necessary, none the less, to search for the means of curing it; for, as
+in the small-pox, the preventive treatment of which we know, certain
+circumstances would arise in the disease which would oblige us to treat
+it. And as we are far from being able to resist the generation and
+dissemination of this scourge, which reckons almost as many victims as
+sufferers, it is important to make known what treatment we can oppose to
+the functional derangements to which it gives rise.
+
+As we have already said, this typhus, when the organism has absorbed its
+peccant and infectious miasma, produces a succession of disorders which
+become in a manner temporary functions; it pursues its phases, its
+periods; and as the functional derangements differ at these several
+epochs from the development of the morbid phenomena, the course of
+medicine which is employed to check them cannot always be the same.
+Starting, therefore, from practical data, we will attend the disease in
+its gradual advance--that is to say, in its distinct periods--and will
+afterwards explain certain predominant symptoms, which, owing to their
+importance, must likewise fix the attention of the careful therapeutist.
+
+It will be remembered that we have recognised four periods in the
+regular course of typhus:--
+
+  1st, a period of incubation;
+  2nd, a period of initiation;
+  3rd, a period of duration;
+  4th, a period of decline.
+
+But, in the first place, before beginning the treatment, every farmer or
+grazier, or cattle-owner, who keeps a certain number of cattle, should
+divide his herd into several classes, in order to regulate and methodize
+the cares to be given to the sick.
+
+Thus, he will form a first class, comprising the animals in a sound and
+healthy state, having had no intercourse, either direct or indirect,
+with the tainted cattle, and which he will be careful immediately to
+isolate and keep apart.
+
+A second class must be formed of those beasts, which, though as yet
+unaffected with the distemper, have, nevertheless, been exposed more or
+less directly to its contagion, by living and consorting with them, or
+by their contact with other animals, either at fairs or markets, or in
+the ships and cattle-trucks on the railway during their transit from one
+place to another. The horned cattle composing this latter class must be
+carefully watched, and be made the subject of the preventive treatment,
+the moment the first sign appears of the working of the incubation.
+
+A third class must be formed, consisting of cattle actually smitten with
+the distemper.
+
+These divisions of animals being thus settled and separated, will
+diminish the labour and the cost of treatment and the liability to
+diffuse the complaint, especially when the epizootia begins to lose its
+virulence.
+
+
+_First Period--of Incubation._
+
+We have said that infectious diseases, when once the frame had suffered
+the effects of the poisonous miasma, pursued their fatal course, and
+that, generally speaking, it was impossible after such infection to
+arrest its development. We say generally, for the typhus at the outbreak
+of its appearance on a virgin soil sometimes manifests itself in a
+benignant manner, then it becomes more destructive, by-and-bye its
+pernicious properties decline, and it in some sort goes out of itself.
+One would say that the epizootia, like those it smites, has likewise its
+peculiarities, its period of initiation, of duration, and of decline.
+There are in consequence fixed times or epochs during which the
+sufferers afford better scope for our means of action; at a given moment
+the attenuated virus, having lost much of its deadly effects, ceases to
+produce death, which decline is the real source of the marvellous
+successes obtained by certain remedies against the epizootia.
+
+If it be true that the distemper at its period of duration, and at its
+most critical moment, cannot be fettered, we should not be justified in
+asserting positively the same, as respects the period of incubation.
+Indeed, we are convinced ourselves, that if ever this disease shall be
+clogged in the wheel, _if ever its specific remedy shall be discovered,
+it will be within the period of incubation_, when the economy begins to
+struggle with the first phenomena of the poisoning. Be that as it may,
+we cannot, in epizootic times, too earnestly enjoin the owners of cattle
+to submit their animals to a strict and close inspection, in order that,
+when the first signs of incubation appear, they may modify the animal's
+usual diet, and attack the disease at its birth, so as to render it
+abortive, if the thing can be done.
+
+At this period we must endeavour to come to Nature's assistance, we must
+shake and stir up the economy, we must unseat the morbid functions which
+seek to master us, and then the vital force, thus solicited and
+stimulated, may sometimes struggle with advantage. To do this
+effectually, if the animal is atonic and predisposed to adynamia, if his
+internal organs are relaxed, we will strengthen him by administering
+every day a stimulating beverage. If he is confined to the stall we
+will give him the open air, and let him graze the fields; which is a
+treatment by itself for the invalid animal, so vivifying is the pure air
+of the common, and so thoroughly different from the atmosphere which is
+pent up within his stall. If the animal is strong, lusty, exuberant with
+health, let him be purged once or twice, the purgative to be given at
+intervals of twenty-four hours. (We shall give the medical formula in
+the chapter addressed to farmers, graziers, &c.)
+
+This purgation, moreover, will correspond with the theory of those
+authors who consider the evacuations as the proper means of delivering
+the economy from the infectious miasms which have been absorbed.
+
+If the beast is plethoric, recourse should sometimes be had to bleeding,
+especially in hot and dry seasons, like the one we have recently passed
+through.
+
+These stimulative and depletive medications cannot but be favourable to
+the animal, since it will anticipate the treatment to which he must be
+submitted a few days later, when the disease shall have declared
+itself.
+
+To this treatment, in some sort preventive, must be annexed an
+_antimiasmatic_ beverage, either a _permanganate of potash_, or a
+solution of _chlorate of potash_, or of _arsenic acid_ in powder, mixed
+with some aromatized beverage, or solution of _arseniate of soda_. These
+anti-typhic drinks must be discontinued on those days when the sick
+cattle are purged.
+
+It need hardly be said, that during this period of incubation the
+feeding of the cattle must be strictly attended to, and that the animal
+must receive unusual hygienic care.
+
+
+_Second Period, or that of Initiation._
+
+At this period the constitution and temperament of the sick cattle must
+first of all be deliberately studied, so as to ascertain fully which are
+_lymphatic_, which are _nervous_, and which are _sanguine_. We must
+notice the age, the sex, the state of gestation, and make allowance for
+any prior complaints to which any of the sick cattle may have been
+subject. For if, like certain system-mongers, we reduced the treatment
+of all tainted cattle to the same mathematical formula of medication,
+that is, either to bleeding or to purging exclusively, we should
+certainly increase the number of victims.
+
+In this stage of the disease we have to contend with the derangements of
+the circulation and secretions. The fever is generally intense, the
+blood is inflamed or vitiated, the mucous membranes are dried up;
+shiverings, alternations of cold and heat, &c., occur. We must then
+mitigate these morbid phenomena either by bleeding or purging. The
+bleeding must be more or less copious, according to the strength of the
+animal. For, it must not be forgotten that we have several critical
+phases to pass through, and if we exhaust the animal by too largely
+draining him of blood, we may forfeit the success of the treatment. If
+bleeding is considered unnecessary, let the sufferer be purged at once,
+by administering either _sulphate of magnesia_ (_Epsom salts_), _or
+sulphate of soda_ (_Glauber's salt_). These purges to be taken daily,
+for two or three days, according to the way they operate. Linseed oil,
+mixed in some warm beverage, may be given instead of these, or else a
+mixture of rhubarb and calomel, or even a decoction of senna. Preference
+should be given to saline or laxative purges, as, drastic purgatives,
+such as aloes or jalap, sometimes concentrate the inflammation on the
+narrow parts of the digestive channels.
+
+In this second stage--the period of initiation--the appetite is
+generally gone, the thirst excessive; so that nutritive or solid feeding
+must of course be suppressed.
+
+As for the drinks, they must be cold, consisting of water with
+sufficient flour mixed in it to whiten it, and a little vinegar or
+sulphuric acid, to acidulate it. A decoction of good hay with some
+marine salt, or nitrate of potash; a decoction of pellitory or
+wall-wort, of ground-ivy, or whey, or buttermilk, likewise acidulated,
+and which the cattle are very partial to, will in every way be suitable
+for their use. If the heat of the skin diminishes, and if congestion
+appears to settle on the lungs, the drinks must be given warm,
+consisting of a decoction of borage leaves, mallows, marsh-mallow, and
+pellitory. In these cases, the body must be protected from chills by
+overlaying it with blankets, so as to keep the mass of the blood as much
+as possible on the surface, and check the tendency it has to load the
+internal organs.
+
+By following these prescriptions, we shall answer all the conditions of
+the treatment during the second period. In truth, by the process of
+bleeding, we shall have reduced the heat of the fever, and prevented too
+great a flow towards the nervous, pulmonary, or digestive centres. The
+purgings will have acted with similar effects; and, what is more, they
+will have cleared the _primae viae_, and rendered the circulation of the
+abdominal apparatus more easy. In fine, the drinks will have contributed
+to assuage the violence of the fever. The washing, which must be
+effected with a wet sponge passed over the nose, mouth, and eyes, and
+then over the skin, which must afterwards be rubbed dry, will be both
+useful and pleasant to the sick animal. This cleansing will maintain the
+important functions of the skin in due order.
+
+Some persons have advocated as most efficacious at this period
+hydro-therapia, or the Water-cure, in the form of warm and cold
+ablutions, vapour baths, &c. This treatment, so bracing by its revulsive
+action, and the powerful influence of which we witnessed for several
+years in the establishment which we superintended at Belle Vue, near
+Paris, might prove of some service in ox-typhus, especially in the form
+of the vapour bath; but it requires so much practice, and so incessant
+and watchful a care, that it is needful to have the process attended by
+an experienced practitioner.
+
+We must remark, in addition, that the general state of the animal, and
+his desire for food, will show the degree of strictness and restraint
+which must be observed in regulating his diet. His instinct must be
+taken by us as a guide; and if the drinks rendered nutritive by the
+addition of bran, oatmeal, barley flour, or even seed of grass pounded,
+are relished by him, we must indulge his desires to some extent, in
+order to keep up his strength.
+
+
+_Third Period, or that of Duration._
+
+At this stage of the distemper we must watch and follow step by step the
+symptoms which attend it, and come to their relief.
+
+All the secretions have now resumed their course; from the mucous
+membranes there occurs a copious discharge, first of all serous, then
+thick and muco-purulent; the breathing may be obstructed, the
+diarrhoea frequent; the air infiltrates beneath the integument. The
+fever is sometimes continuous, sometimes intermittent. We must satisfy
+the cravings of the vital powers by administering the same beverages as
+in the preceding period. Far from checking the diarrhoea, as some
+advise, we must regulate the evacuations by means of laxatives, such as
+tartrate of potash, sulphate of magnesia, or sulphate of soda. It is
+very essential, indeed, that the mucous membranes of the digestive
+channels should be free, and not irritated by the contact of solid
+alimentary substances or bilious secretions.
+
+If the diarrhoea be too frequent or irritating, we must give the
+sufferer night and morning a clyster, consisting of bran water.
+
+At this period we will follow the advice given over and over again by
+all the physicians of the last century, and apply cauteries with red-hot
+iron, or fix one or two setons either on the dewlap, the neck, or the
+thighs, and these issues must be kept open by means of basilicon
+ointment. It is unquestionably of the highest importance to promote all
+the depurative secretions in animals whose cellular tissue is choked up
+with grease and lymph. Those only have got well in which the running has
+been regular and copious, and the wasting of the flesh progressive.
+
+If the fever is not regular, two pills of sulphate of quinine must be
+given, each pill containing one gramme, one pill in the morning, the
+other during the day, in order to prevent the fit, which usually takes
+place in the evening. If the state of atony, of adynamia, comes on at
+this period, _acetate of ammonia_ must be given, from one to six ounces,
+in a pint of water, the same to be administered in two doses; only the
+acidulous or alkaline drinks must be discontinued, otherwise the acetate
+of ammonia would be decomposed in its passage into the digestive
+channels. Finally, the eyes, the nostrils, and the mouth must be
+frequently washed with an infusion of camomile, or some other aromatic
+plant.
+
+The setons must be kept up very carefully. If the sick animal relishes
+the nutritive beverages, let him have a decoction of bread, rice,
+barley, or oats.
+
+
+_Fourth Period, or that of Decline._
+
+At this stage of the disease, in which adynamia predominates, everything
+must tend to support the organism. The drinks must be bitter and
+stimulating; beer, with plenty of hops in it, with an addition of
+powdered Peruvian bark or sulphate of iron, may be given; or a decoction
+of this bark, with gentian roots, centaury leaves, and hops; or again, a
+beverage may be administered night and morning, made of veterinary
+theriacum, of extract of juniper and alcohol; or finally, an infusion of
+aromatic plants.
+
+If the diarrhoea be bloody and fetid, give the animal night and
+morning a clyster, consisting of a decoction of Jesuit's bark, adding
+thereto a spoonful of powdered wood charcoal, pounded to the finest
+powder, and passed carefully through a sieve. If the running ceases, its
+return must be excited by injecting in the nostrils a spoonful of
+sternutatory vinegar or smelling salts. Finally, the purulent boils must
+be opened, and dressed with stimulating ointment.
+
+At this closing period, which determines the fate of the disease, as we
+say, there is a tendency to despair of the cure. Seeing the fatal course
+of most attacks, we lose heart, death seems inevitable, and we yield its
+prey to its fangs. But let us not despair; let us remember that, in
+these febrile infectious diseases, above all, the phenomena must almost
+always proceed to the last stage of exhaustion of the vital powers to
+render the cure attainable. Some patients, smitten with typhoid fever or
+cholera, have owed their lives to the indefatigable tenacity of the
+contest _in extremis_ between life and death.
+
+I still see before me a choleraic patient, whom, during the epidemic of
+1849, I had left in the morning at ten o'clock, passing into the cold
+period. At five o'clock I returned to see him; the whole family was in
+tears, and the sheet had been thrown over the patient's head, as if he
+had already breathed his last. Time was precious to me at that fell
+season, and I was about to retire, when I applied my finger to the wrist
+of the sufferer, and felt a faint pulsation at long intervals. I threw
+my coat off directly, called for flannel and essential oil of mustard,
+which I had prescribed that morning. I set the example, and instantly
+the whole family helped me to rub the patient in every direction. In a
+quarter of an hour the heart quickened and revived, and in less than
+half an hour more the circulation resumed its course; at the end of an
+hour of this obstinate struggle the vital heat began to show itself--in
+a word, the patient was saved.
+
+We must not, therefore, give up the contest until the death of the
+sufferer is fully ascertained; and the same persistency should be
+practised in the case of animals smitten with the typhus. If the
+circulation slackens, if the skin turns cold, take a piece of wool, coat
+it with rubefacient liniment, and rub the animal therewith, more
+particularly along the spine. Then give him a cordial drink, and pass
+_raies de feu_ over the loins. All these appliances will help to
+stimulate the nervous system, and resuscitate the exhausted powers of
+life.
+
+If, at last, we are so fortunate as to overcome the profound adynamia
+which has utterly prostrated the frame, we next shall have to sustain
+the sick animal by giving him decoctions of meat with sea-salt, or
+sulphate of iron added to it, or a light broth, made with meat and
+bread.
+
+Herbivorous animals, put upon a carnivorous diet, would not generally
+endure it, of course; but some of them rather incline to unctuous
+beverages, and even to cooked or raw meat. All men know that certain
+horse trainers give race-horses a small portion of meat, especially when
+the races are coming on, in order to increase their mettle and strength.
+
+We remember a sheep, which we saw at the Ecole d'Alfort, during our
+studies of comparative pathology and the cutaneous diseases of domestic
+animals, which manifested a great liking for meat, and even ate it
+ravenously like a glutton.
+
+In convalescence, the animal must be sent into the open air, in some
+fold enclosed with bars; he must be taken every day to pasture, each day
+increasing the time he is allowed to feed, and gradually he will be left
+to return to his usual regimen. But still it must be observed, that in
+this distemper convalescence is long and slow, and very deceitful. A too
+substantial course of feeding often revives the inflammation of the
+intestines by irritating ulcerations not yet healed, and more than one
+animal which had been looked upon as cured has perished in its
+convalescence through a lack of watchful attention.
+
+Herbivorous beasts, therefore, incline to and digest animal food;
+consequently, we must give sick oxen meat broths, pure milk, or milk and
+water. With these must be mixed wheat straw chopped small, for hay or
+even oat straw would swell and distend the stomachs.
+
+The typhus in this epizootia is not regular in its progress and
+development. Frequently the nervous or pulmonary phenomena predominate,
+when the treatment, such as we have just explained, must be modified. We
+must also bear in mind that nature does not divide a disease into
+periods, like those we have adopted to render our exposition of the
+symptoms more intelligible and the treatment itself more methodical.
+
+If the nervous form of the disease prevails--if the animal shows
+alternations of dulness and restlessness--if, pressure on the spine is
+very painful--above all, if, in bulls, for instance, there is plethora,
+let the bleedings and purgings be increased in order to abate the
+nervous erethismus. In this form, the violence of the attack usually
+carries off the beast. Should there, however, be any chance of saving
+him it will be by employing this medication, which is at once revulsive
+and depletive, notwithstanding the well-known fact that bleedings, far
+from relieving the nervous system, sometimes aggravate its irritability.
+
+A general ablution with cold water may be tried in _desperate cases_.
+The animal must then be immediately well rubbed, and covered with wool,
+in order to excite a thorough reaction.
+
+In the pulmonary form of the typhus, but only during the acute stage,
+the drinks must be warm and emollient, composed of a decoction of
+soothing substances, with mallows, &c.; or one of linseed, to which must
+be added some oxymel of squills and opium. The purgatives must be
+non-stimulating; and emetics, freely diluted, for instance, will be
+very serviceable.
+
+At the third and fourth period in this pulmonary form of the disease,
+adopt the treatment prescribed for intestinal typhus.
+
+We might have greatly enlarged the list of the pharmaceutic agents, but
+the richer a treatment is in remedies the poorer it is in cures. We have
+made choice of the simplest and safest among all the remedies advised by
+experienced men, making allowance for the difficulties inherent to the
+number of animals, the mode of application, the cost, &c., always
+keeping in view the life of the animal to be saved and the interest of
+the cattle owners.
+
+We think that the treatment by inoculation might have prevented the
+typhus in a very large proportion, and that the curative medication
+might have saved many of the infected cattle at the worst period of the
+epizootia.
+
+Such, then, are the results which will one day be obtained, when we
+shall be able to supersede the barbarous process of general
+extermination, by the adoption of a rational treatment, founded at once
+on science and practical experience.
+
+
+IV.
+
+    _Hygienic Measures to be taken against the Extension of the
+      Contagion--Acts and Orders concerning Sanitary Police
+      Regulations._
+
+I have purposely neglected, in discussing the various plans of
+treatment, certain measures to be adopted with the object of opposing
+the spread of the contagion. The memorandum published on this subject by
+the Privy Council, and drawn up by Dr. Thudichum, is so complete and so
+clear, that we can find nothing better to say. I recommend its perusal
+to all who possess horned cattle, and who have occasion to send them to
+any distance. It is of the highest importance to follow this judicious
+advice, as the general interest will constitute here the safeguard of
+the pecuniary interests of each in particular. I add to this memorandum
+upon hygienic measures, the consolidated and amended acts and orders
+published under the head of "Sanitary Police." In this way those
+interested will have beneath their eyes all which it is important for
+them to know, both in a medical and legal point of view.
+
+        MEMORANDUM _on the Principles and Practice of
+          Disinfection, as applicable to the present Epidemic of
+          Cattle Disease_. By J. L. W. THUDICHUM, M.D.
+
+
+      [Sidenote: I.--Principles of disinfection.]
+
+      I.--PRINCIPLES OF DISINFECTION.
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Definition of disinfection.]
+
+      1. The term disinfection signifies the removal and
+      destruction, or destruction and subsequent removal of the
+      products of destruction, of all matters actually being or
+      containing products of disease capable of reproducing
+      disease in other animals.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. May include special purification and
+      deodorization.]
+
+      2. If the same processes and means, as used for this
+      purpose, are applied to the purification and deodorization
+      of places and things not actually infected, but capable or
+      suspected of being infected, then these preventive measures
+      are practically and properly included under the definition
+      of disinfection.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Reproducers and primary carriers of
+      infection.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Infectious parts of dead animals.]
+
+      3. The reproducers of the infectious matter or contagion are
+      all kinds of cattle of the ox tribe, which also are at
+      present in this country the only animals liable to its
+      specific effects. It is probable that the contagion adheres
+      with particular pertinacity to all secretions and discharges
+      from sick animals. For this reason, faeces or droppings,
+      urine, ruminated food, all secretions from the mouth, nose,
+      and eyes, and any sore parts of the surface of the diseased
+      animals must be considered as the principal and primary
+      carriers of the infectious matter or plague poison. It is
+      also probable that many parts of animals which have died
+      from the cattle plague, or have been killed during advanced
+      stages of the disease, are infectious, some because they are
+      primarily imbued with the contagion, others because they
+      have been in contact with it after the death of the animal.
