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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5, October
+1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5, October 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2011 [EBook #36886]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. I    OCTOBER, 1893    No. 5
+
+
+_Copyright, 1893, by S. S. McClure, Limited. All rights reserved._
+
+Table of Contents
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  Thomas B. Reed, of Maine. By Robert P. Porter.                   375
+  "Human Documents."                                               387
+  The Joneses' Telephone. By Annie Howells Frechette.              394
+  The Psychological Laboratory at Harvard. By Herbert Nichols.     399
+  The Spire of St. Stephen's. By Emma W. Demeritt.                 410
+  Mountaineering Adventure. By Francis Gribble.                    417
+  The Smoke. By George MacDonald.                                  428
+  The Earl of Dunraven. By C. Kinloch Cooke.                       429
+  At a Dance. By Augusta de Gruchy.                                439
+  Dulces Amaryllidis Irae. By Augusta de Gruchy.                    439
+  A Splendid Time--Ahead. By Walter Besant.                        440
+  An Old Song.                                                     450
+  Stranger Than Fiction. By Dr. William Wright.                    451
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893.                       375
+  Mr. Reed's Home in Portland.                                     377
+  View From the Roof of Mr. Reed's House.                          378
+  Mr. Reed in His Library.                                         380
+  A Corner of the Library.                                         381
+  Mr. Reed's Birthplace in Portland.                               382
+  The Members of the Pentagon Club of Bowdoin College.             383
+  Mr. Reed's Portland Law Office.                                  386
+  Thomas B. Reed.                                                  388
+  Frances E. Willard.                                              390
+  Edgar Wilson Nye.                                                391
+  George W. Cable.                                                 392
+  The Joneses' Telephone                                           394
+  Studying the Effects of Sound and of Attention on Colors.        400
+  Studying the Effects of Colors on Judgments of Time.             401
+  Revolving Chair for Studying Localizations of Sounds.            402
+  Measuring the Time Required for Various Mental Acts.             404
+  Wax Specimens in the Museum.                                     406
+  Gustave Theodore Fechner.                                        406
+  Professor Wilhelm Wundt, of Leipsic (1878).                      407
+  President G. Stanley Hall, Founder of 1st Psychological Lab.     407
+  Professor William James, Harvard University.                     407
+  Professor Hugo Muensterberg, Harvard University.                  408
+  The Mauvais Pas, Mont Blanc.                                     418
+  The Needle of the Giants and Mont Blanc.                         419
+  The Matterhorn.                                                  421
+  The Dent Blanche.                                                422
+  The Rhone Glacier.                                               424
+  Passage of a Crevasse, Mont Blanc.                               425
+  Pyramids of the Morteratsch.                                     426
+  Passage of a Crevasse, Mont Blanc.                               428
+  Lord Dunraven.                                                   429
+  Lady Dunraven.                                                   430
+  Dunraven Castle.                                                 431
+  Captain William Cranfield of the "Valkyrie."                     431
+  G. T. Watson, Designer of the "Valkyrie."                        432
+  The "Valkyrie."                                                  433
+  The Kenry Gateway.                                               434
+  Adare Manor House.                                               435
+  Adare Gallery.                                                   436
+  Ruins of Desmond Castle.                                         437
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS B. REED, OF MAINE.
+
+THE MAN AND HIS HOME.
+
+BY ROBERT P. PORTER.
+
+
+It was at a dinner in Washington that I had the good fortune to find
+myself seated next to Thomas B. Reed, of Maine. It was a brilliant
+occasion, for around the table sat well-known statesmen, scientists,
+jurists, economists, and literary men, besides two or three who had
+gained eminence in the medical profession. Mr. Reed was at his best,
+"better than the best champagne." His conversation, sparkling with
+good-nature, was not only exhilarating to his immediate neighbors, but
+at times to the entire table. Being among friends, among the sort of
+men he really liked, he let himself out as it were.
+
+[Illustration: Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893]
+
+Before the conversation had gone beyond the serious point I remember
+asking the ex-Speaker how he felt at the time when the entire
+Democratic press of the country had pounced upon him; when he was
+being held up as "The Czar"--a man whose iron heels were crushing out
+American popular government. "Oh," he promptly replied, "you mean what
+were my feelings while the uproar about the rules of the Fifty-first
+Congress was going on, and while the question was in doubt? Well, I
+had no feeling except that of entire serenity, and the reason was
+simple. I knew just what I was going to do if the House did not
+sustain me;" and raising his eyes, with a typical twist of his mouth
+which those who have seen it don't easily forget, he added, "when a
+man has decided upon a plan of action for either contingency there is
+no need for him to be disturbed, you know."
+
+"And may I ask what you determined to do if the House decided
+adversely?"
+
+"I should simply have left the Chair, resigning the Speakership, and
+left the House, resigning my seat in Congress. There were things that
+could be done, you know, outside of political life, and for my own
+part I had made up my mind that if political life consisted in sitting
+helplessly in the Speaker's chair, and seeing the majority powerless
+to pass legislation, I had had enough of it, and was ready to step
+down and out."
+
+After a moment's pause he turned, and, looking me full in the face
+with a half smile, continued: "Did it ever occur to you that it is a
+very soothing thing to know exactly what you are going to do, if
+things do not go your way? You have then made yourself equal to the
+worst, and have only to wait and find out what was ordained before the
+foundation of the world."
+
+"You never had a doubt in your own mind that the position taken was
+in perfect accordance with justice and common sense?" I ventured.
+
+"Never for a moment. Men, you see, being creatures of use and wont,
+are naturally bound up in old traditions. While every court which had
+ever considered the question had decided one way, we had been used to
+the other. Fortunately for the country, there was no wavering in our
+ranks."
+
+"But how did you feel," said I, "when the uproar was at its worst,
+when the members of the minority were raging on the floor together?"
+
+"Just as you would feel," was the reply, "if a big creature were
+jumping at you, and you knew the exact length and strength of his
+chain, and were quite sure of the weapon you had in your hands."
+
+This conversation gives a clear insight into the character of Thomas
+B. Reed. It shows his chief characteristics: manly aggressiveness, an
+iron will--qualities which friend and foe alike have recognized in
+him--with a certain serenity of temper, a broadness, a bigness of
+horizon which only the men who have been brought into personal contact
+with him fully appreciate.
+
+Standing, as he does, in the foremost rank of public men, one of the
+leaders of his party, the public has certainly a right to know
+something of the man. First of all, one thing about him has to be
+emphasized; he lacks one of the traits that popular leaders too often
+possess. He cannot be all things to all men. He is bound to be true to
+his personal convictions, and he is not the man to vote for a measure
+he detests, because his constituents clamor for it. Every one knows
+how public men have at times voted against their earnest convictions,
+and then gone into the cloak room and apologized for it; but it would
+be difficult to imagine a man of Mr. Reed's composition in this role.
+
+To judge a man well, to know his best side, it is necessary to see him
+at home, and I cull from notes made several weeks ago, during a visit
+to Mr. Reed in Portland.
+
+I found Mr. Reed in a three-story corner brick house, on one of the
+most sightly spots in town. Over the western walls of that modern,
+substantial New England home there clambers a mass of Japanese ivy,
+which, relieving the straightness of the architectural lines, gives a
+pleasing something, an artistic touch, to the _ensemble_. Its owner
+having shown his pride in that beautiful ivy, straightway took me to
+the roof of the house, to admire the superb view of Casco Bay and the
+picturesque expanse of country around Portland.
+
+The stamp of the man's character is plain everywhere in that house.
+The rooms are large, airy, and unpretentiously furnished, yet with
+solidity and that certain winning grace of domestic appointments in
+old New England. Much of Mr. Reed's work is done at his desk in a wee
+bit of a room on the second floor, where crowded book-shelves reach to
+the ceiling. His library long ago overflowed the confines of his den,
+and books are scattered through the rooms on every floor; books,
+bought not for binding nor editions, but for the contents, ranging
+from miscellaneous novels to the dryest historical treatises, from
+poetry to philosophy.
+
+The library,[1] on the ground floor, where callers are usually
+received, has among the inevitable book-shelves a few photographs of
+masterpieces. Over the mantelpiece a painting of Weeks's shows that
+the sympathies of the owner extend beyond that sphere to which the
+great public is inclined to confine him.
+
+  [1] The picture which forms the frontispiece of the Magazine
+      represents him in this room, at his favorite seat by the
+      window.
+
+Of the favorite haunts of Mr. Reed, the place of all to study his
+social side is at his club, The Cumberland.
+
+"You see," said Mr. Reed, "a club of this kind is only possible in a
+conservative town like Portland, a staid, old place which grows
+slowly, at the rate of about five or six hundred a year, where the
+one hundred club members, while belonging to opposite political
+parties, unite to a man in celebrating the victory of any of their
+fellow-members. Most of them, friends from boyhood, have gone to
+school together, and are known to one another but by their
+Christian names." There the ex-Czar is always called "Tom," or
+"Thomas, old boy," and there reigns supreme a fine spirit of
+equality, or unpretentious "give and take" sort of intercourse,
+which is really the ideal object of a club.
+
+"Indeed, there is no place like it," said Reed. "It is the most
+home-like club one can imagine; too small to have coteries, and with
+lots of bright, sensible boys, quick at repartee. People talk of my
+wit, but, I tell you, it's hard work to hold my own there; and then no
+one can try to pose among us, or attempt to make a fool of himself,
+but he is properly sat upon. Intercourse with your fellow-men in such
+a _milieu_ is the best discipline I know of for a man--except that of
+political life," he added, with his droll smile.
+
+Of course Mr. Reed is interested in the welfare of Portland, and he
+cherishes the idea that some day the city of his birth will become one
+of the great cities of the continent. "Portland harbor is one of the
+finest on the Atlantic coast. It is at least two days nearer Europe
+than New York, and one day nearer Europe than Boston. The annexation
+of Canada to the United States, or the union of the two countries, one
+of which is bound to come in the course of time, will surely bring to
+Portland the great prosperity that should be hers by reason of her
+admirable harbor and her geographical position. And," he added, "while
+I like the life in Washington, especially when the session is active
+and there is plenty of work to do, it has never yet been the case that
+I have left Portland without regret, or gone back to it without
+pleasure."
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED'S HOME IN PORTLAND.]
+
+The frame house in which he was born still stands, shaded by two elms
+of obvious age. Henry W. Longfellow was born just around the corner
+from it, in a dwelling that marks the spot where, in 1632, one George
+Cleeve built the first white man's habitation ever erected in the
+territory now included in Portland's boundaries. The settlement was
+called, in tender remembrance of an English field, "Stogumnor," and
+its founder's life was one of almost ceaseless conflict, now with the
+redskins and now with the white neighbors of other settlements, so
+that Cleeve left behind him the impress of a bold, vigorous fellow.
+His daughter married Michael Mitten, whose two daughters in turn
+married two brothers named Brackett. One of the Brackett daughters
+married a fisherman named Reed, whose descendant, Thomas Brackett
+Reed, has exhibited, in a different way and under vastly different
+circumstances, much of the nerve and daring that animated his stern
+old fighting settler-ancestor, George Cleeve.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW FROM THE ROOF OF MR. REED'S HOUSE.]
+
+At nine Mr. Reed entered the grammar school, at eleven the high
+school. He was sixteen years old when he completed his course in the
+latter. His boyhood friends say he was fond of fun, though the amount
+of knowledge he absorbed would indicate that he was also fond of
+books; yet Mr. Reed himself confesses that literature in general, and
+old romances in particular, attracted him more than text-books. He
+still remembers his first schoolmaster, a spare young man, "the best
+disciplinarian I ever knew," who had the art of holding a turbulent
+school by finding out what was the particular spring he could touch to
+control every one of his lawless boys.
+
+"He had the pull on me," says Mr. Reed, "by simply holding over me in
+critical moments the penalty of dismissal. You know, I had a sort of
+inborn idea that the school was a great thing for me, and I knew that
+my parents were too poor to afford to send me anywhere else, so I kept
+straight along, doing my duty. It was the master's custom to allow
+each boy who had no demerits to ring his bell before leaving the
+class, and once for three days in succession I did not ring that bell.
+I can see now the master coming to me, and saying: 'Tom, is it an
+inadvertence?' 'No, sir.' 'Did you break the rules?' 'Yes, sir.'
+'Why?' 'Because they were too hard.' 'Well, boy, you know what you can
+do if the rules are too hard; you can leave school.' I hung my head,
+and he went away, after a few moments of, to me, terrible silence,
+saying: 'Never let me hear of this again, Tom.' And I replied: 'No,
+sir.' And meant it."
+
+On entering Bowdoin College in 1856, young Reed had a half-formed
+desire of becoming a minister, which he relinquished, however, long
+before his graduation. His life struggle began in earnest with that
+first year at college, for he had to earn enough to pay his way as he
+went along. His attendance at class recitations during the first term
+of his freshman year was regular, but he found it necessary to drop
+out the next two terms and earn some money by teaching. He kept up his
+studies, however, without an instructor. All through the first part of
+his college course young Reed devoted a great deal of time to
+literature, to the neglect of his studies. While in the high school, a
+garret in the house of one of his mother's relations had become his
+Mecca. It was packed full of books, especially novels, and there he
+was wont to journey twice a week, loading himself with volumes, over
+which he spent his days and the best part of his nights. Mr. Reed says
+that it was mostly trashy, imaginative stuff, but that it also was
+full of delight, and in some ways full of information for him. To that
+omnivorous reading he attributes in large part his knowledge of words,
+and it was also, no doubt, an apprenticeship from which he naturally
+stepped into higher literature.
+
+Graduation was but little more than a year off, when, the contents
+of the garret being exhausted, the young man realized to his
+consternation that his class standing was very low. His place at the
+end of the college course depended on his average class standing all
+through. He had received none of the sixteen junior parts which were
+given out during the junior year, and to his dismay the English
+orations, corresponding to the junior parts at the end of the course,
+were reduced to twelve. There was but one course open to the
+ambitious, spirited boy--to offset the low average of his earlier
+terms by an exceptionally high average during his last. Romances
+and poems were laid aside, and from that time forward until
+Commencement he was up at five in the morning, and by nine o'clock
+every night he was in bed, and tired enough to drop asleep at once.
+Mr. Reed says very frankly that he did not relish this regimen, for
+by nature he is indolent. Apropos of this, it was a common saying
+among his comrades that Reed would be somebody some day, if he were
+not so lazy.
+
+The consequences of his three years of novel-reading were such a
+serious matter to him that he was afraid to go and hear the result of
+the final examinations but remained in his room until a friend came to
+tell him that he was one of the first five in his class in his average
+for the entire course. This is the other side of Reed, "the lazy."
+
+Besides this success, his oration on "The Fear of Death" won the first
+prize for English composition. It was in delivering it that Mr. Reed
+felt the first emotions of the orator, when every eye in the audience
+was riveted upon him, and when the profound silence that prevailed
+told the deep interest which his words aroused. Of the year's work
+which won for him the privilege of delivering it on that Commencement
+Day, thirty-three years ago, Mr. Reed says that it was the hardest of
+his life, and the only time he has forced himself up to his full limit
+for so long a period.
+
+Graduation from college was not by any means the end of the struggle
+for the young man. Money was still lacking, and to get it he engaged
+in school-teaching, an occupation which he had already followed during
+two terms, and in vacation times. He taught at first for twenty
+dollars a month, "boarding round," and the highest pay he ever
+received as a teacher was forty-five dollars a month. His old comrades
+delight in telling an incident of his school-teaching days. He once
+found it necessary to chastise a boy who was about his own age,
+although he had been cautioned against whipping, by the members of the
+committee of the district, unless he first referred the case to them.
+But Reed was Reed even in those days. The committee having failed to
+sustain him in the past, in this instance he decided that some one
+must be master at school, and that he would be that some one.
+Accordingly, the refractory young man was thrashed, after an exciting
+quarter of an hour--a close victory, which one pound more avoirdupois
+might have decided against the teacher.
+
+Mr. Reed soon gave up school-teaching, and, thinking that a young man
+would have a better chance out West, he went to California. Judge
+Wallace, afterwards Chief Justice of California, examined Reed for
+admission to the bar. It was in '63, during the civil war, when the
+Legal Tender Act was much discussed in California, where a gold
+basis was still maintained, that Wallace, whose office adjoined
+the one where Reed was studying, happened in one day and said, "Mr.
+Reed, I understand you want to be admitted to the bar. Have you
+studied law?" "Yes, sir, I studied law in Maine while teaching."
+"Well," said Wallace, "I have one question to ask. Is the Legal
+Tender Act constitutional?" "Yes," said Reed. "You shall be admitted
+to the bar," said Wallace. "Tom Bodley [a deputy sheriff, who had
+legal aspirations] was asked the same question, and he said 'no.' We
+will admit you both, for anybody who can answer off-hand a question
+like that ought to practise law in this country."
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED IN HIS LIBRARY.]
+
+Reed's sojourn on the Pacific coast was short. In '64 he was made
+Assistant Paymaster in the United States Navy, and served in that
+capacity until his honorable discharge a year or so after. His
+admission to practise before the Supreme Court of the State of Maine
+followed on his return to the East. Cases came to the young lawyer
+slowly. The first ones were in the minor municipal courts. Gradually
+he secured a certain run of commercial and admiralty cases which began
+to yield something tangible in the shape of fees. Yet the goal of
+success seemed a long way off, when it happened that in one of those
+minor cases he cross-examined a refractory witness in such a manner as
+to completely overturn the testimony given, and thereby won the case
+for his client. The unexpected result was that the witness who had
+been upset by the young lawyer's skill conceived a great admiration
+for him, and became influential in sending him many cases.
+
+That he made his mark in his modest position is shown by the fact that
+after two years, in 1867, Mr. Reed was nominated for the State
+Legislature. Judge Nathan Webb, then County Attorney, who had known
+Reed simply as his opponent in a number of cases, had proposed his
+name, and, after six ballots, had succeeded in nominating him. The
+first thing Reed knew about it was when reading the papers the next
+morning, and his first impulse was to decline. When Webb came in he
+urged him to accept, saying that a winter's legislative experience
+would broaden and be in every respect valuable to him. Mr. Reed
+accepted, and after serving two terms in the House he was elected to
+the State Senate. Then he was made Attorney-General and afterwards
+City Solicitor of Portland, and in 1876 he was for the first time
+nominated to represent his district in the House of Representatives in
+Washington.
+
+[Illustration: A CORNER OF THE LIBRARY.]
+
+At the very moment when Reed, escorted by one of his colleagues, took
+a seat at the first convenient desk, on the day when he began his life
+as a congressman, Mr. Reed's massive figure, suggestive of physical
+strength; the easy and yet not offensive assurance with which he took
+his seat and glanced with quizzical eye about the chamber; the
+unaffected way with which he accepted congratulations from the New
+England members who knew him, and the reputation he had already won as
+a master of wit and the possessor of a tongue which could be eloquent
+with sarcasm, all of these things so impressed Mr. S. S. Cox that he
+turned to Mr. William T. Frye, then a member for Maine, and said:
+"Well, Frye, I see your State has sent another intellectual and
+physical giant who is a youngster here." "Whom do you mean?" asked
+Frye. "This man Reed, who must be even now cracking a joke, for I see
+they are all laughing about him."
+
+But to maintain the reputation which his State had secured for
+committing its interests to master men, Mr. Reed had a hard task
+before him. Blaine, who had just passed from the House to the Senate,
+had made Maine of preeminent influence by reason of his formidable
+canvass for the presidential nomination. Eugene Hale and Mr. William
+T. Frye represented in part the State in the House. Hannibal Hamlin
+was a member of the Senate, and the tradition of the remarkable
+intellectual achievements of William Pitt Fessenden, so long a senator
+from Maine, was still so fresh in the minds of many members of
+Congress that it was common to hear Mr. Fessenden spoken of as perhaps
+the ablest senator since the days of Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. But,
+unlike the stories that are told of the debuts of many statesmen, Mr.
+Reed's first speech was not a failure. On the contrary, it was a
+success. A success all the more brilliant because won under trying
+circumstances.
+
+A bill was under consideration to pay the College of William and Mary,
+in Virginia, damages for the occupancy of its buildings by United
+States troops during the war. It was one of an almost innumerable
+class of similar claims in the South, and its payment would have
+established a precedent that would at that time have opened the door
+to the appropriation of millions of dollars. It had been put forward
+as being the most meritorious of these southern war claims, in the
+hope that the sympathy which could be aroused in behalf of the
+venerable institution of learning making the claim (it dating back to
+Washington's time, and being of a religious and eleemosynary as well
+as educational character) would stir up a sentimental feeling by means
+of which the other claims could be slipped through the House.
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED'S BIRTHPLACE IN PORTLAND.]
+
+Doctor Loring, a Republican member from Massachusetts, one of the most
+polished and eloquent speakers in the House, had made a strong and
+touching appeal, full of pathos and sentiment, in favor of the bill.
+At the conclusion of his speech spontaneous applause burst from all
+sides; Republicans and Democrats thronged to the desk of the orator to
+congratulate and shake him by the hand. The scene was a memorable one.
+Cries of "Vote," "Vote," rose from all parts of the House, and it
+seemed inevitable that the bill would pass by an almost unanimous
+vote.
+
+At this juncture Mr. Reed arose. He has told that he would at that
+moment have sold his opportunity to speak for a very insignificant
+sum. He stood motionless for ten minutes, unable to utter a word.
+Knowing that his only chance was to dominate the turmoil, he at last
+raised his voice, and, after five minutes, he felt that he would have
+a hearing. Slowly the excitement and noise quieted down, and for forty
+minutes he was given the closest attention. The speech was so clear,
+forcible, and convincing that, in spite of some break in the
+Republican ranks, it recalled members of both parties from their
+temporary emotional lapse and turned the tide against these dangerous
+claims.
+
+[Illustration: THE MEMBERS OF THE PENTAGON CLUB OF BOWDOIN COLLEGE. (MR.
+REED IN THE CENTRE.)]
+
+In '77 he was made a member of what was known as "The Potter
+Committee," appointed to investigate the operations of the returning
+boards in the South. Committee work was essentially congenial to Mr.
+Reed. He delighted in cross-examinations, and his power of sarcasm and
+of insinuating inquiry furnished the committee and the public with the
+most dramatic scenes which occurred at any of its sessions. In
+cross-examining a clever scoundrel, one Anderson, for instance, for
+two whole days, he at last compelled him to admit that he was a
+forger. "Who is this man Reed," every one began to ask, and the young
+congressman found himself, perhaps more in his legal capacity than as
+a legislator, famous.
+
+It is not the purpose of this article to describe Mr. Reed's public
+career, further than to say that there came a day when, upon the
+departure of Mr. Frye from the House to the Senate, and the election
+of General Garfield to the presidency, Mr. Reed passed, by common
+agreement and without questioning, to the leadership of his party in
+the House, and that, in the logical course of events, he was naturally
+indicated as the candidate for the Speakership, when, in 1889, after
+six years of minority, his party became a majority. What a magnificent
+combination of assaults and eulogies his career as Speaker brought
+forth is too vividly impressed upon the popular mind to need more than
+mention.
+
+During his public career Mr. Reed has manifested in a score or more of
+verbal hand-to-hand conflicts his ability to meet an emergency to the
+best advantage of his side. Always upon his feet when he scents
+danger, he is as quick to scent it as any politician who ever occupied
+a seat upon that floor. He is at all times as truly the master of all
+his resources as ever Mr. Blaine was in that same tempestuous arena of
+the House.
+
+From the first he has shown himself that _rara avis_, a born
+debater--aggressive and cautious, able to strike the nail right on the
+head at critical moments, to condense a whole argument with
+epigrammatic brevity. He has shown, to my judgment, better than any
+parliamentarian living, how the turbulent battlings of great
+legislative bodies, so chaotic in appearance, are not chaos at all to
+one who has the capacity to think with clearness and precision upon
+his feet. Such a man assimilates the substance of every speech and
+judges its relative bearing upon the question. At the beginning it is
+hard to tell where a discussion will hinge, but gradually, as the
+debate goes on, the two or three points which are the key of the
+situation become clear to the true _debater_. As I understand the art
+of the _debater_, it is as if logs were heaped in confusion before
+him, and the thing to do was to single out the one log which, when
+removed, starts all the others flying down stream--an easier thing to
+conceive than to accomplish, and which demands an alliance of widely
+diverse qualities. I remember telling Mr. Reed once that it seemed to
+me as if there must be in the temperament of the debater something of
+the artist's nature--a little of the same instinct to inspire and
+guide him. And I added: "Don't you, like the artist, draw for material
+everywhere, from friend and foe alike, from things bearing directly
+upon your subject as well as from things that are apparently more
+removed from it? Don't you have something akin to inspiration?"
+
+"Well, perhaps so," Mr. Reed answered, "and an anecdote occurs to my
+mind which you may think fits your theory. An obscure chap got up once
+and went for me in what was evidently a six months' laboriously
+prepared invective. I hardly realized what he was about, except that I
+had an impression of the man using words in the same frantic fashion a
+windmill uses its arms in a blow. All the same, when he had finished
+pitching into me, I could not but get up and return the compliment. I
+had no more idea of what I was going to say than he had, when, by a
+hazard, my eye caught in the sea of heads before me the face of
+another representative from his State--a man who was one of the
+leaders of his party--and instantly the answer flashed in my mind. I
+had begun with something like 'This is only another echo of the
+minority of the Fifty-first Congress, whose echoes are dying, not
+musically, but dying. Gentlemen,' I continued, 'it is too much glory
+for a State to furnish us with two such eminent representatives, the
+one to lead the House, the other to bring up the rear.'
+
+"But I want to tell you, while we are on this subject of the artist
+and the orator," Mr. Reed continued, "that I believe there is as
+much of a rhythm in prose as there is in poetry, and if a man has not
+the intuitive feeling of that subtile thing, rhythm, he can never
+amount to anything as an orator. Certain books of George William
+Curtis--'Prue and I,' especially--have helped me as much as anything
+to realize how delightful a quality rhythm is."
+
+There is a side to Mr. Reed which few people suspect. He is a lover of
+good novels, especially such novels as those of Balzac and Thackeray,
+which present human nature in a rugged, truthful manner. I should
+think that Mr. Reed would have about as much respect for a namby-pamby
+novel as he has for a wishy-washy politician.
+
+Of the English novelists he likes Thackeray by far the best.
+"Pendennis," "The Adventures of Philip," and "The Virginians" he
+esteems as his most interesting works, though Thackeray reached
+high-water mark, in Mr. Reed's opinion, in "Vanity Fair." Charles
+Reade, too, has found in him an assiduous reader. He thinks "The
+Cloister and the Hearth" the finest and truest picture that has been
+made of life in the fifteenth century, and that Charles Reade is the
+best story-teller that ever wrote English.
+
+In poetry his preference is for Tennyson, but he is a constant reader
+of Browning, Holmes, Longfellow, and Whittier also. "Would you mind,"
+said Mr. Reed, while talking of poets, "if I descend from the great
+names and say that I have a great liking for the rhymes of a Kansas
+lawyer, Eugene F. Ware, who writes over the nom-de-plume of
+'Ironquill'? They are so direct; they present a moral in so few and
+so strikingly well chosen words; and then they have just enough of
+that quality of language which is always attractive because it is
+language in the making. How do you like this example of Mr. Ware's
+sturdy popular muse?
