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+Project Gutenberg's Louisiana Beef Cattle, by William Carter Stubbs
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Louisiana Beef Cattle
+
+Author: William Carter Stubbs
+
+Release Date: July 7, 2011 [EBook #36645]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOUISIANA BEEF CATTLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David E. Brown and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+  LOUISIANA
+  BEEF
+  CATTLE
+
+  WILLIAM CARTER STUBBS, PH.D.
+
+  Formerly Professor of Agriculture
+  Louisiana State University and Director of
+  State Experiment Stations
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY
+  THE LOUISIANA COMPANY
+  NEW ORLEANS
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+The following remarks relative to Louisiana Beef Cattle are proffered
+the public to show the marvelous advantages possessed by the alluvial
+lands of Louisiana, for the growing of cattle.
+
+An intelligent use of these advantages will bring wealth to the
+individual, the State and the Nation.
+
+                                         WILLIAM CARTER STUBBS, PH.D.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+LOUISIANA BEEF CATTLE
+
+
+The wealth-producing possibilities of cattle-raising are written into
+the history, literature and art of every race; and with every
+nationality riches have always been counted in cattle and corn.
+
+We find cattle mentioned in the earliest known records of the Hebrews,
+Chaldeans and Hindus, and carved on the monuments of Egypt, thousands of
+years before the Christian era.
+
+Among the primitive peoples wealth was, and still is, measured by the
+size of the cattle herds, whether it be the reindeer of the frigid
+North, the camel of the Great Sahara, or herds of whatsoever kind that
+are found in every land and in every clime.
+
+The earliest known money, in Ancient Greece, was the image of the ox
+stamped on metal; and the Latin word _pecunia_ and our own English
+"pecuniary" are derived from _pecus_--cattle.
+
+Although known to the Eastern Hemisphere since the dawn of history,
+cattle are not native to the Western Hemisphere, but were introduced
+into America during the sixteenth century.
+
+Cortez, Ponce de Leon, De Soto and the other _conquistadores_ from Old
+Madrid, who sailed the seas in quest of gold, brought with them to the
+New World the monarchs of the bull ring, and introduced the national
+sport of Spain into the colonies founded in Peru, Mexico, Florida and
+Louisiana.
+
+The long-horned, half-wild herds encountered by the pioneers, and by the
+"Forty-niners," who three centuries later trekked across the continent
+in quest of gold in California, were descendants of the bull pens of
+Mexico City, St. Augustine and New Orleans.
+
+A different type of cattle was brought over to Jamestown, the first
+English colony, in the seventeenth century; these were strictly
+utilitarian, designed for the triple service of enriching the larder
+with dairy products, supplementing the abundant meat supply of buffalo,
+deer and other game and providing the ox as the draft animal.
+
+The pioneers, striking out from the Atlantic seaboard, carried with them
+their domestic cattle, which were introduced and fostered wherever
+settlements were made in their progress across the continent.
+
+It was not until after the Revolutionary War that wealthy planters of
+Virginia imported Herefords from England, Jerseys from the Isle of
+Jersey, and the flower of other Old World herds.
+
+Even then, extensive breeding of high-grade animals languished for
+years, owing to the unprogressive farming methods; and at a later period
+on account of the dominancy of the Western cattle ranges.
+
+The public domain of the West and Southwest, owing to the vast areas of
+grazing land which cost the cattlemen nothing, became the controlling
+factor in the American cattle industry, reaching its climax about 1880.
+
+Subsequently these great feeding grounds were invaded by the
+sheep-grower, whose flocks destroyed the pastures and drove out the
+cattle wherever they appeared.
+
+The death knell of the national cattle range was sounded by the United
+States Government in throwing open the public lands to settlers.
+
+During the romantic period of the cattle outfit--the cowboy with his
+bucking broncho, lariat and six-shooter--many of the important cities
+and towns of today came into existence as humble adjuncts of the live
+stock industry.
+
+There are men living today who have witnessed the beginning, the rise,
+and almost the extinction, of the Western cattle range.
+
+A complete revolution has been brought about in the cattle industry
+within a lifetime. The change has been a rapid one from the free range
+to the fenced pasture; the open ranges turned into farms and
+settlements.
+
+With the advent of changed conditions, the rancher of restricted
+territory and reduced herds ceased to be an important factor in directly
+supplying the market, as he was forced to utilize the land that was not
+desirable for homesteaders, and the pasturage being insufficient to
+suitably fatten stock, he was compelled to ship his cattle to the
+feeders of the Middle West to prepare them for market.
+
+Meanwhile, the Middle West, or corn-belt states, being unable to raise
+cattle in an economical way, developed into a feeding station, where
+young cattle from the Western ranges were shipped to be fattened and
+prepared for the market.
+
+With the decrease of range cattle, year by year, fewer Western beeves
+reach the corn belt to be finished and made ready for market.
+
+The early settlers of Southern Louisiana raised cattle after the fashion
+that prevailed on the plains of Texas; that is, great herds without care
+or attention of any kind increased and multiplied and were annually
+rounded up and marketed; the returns were virtually all profit, as the
+cattle found their sustenance entirely in the luxuriant natural
+pasturage.
+
+With the change of conditions in the cattle-growing world, Louisiana
+began the improvement of its herds, so that today there are thousands
+of highly bred cattle in the state, equal to the best that can be found
+anywhere.
+
+In a consideration of any branch of the live stock industry, a review of
+the world-wide conditions becomes necessary to establish a standard of
+comparison between the industry in a given locality as against all other
+localities, and such a review at the present time shows an international
+shortage of beef cattle that even threatens famine.
+
+The day of nondescript cattle of inferior quality is rapidly passing.
+Through breeding, they are being steadily supplanted by higher grade,
+perfectly developed animals which yield the proper proportions of lean
+and fat, whose meat is tender, nutritious and palatable.
+
+The Old World breeds have been improved and perfected, through the skill
+of the American grower, until American stock has become the standard of
+the whole world, from the standpoint of excellence in every particular.
+
+There are a multitude of reasons why it will never be possible for the
+growers of the Eastern Hemisphere, with the exception of Great Britain
+and the Scandinavian countries, to successfully compete with the United
+States in bringing the standard of their beef cattle up to the high
+point already attained in this country.
+
+No longer ago than ten years, cattle were not acceptable as collateral
+except by banks in the Western cattle centers.
+
+Today, cattle are standard collateral for loans, approved by the
+Treasury of the United States Government and acceptable everywhere, as
+cattle are as good as gold all over the world; and a cattle enterprise
+managed with ability and integrity is the safest business known.
+
+There are diseases to which cattle are subject; but these, like the
+diseases to which mankind is subject, are now controlled by science, and
+can be quickly eradicated, even though a foothold is once gained; and
+that a foothold should be gained at all is as much beyond the bounds of
+reason as that the cities of New York and Chicago should, in this
+advanced age, be devastated by a scourge of cholera, smallpox, yellow
+fever, or what not.
+
+According to official estimates of the United States Government, in 1910
+there were 41,178,000 head of beef cattle in the United States, having a
+value of $785,261,000, while on January 1, 1917, there were 40,849,000
+head of beef cattle, having a value of $1,465,786,000; a decrease in
+supply, but an increase in value, within seven years, of 86.66 per cent.
+
+In addition to superior natural conditions, the United States, on
+account of the great distance to other countries where cattle can be
+raised successfully, is protected against competition, at all times and
+under all conditions.
+
+The United States for a quarter of a century was the world's greatest
+export nation, and this trade has fallen off only in recent times,
+because of the shortage at home.
