From 3a34b9e81d39f49f0fd0669133c06e485b94ded9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Roger Frank Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2025 20:06:15 -0700 Subject: initial commit of ebook 36653 --- 36653-h/36653-h.htm | 2417 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36653-h/images/decoration.png | Bin 0 -> 3413 bytes 36653-h/images/p005.jpg | Bin 0 -> 44739 bytes 36653-h/images/p011.jpg | Bin 0 -> 30783 bytes 4 files changed, 2417 insertions(+) create mode 100644 36653-h/36653-h.htm create mode 100644 36653-h/images/decoration.png create mode 100644 36653-h/images/p005.jpg create mode 100644 36653-h/images/p011.jpg (limited to '36653-h') diff --git a/36653-h/36653-h.htm b/36653-h/36653-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5830ad1 --- /dev/null +++ b/36653-h/36653-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2417 @@ + + + + + + + + + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Subspeciation In Pocket Gophers Of Kansas [KU. Vol 1 No 11], by Bernardo Villa-R. and E. Raymond Hall. + + + + + + + + + +
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas,
+[KU. Vol. 1 No. 11], by Bernardo Villa-R and E. Raymond Hall
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+Title: Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas, [KU. Vol. 1 No. 11]
+
+Author: Bernardo Villa-R
+        E. Raymond Hall
+
+Release Date: July 7, 2011 [EBook #36653]
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+Language: English
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHERS ***
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Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas

+ +

By
BERNARDO VILLA-R. and E. RAYMOND HALL

+ +

 

+ +

University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History

+ +

Volume 1, No. 11. pp. 217-236
November 29, 1947

+ +

 

+ +

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
LAWRENCE
1947

+ +

 

+ +

University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History +
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, H. H. Lane, and Edward H. Taylor +
Volume 1, No 11. pp. 217-236 +
Published November 29, 1947

+ +

 

+ +

University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas

+ +

 

+ +

PRINTED BY
FRED VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
  1947

+ +
+ decoration +
+ +

21-8188

+ +

 

+ +

Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas

+ +

By

+ +

BERNARDO VILLA-R. AND E. RAYMOND HALL

+ +

[219] +Several full species of the genus Geomys have been recorded from +Kansas. The purpose of the study now reported upon was to determine +the present taxonomic status of these animals and the distribution +of each within the boundaries of Kansas. No pocket +gopher of any kind has been reported from the southeastern part of +the state; in all other parts Geomys is locally common.

+ +

HISTORY

+ +

The first published reference that we have found to pocket gophers +of Kansas is Prof. Spencer F. Baird's (1857:377, 380) mention +of two specimens from Fort Riley. One he identified as Geomys +bursarius (p. 377) and the other (p. 380) he doubtfully referred to +Geomys breviceps. Both specimens were obtained by Dr. W. A. +Hammond. J. A. Allen (1874:49) reported pocket gophers from +Kansas under the generic name "Geomys?". Professor M. V. B. +Knox (1875:21) published a list of Kansas mammals in which he +used the names Geomys bursarius Shaw and Geomys breviceps +Baird, the last one for the specimen taken by Dr. Hammond, at +Fort Riley. Baker (1889:57) employed the name Geomys bursarius +Rich. for the gopher "found along the hundredth meridian, between +N latitude 38° 30' and 39° 30'." He reported this animal as common +in western Kansas. Merriam (1895:129) recorded G. bursarius +and G. lutescens from Kansas. Allen (1895:265) recorded five +specimens of Geomys lutescens collected between September 16 and +October 13 at Long Island, Phillips County, Kansas, by W. W. +Granger. Since that time several papers, some of them dealing +mostly with habits of pocket gophers, have been published in which +reference is made to Geomys in Kansas. Hibbard (1933:240) recognized +three species: G. bursarius, G. lutescens, and G. breviceps +llanensis. In 1944 (74-75) he recorded Cratogeomys from Meade +County, on the basis of two skulls dug out of the ground, and he +recognized the same three full species of the genus Geomys that he +did in 1933, along with two additional subspecies.

+ +

Specimens to the total number of 335 from Kansas have been +available for the present study of the five subspecies recognized. +The reason for arranging all of the named kinds as subspecies of a +single species is that intergradation has been found to occur between +[220] +every pair of kinds having contiguous geographic ranges. The +characters previously thought by some writers constantly to differentiate, +say, Geomys lutescens of western Kansas from Geomys bursarius +of eastern Kansas, prove not to do so; instead, in areas geographically +intermediate between the geographic ranges of the two +kinds, the pocket gophers are intermediate in morphological characters +and therefore are regarded as intergrades. Intergradation of +this kind here is accepted as the criterion of subspecies, and lack +of such intergradation as the criterion of species. Search for structural +characters, distinctive of the different kinds, additional to +those characters noted by other writers, has resulted in the finding +of a few such characters but they too are subject to intergradation. +Therefore the several kinds are arranged as subspecies of a single +species which takes the name Geomys bursarius because it is the +oldest available name. Detailed comment on specimens showing +intergradation are to be found in the accounts of G. b. bursarius +and G. b. major.

+ +

METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

+ +

The series with the largest number of individuals from one restricted +locality was selected for initial study. These individuals +were segregated by sex, and specimens of each sex were arranged +from oldest to youngest. Each series was divided into age-groups, +and within a given age-group of one sex from one locality of what +was considered as one species, estimation was made of the amount +of individual variation. Thus, it was possible when comparing different +kinds of pocket gophers to use only one age class of one season +of one sex.