+
+  "'Once a Kansas zephyr strayed
+  Where a brass-eyed bull-pup played;
+  And that foolish canine bayed
+  At that zephyr in a gay,
+  Semi-idiotic way.
+  Then that zephyr in about
+  Half a jiffy took that pup,
+  Tipped him over wrong side up;
+  Then it turned him wrong side out.
+  And it calmly journeyed thence
+  With a barn and string of fence.
+
+                 MORAL.
+
+  When communities turn loose
+  Social forces that produce
+    The disorders of a gale,
+  Act upon a well-known law,
+  Face the breeze, but close your jaw;
+    It's a rule that will not fail.
+
+  If you bay it in a gay,
+  Self-sufficient sort of way,
+  It will land you, without doubt,
+  Upside down and wrong side out.'"
+
+Mr. Reed, who learned French after he was forty years old, enjoys the
+masterpieces of French fiction and French verse in the original. He
+reads and rereads Horace, or, rather, certain parts of Horace which
+appeal strongly to him. But his one great admiration is Balzac. "Yes,
+I like to read Balzac," Mr. Reed often says. "His closeness to nature
+and life hold you in spite of yourself. There is hardly a book of his
+which is not sad beyond tears. 'Eugenie Grandet' is a most powerful
+delineation of the absorbing grasp which love of money has on a strong
+man, and the power which love has over an untutored spirit, but
+sadness permeates everything. That wonderful love story of the
+'Duchess de Langais' is like no other love story ever written. Could
+anything be more sad than her life at the convent, and her lover's
+long search for her hiding-place? unless it be that lover's discovery,
+when he scaled the convent walls, that death had been stronger than
+love, and that, after a life of wasted devotion, nothing could be
+said of her beautiful form as it sank into the ocean except the
+mournful words, 'She was a woman; now she is nothing.' And what an
+extraordinary picture that is in the 'Peau de Chagrin' of the
+controlling power of society over a fashionable woman! And again, in
+'Pere Goriot.' How sad they all are, and the sadness of a life that
+toils not nor spins! Verily, to be happy we must take no note of the
+flying hours, and live outside of ourselves. Is not the condition of
+joyous life to forget that we are living? Here most of the characters
+are so entirely selfish that one sometimes thinks there is not one
+single friendly heart in the entire story. All are so conscious of
+living--even those in the higher sphere--and so anxious to appear
+other than they are, that their entire lives are only ignoble
+struggles, with nothing of serene repose. When the strife is not for
+gold or position it is for love, which is thus degraded!"
+
+I was talking the other day to that brilliant orator, Benjamin
+Butterworth, of Ohio, and the conversation turned to Tom Reed, as
+Butterworth affectionately called him. Said Butterworth: "The way
+Reed's constituents have stood by him is one of the most gratifying
+things to me in American politics. During one of his campaigns, in
+which I spoke for him, I met some Democrats in his district. I said,
+'Gentlemen, I do not know anything about your politics, but you have a
+man of sterling qualities to represent you.' 'Yes,' they replied, 'he
+is an intense Republican and has peculiarities, but we like him
+because he represents the best thought of the district, and we vote
+for him on the sly.'"
+
+That plain-speaking man, whose chief characteristic is to be true to
+his own convictions, is a pretty good specimen of the Puritan. Had he
+been in Cromwell's army he either would not have prayed at all or he
+would have prayed just as long as Cromwell did. In either case he
+would have fought for what he believed to be the right, all the time,
+and given no quarter.
+
+Apropos of what might be called his blunt frankness, I recall an
+incident told me by a member who had charge of what was known as the
+Whiskey Bill. Mr. Reed had baffled the attempts of the whiskey men to
+get it up, but in his temporary absence, through the inadvertence or
+incapacity of a member, the bill was forced on the House. Reed ran
+down to the fellow, and vented his feelings in the remark, "You are
+too big a fool to lead, and haven't got sense enough to follow."
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED'S PORTLAND LAW OFFICE.]
+
+If his bits of speeches flung about in the heat of debate, either in
+retort or in attack, were gathered, they would make a mighty
+interesting book. No other man has like him the power to condense a
+whole argument in a few striking words. His epigrams are worthy of the
+literary artist in that they are perfect in form. Though struck out on
+the spur of the moment you cannot take a word from nor recast them.
+They have for solid basis a most profound knowledge of human nature,
+of life, and they exhibit to a luminous degree the possession in their
+author of that prime quality of a true man--horse sense. I remember
+this fragment of a speech of last session: "Gentlemen, everybody has
+an opinion about silver, except those who have talked so much about it
+that they have ceased to think."
+
+There are many people who believe that Mr. Reed himself disproves one
+of his epigrams, that "a statesman is a successful politician who is
+dead." As for me, I venture to say that Mr. Reed is right, but he has
+there formulated a rule to which he is one of the rare exceptions.
+
+
+
+
+"HUMAN DOCUMENTS."
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
+
+
+THOMAS BRACKETT REED was born in Portland, Me., October 18, 1839. He
+graduated at Bowdoin College in 1860, and then commenced to study law.
+In 1864 he suspended his studies and joined the navy as Acting
+Assistant Paymaster, serving until his honorable discharge at the
+close of the war. Resuming his legal studies, he was admitted to the
+bar and began to practise in his native town. He soon took an active
+part in politics, and was a member of the Maine State Legislature from
+1868 to 1869. In 1870 he sat in the State Senate. From that year until
+1872 he was State Attorney-General, and in 1874-77 he served as
+solicitor for the city of Portland. He was sent to Congress in 1876
+and has been continuously re-elected since. When the Republican party
+came into power in 1888, he was elected Speaker of the House of
+Representatives. He is a powerful debater, an energetic politician,
+and a leading authority upon parliamentary procedure.
+
+FRANCES ELIZABETH WILLARD was born in Churchville, N.Y., September 28,
+1839. She graduated at Northwestern Female College, Evanston, Ill., in
+1859. She became Professor of Natural Science there in 1862, and
+Principal of Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in 1866. After two years of
+travel and study in Europe and the Holy Land, she became Professor of
+Esthetics in Northwestern University, and, as Dean of the Women's
+College there, developed her system of self-government, now generally
+adopted. In 1874 Miss Willard identified herself with the Woman's
+Christian Temperance Union. As secretary of the Union she organized
+the Home Protection movement, and in 1879 was elected president. She
+took a leading part in the establishment of the Prohibition party, and
+in 1887 was elected President of the Women's Council of the United
+States. She also accepted the leadership of the White Cross movement,
+which has been successful in obtaining enactments in many States for
+the protection of women. Besides being a director of the Women's
+Temperance Publishing House, Miss Willard is chief contributor to "The
+Union Signal" (Chicago) and associate editor of "Our Day" (Boston).
+Her chief literary works are "Nineteen Beautiful Years," "Woman and
+Temperance," "How to Win," "Woman in the Pulpit," and "Glimpses of
+Fifty Years."
+
+EDGAR WILSON NYE, who has become famous as a humorist under the pen
+name of "Bill Nye," was born in Shirley, Piscataqua County, Maine,
+August 25, 1850. His family removed to Wisconsin shortly afterwards,
+and the boy was educated at River Falls, in that State. Early in the
+seventies he went to Wyoming Territory; he there studied law, and was
+admitted to the bar in 1876. While in Wyoming he served in several
+public capacities, as postmaster of Laramie and as a member of the
+legislature. He had early begun to furnish humorous sketches to the
+newspapers, and for some time was connected with the press as
+correspondent. He returned to Wisconsin in 1883. In 1886 he was
+connected with the New York "World," and since then has been a weekly
+contributor to numerous papers. As a lecturer and reader from his own
+books Mr. Nye has been very successful. In 1891 he produced a play,
+"The Cadi," at a New York theatre. His best-known books are "Bill Nye
+and the Boomerang," "The Forty Liars," "Baled Hay," and "Remarks." Mr.
+Nye has resided, for some time past, near Asheville, N.C.
+
+GEORGE W. CABLE was born in New Orleans in 1844. He obtained an
+ordinary public-school education. His early life was spent as a clerk
+in a commercial office, varied by successful contributions to "The New
+Orleans Picayune" under the signature of "Drop-Shot." In 1863 he
+joined the Confederate Army, and served in the Fourth Regiment
+Mississippi Cavalry, until the end of the civil war. His first
+literary work to attract general attention was a short story, "Sieur
+George," published in the old "Scribner's Monthly." To that periodical
+he contributed numerous other sketches of creole life, which were
+published in book form in 1879. Other stories and articles followed,
+and Mr. Cable, after working up to a leading position in the
+mercantile world, from that of an errand boy, devoted himself to
+literature as a profession. "The Grandissimes," in 1880, "Madame
+Delphine," 1881, "The Creoles of Louisiana" and "Dr. Sevier," 1884,
+established him in a high place amongst modern authors. His knowledge
+of the South, and his studies among the creoles and negroes, made him
+an authority upon the questions relating to the past and future of the
+negro and the southern States, and involved him in numerous and heated
+discussions. "The Silent South," 1885, and "The Negro Question," 1890,
+are the most prominent of his works on this subject. As a lecturer and
+reader he is widely known.
+
+
+THOMAS B. REED.
+
+[Illustration: 1860. AT GRADUATION.]
+
+[Illustration: 1864. ON ENTERING THE NAVY.]
+
+[Illustration: Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893]
+
+
+FRANCES E. WILLARD.
+
+[Illustration: FROM AN EARLY PICTURE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 20. 1859.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 37. 1876.]
+
+[Illustration: MISS WILLARD AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+EDGAR WILSON NYE.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 20. 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 28. 1878.]
+
+[Illustration: "BILL NYE" AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+[Illustration: "BILL NYE" AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+GEORGE W. CABLE.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 9. 1853.]
+
+[Illustration: 1874. FIRST SKETCHES OF CREOLE LIFE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 19. 1863.]
+
+[Illustration: 1882. "DOCTOR SEVIER."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 24. 1868.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 40. 1884. "BONAVENTURE."]
+
+[Illustration: MR. CABLE IN 1892.]
+
+
+
+
+THE JONESES' TELEPHONE
+
+BY ANNIE HOWELLS FRECHETTE.
+
+[Illustration: THE JONESES' TELEPHONE]
+
+
+"Now, we won't be selfish with our telephone, will we, dear? We will
+let a few friends use it occasionally--it will be such a pleasure and
+a convenience," and Mrs. Jones stood off and looked admiringly at the
+new telephone.
+
+"By all means. It is here and it may as well be doing some one a
+service as to stand idle--and I like to feel that a friend isn't
+afraid to ask a favor of me now and then. Yes, I suppose that
+telephone will save us many a car-fare during the year. You can use it
+to do your marketing, instead of tiring yourself out and wasting half
+a day three or four times a week; and days when I forget things, think
+how easy it will be to telephone and remind me. Why, it will entirely
+do away with the need for strings to tie around my fingers."
+
+"Of course it will. I'm sure that what we'll save on strings and
+car-fare will pay the rent of the instrument," joyously responded Mrs.
+Jones, who had no great head for figures.
+
+Thus hope and kindly intentions presided at the inauguration of the
+Joneses' telephone.
+
+Three months passed, and the great invention had carried much
+information--useful and otherwise--not only to its owners, but to the
+entire neighborhood as well. There were even days when the Joneses
+questioned whether they were not running a public telephone, so often
+did the bell ring. It is true, it had not quite paid for itself in the
+anticipated saving of car-fares and finger strings; still, it had
+certainly been a great comfort, and "Well, we'll just face the music
+and call it a luxury," said Jones, as he put away the receipt for his
+first quarter's rent; "especially for our friends," he added, with
+just a touch of bitterness.
+
+Scarce twenty-four hours after this philosophical stand was taken,
+Mrs. Jones, who was rather a light sleeper, was aroused by a violent
+and prolonged ringing. It was six o'clock and Sunday morning--a day
+and hour usually dedicated to undisturbed slumber. After a brief
+debate in her own mind as to whether the house was on fire or the
+milkman was ringing, she realized that it was the telephone bell. She
+hastily donned slippers and gown and ran down-stairs. In reply to her
+interrogative "Yes?" (Mrs. Jones could never bring herself to say
+"Hello!") came the following, in measured and clerical tones:
+
+"It is Mr. Brown--Reverend Mr. Brown, speaking."
+
+"Oh, yes?" instinctively covering her half-clad feet in the folds of
+her gown.
+
+"I believe you live near the Reverend Mr. Smith, and are a member of
+his church."
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Will you be good enough to send to him, and ask if he can spare his
+curate to take Mr. Brown's early service for him, as he is called
+away. I would be glad if you would send immediately, as I must have
+his answer within fifteen minutes. Thank you. Please call up 1001,"
+and snap went the telephone.
+
+Mrs. Jones looked at her raiment and reflected that her one servant
+was at mass and would not be back for an hour. She went slowly
+up-stairs.
+
+"Tom, Tom dear, wake up."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"The Reverend Brown has telephoned to know whether the Reverend Smith
+can send his curate to take his early service."
+
+"Well, what in the world have I got to do with the peddling out of
+early services?" snapped Jones, as he turned and shook up his
+pillows.
+
+"He has to have an answer to his message within fifteen minutes."
+
+"Well, let Susan take it," settling back comfortably.
+
+"But Susan has gone to mass."
+
+"And I suppose that means that I am to be turned out of my bed at
+daybreak, and canter half a mile!" cried Jones, in a high and excited
+voice, as he bounced from his bed and began to grope sleepily for his
+clothes. His toilet was made amidst grumblings of "Confound their
+early services, why can't they stay in bed like Christians, instead of
+prowling about, and sending men out in the chilly morning air," etc.,
+etc.
+
+Jones's temper was soured for the day, and that night, as he was
+winding his watch, he said severely, "Jane, I'm going to draw the line
+at delivering messages. Tom, Dick, and Harry can come here and bellow
+into the telephone until they are hoarse, but I'll be switched if I'll
+be messenger boy any longer."
+
+But messages continued to come and go, increasing rather than
+decreasing in frequency. People in the neighborhood fell into the
+habit of saying to friends in distant parts of the city, when leaving
+a question open: "Just telephone me when you make up your mind. I
+haven't a telephone myself, but the Joneses have, and they are very
+obliging about letting me use it."
+
+So the fact that a telephone was owned by an obliging family
+circulated almost as rapidly as if it had been a lie.
+
+There were times when Mrs. Jones hadn't the face to ask Susan to stop
+her work and carry these messages, so she carried them herself--trying
+to keep up her self-respect by combining an errand of her own in the
+same direction. There were a few messages, however, which remained
+forever indignantly shut within the telephone; as, for instance, that
+of the little girl, which came in a shrill, piping voice:
+
+"Mrs. Jones, will you send your servant over to Mrs. Graham's to ask
+Milly where she got that perfectly delicious delight she gave me the
+other day, and tell her to be quick about it, please, for I'm
+waiting."
+
+And another which came in chuffy, distorted, conversational
+English--regular "chappie" English, very hard to understand, but
+which she finally straightened out into: "I say there--aw--oh--is that
+you, Mrs. Jones? Sorry to trouble you, but would you be so awfully
+good as to send word to Mrs. Bruce--aw--that I'm awfully cut up
+about it, but I won't be able to dine there to-night. Aw--I
+wouldn't trouble you, but it's so awfully hot I can't go round to
+explain to her--you know. Thanks, awfully." The telephone was closed,
+and the awfully-cut-up young man, whose sole claim on Mrs. Jones
+was that they had once met at a party, was left to be healed by time.
+
+He had for company in his fate the enthusiastic tennis-player, who, in
+the midst of "a little summer shower," summoned Mrs. Jones.
+
+"I want to speak to Flannigan, the gardener."
+
+"This is not Flannigan's telephone."
+
+"And who is speaking?"
+
+"Mrs. Jones."
+
+"Oh, well, Mrs. Jones, I can give my message to you just as well. I
+want you to tell Flannigan to come and roll the tennis ground at once.
+He will understand. Tell him right away, please."
+
+"Flannigan does not live here."
+
+"Well, you can send him word, I suppose," in a surprised and offended
+voice, "to oblige a _lady_. It is _Miss Mortimer_ who is speaking,"
+and there was an impressive silence. Mrs. Jones remembered Miss
+Mortimer as a high-stepping young woman whom she had met at a friend's
+house, and who had given her the impression of taking an inventory of
+her. So Mrs. Jones took pleasure in replying, "Miss Mortimer probably
+does not know that she is addressing a private telephone. Good day."
+
+But it was Jones, the luckless Jones, who seemed set aside for the
+cruel buffeting of the telephoning public. One night, which he will
+ever point to as the wildest and wettest night he has known, he had
+settled himself into his most comfortable chair, with a pile of new
+magazines beside him, when he was disturbed by a summons from the
+telephone. He responded with readiness, for he was rather expecting a
+call from his partner, and to his cheerful "Hello, old fellow, I'm
+here," came, in a sputtering and wind-tossed voice, "Will you please
+tell Mrs. Goodson that as it is so stormy her daughter will not go
+home to-night?"
+
+Jones turned and confronted his wife, and for a time words refused to
+come.
+
+"Well, this is a little too much! Now think of an unknown voice
+barking at me to go out into a storm like this and tell the Goodsons
+that their daughter will not be at home to-night!"
+
+The Goodsons lived just six squares away.
+
+"And what will you do, dear? Why didn't you say plainly that you would
+not and could not go out into a storm like this--that they must send a
+messenger?"
+
+"They shut me off without giving me time to answer."
+
+"Well, call them up. Call them up at once."
+
+"Jane, please have some sense. How do I know where Miss Goodson has
+gadded off to? How do I know what number to call up?"
+
+"Well, I just wouldn't go."
+
+"Oh, I'll have to. They are friends, and if they are expecting that
+girl of theirs home to-night and she doesn't come Mrs. Goodson will go
+out of her mind."
+
+So Jones drove himself forth, clad in righteous indignation and a
+waterproof coat. The cold rain lashed him and the wind belabored his
+umbrella, and he was more than once obliged to pause under friendly
+porches to get his breath. At last the home of the Goodsons was
+reached, and spent and weary he staggered up the steps. Goodson
+himself opened the door.
+
+"Hello, Jones, you're no fair weather friend indeed. Come in, come
+in."
+
+"No, I'm too wet," he answered, pointedly (and he felt like adding
+"and too mad"). "I only came to tell you that Miss Goodson won't be at
+home to-night."
+
+"My daughter! She is at home. Don't you hear her playing on the piano
+now? Come into the vestibule, anyway."
+
+Jones walked in, with the rain streaming from his coat.
+
+"Katey!" called Mr. Goodson to his wife. "Here is Jones come to say
+that Julia won't be home to-night."
+
+"What?" demanded Mrs. Goodson, appearing in the hall and regarding
+Jones as if he were a mild sort of lunatic; "_Julia is_ at home."
+
+"Well, I don't understand it," said Jones, plaintively. "I was rung up
+half an hour ago, and asked to come and tell you that your daughter
+wouldn't be at home on account of the storm."
+
+"And do you mean to say that you stand ready to turn out at all hours
+and deliver messages free of cost?" cried Goodson.
+
+"It looks that way."
+
+"Well, you are an ass!"
+
+"Don't compliment me too freely, Goodson, I can't take in much more;
+I'm soaked as it is."
+
+Mrs. Goodson stood thinking. "Who could have been meant? Oh, I've just
+thought! It must be that Mrs. Goodson who sews for Mrs. Jones and me.
+And she has a daughter--a typewriter down town--and she has friends
+living in the suburbs. She has doubtless gone there to dinner and
+concluded to stay all night. But she lives just around the corner from
+you."
+
+Goodson laughed loudly and brutally. "A bonny sort of a night for a
+respectable family man like you, Jones, to be skylarking around
+carrying messages for typewriting maidens!"
+
+"Oh, come now, that's a little too much!"
+
+"Well, old man, I'll show my gratitude for your friendly intentions
+toward me by going round to the telephone people the first thing in
+the morning, and complaining of you. You've no right to be running
+opposition to the public telephones in this way."
+
+"_If_ you only would!" and Jones wrung his friend's hand while tears
+of thankfulness welled up to his eyes.
+
+Once in the street, he longed for a contemptuous enemy to kick him
+briskly to the door of the Widow Goodson. The latter was evidently
+about to retire, as it was a long time before she responded to his
+ring. When, finally, she did come, she heard him calmly through and
+then answered languidly: "Yes, I didn't much expect Bella home
+to-night, for she said if it come on to rain she thought she'd stay
+with her cousins. Good night. Quite drizzly, isn't it?" peering out
+into the darkness.
+
+Full of bitterness, Jones turned homeward. It seemed to him that his
+cup was full; and so it was, for it refused to hold more. As he
+entered his home, chilled without but hot within, he was greeted by an
+unfamiliar voice coming from the regions of the telephone.
+
+"Give me Blair's," it said. "Is that Blair's? Is
+that--Blair's--B-l-a-i-r-'s, do you understand? Oh, yes, it is you, is
+it, Mrs. Blair? Well, say I want to speak to Miss McCrea--Oh--pshaw!
+you must know her--she's the young lady that works for you. Oh, she's
+out, is she? Well, when she comes in, tell her Miss Doolan told you to
+say that Mr. Brennan has broke his leg--she'll know, he drives
+Judson's horses--and me and Mrs. Judson want to know whether he's to
+go to the hospital or to his friends. You can send your answer to No.
+999. They'll let me know. Give Miss McCrea my love and tell her not to
+worry about Mr. Brennan. Good-by."
+
+Jones confronted a stately creature as she stepped into the hall.
+
+"Look here, young woman, who are you?"
+
+"I'm Miss Doolan, and I'm stopping at Judson's--as housemaid," she
+answered, so taken aback that for the moment her self-possession
+failed her.
+
+"And to whom have you been telephoning?"
+
+"To Blair's--Judge Blair's, over on the avenue--a friend of mine stops
+there."
+
+"And are you in the habit of calling up ladies in that fashion?"
+
+"It's a very good fashion, for all _I_ can see," she retorted
+impudently.
+
+"And what business have you to order an answer sent here for me to
+carry on a night like this?"
+
+"Mrs. Judson and me took you for a _gentleman_, sor, and we thought
+you wouldn't mind obliging ladies."
+
+"Nor do I, but I don't know either Mrs. Judson or you, and I don't
+propose running errands for you."
+
+"Oh, then don't bother yourself, sor--we can hire a boy," she flung
+back with a scornful laugh as she bounced out.
+
+"Now, Jane, I want you to distinctly understand that the last message
+has been carried from this house. I have probably to-night sown the
+seeds of pleurisy and pneumonia broadcast in my system; I have walked
+twelve squares to deliver a message to the wrong person; we have had a
+baggage here using our telephone as if it were her own, and we have
+been at the beck and call of the unpaying public for the last six
+months. Now, if the telephone people are not here by noon to-morrow,
+to threaten legal proceedings against me (Goodson has promised to
+complain of me) for undermining their business, I shall have that
+wretched instrument dragged away, body and soul, and we will try some
+other form of economy in the future."
+
+
+
+
+THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT HARVARD.
+
+BY HERBERT NICHOLS, PH.D.,
+
+Instructor in Psychology, Harvard University.
+
+  EDITOR'S NOTE.--The illustrations of this article are from
+  photographs, specially taken for the Harvard University Exhibit at
+  the World's Fair.
+
+
+What do they do there?
+
+What do they expect to come out of it?
+
+The notion of a mental laboratory is still a mystery to most persons.
+They ask themselves the above questions, and many feel as they do so
+an uncanny shiver. They cannot realize that the study of the mind is
+already an established natural science, here, at sober Harvard, in all
+the leading universities, and free of spooks and mediums.
+
+Yet a psychological laboratory looks much like any other modern
+laboratory. Around the rooms run glass-cases filled with fine
+instruments. Shelves line up, row after row, of specimen-jars and
+bottles. Charts cover the remainder of the walls. The tables and
+floors are crowded with working apparatus. Two large rooms and one
+small one are now occupied at Harvard. Four more rooms will be added
+to these this summer.
+
+Also, the spirit that reigns in these rooms is the same that is found
+in other laboratories of exact science. This is the important thing.
+The minds of these workers are not wandering in dialectics and vagrant
+hypotheses. Reverence has opened her eyes. Hypotheses they have, and
+must have. Often they hold conflicting opinions. But the referee is
+always present--Nature herself. To experiment, to show the fact, is
+always the method of debate. This is the great advantage of the modern
+way of studying psychology over the old.
+
+The American public is so practical that I feel I can alone satisfy
+its "whats and wherefores" by explicitly describing some of the
+investigations being carried on here.
+
+
+EFFECT OF ELEMENTARY SENSATIONS ON ONE ANOTHER.
+
+Here is a lantern throwing a steady light through a large tube.
+(See illustration below, the right hand group.) By transparent
+slides of colored glass or gelatine, the light may be made of any
+color. At the end of the tube is a box, like a camera. The operator
+covers his head with a cloth, and observes the color of the light as
+it shines from the tube through, or on, a tiny hole in the dark
+box. The size of the hole can be varied by moving slides, worked by
+micrometer screws so fine that they measure the dimensions of the
+hole to the four-hundredth of an inch.
+
+[Illustration: STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF SOUND AND OF ATTENTION ON COLORS.]
+
+The first step is to discover the "threshold" of each separate color.
+That means the smallest-sized hole through which each color can be
+distinguished. This varies for different colors. But now comes the
+interesting point. The size of the hole, for any given _color seen_,
+varies according to the nature of any _sound heard_ at the same time.
+For instance, in order to distinguish a given red, the hole must be
+larger or smaller, in proportion as the pitch of a musical tone is
+lower or higher, fainter or stronger.
+
+[Illustration: STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF COLORS ON JUDGMENTS OF TIME.]
+
+The above experiment is one in a system of investigations, intended to
+discover the laws by which the simplest sensations modify each other
+under the simplest conditions. These are laws as fixed as the laws of
+gravity, and, once determined, we may move on to study the combination
+of these elements into the higher thought processes.
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ATTENTION.
+
+Another experiment will further illustrate this method of study. An
+apparatus is so contrived that a colored disk can be made darker or
+brighter by the operator, and a measure of the change be recorded.
+(See illustration on opposite page, rear group.) The persons operated
+on do not know what change is made, or whether any will be made or
+not. They first look at the disk for ten seconds, taking good note of
+its color. Next, the operator changes the shade (or not) as he sees
+fit. Then for another ten seconds the subject judges the shade of
+color, but this time performs meanwhile a sum in addition as the
+operator calls to him simple numbers.
+
+The experiment is to determine how the appearance of the color
+changes, by reason of dividing the attention between observing the
+disk and performing the addition. Do the colors of a rival's bonnet
+really grow more glaring the harder they are looked at? To explain
+this is to touch on a social as well as an esthetic problem.