+
+Our export business well illustrates the changing conditions in the
+cattle industry, and the record of live cattle exported from Chicago is
+a notable example, namely:
+
+                                Cattle
+  Exports in 1905               321,301
+  Exports in 1912                23,006
+  Exports in 1913                   260
+  Exports in 1914                   182
+
+This table shows that the export trade was virtually extinct a year
+before the European War began; and if revived, it will be because of
+exorbitant prices brought about by the abnormal European demand, due to
+the depletion of the cattle herds abroad.
+
+Official statistics show that prior to the European War 90.55 per cent
+of all the European cattle were within the boundaries of the
+now-belligerent countries.
+
+The records at that time, covering both beef cattle and dairy-herds,
+were as follows:
+
+  Russia                        36,237,000
+  Germany                       20,944,000
+  Austria-Hungary               17,787,883
+  France                        12,286,849
+  United Kingdom                12,030,789
+  Turkey                         6,726,000
+  Italy                          6,198,861
+  Rumania                        2,667,000
+  Belgium                        1,831,000
+
+Even prior to the war, the world-supply of cattle was diminishing, and
+now the herds of these nations, representing nine-tenths of the European
+supply, are depleted as never before, while the one-tenth remaining
+supply of the neighboring neutral nations is reduced by the drafts of
+the warring powers.
+
+The immense demand in recent years has caused the marketing of vast
+numbers of the best improved cattle in the United States, including
+great inroads upon the breeding herds, as cattle growers have marketed
+their stock without regard to the future, looking solely to the large
+immediate profits.
+
+The depletion and deterioration of the breeding herds is a source of
+great danger, as it cannot fail to result in a still further decrease in
+production, and threatens to seriously impair the meat supply of the
+American people.
+
+As an infinitely worse condition prevails in the other cattle-producing
+countries of the world, it is obvious that we cannot look to any
+outside source of supply, either to replenish our herds, or to provide
+our meat food requirements.
+
+The increased cost of production in the North has resulted in the great
+advancement of the dairying industry, to meet the American food
+requirements.
+
+In 1850 the milch cows on American farms numbered about 6,000,000. This
+number was increased to 8,500,000 in 1860, and to about 13,000,000 in
+1880; and the census of 1900 showed 17,100,000. In 1907, they numbered
+20,625,000, and January 1, 1917, 22,768,000, or more than one-third of
+our entire cattle herds.
+
+The change from beef-cattle raising to dairying is most noticeable in
+the Eastern and the North Central States, where the lack of pasturage
+and the increased cost of forage make the production of beef less
+profitable than formerly, while the proximity to large centers of
+population and great cities has greatly stimulated the demand for dairy
+products.
+
+In some sections of the country dairying has encroached to such an
+extent on the beef cattle industry that the latter has ceased to be a
+factor of importance in those localities.
+
+The beef cattle industry of the North is divided into two departments:
+first, producing in the Far West; second, preparing for market in the
+Middle West.
+
+The Western producer can only provide grazing, and must then ship to the
+Middle West feeder, who raises the corn with which he prepares the
+cattle for market.
+
+The shortness of the grazing season makes it impossible to put a
+thousand-pound beef on the market in a year; consequently the stock must
+be shipped to the Middle West in September, October or November, to be
+fattened and prepared for the market.
+
+The breeding herds and the stock not ready for shipment to the feeders
+of the Middle West exist on the thin grasses, through eight
+months--from September to June.
+
+These sections of arid soil and thin vegetation are further handicapped
+by the winters of intense cold, and of enforced housing and feeding;
+for, during six or seven months, and even eight months, of each year,
+there is scant vegetation to support animal life, and the struggle is a
+severe one to sustain life itself against the encroachments of the
+bitter temperature which so long prevails.
+
+If the Middle West farmer should go into cattle-raising, his position
+would be almost identical with that of the cattle grower of the Far
+West, as his pasturage would be exhausted in October, and it would be
+necessary to feed the cattle until May; otherwise, his loss would be
+tremendous through partial starvation and exposure to inclement weather,
+and he could not count upon the survival of more than 75 per cent of his
+herd from one pasturing season to the next.
+
+The farmer of the Middle West has six months of open weather, which must
+be devoted exclusively to planting, cultivating and harvesting his corn
+crop, and this crop takes up his land, leaving no acreage available for
+summer pasturage.
+
+He produces corn in the summer, and begins feeding in the fall.
+According to the quality of cattle received from the Far West, he feeds
+60, 90, and up to 120 days, when they are ready for market, and,
+according to the old saying, are "corn sold on the hoof."
+
+Even the adoption of intensive methods does not enable the Northern
+grower to successfully compete with the Southern grower, because
+production in the North is limited to one-half the year, and the other
+half is wholly unproductive, during which period his stores are being
+consumed, without any returns whatever.
+
+To house cattle during the winter is scarcely better than to leave them
+exposed to the rigors of climate, as confinement brings the scourge of
+tuberculosis; whereas in the South, and wherever life is spent in the
+open, cattle enjoy immunity from this plague.
+
+Furthermore, the year-round supply of green food in the South is
+naturally conducive to the health and well-being of all animals, whereas
+in the North, for several months in the year, only concentrated food is
+available.
+
+"The South, with her short, mild winters, and her abundance of grasses,
+can grow young cattle cheaper than the North."--W. J. Spillman, Chief of
+the Bureau of Farm Management, United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+A mild climate, luxuriant pastures, a great variety of forage crops, a
+year-round supply of green food, and living outdoors all the year, are
+the factors that make Southern Louisiana the ideal cattle-raising
+section of the United States.
+
+James Wilson, former Secretary of the United States Department of
+Agriculture, at the National Live Stock Show held in New Orleans in
+1916, said:
+
+"You have as fine domestic animals in the State of Louisiana today as
+you will find anywhere; the finest breeds of cattle--Holstein and
+others, as well as American breeds of Herefords, which are an
+improvement over the English Hereford."
+
+In the corn belt the lands are not so productive in grains and pasture
+crops as the alluvial lands of Louisiana.
+
+In the North the growing season for crops does not exceed six months; in
+Louisiana the productive period is twelve months.
+
+In Northern states, animals can be pastured in the fields during six or
+seven months only; in Louisiana the animals may pasture in the open the
+whole year.
+
+In the North, extensive and costly barns and equipment are essential for
+winter shelter and feeding, and vast quantities of grain, hay, ensilage,
+and other foods, must be raised and stored, as the period of
+winter-feeding extends over six months; in Louisiana, open sheds facing
+south provide all the shelter needed, as aside from cold rains at
+intervals during February or March, there are no rigors of climate.
+
+Careful estimates by farm experts, and by authorities on cattle, place
+the cost of production in Louisiana at less than 60 per cent of the cost
+in the most favored corn-belt states.
+
+There is no winter here, as understood in the North. Frost is a rarity,
+frequently being absent for several years, and is never severe; the
+rainfall is well distributed and averages 60 inches a year; extremes of
+temperature are very rare; the average for January is 59 degrees, and
+for July, 82 degrees, over the Gulf Coast area of Southern Louisiana;
+and vegetation flourishes the year round.
+
+The cost of summer feeding in Southern Louisiana, as compared with
+summer feeding in the corn-belt states, shows a difference of about 25
+per cent in favor of the former.
+
+In winter feeding, the difference is altogether in favor of Louisiana.
+Furthermore, practically none of the food consumed here is required to
+keep up the animal heat, whereas 30 per cent of the food given Northern
+cattle during the winter is absorbed by this requirement alone.