+ +

Age was estimated to some extent by size of animal and nature +of its pelage. The immature pelage is grayer and the hair is more +crinkled than in adults. A more certain guide to age, however, is +furnished by the skull. With increasing age some sutures disappear, +the rostrum increases in length and the ridges marking the limits +of the temporal muscles come to fuse and eventually, in males, +form a high sagittal crest.

+ +
+ +

Cranial measurements were taken as follows:

+ +

Basilar length.—From the anteriormost inferior border of the foramen magnum +to a line connecting the posteriormost margins of the alveoli of the first +upper incisors.

+ +

Length of the nasals.—The greatest length of the nasals.

+ +

Zygomatic breadth.—The greatest distance across the zygomatic arches.

+ +

Mastoid breadth.—The greatest distance across the mastoids.

+

[221] +Breadth of rostrum.—Width, perpendicular to long axis of the skull.

+ +

Interorbital constriction.—The least distance between the orbits.

+ +

Maxillary tooth row.—The greatest length of the upper molariform tooth +row at the alveolar border.

+ +

Extension of premaxillae posterior to nasals.—From the posteriormost border +of the nasals to the posterior end of the extension of a premaxilla.

+ +

Depth of skull.—From the median suture of the frontals, on the dorsal +surface of the skull to the median suture of the palatines at the level of the +first molar (not premolar).

+ +

Length of rostrum.—From the anterior border of the nasal to the maxilla +at the lateral end of the hamulus of the lacrimal.

+ +

In the list of specimens examined, localities are arranged by counties from +west to east, beginning at the northwestern corner of the state; specimens in +each county are arranged from north to south. If several localities are in the +same latitude, the westernmost is listed first. Capitalized color terms are after +Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., +1912.

+ +
+ p005 + +

Fig. 1. Map showing the geographic distribution of the five +subspecies of +the Missipi Valley pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius, in Kansas, with insert +showing range of the species.

+ +
+

[222]

+

In connection with this study each of the authors acknowledges assistance +from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and one of us (Villa) +is grateful for assistance also to Drs. Isaac Ochoterena and Roberto Llamas +of the Biological Institute of Mexico. For the loan of specimens we are grateful +to Dr. William B. Davis, of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of +Texas; Dr. G. C. Rinker, of Hamilton, Kansas; and Mr. A. J. Kirn, of Somerset, +Texas. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the University of +Kansas Museum of Natural History.

+ +
+ +

ACCOUNTS OF SUBSPECIES

+ +

Geomys bursarius lutescens Merriam

+ +

Geomys bursarius lutescens Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 4:51, October +8, 1890; Scheffer, Technical Bull., U. S. Dept. Agric., 224:6, January, +1931.

+ +

Geomys lutescens Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:127-29, January 31, +1895; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:175, 1905; Lantz, Kansas State +Agric. College Bull., 129:335, April, 1905; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. +Sci., 36:240, 1933; Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., +35:182, 1937; Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 2:1, February 1, 1940; Allen, +Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Bull. Inf. in Educ., 20 (no. 5):15, +May, 1940; Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Michigan, 420:3, +June 28, 1940.

+ +

Geomys lutescens lutescens, Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 47:74, +1944.

+ +
+ +

Type locality.—Sandhills on Birdwood Creek, Lincoln County, western Nebraska.

+ +

Distribution in Kansas.—Northwestern Kansas, eastward certainly to Ellis +County, southward certainly to Scott County.

+ +

Description.—Animals with total length averaging no more than 272 mm.; +length of vertebrae of tail averaging no more than 92; hind foot averaging no +more than 35. Color: In autumn pelage, upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff +becoming Buckthorn Brown in middorsal region and there forming a faint +longitudinal band; sides Pale Yellow Orange. In summer, Buckthorn Brown +on upper parts with a dorsal band, especially distinct on specimens from Ellis +and Trego counties; specimens from farther west lack the distinct dorsal band. +Underparts Gray Drab and sometimes whitish, usually whitish in young specimens; +basal color of pelage Deep Neutral Gray; fore and hind feet whitish. +Skull: Zygomatic arch broadly and squarely spreading anteriorly; temporal +impressions uniting to form a low sagittal crest in adult males, but in adult +females and in young males the impressions usually remain apart; shape of +interparietal varying from subquadrate in young specimens to subtriangular +or triangular in adults; in some young specimens the interparietal is reduced +to a minute, ovoid bone.

+
+ +

Comparisons.—See comparisons in the accounts of other subspecies +occurring in Kansas.

+ +

Remarks.—In his monographic revision of the pocket gophers, +Merriam (1895:129) recorded 3 "typical or nearly typical" specimens +from Trego County, and 18 "non typical" specimens as follows: +Garden Plain, Sedgwick County, 4; Belle Plain, Sumner[223] +County, 5; Cairo, Pratt County, 6; Kiowa, Barber County, 2; and +Ellis, Ellis County, 1. A detailed discussion of Merriam's account +of the distribution of Geomys lutescens in Kansas is given by Swenk +(1940:11-12).

+ +

Judging by specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of +Natural History, G. bursarius lutescens in Kansas is restricted to +the northwestern part of the state, reaching southward certainly to +Scott County and eastward certainly to Ellis County; precise limits +of distribution of this subspecies are unknown. Additional collecting +is necessary to determine where the range of lutescens meets the +ranges of the other subspecies. The specimens studied are remarkably +uniform. One specimen obtained in October, in Trego County, +is slightly lighter colored than any other from Kansas. In other +characteristics it agrees with specimens from northwestern Kansas +and from the type locality.