+
+Diversion of attention changes the appearance of distances as well as
+of colors. A large frame covered with black cloth stands vertical. Two
+tiny white disks are held in place on the cloth by invisible threads
+manipulated behind the frame by the operator. When the disks are set a
+given distance apart they rest close upon the smooth black ground. The
+eye sees but two white spots in a free field, and may judge the
+distance between them without complication. This is done for ten
+seconds, as with the color disks. Then the spots are covered, and
+their distance apart slightly changed (or not) by the operator. Again
+they are shown, and now judged for ten seconds while adding figures.
+The mental process of addition changes the judgment of the distance.
+
+You will say it is a familiar experience that the road seems longer or
+shorter as the mind is busy or not. But it is not a familiar thing to
+determine the law of such lengthening and shortening for definite
+distances, and under precise mental condition, as in the above
+experiment.
+
+
+JUDGMENTS OF TIME.
+
+Every woman knows that color has an effect on the apparent size of
+objects; that of her dress on her figure.[2] It is not as well known
+that color affects our judgments of time. Our next experiment examines
+this matter.
+
+  [2] In the diagram on the preceding page the white squares show
+      plainly larger than the black squares.
+
+[Illustration: REVOLVING CHAIR FOR STUDYING LOCALIZATIONS OF SOUNDS.]
+
+Upon a cylinder, slowly revolving by fine clockwork, strips of
+different colored cardboard are fastened, and observed through a hole
+in a screen. (See illustration on the preceding page.) The time of
+each rotation is measured precisely. By observation it is found that
+the period of rotation _seems_ to vary with the colors on the
+cylinder. By combining colors differently through a long and tedious
+series of investigations on many people, it is being determined what
+part this sort of influence plays in mental processes. "When things
+look gay, time seems short." Psychology seeks the laws of such
+happenings.
+
+
+LOCALIZATION OF SOUNDS.
+
+They are the most familiar things which in our science become the
+strangest. _Not_ to know where you are when seasick, still less where
+your mind is, is common enough. Our next experiment will trace our
+power to know where sounds are to the same origin as seasickness.
+
+Seasickness starts in the ear. In its cavity are three small tubes,
+each bent in a circle, and filled with fluid. The three sit at right
+angles to each other, like the three sides at the corner of a room or
+a box. Consequently, in whatever direction the head is moved, the
+fluid in some one of the tubes is given a circular motion. Hanging
+out into the tubes, from their sides, are hairs or _cilia_, which
+connect with nerve cells and fibres that branch off from the auditory
+nerve. When the head moves the fluid moves, the hairs move, the cells
+are "fired off," a nervous current is sent up to the brain, and a
+feeling of the head's peculiar motion is consequent.
+
+As for seasickness: this nerve current, on its way to the brain, at
+one point runs beside the spot or "centre" where the nerve governing
+the stomach has its origin. When the rocking of the head is abnormally
+violent and prolonged, the stimulus is so great that the current leaks
+over into this adjoining "centre," and so excites the nerve running to
+the stomach as to cause wretchedness and retching. Deaf mutes, whose
+ear "canals" are affected, are never seasick.
+
+But normally the amount of ear-feeling which we get by reason of
+moving our head in a particular direction comes in a curious way to be
+a measure of the direction of sound. The feelings we get from our skin
+and muscles in turning the head play a similar _role_. We turn our ear
+to catch a sound. We do this so frequently for every point, that in
+time we learn to judge the direction of the sound by the way we would
+have to turn the head in order to hear the sound best. Thereafter we
+do not have to turn the head to get the direction, for we now remember
+the proper feeling and know it. This memory of the old feeling _is_
+our idea of the present direction. If we never moved our heads we
+never could have any such notion of the location of sounds as at
+present--perhaps none whatever.
+
+
+MENTAL ORIGIN OF NUMBERS.
+
+Number! surely there can be nothing mysterious here; no "law" to be
+discovered about one, two, three? Well, the next time you shake hands,
+ask the man what he feels. A hand. Then ask further and he will feel
+five fingers. Now ask rightly and he will feel any number of distinct
+spots of pressure. But the real pressures were practically the same
+all through. Why, then, did he feel first one, then five, then eight,
+ten, or a dozen? So with the objects we become acquainted with through
+any of our senses! Why does the same bit of nature now stand before us
+"one tree," and now a myriad of leaves and branches? Why do the same
+outer groupings fall into such different inner groupings? Why does not
+the result of each little nerve of the millions continually played on
+in eye, ear, and skin stand out by itself, and we have so many million
+feelings?
+
+To explain this: the first time a child opens his eyes he sees, as
+Professor James says, but "one big, blooming, buzzing confusion." Not
+till some "whole" (knife) be broken up into parts (blade, handle) and
+each part be mentally perceived _in immediate succession the one after
+the other_ can the idea of "twoness" ever be possible to that child.
+The "twoness" is a feeling of distinct nature apart from the two terms
+(blade, handle). It rises from the "shock of succession." It is one of
+the "modified states" wrought by one element on another, which we
+studied in our first experiment. Once lodged in the mind, the feeling
+may be remembered and reawakened, like any other. Thereafter the two
+parts or terms may come before the mind, awaken this feeling of
+twoness, and _now_ stand side by side, simultaneously and numerically
+separate.
+
+These are the primary laws of number perception. Our experiments
+illustrate and prove them. Though the nerves lying under a needle
+point are really several in number, the pressure on them is commonly
+felt as "one prick." The area is so small that usually, through life,
+all the nerves have been pressed together. They have not been split up
+and pressed enough times in succession among themselves for a memory
+of "twoness" to have been developed among them. But, by proper
+manipulation, not unlike some of the processes of hypnotism, yet
+perfectly normal, the "twoness" of some other group of nerves can be
+yoked to the feeling resulting from the pressure of a particular
+needle point. Thereupon the one needle will feel like two, as
+distinctly and clearly as any real two.
+
+[Illustration: MEASURING THE TIME REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS MENTAL ACTS.]
+
+
+MENTAL ORIGIN OF DISTANCES AND SPACE.
+
+By similar manipulations the simple needle may be made to feel like
+three or like four; now standing in a line, now in a triangle, and
+again in the corners of a square. But, since there is but one needle,
+what about the apparent distance _between_ these several points that
+are clearly _felt_? This is the most curious thing of all, and from
+the light it throws on the formation of our "ideas" both of number and
+of space, is the most important.
+
+To explain this: our notion of distance results out of "series" of
+sensations, in the same way as our notions of number. To have any idea
+of "distance" aroused between any two points of skin, the line of
+nerves lying between those points must, some time during life, have
+been previously stimulated in a line of succession, such as would
+result from a pencil drawn along between them. A card edge would give
+no idea of "distance" until such a series had some time been
+previously experienced. The memory of the "series" _is_ the idea of
+the distance.
+
+Within small areas of the skin, so few "series" have been experienced
+that no "distance memories" have been developed. Consequently
+pin-point areas commonly awaken no notion of distance. For some
+regions of the body these "limit areas" are larger than for others; at
+some places are quite large. On the back, spaces three inches apart
+may fail to give any idea of number or of distance. Every region has
+such a limit distance.
+
+_Now it is this limit distance, the smallest distance for which a
+"series" memory has been developed for a given region, that always
+shoves itself in, as the apparent distance between the several
+fictitious points felt from the single needle in our experiment. On
+the back the one needle feels like two set three inches apart; on the
+forehead like two half an inch apart; on the tongue one-sixteenth of
+an inch; and so on._
+
+The upshot, then, of this matter is to show that our whole mind--our
+notions of space, number, time, and all else--is but a bundle of
+lawful habits, formed in relation with the things and occurrences
+around us. Ordinarily we have right ideas, because on the whole our
+mind has formed right habits. We have the right idea of an inch of
+skin, because the proper idea of an "inch long" has become habitually
+joined to each inch of skin, or in so far as this has been done. When
+a wrong idea gets joined, then we have an illusion; that is, the
+stretch of skin, or, as well, the pin-point of skin, seems a fraction
+of an inch in length; or, again, like three inches.
+
+
+"TIME REACTIONS:" METHODS OF MEASURING THE TIME REQUIRED FOR
+PERFORMING VARIOUS MENTAL ACTS.
+
+A sketch like this would be incomplete without a word about time
+reactions--a subject that historically was almost the first in the
+field, and has occupied more workers than any other. A generation ago
+"as quick as thought" was our extreme limit of expression. It outran
+"quicker than lightning." The great physiologist, Johannes Mueller,
+wrote, in 1844:
+
+  "We shall probably never secure the means of ascertaining the
+  speed of nerve activities, because we lack the comparative
+  distances from which the speed of a movement, in this respect
+  analogous to light, could be calculated."
+
+We now know that sensory processes travel along the nerves on an
+average only about one hundred and ten feet per second, and often less
+than twenty-six feet. While you are performing the commonest judgment,
+electricity or light would have shot from continent to continent. The
+time-measurement of different mental processes is now one of the chief
+means which the psychologist uses for getting at mental laws. When
+certain measures are once determined, he uses these as the chemist
+does his familiar reagents, to dissolve the unfamiliar and more
+complicated combinations.
+
+The following table shows in decimals of a second about the average
+length of time which our commonest judgments occupy:
+
+SECONDS
+
+  To recognize the direction of a ray of light            .011
+
+  To recognize a color when one of two, as red and blue,  .012
+  and expected to be seen
+
+  To recognize the direction of ordinary sounds           .015
+
+  To localize mentally, when blindfolded, any place on    .021
+  our body, touched by another person
+
+  Mentally to judge a distance when seen                  .022
+
+  To recognize the direction of loud sounds               .062
+
+  To recognize capital letters                            .180
+
+  To recognize short English words                        .214
+
+  To recognize pictures of objects                        .163
+
+  To add single figures                                   .170
+
+  Given a month, to name its season                       .164 to .354
+
+  To answer such questions as "Who wrote Hamlet?"       .900 and over
+
+Such then, are a few out of the many problems which have been
+experimented upon in the Harvard Laboratory during the last
+year--problems in perception, association, attention, "reaction
+times," psycho-physic law, kinesthetics, esthetics, memory, will, and
+so on, covering nearly the whole range of mental phenomena. I have
+selected these few for presentation here, not for their importance
+over others, but because they could be simply described in these
+pages. The general aim of all the work is, however, very simple. As in
+the other sciences, it seeks to establish fact after fact, in orderly
+manner, along the whole line of mental nature; and by unifying these
+to work ever to a larger knowledge of the whole.
+
+[Illustration: WAX SPECIMENS IN THE MUSEUM.]
+
+
+FACILITIES FOR TEACHING.
+
+But the university laboratory is for teaching as well as for
+discovering. It is equipped for the undergraduate, as well as for the
+advanced investigator. The elementary or demonstrational courses are
+designed to impress upon the student the facts, the methods, and the
+spirit of his science. There is now furnished for these, at Harvard,
+nearly every kind of apparatus commonly used in physical and
+physiological laboratories, for the study of neurology, optics,
+acoustics, kinesthetics, esthetics, anthropology, and so on. The
+electrical department is a miniature laboratory in itself. And the
+various models in wax, wire, and plaster--of eyes, ears, brains,
+fishes, reptiles, monkeys, children, adults, idiots, insane people,
+and people of genius--is a veritable museum.[3]
+
+  [3] How interesting these things are to a thoughtful man may be told
+      to the readers of MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE in an anecdote which they
+      have a peculiar right to hear. Its founder, a few months ago,
+      stood before a shelf full of the very pedagogic images which his
+      illustrations now present to you. I pointed out a series of
+      dainty models, showing, comparatively, the various evolutionary
+      stages of brain development in the animal kingdom. His eyes
+      fastened on them and--there they stayed.
+
+      The same part of each brain was tinted in the same color. I
+      showed him the olfactory lobes; in man, two little insignificant
+      yellow streaks; in the shark, two big bulbs larger than all the
+      rest of the brain together. I thus made visible to him how small
+      a sphere "smell" plays in our mental life, while pretty nearly
+      the whole life of the shark must be a world of smells. I showed
+      him the optic lobes in the brain of a blind mole, and then in
+      that of a carrier pigeon, which sees its way over dizzy leagues
+      to familiar places. I showed him the cerebellum of the rabbit
+      that hops, the fish that swims, and the alligator that crawls. I
+      say, he stood still, almost. I could get him to look at nothing
+      else. He seemed to see, projecting down future volumes of
+      MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, pages after pages of comparative mental
+      menageries--pink infundibula swimming in blue Gulf Streams;
+      green cerebra flying through gorgeous sunsets; oceans of
+      terrific shark-smells diagrammatically printed in blood red; and
+      Kipling poems of adventure sent to press in surprising
+      variegations of color, the more scientifically to express their
+      psychological emotions. He stood till he murmured, "We must have
+      an article on this," and rushed to the train or to the telegraph
+      office, and secured, I suspect, from Professor Drummond, his now
+      famous article, "Where Man Got His Ears."--H. N.
+
+[Illustration: GUSTAVE THEODORE FECHNER.]
+
+The laboratory workshop is provided with the common implements and
+facilities required for working in wood, glass, and metal. Both for
+original research and for demonstration, this laboratory is the most
+unique, the richest, and the most complete in any country; and in
+witness of the fame and genius of its present director, and of the
+rapidly spreading interest in experimental psychology, particularly
+in America, there are already gathered here, under Professor
+Muensterberg's administration, a larger number of students specially
+devoted to mental science than ever previously studied together in
+any one place.
+
+
+THE FUTURE AND INFLUENCE OF THE NEW SCIENCE.
+
+So much for the place and what is done there. Now, what is expected to
+come from this new psychology? "Do you fellows expect to invent patent
+ways of thinking?" was once asked me. Who can tell? Who, before
+Galileo, would have prophesied that man should weigh the stars or know
+their chemistry? Yet there is much ground for comparison between the
+position of physical science then and that of mental science now. The
+popular opinion of to-day is perhaps even less awake to the fact that
+the world of mental phenomena is a world of laws, susceptible to
+scientific experimentation, than was the day of Galileo to the similar
+conception regarding physical phenomena. Have the physical sciences
+changed aught for man since the sixteenth century? Then we must not
+forget how slow was the growth, and how long it took to arrive at the
+laws of gravity and of conservation, not to mention those of
+evolution. Experimental psychology, as a systematic science, is almost
+younger than its youngest students. The mental laws are as fixed and
+as determinable as the laws of physics. Who then shall say what man
+shall come to know of mental composition, of the great mental
+universe, and of ourselves, its wandering planets, since minds _may_
+be known as well as stars!
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR WILHELM WUNDT, OF LEIPSIC, FOUNDER OF FIRST
+PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY (1878).]
+
+But psychology will not have to wait till its greater laws shall be
+wholly established before she becomes of practical influence in common
+affairs. He who reads most thoughtfully to-day will most appreciate
+this truth. He who reads at all, reads of "individualism" as opposed
+to "socialism." The Pope of Rome has declared that the "preoccupying"
+problem for active Christianity must now be the industrial problem.
+Every important treatise on the subject, appearing at present, admits
+that the crucial question of the industrial problem is an ethical
+problem, and every ethical treatise, that every ethical problem is a
+psychological problem. Two years ago the Roman Catholic Church
+established a psychological laboratory in its leading American
+college.
+
+The Presbyterians the coming year will follow with a laboratory at
+Princeton. Psychology is no longer feared by religion, but is
+accepted, though in places yet too timidly, as a source of its further
+and unending revelation.
+
+[Illustration: PRESIDENT G. STANLEY HALL, FOUNDER OF FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL
+LABORATORY IN AMERICA.]
+
+But psychology is coming close to affairs of church and state in more
+than one way. One of the greatest crimes of modern society is its
+conception of criminal jurisprudence. Between the foetal period and
+adult life man passes through, in abridged series, all the degrees of
+evolution that have led up through the lower animal stages to his own.
+In early infancy, and even in childhood, he is not yet wholly man; not
+yet safely over the brute period of his lineal development. If the
+domestic calf and chicken spend their first days wild in the woods,
+this pre-domestic environment will seize upon and develop their
+pre-domestic traits; and these once set, no amount of domestic
+training will, thereafter, make calf or chicken anything else than a
+wild, untamable creature. The early instinctive periods of man's
+progeny are more prolonged, more delicate, and more susceptible than
+those of lower animals, yet are of the same nature. If left to evil
+environment in early years the latent brute within him will surely lay
+hold of its own, and ripen the yet innocent child to a creature
+bearing the same relation to the moral and civilized man that the wild
+wolf does to the house-dog.
+
+On the other hand, the wolf whose first lair is the hunter's hearth,
+grows to share it lovingly with the hunter's children. The government
+that ignores the hordes of children which crowd to-day the criminal
+quarters of its great cities, and abandons them to ripen their
+pre-civilized propensities under such evil influences, becomes itself
+the foster-father of its own crimes; nurses its own children to fill
+its poorhouses, and raises its own youths to fill its prisons.
+Psychology, if on mere ground of financial economy alone, will yet
+force criminal jurisprudence to begin its work before, rather than
+after, this early period of "unalterable penalty."
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR WILLIAM JAMES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.]
+
+The benefits of a psychological training to the medical man are now so
+obvious as to make a knowledge of psychology imperative for every
+first-class physician. The nervous activities are the regulating
+activities of every part of the body; and the brain embodies an
+ever-meddling three-fourths of the body's whole neural energy. The
+mind is a play-house wherein the skilful physician now looks to
+observe the condition of the general system, and with growing
+precision even to read the working of such specific organs as the
+heart, the stomach, the bladder, and the liver.
+
+The relation of our science to modern education has long passed from
+novelty to a recognized principle. A chair of psychology and a
+chair of pedagogy, side by side and hand in hand, is now the
+requisite of every institution of advanced learning. "To get up
+more 'fads'? More patent methods?" It is only the ignorant now who
+ask these questions. Galton has shown that some men do their thinking
+in visual pictures--in memories of what they see; others, in memories
+of what they hear; others, in the memories of their own speaking.
+There is reason to suspect that the lightning-calculator's speed is
+largely due to peculiar "image processes" used in his thinking, and
+that these could be taught if science could but catch his unconscious
+secrets. This in time will be done, and is but an instance of
+innumerable things that are sure to be accomplished. In the face of
+all present pedagogical fads and blunders we may yet say with
+confidence, of the mind, the instincts, the emotions, the conduct of
+man, individual and social, all is lawful; and the laws may be
+discovered. They are difficult--more difficult than all the physical
+laws achieved from Ptolemy to Darwin. But they can be scientifically
+determined and mastered, and modern methods, swift with gathering
+impetus, shall make of this no lingering matter.
+
+
+HISTORY OF MENTAL LABORATORIES.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR HUGO MUeNSTERBERG, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.]
+
+The psychological laboratory sprang first from no single mind; not
+wholly from science nor yet from philosophy, but from an age. In
+1860 Gustave Theodore Fechner, the godfather of experimental
+psychology, published his famous Law. Fechner was as much a mystic
+as a scientist. His Law was, perhaps, the first great impetus to
+active psycho-physical experimentation. The prospects now are,
+however, that this Law will stand, a halfway truth, beside Newton's
+erroneous theory of light, rather than, as was at first claimed
+for it, beside the Law of Gravity, a great primary law of nature.
+
+The spirit of Fechner, of evolution, and of our times joined to fall
+upon Wilhelm Wundt, who founded at Leipsic, in 1878, the first
+laboratory in the world for regular scientific mental experimentation.
+Professor Wundt is the greatest psychologist now living in Europe, and
+a majority of the noted psychological experts, both of Germany and of
+America, have been his pupils.
+
+One of these pupils, G. Stanley Hall, now President of Clark
+University, opened the first American laboratory at Johns Hopkins in
+1883, and the larger laboratory at Worcester in 1889. To him must be
+credited the founding of experimental psychology in this country, and
+an eminent share of its present successful growth.
+
+A foremost figure in modern psychology is Professor William James, of
+Harvard, whose great text-book, the product of twelve years of labor,
+appeared in 1890. In 1891 he opened the present Harvard Laboratory,
+or, at least, expanded a previously slow growth to important
+dimensions.
+
+In 1892 Harvard established a new chair of Experimental Psychology,
+and elected to the same, and to direct its new laboratory, Professor
+Hugo Muensterberg, previously Professor of Philosophy at Freyburg,
+Germany. Professor Muensterberg was at one time a pupil of Wundt, but
+is much more a man of original inspiration; and in his genius the
+hopes and destiny of experimental psychology at Harvard are now
+centred.
+
+Some twenty laboratories are now actively at work in America, and
+about half that number in Europe. The twentieth century will be to
+mental what the sixteenth century was to physical science, and the
+central field of its development is likely to be America.
+
+HARVARD UNIVERSITY, _July, 1893_.
+
+
+
+
+THE SPIRE OF ST. STEPHEN'S.
+
+BY EMMA W. DEMERITT.
+
+
+"It needs but a steady head and a clear conscience and the thing is
+done." Those were old Jacob's words.
+
+"The clear conscience is not lacking, thank God! but all these weeks
+of watching by a sick bed, and the scanty meals, have made the head
+anything but steady. If it were but three months ago, my courage would
+not fail me, but now----"
+
+The boy broke off abruptly, and, stepping back several feet, stood
+looking up at the stately spire that towered above him. Fair and
+shapely it rose, with gradually receding buttress and arch, until it
+terminated at a point over four hundred feet from the pavement.
+
+All day long little groups of men had straggled across the Platz and
+gathered in front of the great cathedral, elbowing one another, and
+stretching upon tiptoe to read the notice nailed to the massive door.
+Many were the jests passed around.
+
+"Does the old sexton think men are flies, to creep along yonder dizzy
+height?" asked one.
+
+"The prize is indeed worth winning," said another, "but"--he turned
+away with an expressive shrug of the shoulder--"life is sweet."
+
+"When I try to reach heaven 'twill be by some less steep and dangerous
+way," laughed a third, with an upward glance at the spire.
+
+"It makes a strong man feel a bit queer to go up inside as far as the
+great bell and look up at the network of crossing ladders; but to
+stand _outside_ and wave a flag!--why, the mere thought of it is
+enough to make one's head swim," said the first speaker.
+
+"Jacob Wirtig is the only man in all Vienna who has the nerve for such
+a part."
+
+"But he served a good apprenticeship! He learned the knack of keeping
+a steady head during his early days of chamois-hunting in the Tyrol.
+But why does he seek to draw others into danger? For so much gold many
+a man would risk his life."
+
+"I can understand it, Caspar. Twice before, on some grand occasion,
+has old Jacob stood on the spire and waved a flag as the emperor
+passed in the streets below. And now, after all the fighting and the
+victory, when there is to be a triumphal entry into the city and a
+grand review, and such rejoicing as was never known before, he feels
+in honor bound to supply the customary salute from the cathedral. And
+since this miserable fever, which has stricken down so many in the
+city, has left him too weak to attempt it, he is trying, as you see by
+this notice, to get some one to take his place. He offers all the
+money which the emperor never fails to send as a reward, to say
+nothing of the glory. I'll wager a florin that he'll offer in vain!
+But come, let us be going. There's too much work to be done, to be
+loitering here."
+
+Twice before on that day, once in the early morning, and again at
+noon, had the boy stood as if spellbound, with his eyes riveted on the
+beautiful spire. And now the setting of the sun had found him a third
+time at his post. The Platz was deserted, but the streets beyond were
+thronged with people hurrying to their homes. Was it fear, or the
+chill of the night air, that sent a shiver over the slender figure of
+the boy as he stood, letting his eyes slowly wander from the top of
+the spire to the base of the tower beneath, as if measuring the
+frightful distance? But as he turned away with a little gesture of
+despair, there rose before him the vision of a wan and weary face, as
+white as the pillow against which it rested, and he heard the
+physician's voice as he gently replaced the wasted hand on the
+coverlet: "The fever has gone, my boy, and all that your mother needs
+now to make her well and strong is good care and plenty of nourishing
+food." The money offered by old Jacob would do all that, and much
+more. It would mean comfort for two or three years for both mother and
+son, with their simple way of living.
+
+When the lad again faced the cathedral it was with an involuntary
+straightening of the shrinking figure. "With God's help I will try,"
+he said aloud, with a determined ring to his voice, "and I must go at
+once to let Master Wirtig know. Now that I have finally decided, it is
+strange how the fear has flown. It is the hesitating that takes the
+courage out of one. After all"--he paced back, back, back, until he
+was far enough from the cathedral to get a good view of the noble
+structure--"who knows? It may look more difficult than it really is.
+'Tis but a foothold of a few inches, but 'tis enough. If it were near
+the ground I should feel as safe as if I were on the floor of the
+great hall in the Stadt Haus. Why, then, should I fear up yonder?"
+
+The flush in the western sky suddenly deepened to a vivid crimson. The
+clouds above the horizon, which a moment before had shone like waves
+of gold, became a sea of flame. The ruddy glow illumined the old
+cathedral, touching rich carving and lace-like tracery with a new
+splendor, while far over sculptured dome and stately tower rose the
+lofty spire, bathed from finial to base in the radiant light.
+
+The boy made a step forward, and, slipping back the little cap from
+his locks, stretched out his clasped hands toward the sky. "O Mary,
+tender mother!" he cried, "plead thou for me in my time of need
+to-morrow! O Jesu! be near to help and save!"
+
+He replaced the cap, and hurried across the Platz to the crowded
+thoroughfare beyond. At the end of three blocks he turned into a
+narrow street, and stopped in front of a high house with steep, tiled
+roof. The lamp in the swinging iron bracket above the door gave such a
+feeble light that he was obliged to grope his way through the hall to
+the stairs.
+
+At the second landing he paused for a moment, fancying that he heard a
+light footfall behind him, but all was still, and he hastened on to
+the next floor. Again he stopped, thinking that he caught the sound of
+a stealthy, cat-like tread on the steps below. "Who's there?" he
+called out boldly, but the lingering echo of his own voice was the
+only answer.
+
+"How foolish I am!" he exclaimed. "It is but the clatter of my shoes
+on the stone stairs." Up another flight and down the long, narrow
+entry he went, and still he could not shake off the feeling that he
+was being followed.
+
+At that moment a door opened and a woman peered out, holding a candle
+high above her head. "Is that you, Franz?" she said. "My brother has
+been expecting you this half hour." By the flickering light of the
+candle Franz could see that there was no one in the entry. He turned,
+impelled by a strong desire to search the tall cupboard near the
+stairs and see if any one had concealed himself within, but the dread
+of being laughed at kept him back, and he followed the woman into a
+room where a gray-haired man sat, leaning wearily against the back of
+his chair.
+
+"You may go now, Katrina," said the man, motioning to an adjoining
+room; and when the door closed he turned to Franz, trembling with
+eagerness. "Well, have you decided?"
+
+"I will try, Master Wirtig."
+
+The old sexton wrung his thin hands nervously. "But if you should
+fail?"
+
+"In God is my trust," answered the boy, calmly. "But one 'if' is as
+good as another. Why not say, if you succeed? It sounds more cheery."