+
+According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the cost of
+ensilage in the Northern states ranges from $1.50 to $4 per ton, and it
+is generally conceded that corn ensilage in the Middle West costs an
+average of $2.50 per ton.
+
+On the alluvial lands of Southern Louisiana it has been proved that
+ensilage can be produced at 50 cents to $1.50 per ton, and the yield
+per acre is two crops of ten to twenty tons each, as against one crop of
+five to ten tons in the North.
+
+According to the Bureau of Plant Industry, the best bluegrass pastures
+of the North will carry only one head of cattle to two acres for about
+six months of the year; whereas on the alluvial lands of Louisiana,
+Bermuda grass and lespedeza combined forms permanent pasture which will
+carry several head of cattle ten months on a single acre.
+
+With a network of waterways and railroads, nearer the great consuming
+markets of the East than any other important cattle-growing section, and
+but a short distance from Chicago and the important markets of the
+Middle States, Southern Louisiana occupies a strategic commercial
+position of great money-value to those who raise cattle, as well as
+other products.
+
+Out of six thousand members of the American Hereford Society, a grower
+from the Gulf Coast took the greatest number of prizes for a herd of
+Hereford cattle, and also took the grand championship prize for a
+Hereford bull, against the whole of the United States, which shows the
+merit of this section of country.
+
+The market today requires quality, and experience has proved that the
+greatest profit comes through producing quality.
+
+The day of the inferior, lightweight animal, which was marketed at two
+to three and one-half years old, has passed.
+
+The requirement now is for high-grade, one-year-old stock, weighing an
+average of 1,000 pounds.
+
+This stock can be produced in Louisiana under organized methods, at a
+cost of 4½ cents per pound, delivered at the market, and will bring a
+price of 10 cents per pound.
+
+Prior to the Civil War the best talent in America was devoted to
+agricultural pursuits, which offered the greatest opportunity for making
+large wealth--as wealth was counted in those days.
+
+Afterward came the manufacturing era, which attracted the genius of the
+country and brought about the perfection of methods and combinations in
+almost every known line, with the result that no longer is there any
+general field of opportunity therein.
+
+Another era has now arrived, which again focuses the minds of thinking
+men upon the greatest of all problems--supplying the human race with
+food--because of the imperative need of increasing the world's food
+supply, and because of the large profit therein.
+
+In the United States today, the production of live stock is the greatest
+field of opportunity open to men of brains and capital; and it is, above
+all, the one industry that now attracts the genius of men of large
+affairs, and the great aggregations of capital.
+
+In 1895 the average price of beef cattle in the principal markets of
+this country was $4.40 per hundredweight; in 1900, it had increased to
+$5.80; in 1907 the average was $7.60; in 1910, $8.85; in 1911, $9.35; in
+1912, $10.25; in 1915, $11.60; and in 1916, about $11.90 per
+hundredweight.
+
+The foregoing market prices tell the story of the cattle industry from a
+financial standpoint.
+
+The following prices paid in 1901 and in 1916 for prize-winning
+exhibition beeves--at the International Live Stock Exposition held
+annually in Chicago, at the Union Stock Yards--well illustrate the trend
+of the cattle market:
+
+In 1901, the Grand Champion carload of fat cattle was two-year-old
+stock, weighing an average of 1,497 pounds, and sold in the auction ring
+at $12 per hundredweight.
+
+In 1916, the Grand Champion carload of fat cattle was one-year-old
+stock, weighing an average of 1,146 pounds, and sold in the auction ring
+at $28 per hundredweight.
+
+In 1901, the Grand Champion Steer was two years old, weighed 1,600
+pounds, and sold in the auction ring at 50 cents per pound.
+
+In 1916, the Grand Champion Steer was one year old, weighed 1,120
+pounds, and sold in the auction ring at $1.75 per pound.
+
+The following top prices were paid in the auction ring of the Exposition
+for "show cattle" of various weights:
+
+    Cattle Weighing      Price in    Per Hundredweight
+
+   900 to 1050 pounds      1901          $ 8.70
+   900 to 1050 pounds      1916           17.75
+  1050 to 1200 pounds      1901            9.50
+  1050 to 1200 pounds      1916           28.00
+  1200 to 1350 pounds      1901            8.75
+  1200 to 1350 pounds      1916           20.00
+  1350 to 1500 pounds      1901           12.00
+  1350 to 1500 pounds      1916           18.50
+  1500 to 1900 pounds      1901            9.30
+  1500 to 1900 pounds      1916           15.75
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+
+  Text in italics is enclosed with underscores: _italics_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Louisiana Beef Cattle, by William Carter Stubbs
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Louisiana Beef Cattle, by William Carter Stubbs.
+    </title>
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Louisiana Beef Cattle, by William Carter Stubbs
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Louisiana Beef Cattle
+
+Author: William Carter Stubbs
+
+Release Date: July 7, 2011 [EBook #36645]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOUISIANA BEEF CATTLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David E. Brown and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
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+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/iCover.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i002.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">LOUISIANA<br/>
+BEEF<br/>
+CATTLE</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">WILLIAM CARTER STUBBS, <span class="smcap">Ph.D.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Formerly Professor of Agriculture<br/>
+Louisiana State University and Director of<br/>
+State Experiment Stations</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY<br/>
+THE LOUISIANA COMPANY<br/>
+NEW ORLEANS</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">FOREWORD</span></p>
+
+
+<p>The following remarks relative to Louisiana Beef Cattle are proffered
+the public to show the marvelous advantages possessed by the alluvial
+lands of Louisiana, for the growing of cattle.</p>
+
+<p>An intelligent use of these advantages will bring wealth to the
+individual, the State and the Nation.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">William Carter Stubbs, Ph.D.</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i006.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">LOUISIANA BEEF CATTLE</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="drop">
+<img src="images/i006b.jpg" alt="T" width="80" height="80" class="cap" />
+<p class="cap_1">THE wealth-producing possibilities of cattle-raising are written into
+the history, literature and art of every race; and with every
+nationality riches have always been counted in cattle and corn.</p></div>
+
+<p>We find cattle mentioned in the earliest known records of the Hebrews,
+Chaldeans and Hindus, and carved on the monuments of Egypt, thousands of
+years before the Christian era.</p>
+
+<p>Among the primitive peoples wealth was, and still is, measured by the
+size of the cattle herds, whether it be the reindeer of the frigid
+North, the camel of the Great Sahara, or herds of whatsoever kind that
+are found in every land and in every clime.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest known money, in Ancient Greece, was the image of the ox
+stamped on metal; and the Latin word <i>pecunia</i> and our own English
+"pecuniary" are derived from <i>pecus</i>&mdash;cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Although known to the Eastern Hemisphere since the dawn of history,
+cattle are not native to the Western Hemisphere, but were introduced
+into America during the sixteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>Cortez, Ponce de Leon, De Soto and the other <i>conquistadores</i> from Old
+Madrid, who sailed the seas in quest of gold, brought with them to the
+New World the monarchs of the bull ring, and introduced the national
+sport of Spain into the colonies founded in Peru, Mexico, Florida and
+Louisiana.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>The long-horned, half-wild herds encountered by the pioneers, and by the
+"Forty-niners," who three centuries later trekked across the continent
+in quest of gold in California, were descendants of the bull pens of
+Mexico City, St. Augustine and New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>A different type of cattle was brought over to Jamestown, the first
+English colony, in the seventeenth century; these were strictly
+utilitarian, designed for the triple service of enriching the larder
+with dairy products, supplementing the abundant meat supply of buffalo,
+deer and other game and providing the ox as the draft animal.</p>
+
+<p>The pioneers, striking out from the Atlantic seaboard, carried with them
+their domestic cattle, which were introduced and fostered wherever
+settlements were made in their progress across the continent.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until after the Revolutionary War that wealthy planters of
+Virginia imported Herefords from England, Jerseys from the Isle of
+Jersey, and the flower of other Old World herds.</p>
+
+<p>Even then, extensive breeding of high-grade animals languished for
+years, owing to the unprogressive farming methods; and at a later period
+on account of the dominancy of the Western cattle ranges.</p>
+
+<p>The public domain of the West and Southwest, owing to the vast areas of
+grazing land which cost the cattlemen nothing, became the controlling
+factor in the American cattle industry, reaching its climax about 1880.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently these great feeding grounds were invaded by the
+sheep-grower, whose flocks destroyed the pastures and drove out the
+cattle wherever they appeared.</p>
+
+<p>The death knell of the national cattle range was sounded by the United
+States Government in throwing open the public lands to settlers.</p>
+
+<p>During the romantic period of the cattle outfit&mdash;the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> cowboy with his
+bucking broncho, lariat and six-shooter&mdash;many of the important cities
+and towns of today came into existence as humble adjuncts of the live
+stock industry.</p>
+
+<p>There are men living today who have witnessed the beginning, the rise,
+and almost the extinction, of the Western cattle range.</p>
+
+<p>A complete revolution has been brought about in the cattle industry
+within a lifetime. The change has been a rapid one from the free range
