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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5, October
+1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5, October 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2011 [EBook #36886]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. I    OCTOBER, 1893    No. 5
+
+
+_Copyright, 1893, by S. S. McClure, Limited. All rights reserved._
+
+Table of Contents
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  Thomas B. Reed, of Maine. By Robert P. Porter.                   375
+  "Human Documents."                                               387
+  The Joneses' Telephone. By Annie Howells Fr�chette.              394
+  The Psychological Laboratory at Harvard. By Herbert Nichols.     399
+  The Spire of St. Stephen's. By Emma W. Demeritt.                 410
+  Mountaineering Adventure. By Francis Gribble.                    417
+  The Smoke. By George MacDonald.                                  428
+  The Earl of Dunraven. By C. Kinloch Cooke.                       429
+  At a Dance. By Augusta de Gruchy.                                439
+  Dulces Amaryllidis Ir�. By Augusta de Gruchy.                    439
+  A Splendid Time--Ahead. By Walter Besant.                        440
+  An Old Song.                                                     450
+  Stranger Than Fiction. By Dr. William Wright.                    451
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893.                       375
+  Mr. Reed's Home in Portland.                                     377
+  View From the Roof of Mr. Reed's House.                          378
+  Mr. Reed in His Library.                                         380
+  A Corner of the Library.                                         381
+  Mr. Reed's Birthplace in Portland.                               382
+  The Members of the Pentagon Club of Bowdoin College.             383
+  Mr. Reed's Portland Law Office.                                  386
+  Thomas B. Reed.                                                  388
+  Frances E. Willard.                                              390
+  Edgar Wilson Nye.                                                391
+  George W. Cable.                                                 392
+  The Joneses' Telephone                                           394
+  Studying the Effects of Sound and of Attention on Colors.        400
+  Studying the Effects of Colors on Judgments of Time.             401
+  Revolving Chair for Studying Localizations of Sounds.            402
+  Measuring the Time Required for Various Mental Acts.             404
+  Wax Specimens in the Museum.                                     406
+  Gustave Theodore Fechner.                                        406
+  Professor Wilhelm Wundt, of Leipsic (1878).                      407
+  President G. Stanley Hall, Founder of 1st Psychological Lab.     407
+  Professor William James, Harvard University.                     407
+  Professor Hugo M�nsterberg, Harvard University.                  408
+  The Mauvais Pas, Mont Blanc.                                     418
+  The Needle of the Giants and Mont Blanc.                         419
+  The Matterhorn.                                                  421
+  The Dent Blanche.                                                422
+  The Rhone Glacier.                                               424
+  Passage of a Crevasse, Mont Blanc.                               425
+  Pyramids of the Morteratsch.                                     426
+  Passage of a Crevasse, Mont Blanc.                               428
+  Lord Dunraven.                                                   429
+  Lady Dunraven.                                                   430
+  Dunraven Castle.                                                 431
+  Captain William Cranfield of the "Valkyrie."                     431
+  G. T. Watson, Designer of the "Valkyrie."                        432
+  The "Valkyrie."                                                  433
+  The Kenry Gateway.                                               434
+  Adare Manor House.                                               435
+  Adare Gallery.                                                   436
+  Ruins of Desmond Castle.                                         437
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS B. REED, OF MAINE.
+
+THE MAN AND HIS HOME.
+
+BY ROBERT P. PORTER.
+
+
+It was at a dinner in Washington that I had the good fortune to find
+myself seated next to Thomas B. Reed, of Maine. It was a brilliant
+occasion, for around the table sat well-known statesmen, scientists,
+jurists, economists, and literary men, besides two or three who had
+gained eminence in the medical profession. Mr. Reed was at his best,
+"better than the best champagne." His conversation, sparkling with
+good-nature, was not only exhilarating to his immediate neighbors, but
+at times to the entire table. Being among friends, among the sort of
+men he really liked, he let himself out as it were.
+
+[Illustration: Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893]
+
+Before the conversation had gone beyond the serious point I remember
+asking the ex-Speaker how he felt at the time when the entire
+Democratic press of the country had pounced upon him; when he was
+being held up as "The Czar"--a man whose iron heels were crushing out
+American popular government. "Oh," he promptly replied, "you mean what
+were my feelings while the uproar about the rules of the Fifty-first
+Congress was going on, and while the question was in doubt? Well, I
+had no feeling except that of entire serenity, and the reason was
+simple. I knew just what I was going to do if the House did not
+sustain me;" and raising his eyes, with a typical twist of his mouth
+which those who have seen it don't easily forget, he added, "when a
+man has decided upon a plan of action for either contingency there is
+no need for him to be disturbed, you know."
+
+"And may I ask what you determined to do if the House decided
+adversely?"
+
+"I should simply have left the Chair, resigning the Speakership, and
+left the House, resigning my seat in Congress. There were things that
+could be done, you know, outside of political life, and for my own
+part I had made up my mind that if political life consisted in sitting
+helplessly in the Speaker's chair, and seeing the majority powerless
+to pass legislation, I had had enough of it, and was ready to step
+down and out."
+
+After a moment's pause he turned, and, looking me full in the face
+with a half smile, continued: "Did it ever occur to you that it is a
+very soothing thing to know exactly what you are going to do, if
+things do not go your way? You have then made yourself equal to the
+worst, and have only to wait and find out what was ordained before the
+foundation of the world."
+
+"You never had a doubt in your own mind that the position taken was
+in perfect accordance with justice and common sense?" I ventured.
+
+"Never for a moment. Men, you see, being creatures of use and wont,
+are naturally bound up in old traditions. While every court which had
+ever considered the question had decided one way, we had been used to
+the other. Fortunately for the country, there was no wavering in our
+ranks."
+
+"But how did you feel," said I, "when the uproar was at its worst,
+when the members of the minority were raging on the floor together?"
+
+"Just as you would feel," was the reply, "if a big creature were
+jumping at you, and you knew the exact length and strength of his
+chain, and were quite sure of the weapon you had in your hands."
+
+This conversation gives a clear insight into the character of Thomas
+B. Reed. It shows his chief characteristics: manly aggressiveness, an
+iron will--qualities which friend and foe alike have recognized in
+him--with a certain serenity of temper, a broadness, a bigness of
+horizon which only the men who have been brought into personal contact
+with him fully appreciate.
+
+Standing, as he does, in the foremost rank of public men, one of the
+leaders of his party, the public has certainly a right to know
+something of the man. First of all, one thing about him has to be
+emphasized; he lacks one of the traits that popular leaders too often
+possess. He cannot be all things to all men. He is bound to be true to
+his personal convictions, and he is not the man to vote for a measure
+he detests, because his constituents clamor for it. Every one knows
+how public men have at times voted against their earnest convictions,
+and then gone into the cloak room and apologized for it; but it would
+be difficult to imagine a man of Mr. Reed's composition in this r�le.
+
+To judge a man well, to know his best side, it is necessary to see him
+at home, and I cull from notes made several weeks ago, during a visit
+to Mr. Reed in Portland.
+
+I found Mr. Reed in a three-story corner brick house, on one of the
+most sightly spots in town. Over the western walls of that modern,
+substantial New England home there clambers a mass of Japanese ivy,
+which, relieving the straightness of the architectural lines, gives a
+pleasing something, an artistic touch, to the _ensemble_. Its owner
+having shown his pride in that beautiful ivy, straightway took me to
+the roof of the house, to admire the superb view of Casco Bay and the
+picturesque expanse of country around Portland.
+
+The stamp of the man's character is plain everywhere in that house.
+The rooms are large, airy, and unpretentiously furnished, yet with
+solidity and that certain winning grace of domestic appointments in
+old New England. Much of Mr. Reed's work is done at his desk in a wee
+bit of a room on the second floor, where crowded book-shelves reach to
+the ceiling. His library long ago overflowed the confines of his den,
+and books are scattered through the rooms on every floor; books,
+bought not for binding nor editions, but for the contents, ranging
+from miscellaneous novels to the dryest historical treatises, from
+poetry to philosophy.
+
+The library,[1] on the ground floor, where callers are usually
+received, has among the inevitable book-shelves a few photographs of
+masterpieces. Over the mantelpiece a painting of Weeks's shows that
+the sympathies of the owner extend beyond that sphere to which the
+great public is inclined to confine him.
+
+  [1] The picture which forms the frontispiece of the Magazine
+      represents him in this room, at his favorite seat by the
+      window.
+
+Of the favorite haunts of Mr. Reed, the place of all to study his
+social side is at his club, The Cumberland.
+
+"You see," said Mr. Reed, "a club of this kind is only possible in a
+conservative town like Portland, a staid, old place which grows
+slowly, at the rate of about five or six hundred a year, where the
+one hundred club members, while belonging to opposite political
+parties, unite to a man in celebrating the victory of any of their
+fellow-members. Most of them, friends from boyhood, have gone to
+school together, and are known to one another but by their
+Christian names." There the ex-Czar is always called "Tom," or
+"Thomas, old boy," and there reigns supreme a fine spirit of
+equality, or unpretentious "give and take" sort of intercourse,
+which is really the ideal object of a club.
+
+"Indeed, there is no place like it," said Reed. "It is the most
+home-like club one can imagine; too small to have coteries, and with
+lots of bright, sensible boys, quick at repartee. People talk of my
+wit, but, I tell you, it's hard work to hold my own there; and then no
+one can try to pose among us, or attempt to make a fool of himself,
+but he is properly sat upon. Intercourse with your fellow-men in such
+a _milieu_ is the best discipline I know of for a man--except that of
+political life," he added, with his droll smile.
+
+Of course Mr. Reed is interested in the welfare of Portland, and he
+cherishes the idea that some day the city of his birth will become one
+of the great cities of the continent. "Portland harbor is one of the
+finest on the Atlantic coast. It is at least two days nearer Europe
+than New York, and one day nearer Europe than Boston. The annexation
+of Canada to the United States, or the union of the two countries, one
+of which is bound to come in the course of time, will surely bring to
+Portland the great prosperity that should be hers by reason of her
+admirable harbor and her geographical position. And," he added, "while
+I like the life in Washington, especially when the session is active
+and there is plenty of work to do, it has never yet been the case that
+I have left Portland without regret, or gone back to it without
+pleasure."
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED'S HOME IN PORTLAND.]
+
+The frame house in which he was born still stands, shaded by two elms
+of obvious age. Henry W. Longfellow was born just around the corner
+from it, in a dwelling that marks the spot where, in 1632, one George
+Cleeve built the first white man's habitation ever erected in the
+territory now included in Portland's boundaries. The settlement was
+called, in tender remembrance of an English field, "Stogumnor," and
+its founder's life was one of almost ceaseless conflict, now with the
+redskins and now with the white neighbors of other settlements, so
+that Cleeve left behind him the impress of a bold, vigorous fellow.
+His daughter married Michael Mitten, whose two daughters in turn
+married two brothers named Brackett. One of the Brackett daughters
+married a fisherman named Reed, whose descendant, Thomas Brackett
+Reed, has exhibited, in a different way and under vastly different
+circumstances, much of the nerve and daring that animated his stern
+old fighting settler-ancestor, George Cleeve.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW FROM THE ROOF OF MR. REED'S HOUSE.]
+
+At nine Mr. Reed entered the grammar school, at eleven the high
+school. He was sixteen years old when he completed his course in the
+latter. His boyhood friends say he was fond of fun, though the amount
+of knowledge he absorbed would indicate that he was also fond of
+books; yet Mr. Reed himself confesses that literature in general, and
+old romances in particular, attracted him more than text-books. He
+still remembers his first schoolmaster, a spare young man, "the best
+disciplinarian I ever knew," who had the art of holding a turbulent
+school by finding out what was the particular spring he could touch to
+control every one of his lawless boys.
+
+"He had the pull on me," says Mr. Reed, "by simply holding over me in
+critical moments the penalty of dismissal. You know, I had a sort of
+inborn idea that the school was a great thing for me, and I knew that
+my parents were too poor to afford to send me anywhere else, so I kept
+straight along, doing my duty. It was the master's custom to allow
+each boy who had no demerits to ring his bell before leaving the
+class, and once for three days in succession I did not ring that bell.
+I can see now the master coming to me, and saying: 'Tom, is it an
+inadvertence?' 'No, sir.' 'Did you break the rules?' 'Yes, sir.'
+'Why?' 'Because they were too hard.' 'Well, boy, you know what you can
+do if the rules are too hard; you can leave school.' I hung my head,
+and he went away, after a few moments of, to me, terrible silence,
+saying: 'Never let me hear of this again, Tom.' And I replied: 'No,
+sir.' And meant it."
+
+On entering Bowdoin College in 1856, young Reed had a half-formed
+desire of becoming a minister, which he relinquished, however, long
+before his graduation. His life struggle began in earnest with that
+first year at college, for he had to earn enough to pay his way as he
+went along. His attendance at class recitations during the first term
+of his freshman year was regular, but he found it necessary to drop
+out the next two terms and earn some money by teaching. He kept up his
+studies, however, without an instructor. All through the first part of
+his college course young Reed devoted a great deal of time to
+literature, to the neglect of his studies. While in the high school, a
+garret in the house of one of his mother's relations had become his
+Mecca. It was packed full of books, especially novels, and there he
+was wont to journey twice a week, loading himself with volumes, over
+which he spent his days and the best part of his nights. Mr. Reed says
+that it was mostly trashy, imaginative stuff, but that it also was
+full of delight, and in some ways full of information for him. To that
+omnivorous reading he attributes in large part his knowledge of words,
+and it was also, no doubt, an apprenticeship from which he naturally
+stepped into higher literature.
+
+Graduation was but little more than a year off, when, the contents
+of the garret being exhausted, the young man realized to his
+consternation that his class standing was very low. His place at the
+end of the college course depended on his average class standing all
+through. He had received none of the sixteen junior parts which were
+given out during the junior year, and to his dismay the English
+orations, corresponding to the junior parts at the end of the course,
+were reduced to twelve. There was but one course open to the
+ambitious, spirited boy--to offset the low average of his earlier
+terms by an exceptionally high average during his last. Romances
+and poems were laid aside, and from that time forward until
+Commencement he was up at five in the morning, and by nine o'clock
+every night he was in bed, and tired enough to drop asleep at once.
+Mr. Reed says very frankly that he did not relish this regimen, for
+by nature he is indolent. Apropos of this, it was a common saying
+among his comrades that Reed would be somebody some day, if he were
+not so lazy.
+
+The consequences of his three years of novel-reading were such a
+serious matter to him that he was afraid to go and hear the result of
+the final examinations but remained in his room until a friend came to
+tell him that he was one of the first five in his class in his average
+for the entire course. This is the other side of Reed, "the lazy."
+
+Besides this success, his oration on "The Fear of Death" won the first
+prize for English composition. It was in delivering it that Mr. Reed
+felt the first emotions of the orator, when every eye in the audience
+was riveted upon him, and when the profound silence that prevailed
+told the deep interest which his words aroused. Of the year's work
+which won for him the privilege of delivering it on that Commencement
+Day, thirty-three years ago, Mr. Reed says that it was the hardest of
+his life, and the only time he has forced himself up to his full limit
+for so long a period.
+
+Graduation from college was not by any means the end of the struggle
+for the young man. Money was still lacking, and to get it he engaged
+in school-teaching, an occupation which he had already followed during
+two terms, and in vacation times. He taught at first for twenty
+dollars a month, "boarding round," and the highest pay he ever
+received as a teacher was forty-five dollars a month. His old comrades
+delight in telling an incident of his school-teaching days. He once
+found it necessary to chastise a boy who was about his own age,
+although he had been cautioned against whipping, by the members of the
+committee of the district, unless he first referred the case to them.
+But Reed was Reed even in those days. The committee having failed to
+sustain him in the past, in this instance he decided that some one
+must be master at school, and that he would be that some one.
+Accordingly, the refractory young man was thrashed, after an exciting
+quarter of an hour--a close victory, which one pound more avoirdupois
+might have decided against the teacher.
+
+Mr. Reed soon gave up school-teaching, and, thinking that a young man
+would have a better chance out West, he went to California. Judge
+Wallace, afterwards Chief Justice of California, examined Reed for
+admission to the bar. It was in '63, during the civil war, when the
+Legal Tender Act was much discussed in California, where a gold
+basis was still maintained, that Wallace, whose office adjoined
+the one where Reed was studying, happened in one day and said, "Mr.
+Reed, I understand you want to be admitted to the bar. Have you
+studied law?" "Yes, sir, I studied law in Maine while teaching."