+ +
+ +

Specimens examined.—Total number 32, as follows: Cheyenne County: 23 mi. (by road) +NW St. Francis, 3. Rawlins County: 2 mi. NE Ludell, 10. Logan County: 5 mi. W Elkader, +3; no locality more precise than county, 1. Trego County: Wakeeney, 4; 12 mi. S +Collyer, Perrington Ranch, 3; no locality more precise than county, 5. Scott County: 4 mi. +S Scott City, 2. Ellis County: Hays State College Campus, Hays, 1.

+ +
+ +

Geomys bursarius majusculus Swenk

+ +

Geomys bursarius majusculus Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 1:6, December +5, 1939; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 47:74, 1944.

+ +

Geomys bursarius, Baird, Expls. and surveys for a railroad route from +the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, pt. 1, Mammals, 377, 1857; +Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:120, January, 1895; Lantz, Trans. Kansas +Acad. Sci., 19:175, 1905; Lantz, Kansas State Agric. College Bull., 129:335, +April, 1905; Scheffer, Kansas State Agric. College Ento. and Zoöl. Dept. +Bull., 172:199, September, 1910; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, +1933; Allen, Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Bull. Inf. Stud. +in Educ., 20 (no. 5):15, May, 1940.

+ +

Geomys bursarius bursarius, Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State +Board Agric., 35:181, 1937.

+ +

Geomys breviceps, Baird, Expls. and surveys for a railroad route from +the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, pt. 1, Mammals, 380, 1857.

+ +
+ +

Type locality.—Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska.

+ +

Distribution in Kansas.—Northeastern Kansas, westward certainly to Clay +and Marion counties and southward certainly to Greenwood County.

+ +

Description.—Color: Upper parts Mummy Brown in fresh appearing pelage +of February but in more worn pelage of March more reddish being near (16') +Prout's Brown; top of head and sometimes back darker than rest of upper +parts; underparts usually with some whitish anteriorly; fore and hind feet +and approximately distal half of tail white. Size: Large, total length averaging +more than 280 mm. in males and 257 in females; hind foot averaging +35 mm. or more in males. Skull: Large; rostrum averaging more than twice +as long as wide; sagittal crest high in males and barely present in females; +occiput vertical when skull is laid top down; least width of braincase less than[224] +distance from alveolus of upper incisor to middle of lateral border of P4 at +alveolar border.

+ +
+ +

Comparisons.—From Geomys bursarius lutescens, majusculus +differs as follows: Color darker, Mummy Brown to Prout's Brown +instead of Buckthorn Brown. In both sexes: head and body a fifth +to a sixth longer; hind foot 5 to 6 per cent longer; skull averaging +larger in all parts measured except that premaxillae (in each subspecies) +extend equally far posteriorly to nasals; diastema longer in +relation to basilar length; rostrum longer relative to its width; sagittal +crest higher; rostrum often more depressed distally; angle of +suture between maxilla and jugal more obtuse.

+ +

From G. b. bursarius, according to Swenk (1939:6), majusculus +differs in larger size.

+ +

From G. b. illinoensis, majusculus, according to Komarek and +Spencer (1931:405), differs in brownish instead of slate-gray coloration +and in two cranial characters as follows: Nasals straight-sided +instead of shaped like an hour-glass, and superficial canals on palatine +extending anteriorly beyond first molar, and from there anteriorly +more or less separated. The first of these characters does not +always hold; occasional individuals of majusculus, for example +some from Douglas County, have the nasals shaped like an hour-glass.

+ +

From G. breviceps dutcheri, majusculus differs in larger size +(hind foot more than 33 mm. in males, and 29 in females; basilar +length more than 42 mm. in males and 36 in females); dorsal exposure +of jugal longer than width of rostrum measured between +ventral margins of infraorbital foramina.

+ +

From G. bursarius major of southcentral Kansas (for example +Harvey County), majusculus differs in slightly darker color, being +Mummy Brown instead of Prout's Brown; size larger (in males +total length more than 284 mm., hind foot 35 or more, basilar length +of skull more than 42, and in females total length 265 or more, hind +foot averaging 33 or more, and basilar length 40 or more).

+ +

Skull: Averaging larger in all parts measured, except that premaxillae +do not extend so far posteriorly to nasals in either males +or females; interorbital constriction slightly narrower in adult females; +temporal ridges forming a more prominent sagittal crest in +adult males (sagittal crest barely present in some adult males of +major from Harper County).

+ +

Remarks.—In employing the subspecific name majusculus we are +following Swenk (1939:6) who on the basis of larger size differentiated[225] +the animals from southeastern South Dakota, the eastern +parts of Nebraska and Kansas, and the western and southern parts +of Iowa, from G. bursarius bursarius to which he assigned a more +northern geographic range. In the absence of comparative materials +of the northern subspecies we cannot make an independent decision +on the validity of majusculus and recognize that if it is inseparable +from G. b. bursarius the latter name will apply to +specimens from northeastern Kansas. We are the more uncertain +about applying the name majusculus to specimens from eastern +Kansas because they average smaller than topotypes. Only at the +northeasternmost locality in Kansas (3 mi. N Cummings, Atchison +County) do specimens average as large as topotypes of majusculus. +Farther southward they become progressively smaller in eastern +Kansas, and we interpret this as intergradation with the still smaller +subspecies major, to the southwest. The average external measurements +of two adult males from Atchison County are: 321-99-35. +Thirty-six miles farther south, in Douglas County, 16 adult males +average 289-80-36. From Hamilton, Greenwood County, 80 miles +farther southwest, nine adult males average 284-83-35. The maximum +total length recorded at these three localities is: Atchison +County, 342 (1 of 2 specimens), Douglas County, 308 (1 of 16 +specimens), Greenwood County, 357 (in coll. of Dr. Glenn C. Rinker +and 1 of 15 males of all ages involved). It will be seen, therefore, +that although there is a trend to smaller average size toward the +southward, the maximum of 357 millimeters total length at Hamilton +exceeds the maximum of 352 millimeters recorded by Swenk +(1939:3) among 86 males at Lincoln where the recorded average is +largest.