+to the fenced pasture; the open ranges turned into farms and
+settlements.</p>
+
+<p>With the advent of changed conditions, the rancher of restricted
+territory and reduced herds ceased to be an important factor in directly
+supplying the market, as he was forced to utilize the land that was not
+desirable for homesteaders, and the pasturage being insufficient to
+suitably fatten stock, he was compelled to ship his cattle to the
+feeders of the Middle West to prepare them for market.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the Middle West, or corn-belt states, being unable to raise
+cattle in an economical way, developed into a feeding station, where
+young cattle from the Western ranges were shipped to be fattened and
+prepared for the market.</p>
+
+<p>With the decrease of range cattle, year by year, fewer Western beeves
+reach the corn belt to be finished and made ready for market.</p>
+
+<p>The early settlers of Southern Louisiana raised cattle after the fashion
+that prevailed on the plains of Texas; that is, great herds without care
+or attention of any kind increased and multiplied and were annually
+rounded up and marketed; the returns were virtually all profit, as the
+cattle found their sustenance entirely in the luxuriant natural
+pasturage.</p>
+
+<p>With the change of conditions in the cattle-growing world, Louisiana
+began the improvement of its herds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> so that today there are thousands
+of highly bred cattle in the state, equal to the best that can be found
+anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>In a consideration of any branch of the live stock industry, a review of
+the world-wide conditions becomes necessary to establish a standard of
+comparison between the industry in a given locality as against all other
+localities, and such a review at the present time shows an international
+shortage of beef cattle that even threatens famine.</p>
+
+<p>The day of nondescript cattle of inferior quality is rapidly passing.
+Through breeding, they are being steadily supplanted by higher grade,
+perfectly developed animals which yield the proper proportions of lean
+and fat, whose meat is tender, nutritious and palatable.</p>
+
+<p>The Old World breeds have been improved and perfected, through the skill
+of the American grower, until American stock has become the standard of
+the whole world, from the standpoint of excellence in every particular.</p>
+
+<p>There are a multitude of reasons why it will never be possible for the
+growers of the Eastern Hemisphere, with the exception of Great Britain
+and the Scandinavian countries, to successfully compete with the United
+States in bringing the standard of their beef cattle up to the high
+point already attained in this country.</p>
+
+<p>No longer ago than ten years, cattle were not acceptable as collateral
+except by banks in the Western cattle centers.</p>
+
+<p>Today, cattle are standard collateral for loans, approved by the
+Treasury of the United States Government and acceptable everywhere, as
+cattle are as good as gold all over the world; and a cattle enterprise
+managed with ability and integrity is the safest business known.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>There are diseases to which cattle are subject; but these, like the
+diseases to which mankind is subject, are now controlled by science, and
+can be quickly eradicated, even though a foothold is once gained; and
+that a foothold should be gained at all is as much beyond the bounds of
+reason as that the cities of New York and Chicago should, in this
+advanced age, be devastated by a scourge of cholera, smallpox, yellow
+fever, or what not.</p>
+
+<p>According to official estimates of the United States Government, in 1910
+there were 41,178,000 head of beef cattle in the United States, having a
+value of $785,261,000, while on January 1, 1917, there were 40,849,000
+head of beef cattle, having a value of $1,465,786,000; a decrease in
+supply, but an increase in value, within seven years, of 86.66 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to superior natural conditions, the United States, on
+account of the great distance to other countries where cattle can be
+raised successfully, is protected against competition, at all times and
+under all conditions.</p>
+
+<p>The United States for a quarter of a century was the world's greatest
+export nation, and this trade has fallen off only in recent times,
+because of the shortage at home.</p>
+
+<p>Our export business well illustrates the changing conditions in the
+cattle industry, and the record of live cattle exported from Chicago is
+a notable example, namely:</p>
+
+<table class="braces" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Cattle</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Exports in 1905&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;321,301</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Exports in 1912 </td><td align="right">23,006</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Exports in 1913 </td><td align="right">260</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Exports in 1914 </td><td align="right">182</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This table shows that the export trade was virtually extinct a year
+before the European War began; and if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> revived, it will be because of
+exorbitant prices brought about by the abnormal European demand, due to
+the depletion of the cattle herds abroad.</p>
+
+<p>Official statistics show that prior to the European War 90.55 per cent
+of all the European cattle were within the boundaries of the
+now-belligerent countries.</p>
+
+<p>The records at that time, covering both beef cattle and dairy-herds,
+were as follows:</p>
+<table class="braces" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Russia </td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;36,237,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Germany </td><td align="right">20,944,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Austria-Hungary </td><td align="right">17,787,883</td></tr>
+<tr><td>France </td><td align="right">12,286,849</td></tr>
+<tr><td>United Kingdom &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">12,030,789</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Turkey  </td><td align="right">6,726,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Italy </td><td align="right"> 6,198,861</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rumania</td><td align="right">2,667,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belgium</td><td align="right">1,831,000</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Even prior to the war, the world-supply of cattle was diminishing, and
+now the herds of these nations, representing nine-tenths of the European
+supply, are depleted as never before, while the one-tenth remaining
+supply of the neighboring neutral nations is reduced by the drafts of
+the warring powers.</p>
+
+<p>The immense demand in recent years has caused the marketing of vast
+numbers of the best improved cattle in the United States, including
+great inroads upon the breeding herds, as cattle growers have marketed
+their stock without regard to the future, looking solely to the large
+immediate profits.</p>
+
+<p>The depletion and deterioration of the breeding herds is a source of
+great danger, as it cannot fail to result in a still further decrease in
+production, and threatens to seriously impair the meat supply of the
+American people.</p>
+
+<p>As an infinitely worse condition prevails in the other cattle-producing
+countries of the world, it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> obvious that we cannot look to any
+outside source of supply, either to replenish our herds, or to provide
+our meat food requirements.</p>
+
+<p>The increased cost of production in the North has resulted in the great
+advancement of the dairying industry, to meet the American food
+requirements.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850 the milch cows on American farms numbered about 6,000,000. This
+number was increased to 8,500,000 in 1860, and to about 13,000,000 in
+1880; and the census of 1900 showed 17,100,000. In 1907, they numbered
+20,625,000, and January 1, 1917, 22,768,000, or more than one-third of
+our entire cattle herds.</p>
+
+<p>The change from beef-cattle raising to dairying is most noticeable in
+the Eastern and the North Central States, where the lack of pasturage
+and the increased cost of forage make the production of beef less
+profitable than formerly, while the proximity to large centers of
+population and great cities has greatly stimulated the demand for dairy
+products.</p>
+
+<p>In some sections of the country dairying has encroached to such an
+extent on the beef cattle industry that the latter has ceased to be a
+factor of importance in those localities.</p>
+
+<p>The beef cattle industry of the North is divided into two departments:
+first, producing in the Far West; second, preparing for market in the
+Middle West.</p>
+
+<p>The Western producer can only provide grazing, and must then ship to the
+Middle West feeder, who raises the corn with which he prepares the
+cattle for market.</p>
+
+<p>The shortness of the grazing season makes it impossible to put a
+thousand-pound beef on the market in a year; consequently the stock must
+be shipped to the Middle West in September, October or November, to be
+fattened and prepared for the market.</p>
+
+<p>The breeding herds and the stock not ready for shipment to the feeders
+of the Middle West exist on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> the thin grasses, through eight
+months&mdash;from September to June.</p>
+
+<p>These sections of arid soil and thin vegetation are further handicapped
+by the winters of intense cold, and of enforced housing and feeding;
+for, during six or seven months, and even eight months, of each year,
+there is scant vegetation to support animal life, and the struggle is a
+severe one to sustain life itself against the encroachments of the
+bitter temperature which so long prevails.</p>
+
+<p>If the Middle West farmer should go into cattle-raising, his position
+would be almost identical with that of the cattle grower of the Far
+West, as his pasturage would be exhausted in October, and it would be
+necessary to feed the cattle until May; otherwise, his loss would be
+tremendous through partial starvation and exposure to inclement weather,
+and he could not count upon the survival of more than 75 per cent of his
+herd from one pasturing season to the next.</p>
+
+<p>The farmer of the Middle West has six months of open weather, which must
+be devoted exclusively to planting, cultivating and harvesting his corn
+crop, and this crop takes up his land, leaving no acreage available for
+summer pasturage.</p>
+
+<p>He produces corn in the summer, and begins feeding in the fall.