+
+"God grant it!" answered the man, sinking back in his chair. "I had
+thought that it would be some hardy young sprig who should accept my
+offer--some sailor or stone-mason, whose calling had taught him to
+carry a steady head. I never dreamed that it would be a mere lad like
+thyself, and worn out, too, with the care of thy sick mother! Even now
+I feel I do thee a grievous wrong to listen to thy entreaties."
+
+"Think not of _me_, Master Wirtig; think rather of my mother. Shall we
+let her die, when a few moments on yonder spire would furnish the
+means to make her well? The kind physician who would have helped me
+was smitten with the fever yesterday, and there is no one to whom I
+can go."
+
+"Had I been as prudent as I ought, I could have aided thee. But this
+lingering illness has used up what I had put aside. Here is a little
+for thy present need--some broth for thy mother, and a bite for
+thyself, for thy cheeks look as pinched as if thou hadst not eaten a
+good meal for a fortnight." He pulled out a covered basket from under
+the table, and continued: "I shall arrange with Nicholas--for he has
+worked with me so long that he is as familiar with the ladders as
+myself--to go with thee up to the little sliding window, and pass out
+the flag. Thou must let thyself down _outside_ the window until thy
+toes touch the ledge below. Then thou must creep cautiously around to
+the opposite side of the spire, and wave the flag. Look always
+straight before thee or up at the sky. _Thy safety lies in not
+glancing below._ I believe in my heart thou wilt succeed. How I wish
+that this graceless Nicholas, this unruly nephew of mine, were such an
+one as thou! Then should I have some comfort. But with his evil
+companions and bad ways, he brings me naught but sorrow. Listen,
+Franz; if all goes well, thou shalt have his place in helping me with
+the care of the cathedral. There is no longer any dependence to be
+placed on him."
+
+In his excitement old Jacob's voice rang through the room. "What is
+it?" he asked, as he saw Franz start and look toward the door.
+
+"I thought I heard a rattling of the latch--as if some one were
+outside."
+
+"It's nothing but the wind drawing through the entry."
+
+Franz took up his basket and bade the old sexton good-night. After he
+had passed into the street a figure crept out from the cupboard, and
+stole softly down stairs. The light by the door showed a boy about
+seventeen years old, with an evil scowl on his face. "And so thou art
+to take my place, Franz Halle," he sneered. "That is nothing new.
+Twice this year has our master, the goldsmith, preferred thy work to
+mine, and has set thee over me. Truly, I wish thou mayst fall
+to-morrow and break thy neck."
+
+When Franz reached home the kind neighbor who was watching by his
+mother's bed motioned for him to be quiet. "The sick one is sleeping
+well," she said. "If I had but some good broth to give her when she
+wakes." Franz pointed to the basket, and the delighted woman began the
+preparations for the evening meal. When the invalid awoke they gave
+her a few spoonfuls of the broth, and had the satisfaction of seeing a
+faint color come into the white cheeks as she sank into a peaceful
+slumber.
+
+"Do thou go to bed, Franz! I will stay with thy mother to-night, and
+to-morrow too, for that matter, so that thou canst have the whole day
+to thyself. Thou needest it after all thy care and watching. I like
+not these parades and these marches of triumph. They remind me too
+much of my boy, whose young life helped to purchase the victory," and
+the good frau wiped away a tear.
+
+The morning dawned with a bright blue sky and a crisp breeze, which
+shook out the folds of the triumphal banners floating from every tower
+and turret. The city was one blaze of color. The gorgeous festoons on
+column and arch and facade were matched by the rich tints of the
+splendid costumes in the streets below. On every side the black eagles
+of Austria stood out distinctly from their gleaming orange background.
+The procession was due at the cathedral by the middle of the
+afternoon, but owing to some delay it was nearly sunset when the
+salute from the "Fort" told of the approach of the troops. To Franz,
+the hours had dragged wearily on, and he sprang up joyfully when
+Nicholas finally appeared in the little room in the tower, with the
+furled flag under his arm. "Come," he said gruffly, "you have just
+time to climb up and take your stand on the spire." Up the boys went,
+as far as the great bell, Franz close behind Nicholas. Thus far the
+ascent had been easy, but from this point the steps dwindled to long,
+frail ladders terminating in small platforms, and steadied by iron
+bars.
+
+Still they toiled upward, more slowly and cautiously now, for the
+danger increased with every turn. At last they halted, side by side,
+on the little platform under the sliding window. To Nicholas's
+surprise Franz stood there, surveying it all without flinching. The
+younger boy turned to his burly companion: "Somehow, we've never been
+very good friends. I don't think the fault was all on my side, because
+you wouldn't let me be your friend. And we have had a good many
+quarrels. Won't you shake hands with me now and wish me good luck?
+If--if"--and there was just the suspicion of a tremor in the winning
+voice--"I should never see you again, I should like to feel that we
+were friends at the last. You're very good to come up here with me."
+
+To his dying day Nicholas never forgot the slight, almost girlish,
+figure, standing there, with the wistful little smile, and the
+pleading tenderness shining in the blue eyes. He touched the slender
+outstretched hand with his own, but dropped it suddenly, as if he had
+received an electric shock. He tried to say "Good luck," but his
+tongue seemed glued to the roof of his mouth.
+
+"Look you, Franz," he murmured hoarsely, "when you are safe outside
+I'll hand out the flag. I'll wait till you reach the opposite side of
+the spire and call out, 'All's well,' and then I'll go down and leave
+you to make your way back. And glad I shall be to leave this miserable
+trap in mid air."
+
+Franz's face was deathly pale, but his eyes shone like two stars. He
+climbed up nimbly through the opening, let himself carefully down to
+the stone ledge outside, and reached up for the flag. A few moments
+passed, which seemed like ages to the waiting Nicholas. Then a cheery
+"All's well" rang out, without a quiver in the steady voice. The older
+boy's face grew black with rage. "What nerve the pale, sickly little
+thing has!" he muttered between his set teeth. "I believe he'll do it
+after all! And so this baby gets not only the prizes at the
+goldsmith's, but the money and the glory of this thing, to say nothing
+of his taking my place in the cathedral."
+
+He raised his hand to the window, and stood in front of it for a
+moment. Then he began the descent as if some demon were after him. The
+frail ladders vibrated and swayed with the dangerous strain, but down
+he went, with reckless haste, until he reached the second platform,
+when he raised his hands with an agonized gesture to his ears as if he
+was trying to shut out the voice of conscience, that kept calling to
+him, "Back! back! before it is too late! Stain not thy young soul with
+such a crime!"
+
+Still he hurried down with flying step to the landing near the great
+bell, where he paused, and stood leaning breathless against one of the
+cross-beams of the tower. Into the fierce, turbulent passions of the
+troubled face stole a softened expression, lighting up the swarthy
+lineaments like a gleam of sunshine. "I will go back and undo the
+horrid deed," he cried, as if in answer to the good angel pleading
+within his breast. "I am coming, Franz! God forgive me!"
+
+He had turned to make the ascent, and his hand was stretched out to
+grasp the side of the ladder, when his toe caught in a coil of rope on
+the platform, and, missing his hold, he plunged down, down, into the
+space beneath.
+
+In the meantime Franz had made his way safely around the spire, and
+stood quietly, with the end of the flagstaff on the ledge beneath,
+waiting for the signal. It came in a few moments; the thunder of the
+great gun on the Platz, and, bracing his feet firmly, he unfurled the
+flag and slowly waved it back and forth. From the answering roar of
+artillery, and the cheer upon cheer that floated up through the air,
+he knew that his salute had been seen.
+
+With a light heart he began to retrace his steps, edging himself
+cautiously, inch by inch, to the window. To his surprise, the sliding
+wooden panel was closed! With one hand he grasped the iron ring
+fastened to the wall beneath the window, and with the other pushed,
+first gently, and then with all his might, but the panel remained
+fast. He tried to batter it with the flagstaff, but soon found that,
+in his cramped position, it only increased his danger. Again and again
+he endeavored to force it open, breaking his nails and bruising his
+finger-tips in his frenzy, but to no purpose. Suddenly the conviction
+dawned upon him that the window was bolted from the inside. With a
+despairing sob he tottered backward, but his grasp on the ring held,
+and with a supreme effort he pulled himself up close to the wall, and
+tried to collect his scattered wits.
+
+"It is no use to shout," he said aloud. "It is more than folly to
+attempt to make myself heard from this height, I might as well save my
+strength. All that remains for me to do is to wait patiently. Some one
+will be sure to miss me and come to my relief. In God is my trust!"
+and his courage rose with the words.
+
+The troops disbanded, and the people hurried off to the brilliantly
+lighted cafes and theatres, all unconscious of the pale, silent boy
+clinging with desperate grip to the spire, with but a narrow shelf of
+stone between him and a horrible death.
+
+The sunset faded into the twilight, and with a sudden wave darkness
+drifted over the earth. The noise in the streets grew fainter and
+fainter. The minutes lengthened into hours, and still the boy stood
+there, as the night wore on, occasionally shifting his position to
+ease his cramped and aching limbs. The night wind pierced his thin
+clothing, and his hands were benumbed with the cold. One by one the
+bright constellations rose and glittered and dipped in the sky, and
+the boy still managed to keep his foothold, as rigid as the stone
+statues on the dome below.
+
+"Two, three, four," pealed the bells in their hoarse, deep tones, and
+when the first glimmer of dawn tinged the eastern horizon with pale
+yellow, the haggard face lighted with expectancy, and from the ashen
+lips, which had been moving all night in prayer, came the words, "In
+God is my trust."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"What is the meaning of yonder crowd?" asked one of two artisans, who
+had met while hurrying across the Platz to their work.
+
+"What! have you not heard? All Vienna is ringing with the news! It was
+young Franz, the goldsmith's apprentice, who climbed out on the spire
+yesterday and waved the flag. In some way, the little window near the
+top was fastened on the inside, and the poor boy was forced to stay
+out all night clinging to the spire. It is only a short time ago that
+he was discovered and brought fainting down the ladders. After working
+over him a little while he seemed all right, and was carried to his
+home. And there's another strange thing. Nicholas, old Jacob Wirtig's
+nephew, was picked up, mangled and bleeding, at the foot of the tower
+stairs this morning. He has just been taken to the hospital."
+
+The next day Franz received a summons from the emperor. As he followed
+the officer who had been sent to conduct him to the palace, to his
+surprise the marble steps and the corridor beyond were lined on either
+sides with the soldiers of the Imperial Guard, and as the slender,
+boyish figure, with its crown of golden hair, passed between the
+files, each mailed and bearded warrior reverently saluted.
+
+On he went, through another chamber, and into a spacious hall with
+marble floors and hangings of rich tapestry. On both sides were rows
+of courtiers and officers, the rich costumes and nodding plumes and
+splendid uniforms, with their jewelled orders, contrasting strangely
+with the lad's plain, homespun garments. "It is the emperor,"
+whispered the guide as they drew near a canopied throne, and Franz
+dropped on one knee.
+
+He felt the hand which was placed on his bowed head tremble, and a
+kind voice said, "Rise, my boy! kneel not to me! It is I, thy emperor,
+who should rather kneel to do thee homage for thy filial piety. My
+brave lad, I know thy story well! Ask of me a place near my person,
+aid for thy sick mother, what thou wilt, and it is granted thee! And
+remember that as long as the Emperor of Austria shall live he will
+feel himself honored in being known as thy friend!"
+
+In a short time another summons came, this time from the hospital. At
+the end of a long row of beds lay Nicholas, with his arm bandaged and
+strips of plaster covering the gashes on his forehead.
+
+"Oh, Franz!" he groaned, "if God has forgiven me, why cannot you? And
+you will believe that I speak the truth when I tell you that I was
+sorry for what I had done, and I had turned to go back and unbolt the
+door when I tripped and fell."
+
+Franz bent over him with a bright smile. "I forgive you everything,
+Nicholas," he said, sweetly, "so please let us say no more about it.
+It wasn't a bad exchange. I lost an enemy but I gained a friend," and
+the hands of the two boys met in a firm, loving grasp.
+
+
+
+
+MOUNTAINEERING ADVENTURE.
+
+THE DANGERS OF AVALANCHE, GLACIER, CREVASSE, AND PRECIPICE.
+
+BY FRANCIS GRIBBLE.
+
+
+This is the season when the mountaineer once more takes down his
+Norfolk jacket, his nailed boots, and his ice-axe, and prepares to
+face the perils that may lurk for him above the snowline.
+
+Strictly speaking--from the point of view of the expert who knows and
+does everything that an expert ought to know and do--mountaineering
+has two dangers only. There is the danger of bad weather, and there is
+the danger of the falling stone. But every climber is not an expert,
+and even of experts it may be said that _nemo horis omnibus sapit_. So
+that there are all sorts of dangers to be reckoned with, and foremost
+among them is the avalanche.
+
+Everybody knows--vaguely, if not precisely--what an avalanche is.
+Masses of snow accumulate in winter on the mountain slopes. In spring
+the warmth loosens their coherence, and they fall into the valleys,
+sweeping away or burying everything in their track. It is bad for the
+mountaineer, if he happens to be in the way of one.
+
+Says the editor of the volume devoted to mountaineering, in the
+Badminton Library: "The simple rule with regard to all forms of
+avalanche is to avoid their track, and all that is necessary in the
+majority of instances is to recognize the marks on the snow surfaces
+that denote their cause, and to steer clear of them."
+
+
+THE NARROW ESCAPE OF MR. TUCKETT.
+
+Undoubtedly an admirable rule, if only it could be always carried out.
+But mistakes, unhappily, may be made even by experts, as witness this
+story of a thrilling adventure which befell F. F. Tuckett, twenty-two
+years ago.
+
+The season had been exceptionally cold and wet. Snow lay thickly
+everywhere, even on the Faulhorn, the Scheinige Platte, and the
+Wengern Alp. But in the early days of July an improvement began to
+show itself, and Mr. Tuckett, who for a whole month had been able to
+make no big expedition, resolved to make an attempt upon the Eiger.
+
+The members of the party were Mr. Tuckett, Mr. Whitwell, J. H. Fox,
+and the guides, Christian and Ulrich Lauener. They got off between 3
+and 4 A.M., and presently started to ascend the Eiger glacier. The
+surface of it was entirely concealed with snow, but, for some reason,
+they neglected to put on the rope. High up in front of them were the
+disordered pillars and buttresses of the ice-fall, and above the
+ice-fall rested an enormous weight of freshly fallen snow.
+
+Instead of ascending the centre of the glacier, the party, fortunately
+for themselves, were keeping to the left, towards the rocks of the
+Rothstock. Of a sudden, a sort of crack was heard high up above their
+heads, and every eye was turned upon the hanging ice-cliff from which
+it came. A large mass of "_serac_" was seen to break away, mingled
+with a still larger contingent of snow from the slopes above; and the
+whole mass slid down like a cataract, filling the "_couloir_" to its
+brim, and dashing in clouds of frozen spray over the rocky ridges in
+its path, towards the travellers.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAUVAIS PAS, MONT BLANC.]
+
+For a moment they did not realize that they were in its track. But
+then the knowledge flashed upon them all, and they shouted to each
+other, "Run for your lives," and struggled desperately through the
+deep, soft snow to reach the rocks of the Rothstock, yet with their
+faces turned to watch the swift oncoming of the foe.
+
+Let Mr. Tuckett himself describe that thrilling race for life.
+
+"I remember," he writes, "being struck with the idea that it seemed as
+though, sure of its prey, it wished to play with us for a while, at
+one moment letting us imagine that we had gained upon it, and were
+getting beyond the line of its fire, and the next, with mere
+wantonness of vindictive power, suddenly rolling out on its right a
+vast volume of grinding blocks and whirling snow, as though to show
+that it could outflank us at any moment if it chose.
+
+"Nearer and nearer it came, its front like a mighty wave about to
+break. Now it has traversed the whole width of the glacier above
+us, taking a somewhat diagonal direction; and now--run, oh! run,
+if ever you did, for here it comes straight at us, swift, deadly,
+and implacable! The next instant we saw no more; a wild confusion
+of whirling snow and fragments of ice--a frozen cloud--swept over
+us, entirely concealing us from one another, and still we were
+untouched--at least I knew that I was--and still we ran. Another
+half-second and the mist had passed, and there lay the body of
+the monster, whose head was still careering away at lightning
+speed far below us, motionless, rigid, and harmless."
+
+The danger was over, and the party examined the avalanche at their
+leisure. It had a length of three thousand three hundred feet, an
+average breadth of a thousand feet, and an average depth of five feet.
+This is to say, its bulk was six hundred and eleven thousand cubic
+yards, and its weight, on a moderate computation, about four hundred
+and fifty thousand tons.
+
+Accidents of this sort, happily, are very rare, and the climber who is
+carried away by the avalanche has, as a rule, deliberately faced the
+risk out of bravado, and the desire to go home and boast that he had
+done hard things. But there is another sort of avalanche which is a
+much more frequent source of danger. It consists of a stratum of snow
+loosely adherent to a slope of _neve_ or ice. The snow breaks away
+under the weight of the party, and carries them down with it,
+sometimes to a place of safety, sometimes to a crevasse.
+
+
+AN ADVENTURE OF PROFESSOR TYNDALL.
+
+Experience, of course, has laid down many rules for determining
+whether snow of this sort is safe, but the best men--guides as well as
+amateurs--may sometimes be misled. Professor Tyndall, for instance,
+was always a cautious as well as a brilliant mountaineer; yet there
+was a day when the professor's snow craft failed him, and he came very
+near to paying for his blunder with his life.
+
+The place was the Piz Morteratsch, in the Engadine, and the time the
+month of July, 1864. Professor Tyndall's companions were Mr.
+Hutchinson and Lee Warner, and the guides Jenni and Walter. Jenni was
+at that time the dictator of Pontresina, and he seems to have set out
+with the deliberate intention of showing his _Herren_ how great and
+brave a man he was.
+
+The ascent was accomplished without any incident of note. On the way
+down the party reached a broad _couloir_, or gully, filled with snow,
+which had been melted and refrozen, so as to expose a steeply sloping
+wall of ice. The question arose whether it would be better to descend
+this wall of ice, or to keep to the steep rocks by the side of it.
+Professor Tyndall preferred the rocks; Jenni inclined towards the
+slope, and started to lead the way upon it.
+
+[Illustration: THE NEEDLE OF THE GIANTS AND MONT BLANC.]
+
+There was a remonstrance from the professor:
+
+"Jenni," he said, "do you know where you are going? The slope is pure
+ice."
+
+"I know it," the guide replied, "but the ice is quite bare for a few
+rods only. Across this exposed portion I will cut steps, and then the
+snow which covers the ice will give us a footing."
+
+So they started, roped together, Jenni in front, Mr. Tyndall next,
+followed by Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Lee Warner, the one inexperienced
+member of the party, and, last of all, the guide Walter, ready to
+check on the instant any false step that Mr. Lee Warner might make.
+
+After a few steps Jenni began to see that the slope was less safe than
+he had supposed. He stopped and turned round to speak a word of
+warning to the three men above him.
+
+"Keep carefully in the steps, gentlemen," he said; "a false step here
+might start an avalanche."
+
+And, even as he spoke, the false step was made. There was a sound of a
+fall and a rush, and Professor Tyndall saw his friends and their
+guide, all apparently entangled, whirled past him. He planted himself
+to resist the shock, but it was irresistible; he, too, was torn from
+his foothold, and Jenni followed him, and all five found themselves
+riding downwards, with uncontrollable speed, on the back of an
+avalanche, which a single slip had started.
+
+"Turn on your face, and grind the point of your axe or baton through
+the moving snow into the ice"--that is the golden rule for cases of
+the kind, the only way in which the faller can do anything to arrest
+his speed. But it seldom avails much, and in this instance it availed
+nothing.
+
+"No time," writes Professor Tyndall, "was allowed for the break's
+action; for I had held it firmly thus for a few seconds only, when I
+came into collision with some obstacle and was rudely tossed through
+the air, Jenni at the same time being shot down upon me. Both of us
+here lost our batons. We had been carried over a crevasse, had hit its
+lower edge, and, instead of dropping into it, were pitched by our
+great velocity beyond it. I was quite bewildered for a moment, but
+immediately righted myself, and could see the men in front of me,
+half-buried in the snow, and jolted from side to side by the ruts
+among which we were passing."
+
+Presently a second crevasse was reached. Jenni knew that it was there,
+and did a brave thing. He deliberately threw himself into the chasm,
+thinking that the strain thus put upon the rope would stop the motion.
+But, though he was over a hundred and eighty pounds in weight, he was
+violently jerked out of the fissure, and almost squeezed to death by
+the pressure of the rope.
+
+And so they continued to slide on. Below them was a long slope,
+leading directly downwards to a brow where the glacier fell
+precipitously; and at the base of the declivity the ice was cut by a
+series of profound chasms, where they must fall, and where the tail of
+the avalanche would cover them up forever.
+
+The three foremost men rode upon the forehead of the avalanche, and
+were at times almost wholly hidden by the snow; but behind, the
+sliding layer was not so thick, and Jenni strove with desperate energy
+to arrest his progress.
+
+"Halt! Herr Jesus! halt!" he shouted, as again and again he drove his
+heels into the firmer surface underneath.
+
+[Illustration: THE MATTERHORN.]
+
+And now let Professor Tyndall tell the rest:
+
+"Looking in advance, I noticed that the slope, for a short distance,
+became less steep, and then fell as before. Now or never we must be
+brought to rest. The speed visibly slackened, and I thought we were
+saved. But the momentum had been too great; the avalanche crossed the
+brow and in part regained its motion. Here Hutchinson threw his arm
+round his friend, all hope being extinguished, while I grasped my belt
+and struggled to free myself. Finding this difficult, from the
+tossing, I sullenly resumed the strain upon the rope. Destiny had so
+related the downward impetus to Jenni's pull as to give the latter a
+slight advantage, and the whole question was whether the opposing
+force would have sufficient time to act. This was also arranged in our
+favor, for we came to rest so near the brow that two or three seconds
+of our average motion of descent must have carried us over. Had this
+occurred, we should have fallen into the chasms and been covered up by
+the tail of the avalanche. Hutchinson emerged from the snow with his
+forehead bleeding, but the wound was superficial; Jenni had a bit of
+flesh removed from his hand by collision against a stone; the
+pressure of the rope had left black welts on my arms, and we all
+experienced a tingling sensation over the hands, like that produced by
+incipient frost-bite, which continued for several days. This was all.
+I found a portion of my watch-chain hanging round my neck, another
+portion in my pocket; the watch was gone."
+
+Very similar in many respects was the famous accident of the Haut de
+Cry, in which J. J. Bennen perished in February, 1864. So sure of foot
+was Bennen that it used to be said of him, as it was said of Johann
+Lauener, who died upon the Jungfrau, that nothing could bring him to
+grief but an avalanche. And the hour came when the snowfield which he
+was crossing with his _Herren_ split suddenly and the ground on which
+they stood began to move, and Bennen solemnly called out the words,
+"Wir sind alle verloren," and never spoke again.
+
+[Illustration: THE DENT BLANCHE.]
+
+The avalanche was deeper than the one which swept Professor Tyndall
+down the glacier of the Piz Morteratsch. "Before long," writes Mr.
+Gossett, one of the survivors of the accident, "I was covered up with
+snow and in utter darkness. I was suffocating, when, with a jerk, I
+suddenly came to the surface again. To prevent myself sinking again I
+made use of my arms much in the same way as when swimming in a
+standing position. At last I noticed that I was moving slower; then I
+saw the pieces of snow in front of me stop at some yards distance;
+then the snow straight before me stopped, and I heard on a large scale
+the same creaking sound that is produced when a heavy cart passes over
+hard, frozen snow in winter."
+
+But the snow behind pressed on and buried Mr. Gossett. So intense was
+the pressure that he could not move, and he began to fear that it
+would be impossible to extricate himself. Then, while trying vainly to
+move his arms, he suddenly became aware that his hands, as far as the
+wrist, had the faculty of motion. The cheering conclusion was that
+they must be above the snow. So Mr. Gossett struggled on. At last he
+saw a faint glimmer of light. The crust above his head was getting
+thinner, and let a little air pass; but he could no longer reach it
+with his hands. The idea struck him that he might pierce it with his
+breath. He tried, and after several efforts he succeeded. Then he
+shouted for help, and one of his guides, who had escaped uninjured,
+came and extricated him. The snow had to be cut with the axe down to
+his feet before he could be pulled out. Then he found that his
+travelling companion, M. Boissonnet, was dead, and that no trace of
+Bennen could be seen. His body, however, was afterwards recovered. The
+story is told in a letter from Mr. Gossett to Professor Tyndall.
+
+"Bennen's body," he writes, "was found with great difficulty the day
+after Boissonnet was found. The cord end had been covered up with
+snow. The Cure d'Ardon informed me that poor Bennen was found eight
+feet under the snow, in a horizontal position, the head facing the
+valley of the Luzerne. His watch had been wrenched from the chain,
+probably when the cord broke; the chain, however, remained attached to
+his waist-coat. This reminds me of your fall on the Morteratsch
+glacier."
+
+It may be said that the principal danger of climbing rock-mountains is
+the danger of falling off them. For the art consists largely in
+traversing the faces of precipices by means of narrow and imperfect
+ledges, which afford more facilities for falling off than will readily
+be believed by any one who has not tried to stand on them. The
+climbers, of course, are always securely roped together in such
+places, and the theory is that two of them shall always be so firmly
+anchored that they can instantly check any slip that the third may
+make. But that is not always feasible. It is not feasible, for
+instance, at the difficult corner on the Dent Blanche, where Mr.
+Gabbett and the two Lochmatters came to grief.
+
+As all three climbers were killed on that occasion, no details of the
+accident are known. But the elder Lochmatter was known to be an
+exceptionally heavy man, and the presumption is that it was he who
+fell, and dragged the rest of the party after him. How he came to fall
+may be understood from the following description of the "Mauvais Pas,"
+given by a traveller who traversed it a little afterwards:
+
+"Here," he writes, "we must get round past a perpendicular ledge by
+creeping out on an overhanging rock, and then turning sharp round,
+with head and arms on one side of the rock, while the legs are still
+on the other; then we must at once cling to a hardly visible fissure,
+and draw round the rest of the body, gently, cautiously, little by
+little, and hang there by the points of our fingers until our toes
+find their way to a second fissure lower down. I made this passage,"
+he adds, "like a bale of goods at the end of a rope, without being
+conscious of the danger, and I really do not know how I escaped in
+safety."
+
+The description gives some idea of what stiff rock-climbing is really
+like; and it should be remembered that in the Dolomites more awkward
+places even than the Lochmatters' corner have often to be passed, and
+that when, as often happens, the rocks are glazed with ice, the danger
+of climbing them is more than doubled.
+
+It is always assumed that the Dent Blanche is inaccessible in such a
+case. Yet the story is told of an inexperienced climber who managed to
+get to the summit in spite of the ice.
+
+He was on his first visit to Switzerland; and as soon as he got to
+Zermatt he engaged the best available guide.
+
+"What are considered the hardest mountains here?" he asked.