+ +

Four specimens from Salina (Debold Farm) are intermediate +structurally, as they are also geographically, between G. b. majusculus +on the one hand and Geomys bursarius lutescens and Geomys +bursarius major on the other hand. In color they agree with majusculus, +as they do also in width of nasals posteriorly, in more obtuse +angle of the rostrum and maxillary arm of the zygomatic arch. They +agree with G. b. lutescens in having the occiput inclined anterodorsally, +and are intermediate between majusculus and lutescens, but +nearer the latter in size of skull and in length of the rostrum relative +to its width.

+ +
+ +

Specimens examined.—Total number, 148, as follows: Clay County: 6 mi. SW Clay +Center, 3. Jackson County: 10-1/2 mi. WSW Holton, 1; no locality more precise than county, +1. Atchison County: 3 mi. N Cummings, 2. Jefferson County: Oskaloosa, 1. Leavenworth +County: Fort Leavenworth (Government Hill, 2; Engineer Hill, 1), 6; no locality more precise[226] +than county, 19. Saline County: Salina, Debold Farm, 4 (coll. of A. J. Kirn). Morris +County: 1-1/2 mi. N Council Grove, 3. Douglas County: 1 mi. NW Midland, 2; 1 mi. N +Lawrence, 1; 2-1/2 mi. W Lawrence, 2; 1 mi. W K. U. Campus, 2; 1 mi. W Lawrence, 2; 1/2 +mi. W Lawrence, 2; "W K. U. Campus," 2; K. U. Campus, 4; Lawrence, 23; South Lawrence, +1; 1/2 mi. SW K. U. Campus, 2; Southwest K. U. Campus, 1; Haskell Institute, 1; +4-1/2 mi. S Lawrence, 1; 7 mi. SW Lawrence, 6; 7-1/2 mi. SW Lawrence, 1; 8 mi. SW Lawrence, +1; 10 mi. S Lawrence, 1; 11 mi. SW Lawrence, 3; no locality more precise than +county, 15. Marion County: 1-1/2 mi. NE Lincolnville, 6; 4 mi. SE Lincolnville, 1; 6 mi. +S Lincolnville, 1. Greenwood County: Hamilton, 1; 1/2 mi. S Hamilton, 4; 1 mi. S Hamilton, +4; 4 mi. S and 14 mi. W Hamilton, 6; 8 mi. SW Toronto, 1; 8-1/2 mi. SW Toronto, 5; +no locality more precise than county, 6.

+ +
+ +

Geomys bursarius jugossicularis Hooper

+ +

Geomys lutescens jugossicularis Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zoöl., Univ. +Michigan, no. 420: 1, June 28, 1940; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., +vol. 47, p. 75, 1944.

+ +
+ +

Type locality.—Lamar, Prowers County, Colorado.

+ +

Distribution in Kansas.—Extreme southwestern part of state, northward certainly +to Hamilton County and south certainly to Morton and Seward counties.

+ +

Description.—A yellowish-cinnamon colored animal, with body of medium +size, zygomatic plate of maxilla deep and mastoid process small.

+ +
+ +

Comparisons.—Differs from Geomys bursarius industrius in +slightly lighter color; occiput not strongly inclined anterodorsally.

+ +

From G. b. lutescens, jugossicularis differs in less buffy coloration +and deeper zygomatic plate of maxilla.

+ +

Remarks.—G. bursarius jugossicularis and G. bursarius industrius +intergrade in the southern part of Meade County. Some specimens +from this area show a coloration resembling that of G. b. jugossicularis; +nevertheless, one specimen from Morton County has the occiput +anterodorsally inclined as in G. b. industrius.

+ +

Specimens examined from Hamilton County correspond closely to +G. b. jugossicularis; they agree with it both in color and in cranial +characters.

+ +
+ +

Specimens examined.—Total number, 20, distributed as follows: Hamilton County: 1 mi. +E Coolidge, Conard Farm, 4. Morton County: 12 mi. NE Elkhart, 2; Cimarron River, 12 +mi. N Elkhart, 4; no locality more precise than county, 6. Seward County: 1 mi. E +Arkalon, 4.

+ +
+ +

Geomys bursarius industrius, new subspecies

+ +

Geomys lutescens Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:127, January 31, 1895.

+ +

Geomys breviceps llanensis, Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, +1933; Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., 35:181. 1937.

+ +

Geomys lutescens jugossicularis Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zoöl., +Univ. Michigan, 420:1, June 28, 1940.

+ +
+ +

Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull, no. 14083 Museum of Natural History, +University of Kansas; from 1-1/2 miles north of Fowler, Meade County, Kansas; +obtained December 30, 1941, by H. H. Hildebrand, original number 16.