+According to the quality of cattle received from the Far West, he feeds
+60, 90, and up to 120 days, when they are ready for market, and,
+according to the old saying, are "corn sold on the hoof."</p>
+
+<p>Even the adoption of intensive methods does not enable the Northern
+grower to successfully compete with the Southern grower, because
+production in the North is limited to one-half the year, and the other
+half is wholly unproductive, during which period his stores are being
+consumed, without any returns whatever.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>To house cattle during the winter is scarcely better than to leave them
+exposed to the rigors of climate, as confinement brings the scourge of
+tuberculosis; whereas in the South, and wherever life is spent in the
+open, cattle enjoy immunity from this plague.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, the year-round supply of green food in the South is
+naturally conducive to the health and well-being of all animals, whereas
+in the North, for several months in the year, only concentrated food is
+available.</p>
+
+<p>"The South, with her short, mild winters, and her abundance of grasses,
+can grow young cattle cheaper than the North."&mdash;W. J. Spillman, Chief of
+the Bureau of Farm Management, United States Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>A mild climate, luxuriant pastures, a great variety of forage crops, a
+year-round supply of green food, and living outdoors all the year, are
+the factors that make Southern Louisiana the ideal cattle-raising
+section of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>James Wilson, former Secretary of the United States Department of
+Agriculture, at the National Live Stock Show held in New Orleans in
+1916, said:</p>
+
+<p>"You have as fine domestic animals in the State of Louisiana today as
+you will find anywhere; the finest breeds of cattle&mdash;Holstein and
+others, as well as American breeds of Herefords, which are an
+improvement over the English Hereford."</p>
+
+<p>In the corn belt the lands are not so productive in grains and pasture
+crops as the alluvial lands of Louisiana.</p>
+
+<p>In the North the growing season for crops does not exceed six months; in
+Louisiana the productive period is twelve months.</p>
+
+<p>In Northern states, animals can be pastured in the fields during six or
+seven months only; in Louisiana the animals may pasture in the open the
+whole year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>In the North, extensive and costly barns and equipment are essential for
+winter shelter and feeding, and vast quantities of grain, hay, ensilage,
+and other foods, must be raised and stored, as the period of
+winter-feeding extends over six months; in Louisiana, open sheds facing
+south provide all the shelter needed, as aside from cold rains at
+intervals during February or March, there are no rigors of climate.</p>
+
+<p>Careful estimates by farm experts, and by authorities on cattle, place
+the cost of production in Louisiana at less than 60 per cent of the cost
+in the most favored corn-belt states.</p>
+
+<p>There is no winter here, as understood in the North. Frost is a rarity,
+frequently being absent for several years, and is never severe; the
+rainfall is well distributed and averages 60 inches a year; extremes of
+temperature are very rare; the average for January is 59 degrees, and
+for July, 82 degrees, over the Gulf Coast area of Southern Louisiana;
+and vegetation flourishes the year round.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of summer feeding in Southern Louisiana, as compared with
+summer feeding in the corn-belt states, shows a difference of about 25
+per cent in favor of the former.</p>
+
+<p>In winter feeding, the difference is altogether in favor of Louisiana.
+Furthermore, practically none of the food consumed here is required to
+keep up the animal heat, whereas 30 per cent of the food given Northern
+cattle during the winter is absorbed by this requirement alone.</p>
+
+<p>According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the cost of
+ensilage in the Northern states ranges from $1.50 to $4 per ton, and it
+is generally conceded that corn ensilage in the Middle West costs an
+average of $2.50 per ton.</p>
+
+<p>On the alluvial lands of Southern Louisiana it has been proved that
+ensilage can be produced at 50 cents<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> to $1.50 per ton, and the yield
+per acre is two crops of ten to twenty tons each, as against one crop of
+five to ten tons in the North.</p>
+
+<p>According to the Bureau of Plant Industry, the best bluegrass pastures
+of the North will carry only one head of cattle to two acres for about
+six months of the year; whereas on the alluvial lands of Louisiana,
+Bermuda grass and lespedeza combined forms permanent pasture which will
+carry several head of cattle ten months on a single acre.</p>
+
+<p>With a network of waterways and railroads, nearer the great consuming
+markets of the East than any other important cattle-growing section, and
+but a short distance from Chicago and the important markets of the
+Middle States, Southern Louisiana occupies a strategic commercial
+position of great money-value to those who raise cattle, as well as
+other products.</p>
+
+<p>Out of six thousand members of the American Hereford Society, a grower
+from the Gulf Coast took the greatest number of prizes for a herd of
+Hereford cattle, and also took the grand championship prize for a
+Hereford bull, against the whole of the United States, which shows the
+merit of this section of country.</p>
+
+<p>The market today requires quality, and experience has proved that the
+greatest profit comes through producing quality.</p>
+
+<p>The day of the inferior, lightweight animal, which was marketed at two
+to three and one-half years old, has passed.</p>
+
+<p>The requirement now is for high-grade, one-year-old stock, weighing an
+average of 1,000 pounds.</p>
+
+<p>This stock can be produced in Louisiana under organized methods, at a
+cost of 4&frac12; cents per pound, delivered at the market, and will bring a
+price of 10 cents per pound.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>Prior to the Civil War the best talent in America was devoted to
+agricultural pursuits, which offered the greatest opportunity for making
+large wealth&mdash;as wealth was counted in those days.</p>
+
+<p>Afterward came the manufacturing era, which attracted the genius of the
+country and brought about the perfection of methods and combinations in
+almost every known line, with the result that no longer is there any
+general field of opportunity therein.</p>
+
+<p>Another era has now arrived, which again focuses the minds of thinking
+men upon the greatest of all problems&mdash;supplying the human race with
+food&mdash;because of the imperative need of increasing the world's food
+supply, and because of the large profit therein.</p>
+
+<p>In the United States today, the production of live stock is the greatest
+field of opportunity open to men of brains and capital; and it is, above
+all, the one industry that now attracts the genius of men of large
+affairs, and the great aggregations of capital.</p>
+
+<p>In 1895 the average price of beef cattle in the principal markets of
+this country was $4.40 per hundredweight; in 1900, it had increased to
+$5.80; in 1907 the average was $7.60; in 1910, $8.85; in 1911, $9.35; in
+1912, $10.25; in 1915, $11.60; and in 1916, about $11.90 per
+hundredweight.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing market prices tell the story of the cattle industry from a
+financial standpoint.</p>
+
+<p>The following prices paid in 1901 and in 1916 for prize-winning
+exhibition beeves&mdash;at the International Live Stock Exposition held
+annually in Chicago, at the Union Stock Yards&mdash;well illustrate the trend