+"Well," said Wallace, "I have one question to ask. Is the Legal
+Tender Act constitutional?" "Yes," said Reed. "You shall be admitted
+to the bar," said Wallace. "Tom Bodley [a deputy sheriff, who had
+legal aspirations] was asked the same question, and he said 'no.' We
+will admit you both, for anybody who can answer off-hand a question
+like that ought to practise law in this country."
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED IN HIS LIBRARY.]
+
+Reed's sojourn on the Pacific coast was short. In '64 he was made
+Assistant Paymaster in the United States Navy, and served in that
+capacity until his honorable discharge a year or so after. His
+admission to practise before the Supreme Court of the State of Maine
+followed on his return to the East. Cases came to the young lawyer
+slowly. The first ones were in the minor municipal courts. Gradually
+he secured a certain run of commercial and admiralty cases which began
+to yield something tangible in the shape of fees. Yet the goal of
+success seemed a long way off, when it happened that in one of those
+minor cases he cross-examined a refractory witness in such a manner as
+to completely overturn the testimony given, and thereby won the case
+for his client. The unexpected result was that the witness who had
+been upset by the young lawyer's skill conceived a great admiration
+for him, and became influential in sending him many cases.
+
+That he made his mark in his modest position is shown by the fact that
+after two years, in 1867, Mr. Reed was nominated for the State
+Legislature. Judge Nathan Webb, then County Attorney, who had known
+Reed simply as his opponent in a number of cases, had proposed his
+name, and, after six ballots, had succeeded in nominating him. The
+first thing Reed knew about it was when reading the papers the next
+morning, and his first impulse was to decline. When Webb came in he
+urged him to accept, saying that a winter's legislative experience
+would broaden and be in every respect valuable to him. Mr. Reed
+accepted, and after serving two terms in the House he was elected to
+the State Senate. Then he was made Attorney-General and afterwards
+City Solicitor of Portland, and in 1876 he was for the first time
+nominated to represent his district in the House of Representatives in
+Washington.
+
+[Illustration: A CORNER OF THE LIBRARY.]
+
+At the very moment when Reed, escorted by one of his colleagues, took
+a seat at the first convenient desk, on the day when he began his life
+as a congressman, Mr. Reed's massive figure, suggestive of physical
+strength; the easy and yet not offensive assurance with which he took
+his seat and glanced with quizzical eye about the chamber; the
+unaffected way with which he accepted congratulations from the New
+England members who knew him, and the reputation he had already won as
+a master of wit and the possessor of a tongue which could be eloquent
+with sarcasm, all of these things so impressed Mr. S. S. Cox that he
+turned to Mr. William T. Frye, then a member for Maine, and said:
+"Well, Frye, I see your State has sent another intellectual and
+physical giant who is a youngster here." "Whom do you mean?" asked
+Frye. "This man Reed, who must be even now cracking a joke, for I see
+they are all laughing about him."
+
+But to maintain the reputation which his State had secured for
+committing its interests to master men, Mr. Reed had a hard task
+before him. Blaine, who had just passed from the House to the Senate,
+had made Maine of pre�minent influence by reason of his formidable
+canvass for the presidential nomination. Eugene Hale and Mr. William
+T. Frye represented in part the State in the House. Hannibal Hamlin
+was a member of the Senate, and the tradition of the remarkable
+intellectual achievements of William Pitt Fessenden, so long a senator
+from Maine, was still so fresh in the minds of many members of
+Congress that it was common to hear Mr. Fessenden spoken of as perhaps
+the ablest senator since the days of Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. But,
+unlike the stories that are told of the d�buts of many statesmen, Mr.
+Reed's first speech was not a failure. On the contrary, it was a
+success. A success all the more brilliant because won under trying
+circumstances.
+
+A bill was under consideration to pay the College of William and Mary,
+in Virginia, damages for the occupancy of its buildings by United
+States troops during the war. It was one of an almost innumerable
+class of similar claims in the South, and its payment would have
+established a precedent that would at that time have opened the door
+to the appropriation of millions of dollars. It had been put forward
+as being the most meritorious of these southern war claims, in the
+hope that the sympathy which could be aroused in behalf of the
+venerable institution of learning making the claim (it dating back to
+Washington's time, and being of a religious and eleemosynary as well
+as educational character) would stir up a sentimental feeling by means
+of which the other claims could be slipped through the House.
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED'S BIRTHPLACE IN PORTLAND.]
+
+Doctor Loring, a Republican member from Massachusetts, one of the most
+polished and eloquent speakers in the House, had made a strong and
+touching appeal, full of pathos and sentiment, in favor of the bill.
+At the conclusion of his speech spontaneous applause burst from all
+sides; Republicans and Democrats thronged to the desk of the orator to
+congratulate and shake him by the hand. The scene was a memorable one.
+Cries of "Vote," "Vote," rose from all parts of the House, and it
+seemed inevitable that the bill would pass by an almost unanimous
+vote.
+
+At this juncture Mr. Reed arose. He has told that he would at that
+moment have sold his opportunity to speak for a very insignificant
+sum. He stood motionless for ten minutes, unable to utter a word.
+Knowing that his only chance was to dominate the turmoil, he at last
+raised his voice, and, after five minutes, he felt that he would have
+a hearing. Slowly the excitement and noise quieted down, and for forty
+minutes he was given the closest attention. The speech was so clear,
+forcible, and convincing that, in spite of some break in the
+Republican ranks, it recalled members of both parties from their
+temporary emotional lapse and turned the tide against these dangerous
+claims.
+
+[Illustration: THE MEMBERS OF THE PENTAGON CLUB OF BOWDOIN COLLEGE. (MR.
+REED IN THE CENTRE.)]
+
+In '77 he was made a member of what was known as "The Potter
+Committee," appointed to investigate the operations of the returning
+boards in the South. Committee work was essentially congenial to Mr.
+Reed. He delighted in cross-examinations, and his power of sarcasm and
+of insinuating inquiry furnished the committee and the public with the
+most dramatic scenes which occurred at any of its sessions. In
+cross-examining a clever scoundrel, one Anderson, for instance, for
+two whole days, he at last compelled him to admit that he was a
+forger. "Who is this man Reed," every one began to ask, and the young
+congressman found himself, perhaps more in his legal capacity than as
+a legislator, famous.
+
+It is not the purpose of this article to describe Mr. Reed's public
+career, further than to say that there came a day when, upon the
+departure of Mr. Frye from the House to the Senate, and the election
+of General Garfield to the presidency, Mr. Reed passed, by common
+agreement and without questioning, to the leadership of his party in
+the House, and that, in the logical course of events, he was naturally
+indicated as the candidate for the Speakership, when, in 1889, after
+six years of minority, his party became a majority. What a magnificent
+combination of assaults and eulogies his career as Speaker brought
+forth is too vividly impressed upon the popular mind to need more than
+mention.
+
+During his public career Mr. Reed has manifested in a score or more of
+verbal hand-to-hand conflicts his ability to meet an emergency to the
+best advantage of his side. Always upon his feet when he scents
+danger, he is as quick to scent it as any politician who ever occupied
+a seat upon that floor. He is at all times as truly the master of all
+his resources as ever Mr. Blaine was in that same tempestuous arena of
+the House.
+
+From the first he has shown himself that _rara avis_, a born
+debater--aggressive and cautious, able to strike the nail right on the
+head at critical moments, to condense a whole argument with
+epigrammatic brevity. He has shown, to my judgment, better than any
+parliamentarian living, how the turbulent battlings of great
+legislative bodies, so chaotic in appearance, are not chaos at all to
+one who has the capacity to think with clearness and precision upon
+his feet. Such a man assimilates the substance of every speech and
+judges its relative bearing upon the question. At the beginning it is
+hard to tell where a discussion will hinge, but gradually, as the
+debate goes on, the two or three points which are the key of the
+situation become clear to the true _debater_. As I understand the art
+of the _debater_, it is as if logs were heaped in confusion before
+him, and the thing to do was to single out the one log which, when
+removed, starts all the others flying down stream--an easier thing to
+conceive than to accomplish, and which demands an alliance of widely
+diverse qualities. I remember telling Mr. Reed once that it seemed to
+me as if there must be in the temperament of the debater something of
+the artist's nature--a little of the same instinct to inspire and
+guide him. And I added: "Don't you, like the artist, draw for material
+everywhere, from friend and foe alike, from things bearing directly
+upon your subject as well as from things that are apparently more
+removed from it? Don't you have something akin to inspiration?"
+
+"Well, perhaps so," Mr. Reed answered, "and an anecdote occurs to my
+mind which you may think fits your theory. An obscure chap got up once
+and went for me in what was evidently a six months' laboriously
+prepared invective. I hardly realized what he was about, except that I
+had an impression of the man using words in the same frantic fashion a
+windmill uses its arms in a blow. All the same, when he had finished
+pitching into me, I could not but get up and return the compliment. I
+had no more idea of what I was going to say than he had, when, by a
+hazard, my eye caught in the sea of heads before me the face of
+another representative from his State--a man who was one of the
+leaders of his party--and instantly the answer flashed in my mind. I
+had begun with something like 'This is only another echo of the
+minority of the Fifty-first Congress, whose echoes are dying, not
+musically, but dying. Gentlemen,' I continued, 'it is too much glory
+for a State to furnish us with two such eminent representatives, the
+one to lead the House, the other to bring up the rear.'
+
+"But I want to tell you, while we are on this subject of the artist
+and the orator," Mr. Reed continued, "that I believe there is as
+much of a rhythm in prose as there is in poetry, and if a man has not
+the intuitive feeling of that subtile thing, rhythm, he can never
+amount to anything as an orator. Certain books of George William
+Curtis--'Prue and I,' especially--have helped me as much as anything
+to realize how delightful a quality rhythm is."
+
+There is a side to Mr. Reed which few people suspect. He is a lover of
+good novels, especially such novels as those of Balzac and Thackeray,
+which present human nature in a rugged, truthful manner. I should
+think that Mr. Reed would have about as much respect for a namby-pamby
+novel as he has for a wishy-washy politician.
+
+Of the English novelists he likes Thackeray by far the best.
+"Pendennis," "The Adventures of Philip," and "The Virginians" he
+esteems as his most interesting works, though Thackeray reached
+high-water mark, in Mr. Reed's opinion, in "Vanity Fair." Charles
+Reade, too, has found in him an assiduous reader. He thinks "The
+Cloister and the Hearth" the finest and truest picture that has been
+made of life in the fifteenth century, and that Charles Reade is the
+best story-teller that ever wrote English.
+
+In poetry his preference is for Tennyson, but he is a constant reader
+of Browning, Holmes, Longfellow, and Whittier also. "Would you mind,"
+said Mr. Reed, while talking of poets, "if I descend from the great
+names and say that I have a great liking for the rhymes of a Kansas
+lawyer, Eugene F. Ware, who writes over the nom-de-plume of
+'Ironquill'? They are so direct; they present a moral in so few and
+so strikingly well chosen words; and then they have just enough of
+that quality of language which is always attractive because it is
+language in the making. How do you like this example of Mr. Ware's
+sturdy popular muse?
+
+  "'Once a Kansas zephyr strayed
+  Where a brass-eyed bull-pup played;
+  And that foolish canine bayed
+  At that zephyr in a gay,
+  Semi-idiotic way.
+  Then that zephyr in about
+  Half a jiffy took that pup,
+  Tipped him over wrong side up;
+  Then it turned him wrong side out.
+  And it calmly journeyed thence
+  With a barn and string of fence.
+
+                 MORAL.
+
+  When communities turn loose
+  Social forces that produce
+    The disorders of a gale,
+  Act upon a well-known law,
+  Face the breeze, but close your jaw;
+    It's a rule that will not fail.
+
+  If you bay it in a gay,
+  Self-sufficient sort of way,
+  It will land you, without doubt,
+  Upside down and wrong side out.'"
+
+Mr. Reed, who learned French after he was forty years old, enjoys the
+masterpieces of French fiction and French verse in the original. He
+reads and rereads Horace, or, rather, certain parts of Horace which
+appeal strongly to him. But his one great admiration is Balzac. "Yes,
+I like to read Balzac," Mr. Reed often says. "His closeness to nature
+and life hold you in spite of yourself. There is hardly a book of his
+which is not sad beyond tears. 'Eug�nie Grandet' is a most powerful
+delineation of the absorbing grasp which love of money has on a strong
+man, and the power which love has over an untutored spirit, but
+sadness permeates everything. That wonderful love story of the
+'Duchess de Langais' is like no other love story ever written. Could
+anything be more sad than her life at the convent, and her lover's
+long search for her hiding-place? unless it be that lover's discovery,
+when he scaled the convent walls, that death had been stronger than
+love, and that, after a life of wasted devotion, nothing could be
+said of her beautiful form as it sank into the ocean except the
+mournful words, 'She was a woman; now she is nothing.' And what an
+extraordinary picture that is in the 'Peau de Chagrin' of the
+controlling power of society over a fashionable woman! And again, in
+'P�re Goriot.' How sad they all are, and the sadness of a life that
+toils not nor spins! Verily, to be happy we must take no note of the
+flying hours, and live outside of ourselves. Is not the condition of
+joyous life to forget that we are living? Here most of the characters
+are so entirely selfish that one sometimes thinks there is not one
+single friendly heart in the entire story. All are so conscious of
+living--even those in the higher sphere--and so anxious to appear
+other than they are, that their entire lives are only ignoble
+struggles, with nothing of serene repose. When the strife is not for
+gold or position it is for love, which is thus degraded!"
+
+I was talking the other day to that brilliant orator, Benjamin
+Butterworth, of Ohio, and the conversation turned to Tom Reed, as
+Butterworth affectionately called him. Said Butterworth: "The way
+Reed's constituents have stood by him is one of the most gratifying
+things to me in American politics. During one of his campaigns, in
+which I spoke for him, I met some Democrats in his district. I said,
+'Gentlemen, I do not know anything about your politics, but you have a
+man of sterling qualities to represent you.' 'Yes,' they replied, 'he
+is an intense Republican and has peculiarities, but we like him
+because he represents the best thought of the district, and we vote
+for him on the sly.'"
+
+That plain-speaking man, whose chief characteristic is to be true to
+his own convictions, is a pretty good specimen of the Puritan. Had he
+been in Cromwell's army he either would not have prayed at all or he
+would have prayed just as long as Cromwell did. In either case he
+would have fought for what he believed to be the right, all the time,
+and given no quarter.
+
+Apropos of what might be called his blunt frankness, I recall an
+incident told me by a member who had charge of what was known as the
+Whiskey Bill. Mr. Reed had baffled the attempts of the whiskey men to
+get it up, but in his temporary absence, through the inadvertence or
+incapacity of a member, the bill was forced on the House. Reed ran
+down to the fellow, and vented his feelings in the remark, "You are
+too big a fool to lead, and haven't got sense enough to follow."
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED'S PORTLAND LAW OFFICE.]
+
+If his bits of speeches flung about in the heat of debate, either in
+retort or in attack, were gathered, they would make a mighty
+interesting book. No other man has like him the power to condense a
+whole argument in a few striking words. His epigrams are worthy of the
+literary artist in that they are perfect in form. Though struck out on
+the spur of the moment you cannot take a word from nor recast them.
+They have for solid basis a most profound knowledge of human nature,
+of life, and they exhibit to a luminous degree the possession in their
+author of that prime quality of a true man--horse sense. I remember
+this fragment of a speech of last session: "Gentlemen, everybody has
+an opinion about silver, except those who have talked so much about it
+that they have ceased to think."
+
+There are many people who believe that Mr. Reed himself disproves one
+of his epigrams, that "a statesman is a successful politician who is
+dead." As for me, I venture to say that Mr. Reed is right, but he has
+there formulated a rule to which he is one of the rare exceptions.
+
+
+
+
+"HUMAN DOCUMENTS."
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
+
+
+THOMAS BRACKETT REED was born in Portland, Me., October 18, 1839. He
+graduated at Bowdoin College in 1860, and then commenced to study law.
+In 1864 he suspended his studies and joined the navy as Acting
+Assistant Paymaster, serving until his honorable discharge at the
+close of the war. Resuming his legal studies, he was admitted to the
+bar and began to practise in his native town. He soon took an active
+part in politics, and was a member of the Maine State Legislature from
+1868 to 1869. In 1870 he sat in the State Senate. From that year until
+1872 he was State Attorney-General, and in 1874-77 he served as
+solicitor for the city of Portland. He was sent to Congress in 1876
+and has been continuously re-elected since. When the Republican party
+came into power in 1888, he was elected Speaker of the House of
+Representatives. He is a powerful debater, an energetic politician,
+and a leading authority upon parliamentary procedure.