+
+The guide told him: "The Dent Blanche, the Weisshorn, and the Ober
+Gabelhorn."
+
+"Very well," said the novice; "we'll begin with the Dent Blanche."
+
+The guide protested. Did not his _Herr_ think it would be better to
+begin with something easier--with the Rothhorn, for instance, or the
+Strahlhorn, or the Unter Gabelhorn?
+
+"No," was the reply; "you've got to take me up the Dent Blanche. I've
+climbed in Wales, and I'll undertake to climb any rock you show me."
+
+So the guide yielded, and the two started, with a porter, and for a
+certain distance got on very well. But at last they came to a point
+where all the hand-holds within reach were frozen up; the nearest
+practicable hand-hold could only just be found by stretching out the
+ice-axe. The guide explained the situation, and insisted that they
+must turn back. But his employer had been roused to such a pitch of
+excitement that he would not hear of it.
+
+[Illustration: THE RHONE GLACIER.]
+
+"Look here," he said, "you're a bachelor; I'm a married man with a
+family. If I can afford to risk my life you can afford to risk yours.
+You've got to go on up this mountain. Otherwise I'll throw myself over
+the precipice, and as you're roped to me you'll have to come, too."
+
+The man was absolutely mad. There was no question that, in his
+excitement, he would do what he threatened if he were not obeyed. So
+the guide sullenly struck his ice-axe into the fissure, and climbed up
+it hand over hand, and took his lunatic up and down the Dent Blanche
+at a time when its ascent ought by all the laws of ice-craft to have
+been impossible.
+
+
+CROSSING GLACIERS.
+
+To turn from rock to snow climbing. Accidents are constantly happening
+on glaciers; yet the observance of the most elementary precautions
+ought to make such accidents absolutely impossible.
+
+An open glacier, of course, is safe enough under any circumstances.
+The one thing needful is to look where you are going and not try to
+make flying leaps across crevasses. But even when the crevasses are
+masked by snow all danger may still quite easily be obviated. The
+simple rule is that the party crossing the glacier should never
+consist of less than three, and that the three should be roped
+together in such a way that, if one falls into a crevasse, the other
+two can pull him out. And this, of course, involves the further rule
+that the rope must always be kept taut, so that a fall may be checked
+before it has gained an impetus which would make it difficult to
+resist.
+
+[Illustration: PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC.]
+
+By experience it is possible to recognize a crevasse, with tolerable
+accuracy, in spite of its snow covering; and by sounding with the
+ice-axe before treading on it, one ought to be able to tell whether
+the snow bridge will bear one's weight. But, now and again, it will
+happen that the most experienced man's judgment is at fault. Relying
+upon their instinctive perception of such things, the Swiss peasantry
+constantly traverse glaciers alone in mid-winter. But accidents are
+very frequent, and when guides, tourists, or porters have attempted
+the same thing, accidents have constantly befallen them as well. As an
+illustration may be quoted the case of a reporter, who foolishly
+ventured to return alone over the Loetschen pass. A snow bridge broke
+and he fell into a crevasse, where only his knapsack saved him from
+breaking his neck. He lay on his back, wedged into the ice in such a
+way that he could not move, and it was by the merest accident that he
+was discovered in time, and rescued by a party journeying in the same
+direction.
+
+So much, as Herodotus would say, for crevasses. Another serious Alpine
+danger is the danger of bad weather; and bad weather, as Leslie
+Stephen has pointed out, may make the Righi at one time as dangerous
+as the Matterhorn at another.
+
+To a certain extent, of course, bad weather can be foreseen; but
+meteorology is not yet an exact science, and even the acquired
+instinct of the guides is sometimes at fault, so that grave mistakes,
+often followed by fatal consequences, are made almost every year.
+
+
+DANGERS OF BAD WEATHER.
+
+Mont Blanc is probably the mountain in which bad weather makes the
+greatest difference. On a fine day, the ascent of it is scarcely more
+dangerous than the ascent of Primrose Hill; but in a storm you will
+lose your way, and wander round and round, until you sink down
+exhausted, and freeze to death.
+
+In September, 1870, a party of eleven persons, eight of whom were
+guides or porters, were lost in this way. When their bodies were
+recovered, a memorandum was found in the pocket of one of them, J.
+Beane, of the United States of America, finished apparently just
+before his death, and giving a brief summary of the circumstances of
+the calamity. This is how it read:
+
+"Tuesday, September 6.--I have made the ascent of Mont Blanc, with ten
+persons; eight guides, Mr. Corkendal and Mr. Randall. We arrived at
+the summit at 2.30 o'clock. Immediately after leaving it, I was
+enveloped in clouds of snow. We passed the night in a grotto excavated
+out of snow, affording very uncomfortable shelter, and I was ill all
+night.
+
+"September 7 (morning).--Intense cold; much snow falls uninterruptedly:
+guides restless.
+
+[Illustration: PYRAMIDS OF THE MORTERATSCH.]
+
+"September 7 (evening).--We have been on Mont Blanc for two days in a
+terrible snow-storm: we have lost our way and are in a hole scooped
+out of the snow, at a height of fifteen thousand feet. I have no hope
+of descending. Perhaps this book may be found and forwarded. (Here
+follow some instructions on his private affairs.) We have no food; my
+feet are already frozen and I am exhausted; I have only strength to
+write a few words. I die in the faith of Jesus Christ, with
+affectionate thoughts of my family. My remembrance to all. I trust we
+may meet in heaven."
+
+Says Leslie Stephen, commenting on the incident in the "Alpine
+Journal:"
+
+"The main facts are so simple that little explanation is needed. The
+one special danger of Mont Blanc is bad weather. The inexperienced
+travellers were probably ignorant of the fearful danger they were
+encountering, and had not the slightest conception of the risk to life
+and limb which accompanies even a successful ascent of the mountain
+under such circumstances. I once ascended Mont Blanc on a day so
+unusually fine that we could lie on the summit for an hour, light
+matches in the open air, and enjoy the temperature. Yet, in two or
+three hours before sunrise, the guide of another party which ascended
+the same day was so severely frost-bitten as to lose his toes. Such
+things may happen in the finest weather, when proper precautions are
+neglected; but in bad weather it is simple madness to proceed. Why,
+one cannot help asking, did not the guides oppose the wishes of their
+employers?"
+
+
+FALLING ICE.
+
+Among other dangers that the mountaineer has to reckon with are ice
+avalanches and cornices.
+
+A cornice is a mass of snow projecting over the edge of a precipice,
+and resting upon empty space. Occasionally it will bear the weight of
+one, or even several, men; but more often it gives way when trodden
+on, carrying a whole party to destruction. This was the case in the
+famous accident on the Lyskamm--a mountain where the cornices are
+particularly treacherous--when Messrs. William Arnold Lewis and Noel
+H. Paterson, with the guides Niklaus, Johann, and Peter Joseph Knubel,
+met their deaths in the year 1877. "The cornice," writes Mr. Hartley,
+who visited the scene of the accident immediately afterwards, "had
+broken away in two places, leaving some ten feet in the middle still
+adhering to the mountain. The length of the parts which broke away
+was, perhaps, forty feet on each side of the remaining portion. The
+distance of the fall we estimated at from twelve hundred to fifteen
+hundred feet. The bodies, from the nature of the injuries they had
+received, had evidently fallen upon their heads on the rocks, and
+then, in one great bound, had reached almost the spot where they were
+found."
+
+A typical instance of the ice-avalanche accident happened to, and has
+been recorded by, Mr. Whymper. Accompanied by A. W. Moore and the
+guides Croz and Almer, he was trying to discover a shorter route than
+those usually taken between Zinal and Zermatt. After spending the
+night in a _chalet_ on the Arpitetta Alp, they started, and struck
+directly up the centre of the Moming glacier. The route proved
+impracticable, and it became necessary to cut steps across an
+ice-slope immediately below the great pillars and buttresses of the
+ice-fall, which were liable to break away and descend upon them at any
+moment.
+
+"I am not ashamed to confess," wrote Mr. Moore in his journal, "that
+during the whole time we were crossing the slope my heart was in my
+mouth, and I never felt so relieved from such a load of care as when,
+after, I suppose, a passage of about twenty minutes, we got on to the
+rocks and were in safety. I have never heard a positive oath come from
+Almer's mouth, but the language in which he kept up a running
+commentary, more to himself than to me, as we went along, was stronger
+than I should have given him credit for using. His prominent feeling
+seemed to be one of indignation that we should be in such a position,
+and self-reproach at being a party to the proceeding; while the
+emphatic way in which, at intervals, he exclaimed, 'Quick; be quick,'
+sufficiently betokened his alarm."
+
+And now, let the rest of the story be told in Mr. Whymper's graphic
+words. Croz, it should be remembered, was leading, and had advised the
+perilous route.
+
+"It was not necessary," Mr. Whymper says, "to admonish Croz to be
+quick. He was fully as alive to the risk as any of the others. He told
+me afterwards that the place was not only the most dangerous he had
+ever crossed, but that no consideration whatever would tempt him to
+cross it again. Manfully did he exert himself to escape from the
+impending destruction. His head, bent down to his work, never turned
+to the right or to the left. One, two, three, went his axe, and then
+he stepped on to the spot where he had been cutting. How painfully
+insecure should we have considered those steps at any other time! But
+now we thought of nothing but the rocks in front, and of the hideous
+'_seracs_' lurching over above us, apparently in the very act of
+falling."
+
+[Illustration: PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC.]
+
+At last they reached the rocks in safety, and, says Mr. Whymper, "If
+they had been doubly as difficult as they were, we should still have
+been well content. We sat down and refreshed the inner man; keeping
+our eyes on the towering pinnacles of ice which we had passed, but
+which now were almost beneath us. Without a preliminary warning sound,
+one of the largest--as high as the Monument, at London Bridge--fell
+upon the slope below. The stately mass heeled over as if upon a hinge
+(holding together until it bent thirty degrees forward), then it
+crushed out its base, and, rent into a thousand fragments, plunged
+vertically down upon the slope that we had crossed. Every atom of our
+track that was in its course was obliterated; all the new snow was
+swept away, and a broad sheet of smooth, glassy ice showed the
+resistless force with which it had fallen."
+
+
+
+
+THE SMOKE.
+
+FROM "PAUL FABER, SURGEON."
+
+BY GEORGE MACDONALD.
+
+
+  Lord, I have laid my heart upon thy altar,
+    But cannot get the wood to burn:
+  It hardly flares ere it begins to falter,
+    And to the dark return.
+
+  Old sap, or night-fallen dew, has damped the fuel;
+    In vain my breath would flame provoke;
+  Yet see--at every poor attempt's renewal,
+    To thee ascends the smoke.
+
+  'Tis all I have--smoke, failure, foiled endeavor
+    Coldness and doubt and palsied lack:
+  Such as I have I send thee. Perfect Giver
+    Send thou thy lightning back.
+
+
+
+
+THE EARL OF DUNRAVEN.
+
+BY C. KINLOCH COOKE.
+
+
+Wyndham Thos. Wyndhamquin, fourth Earl of Dunraven and Mount Earl, was
+born fifty-two years ago. His father, who was a convert to Roman
+Catholicism, devoted much time to scientific pursuits, and wrote a
+book on Irish architecture, which is generally recognized as the
+standard work on the subject. His mother was a Protestant, and a
+daughter of Sergeant Goold, the eminent Dublin lawyer, who, although
+past forty when called to the bar, made both a name and a fortune for
+himself in his profession. His grandfather on the paternal side
+supported the Union, but Sergeant Goold, like so many of the leading
+men in Dublin at that time, more especially barristers, opposed it.
+Here, then, we have a very fair example of the fact that the prominent
+men in the counties desired to see the fusion of the two countries,
+while the chief representatives of the cities held the opposite
+opinion.
+
+[Illustration: LORD DUNRAVEN.]
+
+Viscount Adare, the title belonging to the eldest son in the Dunraven
+family, was educated privately, and although fond of athletics, had
+few opportunities of joining in cricket, football, rackets, and
+similar public-school games. At an early age he was sent abroad with a
+tutor, and while still in his teens had visited and explored many of
+the principal cities of Europe. In compliance with his father's wishes
+he stayed some time at Rome. But neither the influence of the priests
+nor the attractions of the Vatican were sufficient to induce him to
+become a Roman Catholic. Soon after he returned to England he went to
+Oxford and matriculated at Christ Church, where he spent the next
+three years of his life. At college, except holding a commission for a
+year in the 'Varsity volunteers, he did nothing to distinguish himself
+from the ordinary undergraduate, and, like many others of his set,
+came down without taking a degree. He then joined the First Life
+Guards, and spent much of his spare time steeplechasing. Pluck and
+nerve, combined with light weight, secured him many mounts from
+Captain Machell and others. He was christened "Fly" by his brother
+officers, a name by which he is still known among his most intimate
+friends.
+
+So energetic a nature soon tired of the London soldier's life, and
+when war broke out with Abyssinia he applied to the proprietors of the
+"Daily Telegraph" to be allowed to act as their special correspondent.
+His offer being accepted, he resigned his commission and started for
+North Africa. Colonel Phayre, who was Quartermaster-General, attached
+him to his staff, and so he obtained the earliest and most authentic
+information. Mr. H. M. Stanley, who was doing similar duty for the
+"New York Herald," shared a tent with the amateur journalist, and was
+much struck with the workmanlike character of the despatches which he
+sent off on every available opportunity. At the close of the campaign
+he returned to England and fell in love with Lord Charles Lennox Kerr's
+daughter, whom he shortly afterwards married. In 1869 he started with
+his wife for a tour in the United States, where he remained for some
+time and made many friends.
+
+In journalistic circles he was well received, and particularly so by
+the late Mr. Louis Jennings, then editor of the "New York Times," Mr.
+Hurlbert, who at that time had charge of the "New York World," and the
+late "Sam" Ward. At the outbreak of war between France and Germany he
+went to Berlin for the "Daily Telegraph," and followed the campaign
+right through. As a matter of course he carried his life in his hand,
+but though he had some narrow escapes he met with no accident, until
+just before the capitulation of Paris, when he broke his arm and was
+invalided home, with the result that he missed the days of the
+Commune.
+
+For twelve years or more he crossed the Atlantic annually and
+travelled in the States, Canada, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. He was
+the first private individual to investigate the Yellowstone region,
+and wrote a capital book on the expedition called "The Great Divide,"
+which met with a good reception both in America and England. He hunted
+and shot with Buffalo Bill and Texas Jack long before they ever went
+east of the Mississippi, and his name was well known among the
+Indians, who allowed him to travel about their territory without
+interruption. His articles in the "Nineteenth Century Review" on moose
+and caribou hunting, and his stories of animal life, drafted on the
+spot, were much appreciated in sporting circles. In Colorado he
+purchased a tract of land called Estes Park, which is about to be
+transferred to an English company. When the branch railway is made and
+the proposed irrigation works inaugurated, the estate should be a
+valuable property.
+
+[Illustration: LADY DUNRAVEN.]
+
+Lord Dunraven's yachting may be said to date from his college days,
+since he generally spent the long vacation with his friend Lord
+Romney, voyaging in a small sloop he purchased from a Cardiff pilot.
+In this craft, with a man and boy for a crew, he used to cruise in all
+sorts of weather round the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Very funny
+indeed are some of the yarns about the dangers and difficulties which
+the "Cripple"--as the yacht was named--and those on board met with
+from time to time. In this way he picked up some knowledge of
+navigation, learned how to manage a boat, and became well acquainted
+with the discomforts of seafaring life. From the days of the "Cripple"
+until 1887 Lord Dunraven took but little interest in yachting or yacht
+racing. But in August of that year he chanced to be at Cowes, and went
+for a sail in the "Irex." As usual with Mr. Jameson, the conversation
+turned on yacht building. In a very short time Lord Dunraven was
+persuaded to return to his old love, and before a month was over Mr.
+Richardson, of Liverpool, who designed the "Irex," had received
+instructions to build him a cutter. The result was the "Petronilla,"
+but, in spite of several alterations, the yacht was a failure,
+although she was steered by Gomes, who during the last two seasons has
+had charge of "Meteor" (_nee_ "Thistle") for the German Emperor.
+
+Disheartened, but not defeated, he gave a commission to Mr. Watson, of
+Glasgow, who designed the first "Valkyrie." She was a signal success,
+and was sailed by Thomas Diaper, better known as Tommy Dutch, and
+afterwards by William Cranfield, who had been so fortunate with the
+"Yarana," now the "Maid Marian," for Mr. Ralli. Like the present ship,
+she was built for the express purpose of racing for the America Cup.
+The challenge sent by the Royal Yacht Squadron was accepted by the New
+York Yacht Club. But as conditions, considered distasteful by the
+Squadron, were imposed as to the future holding of the cup, and the
+New York Yacht Club declined to yield in any way, the match was
+reluctantly abandoned. The following year the Watson cutter came out
+again and did as well as before. In the winter of 1891-92 Lord
+Dunraven took her to the Mediterranean, where, after winning every
+race she sailed in, she was sold to the Archduke Carl Stephan, and
+delivered at Pola.
+
+[Illustration: DUNRAVEN CASTLE.]
+
+The next order was given to Mr. Alfred Payne, of Southampton, who was
+bidden to design a yacht which should serve the twofold purpose of a
+fast cruiser and a reliable, seaworthy fishing boat. "L'Esperance" was
+built with that object in view, and fully realized the expectations of
+her owner, though, of course, she was not fast enough to hold her own
+with the first-class racers. During the two seasons the yacht was
+afloat she carried off several prizes in handicap matches.
+
+Last year Lord Dunraven determined to have a second try to bring off a
+race for the America Cup, and gave an order to Mr. Watson to build him
+another cutter. The success of the Clyde designer's last venture was
+probably the reason for calling the new vessel "Valkyrie." The Royal
+Yacht Squadron again challenged in Lord Dunraven's behalf, and the
+challenge was duly accepted. Fortunately, no difficulties arose on
+this occasion, and the 5th of October is fixed for the first match.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN WILLIAM CRANFIELD OF THE "VALKYRIE."]
+
+The new ship was built by Messrs. Henderson, of Glasgow, side by side
+with the "Britannia," the Prince of Wales's yacht. It is a mistake,
+however, to suppose, as some do, that the two vessels are copies, one
+of the other. The "Valkyrie" was designed first, and her building
+begun, before Mr. Watson considered with Mr. Jameson the lines of the
+"Britannia." "Valkyrie's" registered tonnage is 106.55, and her length
+on the load water line 86.82 feet, which is 1.82 feet above the length
+of the load water line given in the challenge, but doubtless she will
+be altered to meet the conditions governing the race. Her length from
+the fore part of stem under the bowsprit to the aft side of the head
+of the stern-post is 97.75 feet, and her length over all 116.25. Her
+racing rating is 148, and her sail area 10,200 square feet, being
+3,500 square feet more than the first "Valkyrie." She carries a crew
+of thirty hands all told, and her cabins are prettily fitted up in
+cedar and cretonne.
+
+[Illustration: G. T. WATSON, DESIGNER OF THE "VALKYRIE."]
+
+The second "Valkyrie" has been tried in all weathers and in various
+waters with the "Britannia," the "Satanita," the "Calluna," and the
+"Iverna." Therefore her capabilities against British yachts of her own
+class are pretty well known. Up to the time of writing, namely, the
+eve of the Royal Yacht Squadron regatta at Cowes--the regatta in which
+the schooner yacht "America" won the cup which Lord Dunraven hopes to
+bring back to England--the "Valkyrie" has sailed in twenty matches and
+won fourteen flags, eleven first and three second, representing a
+total value of L930. Her first match was in the Thames on May 25, when
+she had bad luck and only came in third, "Britannia" being first and
+"Iverna" second. In the middle of the race she broke her bowsprit off
+short in the stem, and in a few minutes was, for all sailing purposes,
+practically a wreck. In the second Royal Thames match it was doubtful
+whether "Britannia" or "Valkyrie" won. The Prince of Wales's yacht was
+first in, but according to some watches she only won by seven seconds,
+whereas the official timekeeper made it seventeen seconds, thus
+covering "Valkyrie's" time allowance. In the Royal Cinque Ports
+regatta several vessels collided, with the result that the "Britannia"
+did not race at all, and Lord Dunraven's yacht was detained at the
+start twelve and a half minutes, and so was not placed. During the
+Royal Ulster match one of "Valkyrie's" men fell overboard, and the
+time lost in picking up the man could not be recovered. It is,
+however, but fair to say that when "Valkyrie" won the second Royal
+Western match, "Britannia" came to grief, while in the second race on
+the Clyde the prince's yacht was disqualified.
+
+[Illustration: THE "VALKYRIE."]
+
+It now remains to see how she acquits herself in contest with the
+American vessels which have been built to meet her. The long notice
+required gives a distinct advantage to the other side; although only
+one boat can sail against the challenger, there is nothing to prevent
+any number of boats being designed by the party challenged. The
+Americans have built four cutters to select from, hence the chances
+against the "Valkyrie" may be roughly calculated at four to one.
+
+There is no doubt that Lord Dunraven's ship is a great improvement on
+anything hitherto built in England, and, given her time allowance, is
+the fastest vessel afloat on British waters. She has gone much better
+since she had her top-mast clipped and topsails cut. Her strong point
+is going to windward, and her best chance is in light weather. She
+leaves England on or about August 20, in charge of William Cranfield,
+than whom it would be difficult to find a more experienced skipper on
+either side of the Atlantic. He has sailed her all through her trial
+matches and will steer her in the races for the cup.
+
+But it must not be supposed that Lord Dunraven is always racing in
+large yachts. On the contrary, he is perhaps even more interested
+in small boat sailing, and has, since 1889, built four "fives," all
+of which have given a very good account of themselves. This year he
+brought out a twenty-rater, but so far she has not proved a
+success, and has succumbed to "Dragon" on almost every occasion. He
+is commodore of the Castle Yacht Club, a sporting little racing
+club on the South Coast, where races take place every Saturday and
+often twice a week. The commodore generally enters his boat for
+these matches, and always steers himself. Besides belonging to the
+Royal Yacht Squadron and the Castle Yacht Club, Lord Dunraven is a
+member of the Austrian Imperial Yacht Squadron; the Royal Cork,
+London, Southern, Southampton, Clyde, Western, and Victoria; the
+New Thames, Bristol Channel, Portsmouth, Corinthian and many other
+yachting clubs.
+
+The same year that he returned to yachting he took up racing again,
+and started a stable in partnership with Lord Randolph Churchill,
+having Mr. R. W. Sherwood as trainer, and "Morny" Cannon and Woodburn
+as jockeys. On the whole his horses have been fairly successful.
+L'Abbesse de Jouarre won the Oaks in 1889, and Inverness has secured
+some good stakes. Strange to say, on the day the mare won at Epsom,
+Lord Randolph was in Norway, and Lord Dunraven was sailing in his
+five-rater at Calshot Castle. Under these circumstances it is quite
+permissible to draw the conclusion that he prefers yachting to horse
+racing. After four years of partnership racing, Lord Dunraven bought
+Lord Randolph's share of the stud and now races entirely on his own
+account. He is a good fisherman, and as equally at home with his
+salmon rod as with a deep-sea line. He knows nearly every fishing
+ground round the coast, and, after the regattas are over, generally
+goes trawling. His favorite places are off Plymouth, the Scilly and
+the Channel Islands. Both with rifle and gun he is a first-rate shot,
+and although he always shoots in spectacles, seldom misses his game.
+
+[Illustration: THE KENRY GATEWAY.]
+
+Lord Dunraven took his seat in the House of Lords as a supporter
+of Mr. Gladstone, who subsequently offered him a minor post in the
+government. But at that time the young traveler took but little
+part in politics, and so declined the flattering invitation. His
+real entry into public life, and, in fact, the foundation of his
+subsequent career as a politician, are due to an article which he
+wrote in the "New York World" on Mr. Gladstone's famous attack on
+Lord Beaconsfield. The article obtained much attention at the
+time, and attracted the notice of the Conservative chief, who was
+much struck at the clever criticism of the young Liberal peer. An
+acquaintance sprang up between Lord Beaconsfield and the writer,
+which later on ripened into friendship, and probably had something
+to do with Lord Dunraven joining the Conservative party.
+
+His early speeches were chiefly on foreign policy, and the intimate
+knowledge he showed respecting treaties of all kinds was an additional
+link between him and the leader of his new party. His favorite theme
+was Egypt, and he rarely missed an opportunity of condemning Mr.
+Gladstone's policy in respect to that country. Later on he interested
+himself more especially in colonial affairs. Here his personal
+acquaintance with the North American colonies stood him in good stead,
+and gained him the ear of the House of Lords. Thus it was scarcely
+surprising that when Lord Salisbury came into office he chose him as
+Under Secretary of State for the colonies, a post he again filled on
+the return of the Conservatives to power in 1886.
+
+Soon after he had taken office the second time, the Newfoundland
+Government passed an act prohibiting the French fishermen from
+purchasing bait in the colony. This act the imperial government at
+first declined to ratify. Lord Dunraven sided with the local
+legislators, on the ground that Newfoundland was a self-governing
+colony. He pressed this view of the case at Downing Street, and, as
+the government declined to yield, resigned his Under Secretaryship.
+Some say he resigned merely to support his friend, Lord Randolph
+Churchill, who had just given up the post of Chancellor of the
+Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons, but, although the two
+resignations may have had some connection, the immediate cause of Lord
+Dunraven's leaving the Colonial Office was as I have stated. Being out
+of office and out of favor with his chief, Lord Dunraven turned his
+attention to social questions, and, when Mr. Burnett's report on the
+Sweating System at the East End of London was presented to Parliament,
+he moved the House of Lords for a select committee to inquire into the
+subject. The request was granted, and he was appointed chairman. For
+more than two years the committee sat, and during all that time Lord
+Dunraven worked most energetically, examining and cross-examining the
+various witnesses sent up from all parts of the United Kingdom, for he
+was not long in discovering that the system was practised quite as
+much in the provincial cities as in the East End of London, and
+quickly took steps to have the reference extended. With much care he
+drafted an exhaustive report, giving, as the chief causes of the
+existence of sweating, unrestricted foreign immigration and
+over-competition. Lord Derby and Lord Thring declined to accept this
+view, and Lord Dunraven, finding himself in a minority, retired from
+the chairmanship. Subsequent events have shown that Lord Dunraven was
+not so far out in his diagnosis as his colleagues supposed. The evil
+effects of foreign immigration upon the unskilled labor market so
+impressed him that, on his own initiative and at his own expense, he
+formed a society for the express purpose of making these effects known
+to the public, and of forcing them upon the attention of Parliament.
+
+[Illustration: ADARE MANOR HOUSE.]