+of the cattle market:</p>
+
+<p>In 1901, the Grand Champion carload of fat cattle was two-year-old
+stock, weighing an average of 1,497 pounds, and sold in the auction ring
+at $12 per hundredweight.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>In 1916, the Grand Champion carload of fat cattle was one-year-old
+stock, weighing an average of 1,146 pounds, and sold in the auction ring
+at $28 per hundredweight.</p>
+
+<p>In 1901, the Grand Champion Steer was two years old, weighed 1,600
+pounds, and sold in the auction ring at 50 cents per pound.</p>
+
+<p>In 1916, the Grand Champion Steer was one year old, weighed 1,120
+pounds, and sold in the auction ring at $1.75 per pound.</p>
+
+<p>The following top prices were paid in the auction ring of the Exposition
+for "show cattle" of various weights:</p>
+
+<table class="braces" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp;Cattle Weighing</td><td> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Price in</td><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Per Hundredweight</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">900 to 1050 pounds</td><td align="right">        1901</td><td align="right"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;          $ 8.70</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">900 to 1050 pounds</td><td align="right">       1916</td><td align="right">           17.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1050 to 1200 pounds</td><td align="right">     1901</td><td align="right">             9.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1050 to 1200 pounds</td><td align="right">      1916</td><td align="right">            28.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1200 to 1350 pounds</td><td align="right">      1901</td><td align="right">             8.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1200 to 1350 pounds</td><td align="right">     1916</td><td align="right">            20.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1350 to 1500 pounds</td><td align="right">      1901</td><td align="right">            12.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1350 to 1500 pounds</td><td align="right">      1916</td><td align="right">            18.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1500 to 1900 pounds</td><td align="right">      1901</td><td align="right">             9.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1500 to 1900 pounds</td><td align="right">      1916</td><td align="right">            15.75</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i019.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Louisiana Beef Cattle, by William Carter Stubbs
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Louisiana Beef Cattle, by William Carter Stubbs
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Louisiana Beef Cattle
+
+Author: William Carter Stubbs
+
+Release Date: July 7, 2011 [EBook #36645]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOUISIANA BEEF CATTLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David E. Brown and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+  LOUISIANA
+  BEEF
+  CATTLE
+
+  WILLIAM CARTER STUBBS, PH.D.
+
+  Formerly Professor of Agriculture
+  Louisiana State University and Director of
+  State Experiment Stations
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY
+  THE LOUISIANA COMPANY
+  NEW ORLEANS
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+The following remarks relative to Louisiana Beef Cattle are proffered
+the public to show the marvelous advantages possessed by the alluvial
+lands of Louisiana, for the growing of cattle.
+
+An intelligent use of these advantages will bring wealth to the
+individual, the State and the Nation.
+
+                                         WILLIAM CARTER STUBBS, PH.D.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+LOUISIANA BEEF CATTLE
+
+
+The wealth-producing possibilities of cattle-raising are written into
+the history, literature and art of every race; and with every
+nationality riches have always been counted in cattle and corn.
+
+We find cattle mentioned in the earliest known records of the Hebrews,
+Chaldeans and Hindus, and carved on the monuments of Egypt, thousands of
+years before the Christian era.
+
+Among the primitive peoples wealth was, and still is, measured by the
+size of the cattle herds, whether it be the reindeer of the frigid
+North, the camel of the Great Sahara, or herds of whatsoever kind that
+are found in every land and in every clime.
+
+The earliest known money, in Ancient Greece, was the image of the ox
+stamped on metal; and the Latin word _pecunia_ and our own English
+"pecuniary" are derived from _pecus_--cattle.
+
+Although known to the Eastern Hemisphere since the dawn of history,
+cattle are not native to the Western Hemisphere, but were introduced
+into America during the sixteenth century.
+
+Cortez, Ponce de Leon, De Soto and the other _conquistadores_ from Old
+Madrid, who sailed the seas in quest of gold, brought with them to the
+New World the monarchs of the bull ring, and introduced the national
+sport of Spain into the colonies founded in Peru, Mexico, Florida and
+Louisiana.
+
+The long-horned, half-wild herds encountered by the pioneers, and by the
+"Forty-niners," who three centuries later trekked across the continent
+in quest of gold in California, were descendants of the bull pens of
+Mexico City, St. Augustine and New Orleans.
+
+A different type of cattle was brought over to Jamestown, the first
+English colony, in the seventeenth century; these were strictly
+utilitarian, designed for the triple service of enriching the larder
+with dairy products, supplementing the abundant meat supply of buffalo,
+deer and other game and providing the ox as the draft animal.
+
+The pioneers, striking out from the Atlantic seaboard, carried with them
+their domestic cattle, which were introduced and fostered wherever
+settlements were made in their progress across the continent.
+
+It was not until after the Revolutionary War that wealthy planters of
+Virginia imported Herefords from England, Jerseys from the Isle of
+Jersey, and the flower of other Old World herds.
+
+Even then, extensive breeding of high-grade animals languished for
+years, owing to the unprogressive farming methods; and at a later period
+on account of the dominancy of the Western cattle ranges.
+
+The public domain of the West and Southwest, owing to the vast areas of
+grazing land which cost the cattlemen nothing, became the controlling
+factor in the American cattle industry, reaching its climax about 1880.
+
+Subsequently these great feeding grounds were invaded by the
+sheep-grower, whose flocks destroyed the pastures and drove out the
+cattle wherever they appeared.
+
+The death knell of the national cattle range was sounded by the United
+States Government in throwing open the public lands to settlers.
+
+During the romantic period of the cattle outfit--the cowboy with his
+bucking broncho, lariat and six-shooter--many of the important cities
+and towns of today came into existence as humble adjuncts of the live
+stock industry.
+
+There are men living today who have witnessed the beginning, the rise,
+and almost the extinction, of the Western cattle range.
+
+A complete revolution has been brought about in the cattle industry
+within a lifetime. The change has been a rapid one from the free range
+to the fenced pasture; the open ranges turned into farms and
+settlements.
+
+With the advent of changed conditions, the rancher of restricted
+territory and reduced herds ceased to be an important factor in directly
+supplying the market, as he was forced to utilize the land that was not
+desirable for homesteaders, and the pasturage being insufficient to
+suitably fatten stock, he was compelled to ship his cattle to the
+feeders of the Middle West to prepare them for market.