+
+FRANCES ELIZABETH WILLARD was born in Churchville, N.Y., September 28,
+1839. She graduated at Northwestern Female College, Evanston, Ill., in
+1859. She became Professor of Natural Science there in 1862, and
+Principal of Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in 1866. After two years of
+travel and study in Europe and the Holy Land, she became Professor of
+Esthetics in Northwestern University, and, as Dean of the Women's
+College there, developed her system of self-government, now generally
+adopted. In 1874 Miss Willard identified herself with the Woman's
+Christian Temperance Union. As secretary of the Union she organized
+the Home Protection movement, and in 1879 was elected president. She
+took a leading part in the establishment of the Prohibition party, and
+in 1887 was elected President of the Women's Council of the United
+States. She also accepted the leadership of the White Cross movement,
+which has been successful in obtaining enactments in many States for
+the protection of women. Besides being a director of the Women's
+Temperance Publishing House, Miss Willard is chief contributor to "The
+Union Signal" (Chicago) and associate editor of "Our Day" (Boston).
+Her chief literary works are "Nineteen Beautiful Years," "Woman and
+Temperance," "How to Win," "Woman in the Pulpit," and "Glimpses of
+Fifty Years."
+
+EDGAR WILSON NYE, who has become famous as a humorist under the pen
+name of "Bill Nye," was born in Shirley, Piscataqua County, Maine,
+August 25, 1850. His family removed to Wisconsin shortly afterwards,
+and the boy was educated at River Falls, in that State. Early in the
+seventies he went to Wyoming Territory; he there studied law, and was
+admitted to the bar in 1876. While in Wyoming he served in several
+public capacities, as postmaster of Laramie and as a member of the
+legislature. He had early begun to furnish humorous sketches to the
+newspapers, and for some time was connected with the press as
+correspondent. He returned to Wisconsin in 1883. In 1886 he was
+connected with the New York "World," and since then has been a weekly
+contributor to numerous papers. As a lecturer and reader from his own
+books Mr. Nye has been very successful. In 1891 he produced a play,
+"The Cadi," at a New York theatre. His best-known books are "Bill Nye
+and the Boomerang," "The Forty Liars," "Baled Hay," and "Remarks." Mr.
+Nye has resided, for some time past, near Asheville, N.C.
+
+GEORGE W. CABLE was born in New Orleans in 1844. He obtained an
+ordinary public-school education. His early life was spent as a clerk
+in a commercial office, varied by successful contributions to "The New
+Orleans Picayune" under the signature of "Drop-Shot." In 1863 he
+joined the Confederate Army, and served in the Fourth Regiment
+Mississippi Cavalry, until the end of the civil war. His first
+literary work to attract general attention was a short story, "Sieur
+George," published in the old "Scribner's Monthly." To that periodical
+he contributed numerous other sketches of creole life, which were
+published in book form in 1879. Other stories and articles followed,
+and Mr. Cable, after working up to a leading position in the
+mercantile world, from that of an errand boy, devoted himself to
+literature as a profession. "The Grandissimes," in 1880, "Madame
+Delphine," 1881, "The Creoles of Louisiana" and "Dr. Sevier," 1884,
+established him in a high place amongst modern authors. His knowledge
+of the South, and his studies among the creoles and negroes, made him
+an authority upon the questions relating to the past and future of the
+negro and the southern States, and involved him in numerous and heated
+discussions. "The Silent South," 1885, and "The Negro Question," 1890,
+are the most prominent of his works on this subject. As a lecturer and
+reader he is widely known.
+
+
+THOMAS B. REED.
+
+[Illustration: 1860. AT GRADUATION.]
+
+[Illustration: 1864. ON ENTERING THE NAVY.]
+
+[Illustration: Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893]
+
+
+FRANCES E. WILLARD.
+
+[Illustration: FROM AN EARLY PICTURE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 20. 1859.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 37. 1876.]
+
+[Illustration: MISS WILLARD AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+EDGAR WILSON NYE.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 20. 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 28. 1878.]
+
+[Illustration: "BILL NYE" AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+[Illustration: "BILL NYE" AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+GEORGE W. CABLE.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 9. 1853.]
+
+[Illustration: 1874. FIRST SKETCHES OF CREOLE LIFE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 19. 1863.]
+
+[Illustration: 1882. "DOCTOR SEVIER."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 24. 1868.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 40. 1884. "BONAVENTURE."]
+
+[Illustration: MR. CABLE IN 1892.]
+
+
+
+
+THE JONESES' TELEPHONE
+
+BY ANNIE HOWELLS FR�CHETTE.
+
+[Illustration: THE JONESES' TELEPHONE]
+
+
+"Now, we won't be selfish with our telephone, will we, dear? We will
+let a few friends use it occasionally--it will be such a pleasure and
+a convenience," and Mrs. Jones stood off and looked admiringly at the
+new telephone.
+
+"By all means. It is here and it may as well be doing some one a
+service as to stand idle--and I like to feel that a friend isn't
+afraid to ask a favor of me now and then. Yes, I suppose that
+telephone will save us many a car-fare during the year. You can use it
+to do your marketing, instead of tiring yourself out and wasting half
+a day three or four times a week; and days when I forget things, think
+how easy it will be to telephone and remind me. Why, it will entirely
+do away with the need for strings to tie around my fingers."
+
+"Of course it will. I'm sure that what we'll save on strings and
+car-fare will pay the rent of the instrument," joyously responded Mrs.
+Jones, who had no great head for figures.
+
+Thus hope and kindly intentions presided at the inauguration of the
+Joneses' telephone.
+
+Three months passed, and the great invention had carried much
+information--useful and otherwise--not only to its owners, but to the
+entire neighborhood as well. There were even days when the Joneses
+questioned whether they were not running a public telephone, so often
+did the bell ring. It is true, it had not quite paid for itself in the
+anticipated saving of car-fares and finger strings; still, it had
+certainly been a great comfort, and "Well, we'll just face the music
+and call it a luxury," said Jones, as he put away the receipt for his
+first quarter's rent; "especially for our friends," he added, with
+just a touch of bitterness.
+
+Scarce twenty-four hours after this philosophical stand was taken,
+Mrs. Jones, who was rather a light sleeper, was aroused by a violent
+and prolonged ringing. It was six o'clock and Sunday morning--a day
+and hour usually dedicated to undisturbed slumber. After a brief
+debate in her own mind as to whether the house was on fire or the
+milkman was ringing, she realized that it was the telephone bell. She
+hastily donned slippers and gown and ran down-stairs. In reply to her
+interrogative "Yes?" (Mrs. Jones could never bring herself to say
+"Hello!") came the following, in measured and clerical tones:
+
+"It is Mr. Brown--Reverend Mr. Brown, speaking."
+
+"Oh, yes?" instinctively covering her half-clad feet in the folds of
+her gown.
+
+"I believe you live near the Reverend Mr. Smith, and are a member of
+his church."
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Will you be good enough to send to him, and ask if he can spare his
+curate to take Mr. Brown's early service for him, as he is called
+away. I would be glad if you would send immediately, as I must have
+his answer within fifteen minutes. Thank you. Please call up 1001,"
+and snap went the telephone.
+
+Mrs. Jones looked at her raiment and reflected that her one servant
+was at mass and would not be back for an hour. She went slowly
+up-stairs.
+
+"Tom, Tom dear, wake up."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"The Reverend Brown has telephoned to know whether the Reverend Smith
+can send his curate to take his early service."
+
+"Well, what in the world have I got to do with the peddling out of
+early services?" snapped Jones, as he turned and shook up his
+pillows.
+
+"He has to have an answer to his message within fifteen minutes."
+
+"Well, let Susan take it," settling back comfortably.
+
+"But Susan has gone to mass."
+
+"And I suppose that means that I am to be turned out of my bed at
+daybreak, and canter half a mile!" cried Jones, in a high and excited
+voice, as he bounced from his bed and began to grope sleepily for his
+clothes. His toilet was made amidst grumblings of "Confound their
+early services, why can't they stay in bed like Christians, instead of
+prowling about, and sending men out in the chilly morning air," etc.,
+etc.
+
+Jones's temper was soured for the day, and that night, as he was
+winding his watch, he said severely, "Jane, I'm going to draw the line
+at delivering messages. Tom, Dick, and Harry can come here and bellow
+into the telephone until they are hoarse, but I'll be switched if I'll
+be messenger boy any longer."
+
+But messages continued to come and go, increasing rather than
+decreasing in frequency. People in the neighborhood fell into the
+habit of saying to friends in distant parts of the city, when leaving
+a question open: "Just telephone me when you make up your mind. I
+haven't a telephone myself, but the Joneses have, and they are very
+obliging about letting me use it."
+
+So the fact that a telephone was owned by an obliging family
+circulated almost as rapidly as if it had been a lie.
+
+There were times when Mrs. Jones hadn't the face to ask Susan to stop
+her work and carry these messages, so she carried them herself--trying
+to keep up her self-respect by combining an errand of her own in the
+same direction. There were a few messages, however, which remained
+forever indignantly shut within the telephone; as, for instance, that
+of the little girl, which came in a shrill, piping voice:
+
+"Mrs. Jones, will you send your servant over to Mrs. Graham's to ask
+Milly where she got that perfectly delicious delight she gave me the
+other day, and tell her to be quick about it, please, for I'm
+waiting."
+
+And another which came in chuffy, distorted, conversational
+English--regular "chappie" English, very hard to understand, but
+which she finally straightened out into: "I say there--aw--oh--is that
+you, Mrs. Jones? Sorry to trouble you, but would you be so awfully
+good as to send word to Mrs. Bruce--aw--that I'm awfully cut up
+about it, but I won't be able to dine there to-night. Aw--I
+wouldn't trouble you, but it's so awfully hot I can't go round to
+explain to her--you know. Thanks, awfully." The telephone was closed,
+and the awfully-cut-up young man, whose sole claim on Mrs. Jones
+was that they had once met at a party, was left to be healed by time.
+
+He had for company in his fate the enthusiastic tennis-player, who, in
+the midst of "a little summer shower," summoned Mrs. Jones.
+
+"I want to speak to Flannigan, the gardener."
+
+"This is not Flannigan's telephone."
+
+"And who is speaking?"
+
+"Mrs. Jones."
+
+"Oh, well, Mrs. Jones, I can give my message to you just as well. I
+want you to tell Flannigan to come and roll the tennis ground at once.
+He will understand. Tell him right away, please."
+
+"Flannigan does not live here."
+
+"Well, you can send him word, I suppose," in a surprised and offended
+voice, "to oblige a _lady_. It is _Miss Mortimer_ who is speaking,"
+and there was an impressive silence. Mrs. Jones remembered Miss
+Mortimer as a high-stepping young woman whom she had met at a friend's
+house, and who had given her the impression of taking an inventory of
+her. So Mrs. Jones took pleasure in replying, "Miss Mortimer probably
+does not know that she is addressing a private telephone. Good day."
+
+But it was Jones, the luckless Jones, who seemed set aside for the
+cruel buffeting of the telephoning public. One night, which he will
+ever point to as the wildest and wettest night he has known, he had
+settled himself into his most comfortable chair, with a pile of new
+magazines beside him, when he was disturbed by a summons from the
+telephone. He responded with readiness, for he was rather expecting a
+call from his partner, and to his cheerful "Hello, old fellow, I'm
+here," came, in a sputtering and wind-tossed voice, "Will you please
+tell Mrs. Goodson that as it is so stormy her daughter will not go
+home to-night?"
+
+Jones turned and confronted his wife, and for a time words refused to
+come.
+
+"Well, this is a little too much! Now think of an unknown voice
+barking at me to go out into a storm like this and tell the Goodsons
+that their daughter will not be at home to-night!"
+
+The Goodsons lived just six squares away.
+
+"And what will you do, dear? Why didn't you say plainly that you would
+not and could not go out into a storm like this--that they must send a
+messenger?"
+
+"They shut me off without giving me time to answer."
+
+"Well, call them up. Call them up at once."
+
+"Jane, please have some sense. How do I know where Miss Goodson has
+gadded off to? How do I know what number to call up?"
+
+"Well, I just wouldn't go."
+
+"Oh, I'll have to. They are friends, and if they are expecting that
+girl of theirs home to-night and she doesn't come Mrs. Goodson will go
+out of her mind."
+
+So Jones drove himself forth, clad in righteous indignation and a
+waterproof coat. The cold rain lashed him and the wind belabored his
+umbrella, and he was more than once obliged to pause under friendly
+porches to get his breath. At last the home of the Goodsons was
+reached, and spent and weary he staggered up the steps. Goodson
+himself opened the door.
+
+"Hello, Jones, you're no fair weather friend indeed. Come in, come
+in."
+
+"No, I'm too wet," he answered, pointedly (and he felt like adding
+"and too mad"). "I only came to tell you that Miss Goodson won't be at
+home to-night."
+
+"My daughter! She is at home. Don't you hear her playing on the piano
+now? Come into the vestibule, anyway."
+
+Jones walked in, with the rain streaming from his coat.
+
+"Katey!" called Mr. Goodson to his wife. "Here is Jones come to say
+that Julia won't be home to-night."
+
+"What?" demanded Mrs. Goodson, appearing in the hall and regarding
+Jones as if he were a mild sort of lunatic; "_Julia is_ at home."
+
+"Well, I don't understand it," said Jones, plaintively. "I was rung up
+half an hour ago, and asked to come and tell you that your daughter
+wouldn't be at home on account of the storm."
+
+"And do you mean to say that you stand ready to turn out at all hours
+and deliver messages free of cost?" cried Goodson.
+
+"It looks that way."
+
+"Well, you are an ass!"
+
+"Don't compliment me too freely, Goodson, I can't take in much more;
+I'm soaked as it is."
+
+Mrs. Goodson stood thinking. "Who could have been meant? Oh, I've just
+thought! It must be that Mrs. Goodson who sews for Mrs. Jones and me.
+And she has a daughter--a typewriter down town--and she has friends
+living in the suburbs. She has doubtless gone there to dinner and
+concluded to stay all night. But she lives just around the corner from
+you."
+
+Goodson laughed loudly and brutally. "A bonny sort of a night for a
+respectable family man like you, Jones, to be skylarking around
+carrying messages for typewriting maidens!"
+
+"Oh, come now, that's a little too much!"
+
+"Well, old man, I'll show my gratitude for your friendly intentions
+toward me by going round to the telephone people the first thing in
+the morning, and complaining of you. You've no right to be running
+opposition to the public telephones in this way."
+
+"_If_ you only would!" and Jones wrung his friend's hand while tears
+of thankfulness welled up to his eyes.
+
+Once in the street, he longed for a contemptuous enemy to kick him
+briskly to the door of the Widow Goodson. The latter was evidently
+about to retire, as it was a long time before she responded to his
+ring. When, finally, she did come, she heard him calmly through and
+then answered languidly: "Yes, I didn't much expect Bella home
+to-night, for she said if it come on to rain she thought she'd stay
+with her cousins. Good night. Quite drizzly, isn't it?" peering out
+into the darkness.
+
+Full of bitterness, Jones turned homeward. It seemed to him that his
+cup was full; and so it was, for it refused to hold more. As he
+entered his home, chilled without but hot within, he was greeted by an
+unfamiliar voice coming from the regions of the telephone.
+
+"Give me Blair's," it said. "Is that Blair's? Is
+that--Blair's--B-l-a-i-r-'s, do you understand? Oh, yes, it is you, is
+it, Mrs. Blair? Well, say I want to speak to Miss McCrea--Oh--pshaw!
+you must know her--she's the young lady that works for you. Oh, she's
+out, is she? Well, when she comes in, tell her Miss Doolan told you to
+say that Mr. Brennan has broke his leg--she'll know, he drives
+Judson's horses--and me and Mrs. Judson want to know whether he's to
+go to the hospital or to his friends. You can send your answer to No.
+999. They'll let me know. Give Miss McCrea my love and tell her not to
+worry about Mr. Brennan. Good-by."
+
+Jones confronted a stately creature as she stepped into the hall.
+
+"Look here, young woman, who are you?"
+
+"I'm Miss Doolan, and I'm stopping at Judson's--as housemaid," she
+answered, so taken aback that for the moment her self-possession
+failed her.
+
+"And to whom have you been telephoning?"
+
+"To Blair's--Judge Blair's, over on the avenue--a friend of mine stops
+there."
+
+"And are you in the habit of calling up ladies in that fashion?"
+
+"It's a very good fashion, for all _I_ can see," she retorted
+impudently.