+      Skins, hides, hair, horns, and hoofs, must therefore always
+      be treated with precaution. The chances of infection by
+      flesh, fat, cleaned guts, and blood, are perhaps more
+      remote, but cannot be lost sight of.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Particular danger of droppings, or faeces.]
+
+      4. The cattle plague, although affecting every part of the
+      animal, shows its visible effects most extensively in the
+      intestinal canal. It is believed, and apparently upon good
+      grounds, that the intestinal discharges are the principal
+      agents, upon the distribution of which mainly depends the
+      spread of the disorder.
+
+      [Sidenote: 5. Enumeration of infected things and places.]
+
+      5. It follows from the above, that all articles which have
+      been in contact with a diseased animal, or any of its
+      discharges, particularly its faeces, are capable of carrying
+      the infection for an indefinite time, and must be looked
+      upon as being actually infectious to other healthy animals.
+      Such are racks of wood or iron; cribs or mangers of wood,
+      iron, or stone; articles used for fastening animals; leather
+      collars and straps, ropes and chains; all harness of any
+      animals used for drawing, and all carts, waggons, and
+      carriages which they have actually been drawing; the stalls
+      or sheds in which animals have been standing; the whole
+      lengths of the gutters and drains through which their urine
+      has been flowing; the entire surface over which their manure
+      has been drawn, and all implements with which the removal
+      has been effected; the entire dung-heap upon which infected
+      manure has been put, and the fluid contents of the manure
+      pit, or of the special receptacle for the urine; yards or
+      sheds in which cattle have been kept to tread down long
+      straw, and the whole of such straw and manure, as also the
+      ground beneath them; paths and roads upon which diseased
+      cattle have walked or been carried; fields and meadows upon
+      which they have been grazing; all carts, carriages, trucks
+      and railway trucks in which diseased cattle have been
+      conveyed, and all the platforms, railings, bridges, and
+      boards upon which they have been moved thereto; as also all
+      apparatus which has been used to pen, tie, lift, haul,
+      lower, and fix them; the clothes, and particularly shoes and
+      boots, and iron-pointed sticks of drivers and their dogs;
+      the apparel of all cattle-herds or attendants, particularly
+      their shoes and boots; the shoes and boots of all persons
+      visiting places where diseased cattle are or have been
+      standing; and, in general, the clothes of all persons
+      visiting infected places, ships, and all parts of the
+      platforms, stages, stairs and bridges, hoists and cranes
+      used for embarking and landing the animals; markets, and all
+      sheds, and pens, and implements used in contact with cattle;
+      slaughter-houses, and all persons and implements in them
+      which have been employed upon sick cattle, as also sundry
+      parts or organs which come from sick animals killed in
+      slaughter-houses; knackers' yards, trucks or carts, horses,
+      men, and implements which have been employed in the disposal
+      of sick or dead animals; wells and ponds from which diseased
+      cattle have been drinking, or into which any portion of
+      their excreta has had any opportunity of flowing, directly
+      or indirectly; all fodder, grass, hay, straw, clover, &c.,
+      and particularly remnants of fodder upon which diseased
+      cattle have been feeding; and, in general, all persons,
+      animals, places, buildings, and movable things which have
+      been in contact with matters proceeding from diseased
+      cattle, or with such diseased cattle themselves. To the
+      above-mentioned places and things any of the processes and
+      agents enumerated and described in the following may have
+      to be applied.
+
+
+      [Sidenote: II. Practice of disinfection.]
+
+      II.--PRACTICE OF DISINFECTION.
+
+      [Sidenote: A. Disinfection by earth.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Burying of animals, &c.]
+
+      A. _Disinfection by Earth._ 1. _Burying._--All matters that
+      can be buried, so as to remain covered with a thick layer of
+      ground or earth are innocuous. The ground chosen for such
+      interment should be dry. The quickest, and cheapest, and
+      most certain way of disinfecting an animal dead from the
+      plague is to bury it entire.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Burying of dung.]
+
+      2. The droppings, and all straw and other matters
+      contaminated therewith, may also be buried into ground where
+      they are not likely to be disturbed for a long time. The
+      places from which such droppings have been removed to be
+      cleaned and disinfected as will be described below.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Infected manure and compost heaps.]
+
+      3. Manure heaps and the down-trodden manure of cattle yards,
+      if they have become infected by even a small quantity of the
+      droppings of a diseased animal, should be carefully shifted
+      to a suitable piece of ground, and there be transformed into
+      compost heaps. A layer of manure one or two feet in
+      thickness should be covered all over with six inches of dry
+      earth, ashes, and mineral rubbish; upon this another layer
+      of manure may be placed, and then again a layer of earth,
+      and so forth, until the whole of the manure is stacked; it
+      should be covered all over with a continuous layer of earth
+      of from six inches to one foot in thickness. If the manure
+      heap or yard manure cannot be shifted, it may be covered on
+      the spot with a layer of dry earth, after which all animals
+      are to be kept away from it.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Removal of boil infected by soakage.]
+
+      4. If the floor of any shed or stable in which diseased
+      cattle has been standing is not constructed with special
+      water-tight and impenetrable material, it must be assumed to
+      be infected to the depth of at least six inches. This ground
+      should therefore be removed, together with any stones,
+      pavements, or wood work which may have been in contact with
+      it, carted to a piece of dry land and buried. Half-rotten
+      wood is a particularly favourable carrier of infection.
+      Mortar, bricks, loam, or any other lining of the sides of a
+      pen in which a diseased animal has been standing, should be
+      broken out and buried.
+
+      [Sidenote: B. Disinfection by fire.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Burning.]
+
+      B. _Disinfection by Fire._ 1. _Burning._--All infected
+      articles of a minor value, or made of incombustible
+      materials, can be disinfected by exposing them to a heat
+      which will char organic matter. To this class of articles
+      may be reckoned racks of wood or iron; cribs or mangers of
+      wood, iron or stone; leather collars and straps, ropes and
+      chains; dry manure, residues of fodder from which diseased
+      cattle have eaten; and all such small articles of little
+      value which can easily be replaced by new ones. Chains may
+      be exposed to a dull red heat; all other articles may be
+      heated over a fire of coal, brushwood, or straw until well
+      scorched. All new articles of ironware should be bought in a
+      galvanised state, to prevent the formation of rust, the
+      accumulations of which form convenient seats for infectious
+      matter, and for the same purpose it is desirable that iron
+      articles which have been disinfected by heat as above should
+      afterwards be either galvanised, or, at least, while hot be
+      treated with resin, to cover them with a durable varnish, or
+      should be varnished or painted.
+
+      [Sidenote: C. Disinfection by chloride of lime. General
+      remarks.]
+
+      C. _Disinfection by Chloride of Lime._--Chloride of lime, or
+      bleaching powder, is the most powerful, the cheapest and
+      most easily managed of all artificial disinfectants. It can
+      be had everywhere, and at any time, and in quantities
+      sufficient for every purpose. It should as much as possible
+      he applied in solution, of a strength varying somewhat with
+      the particular purpose for which it is to be employed; and
+      after it has been allowed to act upon the surface or matter
+      to be disinfected a reasonable time, should be washed off,
+      together with all products of decomposition. As chloride of
+      lime does not destroy only the infectious matter in a
+      mixture, but destroys all organic matter without
+      distinction, it is not applicable to large quantities of
+      matter, such as the manure of cattle, dung-heaps, &c.,
+      inasmuch as twice or three times the weight of these matters
+      of chloride of lime would be required for their effectual
+      destruction and disinfection. It is further inapplicable to
+      all matters rich in ammonia, particularly putrid urine, as
+      it destroys the ammonia and evolves a large amount of gases,
+      some of which have a repugnant odour, and are perhaps not
+      quite innocuous. But for the disinfection of surfaces of
+      things and places no better or more suitable agent than
+      chloride of lime is at present known to science.
+
+      [Sidenote: D. Special directions for disinfection of
+      stables, sheds, &c., trucks, and ships, &c.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Special directions.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Washing.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Scrubbing.]
+
+      [Sidenote: All washing water to be disinfected.]
+
+      D. _Special Directions for the Disinfection of Stables,
+      Sheds, Vans, Railway Trucks, and Cattle Ships,[V] and of
+      Persons and Things connected with them._--1. After such a
+      place has been cleaned by mechanical means, scraping, &c.,
+      as much as possible, and all manure and dirt has been
+      carefully buried, the entire surface which has been
+      contaminated, or is likely to have been contaminated, should
+      be covered with a layer of chloride of lime in powder. The
+      powder should be worked about with a broom until equally
+      distributed. It is intended to disinfect the water to be
+      used in the washing process which is now to commence. Clean
+      water, from a hose in which it flows under pressure, or from
+      a force-pump, garden-engine, or from large watering-pots or
+      water-cans, or poured freely from buckets, should now be
+      applied to the entire surface by one person, while another
+      at the same time scrubs the entire surface; and particularly
+      all crevices, joints, and irregularities. The washing water
+      and chloride of lime are then to be worked down the gutters,
+      into the sinks, cesses, or natural watercourses. No washing
+      water from any infected place or thing should ever be
+      allowed to flow into any cesspool, urine-hold, dung-heap,
+      pond, sewer, or natural watercourse, without having
+      previously been mixed and stirred with a liberal amount of
+      chloride of lime. When the place has thus been scrubbed
+      until the water flows off clean, it is ready for effectual
+      disinfection.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Actual disinfection.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Solution of chloride of lime.]
+
+      [Sidenote: How applied.]
+
+      [Sidenote: How long to be left on.]
+
+      2. For this purpose a solution of chloride of lime in water,
+      in the proportion of one pound of the powder to one gallon
+      of water, is made. For the lair of one animal from six to
+      ten gallons of such fluid should be prepared. This fluid is
+      now distributed over the whole surface to be disinfected,
+      gradually, by squirting from a syringe, or by pumping
+      through a force-pump, garden-engine, or by watering from a
+      watering-pot or can with a finely pierced rose. All
+      woodwork, stones, bricks, cement, mortar, all fixtures of
+      whatever material, should be well wetted with the solution,
+      and immediately be scrubbed with a hard brush. Floor and
+      ceiling are also scrubbed, and the whole is left in this wet
+      state covered with the chloride of lime solution for at
+      least one hour, during which time care is taken that no
+      parts become dry.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. To be washed off after disinfection.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Flushing.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Precautions as to direction of clean water.]
+
+      3. As the chloride of lime and the products of its
+      decomposing action upon infectious matters may be hurtful to
+      cattle, these matters have to be carefully washed off by a
+      second and final flushing. For this too much water and too
+      much scrubbing cannot be employed. Care should be taken to
+      apply the clean water always to the highest parts, so as to
+      cause it to flow thence to the lower parts, and to wash away
+      the waste from the lower parts before applying any fresh
+      water to the upper parts.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Care not to carry back dirt by brooms, boots,
+      &c.]
+
+      4. Care should also be taken to rinse and flush every broom
+      which has worked away sediment and waste from the lower
+      parts into and through the gutters and drains before
+      applying it again to the clean upper parts. Care should also
+      be taken that the working persons should not step from the
+      dirty or partially cleansed places on to the clean ones, as
+      this may suffice to bring infection back to the disinfected
+      place.
+
+      [Sidenote: 5. Disinfection of workmen and tools.]
+
+      5. Lastly, all persons employed in this work, having swept
+      and flushed the gutters with the same care as the lairs, are
+      collected, together with all engines and tools which they
+      have used, as near as possible to the sink or place of final
+      egress of water from the premises, and there disinfected as
+      will be described.
+
+      [Sidenote: Tools.]
+
+      The tools, such as hooks, forks, spades, hoes, barrows, &c.,
+      are scrubbed with the above solution of chloride of lime,
+      and subsequently water until clean; they are then
+      repeatedly wetted with the solution, and after it has had
+      time to disinfect the entire surfaces of them, they are
+      washed clean and laid up, or hung up to dry.
+
+      [Sidenote: Workmen.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Disinfection of boots.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Disinfection of workpeople's bodies, hands, &c.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Changing and disinfecting clothes.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Burning of articles of little value.]
+
+      The workmen, then, having finished the disinfection and
+      flushing of all objects and surfaces, effect their own
+      disinfection in the following manner:--They wash their boots
+      most carefully with chloride of lime and water, scraping the
+      soles and scrubbing the seams where the soles join the upper
+      leather. They wash their hands and arms, and by means of
+      clean rags or sponges they remove any splashes from their
+      clothes. After this they go indoors, remove all clothes from
+      head to foot, wash their bodies, and particularly their
+      hands, faces, hair and feet, with plenty of soap and water,
+      and put on fresh clothes and linen. The clothes and linen
+      which they have taken off should be treated as infected, set
+      to soak immediately in boiling water and afterwards
+      disinfected, or in water containing two ounces of chloride
+      of lime to the gallon in solution, or containing four ounces
+      of Condy's red permanganate of potash fluid in solution; or
+      the clothes and linen should be put in a copper and boiled
+      and subsequently washed. All articles of little value which
+      are much soiled should be burned on a bright fire.
+
+      [Sidenote: E. Disinfection of live stock.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Stock may carry infection in two modes.]
+
+      E. _Disinfection of Live Stock._--1. Live cattle may carry
+      infection in two ways: first, by being themselves infected
+      with the plague and reproducing the poison; and secondly, by
+      accidentally carrying the poison from other animals in a
+      dormant state upon some part of their surface, their hair,
+      and particularly their feet. These latter animals may
+      therefore infect others without being or becoming themselves
+      subjects of the plague. All persons therefore buying new
+      animals, should disinfect them before allowing them to enter
+      their premises. In a similar manner, if in a stable there
+      has been a case of plague, the healthy or apparently healthy
+      animals should all be disinfected.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Mode and means of disinfecting live stock.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Warming and refreshing drink.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Penned in the quarantine shed.]
+
+      2. The mode in which live animals may be disinfected,
+      consists in washing them with disinfectant solutions of such
+      strength as will destroy the contagion without injuring the
+      surface of the animal. A solution of two ounces of chloride
+      of lime in a gallon of water, is a proper solution for
+      washing the coat of animals. A mixture of four ounces of
+      Condy's red permanganate of potash fluid, with one gallon of
+      water, is also a proper disinfectant solution. For
+      full-sized cows and bullocks, &c., several gallons of either
+      of these solutions should be used. Great care should be
+      taken to keep the solution away from the eyes, nostrils,
+      mouth, and tender parts. When the entire surface is washed
+      and disinfected, all disinfectant is removed by the
+      application of great quantities of clean tepid water to all
+      parts. The animal is given a warming and refreshing drink,
+      and is conducted by a clean attendant to the clean
+      quarantine shed. There it should receive fodder both dry and
+      green, and sop, and plenty of pure cold water, and be rubbed
+      dry with whisks of straw and hay.
+
+      [Sidenote: F. The quarantine shed.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Objects.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Both quarantine and surface disinfection are
+      required.]
+
+      F. _The Quarantine Shed._--1. The quarantine shed is
+      intended to keep the new and suspected cattle separate for a
+      period of at least ten days, in order to afford the
+      security, to be obtained by observation alone, that it is
+      not actually infected with plague. While, therefore,
+      disinfection of the surface of cattle removes one kind of
+      danger, another, which cannot be removed, can only be kept
+      circumscribed or penned in, and this is done by the
+      quarantine shed. But the keeping of cattle in the quarantine
+      shed would not disinfect its surface with certainty even
+      during a much longer period than ten days; disinfection of
+      the surface therefore cannot supply the precaution of the
+      quarantine shed, and a rigorous quarantine cannot supply the
+      effect of surface disinfection. Both precautions are
+      necessary for perfect security, although either of them,
+      without the other, obviates a particular kind and a certain
+      amount of danger.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Management of the quarantine shed.]
+
+      2. The quarantine shed should be situated in an isolated
+      part of the premises. All manure and urine from it should
+      flow and be carried to a particular place separate and
+      distinct from the common dung-heap, and be buried daily.
+
+      [Sidenote: Cleanliness.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Persons attending healthy stock not to attend
+      quarantine shed, and vice versa.]
+
+      The utmost cleanliness should be observed in the shed. All
+      tools, pails, currycombs, etc., used in this shed should be
+      used in it exclusively and nowhere else. The person
+      attending the quarantine shed should not be allowed to go
+      into the shed where healthy stock is kept, or permitted to
+      approach healthy stock. No person attending healthy stock
+      should be permitted to approach quarantine cattle, or to go
+      near or into the quarantine shed. But should unfortunately
+      only one person be available for both duties, that person
+      should be allowed to approach quarantine cattle only when
+      clothed in the safety dress to be immediately described.
+
+      [Sidenote: G. The safety dress.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Description.]
+
+      G. _The Safety Dress._--1. This consists of strong
+      water-boots reaching up to the knees, well greased all over;
+      of a waterproof coat, buttoned close all the way up in
+      front, and closing tightly round the neck and wrists. The
+      head is to be covered with a cap which takes the hair well
+      in.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Persons who should use the safety dress.]
+
+      [Sidenote: To disinfect before leaving suspected or infected
+      premises.]
+
+      2. Every person having occasion to visit sheds in which
+      there is diseased cattle, or suspected cattle, or quarantine
+      cattle, should be provided with the above dress, put it on
+      when entering the place, take it off when leaving the place,
+      and have it disinfected immediately. This precaution should
+      be strictly observed by all inspectors, all veterinarians,
+      or others called in to attend sick cattle, by all dealers
+      and butchers entering sheds, yards, or meadows, for the
+      purpose of sale or purchase, and by all other persons coming
+      on the premises on business in connexion with cattle.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Strangers not to enter sheds except in
+      disinfected safety dresses.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Proprietors of cattle to keep safety dresses.]
+
+      3. The owners of stock should not allow any strangers to
+      enter their sheds, yards, or meadows, except in disinfected
+      safety-dresses; and in case this should give rise to
+      difficulties, they will do well to have themselves one or
+      two such safety-dresses at hand, and to cause all persons
+      whose business compels them to enter their sheds, to leave
+      their own boots behind, and to put on the long boots,
+      waterproof-coat, and special cap. Only thus can they hope to
+      exclude all ordinary and obvious chances of infection from
+      their previously healthy sheds, yards, and meadows.
+
+      [Sidenote: H. Measures to be taken where plague has
+      appeared.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Killing and burying diseased animals.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Disinfecting the living and the stables.]
+
+      H. _Measures to be taken on Premises where Plague has
+      actually appeared._--1. When the plague has actually
+      appeared in any shed, yard, or place, the sick animal should
+      at once be removed with all due precautions. It is certainly
+      the safest and best to pole-axe the animal at once, and to
+      bury it entire, and then to disinfect the particular lair as
+      above described, clear out the stable or shed, disinfect
+      the whole of it and all apparatus, also all the animals, and
+      only to let the animals enter the shed, &c. again, after it
+      is completely sweet and dry.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Hospital shed.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Situation of.]
+
+      2. If, however, a proprietor is desirous of keeping a sick
+      animal because its illness does not appear severe or fatal,
+      he should place it in a separate shed, which must not be the
+      same as or near to the quarantine shed, and be distant from
+      all healthy animals, and so situated that the prevailing
+      wind does not blow from this hospital shed towards the
+      healthy or quarantine shed. The water should also not flow
+      from this hospital shed towards the others, or the yard, or
+      any meadow, but should be carefully drained away and sent
+      off the premises by a special sink.
+
+      [Sidenote: 3. Preventing of diffusion of faeces.]
+
+      3. To prevent the scattering of faeces by infected animals
+      (and also by suspected animals and all animals suffering
+      from diarrhoea), their tails should be so tied to one or
+      other of their horns as to protect them against being soiled
+      by the intestinal discharges, and to prevent them from
+      distributing such discharges by the ceaseless motions
+      peculiar to these organs. The spattering of faeces should be
+      prevented by a copious supply of rough straw, with some
+      sand, sawdust, or ashes placed behind and underneath the
+      animal. The straw and faeces should be dealt with as has been
+      described. Animals affected with plague or diarrhoea should
+      not be led along streets, highroads, and paths, as they
+      would be certain to drop infectious faeces, which would then
+      be distributed over the entire length of these roads by the
+      feet of men and animals, and the wheels of vehicles.
+
+      [Sidenote: 4. Special management of hospital shed.]
+
+      [Sidenote: Persons to be employed.]
+
+      4. The sick animals should be disinfected repeatedly; their
+      pens should be cleaned and disinfected repeatedly, during
+      the course of the illness. This should be done by persons
+      either guarded by the safety dress, or--and this is
+      safest--by such as may not come into contact with healthy
+      cattle, or have to enter healthy sheds. All tools, pails,
+      fodder, &c., to be used in the hospital shed to be kept for
+      that purpose only, and never to be used with healthy, or
+      quarantine, or only suspected cattle.