+ +

Distribution in Kansas.—Southwestern Kansas from Meade County eastward[227] +certainly to Pratt and Clark counties; from Pawnee County southward +probably to the Oklahoma boundary.

+ +

Diagnosis.—Size of body medium; color of upper parts Cinnamon Brown; +skull with occiput strongly inclined anterodorsally in males.

+ +
+ p011 +
+ +

Fig. 2 Three views of the skull of the type specimen of Geomys bursarius industrius. +
+A. Lateral view; +
+B. Dorsal view; +
+C. Ventral view. +

+ +

Description.—Color: Upper parts Cinnamon Brown, slightly reddish, but +in some specimens collected in September, in Pawnee County, near (15´ i) +Ochraceous-Tawny; underparts usually Wood Brown, somewhat whitish anteriorly; +forefeet white; hind feet and approximately distal half of tail whitish. +Size: Medium (see measurements), total length averaging not more +than 271 mm. in males and 254 in females; hind foot averaging not more +than 35 mm. in males and less than 32 in females. Skull: In males, least +width of braincase equal to distance from alveolus of incisor to anterior border +of alveolus of first upper molar, occiput strongly inclined anterodorsally, temporal +impressions usually united in a low sagittal crest, zygomatic arch heavy +and curved at level of jugal bone. In adult females least width of braincase +approximately equal to distance from alveolus of incisor to anterior border +of alveolus of first upper molar (not premolar); occiput less inclined anterodorsally[228] +than in males; temporal ridges not forming a sagittal crest. In young +females the width of the braincase is more than the distance between the +alveoli of the incisor and first molar.

+ +
+ +

Comparisons.—G. lutescens industrius differs from G. lutescens +lutescens in: Color darker; least width of braincase not equal to +(usually more than) the distance from the alveolus of incisor to +the anterior border of the alveolus of the first upper molar.

+ +

G. lutescens industrius differs from G. lutescens jugossicularis in: +Color slightly darker, the former being Cinnamon Brown instead of +Vinaceous Cinnamon, with hairs basally Deep Neutral Gray in upper +parts and underparts. Skull: Jugular part of zygomatic arch +more curved (convex dorsally) and occiput far more inclined anterodorsally; +lower part of mastoidal ridge more prominent.

+ +

For comparison with G. l. major, see account of that subspecies.

+ +

Remarks.—Judging from the known specimens of this subspecies, +it has the smallest geographic range of any of the subspecies in +Kansas, but additional collecting in Hodgeman County and counties +to the north and west of it may extend the known range in those +directions; collecting in Comanche County and in adjoining parts +of Oklahoma may extend the known range to the southward.

+ +

The anterodorsal inclination of the occiput in males is the one +cranial character in which industrius differs from all of the subspecies +with adjoining geographic ranges. The existence of this +unique (among adjoining subspecies) cranial character is the principal +reason for according subspecific status to this animal. Although +it has other characters which are fairly uniform over a +considerable geographic area, these other characters, namely, Cinnamon +Brown color of the upper parts and medium size of the body, +after all, are conditions intermediate between those in jugossicularis +to the west and those in the darker and larger animals assigned +to major to the eastward. Considering the intermediate geographic +position of industrius, the color and size are approximately what a +person would predict by study of only the animals to the west and +those to the east. Therefore, the color and size probably are indicative +of intergradation between jugossicularis and major. Still, +there is the anterodorsally inclined occiput in males—a character +of a unique sort—and this influences us to give subspecific status to +this animal with full recognition of the fact that it is a "weak" subspecies +as compared with any one of the adjoining subspecies.

+ +

Hooper (1940:2) in naming as new Geomys lutescens jugossicularis +referred to his new subspecies a skin-only from Meade County[229] +State Park. Our more abundant material from there shows the +cranial conformation to be that of industrius to which we accordingly +assign the specimens. However, with only a skin available, +we, too, would have used the name jugossicularis because the color +is paler than in other specimens of industrius and this paleness indicates +intergradation between the two named subspecies. Specimens +from Pratt County are slightly darker than industrius thereby +indicating intergradation between industrius and major.

+ +
+ +

Specimens examined.—Total number, 58, distributed as follows: Pawnee County: Jct. +Pawnee and Arkansas rivers, Larned, 6; 1 mi. S and 1 mi. E Larned, 7. Edwards County: +1 mi. W and 3-1/2 mi. S Kinsley, 1. Kiowa County: Rezeau Ranch, 5 mi. N Belvidere, 2. +Pratt County: Pratt, 14; no locality more precise than county, 1. Meade County: 3-1/2 mi. +NE Fowler, 2; 2 mi. N Fowler, 2; 1-1/2 mi. N Fowler, 2; 1-1/4 mi. N and 3/4 mi. E Fowler, +2; 7 mi. N Meade, Cudahy Ash Pit, 2; 13 mi. SW Meade, 9; State Lake, 2; State Park, 4. +Clark County: 7 mi. SW Kingsdown, E. A. Stephenson Ranch, 1; 6 mi. S Kingsdown, 1.

+ +
+ +

Geomys bursarius major Davis

+ +

Geomys lutescens major Davis, Texas Agric. Exp. St., Bull. no. 590:32, +August, 1940; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 47:75, 1944.

+ +

Geomys lutescens Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 8:129, January 31, 1895.

+ +

Geomys breviceps llanensis, Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 20 (pt. 2): +215, 1907; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, 1933; Black, 30th +Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., 35:182, 1937; Swenk, Missouri +Valley Fauna, 2:12, February 1, 1940.