+
+"And what business have you to order an answer sent here for me to
+carry on a night like this?"
+
+"Mrs. Judson and me took you for a _gentleman_, sor, and we thought
+you wouldn't mind obliging ladies."
+
+"Nor do I, but I don't know either Mrs. Judson or you, and I don't
+propose running errands for you."
+
+"Oh, then don't bother yourself, sor--we can hire a boy," she flung
+back with a scornful laugh as she bounced out.
+
+"Now, Jane, I want you to distinctly understand that the last message
+has been carried from this house. I have probably to-night sown the
+seeds of pleurisy and pneumonia broadcast in my system; I have walked
+twelve squares to deliver a message to the wrong person; we have had a
+baggage here using our telephone as if it were her own, and we have
+been at the beck and call of the unpaying public for the last six
+months. Now, if the telephone people are not here by noon to-morrow,
+to threaten legal proceedings against me (Goodson has promised to
+complain of me) for undermining their business, I shall have that
+wretched instrument dragged away, body and soul, and we will try some
+other form of economy in the future."
+
+
+
+
+THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT HARVARD.
+
+BY HERBERT NICHOLS, PH.D.,
+
+Instructor in Psychology, Harvard University.
+
+  EDITOR'S NOTE.--The illustrations of this article are from
+  photographs, specially taken for the Harvard University Exhibit at
+  the World's Fair.
+
+
+What do they do there?
+
+What do they expect to come out of it?
+
+The notion of a mental laboratory is still a mystery to most persons.
+They ask themselves the above questions, and many feel as they do so
+an uncanny shiver. They cannot realize that the study of the mind is
+already an established natural science, here, at sober Harvard, in all
+the leading universities, and free of spooks and mediums.
+
+Yet a psychological laboratory looks much like any other modern
+laboratory. Around the rooms run glass-cases filled with fine
+instruments. Shelves line up, row after row, of specimen-jars and
+bottles. Charts cover the remainder of the walls. The tables and
+floors are crowded with working apparatus. Two large rooms and one
+small one are now occupied at Harvard. Four more rooms will be added
+to these this summer.
+
+Also, the spirit that reigns in these rooms is the same that is found
+in other laboratories of exact science. This is the important thing.
+The minds of these workers are not wandering in dialectics and vagrant
+hypotheses. Reverence has opened her eyes. Hypotheses they have, and
+must have. Often they hold conflicting opinions. But the referee is
+always present--Nature herself. To experiment, to show the fact, is
+always the method of debate. This is the great advantage of the modern
+way of studying psychology over the old.
+
+The American public is so practical that I feel I can alone satisfy
+its "whats and wherefores" by explicitly describing some of the
+investigations being carried on here.
+
+
+EFFECT OF ELEMENTARY SENSATIONS ON ONE ANOTHER.
+
+Here is a lantern throwing a steady light through a large tube.
+(See illustration below, the right hand group.) By transparent
+slides of colored glass or gelatine, the light may be made of any
+color. At the end of the tube is a box, like a camera. The operator
+covers his head with a cloth, and observes the color of the light as
+it shines from the tube through, or on, a tiny hole in the dark
+box. The size of the hole can be varied by moving slides, worked by
+micrometer screws so fine that they measure the dimensions of the
+hole to the four-hundredth of an inch.
+
+[Illustration: STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF SOUND AND OF ATTENTION ON COLORS.]
+
+The first step is to discover the "threshold" of each separate color.
+That means the smallest-sized hole through which each color can be
+distinguished. This varies for different colors. But now comes the
+interesting point. The size of the hole, for any given _color seen_,
+varies according to the nature of any _sound heard_ at the same time.
+For instance, in order to distinguish a given red, the hole must be
+larger or smaller, in proportion as the pitch of a musical tone is
+lower or higher, fainter or stronger.
+
+[Illustration: STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF COLORS ON JUDGMENTS OF TIME.]
+
+The above experiment is one in a system of investigations, intended to
+discover the laws by which the simplest sensations modify each other
+under the simplest conditions. These are laws as fixed as the laws of
+gravity, and, once determined, we may move on to study the combination
+of these elements into the higher thought processes.
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ATTENTION.
+
+Another experiment will further illustrate this method of study. An
+apparatus is so contrived that a colored disk can be made darker or
+brighter by the operator, and a measure of the change be recorded.
+(See illustration on opposite page, rear group.) The persons operated
+on do not know what change is made, or whether any will be made or
+not. They first look at the disk for ten seconds, taking good note of
+its color. Next, the operator changes the shade (or not) as he sees
+fit. Then for another ten seconds the subject judges the shade of
+color, but this time performs meanwhile a sum in addition as the
+operator calls to him simple numbers.
+
+The experiment is to determine how the appearance of the color
+changes, by reason of dividing the attention between observing the
+disk and performing the addition. Do the colors of a rival's bonnet
+really grow more glaring the harder they are looked at? To explain
+this is to touch on a social as well as an esthetic problem.
+
+Diversion of attention changes the appearance of distances as well as
+of colors. A large frame covered with black cloth stands vertical. Two
+tiny white disks are held in place on the cloth by invisible threads
+manipulated behind the frame by the operator. When the disks are set a
+given distance apart they rest close upon the smooth black ground. The
+eye sees but two white spots in a free field, and may judge the
+distance between them without complication. This is done for ten
+seconds, as with the color disks. Then the spots are covered, and
+their distance apart slightly changed (or not) by the operator. Again
+they are shown, and now judged for ten seconds while adding figures.
+The mental process of addition changes the judgment of the distance.
+
+You will say it is a familiar experience that the road seems longer or
+shorter as the mind is busy or not. But it is not a familiar thing to
+determine the law of such lengthening and shortening for definite
+distances, and under precise mental condition, as in the above
+experiment.
+
+
+JUDGMENTS OF TIME.
+
+Every woman knows that color has an effect on the apparent size of
+objects; that of her dress on her figure.[2] It is not as well known
+that color affects our judgments of time. Our next experiment examines
+this matter.
+
+  [2] In the diagram on the preceding page the white squares show
+      plainly larger than the black squares.
+
+[Illustration: REVOLVING CHAIR FOR STUDYING LOCALIZATIONS OF SOUNDS.]
+
+Upon a cylinder, slowly revolving by fine clockwork, strips of
+different colored cardboard are fastened, and observed through a hole
+in a screen. (See illustration on the preceding page.) The time of
+each rotation is measured precisely. By observation it is found that
+the period of rotation _seems_ to vary with the colors on the
+cylinder. By combining colors differently through a long and tedious
+series of investigations on many people, it is being determined what
+part this sort of influence plays in mental processes. "When things
+look gay, time seems short." Psychology seeks the laws of such
+happenings.
+
+
+LOCALIZATION OF SOUNDS.
+
+They are the most familiar things which in our science become the
+strangest. _Not_ to know where you are when seasick, still less where
+your mind is, is common enough. Our next experiment will trace our
+power to know where sounds are to the same origin as seasickness.
+
+Seasickness starts in the ear. In its cavity are three small tubes,
+each bent in a circle, and filled with fluid. The three sit at right
+angles to each other, like the three sides at the corner of a room or
+a box. Consequently, in whatever direction the head is moved, the
+fluid in some one of the tubes is given a circular motion. Hanging
+out into the tubes, from their sides, are hairs or _cilia_, which
+connect with nerve cells and fibres that branch off from the auditory
+nerve. When the head moves the fluid moves, the hairs move, the cells
+are "fired off," a nervous current is sent up to the brain, and a
+feeling of the head's peculiar motion is consequent.
+
+As for seasickness: this nerve current, on its way to the brain, at
+one point runs beside the spot or "centre" where the nerve governing
+the stomach has its origin. When the rocking of the head is abnormally
+violent and prolonged, the stimulus is so great that the current leaks
+over into this adjoining "centre," and so excites the nerve running to
+the stomach as to cause wretchedness and retching. Deaf mutes, whose
+ear "canals" are affected, are never seasick.
+
+But normally the amount of ear-feeling which we get by reason of
+moving our head in a particular direction comes in a curious way to be
+a measure of the direction of sound. The feelings we get from our skin
+and muscles in turning the head play a similar _r�le_. We turn our ear
+to catch a sound. We do this so frequently for every point, that in
+time we learn to judge the direction of the sound by the way we would
+have to turn the head in order to hear the sound best. Thereafter we
+do not have to turn the head to get the direction, for we now remember
+the proper feeling and know it. This memory of the old feeling _is_
+our idea of the present direction. If we never moved our heads we
+never could have any such notion of the location of sounds as at
+present--perhaps none whatever.
+
+
+MENTAL ORIGIN OF NUMBERS.
+
+Number! surely there can be nothing mysterious here; no "law" to be
+discovered about one, two, three? Well, the next time you shake hands,
+ask the man what he feels. A hand. Then ask further and he will feel
+five fingers. Now ask rightly and he will feel any number of distinct
+spots of pressure. But the real pressures were practically the same
+all through. Why, then, did he feel first one, then five, then eight,
+ten, or a dozen? So with the objects we become acquainted with through
+any of our senses! Why does the same bit of nature now stand before us
+"one tree," and now a myriad of leaves and branches? Why do the same
+outer groupings fall into such different inner groupings? Why does not
+the result of each little nerve of the millions continually played on
+in eye, ear, and skin stand out by itself, and we have so many million
+feelings?
+
+To explain this: the first time a child opens his eyes he sees, as
+Professor James says, but "one big, blooming, buzzing confusion." Not
+till some "whole" (knife) be broken up into parts (blade, handle) and
+each part be mentally perceived _in immediate succession the one after
+the other_ can the idea of "twoness" ever be possible to that child.
+The "twoness" is a feeling of distinct nature apart from the two terms
+(blade, handle). It rises from the "shock of succession." It is one of
+the "modified states" wrought by one element on another, which we
+studied in our first experiment. Once lodged in the mind, the feeling
+may be remembered and reawakened, like any other. Thereafter the two
+parts or terms may come before the mind, awaken this feeling of
+twoness, and _now_ stand side by side, simultaneously and numerically
+separate.
+
+These are the primary laws of number perception. Our experiments
+illustrate and prove them. Though the nerves lying under a needle
+point are really several in number, the pressure on them is commonly
+felt as "one prick." The area is so small that usually, through life,
+all the nerves have been pressed together. They have not been split up
+and pressed enough times in succession among themselves for a memory
+of "twoness" to have been developed among them. But, by proper
+manipulation, not unlike some of the processes of hypnotism, yet
+perfectly normal, the "twoness" of some other group of nerves can be
+yoked to the feeling resulting from the pressure of a particular
+needle point. Thereupon the one needle will feel like two, as
+distinctly and clearly as any real two.
+
+[Illustration: MEASURING THE TIME REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS MENTAL ACTS.]
+
+
+MENTAL ORIGIN OF DISTANCES AND SPACE.
+
+By similar manipulations the simple needle may be made to feel like
+three or like four; now standing in a line, now in a triangle, and
+again in the corners of a square. But, since there is but one needle,
+what about the apparent distance _between_ these several points that
+are clearly _felt_? This is the most curious thing of all, and from
+the light it throws on the formation of our "ideas" both of number and
+of space, is the most important.
+
+To explain this: our notion of distance results out of "series" of
+sensations, in the same way as our notions of number. To have any idea
+of "distance" aroused between any two points of skin, the line of
+nerves lying between those points must, some time during life, have
+been previously stimulated in a line of succession, such as would
+result from a pencil drawn along between them. A card edge would give
+no idea of "distance" until such a series had some time been
+previously experienced. The memory of the "series" _is_ the idea of
+the distance.
+
+Within small areas of the skin, so few "series" have been experienced
+that no "distance memories" have been developed. Consequently
+pin-point areas commonly awaken no notion of distance. For some
+regions of the body these "limit areas" are larger than for others; at
+some places are quite large. On the back, spaces three inches apart
+may fail to give any idea of number or of distance. Every region has
+such a limit distance.
+
+_Now it is this limit distance, the smallest distance for which a
+"series" memory has been developed for a given region, that always
+shoves itself in, as the apparent distance between the several
+fictitious points felt from the single needle in our experiment. On
+the back the one needle feels like two set three inches apart; on the
+forehead like two half an inch apart; on the tongue one-sixteenth of
+an inch; and so on._
+
+The upshot, then, of this matter is to show that our whole mind--our
+notions of space, number, time, and all else--is but a bundle of
+lawful habits, formed in relation with the things and occurrences
+around us. Ordinarily we have right ideas, because on the whole our
+mind has formed right habits. We have the right idea of an inch of
+skin, because the proper idea of an "inch long" has become habitually
+joined to each inch of skin, or in so far as this has been done. When
+a wrong idea gets joined, then we have an illusion; that is, the
+stretch of skin, or, as well, the pin-point of skin, seems a fraction
+of an inch in length; or, again, like three inches.
+
+
+"TIME REACTIONS:" METHODS OF MEASURING THE TIME REQUIRED FOR
+PERFORMING VARIOUS MENTAL ACTS.
+
+A sketch like this would be incomplete without a word about time
+reactions--a subject that historically was almost the first in the
+field, and has occupied more workers than any other. A generation ago
+"as quick as thought" was our extreme limit of expression. It outran
+"quicker than lightning." The great physiologist, Johannes M�ller,
+wrote, in 1844:
+
+  "We shall probably never secure the means of ascertaining the
+  speed of nerve activities, because we lack the comparative
+  distances from which the speed of a movement, in this respect
+  analogous to light, could be calculated."
+
+We now know that sensory processes travel along the nerves on an
+average only about one hundred and ten feet per second, and often less
+than twenty-six feet. While you are performing the commonest judgment,
+electricity or light would have shot from continent to continent. The
+time-measurement of different mental processes is now one of the chief
+means which the psychologist uses for getting at mental laws. When
+certain measures are once determined, he uses these as the chemist
+does his familiar reagents, to dissolve the unfamiliar and more
+complicated combinations.
+
+The following table shows in decimals of a second about the average
+length of time which our commonest judgments occupy:
+
+SECONDS
+
+  To recognize the direction of a ray of light            .011
+
+  To recognize a color when one of two, as red and blue,  .012
+  and expected to be seen
+
+  To recognize the direction of ordinary sounds           .015
+
+  To localize mentally, when blindfolded, any place on    .021
+  our body, touched by another person
+
+  Mentally to judge a distance when seen                  .022
+
+  To recognize the direction of loud sounds               .062
+
+  To recognize capital letters                            .180
+
+  To recognize short English words                        .214
+
+  To recognize pictures of objects                        .163
+
+  To add single figures                                   .170
+
+  Given a month, to name its season                       .164 to .354
+
+  To answer such questions as "Who wrote Hamlet?"       .900 and over
+
+Such then, are a few out of the many problems which have been
+experimented upon in the Harvard Laboratory during the last
+year--problems in perception, association, attention, "reaction
+times," psycho-physic law, kinesthetics, esthetics, memory, will, and
+so on, covering nearly the whole range of mental phenomena. I have
+selected these few for presentation here, not for their importance
+over others, but because they could be simply described in these
+pages. The general aim of all the work is, however, very simple. As in
+the other sciences, it seeks to establish fact after fact, in orderly
+manner, along the whole line of mental nature; and by unifying these
+to work ever to a larger knowledge of the whole.
+
+[Illustration: WAX SPECIMENS IN THE MUSEUM.]
+
+
+FACILITIES FOR TEACHING.
+
+But the university laboratory is for teaching as well as for
+discovering. It is equipped for the undergraduate, as well as for the
+advanced investigator. The elementary or demonstrational courses are
+designed to impress upon the student the facts, the methods, and the
+spirit of his science. There is now furnished for these, at Harvard,
+nearly every kind of apparatus commonly used in physical and
+physiological laboratories, for the study of neurology, optics,
+acoustics, kinesthetics, esthetics, anthropology, and so on. The
+electrical department is a miniature laboratory in itself. And the
+various models in wax, wire, and plaster--of eyes, ears, brains,
+fishes, reptiles, monkeys, children, adults, idiots, insane people,
+and people of genius--is a veritable museum.[3]
+
+  [3] How interesting these things are to a thoughtful man may be told
+      to the readers of MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE in an anecdote which they
+      have a peculiar right to hear. Its founder, a few months ago,
+      stood before a shelf full of the very pedagogic images which his
+      illustrations now present to you. I pointed out a series of
+      dainty models, showing, comparatively, the various evolutionary
+      stages of brain development in the animal kingdom. His eyes
+      fastened on them and--there they stayed.