+
+      [Sidenote: 5. Disinfection of parts of dead or killed
+      animals.]
+
+      5. If the proprietor of any dead piece of cattle, whether it
+      has died naturally or been killed, should decide upon
+      dismembering it instead of burying it entire, and upon
+      utilising the hide, horns, hoofs, tallow, and bones, he
+      should disinfect the skin, horns, and hoofs, by steeping
+      them for one hour in a strong solution of chloride of lime,
+      containing one pound of the powder in each gallon of water,
+      and afterwards washing them. The tallow should be thickly
+      powdered with chloride of lime all over, and be sent
+      directly to the boilers. It should not be boiled in any
+      vessel employed on the farm. Under all circumstances, it is
+      advisable to let this dismemberment of dead and fallen
+      cattle he performed at the knacker's yard.
+
+      [Sidenote: 6. Flesh, &c., to be buried.]
+
+      6. Flesh, blood, guts, lungs, and the bones of the head of
+      infected animals should not be trafficked with, as they
+      cannot easily be disinfected. They should always be buried.
+
+      [Sidenote: I. Disinfection of meadows, fields, roads, &c.]
+
+      [Sidenote: 1. Meadows.]
+
+      I. _Disinfection of Meadows, Fields, Roads, &c._--1. Meadows
+      infected by diseased cattle should be carefully cleaned of
+      all dung, by burying each dropping on the spot where it
+      lies, cutting out the round piece of turf with the dropping
+      on it, and turning it upside down. The grass on the entire
+      meadow should then be cut and burned. It should then be left
+      without any cattle for at least a month, including at least
+      two wet days.
+
+      [Sidenote: 2. Of roads, &c.]
+
+      2. All roads, paths, streets of towns, or villages should be
+      carefully and frequently scavenged. All carts, vans, or
+      waggons used for carrying manure, should be water-tight,
+      caulked and painted, and should not be permitted to ooze and
+      drop their fluid or semi-fluid contents on the road over
+      which they are drawn. They should be kept clean and
+      disinfected, as a precautionary measure, by the proceedings
+      above described.
+
+
+      [Sidenote: III. General recommendations.]
+
+      III. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS.
+
+      In conclusion it must be pointed out to farmers, dairymen,
+      and all persons having charge of cattle,
+
+      _That the same great measures which are known to maintain
+      and restore the health of human beings, will also maintain
+      and restore the health of cattle._
+
+      Pure air; dry, spacious, well-ventilated and well-drained
+      clean sheds; clean and dry meadows; plenty of pure water;
+      frequent currying and washing; the prevention of the
+      development, by the destruction of the germs, of internal
+      and external parasites, particularly entozoa; proper food in
+      suitable quantities, and at proper times; protection from
+      inclement weather; the utmost cleanliness in the removal of
+      manure; the storing of the manure at a great distance from
+      the cattle-shed, and, in addition, the most conscientious
+      observance of the precautionary and disinfecting measures
+      above described--all these measures and agents together
+      will secure the utmost possible health of stock and the
+      prosperity of the agriculturist and dairyman. But the
+      neglect of any one of them will make the stock liable to
+      become infected, and the more so the more several or all
+      collateral conditions of the healthy existence of animals
+      are neglected. The negligent man is therefore certain to
+      lose, to injure his neighbour by defeating his precautions,
+      and to damage society; but the watchful and painstaking man
+      will be rewarded not only by the preservation of his
+      property, but particularly by the consciousness that it has
+      been preserved by his own care and attention, and that
+      thereby he has also benefited the state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This consolidates and amends the former Orders.
+
+      (_Copy._)
+
+      At the _Council Chamber, Whitehall_, the 22nd day of
+      _September_, 1865.
+
+      By the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
+
+        PRESENT.
+
+        Lord President.
+        Duke of Somerset.
+        Earl of Clarendon.
+        Earl de Grey and Ripon.
+        Mr. Secretary Cardwell.
+        Mr. H. A. Bruce.
+
+      WHEREAS by an Act passed in the session of the eleventh and
+      twelfth years of Her present Majesty's reign, chapter one
+      hundred and seven, intituled "An Act to prevent until the
+      1st day of September, 1850, and to the end of the then next
+      session of Parliament, the spreading of contagious or
+      infectious disorders amongst sheep, cattle, and other
+      animals," and which has since been from time to time
+      continued by divers subsequent Acts, and lastly by an Act
+      passed in the session of the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth
+      years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter one
+      hundred and nineteen, it is (amongst other things) enacted
+      that it shall be lawful for the Lords and others of Her
+      Majesty's Privy Council, or any two or more of them, from
+      time to time, to make such Orders and Regulations as to them
+      may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or
+      regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as
+      they may designate in such Order or Orders, of sheep,
+      cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins,
+      hides, horns, hoofs, or other part of any animals, or of
+      hay, straw, fodder, or other articles likely to propagate
+      infection; and also for the purpose of purifying any yard,
+      stable, outhouse, or other place, or any waggons, carts,
+      carriages, or other vehicles; and also for the purpose of
+      directing how any animals dying in a diseased state, or any
+      animals, parts of animals, or other things seized under the
+      provisions of the said Act, are to be disposed of; and also
+      for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the
+      appearance of any disorder among sheep, cattle, or other
+      animals, and to make any other Orders or Regulations for the
+      purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said Act,
+      and again to revoke, alter, or vary any such Orders or
+      Regulations; and that all provisions for any of the purposes
+      aforesaid in any such Order or Orders contained shall have
+      the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted
+      in the said Act; and that all persons offending against the
+      said Act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay
+      any sum not exceeding twenty pounds, or such smaller sum as
+      the said Lords or others of Her Majesty's Privy Council may
+      in any case by such Order direct:--
+
+      And whereas a contagious or infectious disorder now prevails
+      among the cattle of Great Britain, which is generally
+      designated the "cattle plague," and may be recognised by the
+      following symptoms:--
+
+      "Great depression of the vital powers, frequent shivering,
+      staggering gait, cold extremities, quick and short
+      breathing, drooping head, reddened eyes, with a discharge
+      from them, and also from the nostrils, of a mucous nature;
+      raw-looking places on the inner side of the lips and roof of
+      the mouth, diarrhoea or dysenteric purging:"
+
+      And whereas several Orders, dated respectively the 24th of
+      July, the 11th, 18th, and 26th of August, 1865, have been
+      made under the authority of the said Acts by the Lords of
+      Her Majesty's Privy Council, with a view to check the
+      spreading of the said disorder:
+
+      And whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the
+      said Orders:
+
+      Now, therefore, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council do
+      hereby, by virtue of, and in exercise of the powers given
+      by, the said Act, so continued as aforesaid, order as
+      follows:--
+
+      1. This Order shall extend to all parts of Great Britain.
+
+      2. The said Orders dated respectively the 24th of July, the
+      11th, 18th, and 26th of August, 1865, are revoked, with the
+      exception of so much of the said Order of the 24th of July,
+      1865, as empowers the Clerk of Her Majesty's Privy Council
+      to appoint Inspectors within the limits of the Metropolitan
+      Police District, provided that such revocation shall not
+      affect any appointment made, or any act done, or penalty
+      recoverable, under any Order hereby revoked.
+
+      3. In this Order the word "animal" shall mean any cow,
+      heifer, bull, bullock, ox, calf, sheep, lamb, goat, or
+      swine; and the word "Inspector" shall include any Inspector
+      appointed under this Order, or under any of the said revoked
+      Orders.
+
+      4. Whenever the Local Authority, as hereinafter defined,
+      shall be satisfied of the existence of the said disorder in,
+      or have reason to apprehend its approach to, the district
+      over which his or their jurisdiction extends, it shall be
+      lawful for such Local Authority, if he or they shall think
+      fit, from time to time to appoint one or more Veterinary
+      Surgeon or Surgeons, or other duly qualified person or
+      persons, to be an Inspector or Inspectors, for the purpose
+      of carrying into effect the rules and regulations made by
+      this Order, within the district for which he or they shall
+      have been appointed. And the same authority may, from time
+      to time, revoke such appointment.
+
+      5. Subject to the powers herein reserved to the Clerk of Her
+      Majesty's Privy Council, the Local Authority within the City
+      of London, and the liberties thereof, shall be the Lord
+      Mayor; in any municipal borough in England or Wales, the
+      Mayor; in any Petty Sessional Division in England or Wales
+      (exclusive so far as relates to the jurisdiction of the
+      Inspector of so much of the said division as lies, within
+      the limits of a municipal borough for which an Inspector has
+      been appointed), the Justices acting in and for such Petty
+      Sessional Division. The Local Authority in any burgh or town
+      in Scotland which is subject to the jurisdiction of a
+      Provost or other Principal Magistrate, shall be the Provost
+      or such Principal Magistrate; and in any other place in
+      Scotland not within the jurisdiction of such Provost or
+      other Principal Magistrate, the Justices of the County in
+      Sessions assembled.
+
+      6. Every Inspector shall from time to time report to the
+      Local Authority by which he is appointed, the steps taken by
+      him for carrying into effect the regulations prescribed by
+      this Order; and the Local Authority shall certify, in such
+      manner as may be directed by one of Her Majesty's Principal
+      Secretaries of State, the number of days that such Inspector
+      has actually been engaged in the performance of his duty,
+      and the number of miles travelled by him while thus engaged.
+
+      7. Every Inspector shall furnish the Lords of the Council
+      with such information in regard to the said disorder, as
+      their Lordships may, from time to time, require.
+
+      8. Every person having in his possession, or under his
+      custody, any animal labouring under the said disorder, shall
+      forthwith give notice thereof to the Inspector of the
+      district within which such person resides, or if no
+      Inspector shall have been appointed for the district within
+      which such person resides, then to the Officers hereinafter
+      named, according to the place of residence of the person
+      obliged to give notice; that is to say: within the
+      Metropolitan Police District, to the said Clerk of the Privy
+      Council; within the City of London, and the liberties
+      thereof, to the Lord Mayor; within any other borough, burgh,
+      or town subject to the jurisdiction of a Mayor, Provost, or
+      other Principal Magistrate, to such Mayor, Provost, or other
+      Principal Magistrate; elsewhere in England, to the Clerk of
+      the Justices acting in and for the Petty Sessional Division;
+      and elsewhere in Scotland, to the Clerk of the Peace of the
+      county.
+
+      9. Every Inspector shalt have power to enter upon and
+      inspect any premises or place in which any animal or animals
+      may be found within the district for which he is appointed,
+      and to examine and inspect, whenever and wherever he may
+      deem it necessary, any animal within such district.
+
+      10. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to
+      seize and slaughter, or cause to be seized and slaughtered,
+      and to be buried, as hereinafter directed, in any convenient
+      place, any animal labouring under the said disorder.
+
+      11. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to
+      cause to be cleansed and disinfected, in any manner which he
+      may think proper, any premises in which animals labouring
+      under the said disorder have been, or may be, and to cause
+      to be disinfected, and if necessary destroyed, any fodder,
+      manure, or refuse matter, which he may deem likely to
+      propagate the said disorder. And every owner or occupier of
+      such premises shall obey any order given by such Inspector
+      for that purpose.
+
+      12. Every Inspector shall have power within his district to
+      direct that any animal which he suspects to be labouring
+      under the said disorder, shall be kept separate from animals
+      free from the said disorder. And every person having in his
+      possession, or under his custody, such animal, shall obey
+      any order given by such Inspector for that purpose.
+
+      13. Every person having in his possession, or under his
+      custody, any animal labouring under the said disorder,
+      shall, as far as practicable, keep such animal separate from
+      all other animals, and shall not, if the animal be within a
+      district for which an Inspector has been appointed, remove
+      the same from his land or premises, without the licence of
+      the Inspector.
+
+      14. No person shall send or bring to any fair or market, or
+      expose for sale, or send or carry by any railway, or by any
+      ship or vessel coastwise, or place upon, or drive along, any
+      highway or the sides thereof; any animal labouring under the
+      said disorder.
+
+      15. No person in any district for which an Inspector has
+      been appointed shall, without the licence of the Inspector,
+      send or bring to or from market, or remove from his land or
+      premises, any animal which has been in the same shed or
+      stable, or has been in the same herd or flock, or has been
+      in contact, with any animal labouring under the said
+      disorder.
+
+      16. No person shall place, or keep, any animal labouring
+      under the said disorder in any common or unenclosed land,
+      or, if the animal be in a district for which an Inspector
+      has been appointed, in any field or pasture, where, in the
+      judgment of the Inspector, such animal may be likely to
+      propagate the said disorder.
+
+      17. All animals having died of the said disorder, or having
+      been slaughtered on account thereof; shall be buried with
+      their skins, and with a sufficient quantity of quick-lime,
+      or other disinfectant, as soon as practicable, and shall be
+      covered with at least five feet of earth, or shall, in
+      districts for which an Inspector has been appointed, with
+      the consent of the owner, be otherwise disposed of; in
+      manner directed by the Inspector.
+
+      18. During the continuance of the "cattle plague" within
+      the said City of London, or that part of the Metropolitan
+      Police District which is under the jurisdiction of the
+      Metropolitan Board of Works, no animal shall be brought or
+      sent to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, or any other market
+      within the said City or the said part of the Metropolitan
+      Police District, except for the purpose of being there sold
+      for immediate slaughtering; and every such animal, as soon
+      as sold, shall be marked for slaughter, in the manner in
+      which cattle are ordinarily marked for slaughter in the
+      Metropolitan Cattle Market.
+
+      19. Whenever any Local Authority, as hereinbefore defined,
+      declares, by notice published in any newspaper circulating
+      within his or their jurisdiction, that it is expedient that
+      animals, as hereinbefore defined, or some specified
+      description thereof, shall be excluded from any specified
+      market or fair within that jurisdiction, for a time to be
+      specified in such notice, it is hereby ordered, that after
+      the publication of such notice, it shall not be lawful for
+      any person to bring or send such animals or description
+      thereof into such market or fair: provided always, that this
+      clause of this Order shall not, unless renewed by a further
+      Order, be in force after the expiration of three calendar
+      months from the date of this Order.
+
+      20. Every person offending against this Order shall, in
+      pursuance of the said Act, for every such offence forfeit
+      any sum not exceeding twenty pounds which the Justices
+      before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may
+      think fit to impose.
+
+             (Signed)             ARTHUR HELPS.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[R] Since these lines were put into the printer's hands, the French
+Government have proposed to other nations to take measures collectively
+to prevent the pilgrimage to Mecca continuing to be a cause of the
+spread of cholera. We hasten to render justice to this prudent
+initiative. But why not take the same measures against typhus which are
+judged necessary against cholera?
+
+[S] The typhus which broke out fifteen days ago near Roubaix, in France,
+bordering upon Belgium, where the epizootia rages, appears to have been
+stifled in its focus by the instantaneous extermination of the whole
+herd in which it declared itself.
+
+[T] "It is amusing to read authors of the last century on the treatment
+of this disease. They were far more confident in their powers than we
+helpless creatures pretend to be. The directions given are full and
+distinct, and in chapters boldly headed 'The Cure.' The beast is to be
+bled, washed, and hot vinegar and water, with aromatic herbs, may be
+placed in the stable to revive the cattle. The animal must be rubbed a
+quarter of an hour, both morning and evening, and the bags of a milch
+cow should be anointed morning and evening with warm oil. A rowel is to
+be made in the dewlap by taking a skein of hemp, tow, or twisted
+packthread, a foot long, and as thick as a man's thumb. _The
+prescriptions are most amusing._ They may serve to entertain those who
+want the cure at present, and for this reason I reproduce one or
+two."--_Gamgee, Letter on 21st August._
+
+[U] Dr. Letheby reported that 12,916 lbs., or more than five tons of
+meat, had been condemned in the City markets during the past week as
+unfit for human food. It consisted of 64 sheep, 4 calves, 7 pigs, 142
+quarters of beef, and 361 joints and pieces of meat; 5377 lbs. were
+diseased or from animals that had died of disease, and the rest was
+putrid. All of it was destroyed. Yesterday, a sub-committee of the
+Metropolitan Plague Committee, at a meeting at the Mansion House, passed
+an unanimous resolution, on the motion of Mr. Brewster, recommending
+that, as unexpected and insuperable difficulties had arisen in carrying
+out the purposes for which they were appointed, the money already
+subscribed should be returned to the subscribers, after deducting, _pro
+rata_, the expenses already incurred.
+
+[V] For the disinfection of railway trucks and cattle ships, see Special
+Memorandum.
+
+
+
+
+THIRD PART.
+
+_To Farmers and Graziers._
+
+
+You would have had just cause to reproach me with a want of common sense
+if I had obliged you to read a book of two hundred pages, and to lose
+your time in looking for the advice you will require, if the cattle
+plague should visit your stalls and herds, instead of being able to turn
+at once to the matter which concerns you. I have taken up my pen on
+purpose to be of service to you; this is my principal duty, which I am
+now going to fulfil by summing up in a few pages the most important
+facts which have been described in the two first parts of this work.
+
+The cattle plague, which has lately fallen upon horned beasts, is a
+plague, no doubt: but there are different species of plagues, and it is
+necessary that you should know that this disease is one arising from
+the absorption of seeds and germs with which the air is impregnated, and
+which is drawn by the animals into their bodies when breathing the air
+around them. When these germs, these infectious poisons, have penetrated
+into the lungs and blood of the animals, these seeds of infection remain
+there from eight to twelve days without producing any very perceptible
+effects; but after that time the tainted animal becomes dejected, loses
+his appetite, is seized with fever, laborious breathing, and
+diarrhoea, to which sum of disorders in the health of oxen, cows, &c.,
+the name of _typhus_ has been given; or, as this distemper is contagious
+in the highest degree, it has also been called the _contagious typhus_.
+
+You may compare this disease, in order to form a more precise idea of
+it, to the small-pox, which sometimes afflicts your children, or to
+typhoid fever. These complaints, which are familiar to most of you, have
+some resemblance to the typhus of the ox. Only in the small-pox, which
+is caught by contagion, and which seldom attacks more than once, like
+typhus, the disease is localized on the skin; whilst in the cattle
+plague the internal organs are the principal seat of the evil.
+
+This comparison will show you at once that the cattle plague, or rather
+the cattle typhus, can only be cured when the disease has run its full
+course, as you have observed in a person tainted with small-pox; so that
+your task must be to help the sick animal to endure his complaint until
+the end, or until he is cured; and you must not attempt to check it by
+violent means, for if you did you would hasten the death which you
+desire to prevent. You will likewise understand that if the disease--as
+is certainly the case--does not attack the same animal twice, it would
+be very beneficial to inoculate the animal whilst he is sound and
+healthy, whenever this scourge threatens--as in the present time--to
+attack all cattle. Perhaps you may be told that inoculation, which
+prevents small-pox in man, cannot be applicable to cattle; that animals
+inoculated with the virus of the typhus have all died of the
+consequences of the operation, and so on. To all these objections you
+will answer, with that downright good sense which belongs to your class,
+_that Nature cannot have two weights and two measures_; and that if the
+inoculation of the typhus kills animals, whilst the inoculation of the
+small-pox saves men, both maladies being governed by the same laws, it
+is the inexperience of physicians, and not the operation itself, which
+must be made to account for it.
+
+In a word, to sow virus is to reap it; but there are many ways of sowing
+it, and one man will reap a rich harvest, whilst another shall gather
+nothing but tares. Let those unbelievers say what they like, and take my
+word for it, that we shall one day cure typhus as frequently as we do
+small-pox, by inoculating it, and when it appears in spite of that
+course, by treating it medicinally.
+
+This contagious disease is very frequent in certain countries,
+principally in Russia and Hungary, on the banks of the great rivers
+which empty themselves into the Black Sea. In those remote countries,
+when the seasons are either too rainy or too hot--and you know what a
+summer that of 1865 has been--the pastures generate the pestilential
+poisons of the typhus, the cattle absorb these destructive principles,
+and die of them.
+
+But as the herds of cattle in those countries are bred for sale, and are
+sent for that purpose to other countries, to France, Italy, England,
+&c., the animals which have had the germ of the disease transport it
+with them wherever they go. Thus, it is certain that some oxen conveyed
+from Russia and Hungary, where the typhus frequently rages, brought the
+disease with them into Great Britain in the month of last June; and as
+the complaint is communicated from one animal to another, and afterwards
+at great distances, it spread with great rapidity over England and
+Scotland. So great are its powers of contagion, that some of the cattle
+sent back from England have transmitted the disease to Holland, in the
+first place, and afterwards to Belgium; and it was feared at one time
+that all Europe would be invaded by it.