+
+Meanwhile, the Middle West, or corn-belt states, being unable to raise
+cattle in an economical way, developed into a feeding station, where
+young cattle from the Western ranges were shipped to be fattened and
+prepared for the market.
+
+With the decrease of range cattle, year by year, fewer Western beeves
+reach the corn belt to be finished and made ready for market.
+
+The early settlers of Southern Louisiana raised cattle after the fashion
+that prevailed on the plains of Texas; that is, great herds without care
+or attention of any kind increased and multiplied and were annually
+rounded up and marketed; the returns were virtually all profit, as the
+cattle found their sustenance entirely in the luxuriant natural
+pasturage.
+
+With the change of conditions in the cattle-growing world, Louisiana
+began the improvement of its herds, so that today there are thousands
+of highly bred cattle in the state, equal to the best that can be found
+anywhere.
+
+In a consideration of any branch of the live stock industry, a review of
+the world-wide conditions becomes necessary to establish a standard of
+comparison between the industry in a given locality as against all other
+localities, and such a review at the present time shows an international
+shortage of beef cattle that even threatens famine.
+
+The day of nondescript cattle of inferior quality is rapidly passing.
+Through breeding, they are being steadily supplanted by higher grade,
+perfectly developed animals which yield the proper proportions of lean
+and fat, whose meat is tender, nutritious and palatable.
+
+The Old World breeds have been improved and perfected, through the skill
+of the American grower, until American stock has become the standard of
+the whole world, from the standpoint of excellence in every particular.
+
+There are a multitude of reasons why it will never be possible for the
+growers of the Eastern Hemisphere, with the exception of Great Britain
+and the Scandinavian countries, to successfully compete with the United
+States in bringing the standard of their beef cattle up to the high
+point already attained in this country.
+
+No longer ago than ten years, cattle were not acceptable as collateral
+except by banks in the Western cattle centers.
+
+Today, cattle are standard collateral for loans, approved by the
+Treasury of the United States Government and acceptable everywhere, as
+cattle are as good as gold all over the world; and a cattle enterprise
+managed with ability and integrity is the safest business known.
+
+There are diseases to which cattle are subject; but these, like the
+diseases to which mankind is subject, are now controlled by science, and
+can be quickly eradicated, even though a foothold is once gained; and
+that a foothold should be gained at all is as much beyond the bounds of
+reason as that the cities of New York and Chicago should, in this
+advanced age, be devastated by a scourge of cholera, smallpox, yellow
+fever, or what not.
+
+According to official estimates of the United States Government, in 1910
+there were 41,178,000 head of beef cattle in the United States, having a
+value of $785,261,000, while on January 1, 1917, there were 40,849,000
+head of beef cattle, having a value of $1,465,786,000; a decrease in
+supply, but an increase in value, within seven years, of 86.66 per cent.
+
+In addition to superior natural conditions, the United States, on
+account of the great distance to other countries where cattle can be
+raised successfully, is protected against competition, at all times and
+under all conditions.
+
+The United States for a quarter of a century was the world's greatest
+export nation, and this trade has fallen off only in recent times,
+because of the shortage at home.
+
+Our export business well illustrates the changing conditions in the
+cattle industry, and the record of live cattle exported from Chicago is
+a notable example, namely:
+
+                                Cattle
+  Exports in 1905               321,301
+  Exports in 1912                23,006
+  Exports in 1913                   260
+  Exports in 1914                   182
+
+This table shows that the export trade was virtually extinct a year
+before the European War began; and if revived, it will be because of
+exorbitant prices brought about by the abnormal European demand, due to
+the depletion of the cattle herds abroad.
+
+Official statistics show that prior to the European War 90.55 per cent
+of all the European cattle were within the boundaries of the
+now-belligerent countries.
+
+The records at that time, covering both beef cattle and dairy-herds,
+were as follows:
+
+  Russia                        36,237,000
+  Germany                       20,944,000
+  Austria-Hungary               17,787,883
+  France                        12,286,849
+  United Kingdom                12,030,789
+  Turkey                         6,726,000
+  Italy                          6,198,861
+  Rumania                        2,667,000
+  Belgium                        1,831,000
+
+Even prior to the war, the world-supply of cattle was diminishing, and
+now the herds of these nations, representing nine-tenths of the European
+supply, are depleted as never before, while the one-tenth remaining
+supply of the neighboring neutral nations is reduced by the drafts of
+the warring powers.
+
+The immense demand in recent years has caused the marketing of vast
+numbers of the best improved cattle in the United States, including
+great inroads upon the breeding herds, as cattle growers have marketed
+their stock without regard to the future, looking solely to the large
+immediate profits.
+
+The depletion and deterioration of the breeding herds is a source of
+great danger, as it cannot fail to result in a still further decrease in
+production, and threatens to seriously impair the meat supply of the
+American people.
+
+As an infinitely worse condition prevails in the other cattle-producing
+countries of the world, it is obvious that we cannot look to any
+outside source of supply, either to replenish our herds, or to provide
+our meat food requirements.
+
+The increased cost of production in the North has resulted in the great
+advancement of the dairying industry, to meet the American food
+requirements.
+
+In 1850 the milch cows on American farms numbered about 6,000,000. This
+number was increased to 8,500,000 in 1860, and to about 13,000,000 in
+1880; and the census of 1900 showed 17,100,000. In 1907, they numbered
+20,625,000, and January 1, 1917, 22,768,000, or more than one-third of
+our entire cattle herds.
+
+The change from beef-cattle raising to dairying is most noticeable in
+the Eastern and the North Central States, where the lack of pasturage
+and the increased cost of forage make the production of beef less
+profitable than formerly, while the proximity to large centers of
+population and great cities has greatly stimulated the demand for dairy
+products.
+
+In some sections of the country dairying has encroached to such an
+extent on the beef cattle industry that the latter has ceased to be a
+factor of importance in those localities.
+
+The beef cattle industry of the North is divided into two departments:
+first, producing in the Far West; second, preparing for market in the
+Middle West.
+
+The Western producer can only provide grazing, and must then ship to the
+Middle West feeder, who raises the corn with which he prepares the
+cattle for market.
+
+The shortness of the grazing season makes it impossible to put a
+thousand-pound beef on the market in a year; consequently the stock must
+be shipped to the Middle West in September, October or November, to be
+fattened and prepared for the market.
+
+The breeding herds and the stock not ready for shipment to the feeders
+of the Middle West exist on the thin grasses, through eight
+months--from September to June.
+
+These sections of arid soil and thin vegetation are further handicapped
+by the winters of intense cold, and of enforced housing and feeding;
+for, during six or seven months, and even eight months, of each year,
+there is scant vegetation to support animal life, and the struggle is a
+severe one to sustain life itself against the encroachments of the
+bitter temperature which so long prevails.
+
+If the Middle West farmer should go into cattle-raising, his position
+would be almost identical with that of the cattle grower of the Far
+West, as his pasturage would be exhausted in October, and it would be
+necessary to feed the cattle until May; otherwise, his loss would be
+tremendous through partial starvation and exposure to inclement weather,
+and he could not count upon the survival of more than 75 per cent of his
+herd from one pasturing season to the next.
+
+The farmer of the Middle West has six months of open weather, which must
+be devoted exclusively to planting, cultivating and harvesting his corn
+crop, and this crop takes up his land, leaving no acreage available for
+summer pasturage.
+
+He produces corn in the summer, and begins feeding in the fall.
+According to the quality of cattle received from the Far West, he feeds
+60, 90, and up to 120 days, when they are ready for market, and,
+according to the old saying, are "corn sold on the hoof."