+
+The working-man may have good reason to thank Lord Dunraven, but it
+is doubtful whether the capitalist will regard his efforts in the same
+light. The Sweating Committee brought Mr. Alderman Ben Tillett to the
+front, and Mr. Alderman Ben Tillett, in conjunction with Mr. John
+Burns, M.P., were the promoters of the dock strike. The dock strike
+started "new unionism," and new unionism gave an impetus to the
+eight-hour-day movement. Lord Dunraven and Lord Randolph Churchill
+were the first prominent politicians to openly advocate an eight-hour
+day for miners, and Lord Dunraven's speech on the eight-hours' case
+generally, before the members of the Chamber of Commerce at Liverpool,
+attracted much comment at the time. The Factories and Workshops act
+was really an extension of the very able bill which Lord Dunraven
+introduced into the House of Lords, in order to carry into force
+certain amendments in the law which he had suggested in his draft on
+the sweating inquiry. Together with Lord Sandhurst, the present Under
+Secretary for War, he championed the cause of the laundresses. Indeed,
+there is scarcely a question affecting the interests of the working
+classes in which he has not taken an active part, and when a separate
+state department for labor is established, as it must be eventually,
+Lord Dunraven, supposing the Conservatives to be in power, will
+probably be invited to act as its first minister.
+
+There is scarcely a subject on which he is not well informed. His
+difficulty seems to be in making a choice. In matters of sport he has
+thrown his heart and soul into yachting, and, as a consequence, on
+that subject he is naturally considered the first authority. What he
+has done in yachting he must do in politics, if he is ever to reach
+the position to which his abilities entitle him.
+
+[Illustration: ADARE GALLERY.]
+
+The rough-and-tumble work of the House of Commons would have been a
+far better school for him than the Upper House of Parliament, and had
+he not been a peer he would probably by this time have reached a far
+higher rung on the political ladder than he has done. Although
+nervous, he is a good speaker, and never misses his points. He seldom
+addresses the House without a thorough knowledge of his subject, and
+as a consequence is generally listened to and considered. Naturally
+quick, he soon masters his facts. He has great power of concentration,
+but, like most Irishmen, lacks application. Unlike his race, however,
+he is not impulsive, and seldom speaks without thinking. He has more
+the memory of a barrister than that of a permanent official, and
+should he forget the details, always remembers the line of argument.
+With a little more patience he would make a good judge, as he knows
+well how to sift evidence, and is just in dealing with the opinions of
+others. Thorough himself, he expects thoroughness in those about him.
+Cant and hypocrisy he will have none of. Nor does he believe in
+employing second-rate intellect. The best man and the best price is
+Lord Dunraven's motto. There is no niggardliness about him, yet at
+the same time he intends to get his money's worth. Mistakes are not
+overlooked, but forgiven. As a result he is much liked by all who have
+any dealings with him.
+
+The principal family estates are in Ireland and Wales. Adare Manor,
+the Irish home where the present peer was born, is situated in one of
+the prettiest parts of County Limerick. The house, which had fallen
+into decay during the last century, was entirely rebuilt by Lord
+Dunraven's grandfather. It is of gray stone and in the style of the
+Tudor period. The most imposing apartment is the gallery, which is
+panelled in old oak and has a beautifully carved ceiling. This room is
+approached from the hall by means of a stone stair-case let into the
+wall, and is entered through richly carved double doors brought from
+an old church at Antwerp. It is one hundred and thirty-two feet long
+and twenty-one feet wide. Along the sides hang the family pictures,
+and a few choice paintings by old masters. The hall is lofty, and
+lighted by colored windows, which, together with the organ, hidden
+away in a recess, gives the place more the appearance of a cathedral
+than the entrance to a private house. The river Maigne flows past the
+manor on the south side, and, when at home, the subject of our sketch
+may often be seen fishing for a salmon or shooting a weir in his
+canoe, after the manner of Canadian log men down the rapids. Not far
+from the manor house, on the banks of the river, are the ruins of a
+Franciscan abbey, built in 1464 for the Observant Brothers by a former
+Earl of Kildare, while adjoining lie the ruins of Desmond Castle, so
+celebrated in Irish history.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF DESMOND CASTLE.]
+
+Lord Dunraven is much attached to Ireland and the Irish. He devotes
+large sums of money annually towards improving and keeping up Adare,
+and spends all the income derived from the estate in giving employment
+to the people of the district. This fact alone, seeing that he has
+only a life interest in the place, shows his large-mindedness. His
+property is probably the only one in the south of Ireland on which no
+outrage has ever been committed, and it speaks well for his popularity
+that when he came amongst his own tenants a few months ago to deliver
+a speech against Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule bill, not only was he
+listened to, but, for the time, received the support of many Home
+Rulers in the district. At Adare, Lord Dunraven entertained Lord
+Spencer and the vice-regal court in state, and subsequently received
+Lord Londonderry and Lord Houghton.
+
+Dunraven Castle, in Glamorganshire, is built on the edge of a cliff,
+and overlooks the Bristol Channel. The coast is very dangerous, and
+many a ship has struck and gone to pieces on the treacherous rocks in
+sight of the castle. There is no safe anchorage anywhere near, so Lord
+Dunraven is in the peculiar position of having a home by the sea, but
+is unable to approach it in his yacht. Lately the castle has been
+enlarged, and a new wing and courtyard added. During the last few
+years, owing probably to the unsettled state of Ireland, Lord and Lady
+Dunraven have done most of their entertaining here. Not long ago the
+Duke and Duchess of Teck and the Princess May (Duchess of York) made a
+long stay at the castle. The gardens are well kept, but the want of
+shelter prevents the shrubs and coverts from growing, and gives the
+more exposed part of the estate rather a barren appearance. The
+shooting is fairly good, and the park well stocked with deer.
+
+Kenry House, in the vale of Putney, was until recently used as the
+town residence, but when Lord Dunraven's daughters grew up it was
+necessary to take a house in London. Still Kenry is a favorite
+Saturday to Monday resort of Lord Dunraven during the parliamentary
+session.
+
+Few men in like position have led so varied a life as the owner of
+"Valkyrie," and as a consequence he has come into contact with most
+men and women worth knowing. In social circles he is very popular, and
+no smart entertainment is complete without him. In clubland he is
+always welcome, and is as equally at home at the Beefsteak or the
+Savage as at the Marlborough or the Turf. While Parliament is sitting
+he is often found at the Carlton, discussing with his party the latest
+move on the political chess-board, or talking science and literature
+with his friends at the Athenaeum. His energy is boundless. He will
+work all the morning, legislate in the afternoon, dine out, and then
+spend the evening in amusement. Travelling to him is nothing. He never
+tires. He is an early riser, and no matter what time he goes to bed is
+always up and attending to his correspondence at the usual hour the
+next morning. In this way he gets through a great amount of work, and
+is able to find time for the same amount of pleasure. He is very
+generous, and as a result is often imposed upon. Not only is he called
+upon to give money toward the charities in his own neighborhoods, but
+people write to him from all parts of the United Kingdom to help them
+in their distress. Often he yields, and many a home has been made
+happy by a gift of money or money's worth. Scarcely a church or chapel
+on his Welsh estate is self-supporting. All expect, and many get,
+grants from Lord Dunraven. In Ireland, too, he is equally liberal; and
+Father Flanagan, the priest at Adare, could tell many a tale of want
+relieved and assistance given to the Catholics on the estate.
+
+LONDON, ENGLAND.
+
+
+
+
+AT A DANCE.
+
+
+  My queen is tired and craves surcease
+    Of twanging string and clamorous brass;
+  I lean against the mantelpiece,
+    And watch her in the glass.
+
+  One whom I see not where I stand
+    Fans her, and talks in whispers low;
+  Her loose locks flutter as his hand
+    Moves lightly to and fro.
+
+  He begs a flower; her finger tips
+    Stray round a rose half veiled in lace;
+  She grants the boon with smiling lips,
+    Her clear eyes read his face.
+
+  I cannot look--my sight grows dim--
+    While Fate allots, unequally,
+  The living woman's self to him,
+    The mirrored form to me.
+
+
+
+
+DULCES AMARYLLIDIS IRAE.
+
+
+  I told my love a truth she liked not well;
+    She spoke no word. I raised my eyes to watch
+  Her cheek's red flush, her bosom's angry swell;
+   She rose to go; her hand was on the latch;
+  When some swift thought--of my fond love, maybe,
+    Or ill-requited patience--bowed her head:
+  She faltered, paused with foot half raised to flee,
+    Then turned, and stole into my arms instead.
+
+  _Reproduced, by special arrangement, from_ "Under the Hawthorn,
+  and Other Verse," by Augusta de Gruchy.
+
+  London: Edwin Matthews and John Lane, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+A SPLENDID TIME--AHEAD.
+
+BY WALTER BESANT.
+
+
+I.
+
+It was Sunday evening in July--an evening aglow with warmth and
+splendor; an evening when even the streets of London were glorious
+with the light of the splendid west; an evening when, if you are young
+(as I sincerely hope you are), only to wander hand-in-hand over the
+grass and under the trees with your sweetheart should be happiness
+enough. One ought to be ashamed to ask for more. Nay, a great many do
+not ask for more.
+
+They are engaged. Some time, but not just yet, they will marry. They
+work separately all the week, but on the Sunday they are free to go
+about together. Of all the days that make the week they dearly love
+but one day--namely the day that lies between the Saturday and Monday.
+Now that the voice of the Sabbatarian has sunk to a whisper or a
+whine; now that we have learned to recognize the beauty, the priceless
+boon, the true holiness of the Sunday, which not only rests body and
+brain, but may be so used as to fill the mind with memories of lovely
+scenes, of sweet and confidential talk, of love-making and of
+happiness, we ought to determine that of all the things which make up
+the British liberties, there is nothing for which the working man
+should more fiercely fight or more jealously watch than the full
+freedom of his Sunday--freedom uncontrolled to wander where he will,
+to make his recreation as he chooses.
+
+If the church doors are open wide, let the doors of the public
+galleries and the museums and the libraries be opened wide as well.
+Let him, if he choose, step from church to library. But if he is wise,
+when the grass is long and the bramble is in blossom, and the foliage
+is thick and heavy on the elms, he will, after dinner, repair to the
+country, if it is only to breathe the air of the fields, and lie on
+his back watching the slow westering of the sun and listening to the
+note of the blackbird in the wood.
+
+Two by two they stroll or sit about Hempstead Heath on such an
+evening. If you were to listen (a pleasant thing to do, but wrong) to
+the talk of these couples you would find that they are mostly silent,
+except that they only occasionally exchange a word or two. Why should
+they talk? They know each other's cares and prospects; they know the
+burden that each has to bear--the evil temper of the boss, the
+uncertainties of employment, the difficulties in the way of an
+improved screw, and the family troubles--there are always family
+troubles, due to some inconsiderate member or other. I declare that we
+have been teaching morality and the proper conduct of life on quite a
+wrong principle--namely, the selfish principle.
+
+We say, "Be good, my child, and you will go to heaven." The
+proposition is no doubt perfectly true. But it proposes a selfish
+motive for action. I would rather say to that child, "Be good, my
+dear, or else you will become an intolerable nuisance to other
+people." Now, no child likes to consider himself an intolerable
+nuisance.
+
+These lovers, therefore, wander about the Heath, sometimes up to their
+knees in bracken, sometimes sitting under the trees, not talking much,
+but, as the old phrase has it, "enjoying themselves" very much indeed.
+At the end of the Spaniards' Road--that high causeway whence one can
+see, in clear weather, the steeple of Harrow Church on one side and
+the dome of St. Paul's on the other--there is a famous clump of firs,
+which have been represented by painters over and over again. Benches
+have been placed under these trees, where one can sit and have a very
+fine view indeed, with the Hendon Lake in the middle distance, and a
+range of hills beyond, and fields and rills between.
+
+On one of these benches were sitting this evening two--Adam and Eve,
+boy and girl--newly entered into paradise. Others were sitting there
+as well--an ancient gentleman whose thoughts were seventy years back,
+a working man with a child of three on his knee, and beside him his
+wife, carrying the baby. But these lovers paid no heed to their
+neighbors. They sat at the end of the bench. The boy was holding the
+girl's hand, and he was talking eagerly.
+
+"Lily," he said, "you must come some evening to our debating society
+when we begin again and hear me speak. No one speaks better. That is
+acknowledged. There is to be a debate on the House of Lords in
+October. I mean to come out grand. When I'm done there will be mighty
+little left of the Lords." He was a handsome lad, tall and well set
+up, straight featured and bright eyed. The girl looked at him proudly.
+He was her own lad--this handsome chap. Not that she was bad-looking
+either. Many an honest fellow has to put up with a girl not nearly so
+good-looking, if you were to compare.
+
+He was a clerk in the city. She was in the post-office. He attended at
+his office daily from half-past nine to six, doing such work as was
+set before him for the salary of a pound a week. She stood all day
+long at the counter, serving out postal orders, selling stamps,
+weighing letters, and receiving telegrams. When I add that she was
+civil to everybody you will understand that she was quite a superior
+clerk--one of the queen's lucky bargains. It is not delicate to talk
+about a young lady's salary, therefore I shall not say for how much
+she gave her services to the British Empire.
+
+He was a clever boy, who read and thought. That is to say, he thought
+that he thought--which is more than most do. As he took his facts from
+the newspapers, and nothing else, and as he was profoundly ignorant
+of English history, English law, the British Constitution, the duties
+of a citizen, and the British Empire generally, his opinions, after he
+had done thinking, were not of so much value to the country, it is
+believed. But still a clever fellow, and able to spout in a frothy way
+which carried his hearers along, if it never convinced or defeated an
+opponent.
+
+To this kind of clever boy there are always two or three dangers. One
+is that he should be led on to think more and more of froth and less
+of fact; another, that he should grow conceited over his eloquence and
+neglect his business. A third temptation which peculiarly besets this
+kind is that he should take to drink. Oratory is thirsty work, and
+places where young men orate are often in immediate proximity to bars.
+As yet, however, Charley was only twenty. He was still at the first
+stage of everything--oratory, business, and love; and he was still at
+the stage when everything appears possible--the total abolition of
+injustice, privilege, class, capital, power, oppression, greed,
+sweating, poverty, suffering--by the simple process of tinkering the
+constitution.
+
+"Oh," he cried, "we shall have the most glorious, the most splendid
+time, Lily! The power of the people is only just beginning; it hasn't
+begun yet. We shall see the most magnificent things...." He enumerated
+them as above indicated. Well, it is very good that young men should
+have such dreams and see such visions. I never heard of any girl being
+thus carried out of herself. The thing belongs exclusively to male man
+in youth, and it is very good for him. When he is older he will
+understand that over and above the law and the constitution there is
+something else more important still--namely, that every individual man
+should be honest, temperate, and industrious. In brief, he will
+understand the force of the admonition: "Be good, my child, or else
+you will become an intolerable nuisance to everybody."
+
+The sun sank behind Harrow-on-the-Hill. The red light of the west
+flamed in the boy's bright eyes. Presently the girl rose.
+
+"Yes, Charley," she said, less sympathetic than might have been
+expected; "yes, and it will be a very fine time, if it comes. But I
+don't know. People will always want to get rich, won't they? I think
+this beautiful time will have to come after us. Perhaps we had better
+be looking after our own nest first."
+
+"Oh, it will come--it will come!"
+
+"I like to hear you talk about it, Charley. But if we are ever to
+marry--if I am to give up the post-office, you must make a bigger
+screw. Remember what you promised. The shorthand and the French class.
+Put them before your speechifying."
+
+"All right, Lily dear, and then we will get married, and we will have
+the most splendid time. Oh, there's the most splendid time for
+us--ahead!"
+
+
+II.
+
+It is six months later and mid-winter, and the time is again the
+evening. The day has been gloomy, with a fog heavy enough to cause the
+offices to be lit with gas, so that the eyes of all London are red and
+the heads of all London are heavy.
+
+Lily stepped outside the post-office, work done. She was going home.
+
+At the door stood her sweetheart, waiting for her. She tossed her head
+and made as if she would pass him without speaking. But he stepped
+after and walked beside her.
+
+"No, Lily," he said, "I will speak to you; even if you don't answer my
+letters you shall hear me speak."
+
+"You have disgraced yourself," she said.
+
+"Yes, I know. But you will forgive me. It is the first time. I swear
+it is the first time."
+
+Well, it was truly the first time that she had seen him in such a
+state.
+
+"Oh, to be a drunkard!" she replied. "Oh, could I ever believe that I
+should see you rolling about the street?"
+
+"It was the first time, Lily, and it shall be the last. Forgive me
+and take me on again. If you give me up I shall go to the devil!"
+
+"Charley"--her voice broke into a sob--"you have made me miserable--I
+was so proud of you. No other girl, I thought, had such a clever
+sweetheart; and last Tuesday--oh! it's dreadful to think of."
+
+"Yes, Lily, I know. There's only one excuse. I spoke for more than an
+hour, and I was exhausted. So what I took went to my head. Another
+time I should not have felt it a bit. And when I found myself
+staggering I was going home as fast as possible, and as bad luck would
+have it, I must needs meet you."
+
+"Good luck, I call it. Else I might never have found it out till too
+late."
+
+"Lily, make it up. Give me another chance. I'll swear off. I'll take
+the pledge."
+
+He caught her hand and held it.
+
+"Oh, Charley," she said, "if I can only trust you."
+
+"You can, you must, Lily. For your sake I will take the pledge. I will
+do whatever you ask me to do."
+
+She gave way, but not without conditions.
+
+"Well," she said, "I will try to think no more about it. But, Charley,
+remember, I could never, never, never marry a man who drinks."
+
+"You never shall, dear," he replied, earnestly.
+
+"And then, another thing, Charley. This speaking work--oh! I know it
+is clever and that--but it doesn't help us forward. How long is it
+since you determined to learn shorthand, because it would advance you
+so much? And French, because a clerk who can write French is worth
+double? Where are your fine resolutions?"
+
+"I will begin again--I will practise hard; see now, Lily, I will do
+all you want. I will promise anything to please you--and do it, too.
+See if I won't. Only not quite to give up the speaking. Think how
+people are beginning to look up to me. Why, when we get a reformed
+House, and the members are paid, they will send me to Parliament--me!
+I shall be a member for Camden Town. Then I shall be made Home
+Secretary, or Attorney General, or something. You will be proud, Lily,
+of your husband when he is a distinguished man. There's a splendid
+time for us--ahead!"
+
+"Yes, dear. But first you know you have got to get a salary that we
+can live on."
+
+He left her at her door with a kiss and a laugh, and turned to go
+home. In the next street he passed a public-house. He stopped, he
+hesitated, he felt in his pocket, he went in and had a go, just a
+single go--Lily would never find out--of Scotch, cold. Then he went
+home and played at practising shorthand for an hour. He had promised
+his Lily. She should see how well he could keep his promise.
+
+
+III.
+
+"It is good of you to come, my dear. Of course, I understand that it
+is all over now. It must be. It is not in nature that you should keep
+him on any longer. But I thought you would see my poor boy once
+more."
+
+It was Charley's mother who spoke. He was the only son of a widow.
+
+"Oh, yes, I came--I came," Lily replied, tearfully. "But what is the
+good? He will promise everything again. How many times has he repented
+and promised--and promised?"
+
+"My poor boy! And we were so proud of him, weren't we, dear?" said the
+mother, wiping away a tear. "He was going to do such great things with
+his cleverness and his speaking. And now--I have seen it coming on, my
+dear, for a year and more, but I durstn't speak to you. When he came
+home night after night with a glassy eye and a husky voice, when he
+reeled across the room, at first I pretended not to notice it. A man
+mustn't be nagged or shamed, must he? Then I spoke in the morning, and
+he promised to pull himself up."
+
+"He will promise--ah! yes--he will promise."
+
+"If you could only forgive him he might keep his promise."
+
+Lily shook her head doubtfully.
+
+"I went to the office this morning, my dear. They have been expecting
+it for weeks. The head clerk warned him. It was known that he had
+fallen into bad company--in the city they don't like spouters. And
+when he came back after his dinner he was so tipsy that he fell along.
+They just turned him out on the spot."
+
+"Mother," said Lily, "it's like this. I can't help forgiving him. We
+two must forgive him, whatever he does. We love him, you see, that's
+what it is."
+
+"Yes, dear, yes."
+
+"It isn't the poor, tipsy boy we love, but the real boy--the clever
+boy behind. We must forgive him. But"--her lips quivered--"I cannot
+marry him. Do not ask me to do that unless--what will never happen--he
+reforms altogether."
+
+"If you would, dear, I think he might keep straight. If you were
+always with him to watch him."
+
+"I could not be always with him. And besides, mother, think what
+might happen as well. Would you have me bring into the world children
+whose lives would make me wretched by a drunken father? And how should
+we live? Because, you see, if I marry I must give up my place."
+
+The mother sighed. "Charley is in his own room," she said, "I will
+send him to you."
+
+Lily sat down and buried her face in her hands. Alas! to this had her
+engagement come. But she loved him. When he came into the room and
+stood before her and she looked up, seeing him shamefaced and with
+hanging head, she was filled with pity as well as love--pity and
+shame, and sorrow for the boy. She took his hand and pressed it
+between her own and burst into tears. "Oh, Charley, Charley!" she
+cried.
+
+"I am a brute and a wretch," he said. "I don't deserve anything. But
+don't throw me over--don't, Lily!"
+
+He fell on his knees before her, crying like a little school-boy. A
+tendency to weep readily sometimes accompanies the consumption of
+strong drink.
+
+Then he made confession, such confession as one makes who puts things
+as prettily as their ugliness allows. He had given way once or twice;
+he had never intended to get drunk; he had been overtaken yesterday.
+The day was close, he had a headache in the morning. To cure his
+headache he took a single glass of beer. When he went back to the
+office he felt giddy. They said he was drunk. They bundled him out on
+the spot without even the opportunity of explaining.
+
+Lily sighed. What could she say or answer? The weakness of the man's
+nature only came out the more clearly by his confession. What could
+she say? To reason with him was useless. To make him promise was
+useless.
+
+"Charley," she said at length, "if my forgiveness will do any good
+take it and welcome. But we cannot undo the past. You have lost your
+place and your character. As for the future----"
+
+"You have forgiven me, Lily," he said; "oh, I can face the future. I
+can get another place easily. I shall very soon retrieve my character.
+Why, all they can say is that I seemed to have taken too much.
+Nothing--that is nothing!"
+
+"What will you do? Have you got any money?"
+
+"No. I must go and look for another place. Until I get one I suppose
+there will be short commons. I deserve it, Lily. You shall not hear me
+grumble."
+
+She took out her purse. "I can spare two pounds," she said. "Take the
+money, Charley. Nay--you must--you shall. You must not go about
+looking half starved."
+
+He hesitated and changed color, but he took the money.
+
+Half an hour later he was laughing, as they all three sat at their
+simple supper, as light-hearted as if there had never been such a
+scene. When a man is forgiven he may as well behave accordingly. Only,
+when he lifted his glass of water to his lips he gasped--it was a
+craving for something stronger than water which tightened his throat
+like hydrophobia. But it passed; he drank the water and set down the
+glass with a nod.
+
+"Good water, that," he said. "Nothing like water. Mean to stick to
+water in future--water and tea. Lily, I've made up my mind. For the
+next six months I shall give up speaking, though it's against my
+interests. Shorthand and French in the evening. By that time I shall
+get a post worth a hundred--ay, a hundred and twenty--pounds a year,
+if I'm lucky, and we'll get married and all live together and be as
+happy as the day is long. You shall never repent your wedding-day, my
+dear. I shall keep you like a lady. Oh, we will have a splendid
+time."
+
+At ten o'clock Lily rose to go home. He sprang to his feet and took
+his hat and went.
+
+"No, no," he said. "Let you go alone? Not if I know it."
+
+She laid her hand on his arm once more, and tried to believe that his
+promise would be kept this time. He led her home, head in air, gallant
+and brave. At the door he kissed her. "Good-night, my dear," he said.
+"You know you can trust me. Haven't I promised?"
+
+On the way home he passed a public-house. The craving came back to
+him, and the tightness of his throat and the yearning of his heart;
+his footsteps were drawn and dragged toward the door.
+
+At eleven o'clock his mother, who was waiting up for him, heard him
+bumping and tumbling about the stairs on his way up. He came in--his
+eyes fishy, his voice thick. "Saw her home," he said. "Good girl,
+Lily. Made--(hic)--faithful promise--we are going to have--splendid
+time!"
+
+
+IV.
+
+The two women stood outside the prison doors. At eight o'clock their
+man would be released; the son of one, the lover of the other. The
+elder woman looked frail and bowed, her face was full of trouble--the
+kind of trouble that nothing can remove. The younger woman stood
+beside her on the pavement; she was thinner, and her cheeks were pale;
+in her eyes, too, you could read abiding trouble.
+
+"We will take him home between us," said the girl. "Not a word of
+reproach. He has sinned and suffered. We must forgive. Oh, we cannot
+choose but forgive!"
+
+Alas! the noble boy--the clever boy she loved--was further off than
+ever. He who loses a place and his character with it never gets
+another berth. This is a rule in the city. We talk of retrieving
+character and getting back to work. Neither the one nor the other
+event ever comes off. The wretch who is in this hapless plight begins
+the weary search for employment in hope. How it ends varies with his
+temperament or with the position of his friends. All day long he
+climbs stairs, puts his head into offices, and asks if a clerk is
+wanted.
+
+No clerk is wanted. Then he comes down the stairs and climbs others,
+and asks the same question and gets the same reply. If ever a clerk is
+wanted a character is wanted with him; and when the character includes
+the qualification of drink, as well as of zeal and ability, the owner
+is told that he may move on.
+
+I am told there is a never-ending procession of clerks out of work up
+and down the London stairs. What becomes of them is never known. It
+is, however, rumored that short commons, long tramps, and hope
+deferred bring most of them to the hospitals, where it is tenderly
+called pneumonia.
+
+Charley began his tramp. After a little--a very little while--his
+money, the money that Lily lent him, was all gone. He was ashamed to
+borrow more, because he would have to confess how that money was
+chiefly spent.
+
+Then he pawned his watch.
+
+Then he borrowed another pound of Lily.
+
+Every evening he came home drunk. His mother knew it, and told Lily.
+They could do nothing. They said nothing. They left off hoping.
+
+Then his mother perceived that things began to disappear. He stole
+the clock on the mantel-shelf first, and pawned it.
+
+Then he stole other things. At last he took the furniture, bit by bit,
+and pawned it, until his mother was left with nothing but a mattress
+and a pair of blankets. He could not take her money, because all she
+had was an annuity of fifteen shillings a week, otherwise he would
+have had that too. He then borrowed Lily's watch and pawned it, and
+her little trinkets and pawned them; he took from her all the money
+she would give him.
+
+Both women half starved themselves to find him in drink and to save
+him from crime. Yes, to save him from crime. They did not use these
+words--they understood. For now he had become mad for drink. There was
+no longer any pretence; he even left off lying; he was drunk every
+day; if he could not get drunk he sat on the bare floor and cried.
+Neither his mother nor Lily reproached him.
+
+An end--a semicolon, if not a full stop--comes to such a course.
+Unfortunately not always the end which is most to be desired--the only
+effectual end.
+
+The end or semicolon which came to this young man was that, having
+nothing more of his mother's that he could pawn, one day he slipped
+into the ground floor lodger's room and made up quite a valuable
+little parcel for his friend the pawnbroker. It contained a Waterbury
+watch, a seven and sixpenny clock, a mug--electro-plate, won at a
+spelling competition--a bound volume of "Tit Bits," and a Bible.