+
+The first belief was--and everything tends to make good the
+opinion--that the typhus originally came from abroad; but many
+respectable authorities, seeing the foul and nauseous state of the
+stalls and cowsheds both in London and elsewhere, the overcrowding of
+the animals, and the general neglect to which they are exposed, have
+asserted that the disease had its origin in London. This, we repeat, is
+not likely to have been the case, but it is not absolutely impossible;
+at all events, there can be no question that the grievous conditions in
+which some of your brethren keep their cattle have contributed to spread
+the distemper, independently of other causes.
+
+Moreover, it is necessary to tell you, that sheep and horned cattle are
+of all living animals those which are most sensitive to the influence of
+contagious diseases. Every year you see instances of this fact in your
+own fields and meadows. Your sheep, you all know, easily contract the
+small-pox, worm diseases both on the skin and in the interior of the
+body; your oxen have aphthous diseases, disorders of the blood and the
+lungs, scabs and carbuncles--diseases which are all more or less
+contagious, and which are generally brought on by want of care, and,
+above all, by improper feeding: by which you see how much of the
+sufferings of the cattle, and of the heavy losses to you which follow
+them, depends upon yourselves and may be avoided. Besides, these poor
+creatures, which some of you treat so harshly, are extremely
+susceptible, and the blows they receive may easily affect their whole
+mass of blood. You must, therefore, for your own sakes, treat them more
+kindly and gently.
+
+Therefore, the typhus which was imported from Russia into England,
+finding your cattle in such wretched conditions of cleanliness and
+health, was propagated amongst them with fearful rapidity. When once the
+disease had developed itself within your sheds and stalls, it would have
+been the wisest plan immediately to kill the sick cattle, or to treat
+them medicinally, carefully abstaining from driving to market any of
+your beasts which had been exposed to the contagion. But unfortunately
+you did not act in this manner; many amongst you could not put up
+patiently with your losses, and only consulting your private interest,
+to the detriment of the general good, you sold your sick cows and oxen,
+and sowing the contagion about the country and through the markets, the
+scourge was soon scattered in every direction, so that instead of
+stifling the disease at its birth everything was done to propagate and
+diffuse it.
+
+Now, if we add, that the germs of this typhus penetrate everywhere, that
+it is sufficient to convey sick cattle along the public roads, and by
+this means to pass near farms and meadows containing healthy cattle, to
+transmit the contagion, that these noxious germs impregnate your own
+clothes, the fleece of sheep, and every article, implement, and vehicle
+used in agriculture, you cannot but see how often, though unwillingly,
+you must have disseminated the evil far and wide.
+
+The germs, the miasmata of the disease, insinuate themselves not only
+upon animals and men, but they shed their virus upon the grass of the
+fields, the walls of the stalls and stables, and every agricultural
+utensil. Every tainted animal scatters the pestilential and contagious
+germs, not only by the air he expires, but by his droppings, and after
+death by his mortal remains--his hide, his horns, his entrails, his
+flesh--all of which disseminate the deadly germs into the atmosphere,
+which afterwards diffuses them in every direction.
+
+The germs of this virulent distemper have no doubt smitten some cattle
+which appeared in the best health and conditions, those of the rich as
+well as those of the poor; but, just in the same manner as the cholera
+chiefly fixes itself upon the sickly, the ill-fed, the unclean, upon
+those who live in crowded dwellings and badly ventilated rooms; so, too,
+does the typhus choose its victims among the stalls and stables of those
+graziers who keep their cows tied up for years to the rack, giving them
+neither air nor exercise, and feeding them, not on that diet which their
+health requires, but on those things which add to their milk and
+increase their flesh. It follows, of course, that the greater number of
+these cows, more or less disordered by this long course of baleful
+treatment, and many of which die of consumption, after their
+deteriorated milk has infused into men the seeds of diseases, must
+afford an easy prey to the typhus, _to receive which they seem almost
+expressly to have been trained_.
+
+It is highly important then, farmers and graziers, that you should be
+able to recognise this ox-typhus; in the first place, that you may take
+the necessary measures to prevent its contagion; and secondly, that you
+may apply the treatment which shall have been recommended to you.
+
+You must at all times, but above all when the contagious disease is
+raging, keep a watchful eye on your cattle. If you notice in their gait,
+in their looks, about their ears, any unusual signs; if they seem to you
+less eager, less active, less vigilant, if they leave any part of their
+rations when in the stables, or if, when in the fields, they no longer
+browse with that continual alacrity which sometimes it is difficult to
+divert them from, be upon your guard, and dread the outbreak of the
+complaint. If to these changes of minor importance is added an appetite
+really less acute, if the rumination is less regular, if the animal
+looks sad and dispirited, if he exhibits an unwonted look of gloom, if
+his leaden eye continues fixed, astonished, be sure a morbid change is
+inwardly at work, and that this cruel distemper is spreading through his
+frame.
+
+By-and-bye the animal loses his appetite more and more; rumination is
+shorter and less frequent; he holds his head down, his ears sink and
+fall; he grinds his teeth. Then as to the cows: their milk, which was
+already diminished, suddenly dries up altogether, and that lowness of
+spirits which had been visible for some days before, passes into stupor.
+If at this time you touch their horns, their extremities, their hide in
+any part, you find that all these different parts are sometimes warm,
+sometimes cold. From this day forward you will witness, one by one, a
+succession of disorders in the animal's health: partial shiverings at
+the attachment of the fore and hind limbs, loud panting breathing, with
+slight cough, the urine scanty and thick, the droppings hard and
+constipated, and finally, general excessive warmth. If you press the
+back the pressure will be painful, and all the signs of intense fever
+will be manifest.
+
+Already these indications have divulged the nature of the malady you
+have to deal with; but others more significant succeed them which remove
+every doubt. The breathing becomes more hurried and oppressed, more
+puffy; from the eyes, nostrils, and mouth there issues a discharge
+which, thin and irritant at first, soon becomes thick and purulent, and
+of a fetid smell. Diarrhoea takes the place of constipation; the
+sexual organs of the cow are red and inflamed, and furrowed with livid
+streaks. The cattle grow leaner and leaner, some of them dying at this
+period. If they still hold out, the diarrhoea becomes more frequent,
+more fetid, and sometimes bloody; gases are developed under the skin,
+along the spine, where they form wide flat tumours, which crackle when
+pressed upon with the fingers. Finally, the mucus which runs from the
+head becomes still thicker and more fetid; a glutinous foam stops up the
+mouth; the eyes, filled with humour, sink in the orbit; the bodily
+warmth decreases, the animal sways his head from right to left, becomes
+insensible, cold; his head lolls on one side, and he dies, panting, from
+exhaustion and asphyxia, the tenth or twelfth day after the disease has
+been confirmed.
+
+The carcass exhibits a repulsive appearance; the hide is dry,
+excoriated, and cracked; it sticks to the bones, which show the form of
+a skeleton, and the putrid decomposition, which had already set in
+before death, seizes rapidly on all the tissues.
+
+The course of the disease is not always the same. Sometimes the animal
+is agitated at first, and all the functions of life are so disturbed
+that death comes on in the two or three first days. At other times, the
+lungs are more affected than the other internal organs; the cough is
+more intense, the breath hurried and obstructed, the excess of mucus
+preventing the air from passing into the chest.
+
+When once you have seen this disease it is impossible to mistake it for
+any other, unless it be the chest complaint called peripneumonia, which
+is likewise contagious. But in this disease, as the Report of the Royal
+Agricultural Society states, the attack is generally insidious; the eyes
+preserve their vivacity, and the appetite is not lost until towards the
+close. A short, dry cough shows itself from the outbreak, and persists.
+The breathing is frequent and painful; the sides of the chest when
+struck with the fingers give out the hard, solid sound of a full barrel,
+this percussion being painful. The eyes, nose, and mouth do not
+discharge those purulent secretions seen in typhus; the diarrhoea only
+comes on at the end, being less frequent and fetid. In the milch cows
+the milk decreases, but is not quite suppressed. The heat of the horns
+and lower extremities is retained. The peripneumonia, in a word, runs
+its course more regularly, and carries off the animal about the fourth
+week. Thus it will be seen that the two distempers widely differ in
+their symptoms.
+
+Every beast which dies of the contagious typhus, bears on its digestive
+organs the traces of the malady, more or less strongly marked. The third
+and fourth stomachs and the intestines exhibit red or livid patches, and
+at other times ulcerations.
+
+The cattle plague is by far the most formidable malady which can affect
+animals. When left to itself, or treated without discernment, it carries
+off ninety cattle out of a hundred. In prior visitations, especially
+that of 1750, when six millions of horned beasts were swept off in
+Europe, England lost from three to four hundred thousand; and we may
+suppose that the number of cattle which have perished since last June
+exceeds sixty thousand.
+
+_The treatment_ is very difficult, owing to the contagious character of
+the disease, and it has given rise to much discussion. In some
+countries, the governments, considering the distemper incurable, only
+seek to stamp it out wherever it may appear. They slaughter all the sick
+cattle, and even those which had come near them, allowing a compensation
+of half the value of the beast. This measure has not always proved
+successful, the disease having in spite of it sometimes extended over
+the whole of the country thus defended from its diffusion.
+
+England protected by the sea, and which has been spared for a century,
+was taken somewhat unawares, so that some uncertainty has been witnessed
+in the measures employed to arrest its course. In some districts, the
+parties interested have had the good sense to form assurance funds; and
+it is much to be regretted that the same plan has not been adopted for
+the metropolis.
+
+But we cannot help what has been done; let us, therefore, be reconciled
+with the past, and see what is best to be done in future for the
+interests of all. What is the present state of the matter? A certain
+number of districts, both in England and Scotland, are still exempt from
+the typhus; in others the disease is generally extending its ravages.
+
+Those districts which hitherto have been spared, should institute
+assurance funds, and take every precaution to secure themselves against
+this scourge. In France, in Belgium, even in Great Britain, some places
+managed, in 1750, to successfully protect themselves by prohibiting the
+importation of any foreign cattle or animal. These preventive measures
+may now be taken with some chance of success in certain parts. Ireland,
+which, thanks to the published Orders in Council, seems to have escaped
+up to this time from the contagion, shows us the effectual results of
+these sanitary measures.
+
+As for the districts already infected, it is of the highest importance
+to send no more tainted beasts to the different fairs and markets,
+otherwise the distemper will spread indefinitely: the unsold cattle, the
+sheep, the pigs, which are placed only a few yards apart, must
+necessarily convey the contagion everywhere. It would even be necessary
+at this time not to collect oxen and other animals together in the same
+markets; we urgently invite the attention of all public authorities to
+this most important question.
+
+At all events, the farmers and graziers who, after all the cautions they
+have received, all the orders which have been published, and all the
+dangers which have been clearly exposed to them, should still persist in
+driving their cattle out of their abodes, would deserve censure, and
+ought to be heavily fined. The best they can do, since the contagion has
+not been prevented, is to submit their cattle to the treatment which we
+are now going to explain to them in detail.
+
+It has been abundantly proved by the many convictions at the various
+police courts, that the flesh of cattle seriously diseased has been sold
+to the consumers, to the great injury of the public health; and if the
+cholera, which is steadily and surely advancing towards us, should mix
+its fatal germs with those of the ox-typhus, we must all expect
+deplorable consequences, in case the flesh of tainted oxen should
+continue to be sold by the butchers, as during the last three months it
+has been.
+
+Every farmer or grazier who shall have fully ascertained that the ox
+typhus has insinuated itself into his farm or his stables, must
+instantly have recourse to the necessary measures and safeguards by
+means of which he may limit its pernicious influence, and prevent the
+spread of the contagion to his other cattle still sound and healthy. Let
+him immediately divide his stock of animals into three classes or
+lots--the first class must consist of healthy cattle, having had no
+direct contact with the infected beasts; the second class must contain
+those cattle which, though not yet sick, may become so, because they
+have been in contact with those tainted; the third class will be
+composed of cattle smitten with the typhus.
+
+The sound and healthy cattle forming the first class must be removed
+from the farm, and driven to the field separately, by some other road,
+in different pastures, and only after the dispersion of the morning
+mists. Those which are accustomed to continue at the rack must be taken
+out twice a day, for the twofold object of taking wholesome exercise,
+and allowing their stalls and sheds to be cleaned.
+
+Their feeding must be attended to and watched with very particular care;
+the rations of those which were being fattened up must be decreased, and
+they ought to be sold to the butcher for consumption as soon as
+possible. Let the following provisions be added to their daily
+sustenance:
+
+  Pounded oats                 4 pounds.
+  Pounded juniper berries      1 pound.
+  Powdered gentian             1 ounce.
+  Sulphate of iron             2 drachms.
+  Carbonate of soda            2   "
+
+The herdsman who tends the cattle whilst feeding in the fields must have
+them cleaned every day: he will carefully wash and scrub them; he will
+not allow them to drink out of the ponds, or at any stagnant and muddy
+watercourse.
+
+Those belonging to the second class must receive the same strengthening
+and tonic ration in the morning; and, twice every day, one of the
+following anti-contagious preparations: either a solution of _chlorate
+of potash_ or of _permanganate of potash_; two drachms of either of
+these salts dissolved in eight ounces of warm water, mixed afterwards
+with a gallon of an infusion of sage or hyssop, just at the time when
+the drink is given to them.
+
+Or you may employ, for the same purpose, a solution of arseniate of
+soda--two grains dissolved in four ounces of water, and mixed with
+their drink in the same way. You need hardly be told that these doses
+must be reduced one half, when you have to treat a calf or a heifer, and
+that the same diminution will hold good, in their cases, for all other
+medicaments. _The use of these anti-contagious drinks is of the highest
+importance; I recommend you earnestly to study their effects, and to
+continue them even after the distemper shall have broken out._
+
+These drinks having no disagreeable taste, the cattle take to them in
+general; should the contrary be the case, give them in a bottle as all
+men who are cattle owners know how to do.
+
+If the health of any of these animals among which the outbreak of the
+typhus is apprehended should seem below the standard, you must apply a
+purgative to those whose bowels do not operate well, and even have
+recourse to bleeding in exceptional cases.
+
+During the absence of those cattle which are undergoing the preventive
+treatment, let the hygienic conditions of their stalls and sheds be
+looked to; for no circumstance must be overlooked or neglected if we
+hope to withstand the propagation of so formidable a malady. Be careful
+to take out the litter every day, to wash the floor and cleanse it of
+the droppings, to ventilate the place thoroughly, to fumigate it with
+burnt sulphur or aromatic plants, such as juniper berries, sage,
+rosemary, salted with nitrate of potash and arsenic acid; in order to
+promote the combustion and give effect to its disinfectious properties.
+At night, camphor or tar, or naphthaline, or creosote, or even iodine,
+may be left in the stable to diffuse their vapours; all these measures
+are very effectual in modifying the air.
+
+Let us now see what must be done with respect to the sick animals
+themselves.
+
+The typhus, as we have said, when once it is developed in an ox or cow,
+usually pursues its fatal course until the last period of its cure;
+generally death alone can arrest its march. Besides, the disorders which
+this disease produces in the various functions of the body are not the
+same at the different stages of its duration. Thus, for instance, the
+fever produces great excitement in the beginning, but later it produces
+exhaustion. Without being a physician, a man can understand that the
+treatment to be applied to these different states ought not to be the
+same. We must, moreover, observe that the typhus is of all known
+distempers the most difficult to treat. It requires in the doctor a
+degree of skill, of practical experience, vigilance, decision, and
+sureness of hand which no man can be expected to possess at the first
+outbreak of the epizootia.
+
+On the other hand, the constitution of the ox, so easily shaken,
+undergoes in two weeks all the commotion which a man labouring under
+typhoid fever would be subject to in a month. The phenomena succeed each
+other with terrific swiftness, leaving scarcely time for us to act, or
+for the medicines to operate. Do not, therefore, marvel at the great
+mortality among your cattle, and at my repeated recommendations of the
+preventive treatment by means of inoculation.
+
+At the outbreak, you must reduce the violence of the fever, prevent the
+derangements in connexion with the nervous centres, assuage the thirst,
+empty the stomachs and intestines, which will be the principal seat of
+the complaint, and sometimes let blood.
+
+But how are you to obtain these results? By abolishing the solid
+feeding, which is easily done, since the animal has lost his appetite.
+Give him to drink, three or four times a day, half a pailful of a
+decoction of good hay, adding thereto a sprinkling of salt; or a
+decoction of wall-wort, with a drachm of nitrate of potash; or water
+whitened with bran and flour, or whey, with a little vinegar. If the
+animal has a tendency to cold, if he coughs, if his breathing is
+oppressed, give him warm drinks, consisting of an infusion of mallow
+leaves and borage, or else a light decoction of barley and oats, and
+cover the animal's body warmly over.
+
+Now, with respect to purgatives: give the animal, night and morning,
+according to the effect produced, 6 or 8 ounces of Epsom salts (sulphate
+of magnesia), or an equal dose of Glauber's salt (sulphate of soda),
+dissolved in two pints of honey-coloured water; or 12 ounces of linseed
+oil in some warm drink; or a decoction of senna leaves and prunes, with
+an ounce of sulphate of soda added thereto.
+
+We might point out a larger number of purgatives, but we shall desist
+from so doing. Those which we have just prescribed, not being irritant
+to the intestines, are the best which can be employed.
+
+If the animal is very restive, if he passes through alternate fits of
+dejection, stupor, and great excitement, you must have recourse to
+bleeding, particularly local bleeding, by opening the small veins of the
+head. If the excitement does not abate you must add, night and morning,
+to one of his drinks, 2 grains of extract of belladonna, or a half ounce
+of powdered belladonna leaves. If the fever, at first, is irregular, and
+tends to become malignant, you must then have recourse to sulphate of
+quinine, 20 grains in the morning, and the same quantity during the day.
+
+When the disease is principally seated in the lungs, add to one of the
+pectoral drinks 4 ounces of oxymel of squills, and 2 grains of opium,
+giving also an emetic--5 grains of tartar-emetic to 4 pints of water--to
+be taken in four times, at intervals of two hours.
+
+Whilst this medication is applied to the internal organs, let the animal
+have unusual care taken of him; let his head be washed several times a
+day with vinegar and water.
+
+Such is the course of treatment to be adopted during the first three or
+four days. It must be, of course, followed methodically, watching and
+obeying the signs of nature. The purgatives must not be given on those
+days when the sick animal is bled, and the doses must vary with the
+effects they produce.
+
+From the fourth to the seventh day the symptoms change, diarrhoea
+shows itself, and the running appears at the nose, mouth, and eyes; you
+must then continue the use of purgatives, but the dose must be weaker.
+Those mentioned above are suitable in every way. The drinks, too,
+continue the same. Sometimes, at this period of the disease, the animal
+is utterly cast down, nothing can draw him from his stupor: he lies down
+the whole day; in this case you give him acetate of ammonia, from 1 to 6
+ounces, in a pint of water, gradually increasing from 1 to 2 ounces a
+day, according to the effect produced; and meanwhile, plain
+non-acidulated drinks should be administered.
+
+At this stage of the disease it is right to assist the depurative work
+of nature. This is effected by inserting a seton in the neck, and the
+secretion of this issue is kept up by means of such an ointment as the
+basilicon with powdered cantharides. Finally, the mouth, nose, and eyes
+must be washed very often with an infusion of camomile and sage.
+
+At the last period of the distemper, the beast sinks into a state of
+general exhaustion; his life seems all but extinguished through excess
+of weakness. You must now sustain and keep him up by every possible
+contrivance; give him bitter and stimulating drinks, beer diluted with
+water, adding thereto some powder of Peruvian bark, or sulphate of
+quinine. This is prepared by steeping in 8 pints of boiling water,
+Peruvian bark, gentian root, centaury leaves and flowers, and hops, 1
+ounce of each; or else prepare a drink consisting of veterinary treacle,
+extract of juniper, 1 ounce of each, dissolved in 2 ounces of alcohol,
+and then mixed with 3 pints of water.
+
+When the diarrhoea becomes fetid and bloody, give, night and morning,
+a clyster composed of a decoction of Peruvian bark, and a teaspoonful of
+powdered charcoal from the poplar, well sifted. If the running from the
+nostrils begins to stop, you must inject into the nasal orifices some
+spoonfuls of a sternutatory solution, thus composed--
+
+  Spanish pepper                 1 ounce.
+  Essence of turpentine          1   "
+  Camphor                        2 drachms.
+  Vinegar                        2 pints.
+
+Should any sores form on the skin, or should they arise from the opening
+of purulent deposits, dress them with the following ointment--
+
+  Acetate of copper             1/2 a drachm.