+
+      The same part of each brain was tinted in the same color. I
+      showed him the olfactory lobes; in man, two little insignificant
+      yellow streaks; in the shark, two big bulbs larger than all the
+      rest of the brain together. I thus made visible to him how small
+      a sphere "smell" plays in our mental life, while pretty nearly
+      the whole life of the shark must be a world of smells. I showed
+      him the optic lobes in the brain of a blind mole, and then in
+      that of a carrier pigeon, which sees its way over dizzy leagues
+      to familiar places. I showed him the cerebellum of the rabbit
+      that hops, the fish that swims, and the alligator that crawls. I
+      say, he stood still, almost. I could get him to look at nothing
+      else. He seemed to see, projecting down future volumes of
+      MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, pages after pages of comparative mental
+      menageries--pink infundibula swimming in blue Gulf Streams;
+      green cerebra flying through gorgeous sunsets; oceans of
+      terrific shark-smells diagrammatically printed in blood red; and
+      Kipling poems of adventure sent to press in surprising
+      variegations of color, the more scientifically to express their
+      psychological emotions. He stood till he murmured, "We must have
+      an article on this," and rushed to the train or to the telegraph
+      office, and secured, I suspect, from Professor Drummond, his now
+      famous article, "Where Man Got His Ears."--H. N.
+
+[Illustration: GUSTAVE THEODORE FECHNER.]
+
+The laboratory workshop is provided with the common implements and
+facilities required for working in wood, glass, and metal. Both for
+original research and for demonstration, this laboratory is the most
+unique, the richest, and the most complete in any country; and in
+witness of the fame and genius of its present director, and of the
+rapidly spreading interest in experimental psychology, particularly
+in America, there are already gathered here, under Professor
+M�nsterberg's administration, a larger number of students specially
+devoted to mental science than ever previously studied together in
+any one place.
+
+
+THE FUTURE AND INFLUENCE OF THE NEW SCIENCE.
+
+So much for the place and what is done there. Now, what is expected to
+come from this new psychology? "Do you fellows expect to invent patent
+ways of thinking?" was once asked me. Who can tell? Who, before
+Galileo, would have prophesied that man should weigh the stars or know
+their chemistry? Yet there is much ground for comparison between the
+position of physical science then and that of mental science now. The
+popular opinion of to-day is perhaps even less awake to the fact that
+the world of mental phenomena is a world of laws, susceptible to
+scientific experimentation, than was the day of Galileo to the similar
+conception regarding physical phenomena. Have the physical sciences
+changed aught for man since the sixteenth century? Then we must not
+forget how slow was the growth, and how long it took to arrive at the
+laws of gravity and of conservation, not to mention those of
+evolution. Experimental psychology, as a systematic science, is almost
+younger than its youngest students. The mental laws are as fixed and
+as determinable as the laws of physics. Who then shall say what man
+shall come to know of mental composition, of the great mental
+universe, and of ourselves, its wandering planets, since minds _may_
+be known as well as stars!
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR WILHELM WUNDT, OF LEIPSIC, FOUNDER OF FIRST
+PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY (1878).]
+
+But psychology will not have to wait till its greater laws shall be
+wholly established before she becomes of practical influence in common
+affairs. He who reads most thoughtfully to-day will most appreciate
+this truth. He who reads at all, reads of "individualism" as opposed
+to "socialism." The Pope of Rome has declared that the "preoccupying"
+problem for active Christianity must now be the industrial problem.
+Every important treatise on the subject, appearing at present, admits
+that the crucial question of the industrial problem is an ethical
+problem, and every ethical treatise, that every ethical problem is a
+psychological problem. Two years ago the Roman Catholic Church
+established a psychological laboratory in its leading American
+college.
+
+The Presbyterians the coming year will follow with a laboratory at
+Princeton. Psychology is no longer feared by religion, but is
+accepted, though in places yet too timidly, as a source of its further
+and unending revelation.
+
+[Illustration: PRESIDENT G. STANLEY HALL, FOUNDER OF FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL
+LABORATORY IN AMERICA.]
+
+But psychology is coming close to affairs of church and state in more
+than one way. One of the greatest crimes of modern society is its
+conception of criminal jurisprudence. Between the foetal period and
+adult life man passes through, in abridged series, all the degrees of
+evolution that have led up through the lower animal stages to his own.
+In early infancy, and even in childhood, he is not yet wholly man; not
+yet safely over the brute period of his lineal development. If the
+domestic calf and chicken spend their first days wild in the woods,
+this pre-domestic environment will seize upon and develop their
+pre-domestic traits; and these once set, no amount of domestic
+training will, thereafter, make calf or chicken anything else than a
+wild, untamable creature. The early instinctive periods of man's
+progeny are more prolonged, more delicate, and more susceptible than
+those of lower animals, yet are of the same nature. If left to evil
+environment in early years the latent brute within him will surely lay
+hold of its own, and ripen the yet innocent child to a creature
+bearing the same relation to the moral and civilized man that the wild
+wolf does to the house-dog.
+
+On the other hand, the wolf whose first lair is the hunter's hearth,
+grows to share it lovingly with the hunter's children. The government
+that ignores the hordes of children which crowd to-day the criminal
+quarters of its great cities, and abandons them to ripen their
+pre-civilized propensities under such evil influences, becomes itself
+the foster-father of its own crimes; nurses its own children to fill
+its poorhouses, and raises its own youths to fill its prisons.
+Psychology, if on mere ground of financial economy alone, will yet
+force criminal jurisprudence to begin its work before, rather than
+after, this early period of "unalterable penalty."
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR WILLIAM JAMES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.]
+
+The benefits of a psychological training to the medical man are now so
+obvious as to make a knowledge of psychology imperative for every
+first-class physician. The nervous activities are the regulating
+activities of every part of the body; and the brain embodies an
+ever-meddling three-fourths of the body's whole neural energy. The
+mind is a play-house wherein the skilful physician now looks to
+observe the condition of the general system, and with growing
+precision even to read the working of such specific organs as the
+heart, the stomach, the bladder, and the liver.
+
+The relation of our science to modern education has long passed from
+novelty to a recognized principle. A chair of psychology and a
+chair of pedagogy, side by side and hand in hand, is now the
+requisite of every institution of advanced learning. "To get up
+more 'fads'? More patent methods?" It is only the ignorant now who
+ask these questions. Galton has shown that some men do their thinking
+in visual pictures--in memories of what they see; others, in memories
+of what they hear; others, in the memories of their own speaking.
+There is reason to suspect that the lightning-calculator's speed is
+largely due to peculiar "image processes" used in his thinking, and
+that these could be taught if science could but catch his unconscious
+secrets. This in time will be done, and is but an instance of
+innumerable things that are sure to be accomplished. In the face of
+all present pedagogical fads and blunders we may yet say with
+confidence, of the mind, the instincts, the emotions, the conduct of
+man, individual and social, all is lawful; and the laws may be
+discovered. They are difficult--more difficult than all the physical
+laws achieved from Ptolemy to Darwin. But they can be scientifically
+determined and mastered, and modern methods, swift with gathering
+impetus, shall make of this no lingering matter.
+
+
+HISTORY OF MENTAL LABORATORIES.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR HUGO M�NSTERBERG, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.]
+
+The psychological laboratory sprang first from no single mind; not
+wholly from science nor yet from philosophy, but from an age. In
+1860 Gustave Theodore Fechner, the godfather of experimental
+psychology, published his famous Law. Fechner was as much a mystic
+as a scientist. His Law was, perhaps, the first great impetus to
+active psycho-physical experimentation. The prospects now are,
+however, that this Law will stand, a halfway truth, beside Newton's
+erroneous theory of light, rather than, as was at first claimed
+for it, beside the Law of Gravity, a great primary law of nature.
+
+The spirit of Fechner, of evolution, and of our times joined to fall
+upon Wilhelm Wundt, who founded at Leipsic, in 1878, the first
+laboratory in the world for regular scientific mental experimentation.
+Professor Wundt is the greatest psychologist now living in Europe, and
+a majority of the noted psychological experts, both of Germany and of
+America, have been his pupils.
+
+One of these pupils, G. Stanley Hall, now President of Clark
+University, opened the first American laboratory at Johns Hopkins in
+1883, and the larger laboratory at Worcester in 1889. To him must be
+credited the founding of experimental psychology in this country, and
+an eminent share of its present successful growth.
+
+A foremost figure in modern psychology is Professor William James, of
+Harvard, whose great text-book, the product of twelve years of labor,
+appeared in 1890. In 1891 he opened the present Harvard Laboratory,
+or, at least, expanded a previously slow growth to important
+dimensions.
+
+In 1892 Harvard established a new chair of Experimental Psychology,
+and elected to the same, and to direct its new laboratory, Professor
+Hugo M�nsterberg, previously Professor of Philosophy at Freyburg,
+Germany. Professor M�nsterberg was at one time a pupil of Wundt, but
+is much more a man of original inspiration; and in his genius the
+hopes and destiny of experimental psychology at Harvard are now
+centred.
+
+Some twenty laboratories are now actively at work in America, and
+about half that number in Europe. The twentieth century will be to
+mental what the sixteenth century was to physical science, and the
+central field of its development is likely to be America.
+
+HARVARD UNIVERSITY, _July, 1893_.
+
+
+
+
+THE SPIRE OF ST. STEPHEN'S.
+
+BY EMMA W. DEMERITT.
+
+
+"It needs but a steady head and a clear conscience and the thing is
+done." Those were old Jacob's words.
+
+"The clear conscience is not lacking, thank God! but all these weeks
+of watching by a sick bed, and the scanty meals, have made the head
+anything but steady. If it were but three months ago, my courage would
+not fail me, but now----"
+
+The boy broke off abruptly, and, stepping back several feet, stood
+looking up at the stately spire that towered above him. Fair and
+shapely it rose, with gradually receding buttress and arch, until it
+terminated at a point over four hundred feet from the pavement.
+
+All day long little groups of men had straggled across the Platz and
+gathered in front of the great cathedral, elbowing one another, and
+stretching upon tiptoe to read the notice nailed to the massive door.
+Many were the jests passed around.
+
+"Does the old sexton think men are flies, to creep along yonder dizzy
+height?" asked one.
+
+"The prize is indeed worth winning," said another, "but"--he turned
+away with an expressive shrug of the shoulder--"life is sweet."
+
+"When I try to reach heaven 'twill be by some less steep and dangerous
+way," laughed a third, with an upward glance at the spire.
+
+"It makes a strong man feel a bit queer to go up inside as far as the
+great bell and look up at the network of crossing ladders; but to
+stand _outside_ and wave a flag!--why, the mere thought of it is
+enough to make one's head swim," said the first speaker.
+
+"Jacob Wirtig is the only man in all Vienna who has the nerve for such
+a part."
+
+"But he served a good apprenticeship! He learned the knack of keeping
+a steady head during his early days of chamois-hunting in the Tyrol.
+But why does he seek to draw others into danger? For so much gold many
+a man would risk his life."
+
+"I can understand it, Caspar. Twice before, on some grand occasion,
+has old Jacob stood on the spire and waved a flag as the emperor
+passed in the streets below. And now, after all the fighting and the
+victory, when there is to be a triumphal entry into the city and a
+grand review, and such rejoicing as was never known before, he feels
+in honor bound to supply the customary salute from the cathedral. And
+since this miserable fever, which has stricken down so many in the
+city, has left him too weak to attempt it, he is trying, as you see by
+this notice, to get some one to take his place. He offers all the
+money which the emperor never fails to send as a reward, to say
+nothing of the glory. I'll wager a florin that he'll offer in vain!
+But come, let us be going. There's too much work to be done, to be
+loitering here."
+
+Twice before on that day, once in the early morning, and again at
+noon, had the boy stood as if spellbound, with his eyes riveted on the
+beautiful spire. And now the setting of the sun had found him a third
+time at his post. The Platz was deserted, but the streets beyond were
+thronged with people hurrying to their homes. Was it fear, or the
+chill of the night air, that sent a shiver over the slender figure of
+the boy as he stood, letting his eyes slowly wander from the top of
+the spire to the base of the tower beneath, as if measuring the
+frightful distance? But as he turned away with a little gesture of
+despair, there rose before him the vision of a wan and weary face, as
+white as the pillow against which it rested, and he heard the
+physician's voice as he gently replaced the wasted hand on the
+coverlet: "The fever has gone, my boy, and all that your mother needs
+now to make her well and strong is good care and plenty of nourishing
+food." The money offered by old Jacob would do all that, and much
+more. It would mean comfort for two or three years for both mother and
+son, with their simple way of living.
+
+When the lad again faced the cathedral it was with an involuntary
+straightening of the shrinking figure. "With God's help I will try,"
+he said aloud, with a determined ring to his voice, "and I must go at
+once to let Master Wirtig know. Now that I have finally decided, it is
+strange how the fear has flown. It is the hesitating that takes the
+courage out of one. After all"--he paced back, back, back, until he
+was far enough from the cathedral to get a good view of the noble
+structure--"who knows? It may look more difficult than it really is.
+'Tis but a foothold of a few inches, but 'tis enough. If it were near
+the ground I should feel as safe as if I were on the floor of the
+great hall in the Stadt Haus. Why, then, should I fear up yonder?"
+
+The flush in the western sky suddenly deepened to a vivid crimson. The
+clouds above the horizon, which a moment before had shone like waves
+of gold, became a sea of flame. The ruddy glow illumined the old
+cathedral, touching rich carving and lace-like tracery with a new
+splendor, while far over sculptured dome and stately tower rose the
+lofty spire, bathed from finial to base in the radiant light.
+
+The boy made a step forward, and, slipping back the little cap from
+his locks, stretched out his clasped hands toward the sky. "O Mary,
+tender mother!" he cried, "plead thou for me in my time of need
+to-morrow! O Jesu! be near to help and save!"
+
+He replaced the cap, and hurried across the Platz to the crowded
+thoroughfare beyond. At the end of three blocks he turned into a
+narrow street, and stopped in front of a high house with steep, tiled
+roof. The lamp in the swinging iron bracket above the door gave such a
+feeble light that he was obliged to grope his way through the hall to
+the stairs.
+
+At the second landing he paused for a moment, fancying that he heard a
+light footfall behind him, but all was still, and he hastened on to
+the next floor. Again he stopped, thinking that he caught the sound of
+a stealthy, cat-like tread on the steps below. "Who's there?" he
+called out boldly, but the lingering echo of his own voice was the
+only answer.
+
+"How foolish I am!" he exclaimed. "It is but the clatter of my shoes
+on the stone stairs." Up another flight and down the long, narrow
+entry he went, and still he could not shake off the feeling that he
+was being followed.
+
+At that moment a door opened and a woman peered out, holding a candle
+high above her head. "Is that you, Franz?" she said. "My brother has
+been expecting you this half hour." By the flickering light of the
+candle Franz could see that there was no one in the entry. He turned,
+impelled by a strong desire to search the tall cupboard near the
+stairs and see if any one had concealed himself within, but the dread
+of being laughed at kept him back, and he followed the woman into a
+room where a gray-haired man sat, leaning wearily against the back of
+his chair.
+
+"You may go now, Katrina," said the man, motioning to an adjoining
+room; and when the door closed he turned to Franz, trembling with
+eagerness. "Well, have you decided?"
+
+"I will try, Master Wirtig."
+
+The old sexton wrung his thin hands nervously. "But if you should
+fail?"
+
+"In God is my trust," answered the boy, calmly. "But one 'if' is as
+good as another. Why not say, if you succeed? It sounds more cheery."
+
+"God grant it!" answered the man, sinking back in his chair. "I had
+thought that it would be some hardy young sprig who should accept my
+offer--some sailor or stone-mason, whose calling had taught him to
+carry a steady head. I never dreamed that it would be a mere lad like
+thyself, and worn out, too, with the care of thy sick mother! Even now
+I feel I do thee a grievous wrong to listen to thy entreaties."
+
+"Think not of _me_, Master Wirtig; think rather of my mother. Shall we
+let her die, when a few moments on yonder spire would furnish the
+means to make her well? The kind physician who would have helped me
+was smitten with the fever yesterday, and there is no one to whom I
+can go."