+ +
+ +

Type locality.—Eight miles west of Clarendon, Donley County, Texas.

+ +

Distribution in Kansas.—Southcentral Kansas, northward certainly to Ellsworth +County, westward certainly to Stafford and Barber counties and eastward +to Cowley County.

+ +

Description.—Color: Upper parts varying from Brussels Brown in some +specimens to nearly Prout's Brown, especially in specimens from central part +of state. Top of head, and sometimes back, darker than rest of upper parts, +but no well defined black stripe; underparts varying from whitish to nearly +Buffy Brown; fore and hind feet and approximately distal half of tail white. +Size: Large (see measurements). Skull: Sagittal crest absent in females and +barely present in males; least width of braincase more than distance from alveolus +of incisor to middle of lateral border of P4 at alveolar border. Length +of auditory bulla (from anteroventral edge of paroccipital process of exoccipital +to hamulus of peterygoid), in each sex, more than 8 mm.; occiput usually +vertical when skull is laid top down; zygomatic arch broadly and squarely +spreading, divergent anteriorly; rostrum averaging less than twice as long as +wide.

+ +
+ +

Comparisons.—From G. bursarius lutescens, major differs in color +darker, premaxillae extending slightly farther posteriorly; temporal +impressions usually forming a more well-marked sagittal crest in +males; ventral side of zygomatic arch, at level of jugal bone, more +curved.

+ +

From G. bursarius majusculus, major differs in slightly lighter[230] +color, smaller size of body; in males, total length less than 284 mm.; +hind foot 34 or less; basilar length of skull less than 42; in females +total length less than 264, hind foot no more than 33, and basilar +length less than 39.

+ +

From G. bursarius industrius, major differs in color, being Prout's +Brown, instead of Cinnamon Brown (less Fuscous); body averaging +10 per cent longer; total length in males from 9 to 9.7 per cent +longer, hind foot 9.7 per cent longer on the average; skull averaging +larger in all parts measured. Occiput less inclined anterodorsally; +top nearly flat, less arched than that of G. b. industrius; auditory +bulla averaging slightly larger and less inflated.

+ +

Remarks.—Specimens of this subspecies from Norman, Cleveland +County, Oklahoma, and Canton, Dewey County, Oklahoma, and +most of those from Kansas, are more Fuscous than topotypes and +tend toward G. bursarius majusculus. Specimens from McPherson +County have a darker dorsal stripe resembling that of G. bursarius +majusculus. One adult from Little Salt Marsh, Stafford County, is +pale, closely resembling topotypes.

+ +

Most of the cranial characters, nevertheless, are constant in all +available specimens, except that in specimens of each sex from the +type locality the basilar length averages 4 to 5 per cent shorter. In +the constancy of size of the relatively large auditory bullae and in +the nearly flat dorsal profile of the cranial part of the skull, the +specimens from Kansas agree with the specimens from the type +locality.

+ +

Specimens from Harper County have the occiput slightly inclined +anterodorsally and thus are reminiscent of industrius which has an +even greater inclination of the occiput. Probably the appearance +in dilute fashion of this character in Harper County is properly to +be interpreted as intergradation with industrius. If so, the actual +intergradation may be to the northwest via Pratt County since +specimens from Barber County, immediately west of Harper and +lying between Harper County and the range of industrius, do not +have the occiput so inclined.

+ +

Of a pair of adults from eight miles west of Rosalia, Butler +County, the female is indistinguishable in color from adults of G. b. +industrius from northern Meade County and from two specimens +from eleven miles west of Clarendon, Donley County, Texas, near +the type locality of G. b. major. The male from eight miles west of +Rosalia is darker as compared either with G. b. industrius or G. b. +major and the coloration of the upper parts resembles those in G. b.[231] +majusculus; the underparts are only slightly paler than the upper +parts as in majusculus. Measurements of the skulls are intermediate +between the averages for G. b. majusculus and those for G. b. +major. These specimens from eight miles west of Rosalia are intermediate +structurally, and since they are intermediate geographically +between G. b. majusculus and G. b. major, they suggest intergradation +of the two subspecies. The specimens in question are referred +to major because the size is nearer that of major. It is +mainly the intermediate nature of these two specimens from Butler +County, and the intermediate nature of the specimens from McPherson +County, Kansas, that have caused us to treat G. b. majusculus +as only subspecifically distinct from the more western subspecies, +major.

+ +
+ +

Specimens examined.—Total number, 77, as follows: Ellsworth County: 2 mi. S Ellsworth, +1. McPherson County: Smoky Hill River, 1 mi. S and 1/2 mi. W Lindsborg, 5; 1/2 +mi. E McPherson, 1. Stafford County: Little Salt Marsh, 12; no locality more precise than +county, 3. Reno County: 8 mi. N and 1 mi. E Haven, 2. Harvey County: 1 mi. E and 1/2 +mi. N Halstead, 1; Halstead, 3. Butler County: 8 mi. W Rosalia, 2. Barber County: +near South Bridge, Sun City, 1; 2 mi. S Sun City, 1; Wells Ranch, Aetna, 5; "1 mi. W +Aetna," 3; near South Bridge, Aetna, 1; near Bridge, 1 mi. S Aetna, 2. Harper County: +4-1/2 mi. NE Danville, 8; 1 mi. N Harper, 11; 3 mi. S Harper, 1. Cowley County: 3 mi. +SW Arkansas City, 4; 3 mi. SE Arkansas City, 9; 3 mi. S Arkansas City, 1.