+  Calcined alum                 20 grains.
+  Sal ammoniac                  20   "
+  Camphor                       1/2 a drachm.
+  Common ointment               1/2 an ounce.
+
+If the natural heat diminishes greatly, if the chill reaches the hams
+and skin, let the beast be rubbed all over, three times a day, with
+wool, moistened with the following liniment--
+
+  Laurel oil                    1/2 an ounce.
+  Green soap                    1/2     "
+  Volatile oil of lavender      1/2 a drachm.
+  Solution of ammonia           1/2     "
+
+Simultaneously with the above, give the following cordial, to be drunk
+in two draughts--
+
+  Cinnamon                      1/2 an ounce.
+  Extract of gentian            1 ounce.
+  Red wine                      2 pints.
+
+Should the animal fall into a state of lethargy, you must have recourse
+to strokes of fire, according to surgical usage.
+
+This distemper must extend to its extreme degree of gravity before it
+advances towards its cure; you need, therefore, not despair until the
+last moment. At this period of exhaustion, the drinks above-mentioned
+are given up, or you add nutritive beverages to them, such as beef-tea,
+fat soups, milk, and farinaceous drinks.
+
+If the animal holds on, and his appetite returns, which will be shown by
+the desquamation of the nostrils, by the return of rumination, by the
+habit of the beast to look right and left, to question you in a manner,
+add cut straw to his nutritive drinks: send him out every day into the
+open air, and let him return by slow degrees to his habitual feeding.
+But it is extremely important to watch the intestinal functions; to
+diminish and change the food, if the diarrhoea returns; as such
+relapses often cause the death of an animal considered out of danger.
+
+Such, then, farmers and graziers, is the treatment to be opposed to the
+ox typhus: it is simple as respects the remedies, and I have deemed that
+it ought to be so, in order that the medicines prescribed might be had
+everywhere, and at a cost which the poor man could command as well as
+the rich. The disease is variable, it is not always equally deadly; and
+there comes a moment when in some sort it cures itself, with a little
+assistance and watching. The great point is, to be careful and vigilant,
+to attend to nature and the instincts of the suffering cattle, and lend
+yourselves to both.
+
+I cannot reproduce here the instructions given by the Privy Council to
+protect your cattle from contagion, and above all not to propagate it,
+but I shall refer you to Doctor Thudichum's _Memorandum_, page 257. This
+exposition is too complete to need anything added to it by me; study it
+well; let it be your monitor and guide; read it over again and again;
+your own interests and those of the whole country depend on the manner
+in which you shall treat this admirable warning.
+
+There are in this disease, as in every other, unforeseen varieties and
+complications, such as those which are brought on by the gestation and
+abortion of cows, and those proceeding from prior disease; for these
+accidents you will provide. Moreover, such a terrible distemper can only
+be treated according to the advice of a professional man. Call him in,
+then, follow his advice and prescriptions with rigid exactness, and do
+not attempt to do better than he; and, above all, arm yourselves against
+the insidious pretensions of quacks and charlatans, whatever mantle they
+may put on to hide their ignorance.
+
+
+
+
+FOURTH PART.
+
+    _Suggestions on the Improvements to be effected in the Study
+      of Medical Science, in order that we may be in a Condition
+      to confront Diseases generally, but Epizootic and Epidemic
+      Diseases in particular._
+
+
+The epizootia of bovine typhus which is now extending its unrestricted
+ravages over this island, and which has assumed the magnitude of a
+general calamity, has naturally excited and stirred up the public mind.
+Thoughtful and earnest men could not look on and witness unmoved the
+ever progressive march of the scourge; but each observer has,
+consistently with his means and qualifications, striven to find a remedy
+to resist the evil. Thus, we have seen, and with respectful interest we
+have watched, the gentlemen of the press, and other men of letters,
+economists, scientific men, and, above all, physicians, producing from
+day to day in the newspapers articles and letters of remarkable merit
+on the all-engrossing subject of this epizootia. The re-opening of the
+medical colleges furnished the skilful professors at their head with a
+seasonable opportunity to consider this dire distemper, according to the
+views of general pathology and medical philosophy, and this they have
+done with unquestionable talent and ability. Still, something remains to
+be said on this important matter, and since I have taken up my pen, like
+others, I wish to mingle my voice with that of my brethren, and inquire
+whether the time is not come to avail ourselves more fully than we have
+done yet of the grand discoveries of the exact sciences, which, with
+respect to the science of medicine, are the instruments of its progress.
+And my object in doing so, is, that we may, as far as possible, rise to
+a level with the ordeal which the future may have in store for us.
+
+Medicine is at once an art and a science. An art it has been at all
+times, and in every age of civilized man; but it became a science only
+when human knowledge had acquired a certain expansion; when natural
+phenomena had been tested and explained; when mathematics, physics,
+chemistry, botany, general anatomy, general pathology, had enabled the
+inquiring physician to study with important results whatever belongs to
+his theme; to understand the serial chain and connexion of bodies with
+each other, in the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, and to
+investigate their immutable laws. Uric acid, as we see with the
+microscope, will always crystallize in rhombohedrons, according to a
+fixed law; the vegetable cell, the germination of a seed, must obey, and
+always submit to, the innate and indestructible forces inherent in them.
+That which is true in the vegetable is true in the animal world, as
+regards the pre-established order which regulates and controls the
+phenomena of life. These laws which govern the development of organic
+phenomena being immutable and everlasting, permit the different
+generations which succeed each other on our globe to build upon a
+durable basis, which certifies to the slow and laborious, but
+irresistible march of human progress.
+
+Medical science being in truth only the application of other positive
+sciences to the preservation of health and the cure of diseases,
+continues like them to perfect itself incessantly; but all it can do is
+to follow them at a distance, and it can never hope to reach their
+degree of superiority.
+
+These are truths which have been long admitted and felt by us.
+Therefore, we have appealed for assistance to the discoveries of the
+natural sciences: physics, chemistry, have in our hands become effectual
+means of observation and analysis; and we, in our age, gain more
+knowledge in fifty years than our forefathers did in several centuries,
+for they were then necessarily rather artists than scholars. In a word,
+medical science or biology is constituting itself, and if it be fully
+conscious of its impotence in the case of many diseases, it also knows
+its progressive improvement. It is striving to achieve the highest place
+among social institutions, and the day may come when it shall obtain it,
+for nations will then owe to us their health and life--that is to say,
+their earthly happiness.
+
+The laws by which organic phenomena are regulated, are, we have said,
+everlasting; we may also declare that they are general. One of these
+laws common to the plant, to the shell, to every species of vertebrata,
+reappears in man, whose organization comprises all the functions divided
+among the other organic kingdoms. Not only does the organization of man
+obey the laws which govern the vital phenomena of other animals; not
+only does he possess their organs and functions, but he is a tributary
+subject to their diseases. So that the knowledge of the laws affecting
+the functions and diseases of those creatures which are placed below him
+in the scale of animals ought to be the first foundation of all medical
+study.
+
+These truths are too manifest to be new; they are written and professed
+everywhere, and every one amongst us has received general notions of
+comparative anatomy and physiology at the beginning of his course of
+study. But let us admit that these notions only served to expand the
+circle of our knowledge and ideas, and that we seldom or never apply
+them to the practice of our art. It would have been very different had
+we received at the beginning of our medical novitiate, not merely in
+theory and books, but practically and experimentally, precise notions of
+anatomy, physiology, and, let me add, of the _pathology of all
+animals_. Let us suppose for a moment that the task had been imposed
+upon us before entering upon the study of human maladies, to observe the
+structure of plants and animals, to submit their tissues to
+microscopical examination and chemical analysis; to study experimentally
+all their functions and diseases, and acknowledge that had such been the
+case, the anatomy, physiology; and pathology of man would have been far
+better understood, and that most of the difficulties against which we
+now contend in vain in our helplessness, might easily have been
+overcome.
+
+Comparative anatomy and physiology are the first conditions of all
+medical instruction of a serious character; there can be no doubt on the
+subject, but the evidence being not perhaps so palpable with respect to
+comparative pathology, it will not be useless, therefore, to enter into
+fuller particulars as to this subject.
+
+We know not whether any one has ever sought to retrace the first origin
+of our diseases in the animal kingdom, but it would undoubtedly be a
+study of great scientific interest. As for us, we gladly believe that
+man, created to be the sovereign lord of the earth, did not originally
+receive the principle of every organic disease with which we see him
+affected. It seems to us probable that he was created sound in body and
+in mind, but unequal is his vital powers, and in his faculties and
+talents, the social functions being various and dissimilar, and subject
+to physical and moral infirmities. We think it likely that plants and
+animals, from which, in course of time, man's substance is formed, have
+transmitted the first causes, the germs of some organic diseases with
+which they were themselves affected. We see in this transmission of
+animal diseases to man, a connecting link, which appears to us to be a
+condition of harmony, order, peace, and happiness among all living
+beings. It seems to us that the first injunction of a legislator should
+be--_love other animals like yourselves_; for if man had practised this
+maxim, he would have logically applied the same to his fellow-creatures;
+and no doubt, with such principles to guide them, past generations would
+not have bequeathed to us the innumerable calamities we have had to
+deplore.
+
+We think that we receive from animals some of their diseases, because
+the fact is palpably evident; thus they have parasitical diseases, such
+as favus, taenia, psora, trichinosis, which they transmit to us. They are
+likewise smitten with small-pox, typhoid fever, and with typhus; and
+under certain given conditions they may transmit them to us. They die of
+consumption and cancer, and it is probable that they transfuse into us
+through their milk and flesh the germs of these diseases. Finally, we
+have our epidemics as they have their epizootics; and here we will limit
+our instances of this reciprocation.
+
+It is certain that the study of these maladies in animals would have
+been for us the source of precise knowledge, which, if well understood
+and explained, would have often led to their preventive treatment. This
+is what has occurred in the case of small-pox; it is what will one day
+occur in typhoid fever, in times of epidemic, as will be the case in a
+certain number of other general or local diseases.
+
+In truth, some complaints now looked upon as inherent to the human
+species, were originally foreign to it; most parasitical diseases
+belong to this class. Thus man has not the _psora_, or itch--the
+disease does not properly belong to him; the parasite which engenders it
+is not bred in him, it is always transmitted to him by animals. It is
+the same with the taenia, or tape-worm, with the trichina, or fine
+hair-worm.
+
+Medical science, instituted on the bases of comparative pathology, would
+have made the study of diseases in the brute creation, not the
+collateral, but the principal object of its inquiries. It would have
+applied itself to the cure of the lower animals; and whilst learning to
+cure them, it would have ensured the cure of men's diseases.
+
+If such be the case, can any one believe that the treatment of diathetic
+and hereditary maladies would be, as they still are, insoluble problems;
+and that the physician would have the misery of seeing decimated, whilst
+he helplessly looks on, a large part of the population, condemned
+inevitably to die of consumption and cancer? Would every man smitten
+with hydrophobia be irrevocably condemned to death? Assuredly, it would
+not be so.
+
+That the physician should have been reduced to the painful necessity of
+confessing his want of means, when medicine could be nothing more than
+an art, we admit; but now that science has grown up and come of age,
+society has a right to challenge him to do, what in past ages could not
+have been expected of him. Briefly, we think that the time is come, by
+blending comparative pathology with anatomy and physiology, to construct
+one of the bases of the tripod on which medical science will have to
+rest. The success which has already been achieved in this direction is a
+certain guarantee for those which we may hope for hereafter.
+
+Such is our deep conviction, and perhaps we have some title to speak out
+decidedly on this point, as we have long since exemplified our precepts
+by actual proofs.
+
+Persuaded for many years that comparative pathology afforded to
+industrious men a new mine, rich in precious veins for working, we
+several times endeavoured to explore this fertile field. But,
+unfortunately, our means of action not being consistent with our
+sanguine expectations, we were repeatedly compelled to suspend our
+pursuits, until at last we found at the Ecole Veterinaire d'Alfort, the
+favourable opportunity and the essential conditions of which we had so
+long been in quest.
+
+Grieved at our helplessness to stay the ravages of pulmonary
+consumption, I formed one day the resolution to study that wasteful
+complaint in animals in order to discover, or at least to look for, the
+required remedy. With that view, I confined in a dark, cold, and damp
+cellar a number of animals to practise on: birds of different species,
+rabbits, a monkey, a dog, &c. To these animals I dealt out a deficient
+quantity of food. The monkey, as might have been expected, was the first
+to be affected, since in our climates they all die of consumption. Next,
+and for the same reason, it was the parrot's turn; then the chickens and
+ducks died; after them the rabbits;--in fine, at the end of fourteen
+months, the dog alone survived. All the rest had sunk under consumption,
+and exhibited tubercles in different organs--in the lungs or mesentery.
+
+It was then necessary to have the counter-proof: to place a second set
+of animals in the same conditions, to produce the disease again, and
+attempt its cure. But the first experiment had been a long one, and I
+was forced to relinquish the inquiry, which, moreover, was above my
+means at that period.
+
+On another occasion, it seemed to me strange that we should be obliged
+to open the bladder of patients suffering from the stone, or to subject
+them to lithotrity, which has also its perils. Nature, I said to myself,
+forms calculi by uniting organic elements, by crystallizing them, and by
+cementing them with vesical mucus. But would it not be possible to cure
+the disease by employing contrary means--dissolving the calculi in the
+bladder by means of continued injections, changing the chemical agents
+according to the composition of the calculus, and adding thereto the
+action of a galvanic current?
+
+After this, I pursued my inquiry in this direction. I studied for
+several months the chemical composition of calculi by examining them in
+their dissolved state; and I saw that those in which the alkaline bases
+prevailed, being submitted to a diluted solution of tartaric acid, which
+would not injure the bladder, crumbled after a time; that the calculi
+with excess of acid were also attacked by an alkaline solution; in
+fine, that the calculi of oxalate of lime alone seemed to resist the
+action of these chemical solutions. But it is well known that they
+sometimes defy all lithotrite instruments, and compel us to have
+recourse to the knife.
+
+These preliminary experiments over, it was necessary to come to their
+application, and for that purpose to make experiments on some animals.
+The canine species, omnivorous like ourselves, was chosen in preference.
+Bitches were selected to be practised on; for as their urinary passages
+are wider and more flexible, it enabled me to insert in the bladder
+fragments of calculi already analysed, which were to serve as the nuclei
+to the stones they were intended to develop.
+
+This second assortment of animals, penned up apart from each other, were
+supplied with different modes of sustenance: some of them were put upon
+a diet of meat only, others on a farinaceous diet, and a third set on a
+mixed course of food. These experiments were being regularly followed
+up, when an important and unforeseen event compelled me to desist at the
+end of six months. The poor animals were destroyed; but all of them, as
+I had anticipated, had generated calculi of various chemical
+composition.
+
+These unfinished inquiries concerning comparative pathology, thus
+interrupted in spite of myself, might, had circumstances allowed them to
+reach the goal, have authorized us to undertake in man the dissolution
+of stone in the bladder. And how would this have been effected? By
+seizing the stone between the two ends of the catheter with the double
+current, and by injecting a well-sustained series of dissolvents into
+the patient, whilst lying at his ease in a recumbent posture.
+
+Nor is this all. They would likewise, I believe, have thrown some light
+on the organic production of calculi, on the lithic diathesis, and the
+particular formation of the stone; and led us, in some degree, to their
+preventive treatment, which is always superior to the curative remedy.
+
+On a subsequent occasion, I betook myself to my task under more
+favourable conditions. I undertook at Alfort, conjointly with Professor
+Delafond, a course of experiments on the cutaneous diseases of animals
+in relation to comparative pathology, having already, whilst walking
+the hospitals, published a work on the "Entomology and Pathology of
+Psora in Man," which had been printed at the expense of the Academy.
+
+These inquiries and examinations at Alfort were persisted in for five
+years, and were considered to have led to very satisfactory results as
+regards general pathology. But I have spoken of these labours in the
+first part of my book.
+
+Pardon me, reader, and do not suppose that vanity or any desire to
+parade myself has induced me to refer to these experiments. No; my only
+object is to show to what results similar studies might lead, if they
+were executed on a large scale and on the whole animal kingdom; if,
+instead of these partial efforts made under favour, some special and
+appropriate medical institution encouraged earnest experimentalists,
+supplying them without stint with all necessary resources, and with the
+best and completest instruments of observation.
+
+Will any one deny, that if medical science had been settled on this
+foundation fifty years ago--that is to say, since the exact sciences
+first began to provide us with the means of investigation, it would now
+be so impotent? Epizootias and epidemics would not thus flout us as they
+do; the cholera would no longer be an enigma, nor the ox typhus so
+incurable. No! a hundred times no! Medical science would not he helpless
+and impotent in our day, had our forerunners been more mindful and
+provident.
+
+But, instead of this, the science for which we plead would have done
+good work. It would have made and confirmed an infinite variety of
+observations on the brute creation; it would have transmitted our
+diseases to them as they transmit their diseases to us; it would have
+treated and cured these diseases, and every such cure would have been a
+new triumph, a new victory for mankind.
+
+For instance, during an outbreak of cholera, this science would have
+been ready and prepared to try different experiments on men and animals;
+it would first have communicated the cholera to animals, and then
+submitted them to a variety of experimental treatments. This cholera,
+which is not an infectious fever, with its regular and assigned periods,
+like typhus, and which we are not obliged to suffer to run its course,
+but which, on the contrary, is a nervous affection produced by some
+poisonous miasma, the toxical effects of which first of all assail the
+nervous system and then more particularly the great sympathetic; the
+cramps being but the result of a reflective action--_this cholera, we
+say, must be curable_, and well-advised experiments would reveal the
+remedy we want for it, nor should we have to wait long for the
+revelation.
+
+As for me, I once made a desperate attempt in this direction. It was
+during the cholera of 1854. We remarked whilst dissecting subjects, as
+is always the case, that the mucous membranes of the stomach and
+intestines, which were in a manner paralyzed, had suffered the fluid
+parts of the blood to ooze out on the surface. Hence the cause of those
+vomitings, and those watery and colourless diarrhoeas which nothing
+can stop, so that at a given moment the patients die, poisoned, of
+course, but dying more particularly through want of circulation, the
+blood being reduced to its solid parts and unable to circulate any
+longer. Relying on this fact, and trusting for want of better to the
+secondary effects, I strove to restore to the blood its aqueous part,
+and, if possible, to re-establish the circulation.
+
+With this view, I went to the Hopital de la Charite, provided with all
+the requisite instruments. Choleraic patients were being brought there
+every hour. The experiments being new, venturesome, and _dangerous_, in
+the eyes of the hospital directors, I was only suffered to operate on
+the moribund. The first patient, considered to be in a state
+sufficiently desperate to be given up to me, was a woman, forty-five
+years old. She was literally insensible, and thoroughly cold. I
+hesitated for a moment to try the operation under conditions so
+unreasonable, so preposterous--almost upon a corpse. The radial arteries
+in the arm had ceased to beat, and the heart alone kept up a feeble
+circulation at the central parts. At length I opened the vein, from
+which not a single drop of blood proceeded, and taking the usual
+measures to prevent the air from having access, I gradually and slowly
+injected two ounces of alkaline solution, the process of injection
+lasting twelve minutes. It was scarcely over before the patient
+half-opened her eyelids, and looked about her with astonishment; the
+pulse became perceptible for a few moments, and all present thought she
+was saved. We put a few questions to her; the patient could not answer
+us, but she nodded as much as to say "yes," when asked if she felt
+better. But this was all we could do in her case. The circulation
+stopped again, the patient relapsed into her state of insensibility and
+died two hours after the injection.
+
+The result obtained in this instance had not answered our expectation.
+However, the circulation had for a minute or two resumed its course, and
+a flash of reason had once more shown itself.
+
+I thought the experiment ought to be repeated, and accordingly the next
+morning I made another trial. The patient this time was a working
+shoemaker, thirty-eight years of age, exactly in the same far-gone,
+hopeless state as the patient of the day before. In his case, the inward
+commotion caused by the injection was more powerful; twenty minutes
+after the injection he was able to see, to understand, to speak, to
+raise his head; but this vital recovery was, as in the former case, but
+of short continuance, and two hours and a half after the operation the
+man expired.
+
+After these experiments I dissected the two bodies, and then, finding
+that their lungs were infiltrated with water, I understood that the
+alkaline solution had not been assimilated, that it had stopped in its
+passage into the pulmonary parenchyma, to the detriment of the functions
+of the haematosis. I also understood that the proper injection, instead
+of distilled alkaline water, would have been the serum of the blood,
+drawn at the very moment from some man or animal.