+
+"Had I been as prudent as I ought, I could have aided thee. But this
+lingering illness has used up what I had put aside. Here is a little
+for thy present need--some broth for thy mother, and a bite for
+thyself, for thy cheeks look as pinched as if thou hadst not eaten a
+good meal for a fortnight." He pulled out a covered basket from under
+the table, and continued: "I shall arrange with Nicholas--for he has
+worked with me so long that he is as familiar with the ladders as
+myself--to go with thee up to the little sliding window, and pass out
+the flag. Thou must let thyself down _outside_ the window until thy
+toes touch the ledge below. Then thou must creep cautiously around to
+the opposite side of the spire, and wave the flag. Look always
+straight before thee or up at the sky. _Thy safety lies in not
+glancing below._ I believe in my heart thou wilt succeed. How I wish
+that this graceless Nicholas, this unruly nephew of mine, were such an
+one as thou! Then should I have some comfort. But with his evil
+companions and bad ways, he brings me naught but sorrow. Listen,
+Franz; if all goes well, thou shalt have his place in helping me with
+the care of the cathedral. There is no longer any dependence to be
+placed on him."
+
+In his excitement old Jacob's voice rang through the room. "What is
+it?" he asked, as he saw Franz start and look toward the door.
+
+"I thought I heard a rattling of the latch--as if some one were
+outside."
+
+"It's nothing but the wind drawing through the entry."
+
+Franz took up his basket and bade the old sexton good-night. After he
+had passed into the street a figure crept out from the cupboard, and
+stole softly down stairs. The light by the door showed a boy about
+seventeen years old, with an evil scowl on his face. "And so thou art
+to take my place, Franz Halle," he sneered. "That is nothing new.
+Twice this year has our master, the goldsmith, preferred thy work to
+mine, and has set thee over me. Truly, I wish thou mayst fall
+to-morrow and break thy neck."
+
+When Franz reached home the kind neighbor who was watching by his
+mother's bed motioned for him to be quiet. "The sick one is sleeping
+well," she said. "If I had but some good broth to give her when she
+wakes." Franz pointed to the basket, and the delighted woman began the
+preparations for the evening meal. When the invalid awoke they gave
+her a few spoonfuls of the broth, and had the satisfaction of seeing a
+faint color come into the white cheeks as she sank into a peaceful
+slumber.
+
+"Do thou go to bed, Franz! I will stay with thy mother to-night, and
+to-morrow too, for that matter, so that thou canst have the whole day
+to thyself. Thou needest it after all thy care and watching. I like
+not these parades and these marches of triumph. They remind me too
+much of my boy, whose young life helped to purchase the victory," and
+the good frau wiped away a tear.
+
+The morning dawned with a bright blue sky and a crisp breeze, which
+shook out the folds of the triumphal banners floating from every tower
+and turret. The city was one blaze of color. The gorgeous festoons on
+column and arch and fa�ade were matched by the rich tints of the
+splendid costumes in the streets below. On every side the black eagles
+of Austria stood out distinctly from their gleaming orange background.
+The procession was due at the cathedral by the middle of the
+afternoon, but owing to some delay it was nearly sunset when the
+salute from the "Fort" told of the approach of the troops. To Franz,
+the hours had dragged wearily on, and he sprang up joyfully when
+Nicholas finally appeared in the little room in the tower, with the
+furled flag under his arm. "Come," he said gruffly, "you have just
+time to climb up and take your stand on the spire." Up the boys went,
+as far as the great bell, Franz close behind Nicholas. Thus far the
+ascent had been easy, but from this point the steps dwindled to long,
+frail ladders terminating in small platforms, and steadied by iron
+bars.
+
+Still they toiled upward, more slowly and cautiously now, for the
+danger increased with every turn. At last they halted, side by side,
+on the little platform under the sliding window. To Nicholas's
+surprise Franz stood there, surveying it all without flinching. The
+younger boy turned to his burly companion: "Somehow, we've never been
+very good friends. I don't think the fault was all on my side, because
+you wouldn't let me be your friend. And we have had a good many
+quarrels. Won't you shake hands with me now and wish me good luck?
+If--if"--and there was just the suspicion of a tremor in the winning
+voice--"I should never see you again, I should like to feel that we
+were friends at the last. You're very good to come up here with me."
+
+To his dying day Nicholas never forgot the slight, almost girlish,
+figure, standing there, with the wistful little smile, and the
+pleading tenderness shining in the blue eyes. He touched the slender
+outstretched hand with his own, but dropped it suddenly, as if he had
+received an electric shock. He tried to say "Good luck," but his
+tongue seemed glued to the roof of his mouth.
+
+"Look you, Franz," he murmured hoarsely, "when you are safe outside
+I'll hand out the flag. I'll wait till you reach the opposite side of
+the spire and call out, 'All's well,' and then I'll go down and leave
+you to make your way back. And glad I shall be to leave this miserable
+trap in mid air."
+
+Franz's face was deathly pale, but his eyes shone like two stars. He
+climbed up nimbly through the opening, let himself carefully down to
+the stone ledge outside, and reached up for the flag. A few moments
+passed, which seemed like ages to the waiting Nicholas. Then a cheery
+"All's well" rang out, without a quiver in the steady voice. The older
+boy's face grew black with rage. "What nerve the pale, sickly little
+thing has!" he muttered between his set teeth. "I believe he'll do it
+after all! And so this baby gets not only the prizes at the
+goldsmith's, but the money and the glory of this thing, to say nothing
+of his taking my place in the cathedral."
+
+He raised his hand to the window, and stood in front of it for a
+moment. Then he began the descent as if some demon were after him. The
+frail ladders vibrated and swayed with the dangerous strain, but down
+he went, with reckless haste, until he reached the second platform,
+when he raised his hands with an agonized gesture to his ears as if he
+was trying to shut out the voice of conscience, that kept calling to
+him, "Back! back! before it is too late! Stain not thy young soul with
+such a crime!"
+
+Still he hurried down with flying step to the landing near the great
+bell, where he paused, and stood leaning breathless against one of the
+cross-beams of the tower. Into the fierce, turbulent passions of the
+troubled face stole a softened expression, lighting up the swarthy
+lineaments like a gleam of sunshine. "I will go back and undo the
+horrid deed," he cried, as if in answer to the good angel pleading
+within his breast. "I am coming, Franz! God forgive me!"
+
+He had turned to make the ascent, and his hand was stretched out to
+grasp the side of the ladder, when his toe caught in a coil of rope on
+the platform, and, missing his hold, he plunged down, down, into the
+space beneath.
+
+In the meantime Franz had made his way safely around the spire, and
+stood quietly, with the end of the flagstaff on the ledge beneath,
+waiting for the signal. It came in a few moments; the thunder of the
+great gun on the Platz, and, bracing his feet firmly, he unfurled the
+flag and slowly waved it back and forth. From the answering roar of
+artillery, and the cheer upon cheer that floated up through the air,
+he knew that his salute had been seen.
+
+With a light heart he began to retrace his steps, edging himself
+cautiously, inch by inch, to the window. To his surprise, the sliding
+wooden panel was closed! With one hand he grasped the iron ring
+fastened to the wall beneath the window, and with the other pushed,
+first gently, and then with all his might, but the panel remained
+fast. He tried to batter it with the flagstaff, but soon found that,
+in his cramped position, it only increased his danger. Again and again
+he endeavored to force it open, breaking his nails and bruising his
+finger-tips in his frenzy, but to no purpose. Suddenly the conviction
+dawned upon him that the window was bolted from the inside. With a
+despairing sob he tottered backward, but his grasp on the ring held,
+and with a supreme effort he pulled himself up close to the wall, and
+tried to collect his scattered wits.
+
+"It is no use to shout," he said aloud. "It is more than folly to
+attempt to make myself heard from this height, I might as well save my
+strength. All that remains for me to do is to wait patiently. Some one
+will be sure to miss me and come to my relief. In God is my trust!"
+and his courage rose with the words.
+
+The troops disbanded, and the people hurried off to the brilliantly
+lighted caf�s and theatres, all unconscious of the pale, silent boy
+clinging with desperate grip to the spire, with but a narrow shelf of
+stone between him and a horrible death.
+
+The sunset faded into the twilight, and with a sudden wave darkness
+drifted over the earth. The noise in the streets grew fainter and
+fainter. The minutes lengthened into hours, and still the boy stood
+there, as the night wore on, occasionally shifting his position to
+ease his cramped and aching limbs. The night wind pierced his thin
+clothing, and his hands were benumbed with the cold. One by one the
+bright constellations rose and glittered and dipped in the sky, and
+the boy still managed to keep his foothold, as rigid as the stone
+statues on the dome below.
+
+"Two, three, four," pealed the bells in their hoarse, deep tones, and
+when the first glimmer of dawn tinged the eastern horizon with pale
+yellow, the haggard face lighted with expectancy, and from the ashen
+lips, which had been moving all night in prayer, came the words, "In
+God is my trust."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"What is the meaning of yonder crowd?" asked one of two artisans, who
+had met while hurrying across the Platz to their work.
+
+"What! have you not heard? All Vienna is ringing with the news! It was
+young Franz, the goldsmith's apprentice, who climbed out on the spire
+yesterday and waved the flag. In some way, the little window near the
+top was fastened on the inside, and the poor boy was forced to stay
+out all night clinging to the spire. It is only a short time ago that
+he was discovered and brought fainting down the ladders. After working
+over him a little while he seemed all right, and was carried to his
+home. And there's another strange thing. Nicholas, old Jacob Wirtig's
+nephew, was picked up, mangled and bleeding, at the foot of the tower
+stairs this morning. He has just been taken to the hospital."
+
+The next day Franz received a summons from the emperor. As he followed
+the officer who had been sent to conduct him to the palace, to his
+surprise the marble steps and the corridor beyond were lined on either
+sides with the soldiers of the Imperial Guard, and as the slender,
+boyish figure, with its crown of golden hair, passed between the
+files, each mailed and bearded warrior reverently saluted.
+
+On he went, through another chamber, and into a spacious hall with
+marble floors and hangings of rich tapestry. On both sides were rows
+of courtiers and officers, the rich costumes and nodding plumes and
+splendid uniforms, with their jewelled orders, contrasting strangely
+with the lad's plain, homespun garments. "It is the emperor,"
+whispered the guide as they drew near a canopied throne, and Franz
+dropped on one knee.
+
+He felt the hand which was placed on his bowed head tremble, and a
+kind voice said, "Rise, my boy! kneel not to me! It is I, thy emperor,
+who should rather kneel to do thee homage for thy filial piety. My
+brave lad, I know thy story well! Ask of me a place near my person,
+aid for thy sick mother, what thou wilt, and it is granted thee! And
+remember that as long as the Emperor of Austria shall live he will
+feel himself honored in being known as thy friend!"
+
+In a short time another summons came, this time from the hospital. At
+the end of a long row of beds lay Nicholas, with his arm bandaged and
+strips of plaster covering the gashes on his forehead.
+
+"Oh, Franz!" he groaned, "if God has forgiven me, why cannot you? And
+you will believe that I speak the truth when I tell you that I was
+sorry for what I had done, and I had turned to go back and unbolt the
+door when I tripped and fell."
+
+Franz bent over him with a bright smile. "I forgive you everything,
+Nicholas," he said, sweetly, "so please let us say no more about it.
+It wasn't a bad exchange. I lost an enemy but I gained a friend," and
+the hands of the two boys met in a firm, loving grasp.
+
+
+
+
+MOUNTAINEERING ADVENTURE.
+
+THE DANGERS OF AVALANCHE, GLACIER, CREVASSE, AND PRECIPICE.
+
+BY FRANCIS GRIBBLE.
+
+
+This is the season when the mountaineer once more takes down his
+Norfolk jacket, his nailed boots, and his ice-axe, and prepares to
+face the perils that may lurk for him above the snowline.
+
+Strictly speaking--from the point of view of the expert who knows and
+does everything that an expert ought to know and do--mountaineering
+has two dangers only. There is the danger of bad weather, and there is
+the danger of the falling stone. But every climber is not an expert,
+and even of experts it may be said that _nemo horis omnibus sapit_. So
+that there are all sorts of dangers to be reckoned with, and foremost
+among them is the avalanche.
+
+Everybody knows--vaguely, if not precisely--what an avalanche is.
+Masses of snow accumulate in winter on the mountain slopes. In spring
+the warmth loosens their coherence, and they fall into the valleys,
+sweeping away or burying everything in their track. It is bad for the
+mountaineer, if he happens to be in the way of one.
+
+Says the editor of the volume devoted to mountaineering, in the
+Badminton Library: "The simple rule with regard to all forms of
+avalanche is to avoid their track, and all that is necessary in the
+majority of instances is to recognize the marks on the snow surfaces
+that denote their cause, and to steer clear of them."
+
+
+THE NARROW ESCAPE OF MR. TUCKETT.
+
+Undoubtedly an admirable rule, if only it could be always carried out.
+But mistakes, unhappily, may be made even by experts, as witness this
+story of a thrilling adventure which befell F. F. Tuckett, twenty-two
+years ago.
+
+The season had been exceptionally cold and wet. Snow lay thickly
+everywhere, even on the Faulhorn, the Scheinige Platte, and the
+Wengern Alp. But in the early days of July an improvement began to
+show itself, and Mr. Tuckett, who for a whole month had been able to
+make no big expedition, resolved to make an attempt upon the Eiger.
+
+The members of the party were Mr. Tuckett, Mr. Whitwell, J. H. Fox,
+and the guides, Christian and Ulrich Lauener. They got off between 3
+and 4 A.M., and presently started to ascend the Eiger glacier. The
+surface of it was entirely concealed with snow, but, for some reason,
+they neglected to put on the rope. High up in front of them were the
+disordered pillars and buttresses of the ice-fall, and above the
+ice-fall rested an enormous weight of freshly fallen snow.
+
+Instead of ascending the centre of the glacier, the party, fortunately
+for themselves, were keeping to the left, towards the rocks of the
+Rothstock. Of a sudden, a sort of crack was heard high up above their
+heads, and every eye was turned upon the hanging ice-cliff from which
+it came. A large mass of "_s�rac_" was seen to break away, mingled
+with a still larger contingent of snow from the slopes above; and the
+whole mass slid down like a cataract, filling the "_couloir_" to its
+brim, and dashing in clouds of frozen spray over the rocky ridges in
+its path, towards the travellers.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAUVAIS PAS, MONT BLANC.]
+
+For a moment they did not realize that they were in its track. But
+then the knowledge flashed upon them all, and they shouted to each
+other, "Run for your lives," and struggled desperately through the
+deep, soft snow to reach the rocks of the Rothstock, yet with their
+faces turned to watch the swift oncoming of the foe.
+
+Let Mr. Tuckett himself describe that thrilling race for life.
+
+"I remember," he writes, "being struck with the idea that it seemed as
+though, sure of its prey, it wished to play with us for a while, at
+one moment letting us imagine that we had gained upon it, and were
+getting beyond the line of its fire, and the next, with mere
+wantonness of vindictive power, suddenly rolling out on its right a
+vast volume of grinding blocks and whirling snow, as though to show
+that it could outflank us at any moment if it chose.
+
+"Nearer and nearer it came, its front like a mighty wave about to
+break. Now it has traversed the whole width of the glacier above
+us, taking a somewhat diagonal direction; and now--run, oh! run,
+if ever you did, for here it comes straight at us, swift, deadly,
+and implacable! The next instant we saw no more; a wild confusion
+of whirling snow and fragments of ice--a frozen cloud--swept over
+us, entirely concealing us from one another, and still we were
+untouched--at least I knew that I was--and still we ran. Another
+half-second and the mist had passed, and there lay the body of
+the monster, whose head was still careering away at lightning
+speed far below us, motionless, rigid, and harmless."
+
+The danger was over, and the party examined the avalanche at their
+leisure. It had a length of three thousand three hundred feet, an
+average breadth of a thousand feet, and an average depth of five feet.
+This is to say, its bulk was six hundred and eleven thousand cubic
+yards, and its weight, on a moderate computation, about four hundred
+and fifty thousand tons.
+
+Accidents of this sort, happily, are very rare, and the climber who is
+carried away by the avalanche has, as a rule, deliberately faced the
+risk out of bravado, and the desire to go home and boast that he had
+done hard things. But there is another sort of avalanche which is a
+much more frequent source of danger. It consists of a stratum of snow
+loosely adherent to a slope of _n�v�_ or ice. The snow breaks away
+under the weight of the party, and carries them down with it,
+sometimes to a place of safety, sometimes to a crevasse.
+
+
+AN ADVENTURE OF PROFESSOR TYNDALL.
+
+Experience, of course, has laid down many rules for determining
+whether snow of this sort is safe, but the best men--guides as well as
+amateurs--may sometimes be misled. Professor Tyndall, for instance,
+was always a cautious as well as a brilliant mountaineer; yet there
+was a day when the professor's snow craft failed him, and he came very
+near to paying for his blunder with his life.