+ + +
+ +
+ +

Measurements of Adult Males of Geomys

+ +
+ (In millimeters) + [232] +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Key for table headings in table on this page.
 
N: Number of individuals averaged or catalogue number
L: Total length
T: Length of tail
H: Length of hind foot
B: Basilar length
Na: Length of nasals
Z: Zygomatic breadth
M: Mastoid breadth
Rb: Breadth of rostrum
I: Interorbital constriction
A: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth row
E: Extension of premaxilla posterior to nasals
S: Depth of skull
Rl: Length of rostrum
 
N  LTHBNaZMRbIAESRl
G. b. lutescens; topotypes
5 ave.26682.034.240.017.730.526.811.56.78.63.917.120.8
min.25776.033.038.316.029.126.111.26.38.13.516.219.1
max.27691.036.042.420.331.727.511.96.99.24.217.723.6
2 mi. NE Ludell, Rawlins Co., Kansas
1208827292.035.043.219.132.327.711.36.68.42.818.022.1
G. b. majusculus; Douglas Co., Kansas
16 ave.28979.836.347.121.034.1A30.412.16.89.33.718.524.9
min.27370.032.044.718.930.527.511.16.58.22.917.322.9
max.30895.055.049.923.238.034.513.57.610.35.720.028.1
G. b. jugossicularis; Morton Co., Kansas
4 ave.26582.034.240.716.930.027.910.76.08.65.217.321.2
min.25068.030.038.516.129.027.510.55.58.24.716.420.2
max.28592.037.042.417.431.128.411.06.29.25.517.922.0
G. b. industrius; Meade Co., Kansas
8 ave.26582.035.040.918.130.028.011.06.28.84.317.721.8
min.24770.033.037.915.528.226.59.95.78.02.916.819.5
max.28090.036.043.421.032.429.511.67.09.15.219.124.2
G. b. major; Wells Ranch, Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
1172425666.034.041.018.331.628.210.66.19.04.017.021.3
1 mi. W Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
1115324075.032.036.715.726.924.69.95.98.84.015.019.5
1115224065.032.036.014.226.125.410.95.68.55.015.518.5
3 mi. SE Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas
1287024676.032.042.116.0E33.729.711.56.39.44.517.621.3
3 mi. SW Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas
1289228284.033.041.717.3....27.710.86.48.94.217.221.5
+ +

+ + [233] + +

+ +
+ +

Measurements of Adult Females of Geomys

+ +
(In millimeters)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Key for table headings in table on this page.
 
N: Number of individuals averaged or catalogue number
L: Total length
T: Length of tail
H: Length of hind foot
B: Basilar length
Na: Length of nasals
Z: Zygomatic breadth
M: Mastoid breadth
Rb: Breadth of rostrum
I: Interorbital constriction
A: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth row
E: Extension of premaxilla posterior to nasals
S: Depth of skull
Rl: Length of rostrum
 
N  LTHBNaZMRbIAESRl
G. b. lutescens; topotypes
6 ave.23372.331.135.315.025.923.710.46.18.33.715.418.4
min.21563.030.033.513.924.621.810.15.68.12.914.817.3
max.25476.032.037.016.826.724.810.76.68.54.516.219.8
2 mi. NE Ludell, Rawlins Co., Kansas
1173323063.031.035.315.126.524.19.36.17.52.415.018.2
1215524570.030.035.614.625.224.110.66.47.53.114.918.2
G. b. majusculus; Douglas Co., Kansas
17 ave.26578.632.840.6B17.2B28.6A26.410.96.59.13.616.621.0
min.22259.030.037.115.926.724.910.05.98.52.015.218.8
G. b. jugossicularis; Morton Co., Kansas
501224472.030.036.216.425.425.010.05.98.04.216.019.3
539523072.030.034.613.924.724.89.85.88.04.515.217.5
G. b. industrius; Meade Co., Kansas
7 ave.23873.0C31.336.4D14.926.324.8D10.06.08.44.116.218.6
min.23165.030.035.414.025.824.59.55.68.13.615.517.5
max.25675.032.037.816.127.825.910.36.58.74.717.619.9
G. b. major; 1 mi. S Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
1006925795.032.037.016.426.425.510.86.29.03.416.419.4
Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
1007024283.030.036.815.726.225.010.16.59.13.315.819.1
Wells Ranch, Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas
1223823965.031.034.214.524.623.79.66.08.03.615.217.7
1 mi. S.Sun City, Barber Co., Kansas
1107523266.028.034.214.425.023.69.95.98.03.415.017.0
3 mi. SW Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas
1287224266.030.038.115.028.026.210.36.37.84.516.119.1
3 mi. SE Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas
1289423082.030.038.515.528.025.610.06.78.74.016.619.5
1289324683.032.036.514.225.624.89.66.68.74.615.418.1
+ +
+ +

Footnotes

+ + +
+

+ + + A + + 15 averaged. +

+
+ + +
+

+ + + B + + 16 averaged. +

+
+ + +
+

+ + + C + + 6 averaged. +

+
+ + +
+

+ + + D + + 5 averaged. +

+
+ + +
+

+ + + E + + approximate. + [234] +

+
+ +
+ +

SUBSPECIES OF THE SPECIES GEOMYS BURSARIUS

+ +

If Geomys lutescens major Davis is correctly judged to intergrade +with Geomys bursarius majusculus Swenk, the name for the full +species will be Geomys bursarius because bursarius is the oldest +name among those available. Some new combinations of names +are required. According to our present understanding, the eleven +kinds of pocket gophers named below are properly to be arranged +as subspecies of the species Geomys bursarius:

+ +

Geomys bursarius bursarius (Shaw). Type from unknown locality in Upper +Mississippi Valley.