+
+When the lodger came home and found out his loss he proved to be of an
+irascible, suspicious, and revengeful disposition. He immediately, for
+instance, suspected the drunken young man of the first floor. He
+caused secret inquiry to be made, and--but why go on? Alas! the
+conclusion of the affair was eight months' hard.
+
+"Here he comes," said Lily. "Look up, mother; we must meet him with a
+smile. He will come out sober, at any rate."
+
+He was looking much better for his period of seclusion. He walked
+home between them, subdued, but ready, on encouragement, for their
+old confidence.
+
+In fact, it broke out, after an excellent breakfast.
+
+"I have made up my mind," he said, "while I was thinking--oh! I had
+plenty to think about and plenty of time to do my thinking in. Well, I
+have made up my mind. Mother, this is no country for me any longer.
+After what has happened I must go. You two go on living together, just
+for company, but I shall go--I shall go to America. There's always an
+opening, I am told, in America, for fellows who are not afraid of
+work. Cleverness tells there. A man isn't kept down because he's had a
+misfortune. What is there against me, after all? Character gone, eh?
+Well, if you come to that, I don't deny that appearances were against
+me. I could explain, however.
+
+"But there nobody cares about character nor what you've done
+here"--(this remarkable belief is widely spread concerning the
+colonies, as well as the United States)--"it's what can you do? not,
+what have you done? Very well. I mean to go to America, mother. I
+shall polish up the shorthand and pick up the French grammar again. I
+mean to get rich now. Oh, I've sown my wild oats! Then you'll both
+come out to me, and then we'll be married; and, Lily, we'll have a
+most splendid time!"
+
+
+V.
+
+Five years later Lily sat one Sunday morning in the same lodgings. The
+poor old mother was gone, praying her with her last breath not to
+desert the boy. But of Charley not a word had come to her--no news of
+any kind.
+
+She was quite alone--in those days she was generally alone; she had
+kept her place at the post-office, but everybody knew of her trouble,
+and somehow it made a kind of barrier between herself and her sister
+clerks. The sorrows of love are sacred, but when they are mixed up
+with a criminal and a prison there is a feeling--a kind of a
+feeling--as if, well, one doesn't like somehow to be mixed up with it.
+Lily was greatly to be pitied, no doubt; her lover had turned out
+shameful; but she ought to have given up the man long before he got so
+bad.
+
+She was alone. The church bells were beginning to ring. She thought
+she would go to church. While she considered this point, she heard a
+woman's step on the stairs, and there was a knock at the door.
+
+It was a nurse or probationer, dressed in the now familiar garb--a
+young nurse.
+
+"You are Lily Chesters?" she asked. "There is a patient just brought
+in to the London Hospital who wants to see you. He is named Charley,
+he says, and will give no other name. He wrote your address on paper.
+'Tell her,' he said, 'that it is Charley.'"
+
+Lily rose quietly. "I will go to him."
+
+"He is your brother?"
+
+"He is my lover. Is he ill?"
+
+"He is very ill. He came in all in rags, dirty and penniless--he is
+very ill indeed. Prepare yourself. He is dying of pneumonia."
+
+I told you before what they call it.
+
+Lily sat at the bedside of the dying man.
+
+"It is all over," he whispered. "I have reformed, Lily. I have quite
+turned over a new leaf. I have now resolved to taking the pledge. Kiss
+me, dear, and tell me that you forgive me."
+
+"Yes, yes, Charley. God knows that I forgive you. Why, you will come
+back to yourself in a very little while. Thank God for it, dear! Your
+own true self. You will be my dear old boy again--the boy that I have
+always loved; not the drinking, bad boy--the clever, bright boy. Oh,
+my dear, my dear! you will see mother again very soon, and she will
+welcome her boy, returned to himself again."
+
+"Yes," he said, "that's it. A serious reform this time. Lily, I dare
+say I shall be up and well again in a day or two. Then we will see
+what to do next. I am going out to Australia, where everybody has a
+chance--America is a fraud. I shall get rich there, and then you and
+mother will come to me, and we shall get married, and--oh! Lily, Lily,
+after all that we have suffered, we shall have--I see that we shall
+have"--he paused, and his voice grew faint--"we shall have--the most
+splendid time!"
+
+"He is gone," said the nurse.
+
+
+
+
+AN OLD SONG.
+
+AUTHOR UNKNOWN.
+
+
+  As, t'other day, o'er the green meadow I pass'd,
+  A swain overtook me, and held my hand fast;
+  Then cried, "My dear Lucy, thou cause of my care,
+  How long must thy faithful young Thyrsis despair?
+  To grant my petition, no longer be shy;"
+  But, frowning, I answer'd, "O, fie, shepherd, fie!"
+
+  He told me his fondness like time should endure;
+  That beauty which kindled his flame 'twould secure;
+  That all my sweet charms were for homage design'd,
+  And youth was the season to love and be kind.
+  Lord, what could I say? I could hardly deny,
+  And faintly I uttered, "O, fie, shepherd, fie!"
+
+  He swore--with a kiss--that he could not refrain;
+  I told him 'twas rude, but he kissed me again.
+  My conduct, ye fair ones, in question ne'er call,
+  Nor think I did wrong--I did nothing at all!
+  Resolved to resist, yet inclined to comply,
+  I leave it for you to say, "Fie, shepherd, fie!"
+
+
+
+
+STRANGER THAN FICTION.
+
+LOVE IN A COTTAGE. THE IRISH STORY-TELLER. HUGH BRONTE AS A TENANT-RIGHTER.
+
+Stories of the Bronte Family in Ireland.
+
+BY DR. WILLIAM WRIGHT.
+
+
+I. LOVE IN A COTTAGE.
+
+After a brief honeymoon, spent at Warrenpoint, Alice Bronte returned,
+on her brother's invitation, to her old home, and Hugh went back to
+complete his term of service in Loughorne. It soon became desirable
+that his wife should have a home of her own, and he took a cottage in
+Emdale, in the parish of Drumballyroney, with which Drumgooland was
+united at the time.
+
+The house stands near crossroads leading to important towns. In a
+direct line it is about three and three-quarters statute miles from
+Rathfriland, seven and three-quarters from Newry, twelve from
+Warrenpoint, and five and a quarter from Banbridge. The exact position
+of the house, is on the north-west side of the old road, leading, in
+Hugh Bronte's day, to Newry and Warrenpoint. Almost opposite, on the
+other side of the road, there was a blacksmith's shop, which still
+continues to be a blacksmith's shop. The Bronte house remains, though
+partially in ruins.
+
+The house is now used as a byre, but its dimensions are exactly the
+same as when it became the home of Hugh Bronte and his bride. The rent
+then would be about sixpence per week, and would, in accordance with
+the general custom, be paid by one day's work in the week, with board,
+the work being given in the busy season.
+
+The house consisted of two rooms. That over which the roof still
+stands was without chimney, and was used as bedroom and parlor, and
+the outer room, from which the roof has fallen, was used as a
+corn-kiln, and also as kitchen and reception-room.
+
+A farmer's wife, whose ancestors lived close to the Bronte house long
+before the Brontes were heard of in County Down, pointing to a spot in
+the corner of the byre opposite to the window, said: "There is the
+very spot where the Reverend Patrick Bronte was born." Then she added,
+"Numbers of great folk have asked me about his birthplace, but och!
+how could I tell them that any _dacent_ man was ever born in such a
+place!" This feeling on the part of the neighbors will probably
+account for the fact that everything written thus far regarding
+Patrick Bronte's birthplace is wrong, neither the townland, nor even
+the parish of his birth, being correctly given.
+
+In the lowly cottage in Emdale, now known as "The Kiln," and used as a
+cowhouse, Patrick Bronte was born, on the 17th of March, 1777. Men
+have risen to fame from a lowly origin, but few men have ever emerged
+from humbler circumstances than Patrick Bronte.
+
+Many a reader of Mrs. Gaskell's life of Charlotte Bronte has been
+saddened by the picture of the vicar's daughters amid their narrow and
+grim surroundings, but the gray vicarage of Haworth was a palace
+compared with the hovel in which the vicar himself was born and
+reared.
+
+Besides, the Haworth vicarage was never really as sombre as Mrs.
+Gaskell painted it, for Miss Ellen Nussey was a constant visitor, and
+she assures me that the girls were bright and happy in their home,
+always engaged on some project of absorbing interest, and always
+enjoying life in their own sober and thoughtful way.
+
+The Bronte cottage in Emdale was very poor, but it was brightened with
+the perennial sunshine of love. It was love in a cottage, in which the
+bare walls and narrow board were golden in the light of Alice Bronte's
+smile. It was said in the neighborhood that Mrs. Bronte's smile "would
+have tamed a mad bull," and on her deathbed she thanked God that her
+husband had never looked upon her with a frown.
+
+In their wedded love they were very poor, but very happy. Hugh's
+constant, steady work provided for the daily wants of an ever-increasing
+family, but it made no provision for the strain of adverse
+circumstances. In fact, the Emdale Brontes lived like birds, and as
+happy as birds.
+
+Hugh Bronte was one of the industrious poor. The salt of his life was
+honest, manly toil. He had forgotten the luxury of his childhood's
+home, and he did not feel any degradation in his lowly lot.
+
+In our artificial civilization we have come to place too much store on
+the accident of wealth. Our Blessed Saviour, whom all the rich and
+luxurious call "Lord," was born in as lowly a condition of comfortless
+poverty as Patrick Bronte. Cows are now housed in Bronte's birthplace,
+but our Lord was born among the animals in the _caravanserai_. And
+yet, in our social code, we have reduced the Decalogue to this one
+commandment, "Thou shalt not be poor."
+
+Hugh Bronte did not choose poverty as his lot, but, being a working
+man, like the carpenter of Nazareth, he did the daily work that came
+to his hand, and then, side by side with Alice, he found the fulness
+of each day sufficient for all its wants.
+
+The happy home was soon crowded with children, and the family removed
+to a larger and better house, in the townland of Lisnacreevy. The
+parish register of Drumballyroney Church, to which the Brontes
+belonged, unfortunately goes no farther back than 1779, two years
+after the birth of Patrick. The register, which is now kept in the
+parish church of Drumgooland, belonged to the united parishes of
+Drumballyroney and Drumgooland, in which, when united, the Reverend
+Mr. Tighe was vicar for forty-two years. When Patrick Bronte was two
+years old, less one day, his brother William was baptized, and about
+every two succeeding years either a brother or a sister was added
+until the family numbered ten.
+
+
+II. THE DAILY ROUND.
+
+Hugh Bronte and his wife could not live wholly on love in a cottage,
+and Hugh had to bestir himself. He was an unskilled laborer, but he
+understood the art of burning lime. There was no limestone, however,
+in that part of County Down to burn, and as he could not have a
+lime-kiln, he resolved to have a corn-kiln.
+
+At the beginning of this century a corn-kiln in such a district in
+Ireland was a very simple affair. A floor of earthenware tiles,
+pierced nearly through from the underside, was arranged on a kind of
+platform or loft. Beneath there was a furnace, which was heated by
+burning the rough, dry seeds, or outer _shelling_, ground off the
+oats. In front of the furnace there was a hollow, called "the
+logie-hole," in which the kiln man sat, with the shelling or seeds
+heaped up within arm's length around him, and with his right hand he
+_beeked_ the kiln, by throwing, every few seconds, a sprinkling of
+seeds on the flame. In this way he kept up a warm glow under the corn
+till it was sufficiently dried for the mill.
+
+Such was the simple character of the ordinary corn-kiln in County Down
+at the beginning of the century. But I have been assured by the old
+men of the neighborhood that Hugh Bronte's kiln was of a still more
+primitive structure. The platform, or corn-floor, was constructed by
+laying iron bars across unhewn stones set up on end. On these bars
+straw matting was spread, and on the matting the corn was placed to
+dry. Such a structure was the immediate precursor of the pottery
+floored kiln. The design was the same in both, but the matting was
+always liable to catch fire, and required careful attention.
+
+The kiln was erected in the part of the Bronte cottage now roofless,
+and, like the cottage itself, must have been a very humble affair. It
+has been suggested that the kiln may have stood elsewhere, but it is
+now established beyond all doubt, on the unanimous testimony of the
+inhabitants, that the Bronte kiln stood in the ruined room of the
+Bronte cottage, and, in fact, it is known by the name of "the Brontes'
+kiln."
+
+Within those walls, now roofless, the grandfather of Charlotte Bronte
+began in 1776 to earn the daily bread of himself and his bride, by
+roasting his neighbors' oats. His wage was known by the name of
+"muther," and consisted of so many pounds of fresh oats taken from
+every hundredweight brought to him to be kiln-dried. The miller, too,
+was paid in kind, but his muther was taken by measure, after the
+shelling, or seeds, had been ground off the grain.
+
+When Hugh Bronte had accumulated a sackful of muther he dried it on
+his kiln, took it to the mill, and paid his muther in turn to the
+miller, to have it ground into meal.
+
+The meal, when taken home, was stored in a barrel, and with the
+produce of the rood of potatoes which Hugh had _sod_ on his
+brother-in-law's farm, became the food of himself and family. As the
+Brontes could not consume all the muther themselves, the surplus would
+be sold to provide clothing and other necessaries, and though there
+remains no trace of pig-stye or fowl-house, there can be little doubt
+that Mrs. Bronte would have both pigs and fowl to eke out her
+husband's earnings.
+
+Mrs. Bronte was a famous spinner, and she handed down the art to her
+daughters. She had always a couple of sheep grazing on her brother's
+land. She carded and span the wool, her spinning-wheel singing all day
+beside her husband, as he beeked the kiln. Then, during the long, dark
+evenings, when they had no light but the red eye of the kiln, she
+knitted the yarn into hose and vest and shirt, and even head-gear, so
+that Hugh Bronte, like his sons in after years, was almost wholly clad
+in "homespun."
+
+This, probably, had something to do with the general impression, which
+still remains in the neighborhood, of the stately and shapely forms of
+the Bronte men and women. The knitted woollen garments fitted close,
+unlike the fantastic and shapeless habiliments that came from the
+hands of local tailors in those days.
+
+Alice Bronte also span nearly all the garments which she wore, and her
+tall and comely daughters after her were dressed in clothes which
+their own hands had taken from the fleece.
+
+On principle, as well as from necessity, the Brontes wore woollen
+garments, and the vicar carried the same taste with him to England,
+where his dislike of everything made of cotton was attributed by his
+biographer to dread of fire. The absurd servants' gossip as to his
+cutting up his wife's silk gown had possibly a grain of truth in it,
+owing to his preference for woollen garments; but the atrocity spun
+out of the gossip by Mrs. Gaskell was probably an exaggeration of an
+innocent act. At any rate, the old man characterized the statement, I
+believe truly, by a small but ugly word.
+
+All the Brontes, father, mother, sons, and daughters, to the number of
+twelve, were clad in wool, and they were the healthiest, handsomest,
+strongest, heartiest family in the whole country. They were a standing
+proof of the excellency of the woollen theory, and it is interesting
+to note how Hugh Bronte's theory and practice have received approval
+in our own day. For a time the Brontes had to look to others to weave
+their yarn into the blankets and friezes that they required, but
+Patrick was taught to weave as soon as he was able to throw the
+shuttle and roll the beam, and then his father's house manufactured
+for themselves everything they wore, from the raw staple to the
+gracefully fitting corset.
+
+Even the scarlet mantle for which "Ayles" Bronte is still remembered
+in Ballynaskeagh was carded, spun, knitted, and dyed by Mrs. Bronte's
+own hands. The spirit of independence manifested by the Brontes in
+England was a survival of a still sturdier spirit that had had its
+origin in one of the humblest cabins in County Down.
+
+As time passed Hugh Bronte became a famous ditcher. There is a very
+old man called Hugh Norton, living in Ballynaskeagh, who remembers him
+making fences and philosophizing at the same time. It is very probable
+that the introduction of corn-kilns constructed of burnt pottery may
+have left him without custom for his straw-mat kiln, just as the
+introduction of machinery at a later period left the country
+hand-looms idle.
+
+In Hugh Bronte's time more careful attention began to be given to the
+land. Bogs were drained, fields fenced, roads constructed, bridges
+made, houses built, with greater energy than had ever been known
+before, and, although the landlord generally raised the rent on every
+improvement effected by the tenant, the wave of prosperity and
+improvement continued. Hugh Bronte was a good, steady workman, and
+found constant employment, and at that time wages rose from sixpence
+per day to eightpence and tenpence. The sod fences made by him still
+stand as a monument of honest work, and there are few country
+districts where huntsmen would find greater difficulty with the fences
+than in Emdale and Ballynaskeagh.
+
+As Hugh Bronte advanced in life he continued to prosper. He removed
+from the Emdale cottage to a larger house in Lisnacreevy, and from
+thence he and his family went home to live with Red Paddy, Mrs.
+Bronte's brother. On the Ballynaskeagh farm the children found full
+scope for their energies, and they continued to prosper and purchase
+surrounding farms until they were in very comfortable circumstances.
+The Brontes were greatly advanced in their prosperity by a discovery
+made by one of their countrymen. John Loudon Macadam was a County Down
+surveyor. He wrote several treatises on road-making of a revolutionary
+character. His proposal was to make roads by laying down layers of
+broken stones, which he said would become hardened into a solid mass
+by the traffic passing over them.
+
+For a time he was the subject of much ridicule, but he persevered, and
+proved his theory in a practical fashion. The importance of the
+invention was acknowledged by a grant from the government of ten
+thousand pounds, which he accepted, and by the offer of a baronetcy,
+which he declined. He lived to see the world's highways improved by
+his discovery, and the English language enriched by his name.
+
+The old, unscientific road-makers were too conservative to engage in
+the construction of _macadamized_ roads, but the Brontes were shrewd
+enough to see the value of the new method, and they tendered for
+county contracts, and their tenders were accepted. Then the way to
+fortune lay open before them. They opened quarries on their own land,
+where they found an inexhaustible supply of stone, easily broken to
+the required size. With suitable stone ready to their hands they had a
+great advantage over all rivals, and for a generation the macadamizing
+of the roads in the neighborhood was practically a monopoly in the
+Bronte family.
+
+I remember the excellent carts and horses employed by the Brontes on
+the road, and I also distinctly recollect that the names painted on
+the carts were spelled "Bronte," the pronunciation being "Bronte,"
+never "Prunty," as has been alleged.
+
+With the lucrative monopoly of road-making added to their farm profits
+the Brontes grew in wealth. They raised on their farm the oats and
+fodder required by the horses, and, as the brothers did a large amount
+of the work themselves and had nothing to purchase, the money received
+for road-making was nearly all profit.
+
+In those days the Brontes added field to field, until they farmed a
+considerable tract of land, which they held from a model landlord
+called Sharman Crawford. That was the period at which a two-storied
+house was built, and there were houses occupied by the Brontes, from
+the two-storied house down to the thatched cottage. In fact, the house
+of Red Paddy McClory, in which Alice was born and reared, stood about
+half-way between the two-storied house and the cabin. The foundations
+of the house in which Charlotte Bronte's Irish grandmother was born
+are still visible.
+
+Shortly after the death of old Hugh, and in the time of the Bronte
+prosperity, one of the brothers, called Welsh, opened a public-house
+in the thatched cabin referred to, and from that moment, as far as I
+have been able to make out, the tide of the Bronte prosperity turned.
+
+Everything the Brontes did was genuine. Their whiskey was as good in
+quality as their roads, and I fear it must be added that they were
+among the heartiest customers for their own commodities. They ceased
+to work on the roads, their hard-earned money slipped through their
+fingers, and the public-house became the meeting-place for the fast
+and wild youth of the locality.
+
+Then another brother, called William, but known as Billy, opened on
+the Knock Hill another public-house, which also became a centre of
+demoralization to the young men of the district, and a source of
+degradation to the keeper. I remember both these pests in full force.
+They were much frequented by Orangemen, who, when tired playing "The
+Protestant Boys," used to slake their thirst and fire their hatred of
+the _Papishes_ by drinking Bronte's whiskey.
+
+I am bound to say distinctly that I do not believe any of Charlotte
+Bronte's Irish uncles ever became confirmed drunkards. They took to
+the drink business too late in life to be wholly overmastered by the
+passion for alcohol. Besides, their father's example, and the
+industrious habits of their youth and early manhood, had combined to
+give moral fibre to the stubborn Bronte character, which saved them
+from precipitate descent on the down grade.
+
+I never saw any of the Brontes drunk, and I believe the occasional
+drinking of the family was limited to the two brothers who sold drink,
+and who would always feel bound in honor "to taste a drop" with their
+customers. The other brothers would drink like other people, in fairs
+and markets, where every transaction was ratified by a glass of grog,
+but I do not believe they often drank to excess.
+
+In those days everybody drank. At births, at baptisms, at weddings, at
+wakes, at funerals, and in all the other leading incidents of life,
+intoxicating liquors were considered indispensable. If a man was too
+hot he drank, and if he was too cold he drank. He drank if he was in
+sorrow, and he drank when in joy. When his gains were great he drank,
+and he drank also when crushed by losses. The symbol of universal
+hospitality was the black bottle.
+
+Ministers of the Gospel used to visit their people quarterly. On these
+visitations the minister was accompanied by one of his deacons. Into
+whatever house they entered they were immediately met by the
+hospitable bottle and two glasses, and they were always expected to
+fortify themselves with spirituous draughts before beginning their
+spiritual duties. As the visitors called at from twelve to twenty
+houses on their rounds, they must have been "unco fou" by the close of
+the day.
+
+It is interesting to remember that when the drinking habits of the
+country were at their height the temperance reformation was begun in
+Great Britain, by the best friend the Brontes had, the Reverend David
+McKee. It is of still greater interest, in our present investigation,
+to know that Mr. McKee was moved to the action which has resulted in
+the great temperance reform by the Bronte public-houses at his door,
+and by the demoralization they were creating.
+
+The little incident which has led to such momentous results came about
+in this way: the Reverend David McKee of Ballynaskeagh was the
+minister of the Presbyterian Church of Anaghlone. He had built his
+church, and he was largely independent of his congregation. One
+Sunday he thought fit to preach on _The Rechabites_. In the sermon he
+ridiculed and denounced the drinking habits of the time. The sermon
+fell on the congregation like a thunderbolt from a cloudless sky.
+Blank amazement in the audience was succeeded by hot indignation.
+
+On the following morning an angry deputation from the congregation
+waited on Mr. McKee. He listened to them with patient courtesy while
+they urged that the sermon should be immediately burnt, and that an
+apology should be tendered to the congregation on the following
+Sunday.
+
+When the deputation had exhausted themselves and their subject, Mr.
+McKee began quietly to draw attention to the happy homes which had
+been desolated by whiskey, the brilliant young men whom it had ruined,
+the amiable neighbors whom it had hurried into drunkards' graves, and
+then he pointed to the Brontes as an example of the baneful influence
+of the trade on the sellers of the stuff themselves.
+
+The deputation, some of them Orangemen, were in no mood to listen to
+radical doctrines, subversive of their time-honored customs, and they
+began to threaten.
+
+Mr. McKee, who was six feet six inches high, and of great muscular
+power, drew himself up to his full stature, and calling to his
+servant, then at breakfast in the kitchen, told him to saddle his best
+mare, as he wished to ride in haste to Newry, to publish his sermon in
+time for circulation on the following Sunday. Then, turning to the
+deputation, he thanked them for their early visit, which he hoped
+would bear fruit, and bowed them out of his parlor.
+
+He rode the best horse in the whole district, and he never drew rein
+till he reached the printing-office in Newry, and he had the sermon
+ready for circulation on the following Sunday, and handed it to his
+people as they retired.
+
+In 1798 Mr. McKee, then a youth, watched from a hill in his father's
+land the battle of Ballynahinch. He had in his arms at the time a
+little nephew who had been left in his charge. The little nephew
+became the great Doctor Edgar of Belfast, who used to boast playfully
+that he was "up in arms" at the battle of Ballynahinch.
+
+Mr. McKee sent a copy of _The Rechabites_ to his eloquent nephew.
+Doctor Edgar read the sermon, and then, rising from his seat,
+proceeded swiftly to carry all the whiskey he had in the house into
+the street, and empty it into the gutter. With that drink offering
+Doctor Edgar inaugurated the great temperance reform. From Ireland he
+passed to Scotland, and from Scotland to England. The whole kingdom
+was mightily stirred, and the temperance cause has ever since
+continued to flourish. The little seed, stimulated at first by the
+Bronte public-houses, has become a great tree, the branches of which
+extend to all lands.
+
+We have now seen the Brontes in the daily round of their common
+pursuits. In the next chapter we hope to see old Hugh in the light of
+his Bronte genius.
+
+
+III. THE IRISH RACONTEUR OR STORY-TELLER.
+
+The Hakkawati is the oriental story-teller, the man who beyond all
+others relieves the tedium and wearisomeness of oriental life. I have
+often watched the oriental Hakkawati, seated in the centre of a large
+crowd, weaving stories with subtile plots and startling surprises,
+using pathos and passion and pungent wit, and always interspersing his
+narratives with familiar incidents, and laying on local color, to give
+an appearance of _vraisemblance_, or reality, to the wildest fancies.
+
+The Arabian Hakkawati generally tells his stories at night, when the
+weird and wonderful are most effective. He has always a fire so
+arranged as to light up his countenance with a ruddy glow, so that the
+movements and contortions of a mobile face may add support to the
+narrative. He sometimes proceeds slowly, stumbling and correcting
+himself, like D'Israeli, as if his one great desire was to stick to
+the literal truth.
+
+Without any apparent effort to please, the Hakkawati keeps his finger
+on the pulse of his audience. Should they show signs of weariness, he
+makes them smile by some pleasantry, and as the Arab holds that
+"smiles and tears are in the same _khury_," or wallet, he brings
+something of great seriousness on the heels of the fun, and works
+himself into a white heat of passion over it, the veins rising like
+cords on his forehead, and his whole frame convulsed and throbbing,
+the rapt audience following, in full sympathy with every mood.
+
+I have seen the Arabs shivering and pale with terror, as the Hakkawati
+narrated the fearful deeds of some imaginary _jinn_, and I have seen
+them feeling for their daggers, and ready to spring to their feet, to
+avenge some dastard act of imaginary cruelty; and a few seconds after
+I have seen them melted to tears at the recital of some imaginary tale
+of woe. I never wearied in listening to the Hakkawati, or in watching
+the artlessness of his consummate art; and I have always looked on him
+as the most interesting of all orientals, a positive benefactor to his
+illiterate countrymen.
+
+Hugh Bronte was an Irish Hakkawati, the last of an extinct race. I
+knew several men who had heard him when he was at his best. He would
+sit long winter nights in the logie-hole of his corn-kiln, in the
+Emdale cottage, telling stories to an audience of rapt listeners who
+thronged around him. Mrs. Bronte plied her knitting in the outer
+darkness of the kitchen, for there was no light except the glow from
+the furnace of the kiln, which lighted up old Hugh's face as he
+_beeked_ the kiln, and told his yarns.