+
+The place was the Piz Morteratsch, in the Engadine, and the time the
+month of July, 1864. Professor Tyndall's companions were Mr.
+Hutchinson and Lee Warner, and the guides Jenni and Walter. Jenni was
+at that time the dictator of Pontresina, and he seems to have set out
+with the deliberate intention of showing his _Herren_ how great and
+brave a man he was.
+
+The ascent was accomplished without any incident of note. On the way
+down the party reached a broad _couloir_, or gully, filled with snow,
+which had been melted and refrozen, so as to expose a steeply sloping
+wall of ice. The question arose whether it would be better to descend
+this wall of ice, or to keep to the steep rocks by the side of it.
+Professor Tyndall preferred the rocks; Jenni inclined towards the
+slope, and started to lead the way upon it.
+
+[Illustration: THE NEEDLE OF THE GIANTS AND MONT BLANC.]
+
+There was a remonstrance from the professor:
+
+"Jenni," he said, "do you know where you are going? The slope is pure
+ice."
+
+"I know it," the guide replied, "but the ice is quite bare for a few
+rods only. Across this exposed portion I will cut steps, and then the
+snow which covers the ice will give us a footing."
+
+So they started, roped together, Jenni in front, Mr. Tyndall next,
+followed by Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Lee Warner, the one inexperienced
+member of the party, and, last of all, the guide Walter, ready to
+check on the instant any false step that Mr. Lee Warner might make.
+
+After a few steps Jenni began to see that the slope was less safe than
+he had supposed. He stopped and turned round to speak a word of
+warning to the three men above him.
+
+"Keep carefully in the steps, gentlemen," he said; "a false step here
+might start an avalanche."
+
+And, even as he spoke, the false step was made. There was a sound of a
+fall and a rush, and Professor Tyndall saw his friends and their
+guide, all apparently entangled, whirled past him. He planted himself
+to resist the shock, but it was irresistible; he, too, was torn from
+his foothold, and Jenni followed him, and all five found themselves
+riding downwards, with uncontrollable speed, on the back of an
+avalanche, which a single slip had started.
+
+"Turn on your face, and grind the point of your axe or baton through
+the moving snow into the ice"--that is the golden rule for cases of
+the kind, the only way in which the faller can do anything to arrest
+his speed. But it seldom avails much, and in this instance it availed
+nothing.
+
+"No time," writes Professor Tyndall, "was allowed for the break's
+action; for I had held it firmly thus for a few seconds only, when I
+came into collision with some obstacle and was rudely tossed through
+the air, Jenni at the same time being shot down upon me. Both of us
+here lost our batons. We had been carried over a crevasse, had hit its
+lower edge, and, instead of dropping into it, were pitched by our
+great velocity beyond it. I was quite bewildered for a moment, but
+immediately righted myself, and could see the men in front of me,
+half-buried in the snow, and jolted from side to side by the ruts
+among which we were passing."
+
+Presently a second crevasse was reached. Jenni knew that it was there,
+and did a brave thing. He deliberately threw himself into the chasm,
+thinking that the strain thus put upon the rope would stop the motion.
+But, though he was over a hundred and eighty pounds in weight, he was
+violently jerked out of the fissure, and almost squeezed to death by
+the pressure of the rope.
+
+And so they continued to slide on. Below them was a long slope,
+leading directly downwards to a brow where the glacier fell
+precipitously; and at the base of the declivity the ice was cut by a
+series of profound chasms, where they must fall, and where the tail of
+the avalanche would cover them up forever.
+
+The three foremost men rode upon the forehead of the avalanche, and
+were at times almost wholly hidden by the snow; but behind, the
+sliding layer was not so thick, and Jenni strove with desperate energy
+to arrest his progress.
+
+"Halt! Herr Jesus! halt!" he shouted, as again and again he drove his
+heels into the firmer surface underneath.
+
+[Illustration: THE MATTERHORN.]
+
+And now let Professor Tyndall tell the rest:
+
+"Looking in advance, I noticed that the slope, for a short distance,
+became less steep, and then fell as before. Now or never we must be
+brought to rest. The speed visibly slackened, and I thought we were
+saved. But the momentum had been too great; the avalanche crossed the
+brow and in part regained its motion. Here Hutchinson threw his arm
+round his friend, all hope being extinguished, while I grasped my belt
+and struggled to free myself. Finding this difficult, from the
+tossing, I sullenly resumed the strain upon the rope. Destiny had so
+related the downward impetus to Jenni's pull as to give the latter a
+slight advantage, and the whole question was whether the opposing
+force would have sufficient time to act. This was also arranged in our
+favor, for we came to rest so near the brow that two or three seconds
+of our average motion of descent must have carried us over. Had this
+occurred, we should have fallen into the chasms and been covered up by
+the tail of the avalanche. Hutchinson emerged from the snow with his
+forehead bleeding, but the wound was superficial; Jenni had a bit of
+flesh removed from his hand by collision against a stone; the
+pressure of the rope had left black welts on my arms, and we all
+experienced a tingling sensation over the hands, like that produced by
+incipient frost-bite, which continued for several days. This was all.
+I found a portion of my watch-chain hanging round my neck, another
+portion in my pocket; the watch was gone."
+
+Very similar in many respects was the famous accident of the Haut de
+Cry, in which J. J. Bennen perished in February, 1864. So sure of foot
+was Bennen that it used to be said of him, as it was said of Johann
+Lauener, who died upon the Jungfrau, that nothing could bring him to
+grief but an avalanche. And the hour came when the snowfield which he
+was crossing with his _Herren_ split suddenly and the ground on which
+they stood began to move, and Bennen solemnly called out the words,
+"Wir sind alle verloren," and never spoke again.
+
+[Illustration: THE DENT BLANCHE.]
+
+The avalanche was deeper than the one which swept Professor Tyndall
+down the glacier of the Piz Morteratsch. "Before long," writes Mr.
+Gossett, one of the survivors of the accident, "I was covered up with
+snow and in utter darkness. I was suffocating, when, with a jerk, I
+suddenly came to the surface again. To prevent myself sinking again I
+made use of my arms much in the same way as when swimming in a
+standing position. At last I noticed that I was moving slower; then I
+saw the pieces of snow in front of me stop at some yards distance;
+then the snow straight before me stopped, and I heard on a large scale
+the same creaking sound that is produced when a heavy cart passes over
+hard, frozen snow in winter."
+
+But the snow behind pressed on and buried Mr. Gossett. So intense was
+the pressure that he could not move, and he began to fear that it
+would be impossible to extricate himself. Then, while trying vainly to
+move his arms, he suddenly became aware that his hands, as far as the
+wrist, had the faculty of motion. The cheering conclusion was that
+they must be above the snow. So Mr. Gossett struggled on. At last he
+saw a faint glimmer of light. The crust above his head was getting
+thinner, and let a little air pass; but he could no longer reach it
+with his hands. The idea struck him that he might pierce it with his
+breath. He tried, and after several efforts he succeeded. Then he
+shouted for help, and one of his guides, who had escaped uninjured,
+came and extricated him. The snow had to be cut with the axe down to
+his feet before he could be pulled out. Then he found that his
+travelling companion, M. Boissonnet, was dead, and that no trace of
+Bennen could be seen. His body, however, was afterwards recovered. The
+story is told in a letter from Mr. Gossett to Professor Tyndall.
+
+"Bennen's body," he writes, "was found with great difficulty the day
+after Boissonnet was found. The cord end had been covered up with
+snow. The Cur� d'Ardon informed me that poor Bennen was found eight
+feet under the snow, in a horizontal position, the head facing the
+valley of the Luzerne. His watch had been wrenched from the chain,
+probably when the cord broke; the chain, however, remained attached to
+his waist-coat. This reminds me of your fall on the Morteratsch
+glacier."
+
+It may be said that the principal danger of climbing rock-mountains is
+the danger of falling off them. For the art consists largely in
+traversing the faces of precipices by means of narrow and imperfect
+ledges, which afford more facilities for falling off than will readily
+be believed by any one who has not tried to stand on them. The
+climbers, of course, are always securely roped together in such
+places, and the theory is that two of them shall always be so firmly
+anchored that they can instantly check any slip that the third may
+make. But that is not always feasible. It is not feasible, for
+instance, at the difficult corner on the Dent Blanche, where Mr.
+Gabbett and the two Lochmatters came to grief.
+
+As all three climbers were killed on that occasion, no details of the
+accident are known. But the elder Lochmatter was known to be an
+exceptionally heavy man, and the presumption is that it was he who
+fell, and dragged the rest of the party after him. How he came to fall
+may be understood from the following description of the "Mauvais Pas,"
+given by a traveller who traversed it a little afterwards:
+
+"Here," he writes, "we must get round past a perpendicular ledge by
+creeping out on an overhanging rock, and then turning sharp round,
+with head and arms on one side of the rock, while the legs are still
+on the other; then we must at once cling to a hardly visible fissure,
+and draw round the rest of the body, gently, cautiously, little by
+little, and hang there by the points of our fingers until our toes
+find their way to a second fissure lower down. I made this passage,"
+he adds, "like a bale of goods at the end of a rope, without being
+conscious of the danger, and I really do not know how I escaped in
+safety."
+
+The description gives some idea of what stiff rock-climbing is really
+like; and it should be remembered that in the Dolomites more awkward
+places even than the Lochmatters' corner have often to be passed, and
+that when, as often happens, the rocks are glazed with ice, the danger
+of climbing them is more than doubled.
+
+It is always assumed that the Dent Blanche is inaccessible in such a
+case. Yet the story is told of an inexperienced climber who managed to
+get to the summit in spite of the ice.
+
+He was on his first visit to Switzerland; and as soon as he got to
+Zermatt he engaged the best available guide.
+
+"What are considered the hardest mountains here?" he asked.
+
+The guide told him: "The Dent Blanche, the Weisshorn, and the Ober
+Gabelhorn."
+
+"Very well," said the novice; "we'll begin with the Dent Blanche."
+
+The guide protested. Did not his _Herr_ think it would be better to
+begin with something easier--with the Rothhorn, for instance, or the
+Strahlhorn, or the Unter Gabelhorn?
+
+"No," was the reply; "you've got to take me up the Dent Blanche. I've
+climbed in Wales, and I'll undertake to climb any rock you show me."
+
+So the guide yielded, and the two started, with a porter, and for a
+certain distance got on very well. But at last they came to a point
+where all the hand-holds within reach were frozen up; the nearest
+practicable hand-hold could only just be found by stretching out the
+ice-axe. The guide explained the situation, and insisted that they
+must turn back. But his employer had been roused to such a pitch of
+excitement that he would not hear of it.
+
+[Illustration: THE RHONE GLACIER.]
+
+"Look here," he said, "you're a bachelor; I'm a married man with a
+family. If I can afford to risk my life you can afford to risk yours.
+You've got to go on up this mountain. Otherwise I'll throw myself over
+the precipice, and as you're roped to me you'll have to come, too."
+
+The man was absolutely mad. There was no question that, in his
+excitement, he would do what he threatened if he were not obeyed. So
+the guide sullenly struck his ice-axe into the fissure, and climbed up
+it hand over hand, and took his lunatic up and down the Dent Blanche
+at a time when its ascent ought by all the laws of ice-craft to have
+been impossible.
+
+
+CROSSING GLACIERS.
+
+To turn from rock to snow climbing. Accidents are constantly happening
+on glaciers; yet the observance of the most elementary precautions
+ought to make such accidents absolutely impossible.
+
+An open glacier, of course, is safe enough under any circumstances.
+The one thing needful is to look where you are going and not try to
+make flying leaps across crevasses. But even when the crevasses are
+masked by snow all danger may still quite easily be obviated. The
+simple rule is that the party crossing the glacier should never
+consist of less than three, and that the three should be roped
+together in such a way that, if one falls into a crevasse, the other
+two can pull him out. And this, of course, involves the further rule
+that the rope must always be kept taut, so that a fall may be checked
+before it has gained an impetus which would make it difficult to
+resist.
+
+[Illustration: PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC.]
+
+By experience it is possible to recognize a crevasse, with tolerable
+accuracy, in spite of its snow covering; and by sounding with the
+ice-axe before treading on it, one ought to be able to tell whether
+the snow bridge will bear one's weight. But, now and again, it will
+happen that the most experienced man's judgment is at fault. Relying
+upon their instinctive perception of such things, the Swiss peasantry
+constantly traverse glaciers alone in mid-winter. But accidents are
+very frequent, and when guides, tourists, or porters have attempted
+the same thing, accidents have constantly befallen them as well. As an
+illustration may be quoted the case of a reporter, who foolishly
+ventured to return alone over the Loetschen pass. A snow bridge broke
+and he fell into a crevasse, where only his knapsack saved him from
+breaking his neck. He lay on his back, wedged into the ice in such a
+way that he could not move, and it was by the merest accident that he
+was discovered in time, and rescued by a party journeying in the same
+direction.
+
+So much, as Herodotus would say, for crevasses. Another serious Alpine
+danger is the danger of bad weather; and bad weather, as Leslie
+Stephen has pointed out, may make the Righi at one time as dangerous
+as the Matterhorn at another.
+
+To a certain extent, of course, bad weather can be foreseen; but
+meteorology is not yet an exact science, and even the acquired
+instinct of the guides is sometimes at fault, so that grave mistakes,
+often followed by fatal consequences, are made almost every year.
+
+
+DANGERS OF BAD WEATHER.
+
+Mont Blanc is probably the mountain in which bad weather makes the
+greatest difference. On a fine day, the ascent of it is scarcely more
+dangerous than the ascent of Primrose Hill; but in a storm you will
+lose your way, and wander round and round, until you sink down
+exhausted, and freeze to death.
+
+In September, 1870, a party of eleven persons, eight of whom were
+guides or porters, were lost in this way. When their bodies were
+recovered, a memorandum was found in the pocket of one of them, J.
+Beane, of the United States of America, finished apparently just
+before his death, and giving a brief summary of the circumstances of
+the calamity. This is how it read:
+
+"Tuesday, September 6.--I have made the ascent of Mont Blanc, with ten
+persons; eight guides, Mr. Corkendal and Mr. Randall. We arrived at
+the summit at 2.30 o'clock. Immediately after leaving it, I was
+enveloped in clouds of snow. We passed the night in a grotto excavated
+out of snow, affording very uncomfortable shelter, and I was ill all
+night.
+
+"September 7 (morning).--Intense cold; much snow falls uninterruptedly:
+guides restless.
+
+[Illustration: PYRAMIDS OF THE MORTERATSCH.]
+
+"September 7 (evening).--We have been on Mont Blanc for two days in a
+terrible snow-storm: we have lost our way and are in a hole scooped
+out of the snow, at a height of fifteen thousand feet. I have no hope
+of descending. Perhaps this book may be found and forwarded. (Here
+follow some instructions on his private affairs.) We have no food; my
+feet are already frozen and I am exhausted; I have only strength to
+write a few words. I die in the faith of Jesus Christ, with
+affectionate thoughts of my family. My remembrance to all. I trust we
+may meet in heaven."
+
+Says Leslie Stephen, commenting on the incident in the "Alpine
+Journal:"
+
+"The main facts are so simple that little explanation is needed. The
+one special danger of Mont Blanc is bad weather. The inexperienced
+travellers were probably ignorant of the fearful danger they were
+encountering, and had not the slightest conception of the risk to life
+and limb which accompanies even a successful ascent of the mountain
+under such circumstances. I once ascended Mont Blanc on a day so
+unusually fine that we could lie on the summit for an hour, light
+matches in the open air, and enjoy the temperature. Yet, in two or
+three hours before sunrise, the guide of another party which ascended
+the same day was so severely frost-bitten as to lose his toes. Such
+things may happen in the finest weather, when proper precautions are
+neglected; but in bad weather it is simple madness to proceed. Why,
+one cannot help asking, did not the guides oppose the wishes of their
+employers?"
+
+
+FALLING ICE.
+
+Among other dangers that the mountaineer has to reckon with are ice
+avalanches and cornices.
+
+A cornice is a mass of snow projecting over the edge of a precipice,
+and resting upon empty space. Occasionally it will bear the weight of
+one, or even several, men; but more often it gives way when trodden
+on, carrying a whole party to destruction. This was the case in the
+famous accident on the Lyskamm--a mountain where the cornices are
+particularly treacherous--when Messrs. William Arnold Lewis and Noel
+H. Paterson, with the guides Niklaus, Johann, and Peter Joseph Knubel,
+met their deaths in the year 1877. "The cornice," writes Mr. Hartley,
+who visited the scene of the accident immediately afterwards, "had
+broken away in two places, leaving some ten feet in the middle still
+adhering to the mountain. The length of the parts which broke away
+was, perhaps, forty feet on each side of the remaining portion. The
+distance of the fall we estimated at from twelve hundred to fifteen
+hundred feet. The bodies, from the nature of the injuries they had
+received, had evidently fallen upon their heads on the rocks, and
+then, in one great bound, had reached almost the spot where they were
+found."