+
+The conclusion which I drew from these experiments was that a variety of
+operations, made at different stages of the malady, might lead to
+beneficial results, especially if we succeeded in transmitting the
+cholera to animals, as that would enable us to test a large number of
+curative agents and to pursue a methodical course of experimentalization.
+
+From all I have said, I infer that life, health, and disease, being
+subject to the same laws throughout the whole animal kind, it is certain
+that the physician should possess precise knowledge as to the
+organization, the functions, and diseases of animals. That by proceeding
+in this manner, we shall advance from the simple to the complex, from
+the plant to the animal, and from the animal to man. That we must of
+necessity emerge from the state in which we are now entangled BY FOUNDING
+AND ESTABLISHING IN LONDON A COLLEGE OF THE NATURAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES.
+Every medical pupil might spend two years in this college, receiving in
+it an experimental and practical training; he would devote himself in it
+to the chemical analysis of all bodies, to physiological experiments and
+tests, without limit and of every kind.
+
+Most deeply do I appreciate the many difficulties and obstacles that
+would interfere with the execution of such a design. In our civilized
+age, nations seem rather bent on seeking out the means of exterminating
+each other than of protecting themselves and animals from epidemics and
+epizootias. It is believed that every first-rate kingdom now spends from
+400 to 500 millions of francs (16 to 20,000,000_l._) annually in
+maintaining their land and sea forces, whilst one-half of their
+populations are living in misery and ignorance, in disease and
+corruption. The time is not come--shall we ever see it?--to employ the
+vital powers of the peoples, to better incessantly their social
+condition. Perhaps, by reason of its organization, the Government of
+this country would not be authorized to devote 100,000_l._ or
+200,000_l._ to the establishment of an institution like the medical
+college I suggest, notwithstanding its paramount necessity. But England
+is in the habit of doing great things independently of the Government.
+In default of the ruling powers, then, let me appeal to the national
+initiative, for if the spectacle which we are at present witnessing was
+not, in the case of England, one of those trials which invigorate a
+people by the salutary teachings which they bring; if it did not induce
+them to take some energetic resolution by which their interests would be
+saved and their power enlarged, it would indeed be a deplorable sign of
+the times and make us despair of its future.
+
+Moreover, to show the urgency of founding a _College of Natural and
+Medical Science_, let us add, that in every other country they are
+endeavouring to unite this indispensable complement to medical
+education. The German universities, the Faculty of Paris, have, for
+several years past, incorporated a course of comparative pathology, with
+the other series of public lectures.
+
+It is not a mere Utopia that we propose, but an extension and
+improvement, all the parts of which are already prepared. If this
+College could be thrown open to-morrow, competent professors would be
+ready at the call of duty to indite the programme for this instruction
+within twenty-four hours; and as for the professors themselves, there
+would be enough to choose among the large body of efficient scholars who
+do honour to the country.
+
+If we have been rightly understood, we desire to see established in
+London an institution which would afford an equivalent to what exists in
+Paris, at the Museum and College de France, where numerous courses of
+lectures on anatomy, physiology, physics, and chemistry are given. Only
+in London this special college would be formed and organized on such a
+scale as to bear away the palm from every previous foundation of the
+same kind; it would be an institution unexampled in the world, out of
+whose halls would one day come anatomists, physiologists, and
+pathologists of the very highest order of excellence.--But organic
+matter would not be the sole object of this instruction, for the animal
+is something more than matter. Courses of medical history and
+philosophy, of really general pathology, would introduce the students to
+the grand phenomena of nature, to the great laws which govern the worlds
+and the globe; and descending from the heights of science to the
+observation of the infinitely minute, they would never forget the
+important part of the vital powers, and of that unknown power called at
+different times by the names of +pneuma+, _archec_--_mind_ and _soul_.
+
+The Regent's Park would, we think, be the proper site for this college,
+as the contiguity of the Zoological Gardens would afford continual
+opportunities for investigating the diseases of animals.
+
+Moreover, this college would not trench upon or interfere in any manner
+with those medical and veterinary establishments which at present exist;
+it would ally itself with, and complete them, nothing more. The
+instruction received at this "College of Natural and Medical Science"
+would be so useful and necessary, and so attractive withal, that the
+sons of the great families would come to it to finish their collegiate
+studies, to the great benefit of the country. Other young men, in
+considerable numbers, would flock to it from various parts of the world.
+The foundation of such an institution would be an epoch in the history
+of science, and would give England another claim to the esteem of
+nations.
+
+I conclude, then, with a conviction that a nation which owes to Lord
+Bacon, the founder of experimental philosophy, his imperishable book on
+the _restoration, the method and teaching of the sciences_; to Harvey,
+the circulation; to Priestley, the constitution of chemistry; to
+Sydenham, the modern Hippocrates, his treatise on "Practical Medicine";
+to Jenner, vaccination; and to Charles Bell, the discovery of the
+sensitive and motor nerves--is a people too great and too enlightened to
+retrograde; and that, if the epizootic of ox typhus did find them at
+first unready and disarmed, they will in the end convert this disaster
+into a new source of greatness and strength.
+
+Such is the sincere hope which I cherish and the prayer I offer up for
+the happiness of a country which, for the future, has become my own.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+  BREMEN, August 30.
+
+The following report, drawn up by two German veterinary surgeons, of a
+recent visit to London to examine into the cattle murrain, has been
+furnished by the agent of the North German Lloyd's at Nordenhamm:--
+
+"On Wednesday, the 9th instant, we, the undersigned, were requested to
+be at Nordenhamm, if possible, the following morning. Upon our arrival
+we were asked by the agent of the North German Lloyd's, who had
+consulted with several of the chief cattle exporters, to undertake a
+voyage to London at once in the steamer _Schwan_, in the interest of the
+cattle export from the Weser. The object of our mission was, first, to
+examine as closely as possible into the epidemic cattle disease raging
+in and around London for some time past; then carefully to observe the
+treatment of cattle upon the vessel during the voyage, upon arrival, and
+at the time of disembarkation; lastly, to use every means in our power
+to prevent obstacles being opposed to the continued export of cattle
+from these ports to England.
+
+"Furnished by the agent of the North German Lloyd's with letters of
+introduction to cattle dealers in London, and with the necessary funds,
+we left Nordenhamm in the steamer _Schwan_, Captain Christensen, at 4
+P.M., on the 10th instant. The vessel carried 347 head of large
+cattle, 2 calves, and 260 sheep. Favoured by very fine weather, we
+arrived in the Thames at 2 P.M., on the 12th. At the beginning
+of the voyage the animals were rather uneasy, trampled a good deal, and
+caused considerable motion in the ship; after a time, however, they
+became quiet. A sharp, penetrating smell was easily perceptible in the
+'tween decks of the ship, which was quickly removed upon a light breeze
+springing up, by means of the excellent ventilation and numerous
+air-pipes and wind shafts. The animals were several times watered, and
+it was easy to see how greatly they were refreshed. The hay in the
+racks, on the other hand, was hardly touched.
+
+"Upon arriving in the port we were introduced by the captain to the two
+veterinary surgeons stationed here to inspect the cattle, and witnessed
+the rapid disembarkation of the cargo, all of which were thoroughly
+healthy, not one being condemned. The cattle, when landed, were
+immediately brought to carts standing in readiness and transported to
+London, where they are cleansed and then driven into the adjacent
+fields.
+
+"After doing all in our power to attain the object of our journey, we
+went back to the port to wait for the _Schwan_, having first thoroughly
+cleansed the clothes we had worn during our inspection of the diseased
+cattle. The _Schwan_ came in shortly after our arrival, and disembarked
+256 head of large cattle, 12 calves and 400 sheep, all in good
+condition. Mr. Philipps, the London agent of the North German Lloyd's,
+was on the spot, together with several reporters from newspapers, who
+wished to see by personal investigation how and in what condition cattle
+are brought from the Weser.
+
+"We re-embarked on the _Schwan_ upon the 19th. The crew were engaged
+during the voyage in carefully cleansing the ship. The weather was fine,
+and we arrived safely at Nordenhamm upon the 21st.
+
+  (Signed)
+
+  "G. J. RIPPEN,
+  "Veterinary Surgeon at Seefield.
+
+  "H. FASTING,
+  "Veterinary Surgeon at Schwey."
+
+
+NOTE B.
+
+Professor Simonds having had such opportunities of investigating those
+diseases as they existed in England and in foreign countries as were
+possessed only by a few Englishmen, might be permitted to offer a few
+observations. He had been appointed by the Royal Agricultural Societies
+of England and Ireland to proceed to the Continent in 1857, when there
+was a rumour that the disease which existed among cattle in this country
+at the present time was prevailing in Mecklenburg. Consuls sent
+despatches that the rinderpest was prevailing largely, and the
+Government, as a precautionary measure, closed the ports against the
+introduction of cattle from the Baltic to this country. He found,
+however, from his observations abroad that since 1817 there had been no
+disease of this kind westward of a line between Revel in the Baltic and
+the Gulf of Venice, but to the eastward of that line it had existed. He
+came up with the affection at the Carpathian mountains, where it was
+raging in 1857 just as it is raging in England at the present time. Not
+only had it existed there, but it had been carried into the interior of
+Russia in the ordinary method of the cattle trade. A person who was in
+the habit of purchasing cattle attended a fair and bought a number of
+animals, and took them to his own farm, and in the course of ten days
+one or two were seized with the disease, and the result was there was a
+gradual spread of the evil in that district. It gained ground until the
+Government instituted the sanitary police regulations, which, though
+they were such as would be considered strange in England, were, he
+believed, absolutely necessary for the extirpation of the plague. It was
+undoubtedly true that no foreign animals had been seized at our ports or
+in the metropolitan market; but it was not necessary for the case they
+had in hand to say whether the disease was or was not of foreign
+importation. There was this fact before them, that it was not until the
+month of June that the disease appeared in England. A certain number of
+animals came out of a diseased district. He had documentary evidence
+that animals came from Revel and came from the district of Esthonia. He
+had before him proof that the disease now in England was raging in that
+district. They had proof that shortly after the arrival of those cattle
+in England the disease manifested itself here. He admitted there were
+difficulties in the way of checking the importation of foreign cattle.
+The Government had its eyes open to the matter, and he did not think it
+possible for the Government to have done more than they had done or to
+have done more quickly what they had been doing. At this moment half the
+supply of the metropolitan market came from foreign countries, and he
+did not wish to convey any reflection by saying that this disease had
+its origin from abroad. He would admit that the animals from Germany and
+Hungary were coming in a healthy condition; but he could not admit that
+they came from Russia, Poland, or Galicia in so perfect a condition,
+because the regulations there were not sufficient to stamp out the
+disease. The Government had made an inquiry as to the general health of
+cattle on the Continent. They believed France, Belgium, Holland,
+Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, and a large part of the Continent that
+supplied cattle to this country were free from disease. This went to
+show that we had admitted a disease not from where we received our
+supplies of meat, but from some other district. Then it must be
+associated with the fact that it came into this country when animals
+arrived here from an infected district in Russia. Animals from Germany
+and Hungary were often shipped and mixed with others from a diseased
+district. As regarded the disease being spontaneous, we had been free
+from it for twenty years. What was the state of our cowsheds fifty years
+ago? Were they not in a more filthy condition than they are now? If,
+therefore, the disease had been induced from common causes it would have
+been here years and years ago. It was no reflection to say that a great
+many cases could be traced directly to the metropolitan market. Take one
+case which occurred in Sussex. Certain cattle had been bought in the
+metropolitan market and were taken home. In three or four days they were
+ill, and presented symptoms of this affection. In a few days more the
+cows and calves were dead. In another instance calves were bought in
+Chichester Market, where they had been taken from London. The result was
+the death of twelve cows and ten calves. The people had other cattle on
+the same farm, and not one of them took it. He could say, too, that
+persons who had only one animal had lost it by the disease. How had the
+disease got into Norfolk and Kent but by the animals which went from the
+metropolitan market? He could prove by documentary evidence that it was
+so. He could show there was not a single instance where the origin of
+the disease could not be traced to the metropolis. It was the most
+fearful visitation that had ever been seen in England. They had adopted
+a system of compensation in Norfolk, and if by this meeting something
+was done to shut out the animals of infected districts, no doubt the
+promoters would receive not only the thanks of London, but the country
+generally.
+
+Mr. Gibbins--Now, if the disease came from abroad, and diseased cattle
+were shipped on the other side of the sea, no doubt the voyage would
+concentrate and aggravate the disease. The Government inspectors
+reported, however, that not one instance had been seen of foreign cattle
+so diseased, nor had any been seized and destroyed in London or anywhere
+else. Whether the disease came from abroad or elsewhere he was not able
+to state. Sir George Grey asked him whether he had found any disease
+among the foreign cattle that came into the market. He said not one.
+They had, no doubt, many instances of the disease amongst the cows that
+were ordinarily called milch cows, but that were not milch cows when
+they came to market, because one effect of the disease was to deprive
+the animal of milk. These were then sent to the market and sold as fat
+stock. He could only say they had had no cases, except in cows, whether
+they came from the dairies in London or elsewhere.
+
+
+NOTE C.
+
+M. Dembinski, Professor of Analytical Chemistry and Natural Science, had
+also addressed a communication to the Lord Mayor on the subject. The
+prevalent Rinderpest, he said, originated in the steppes of Podolia,
+from which considerable herds of cattle were exported through the
+steppes to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Riga, and Revel, and thence to the
+ports of Memel, Koenigsberg, Dantzic, Hamburg, Kiel, and the Hague.
+_Deprived of congenial food and pure water on their transport through
+the steppes, and then arriving at marshy lands, the exhausted animals
+drank the stagnant water, which, during hot weather, exhaled a
+pestiferous malaria, and infected them with a predisposition to the
+epidemic in question, which developed itself into a kind of fever on the
+voyage to England in a crowded condition._
+
+
+NOTE D.
+
+  INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS, VIENNA,
+  August, 1865.
+
+With regard to the cattle plague, it may be well to state that Austria
+has been most unfortunately situated, from the readiness with which
+Russian cattle have been admitted into the country at various parts of
+the western and southern frontiers. At the opening of the Congress this
+difficulty was particularly noted by the Ministerial counsellor, Dr.
+Vell, who attended on behalf of the Government, for the purpose of
+welcoming the assembly, and giving an assurance that its deliberations
+would meet with all the attention they deserved. He specially referred
+to the fact that the laws relating to cattle disease prevention had been
+entirely revised in 1850, but that the Steppe murrain continued to be
+introduced by smuggled stock into the western and southern provinces of
+the State. It was therefore necessary to attempt a more effectual
+control over the propagation of so disastrous a malady.
+
+Herr Pabst welcomed the meeting on behalf of the Minister of Trade. He
+said that the value of the cattle of the Austrian dominions considerably
+exceeded one hundred million pounds sterling (one thousand million
+Austrian florins), and that cattle plagues completely put a stop to the
+development of that essential branch of agriculture which embraces the
+improvement and increase of live stock in a country. He assured the
+assembly that all would be done that was possible to improve the
+existing state of matters, and that he hoped they would greatly aid the
+Government by the discussions which would take place and the conclusions
+at which they would arrive.
+
+I may state, by the way, that an opinion rather generally expressed by
+some, and stoutly maintained by others, was that the peculiar
+disposition of some of the Austrian subjects, and the feeling existing
+in Hungary against State measures, rendered the law, to a great extent,
+inoperative. I can, from personal experience, state that although
+stringent and most efficient means are used for the suppression of
+cattle plagues, and with the best results in Austria proper, there is
+great difficulty in carrying out the law in districts where Austrian
+rule is at a discount. Indeed this is clearly indicated by the manner in
+which the Rinderpest penetrates into Austria, where the laws are similar
+to those in the kingdom of Prussia, which is, and has long been,
+completely protected from invasions of the disorder.
+
+At the meeting of the first International Congress, held in Hamburg in
+1865, Dr. Roell stated that owing to the length of time to which the
+quarantine for Russian cattle extended on the Austrian frontier, herds
+of cattle were often smuggled through, and companies had been formed for
+the purpose of insurance against seizure by the authorities. The
+unlawful traffic was therefore carried on with comparative safety to the
+dealers, who cared not what misfortune they brought on a country if only
+their personal ends could be served. This question was the first to
+occupy the attention of the Congress last week; when a resolution was
+proposed to shorten the period of quarantine for cattle from Russia
+into any country from twenty-one days to ten. The discussion was keen.
+It was stipulated, however, that the quarantine should be carried out
+most strictly over all parts of the frontier, without respect to any
+breed of cattle or other circumstances which might be brought forward as
+exceptional reasons for retaining animals in quarantine. The committee
+appointed to prepare a succinct report on the subject included
+Professors Unterberger, Seifmann, Werner, Zlamal, Hertwig, Haubner, and
+Roell; and the committee decided in favour of the shortened quarantine,
+on the following conditions:--First--When the establishment of
+quarantine institutions is effected in accordance with the requirements
+of trade and the peculiarities of the frontier, special attention must
+be paid to the erection of quarantine stables, &c., where there are
+facilities for procuring an abundance of fodder and water. Second--The
+animals to be kept under efficient veterinary supervision wherever they
+have to submit to quarantine. The inspectors must be properly qualified
+veterinary surgeons. Third--The use of a brand to indicate that the
+animals have been in quarantine. Fourth--The effectual disinfection, by
+washing and otherwise, of animals as they leave the quarantine.
+Fifth--The introduction of a poll-tax along the eastern frontiers, and
+the appointment of proper veterinarians to be on the watch as to the
+health of cattle along the frontiers. Sixth--Careful supervision to be
+placed over the traffic in cattle wherever it takes place in a country.
+Seventh--The punishment to the full extent that the law allows of all
+who break the rules relating to quarantine or other means for the
+prevention of the cattle plague.
+
+Professor Hertwig, of Berlin, whose opinion is always listened to with
+great respect in veterinary circles, stated his reasons for adopting
+these resolutions now, whereas in 1863 he was against shortening the
+period of quarantine. He referred chiefly to the importance of not
+offering temptations for cattle dealers to evade the law by insisting on
+unreasonable restrictions. The feeling of the assembly was greatly in
+favour of avoiding vexatious and expensive measures, which might greatly
+interfere with the employment of capital in cattle traffic. A small
+number of professors, not exceeding eight or nine, held out for a
+quarantine of twenty-one days.
+
+It may be as well to state that quarantine regulations, which have been
+regarded as almost useless in the prevention of human disorders, from
+the great difficulties in the way of carrying them out efficiently, are
+recognised as of great value in controlling the propagation of cattle
+plagues. It is possible to control the movement of herds, and the
+governments of Central Europe have found it absolutely essential so to
+do. Indeed, the ablest medical men who have written against the adoption
+of a quarantine system for human small-pox and cholera, such as
+Professor Siegmund, of Berlin, acknowledge its value and absolute
+requirement with regard to the Rinderpest. A professor from Galicia
+argued in favour of controlling the movements of people wherever the
+disease appeared, and no fact seems to have been better ascertained than
+that of the communication of the Rinderpest from herd to herd by human
+beings. Professor Jessen, of Dorpat, states that in Russia the malady
+was at one time speedily propagated by the people, who regarded the
+destruction of their stock as a visitation of Providence, and who
+summoned a priest into their stables to pray with them that the plague
+might be stayed. Moving from farm to farm, the malady was by this means
+rapidly transmitted. In Hungary, many outbreaks result from people
+dressing the carcases and hawking about the meat, which, even where
+human beings remain uninjured, is deadly to the cattle whenever the
+water with which it is washed is thrown about the yards, or the meat is
+hung up near sheds containing living animals.
+
+The members present at the International Congress spoke in favour of
+establishing a fund, apart from the Government grants, for the payment
+of diseased or infected animals which have to be slaughtered with a view
+to the prevention of the plague. Special precautions were suggested as
+to the transmission of articles the product of diseased animals.
+
+1. Perfectly dried skins, the points of horns cut off, as they often are
+for commercial purposes, the salted and dried intestines of cattle,
+melted tallow, wools, cowhair, &.c., could be freely allowed to pass
+unobserved.
+
+2. Entire horns, hoofs, &c., which are detached from the soft parts, but
+which often contain adhering flesh, &c., should be disinfected with
+chloride of lime.
+
+3. As melted tallow is often conveyed in bags which may be charged with
+the poison, those bags should be washed with chloride of lime solution.
+
+4. Fresh bones, fresh skins, and intestines, unmelted tallow, raw flesh,
+and fresh sheepskins, should not be sold whenever the Rinderpest exists
+in a district.