+
+The Reverend William McAllister, from whom I got most details as to
+Bronte's story-telling, had heard his father say that he spent a night
+in Bronte's kiln either in the winter of 1779 or 1780. Bronte's fame
+was then new. The place was crowded to suffocation. At that time he
+reserved a place near the fire for Mrs. Bronte, and Patrick, then a
+baby, was lying on the heap of seeds from which the fire was fed, with
+his eyes fixed on his father, and listening, like the rest, in
+breathless silence.
+
+Hugh Bronte seems to have had the rare faculty of believing his own
+stories, even when they were purely imaginary, and he would sometimes
+conjure up scenes so unearthly and awful that both he and his hearers
+were afraid to part company for the night. Frequently his neighbors
+could not face the darkness alone after one of Hugh's gruesome
+stories, and lay upon the _shelling_ seeds till day dawned.
+
+The farmers' sons of the whole neighborhood used to gather round
+Bronte at night to hear his narratives, and he continued to
+manufacture stories of all descriptions as long as he lived.
+
+I have always understood that Hugh Bronte's stories, though sometimes
+rough in texture and interspersed with emphatic expletives, after the
+manner of the time, had always a healthy moral bearing. As a genuine
+Irishman he never used an immodest word, or by gesture, phrase, or
+innuendo suggested an impure thought. On this point all my informants
+were unanimous. He neither used unchaste words himself, nor permitted
+any one to do so in his house. Tyranny and cruelty of every kind he
+denounced fiercely. Faithlessness and deceit always met condign
+punishment in his romances, and in cases where girls had been
+betrayed, either the ghost of the injured woman, or the devil himself,
+in some awful form, wreaked unutterable vengeance on the betrayer.
+
+Hugh Bronte was a great moral teacher and a power for good, as far as
+his influence extended. There are still some old men living in his
+neighborhood who never understood him, and who are disposed to think
+he was in league with the devil.
+
+It is always at his peril that any man dares to live before his time,
+or to leave the beaten track of the commonplace. The reformers have
+all, without exception, been mad, or worse, in the eyes of dull
+conservatism. Bronte dared to teach his neighbors by allowing them to
+see as well as hear, and those who were too stupid to understand were
+clever enough to denounce.
+
+By a very great effort Hugh Bronte learned to read, late in life. He
+began at Mount Pleasant, with no higher aim than that of being able to
+write letters to Alice McClory, when he could no longer visit her. He
+made rapid strides in learning under the tutelage of his master's
+children, when he lived in Loughorne, and when he went to live in
+Emdale he knew the sweetness and solace of good books, and he had
+always a book on his knee, which he read by the light of the kiln
+fire, when he was alone. He knew the Bible, Bunyan's "Pilgrim's
+Progress," and Burns's poems, well. Those were bookless days. The
+newspaper had not yet found its way to the people, and in a
+neighborhood of mental stagnation it was something to have one man who
+could hold the mirror up to nature, and lead his illiterate visitors
+into enchanted ground.
+
+Many of Hugh's stories were far removed from the region of romance,
+but he had the literary art of giving an artistic touch to everything
+he said, which added a charm to the narration, independent of the
+facts which he narrated.
+
+The story of his early life, which I have tried to reduce to simple
+prose, was delivered in the rhapsodic style of the ancient bards, but
+simple enough to be understood by the most unlettered peasant. None of
+Bronte's stories were so acceptable as the simple record of his early
+hardships.
+
+Mingled with all his stories, shrewd maxims for life and conduct were
+interwoven; but in his oration on tenant-right he broke new ground,
+and showed that under different circumstances he might have been a
+great statesman, and saved his country from unutterable woe.
+
+Hugh Bronte was superstitious, but while his superstitious character
+descended to all his children, the faculty of story-telling was
+inherited, as far as I have been able to ascertain, by Patrick alone.
+All the sons and daughters talked with a dash of genius--as one of
+their old acquaintances said, "They were very cliver with their
+tongues"--but I have never heard of any of them except Patrick trying
+to tell a story.
+
+Patrick, at the age of two or three, used to lie on the warm shelling
+seeds and listen to his father's entrancing stories, and he seems to
+have caught something of his father's gift and power. Miss Nussey,
+Charlotte's friend, "Miss E.," has often told me of Patrick's power to
+rivet the attention of his children, and awe them with realistic
+descriptions of simple scenes. All the girls used to sit in breathless
+silence, their prominent eyes starting out of their heads, while their
+father unfolded lurid scene after scene; but the greatest effect was
+produced on Emily, who seemed to be unconscious of everything else
+except her father's story, and sometimes the descriptions became so
+vivid, intense, and terrible that they had to implore him to desist.
+
+Miss Nussey had opportunities for observing the Bronte girls that no
+other person had. She became Charlotte's friend at school, when both
+were homesick and needed friends. She continued to be her fast friend
+through life. Gentle Anne Bronte died in her arms, and she was
+Charlotte's true consoler when the heroic Emily passed swiftly away.
+She early discovered the ring of genius in Charlotte's letters, and
+preserved every scrap of them, and it is chiefly through those letters
+that the Brontes are known in England. She was Charlotte's confidante
+in all private transactions and love matters, and she might have been
+a nearer friend still had Charlotte not refused an offer of marriage
+from her brother--an incident in the novelist's life here for the
+first time made public.
+
+Miss Nussey was not only Charlotte's devoted friend, but she was a
+constant visitor at Haworth, and a keen observer. She had a great
+power of discernment in literary matters, and a very considerable
+literary gift herself. She had not to wait till "Jane Eyre" and
+"Wuthering Heights" were published to learn that Charlotte and Emily
+Bronte were endowed with genius. We owe it to her penetrating sagacity
+that we know so much of the vicar's daughters. She watched their
+growth of intellect and everything that ministered to it, and she
+believes firmly that the girls caught their inspiration from their
+father, and that Emily got not only her inspiration but most of her
+facts from her father's narratives.[4]
+
+  [4] Swinburne, in his "Note on Charlotte Bronte," has alone had the
+      poetic insight and artistic instinct to discern this fact. He is
+      right when he says, "Charlotte evidently never worked so well as
+      when painting more or less directly from nature.... In most
+      cases, probably, the designs begun by means of the camera were
+      transferred for completion to the canvas."
+
+      Swinburne, however, falls short in discernment, when, in
+      contrasting Charlotte with her sister, he says: "Emily Bronte,
+      like William Blake, would probably have said, or at least
+      presumably have felt, that such study after the model was to her
+      impossible--an attempt but too certain to diminish her
+      imaginative insight and disable her creative hand."
+
+      Surely the highest imaginative insight and deftest creative hand
+      work from the model, nature, but the result is not a mere
+      portrait of the model.
+
+"The dirty, ragged, black-haired child," brought home by Mr. Earnshaw
+from Liverpool, is none other than the real dirty, naked, black-haired
+foundling, discovered on the boat between Liverpool and Drogheda, and
+taken home by Charlotte's great-grandfather and great-grandmother to
+the banks of the Boyne. The artist, however, is not a mere copyist,
+and hence, while the story starts from existing facts, and follows the
+general outline of the real, it is not the very image of the real, and
+makes deviations from the original facts to meet the exigencies of
+art.
+
+There is no difficulty, however, in recognizing the original of the
+incarnate fiend Heathcliff in the man Welsh, who tormented Hugh
+Bronte, Patrick's father, in the old family home near Drogheda. Had
+Welsh never played the demon among the Brontes, Emily Bronte had never
+placed on the canvas Heathcliff, "child neither of lascar nor gypsy,
+but a man's shape animated by demon life--a ghoul, an afrit." Nelly
+Dean, the benevolent but irresolute medium of romance and tragedy, is
+Hugh's Aunt Mary, clear-eyed as to right and duty, but ever slipping
+down before the force of circumstances. And old Gallagher, on the
+banks of the Boyne, with "the Blessed Virgin and all the saints" on
+his side, is none other than the original of the old hypocrite, Joe.
+Gallagher is Joe speaking the Yorkshire dialect.
+
+And Edgar Linton is the gentle and forgiving brother of Alice, our
+friend Red Paddy McClory, who took his sister home after her runaway
+marriage with a Protestant, and finally took the whole Bronte family
+under his roof, and gave them all he possessed. Even Catherine
+Linton's flight and marriage has solid foundation in fact, either in
+Alice Bronte's romantic elopement with Hugh, or in the more tragic
+circumstances of Mary Bronte's marriage with Welsh.
+
+It is not credible that Patrick Bronte, in his story-telling moods,
+never narrated to his listening daughters the romance of their
+grandfather and grandmother. It is true Miss Nussey never heard any
+reference to the story, nor did the Brontes ever in her presence refer
+to their Irish home or friends or history, though, at the very time
+she was visiting Haworth, they were in constant communication with
+their Irish relatives, and, as we shall see, one of the uncles
+actually visited them, as Charlotte's champion, and one of them had
+visited Haworth at an earlier date.
+
+They were too proud to talk even to their most intimate friends of
+their Irish home, much less to expose the foibles of their immediate
+ancestors to phlegmatic English ears; but Patrick Bronte would not
+omit to tell his story-loving daughters the thrilling adventures of
+their ancestors, and the girls, having brooded over the incidents,
+reproduced them in variant forms, and in the sombre setting of their
+own surroundings.
+
+The originals lived and died, acted and were acted upon, in Louth and
+Down; but on the steeps of "Wuthering Heights" they strut again,
+speaking the Yorkshire dialect, and braced by the tonic air of the
+northern downs.
+
+None of the stories betray their origin so clearly as "Wuthering
+Heights," just as none of the novelists were so fascinated with their
+father's tales as Emily. But the stories are all Bronte stories, an
+echo of the thrilling narratives related by old Hugh, and retold, I
+believe, a hundred times by Patrick. Of course, all the stories are
+made to live again under new forms, each writer giving the stamp of
+her own character to the new creations. Artists of the Bronte stamp
+are not portrait painters, nor mere reproducers.
+
+They never were content to be mere lackeys of nature. They were above
+nature, and everything without and within themselves they placed under
+contribution.
+
+Even the rough and rugged characters that have come from the hand of
+Emily show the work of the artist. She added to the repulsive
+Heathcliff qualities of her own. She is perfectly serious when she
+says: "Possibly some people might suspect him [Heathcliff] of a degree
+of under-bred pride. I have a sympathetic chord within me that tells
+me it is nothing of the sort. I know by instinct his reserve springs
+from an aversion to showy display of feeling, to manifestations of
+mutual kindliness. He'll love and hate equally under cover, and esteem
+it a species of impertinence to be loved or hated again. No! I'm
+running on too fast. I bestow my own attributes over-liberally on
+him."
+
+Knowing the model from which Emily Bronte worked, there are few
+passages which throw more light on the artist than this. Catherine
+Linton was modelled on the lovely Alice McClory, who bequeathed to her
+clever granddaughters all the personal attractions they possessed; but
+here again Emily bestows attributes of herself and sisters on her
+stately and lily-like grandmother.
+
+"She [Catherine] was slender, and apparently scarcely past girlhood.
+An admirable form, and the most exquisite little face I had ever had
+the pleasure of beholding; small features, very fair; flaxen
+ringlets, or rather golden, hanging loose on her delicate neck; and
+eyes, had they been agreeable in expression, that would have been
+irresistible."
+
+The picture is neither that of a Bronte of the Haworth vicarage nor is
+it a portraiture of the flower plucked in Ballynaskeagh by Hugh
+Bronte, but it is Alice McClory diluted with a dash of the Penzance
+Branwells, and the effect is a perfect and beautiful picture, more
+pleasing, indeed, than a life-like portrait, with all the radiant
+beauty of the charming Alice, when she rode off to Magherally Church
+with the dashing Hugh Bronte.
+
+
+IV. HUGH BRONTE AS A TENANT-RIGHTER.
+
+Hugh Bronte worked up to his tenant-right doctrines by a series of
+assertions, negative and positive, on religious, political, and
+economic questions. His address, in which he set forth his views on
+such matters, approximated to the form of a lecture more nearly than
+any of his other talks, which were generally in the narrative form.
+The following are the chief points of the discourse, as given to me by
+my old tutor and friend, and the propositions were never varied,
+except in the mere wording, although the statement had never been
+formally written out.
+
+Hugh Bronte always began with a little black Bible in his hand, or on
+his knee, and his first negative assertion was:
+
+I. "The church is not Christ's."
+
+Laying his hand on the little book he would declare that he found
+grace in the Bible, but in the church only greed. Once and only once
+he had appealed to a parson. He was hungry, naked, and bleeding, but
+the great double-chinned, red-faced man had looked on him as if he
+were a rat, and, without hearing his story, had him driven off by a
+grand-looking servant, who cracked a whip over his head and swore at
+him.
+
+In Hugh Bronte's eyes the parsons got their livings for political
+services, and not for learning or goodness. Enormous sums were paid
+them to do work that they did not do. They rarely visited their
+parishes, and their duties were performed by hungry and ill-paid
+curates. When they did return occasionally to their livings they were
+heard of at banquets, where they ate and drank too freely, and at
+other resorts, where they gambled recklessly. They were seen riding
+over the country after foxes and hounds, and sitting in judgment on
+the men whose grain they had trampled down, and sending them to penal
+servitude for trapping hares in their own gardens. They were said to
+be ignorant, but they were known to be irreligious, immoral,
+arrogant, and cruel. They acted as the ministers of the gentry,
+before whom they were very humble, and they utterly despised the
+people who paid for their luxuries, and supported their own priests
+besides.
+
+They gave the sanction of the church to violence, craft, and crime in
+high places, and they were as far removed as men could be, in origin,
+position, and practices, from the apostles of the New Testament. And
+yet, he added, they claimed, in the most haughty manner, that they and
+they alone were the successors of the apostles, although they showed
+no signs of apostolic spirituality or apostolic service.
+
+Hugh Bronte declared that he could not submit to the Protestant
+parson, who despised him because he was poor, and could not aid in his
+promotion, nor could he yield obedience to the Catholic priest, who
+demanded utter subjection and prostration of both body and mind, and
+enforced his church's claims by a stout stick. With these views it is
+not to be wondered at that Hugh Bronte did not belong to any church.
+
+To us, now, his statements appear exaggerated and too sweeping, but it
+must be remembered that he spoke of the Irish clergy in the closing
+decades of the last century. He expressed himself fiercely regarding
+the parsons, and in return they dubbed him "atheist."
+
+His second negative assertion was:
+
+II. "The world is not God's."
+
+He knew from the Bible that God had made all things very good, and
+that he loved the world, but he held that a number of people had got
+in between God and his world, and made it very bad and hateful. They
+were known as kings and emperors, and they had seized on the world by
+fraud and force. They lived on the best of everything that the land
+produced, and when they disagreed among themselves they sent their
+people to kill each other on their account, while they sat at home in
+peace and luxury.
+
+These usurpers not only held sway over the possessions and lives of
+men, but they decreed the exact thoughts men were to entertain
+concerning God, and the exact words they were to speak concerning God;
+and when men presumed to obey God rather than men they were tied to
+stakes and burned to death as blasphemers. For such sentiments as
+these Hugh Bronte was denounced as a socialist--a very bad and
+dangerous name at the beginning of the present century.
+
+His third negative proposition was:
+
+III. "Ireland is not the king's."
+
+He understood that King George III. was not a wise man, but that he
+was a humane man. Ireland was not governed by King George III., but by
+a gang of rapacious brigands. They constantly invoked the king's name,
+but only to serve more fully their own selfish ends. By the king's
+authority they carried out their policy of systematic outrage, until
+he hated the very name of the king whom he always wished to love.
+
+The chief business of the king's representatives was to plunder his
+majesty's poorer subjects. For this purpose the country was parcelled
+out and divided among a number of base and greedy adventurers, in
+return for odious services. Each of these adventurers became king, or
+landlord, in his own district, and lived on the wretched natives.
+Every meskin of butter made on the farm, every pig reared in the
+cabin, every egg laid by the hens that roosted in the kitchen, went to
+support the land-king.
+
+The cottages were mud hovels. The land was bog and barren waste. The
+men and women were in rags. The children were hungry, pinched, and
+bare-footed. But the landlord carried off everything, except the
+potato crop, which was barely sufficient to sustain life.
+
+The landlord was a very great man. He lived in London, near the king,
+in more than royal splendor. Or he passed his time in some of the
+great cities of Europe, spending as much on gay women as would have
+clothed and fed all the starving children on his estate. In English
+society his pleasantries were said to be most entertaining, regarding
+the poverty, misery, and squalor of his tenants, whom he fleeced; but
+he took care never to come near them, lest his fine sensibilities
+should be shocked at their condition. His serious occupation was the
+making of laws to increase his own power for rapacity, and to take
+away from the people every vestige of rights that they might have
+inherited.
+
+"The landlord takes everything and gives nothing," was Hugh Bronte's
+simple form of the fine modern phrase regarding landlords' privileges
+and duties.
+
+Hugh Bronte maintained that the landlord was a courteous gentleman,
+graced with polished manners, and that if he had lived among his
+people he might in time have developed a heart. At least, he could
+hardly have kept up a gentlemanly indifference, in the presence of
+squalor and misery. But he kept quite out of sight of his tenantry, or
+he would not have made so much merriment about the pig, which was
+being brought up among the children, to pay for his degrading
+extravagances. The landlord's place among the people was taken by an
+agent, an attorney, and a sub-agent. The agent was a local potentate,
+whose will was law. The attorney's business was to make the law square
+with the agent's acts. And the under agent was employed to do mean and
+vile and inhuman acts, that neither the agent nor attorney could
+conveniently do.
+
+The duty of the three was to find out, by public inspection and by
+private espionage, the uttermost farthing the tenants could pay, and
+extract it from them legally. In getting the rent for the landlord
+each got as much as he could for himself. The key of the situation was
+the word "eviction."
+
+Then Hugh told the story of his ancestors' farm. The Brontes had
+occupied a piece of forfeited land, with well-defined obligations to a
+chief, or landlord. Soon the landlord succeeded in removing all legal
+restraints which in any way interfered with his absolute control of
+the place. Remonstrance and entreaty were alike unavailing. The
+alterations in title were made by the authority of "George III., by
+the grace of God King of England!"
+
+Hugh's great-grandfather drained the bog and improved the land, at
+enormous expense. Every improvement was followed by a rise in the
+rent. His grandfather built a fine house on the land, by money made in
+dealing, and again the rent was raised, on the increased value given
+to the place by the tenant's industry. Then, the vilest creature in
+human form having ingratiated himself with the agent, by vile
+services, the place was handed over to him, without one farthing of
+compensation to the heirs of the man whose labor had made the place of
+value. All these things were done in the name of George III., though
+the king had no more to do with the nefarious transactions than the
+child unborn.
+
+From this conclusion Hugh Bronte proceeded to his fourth negative
+proposition:
+
+IV. "Irish law is not justice."
+
+He expressed regret that he was unable to respect the laws of the
+country. According to his views, the laws were made by an assembly of
+landlords, purely and solely to serve their own rapacious desires, and
+not in accordance with any dictates of right or wrong. As soon might
+the lambs respect the laws of the wolves as the people of Ireland
+respect the laws of the landlords.
+
+From this point he naturally arrived at his fifth negative proposition:
+
+V. "Obedience to law is not a duty."
+
+He said it might be prudent to obey a bad law, cruelly administered,
+because disobedience might entail inconvenient consequences; but there
+was no moral obligation impelling a man to obey a law which outraged
+decency, and against which every righteous and generous instinct
+revolted. Human laws should be the reflection of divine laws; but the
+landlord-made laws of Ireland had neither the approval of honest men
+nor the sanction of divine justice.
+
+Hugh's sixth and last negative proposition was:
+
+VI. "Patriotism is not a virtue."
+
+He held that every man should love his country, and that every
+Irishman did; but he could not do violence to the most sacred
+instincts of his nature, by any zeal to uphold a system of government
+which dealt with Ireland as the legitimate prey of plunderers.
+
+In other lands men were patriotic because they loved their country. He
+loved his country too well to be a patriot. Love of country more than
+any other passion had prompted to the purest patriotism; but who would
+do heroic acts to maintain a swarm of harpies to pollute and lacerate
+his country? Who would have his zeal aglow to maintain the desolators
+of his native land?
+
+Hugh Bronte gave out his views with a warmth that betrayed _animus_
+arising from personal injury. He was therefore declared to be
+disloyal, and that at a time when there was danger in disloyalty.
+About the time Hugh Bronte was enunciating these sentiments the rising
+of the United Irishmen took place, and the pitched battle of
+Ballynahinch was fought, in 1798. It has always seemed to me strange
+that he should have passed through those times in peace, for the
+"Welsh horse" devastated the country far and wide after the battle,
+and hundreds of innocent people were shot down like dogs. Besides,
+William, his second son, was a United Irishman, and present at the
+battle of Ballynahinch. After the battle he was pursued by cavalry,
+who fired at him repeatedly, but he led them into a bog and escaped.
+
+Hugh Bronte lived in a secluded glen; but the "Welsh horse" visited
+his house, and after a short parley with his wife, in which neither
+understood the other, one of the soldiers struck a light into the
+thatch. Hugh suddenly appeared and spoke to the Welsh soldiers in
+Irish, which it was supposed they understood, as being akin to their
+own language, and they joined heartily with him in extinguishing the
+flames. They joined still more heartily with Hugh in disposing of his
+stock of whiskey. The inability of Hugh's neighbors to communicate
+with the Welsh may account for the fact that a man well known for such
+advanced and disloyal views passed safely through those troublous
+times.
+
+Having completed his negative assertions, or paradoxes, Hugh Bronte
+proceeded to state his theories, or positive conclusions. He laid it
+down as an axiom that justice must be at the root of all good
+government, and he declared emphatically what O'Connell and Agent
+Townsend have since maintained, that the Irish were the most
+justice-loving people in the world. He also held that unjust laws were
+the fruitful source of all the turbulence and crime in Ireland.
+
+Justice, he said, was nothing very grand. It meant simply that every
+man should have his own by legal right. This definition brought him to
+his tenant-right theory. In illustration he returned to the story of
+his ancestral home and the wrongs of his ancestors. He maintained that
+when his forefathers drained the bog and improved the land they were
+entitled to every ounce of improvement they had made. The landlord had
+done nothing for the land. He never went near it, and had never spent
+one farthing upon it, and he should not have been entitled to
+confiscate to his own profit the additional value given to it by the
+labor of another.
+
+He further declared that a just and wise legislature should secure to
+every man, high and low, the fruits of his own labor, and he
+maintained that such simple, natural justice would produce confidence
+in Ireland, and that confidence would beget content and industry, and
+that a contented and industrious people would soon learn to love both
+king and country, and make Ireland happy and England strong. Just laws
+would silence the agitator and the blunderbuss, and range the people
+on the side of the rulers.
+
+Hugh Bronte preached his revolutionary doctrines of simple justice in
+the cheerless east wind, but a little seed, carried I know not how,
+took root in genial soil, and the revolutionary doctrine of "_Every
+man his own_," at which the political parsons used to cry "Anathema,"
+and the short-sighted politicians used to shout "confiscation," has
+become one of the commonplaces of the modern reformation programme of
+fair play. The doctrine of common honesty enunciated by Hugh Bronte
+has lately received the approval of Liberal and Conservative
+governments in what is known as "Tenant-Right," or "The Ulster
+Custom."
+
+And here it is interesting to note that Hugh Bronte was a tenant on
+the estate of Sharman Crawford, a landlord who first took up the cause
+of Irish tenant-right, and after spending a long life in its advocacy,
+bequeathed its defence to his sons and daughters.
+
+Whether Hugh Bronte's doctrines on the relation of landlord and tenant
+ever came to the ears of the Crawford family, I know not. I think it
+is exceedingly probable that they heard of the remarkable man on their
+estate, and of his stories and theories. The Crawfords were never
+absentee landlords, and, as men of high Christian character, they
+always took a personal interest in their tenants, and would not, I
+believe, have failed to note any special intellectual activity among
+them. It is certain, however, that the Sharman Crawfords, father and
+son in succession, spent their lives largely in the propagation of
+Hugh Bronte's views, both in the House of Commons and throughout the
+country, and it seems to me not only probable and possible, but almost
+certain, that Bronte's eloquent and passionate arguments, dropped into
+the justice-loving minds of the Crawfords,[5] _may_ have been the
+primary seeds of the great agrarian harvest which, with the full
+sanction of the legislature, is now being reaped by the farmers in
+Ireland.
+
+  [5] In 1833 W. Sharman Crawford published a pamphlet embodying Hugh
+      Bronte's doctrines, and making suggestions for the good
+      government of Ireland. The pamphlet was republished by Doctor W.
+      H. Dodd, Q. C., in 1892. Councillor Dodd is an old pupil of the
+      Ballynaskeagh school. He received his early education from Mr.
+      McKee, the friend of the Brontes, and he was acquainted, as a
+      student, with Charlotte Bronte's uncles. The following is his
+      summary of the political portion of the pamphlet:
+
+      "Mr. Crawford anticipates, as the probable result of refusing
+      self government to Ireland, the growth of secret societies, the
+      influence of agitation, and the necessity of resorting to force
+      in the government of the country. He touches upon the question
+      of private bill legislation, of a reform of the grand jury
+      system, of county government. He points out that the creation of
+      county councils, without having a central body to control them,
+      is not desirable. And he suggests the creation of a local
+      legislature for Irish affairs, combined with representation in
+      the Imperial Parliament, as the true method of preserving the
+      Union, as the surest bond of the connection between the two
+      countries, and as essentially necessary to tranquillity in
+      Ireland.
+
+      "He refers, among other measures, to the disestablishment of the
+      Irish Church, and the reform of the relations between landlord
+      and tenant, as being pressing.
+
+      "The arguments against his views are met and answered. One would
+      think he had read some of the speeches lately delivered, so apt
+      is his reply.
+
+      "It is curious to note the length of time Ireland has had to
+      wait for the reforms he thought urgent, and it is sad to reflect
+      how much suffering has been endured and how much blood has been
+      shed because the men of his time would not listen to his
+      words."
+
+Should my surmise be correct, and I have never doubted for forty years
+that it is so, great results have flowed from the inhuman treatment of
+a child. Had little Bronte been left in the luxury of his father's
+home, it is not likely he would ever have been shaken up to original
+and independent thought; but the iron of cruel wrong had entered into
+his soul, and he felt that all was not well. He owed no gratitude to
+the existing order of things, and had no compunction in denouncing it;
+and having thought out and formulated a new theory, he proclaimed it
+with the strong conviction of an apostle who sees salvation in his
+gospel alone.
+
+The daring character of Hugh Bronte's speculations in their
+paradoxical form, combined with the fierce energy of his manner in
+making them known, secured for him an audience and an amount of
+consideration to which, as an uneducated working man, he could have
+had no claim. Indeed, Hugh Bronte's revolutionary doctrines were known
+far beyond his own immediate neighborhood, and while many said he was
+mad, some declared that he only saw a little clearer than his
+contemporaries.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5,
+October 1893, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1893 ***
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