+ +

Geomys bursarius majusculus Swenk. Type from Lincoln, Lancaster +County, Nebraska.

+ +

Geomys bursarius hylaeus Blossom. Type from 10 mi. S Chadron, Dawes +County, Nebraska.

+ +

Geomys bursarius levisagittalis Swenk. Type from Spencer, Boyd County, +Nebraska.

+ +

Geomys bursarius vinaceus Swenk. Type from Scottsbluff, Scotts Bluff +County, Nebraska.

+ +

Geomys bursarius lutescens Merriam. Type from Sandhills on Birdwood +Creek, Lincoln County, Nebraska.

+ +

Geomys bursarius illinoensis Komarek and Spencer. Type from 1 mi. S +Momence, Kankakee County, Illinois.

+ +

Geomys bursarius jugossicularis Hooper. Type from Lamar, Prowers +County, Colorado.

+ +

Geomys bursarius industrius new subspecies. Type from 1-1/2 mi. N Fowler, +Meade County, Kansas.

+ +

Geomys bursarius major Davis. Type from 8 mi. W Clarendon, Donley +County, Texas.

+ +

Geomys bursarius llanensis Bailey. Type from Llano, Llano County, Texas.[235]

+ +

+ +

LITERATURE CITED

+ +

Allen, J. A.

+ +

1874. Notes on the mammals of portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming +and Utah. Part I. On the mammals of middle and western Kansas. +Bull. Essex Inst., 6 (no. 2):43-52. February, 1874.

+ +

1895. List of mammals collected in the Black Hills region of South Dakota +and in western Kansas by Mr. Walter W. Granger with field notes +by the collector. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:259-274. August 21, +1895.

+ +

Allen, P.

+ +

1940. Kansas mammals. Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Bull. +Inf. Stud. in Educ., Number 20 (no. 5):l-62. May, 1940.

+ +

Baker, A. B.

+ +

1889. Mammals of western Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 11:56-58 +(for 1887-88).

+ +

Baird, S. F.

+ +

1857. Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi +River to the Pacific Ocean. War Department. Mammals, Part I, +xxxii + 757, pls. 17-60, 35 figs. in text, 1857.

+ +

Black, J. D.

+ +

1937. Mammals of Kansas. Thirtieth Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board of +Agric., 35:116-217.

+ +

Davis, W. B.

+ +

1940. Distribution and variation of pocket gophers (Genus Geomys) in the +southwestern United States. Texas Agric. Exp. Station, Bull., 590:1-38, +6 figs. in text. October 23, 1940.

+ +

Hibbard, C. W.

+ +

1933. A revised check list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., +36:230-249.

+ +

1944. A checklist of Kansas mammals, 1943. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., +47:61-88.

+ +

Hooper, E. T.

+ +

1940. A new race of pocket gopher of the species Geomys lutescens from +Colorado. Occas. Papers, Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Michigan, 420:1-3. June +28, 1940.

+ +

Knox, M. V. B.

+ +

1875. Kansas Mammalia. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 4:18-22.

+ +

Komarek, E. V., and Spencer, D. A.

+ +

1931. A new pocket gopher from Illinois and Indiana. Journ. Mamm., 12:404-408, +1 pl., 1 fig. in text. November 11, 1931.

+ +

Lantz, D. E.

+ +

1905. Kansas mammals in their relations to agriculture. Kansas State +Agric. College Bull., 129:331-404. April, 1905.

+ +

1905. A list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:171-178.

+ +

1907. Additions and corrections to the list of Kansas mammals. Trans. +Kansas Acad. Sci., 20 (pt. 2):214-217.[236]

+ +

Merriam, C. H.

+ +

1890. Descriptions of twenty-six new species of North American mammals. +N. Amer. Fauna, 4: v + 60, 3 pls., 3 figs. in text. October 8, 1890.

+ +

1895. Monographic revision of the pocket gopher Family Geomyidae.... +N. Amer. Fauna, 8:1-258, 19 pls. and frontispiece, 71 figs. in text, 4 +maps. January 31, 1895.

+ +

Scheffer, T. H.

+ +

1910. The pocket gopher. Kansas State Agric. Coll. Ent. and Zoöl. Dept., +Bull., 172:197-233, illustrated. September, 1910.

+ +

1931. Habits and economic status of the pocket gophers. U. S. Dept. Agric., +Tech. Bull., 224:1-27, 8 pls., 2 figs. in text. January, 1931.

+ +

Swenk, M. H.

+ +

1939. A study of local size variations in the prairie pocket gopher (Geomys +bursarius), with description of a new subspecies from Nebraska. Missouri +Valley Fauna, 1:1-8. December 5, 1939.

+ +

1940. A study of subspecific variation in the yellow pocket gopher (Geomys +lutescens) in Nebraska, and the geographical and ecological distribution +of the variants. Missouri Valley Fauna, 2:1-12. February 1, +1940.

+ +

Transmitted May 30, 1947.

+ +



+ +

PRINTED BY +
+FRED VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +
+TOPEKA, KANSAS +
+1947 +
+21-8188

+ +
+ + + + + + + +
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of
+Kansas, [KU. Vol. 1 No. 11], by Bernardo Villa-R and E. Raymond Hall
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