+
+According to all the accounts which reach us, the foreign observations
+and resolutions may be of essential service in England. The members of
+the Assembly were informed by Mr. Erner of the origin and the progress
+of the cattle plague in England, and were deeply interested by the
+account given of the imminent danger in which many countries are placed
+that purchase breeding stock in the British isles. The theories of
+spontaneous origin amuse the learned here not a little, as they justly
+think we ought not to be so far behind every nation in the possession of
+knowledge regarding the propagation of such a disorder as the steppe
+murrain.
+
+
+NOTE E.
+
+Now, if the disease came from abroad, and diseased cattle were shipped
+on the other side of the sea, no doubt the voyage would concentrate and
+aggravate the disease. Whether the disease came from abroad or elsewhere
+he was not able to state. Sir George Grey asked him whether he had found
+any disease among the foreign cattle that came into the market. He had
+not one. He could only say they had had no cases, except in cows,
+whether they came from the dairies in London or elsewhere. So far as
+they knew, not one single bullock or ox had been condemned.--MR. GIBBINS,
+_18th August, Meeting at the Mansion House_.
+
+The very first shed in which the plague must have appeared in London is
+a pattern of cleanliness, and the stock was magnificent, as proved by
+the animals in a shed to which the disease has not been propagated.
+Almost simultaneously the malady broke out in the Essex marshes, and in
+every instance we trace a more or less direct contamination by foreign
+stock.
+
+
+NOTE F.
+
+  VIENNA, August, 1865.
+
+On the 28th of August about thirty of the members of the Congress
+accepted an invitation to visit the renowned agricultural establishment
+at Altenburg, in Hungary. After the visitors had inspected the herds and
+other appurtenances of this institution, Professor Maasch, its director,
+intimated that the Rinderpest had appeared at Nickolsdorf, about four
+German miles from Altenburg. The President of the Congress had known
+this fact before the party left Vienna for Hungary; but as he feared
+some enthusiasts would first see the plague, and then inspect the
+Altenburg herds, he preferred to adopt the stratagem of communicating
+the information through Professor Maasch, after the great Agricultural
+College of Hungary had been viewed. Nickolsdorf, where the steppe
+murrain appeared on the 10th of August, is an exquisitely clean village,
+with well-whitewashed buildings and broad roads, constituting the centre
+of a thriving agricultural district. Its people are typical Hungarians,
+not too anxious to work, and, on the whole, poor; but they are
+intelligent, notwithstanding the national proclivity to farm a thousand
+acres badly rather than one-fourth the quantity to perfection. Their
+wants are not great, and their worldly luxuries, beyond potatoes and
+schnaps, are bought with the profits made on large herds of cattle. One
+herd only had suffered from the cattle plague when we visited the
+village. This herd consisted of 1225 animals, divided into three lots.
+The affected portion numbered 450 animals--bullocks intended for work
+and slaughter--varying in age from three to seven years. The cows and
+heifers had not been smitten. The 450 animals amongst which the disease
+appeared were housed in no less than sixteen different sheds in
+Nickolsdorf. Out of each of these places sick animals had been taken,
+and either slaughtered or permitted to die. We killed four for
+dissection on the 29th. Six more had been previously killed, their hides
+slacked, and the entire body buried; nine had died, and two we left in
+life to be soon slaughtered and disposed of as the others. The district
+veterinary surgeon in constant attendance was an extremely active and
+intelligent man, who recognised the disease on its first outbreak, and
+adopted such measures for separation, destruction, and burial, as
+prevented the disease from spreading so rapidly as it has in England.
+
+The cause of the outbreak was the intermingling of cattle-dealers' stock
+with the Nickolsdorf herd; and although the animals which carried it
+have not been fully traced, they are believed to have been owned by a
+butcher who had purchased them in Comorn, where the malady is raging.
+Singular variations have been seen in the symptoms exhibited, especially
+when animals are first affected. During the Nickolsdorf outbreak there
+has been an invariable incubation of five or six days; then furor or
+delirium appears: the bullocks stare, roar, stamp with their feet, are
+prepared to attack people who approach them, and seem to be dizzy at
+intervals. They shiver, their muscles twitch, the eyes soon begin to
+discharge, and the mucus which flows from the mouth foams. The pulse is
+at first slower than usual, until all the fever symptoms appear. There
+is more constipation than diarrhoea, though, on examination, the
+mucous membranes are all found to be affected precisely in the manner so
+often observed in England during the present outbreak. The differences
+in the symptoms are accounted for by peculiarities of breed, the
+condition of stalls, the food the animals have lived on, and similar
+circumstances. We may hear more of these Hungarian outbreaks, but the
+chances are we shall not witness in any part of Austria the wholesale
+devastation now going on in Great Britain.--_International Veterinary
+Congress._
+
+
+NOTE G.
+
+At present the cowkeepers send off the infected beasts to the market, or
+to some slaughter-house, where they might be killed. There was believed
+to be great danger in allowing the infected cows to be driven through
+the streets. If the good could be separated from the bad animals, and if
+the latter could be conveyed to sanitoriums, where the medical men could
+operate upon them, then much benefit would result; and then, too, if the
+animals died, they would be buried on the spot. All the professors were
+agreed in this, that if a compensation fund were raised, and the
+cowkeeper were told that he would be remunerated for his loss, he would
+at once inform the authorities when the disease made its appearance in
+his cowshed. Shed after shed was being now shut up, and men and women
+who seemed to be affluent one day were the next reduced to ruin. An
+illustration of this would suffice. One day last week a cowkeeper at
+Pimlico had 70 or 80 healthy cows. On Wednesday three of them were found
+dead. On Thursday 42 of them were sent to the market. Of these 42 three
+showed symptoms of the disease, and then the whole of the 42 beasts had
+to be slaughtered because of the disease being among the three. The poor
+fellow was thus ruined. Last Monday he sent nine more cows to the
+market, and these also had to be slaughtered. At present the man was
+absolutely out of his mind. Out of his 70 beasts, he had not one left.
+Some persons were saying that the disease arose from bad water, bad
+ventilation, and bad cowsheds; but in the case of Miss Burdett Coutts,
+who had had 40 head of cattle, which were most carefully housed and
+attended to--particularly from the moment she heard that the disease was
+amongst them--all were gone, with the exception of one cow; so that,
+whether it was a want of water or a want of ventilation which in other
+cases caused it, this was an instance in which everything was done that
+could be done, and yet the plague raged and the mortality
+ensued.--MR. GIBBINS, _Meeting at the Mansion House_.
+
+
+NOTE J.
+
+Yesterday morning Dr. Jarvis, medical officer of St. Matthew's,
+Bethnal-green, received information that Mr. Castell, an extensive
+purveyor of milk, had lost eighty-four cows during the past week. Other
+cowkeepers in this district have also experienced great losses. The
+disease has manifested itself with more or less virulence at St. Anne's,
+Limehouse; St. John, Hackney: St. Mary-le-Bow, St. George's-in-the-East,
+St. John, Wapping; Christ Church, Spitalfields; St. Leonard's,
+Shoreditch; St. Mary, Whitechapel; St. Paul's, Shadwell; the hamlet of
+Ratcliff, Stoke Newington, Kingsland, and Tottenham.
+
+Mr. Gibbins, chairman of the Metropolitan Markets Committee, Mr. Rudkin,
+a member of the committee, Mr. Tegg, veterinary surgeon to the market,
+and Mr. Baldry, clerk to the market, applied to the sitting magistrate
+at Clerkenwell Police Court yesterday for summonses against cowkeepers
+for sending diseased cows into the market. During the course of the
+present week no less than nineteen cows had been seized in the market
+and fairs and condemned. The order was asked for under the 8th section
+of the recent Order in Council, which recited that it shall not be
+lawful to send or bring to any fair or market, or to send or carry by
+any railway, or by any ship or vessel coastwise, or to place upon or to
+drive along any highway, or the sides thereof, any animal labouring
+under disease. The cattle seized had not been examined by a Government
+inspector, and no certificate had been given to the owners that they
+were fit to be removed. The market authorities wished it to be known
+that proceedings would be taken in every case that was brought under
+their notice. Mr. Cooke observed that the inspectors had power to seize
+and slaughter, or cause to be slaughtered, and to be buried in any
+convenient place, any animal labouring under the disease. Had that been
+done? Mr. Tegg said that the animals were in some of the cases
+slaughtered, and the others would be slaughtered in the course of the
+day. The summonses were granted.
+
+Yesterday, the summonses issued at the instance of Mr. Frederick Thomas
+Stanley, a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and one
+of the inspectors appointed under the Order in Council, came on for
+hearing before Mr. Burcham, magistrate at the Southwark police court.
+The summons in the first case was addressed to Thomas Meredith, of the
+Flying Horse-yard, Blackman-street, for that the defendant, without the
+licence of the said inspector, did unlawfully remove from his premises
+some animals labouring under the cattle disease. Mr. Sleigh, instructed
+by Mr. Gant, appeared to support the summons; and Mr. W. Edwin for the
+defendant. Evidence was given that the defendant had been warned that
+the cows were diseased, but that he had removed them notwithstanding.
+The further hearing of the case was adjourned, as were also the other
+summonses of a like nature.
+
+In pursuance of powers vested in him by the Manx Legislature, the
+governor of the Isle of Man has issued a proclamation prohibiting the
+importation of cattle into the island. Tinder the same Act his
+Excellency has power to subject all cattle imported into the island to a
+five days' quarantine.
+
+
+NOTE K.
+
+Tracing, as we have done, the sale of infected stock from abroad as far
+back as the 19th of June, we find that each week that the disease has
+been amongst us a fresh county has been contaminated; and more than that
+when we consider that Scotland has not escaped.
+
+
+NOTE L.
+
+SCOTLAND.--The cattle plague has travelled North to Aberdeenshire, and
+has killed a number of animals almost simultaneously on three farms at
+many miles distance from one another. The owners of stock in one of the
+districts, and the Royal Northern Agricultural Association, are taking,
+or resolving to take, sharp and prompt steps to stay the progress of the
+disease. The committee of the association having met on Friday,
+appointed a committee of inspection, arranged for a public meeting of
+persons interested, and favourably entertained the notion of forming a
+fund for mutual insurance against the sacrifices and losses which the
+extension of the disease might occasion. A meeting of the General
+Central Union was also held at Stirling on Friday, and a committee was
+appointed to confer on the subject with the directors of the Highland
+Society, and report to another meeting to be held next Friday.--
+_Scotsman._
+
+The most important communication received to-day is from Scotland. The
+malady has undoubtedly broken out near Kelso, on fourteen head of cattle
+imported into London and sent north. Twenty-eight animals have been
+seized with the disease at Woolwich, and calves from the London market
+are said to have taken the malady down to Horsham and Grinstead.
+
+Information has been received concerning the sale of at least fifty-four
+diseased and infected animals in the Metropolitan Cattle Market the 3rd
+instant.
+
+
+NOTE M.
+
+Mr. Charles Panter has, at the request of Earl Granville, drawn up a
+statement relative to the health of the cows on a farm hired by his
+lordship at Golder's-green, on the Finchley-road. In publishing the
+statement, Earl Granville says: "When I left England, a month ago, there
+were about 130 milch cows in four sheds. In the two largest and best
+managed I found only one cow yesterday (Sept. 4). His Royal Highness the
+Duke of Coburg informed me last week that what he believed to be the
+same disease visited Coburg last year. No one could trace its origin,
+and no medical treatment was successful. Air and water were their only
+remedies. Some men had died from eating the meat killed at a particular
+stage of the disease. His Royal Highness had seen a horse die in four
+hours, killed by flies which came from the carcase of a cow which had
+been allowed to remain above ground. The disease disappeared in the
+autumn as mysteriously as it had come. I understand that Professor
+Simonds is of opinion that the disease mentioned by the Duke of Coburg
+is not the same as that from which we are suffering here--that its name
+is the Siberian Pest." Mr. Panter's statement is dated Sept. 4, and is
+as follows:--"On the 13th of July I purchased five Dutch cows in the
+Metropolitan Market, and placed them in quarantine at Child's-hill Farm,
+one mile from here. On the 22nd of July one of them showed signs of
+debility; diarrhoea followed. Thinking it was only a cold, she was
+treated accordingly, but continued to get worse, and died in five days.
+Two more were attacked in a similar way, when veterinary advice was
+called in, but in five days the whole either died or were slaughtered.
+Every precaution was used to prevent the spread of infection here; the
+men who attended the sick cattle were not allowed to go among the
+healthy ones, and _vice versa_. But, previous to this, bearing of the
+disease in the London cowsheds, I adopted precautionary measures, such
+as a liberal use daily of chloride of lime, administered one ounce of
+nitre in half a pint of water to each cow, and a small quantity of tar,
+and painted their noses with tar. But on the 8th of August,
+unfortunately, the disease showed itself here in a fat cow that had been
+for ten months in the best built, best drained and ventilated shed. No
+new stock had been added for nine weeks. In a few hours four more cows
+showed symptoms of it. I immediately had them all removed and
+slaughtered, and made a _post-mortem_ examination of them, and found the
+windpipe in a state of decomposition, the lungs inflated, the small
+intestines red and inflamed, and the meat of a dark yellow colour
+outside, and dark red inside, which I think unfit for human food after
+the first stage. The disease confined itself to the above shed of
+forty-eight cows (which are now all gone) till the 20th of August, when
+it broke out in another shed of thirty-five cows, some ten yards from
+the former one, and continued its ravages, taking from two to four cows
+daily, till they are all gone but two, one of which has not been
+attacked; the other, which was a bad case, is cured, and partly come to
+her milk again. On the first symptoms I had her separated from the other
+stock, and did not treat her for two days, when diarrhoea set in; I
+then gave her a bottle of brandy and four ounces of ground ginger in
+three quarts of old ale. She lay in a kind of stupor for twelve hours,
+when I could see a change in her for the better. I continued to give her
+daily four quarts of gruel made with old ale and two ounces of ginger.
+In four days she was sufficiently recovered to eat a little hay, &c.,
+and do without further treatment. In another case the above treatment
+failed, and the animal died in three days. In other cases I allowed
+anyone to treat them who thought they had a remedy, both professional
+men and others. One persevering young veterinary surgeon came up out of
+Somersetshire and treated two cases most energetically, but failed in
+both; one died in four, and the other in eight days. In other cases
+tonics, stimulants, blisters, and setons have been tried, but all
+failed. The whole of the eighty-one cows lost were of the English breed;
+we have not as yet had any loss out of the other two sheds, consisting
+of about half English and half Dutch cows, and standing about forty
+yards from the infected shed. It may be interesting for your lordship
+to know that I had the shed at Child's-hill Farm immediately cleansed
+with disinfectants, and washed with hot lime, &c., and bought twelve
+fresh cows and placed them there on the 16th, which are now in perfect
+health; and a neighbour situated midway between here and that farm had
+twenty-three cows lying in a field; the plague took twenty of them, and
+in three weeks he replaced them with new stock, which are still healthy,
+he having had them a month. Another neighbour, a mile distant, had a
+fine herd of seventy-two cows (English) lying in the fields a fortnight
+ago. The plague broke out among them, and now he has only eight left in
+health. From my own experience, and from all I can learn, I believe the
+disease is atmospheric, and of a typhoid character. The first symptom in
+a milking cow is an almost entire loss of milk, then loss of appetite, a
+watery discharge from the eyes, nostrils, and mouth, which thickens as
+the disease develops itself; rumination ceases, her ears hang down, her
+eyes are heavy and sunken, bloody matter is seen in the excrement, great
+debility is seen, diarrhoea sets in, and death takes place in from
+three to nine days. I have read of iron water being a preventive of the
+disease. All the water your cows have drunk comes six miles through
+rusty iron pipes."
+
+
+NOTE N.
+
+THE CATTLE MURRAIN AT HOLLY LODGE.--On the 27th of June an
+Alderney bull was purchased at Bushey, near Watford, and placed with the
+rest of the herd, then consisting of eleven cows, five sucking calves,
+three yearling heifers, and one bull. The bull had been imported from
+Alderney for several months. About a month after--namely, on the 29th of
+July--a cow in calf was attacked with unusual symptoms. She was
+separated from the rest; nourishing drinks were administered; but having
+calved, she died forty-eight hours after the first symptoms were
+observed. This led to the belief that she died of the disease which then
+began to prevail. This cow had been pastured with the others in a field
+occasionally used for grazing sheep that were taken to the Metropolitan
+Cattle-market, and, if not sold, brought back again until the next
+market day; the sheep were separated from the cows by iron hurdles. The
+Holly Lodge Estate is partly bounded on the east by the route taken by
+drovers with foreign and other cattle to and from the market, some of
+which are also occasionally brought back to neighbouring fields. The
+high road forms the western boundary within a few yards of the
+cattle-sheds and pastures. These facts are stated to show that the
+contagion might have been easily communicated to the animals. A few days
+later three calves were attacked with cold shivering and twitching of
+the muscles. The previous nights having become suddenly and unusually
+cold and wet, the symptoms were at first attributed to that cause.
+Although these calves had been pastured quite apart from the cow which
+first died, the cow had been driven across the field where the calves
+lay to the shed in which it died, the calves having been placed in the
+next shed, where two of them died on the 6th of August, unmistakeably
+of the cattle plague. The third calf was sent to the Royal Veterinary
+College, where it also died. By the 9th of August four cows and the bull
+were seized with the disease so virulently that it was thought necessary
+to kill them after three days' illness. On the 12th a cow and a heifer
+were also destroyed, and on the 14th one of the sucking calves died.
+Thus, out of a herd of nineteen animals, twelve had died within a
+fortnight. The malady had taken so strong and sudden a hold upon them
+that no systematic means of remedy could be applied except separation,
+warmth, stimulants, and the medicines ordinarily given in cases of cold
+and fever. On the 13th of August two more cows were pronounced incurable
+by two of the veterinary surgeons who had been called in; but it was
+determined, upon further advice, to try a mode of treatment upon them
+not hitherto adopted. One drachm of calomel was administered in gruel,
+four hours afterwards one pint of castor oil, and three hours later one
+quart of yeast. About two quarts of warm porter were added to a gruel of
+yeast and oatmeal, and given at intervals. These remedies acted most
+efficiently, and in one case gave much encouragement. The next day the
+cow began to eat hay, to chew her cud, and to yield a good quantity of
+milk. These remedies, together with bi-sulphate of soda, which
+invariably produced a return of the milk, and quinine, were then tried
+upon four other patients, with varied success. But in the end all these
+cows died, not, it is believed, of the cattle murrain, but of exhaustion
+occasioned by the activity of the drugs administered to them. This
+belief was strengthened by the healthy appearance presented by the
+viscera of the first cow thus experimented upon, on its being partially
+dissected after death. The remaining cow thus treated is still alive. It
+is impossible to avoid believing that had the medical man who kindly
+gave his attention to these animals, been better acquainted with the
+constitution of the creature, or had those who tended them had any
+knowledge of medicine, three of the cows treated in this manner might
+and probably would have recovered; and even when the animals succumbed
+the consequences were less serious, the virulence of the poison being
+expelled--at least it was undiscernible to those who dissected them.
+During the fortnight that the murrain was raging, one cow in calf and
+one calf remained perfectly healthy, apparently, until both were seized
+within a day of each other; these had always been kept separate from the
+sick animals, and tended by other men. The calf died, and the cow was
+destroyed, in consequence of the symptoms being so violent. In this case
+very little calomel was given. As it may be as well to mention all
+particulars, it may be stated here that the men who tended the animals
+were provided with a dress, and that it was found desirable that a
+certain quantity of stimulants--brandy, coffee, and strong soup--should
+be given to prevent nausea and other uncomfortable feelings from which
+the men suffered. All the directions respecting the burying of the
+animals issued by the Privy Council have been strictly complied with;
+clothes, &c., have been burnt, chloride of lime (Macdougall's
+disinfectant) was used with others to destroy insects and flies, with
+abundance of white-washing. The men were recommended to use, as a wash
+for the mouth, manganate of potash. The first crop of grass in the field
+where the cattle lay before their sickness, and during it, has been
+destroyed also; and it is intended to use some disinfectant, such as
+charcoal or lime, to spread over the field. Miss B. C. feels so
+persuaded that some mode of treatment could be found to alleviate, if
+not to save life, that she has determined to employ a medical gentleman,
+who kindly offers his services, and to take also the advice of a good
+cow or veterinary surgeon, and to try the effects of various remedies in
+some of the cowsheds where persons will be glad to let such experiments
+be tried; and it is also her intention to ask the Privy Council to allow
+one of the Government Inspectors to assist and report upon the cases. It
+may not be altogether unimportant to add that the state of the
+atmosphere seemed to have some effect upon the health of the animals, as
+upon those occasions the symptoms were most severe during the
+thunder-storms which then occurred. The milk which returned was found to
+be rather watery, and the cream had a peculiar appearance. At first the
+pigs declined it, and it was not thought advisable to continue to give
+it at all to any animals for about a week. It is now perfectly good.