+
+Even the adoption of intensive methods does not enable the Northern
+grower to successfully compete with the Southern grower, because
+production in the North is limited to one-half the year, and the other
+half is wholly unproductive, during which period his stores are being
+consumed, without any returns whatever.
+
+To house cattle during the winter is scarcely better than to leave them
+exposed to the rigors of climate, as confinement brings the scourge of
+tuberculosis; whereas in the South, and wherever life is spent in the
+open, cattle enjoy immunity from this plague.
+
+Furthermore, the year-round supply of green food in the South is
+naturally conducive to the health and well-being of all animals, whereas
+in the North, for several months in the year, only concentrated food is
+available.
+
+"The South, with her short, mild winters, and her abundance of grasses,
+can grow young cattle cheaper than the North."--W. J. Spillman, Chief of
+the Bureau of Farm Management, United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+A mild climate, luxuriant pastures, a great variety of forage crops, a
+year-round supply of green food, and living outdoors all the year, are
+the factors that make Southern Louisiana the ideal cattle-raising
+section of the United States.
+
+James Wilson, former Secretary of the United States Department of
+Agriculture, at the National Live Stock Show held in New Orleans in
+1916, said:
+
+"You have as fine domestic animals in the State of Louisiana today as
+you will find anywhere; the finest breeds of cattle--Holstein and
+others, as well as American breeds of Herefords, which are an
+improvement over the English Hereford."
+
+In the corn belt the lands are not so productive in grains and pasture
+crops as the alluvial lands of Louisiana.
+
+In the North the growing season for crops does not exceed six months; in
+Louisiana the productive period is twelve months.
+
+In Northern states, animals can be pastured in the fields during six or
+seven months only; in Louisiana the animals may pasture in the open the
+whole year.
+
+In the North, extensive and costly barns and equipment are essential for
+winter shelter and feeding, and vast quantities of grain, hay, ensilage,
+and other foods, must be raised and stored, as the period of
+winter-feeding extends over six months; in Louisiana, open sheds facing
+south provide all the shelter needed, as aside from cold rains at
+intervals during February or March, there are no rigors of climate.
+
+Careful estimates by farm experts, and by authorities on cattle, place
+the cost of production in Louisiana at less than 60 per cent of the cost
+in the most favored corn-belt states.
+
+There is no winter here, as understood in the North. Frost is a rarity,
+frequently being absent for several years, and is never severe; the
+rainfall is well distributed and averages 60 inches a year; extremes of
+temperature are very rare; the average for January is 59 degrees, and
+for July, 82 degrees, over the Gulf Coast area of Southern Louisiana;
+and vegetation flourishes the year round.
+
+The cost of summer feeding in Southern Louisiana, as compared with
+summer feeding in the corn-belt states, shows a difference of about 25
+per cent in favor of the former.
+
+In winter feeding, the difference is altogether in favor of Louisiana.
+Furthermore, practically none of the food consumed here is required to
+keep up the animal heat, whereas 30 per cent of the food given Northern
+cattle during the winter is absorbed by this requirement alone.
+
+According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the cost of
+ensilage in the Northern states ranges from $1.50 to $4 per ton, and it
+is generally conceded that corn ensilage in the Middle West costs an
+average of $2.50 per ton.
+
+On the alluvial lands of Southern Louisiana it has been proved that
+ensilage can be produced at 50 cents to $1.50 per ton, and the yield
+per acre is two crops of ten to twenty tons each, as against one crop of
+five to ten tons in the North.
+
+According to the Bureau of Plant Industry, the best bluegrass pastures
+of the North will carry only one head of cattle to two acres for about
+six months of the year; whereas on the alluvial lands of Louisiana,
+Bermuda grass and lespedeza combined forms permanent pasture which will
+carry several head of cattle ten months on a single acre.
+
+With a network of waterways and railroads, nearer the great consuming
+markets of the East than any other important cattle-growing section, and
+but a short distance from Chicago and the important markets of the
+Middle States, Southern Louisiana occupies a strategic commercial
+position of great money-value to those who raise cattle, as well as
+other products.
+
+Out of six thousand members of the American Hereford Society, a grower
+from the Gulf Coast took the greatest number of prizes for a herd of
+Hereford cattle, and also took the grand championship prize for a
+Hereford bull, against the whole of the United States, which shows the
+merit of this section of country.
+
+The market today requires quality, and experience has proved that the
+greatest profit comes through producing quality.
+
+The day of the inferior, lightweight animal, which was marketed at two
+to three and one-half years old, has passed.
+
+The requirement now is for high-grade, one-year-old stock, weighing an
+average of 1,000 pounds.
+
+This stock can be produced in Louisiana under organized methods, at a
+cost of 4-1/2 cents per pound, delivered at the market, and will bring a
+price of 10 cents per pound.
+
+Prior to the Civil War the best talent in America was devoted to
+agricultural pursuits, which offered the greatest opportunity for making
+large wealth--as wealth was counted in those days.
+
+Afterward came the manufacturing era, which attracted the genius of the
+country and brought about the perfection of methods and combinations in
+almost every known line, with the result that no longer is there any
+general field of opportunity therein.
+
+Another era has now arrived, which again focuses the minds of thinking
+men upon the greatest of all problems--supplying the human race with
+food--because of the imperative need of increasing the world's food
+supply, and because of the large profit therein.
+
+In the United States today, the production of live stock is the greatest
+field of opportunity open to men of brains and capital; and it is, above
+all, the one industry that now attracts the genius of men of large
+affairs, and the great aggregations of capital.
+
+In 1895 the average price of beef cattle in the principal markets of
+this country was $4.40 per hundredweight; in 1900, it had increased to
+$5.80; in 1907 the average was $7.60; in 1910, $8.85; in 1911, $9.35; in
+1912, $10.25; in 1915, $11.60; and in 1916, about $11.90 per
+hundredweight.
+
+The foregoing market prices tell the story of the cattle industry from a
+financial standpoint.
+
+The following prices paid in 1901 and in 1916 for prize-winning
+exhibition beeves--at the International Live Stock Exposition held
+annually in Chicago, at the Union Stock Yards--well illustrate the trend
+of the cattle market:
+
+In 1901, the Grand Champion carload of fat cattle was two-year-old
+stock, weighing an average of 1,497 pounds, and sold in the auction ring
+at $12 per hundredweight.
+
+In 1916, the Grand Champion carload of fat cattle was one-year-old
+stock, weighing an average of 1,146 pounds, and sold in the auction ring
+at $28 per hundredweight.
+
+In 1901, the Grand Champion Steer was two years old, weighed 1,600
+pounds, and sold in the auction ring at 50 cents per pound.
+
+In 1916, the Grand Champion Steer was one year old, weighed 1,120
+pounds, and sold in the auction ring at $1.75 per pound.
+
+The following top prices were paid in the auction ring of the Exposition
+for "show cattle" of various weights:
+
+    Cattle Weighing      Price in    Per Hundredweight
+
+   900 to 1050 pounds      1901          $ 8.70
+   900 to 1050 pounds      1916           17.75
+  1050 to 1200 pounds      1901            9.50
+  1050 to 1200 pounds      1916           28.00
+  1200 to 1350 pounds      1901            8.75
+  1200 to 1350 pounds      1916           20.00
+  1350 to 1500 pounds      1901           12.00
+  1350 to 1500 pounds      1916           18.50
+  1500 to 1900 pounds      1901            9.30
+  1500 to 1900 pounds      1916           15.75
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+
+  Text in italics is enclosed with underscores: _italics_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Louisiana Beef Cattle, by William Carter Stubbs
+
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