+
+
+NOTE O.
+
+Advices from Holland, dated the Hague, Sept. 6, state: "The cattle
+disease has now been observed in the parishes of Kethel, Delfshaven,
+Moordrecht, Uaardingen, Averschie, Kvalingen, Nieuwerkerk on the Issel
+(two hours from Rotterdam), Spykenisse, Schiedam, Herrjansdam, Maasland,
+Sommelsdyk, and Zevenhuisen. It has spread most at Kethel, where it
+first broke out among a cargo of cattle not admitted into England. In
+the other parishes some sixty animals were infected on the 1st inst. The
+post-mortem examination of the diseased beasts presents the abnormal
+appearances that have been found in the disease elsewhere, _i.e._,
+swollen mucous membranes with red spots, peculiar exudations in the
+fourth stomach and intestines, &c. The medical commission declares the
+malady to be the _typhus contagiosus bovum_ of modern veterinary
+surgery, and recommends that infected animals should be treated with
+from three to four drachms of muriatic acid, mixed with six ounces of
+treacle and decoction of linseed. Decoctions of Peruvian bark and osier
+peelings, with sulphuric ether, are also said to be beneficial to weak
+animals. The avoidance of all contact of the cattle-tenders with
+infected beasts is especially enjoined, and ventilation and cleanliness
+of the stalls strongly recommended. Cattle markets and fairs are
+suspended until further orders, and extraordinary measures for
+disinfection are applied upon steamboats and railways."
+
+
+NOTE P.
+
+The following document has been received at the Foreign Office from her
+Majesty's Agent and Consul-General at Bucharest:--
+
+(_Translation from the Official "Monitoral," No. 173, August 8-20,
+1865._)
+
+GENERAL DIRECTION OF THE SANITARY SERVICE.
+
+From the 1st to the 15th July a typhus epizooty broke out among the
+large horned cattle in the districts of Ilfov, Jassy, Bolgrad, Falcin,
+Buzeo, and Roman, which still continues, but is on the decrease. The
+Direction, in consequence, publishes the above for the information of
+those concerned.
+
+  The Director-General,
+
+  (Signed)        D. GLUCH.
+
+  Aug. 2-14, 1865.
+
+
+NOTE R.
+
+August 14.
+
+THE QUESTION OF INFECTION.--Yesterday afternoon Mr. Alfred
+Ebsworth, of 11, Trinity-street, Southwark, the medical officer of
+health for the parish of St. Mary, Newington, attended before the
+sitting magistrate to make a statement with regard to the condition of
+the parish from the influx of diseased cattle, and the manner in which
+they were disposed of. Addressing the magistrate (Mr. Burnham) Mr.
+Ebsworth said that on that morning he, in his capacity of medical
+officer of health for the parish of St. Mary, Newington, received an
+order to attend professionally a man who was seriously ill in
+Kent-street, within the parish. While paying the visit to the patient
+his attention had been drawn to the condition of a slaughter-house on
+the other side of the street, where it was reported to him there were
+fifteen cows which had been ordered by the Government officer to be
+destroyed at the Bricklayers' Arms Station, and then to be buried. The
+animals were accordingly destroyed by the men in the employ of Mr.
+George Nicholls, the proprietor of the yard in question; and from Mr.
+Nicholls he had learned that, instead of the carcases of the animals
+being buried, they were carted through the parish of St. George's to
+Mitcham, where they were boiled down, and brought back through the
+parish of St. Mary, Newington, in the shape of cats'-meat. He (Mr.
+Ebsworth) felt it his duty to come before the magistrate with this
+complaint, especially when the cattle plague was so prevalent. He had a
+right to inquire upon what grounds the carcases had not been disposed of
+on the spot where they had been slaughtered, instead of being carted
+through the parish he represented, in a way calculated to spread the
+infection. He could not but regard this as a most iniquitous proceeding,
+and he attended with a view to prevent a repetition of the practice. Mr.
+Frederick T. Stanley presented himself, and said that he was a member of
+the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. He had been appointed an
+inspector of cattle under the orders issued by the Privy Council. Within
+the district there were no means of burying the carcases of the diseased
+and condemned animals, and in the instance referred to they could not
+have been buried in the cowshed. It was impossible to bury the carcases
+in the London districts, and hence they were sent to the knacker's yard,
+where it was supposed they would be disposed of. Mr. Ebsworth: And
+that, your worship, is what I complain of. Mr. Burcham: You think that
+the practice to which you have called my attention is calculated to
+propagate the extension of the disease. Mr. Stanley declared that the
+skins were disinfected under his especial orders. Mr. Burcham remarked
+that the animals had been taken to the slaughter-house, not for the
+purpose of being killed and buried, but that their skins should be taken
+off and disinfected. Why should they have been taken to Mitcham? Mr.
+Stanley stated that the disease could not be communicated from a dead
+animal, and it was conveyed only by inoculation, or through the breath
+of a living animal upon the dead body of a diseased ox. Mr. Burcham: I
+do not agree with you in that opinion. I believe that infection may be
+conveyed by a dead animal. Mr. Ebsworth said that such was his opinion,
+and, having regard to 28,000 patients in the parish, he had felt it his
+bounden duty to come forward to make this complaint. He thought such
+things ought not to occur. Mr. Burcham was of the same opinion, and that
+such a commodity ought not to be allowed to be conveyed through the
+public streets in open carts. Just before the magistrate was about to
+rise, Mr. Stanley introduced to his worship Professor Simonds, and a
+long colloquy (in private) ensued between them. At its close Professor
+Simonds retired, and Mr. Burcham said: I wish to state that I wanted to
+be satisfied that everything was done by Mr. Stanley that could be done
+under the circumstances by which he was surrounded, in the midst of
+great difficulty. I have had an interview with Professor Simonds, and he
+informs me that there are the greatest difficulties, if not
+impossibilities, in finding any places near London in which the dead
+carcases of diseased animals can be buried. In the case now before me
+these animals were slaughtered at the Bricklayers' Arms Station, and
+were then taken to the slaughter-house in Kent-street, under the notion
+that the owner of the slaughter-house had the means of boiling them
+down. It appears that he had no such apparatus, and hence he found it
+necessary to send the carcases to Mitcham, the nearest place at which he
+believed the carcases could be buried and disposed of, and the
+neighbourhood thereby disinfected. Professor Simonds is perfectly sure
+that this meat when boiled down cannot by any probability cause the
+infection to spread. It was possible, but not probable, that infection
+might be introduced by the carcases of the diseased animals on their way
+to the place where they had to be boiled down; but it appears to me,
+from what I have just heard, that every precaution has been taken to
+prevent such an occurrence. It seems that the authorities cannot find a
+place within a reasonable distance in which the carcases can be buried,
+and, therefore, they are obliged to have recourse to boiling them down,
+as the only alternative. It is right that I should add that the conduct
+of Mr. Stanley, the inspector, has been quite in conformity with the
+directions he has received, not only under the Orders in Council, but
+also sanctioned in my presence to-day by Professor Simonds. I trust that
+this statement will remove from the mind of Mr. Stanley any unfavourable
+impression he may have entertained; and I will only add my opinion, that
+the diseased cattle ought to be removed through these populous
+districts in closed and not in open carts. The conversation then closed,
+and at an unusually late hour the court adjourned.
+
+DISEASED MEAT.--At the Thames Police Court yesterday Henry
+Frost, an old man, was charged with having allowed to be deposited on
+the premises occupied by him in the rear of the house, No. 13,
+Sidney-street, Stepney, four quarters of beef prepared for sale and
+intended for the food of man, but which was unfit for human food. Frost
+carried on the business of a greengrocer. He asserted that he let the
+place to other men, who were the actual offenders. It was intimated that
+the vestry had no disposition to press for a heavy penalty. Mr. Paget
+fined the prisoner 40s. At Clerkenwell, Mr. Tegg, inspector at the
+Metropolitan Cattle Market for the City authorities applied to Mr.
+D'Eyncourt for an order to destroy a quantity of diseased meat which he
+purposed seizing. Mr. D'Eyncourt said the meat must be actually seized
+and condemned upon evidence before he could make the order. In the
+matter of the seizure of 32 quarters of beef, weighing about 3000 lbs.,
+which was found on the premises of a knacker in Pleasant-grove,
+Belle-isle, Mr. D'Eyncourt dismissed an application made against the
+defendant under the Nuisances Removal Act. The defence set up was that
+the meat was recognised as bad and diseased by the killer as soon as the
+animals were slaughtered.
+
+
+NOTE S.
+
+The Orders in Council seemed only to complicate the matter, and how
+effectually to combat the evil was a most difficult question. Some said
+the grand remedy was the knife, and others suggested that the diseased
+animals should be sent to a sanatorium. To destroy the diseased cattle
+was impossible, except the owner of them or the inspector went round and
+obtained an order from a magistrate for their destruction. The last
+meeting was adjourned, among other purposes, in order that the committee
+might take the opinion of the law officers upon the subject. It so
+happened, however, that most of the law officers of the Corporation were
+at present out of town. Fortunately the Common Serjeant was found, and
+he gave an opinion which confirmed the committee in their view that they
+had no power to kill, and no power to do anything except in the matter
+of isolation. Then the committee passed a resolution that another
+committee ought to be formed to raise the necessary funds for
+compensating the cattle-owners, and to see that those funds were
+properly applied, for the money was only intended to apply to the cattle
+plague, and was not meant to go in the shape of compensation for
+pleuro-pneumonia, or for the foot diseases. In other words, they were
+now legislating for the cattle plague or Rinderpest only. He resided at
+Dulwich, and he found that in the villages adjoining there were many
+cows, and never in his life had he seen finer cows. Not one of them had
+been affected by the disease. There was a cowkeeper at Peckham who had
+200 cows, and all of them were in the most healthy state. At Brixton
+Hill a man had 30 cows in the same excellent condition. At Dulwich
+nearly all the cows were diseased, but there the shed and other
+accommodation was exceedingly bad. In parts of Peckham Rye some of the
+cowkeepers had lost their cattle, but there again the places were badly
+ventilated, and the cows were badly cared for. He believed that the
+disease might be prevented by the use of proper precautions on the part
+of those who had the greatest interest in keeping their cows in a
+healthy state. He believed, too, that this question affected the whole
+of the metropolitan district quite as much as it did the City itself.
+There were no fewer than 106 head of diseased cattle lately seized; but,
+as he said before, they could not be killed without an order from a
+magistrate, and a magistrate would naturally feel a difficulty in
+issuing an order to kill so many as 106 head. It was necessary, under
+such circumstances, that a deputation should wait upon the Home
+Secretary and ask him to provide a remedy, and tell the authorities what
+they were to do at such a crisis. If, as it now appeared, the inspectors
+and the markets' committee had been slaughtering beasts without
+authority, who was to pay the costs should proceedings against them be
+commenced? Professor Simonds seemed to think that next session a bill of
+indemnity would be introduced, and certainly something of this kind was
+rendered necessary, for cattle were now coming here which were consigned
+to A., B., and C., and then the owners could not be found, and without
+the consent of the owners the diseased beasts could not be killed. The
+next subject in the report had reference to slaughter-houses. As there
+were no places at present to which cattle in an incipient stage of the
+disease could be removed from the sheds in which they were placed along
+with untainted cattle, it was now proposed that slaughter-houses should
+be established in London for their reception. Then came the question,
+how were the beasts to be removed from the sheds to the
+slaughter-houses? It was the opinion of many that they ought to be
+removed in vans, and not driven through the streets; but, however that
+might be, slaughter-houses should be erected in the metropolis where the
+tainted animals might be killed. Then came the question, how was an
+animal to be dealt with when first stricken with the disease? It was
+suggested that hospitals or sanatoriums should be provided, to which the
+beasts should be sent. But this was a matter of great importance, to
+which the attention of the committee to be appointed and that of the
+medical men would have to be directed. If the plague went on it would
+affect all classes, rich and poor alike, and instead of meat being as
+now at a reasonable rate, it would go up 4_d._ or 6_d._ per pound; but
+he had hopes that the disease might be checked, particularly as
+Professors Simonds and Gamgee had been more successful in the treatment
+of it than they had previously been.
+
+
+NOTE T.
+
+August 31.
+
+DEPUTATION TO THE HOME OFFICE.--Yesterday afternoon the Lord
+Mayor proceeded from the Mansion House to the Home Office, and had an
+interview with Mr. Waddington on the subject of the cattle plague, and
+the desirability of establishing hospitals or sanatoriums within the
+metropolitan districts for the reception and medical treatment of
+diseased cattle. His lordship was accompanied on the occasion by the
+following deputation from the Markets and Cattle Plague Committees:--Mr.
+Gibbins (Chairman of the Markets Committee), Mr. Webber, Mr. Gower, Mr.
+Brewster, Mr. Rudkin, and Dr. Jarvis (the Medical Officer of Health for
+Bethnal-green). Sir George Grey having left London for Falloden.
+
+The Lord Mayor introduced the deputation to Mr. Waddington, and in doing
+so, said that their object was to obtain the sanction of Government to
+the establishment of hospitals or sanatoriums within the metropolitan
+districts, to which diseased cattle could be conveyed from the cowsheds
+in order that they might there receive medical treatment, and be, if
+possible, restored to health. He observed that similar establishments
+had been formed at Edinburgh and other large towns, and that they had
+been found to work most satisfactorily, not only in separating the
+diseased cattle from those which were non-diseased, but in affording
+facilities to the medical profession to exercise their skill and
+knowledge under circumstances more favourable to a fair trial of both
+than they could expect to find in crowded cowsheds, many of which were
+in a filthy condition and badly ventilated. He pointed out the progress
+the plague had made, and was still making, in the metropolis, and how
+its effects upon the high price of meat and milk were affecting all
+classes of the community. The difficulties, he said, of adequately
+meeting the necessities of the case were at present very great, and some
+of these consisted in the alleged illegality of slaughtering diseased
+animals without an order from a magistrate, and also the illegality of
+removing those diseased from the cowsheds to the hospitals, supposing
+the latter to exist. But he hoped the Government, who had no doubt well
+considered a subject of such vast importance, would speedily do away
+with those difficulties, and render the fullest aid to the Markets'
+Committee and Metropolitan Cattle Plague Committee, who were unceasingly
+devoting their time and attention to mitigate, and, if possible, put an
+end to the evil. At present, however, the object of the deputation was
+limited to that of obtaining the sanction of the Government to the
+establishment of the hospitals or sanatoriums. This was an object which
+had not only received the general approval of the two committees
+mentioned, but also of the medical profession, and he might add, what it
+was by no means unimportant to bear in mind, that the cowkeepers
+themselves and the salesmen of the Cattle Market were also in favour of
+it.
+
+Mr. Gibbins and the several members of the deputation corroborated what
+had fallen from the Lord Mayor, and strongly advocated the necessity of
+having the hospitals speedily established.
+
+Mr. Rudkin called the attention of Mr. Waddington to the fact that the
+day before there were fourteen diseased cows seized at the
+slaughter-house of the Cattle Market, which had been sent there from the
+cowsheds of the metropolis. He argued that this in itself was a proof
+that the Order in Council, as at present carried out, was insufficient
+to prevent diseased cows from being sent from the cowsheds by their
+owners to be slaughtered for human food.
+
+Mr. Waddington, who listened very attentively to the whole of the
+statements, said he would take an early opportunity of communicating
+with Sir George Grey upon the subject. In the first instance, however,
+he wished the deputation to forward to him their views in writing, and
+these also would be transmitted to the Home Secretary.
+
+The deputation promised to comply with the suggestion, and thanked Mr.
+Waddington for the courtesy with which he had received and the patience
+with which he had listened to them.
+
+YORKSHIRE.--The plague has extended to this district. The cases
+reported, however, are extremely few, and precautions are being taken
+which it is hoped may stop the further progress of the disease. On
+Tuesday a meeting of the Yorkshire Medical Veterinary Society was held
+at Leeds, and the question was discussed in all its bearings. It was
+stated that four cases had occurred in Leeds, and the disease has also
+appeared in the Skyrack division of the Riding. The general result of
+the discussion was, that members of the society were recommended, when
+diseased cattle were submitted, not to order them to be killed, but to
+place them in a sanatorium for medicinal treatment; the wholesale
+destruction of the animals being regarded as a blot upon the profession.
+
+
+NOTE V.
+
+Indeed, information has reached us of the disease existing in
+Dumfriesshire, but there is some doubt on this point. So long as we hear
+of infected, or probably infected, cattle being disseminated in large
+numbers from the great markets of the country, we must have the
+propagation of the malady. For the welfare of this country, it is deeply
+to be regretted that our Government cannot deal with this question as
+Continental authorities do. _I regret to say some of our neighbours
+laugh at our expense._ They see us helpless owing to the wretched state
+of our laws on the subject, and they are not a little amused at the
+theories of spontaneous development of the disease which some still
+advocate. The French Emperor has sent over Professor Bouley, who is
+still in this country, and who telegraphed on his first arrival, about
+ten days ago, that the ports of France should be instantly closed to
+British cattle. This has been done, and we may depend upon it the French
+people will not suffer as we now must.--GAMGEE, _Lettre du 24 Aout_.
+
+
+NOTE Y.
+
+August 16.
+
+MORE SEIZURES OF DISEASED MEAT.--Yesterday Mr. Paget, in the
+course of the proceedings at the Thames Police Court, was informed that
+there was a large quantity of meat in a van in the police-yard
+adjoining, which had been seized that day by Mr. J. Stevens, the
+sanitary inspector of Mile-end Old Town, and which was described as
+unfit for human food. The inspector stated, that in consequence of
+having been informed that there was a quantity of diseased meat at the
+shop of Mr. Frost, butcher, Sydney-street, Mile-end Old Town, he went
+there that morning, and found four quarters of beef (two fore and two
+hind quarters) which were from a diseased beast. He made a seizure of
+them, and heard that the animal had been sent by a person of the name of
+Stephens, a cowkeeper in business on Bow-common. The meat was in a very
+nasty state, and totally unfit for human food. (Mr. Paget went into the
+police-yard to examine the meat, which was in a very shocking state.)
+Dr. Freeman, Medical Officer of Health of the Hamlet of Mile-end Old
+Town, stated that his attention was called to the state of the meat by
+the sanitary inspector. He examined it, and gave his opinion that it
+should be destroyed, as it was not only in a diseased condition, but he
+believed that it had died from some disease. Mr. Paget: Can you state
+the nature of the disease which caused its death?--Witness: I cannot.
+Most likely it was the prevailing epidemic; and if it were eaten it
+would be very injurious. Mr. Paget, after hearing the evidence, ordered
+that the meat should be immediately destroyed, when the inspector took
+the van with its contents to a knacker's yard to see the order carried
+into effect.
+
+
+NOTE Z.
+
+NEFARIOUS ATTEMPT TO SPREAD THE PLAGUE.--Yesterday Mr. Gifford,
+Sanitary Inspector to the parish of Paddington, asked (at Marylebone
+Police Court) for the magistrate's advice under the following
+circumstances:--Applicant said that, in consequence of information
+received, he yesterday went to a cowshed situate on the Maryland Farm,
+Harrow-road. He found the door fastened. On looking through one of the
+chinks, he saw a cow which apparently was in the worst stage of the now
+prevailing disease, and his opinion was verified after he had burst open
+the door and examined the animal. He subsequently ascertained that the
+diseased cow had been brought some distance by a man who was at feud
+with the owner of the Maryland Farm, and surreptitiously placed amongst
+the healthy cattle. This was the first case where the disease had shown
+itself in the parish of Paddington. Mr. Yardley referred the applicant
+to the Order in Council, dated the 24th of July, 1865, under which he
+thought inspectors of nuisances had power to act summarily.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  SAVILL AND EDWARDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,
+  COVENT GARDEN.
+
+
+
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+    |             Transcriber's Note:               |
+    |                                               |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the  |
+    | original document have been preserved.        |
+    |                                               |
+    | Greek words are transliterated and marked     |
+    | +like so+                                     |
+    |                                               |
+    | Typographical errors corrected in the text:   |
+    |                                               |
+    | Page  62  Ge11e changed to Gelle              |
+    | Page  67  Bruneleschi changed to Brunelleschi |
+    | Page 142  Roeol changed to Roell                |
+    | Page 175  charboneux changed to charbonneux   |
+    | Page 253  eat changed to ate                  |
+    | Page 354  lairs changed to fairs              |
+    | Page 377  Boulay changed to Bouley            |
+    +-----------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On the cattle plague: or, Contagious
+typhus in horned cattle. Its history, origin, description, and treatment, by Honore Bourguignon
+
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