+
+A typical instance of the ice-avalanche accident happened to, and has
+been recorded by, Mr. Whymper. Accompanied by A. W. Moore and the
+guides Croz and Almer, he was trying to discover a shorter route than
+those usually taken between Zinal and Zermatt. After spending the
+night in a _ch�let_ on the Arpitetta Alp, they started, and struck
+directly up the centre of the Moming glacier. The route proved
+impracticable, and it became necessary to cut steps across an
+ice-slope immediately below the great pillars and buttresses of the
+ice-fall, which were liable to break away and descend upon them at any
+moment.
+
+"I am not ashamed to confess," wrote Mr. Moore in his journal, "that
+during the whole time we were crossing the slope my heart was in my
+mouth, and I never felt so relieved from such a load of care as when,
+after, I suppose, a passage of about twenty minutes, we got on to the
+rocks and were in safety. I have never heard a positive oath come from
+Almer's mouth, but the language in which he kept up a running
+commentary, more to himself than to me, as we went along, was stronger
+than I should have given him credit for using. His prominent feeling
+seemed to be one of indignation that we should be in such a position,
+and self-reproach at being a party to the proceeding; while the
+emphatic way in which, at intervals, he exclaimed, 'Quick; be quick,'
+sufficiently betokened his alarm."
+
+And now, let the rest of the story be told in Mr. Whymper's graphic
+words. Croz, it should be remembered, was leading, and had advised the
+perilous route.
+
+"It was not necessary," Mr. Whymper says, "to admonish Croz to be
+quick. He was fully as alive to the risk as any of the others. He told
+me afterwards that the place was not only the most dangerous he had
+ever crossed, but that no consideration whatever would tempt him to
+cross it again. Manfully did he exert himself to escape from the
+impending destruction. His head, bent down to his work, never turned
+to the right or to the left. One, two, three, went his axe, and then
+he stepped on to the spot where he had been cutting. How painfully
+insecure should we have considered those steps at any other time! But
+now we thought of nothing but the rocks in front, and of the hideous
+'_s�racs_' lurching over above us, apparently in the very act of
+falling."
+
+[Illustration: PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC.]
+
+At last they reached the rocks in safety, and, says Mr. Whymper, "If
+they had been doubly as difficult as they were, we should still have
+been well content. We sat down and refreshed the inner man; keeping
+our eyes on the towering pinnacles of ice which we had passed, but
+which now were almost beneath us. Without a preliminary warning sound,
+one of the largest--as high as the Monument, at London Bridge--fell
+upon the slope below. The stately mass heeled over as if upon a hinge
+(holding together until it bent thirty degrees forward), then it
+crushed out its base, and, rent into a thousand fragments, plunged
+vertically down upon the slope that we had crossed. Every atom of our
+track that was in its course was obliterated; all the new snow was
+swept away, and a broad sheet of smooth, glassy ice showed the
+resistless force with which it had fallen."
+
+
+
+
+THE SMOKE.
+
+FROM "PAUL FABER, SURGEON."
+
+BY GEORGE MACDONALD.
+
+
+  Lord, I have laid my heart upon thy altar,
+    But cannot get the wood to burn:
+  It hardly flares ere it begins to falter,
+    And to the dark return.
+
+  Old sap, or night-fallen dew, has damped the fuel;
+    In vain my breath would flame provoke;
+  Yet see--at every poor attempt's renewal,
+    To thee ascends the smoke.
+
+  'Tis all I have--smoke, failure, foiled endeavor
+    Coldness and doubt and palsied lack:
+  Such as I have I send thee. Perfect Giver
+    Send thou thy lightning back.
+
+
+
+
+THE EARL OF DUNRAVEN.
+
+BY C. KINLOCH COOKE.
+
+
+Wyndham Thos. Wyndhamquin, fourth Earl of Dunraven and Mount Earl, was
+born fifty-two years ago. His father, who was a convert to Roman
+Catholicism, devoted much time to scientific pursuits, and wrote a
+book on Irish architecture, which is generally recognized as the
+standard work on the subject. His mother was a Protestant, and a
+daughter of Sergeant Goold, the eminent Dublin lawyer, who, although
+past forty when called to the bar, made both a name and a fortune for
+himself in his profession. His grandfather on the paternal side
+supported the Union, but Sergeant Goold, like so many of the leading
+men in Dublin at that time, more especially barristers, opposed it.
+Here, then, we have a very fair example of the fact that the prominent
+men in the counties desired to see the fusion of the two countries,
+while the chief representatives of the cities held the opposite
+opinion.
+
+[Illustration: LORD DUNRAVEN.]
+
+Viscount Adare, the title belonging to the eldest son in the Dunraven
+family, was educated privately, and although fond of athletics, had
+few opportunities of joining in cricket, football, rackets, and
+similar public-school games. At an early age he was sent abroad with a
+tutor, and while still in his teens had visited and explored many of
+the principal cities of Europe. In compliance with his father's wishes
+he stayed some time at Rome. But neither the influence of the priests
+nor the attractions of the Vatican were sufficient to induce him to
+become a Roman Catholic. Soon after he returned to England he went to
+Oxford and matriculated at Christ Church, where he spent the next
+three years of his life. At college, except holding a commission for a
+year in the 'Varsity volunteers, he did nothing to distinguish himself
+from the ordinary undergraduate, and, like many others of his set,
+came down without taking a degree. He then joined the First Life
+Guards, and spent much of his spare time steeplechasing. Pluck and
+nerve, combined with light weight, secured him many mounts from
+Captain Machell and others. He was christened "Fly" by his brother
+officers, a name by which he is still known among his most intimate
+friends.
+
+So energetic a nature soon tired of the London soldier's life, and
+when war broke out with Abyssinia he applied to the proprietors of the
+"Daily Telegraph" to be allowed to act as their special correspondent.
+His offer being accepted, he resigned his commission and started for
+North Africa. Colonel Phayre, who was Quartermaster-General, attached
+him to his staff, and so he obtained the earliest and most authentic
+information. Mr. H. M. Stanley, who was doing similar duty for the
+"New York Herald," shared a tent with the amateur journalist, and was
+much struck with the workmanlike character of the despatches which he
+sent off on every available opportunity. At the close of the campaign
+he returned to England and fell in love with Lord Charles Lennox Kerr's
+daughter, whom he shortly afterwards married. In 1869 he started with
+his wife for a tour in the United States, where he remained for some
+time and made many friends.
+
+In journalistic circles he was well received, and particularly so by
+the late Mr. Louis Jennings, then editor of the "New York Times," Mr.
+Hurlbert, who at that time had charge of the "New York World," and the
+late "Sam" Ward. At the outbreak of war between France and Germany he
+went to Berlin for the "Daily Telegraph," and followed the campaign
+right through. As a matter of course he carried his life in his hand,
+but though he had some narrow escapes he met with no accident, until
+just before the capitulation of Paris, when he broke his arm and was
+invalided home, with the result that he missed the days of the
+Commune.
+
+For twelve years or more he crossed the Atlantic annually and
+travelled in the States, Canada, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. He was
+the first private individual to investigate the Yellowstone region,
+and wrote a capital book on the expedition called "The Great Divide,"
+which met with a good reception both in America and England. He hunted
+and shot with Buffalo Bill and Texas Jack long before they ever went
+east of the Mississippi, and his name was well known among the
+Indians, who allowed him to travel about their territory without
+interruption. His articles in the "Nineteenth Century Review" on moose
+and caribou hunting, and his stories of animal life, drafted on the
+spot, were much appreciated in sporting circles. In Colorado he
+purchased a tract of land called Estes Park, which is about to be
+transferred to an English company. When the branch railway is made and
+the proposed irrigation works inaugurated, the estate should be a
+valuable property.
+
+[Illustration: LADY DUNRAVEN.]
+
+Lord Dunraven's yachting may be said to date from his college days,
+since he generally spent the long vacation with his friend Lord
+Romney, voyaging in a small sloop he purchased from a Cardiff pilot.
+In this craft, with a man and boy for a crew, he used to cruise in all
+sorts of weather round the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Very funny
+indeed are some of the yarns about the dangers and difficulties which
+the "Cripple"--as the yacht was named--and those on board met with
+from time to time. In this way he picked up some knowledge of
+navigation, learned how to manage a boat, and became well acquainted
+with the discomforts of seafaring life. From the days of the "Cripple"
+until 1887 Lord Dunraven took but little interest in yachting or yacht
+racing. But in August of that year he chanced to be at Cowes, and went
+for a sail in the "Irex." As usual with Mr. Jameson, the conversation
+turned on yacht building. In a very short time Lord Dunraven was
+persuaded to return to his old love, and before a month was over Mr.
+Richardson, of Liverpool, who designed the "Irex," had received
+instructions to build him a cutter. The result was the "Petronilla,"
+but, in spite of several alterations, the yacht was a failure,
+although she was steered by Gomes, who during the last two seasons has
+had charge of "Meteor" (_n�e_ "Thistle") for the German Emperor.
+
+Disheartened, but not defeated, he gave a commission to Mr. Watson, of
+Glasgow, who designed the first "Valkyrie." She was a signal success,
+and was sailed by Thomas Diaper, better known as Tommy Dutch, and
+afterwards by William Cranfield, who had been so fortunate with the
+"Yarana," now the "Maid Marian," for Mr. Ralli. Like the present ship,
+she was built for the express purpose of racing for the America Cup.
+The challenge sent by the Royal Yacht Squadron was accepted by the New
+York Yacht Club. But as conditions, considered distasteful by the
+Squadron, were imposed as to the future holding of the cup, and the
+New York Yacht Club declined to yield in any way, the match was
+reluctantly abandoned. The following year the Watson cutter came out
+again and did as well as before. In the winter of 1891-92 Lord
+Dunraven took her to the Mediterranean, where, after winning every
+race she sailed in, she was sold to the Archduke Carl Stephan, and
+delivered at Pola.
+
+[Illustration: DUNRAVEN CASTLE.]
+
+The next order was given to Mr. Alfred Payne, of Southampton, who was
+bidden to design a yacht which should serve the twofold purpose of a
+fast cruiser and a reliable, seaworthy fishing boat. "L'Esperance" was
+built with that object in view, and fully realized the expectations of
+her owner, though, of course, she was not fast enough to hold her own
+with the first-class racers. During the two seasons the yacht was
+afloat she carried off several prizes in handicap matches.
+
+Last year Lord Dunraven determined to have a second try to bring off a
+race for the America Cup, and gave an order to Mr. Watson to build him
+another cutter. The success of the Clyde designer's last venture was
+probably the reason for calling the new vessel "Valkyrie." The Royal
+Yacht Squadron again challenged in Lord Dunraven's behalf, and the
+challenge was duly accepted. Fortunately, no difficulties arose on
+this occasion, and the 5th of October is fixed for the first match.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN WILLIAM CRANFIELD OF THE "VALKYRIE."]
+
+The new ship was built by Messrs. Henderson, of Glasgow, side by side
+with the "Britannia," the Prince of Wales's yacht. It is a mistake,
+however, to suppose, as some do, that the two vessels are copies, one
+of the other. The "Valkyrie" was designed first, and her building
+begun, before Mr. Watson considered with Mr. Jameson the lines of the
+"Britannia." "Valkyrie's" registered tonnage is 106.55, and her length
+on the load water line 86.82 feet, which is 1.82 feet above the length
+of the load water line given in the challenge, but doubtless she will
+be altered to meet the conditions governing the race. Her length from
+the fore part of stem under the bowsprit to the aft side of the head
+of the stern-post is 97.75 feet, and her length over all 116.25. Her
+racing rating is 148, and her sail area 10,200 square feet, being
+3,500 square feet more than the first "Valkyrie." She carries a crew
+of thirty hands all told, and her cabins are prettily fitted up in
+cedar and cretonne.
+
+[Illustration: G. T. WATSON, DESIGNER OF THE "VALKYRIE."]
+
+The second "Valkyrie" has been tried in all weathers and in various
+waters with the "Britannia," the "Satanita," the "Calluna," and the
+"Iverna." Therefore her capabilities against British yachts of her own
+class are pretty well known. Up to the time of writing, namely, the
+eve of the Royal Yacht Squadron regatta at Cowes--the regatta in which
+the schooner yacht "America" won the cup which Lord Dunraven hopes to
+bring back to England--the "Valkyrie" has sailed in twenty matches and
+won fourteen flags, eleven first and three second, representing a
+total value of �930. Her first match was in the Thames on May 25, when
+she had bad luck and only came in third, "Britannia" being first and
+"Iverna" second. In the middle of the race she broke her bowsprit off
+short in the stem, and in a few minutes was, for all sailing purposes,
+practically a wreck. In the second Royal Thames match it was doubtful
+whether "Britannia" or "Valkyrie" won. The Prince of Wales's yacht was
+first in, but according to some watches she only won by seven seconds,
+whereas the official timekeeper made it seventeen seconds, thus
+covering "Valkyrie's" time allowance. In the Royal Cinque Ports
+regatta several vessels collided, with the result that the "Britannia"
+did not race at all, and Lord Dunraven's yacht was detained at the
+start twelve and a half minutes, and so was not placed. During the
+Royal Ulster match one of "Valkyrie's" men fell overboard, and the
+time lost in picking up the man could not be recovered. It is,
+however, but fair to say that when "Valkyrie" won the second Royal
+Western match, "Britannia" came to grief, while in the second race on
+the Clyde the prince's yacht was disqualified.
+
+[Illustration: THE "VALKYRIE."]
+
+It now remains to see how she acquits herself in contest with the
+American vessels which have been built to meet her. The long notice
+required gives a distinct advantage to the other side; although only
+one boat can sail against the challenger, there is nothing to prevent
+any number of boats being designed by the party challenged. The
+Americans have built four cutters to select from, hence the chances
+against the "Valkyrie" may be roughly calculated at four to one.
+
+There is no doubt that Lord Dunraven's ship is a great improvement on
+anything hitherto built in England, and, given her time allowance, is
+the fastest vessel afloat on British waters. She has gone much better
+since she had her top-mast clipped and topsails cut. Her strong point
+is going to windward, and her best chance is in light weather. She
+leaves England on or about August 20, in charge of William Cranfield,
+than whom it would be difficult to find a more experienced skipper on
+either side of the Atlantic. He has sailed her all through her trial
+matches and will steer her in the races for the cup.
+
+But it must not be supposed that Lord Dunraven is always racing in
+large yachts. On the contrary, he is perhaps even more interested
+in small boat sailing, and has, since 1889, built four "fives," all
+of which have given a very good account of themselves. This year he
+brought out a twenty-rater, but so far she has not proved a
+success, and has succumbed to "Dragon" on almost every occasion. He
+is commodore of the Castle Yacht Club, a sporting little racing
+club on the South Coast, where races take place every Saturday and
+often twice a week. The commodore generally enters his boat for
+these matches, and always steers himself. Besides belonging to the
+Royal Yacht Squadron and the Castle Yacht Club, Lord Dunraven is a
+member of the Austrian Imperial Yacht Squadron; the Royal Cork,
+London, Southern, Southampton, Clyde, Western, and Victoria; the
+New Thames, Bristol Channel, Portsmouth, Corinthian and many other
+yachting clubs.
+
+The same year that he returned to yachting he took up racing again,
+and started a stable in partnership with Lord Randolph Churchill,
+having Mr. R. W. Sherwood as trainer, and "Morny" Cannon and Woodburn
+as jockeys. On the whole his horses have been fairly successful.
+L'Abbesse de Jouarre won the Oaks in 1889, and Inverness has secured
+some good stakes. Strange to say, on the day the mare won at Epsom,
+Lord Randolph was in Norway, and Lord Dunraven was sailing in his
+five-rater at Calshot Castle. Under these circumstances it is quite
+permissible to draw the conclusion that he prefers yachting to horse
+racing. After four years of partnership racing, Lord Dunraven bought
+Lord Randolph's share of the stud and now races entirely on his own
+account. He is a good fisherman, and as equally at home with his
+salmon rod as with a deep-sea line. He knows nearly every fishing
+ground round the coast, and, after the regattas are over, generally
+goes trawling. His favorite places are off Plymouth, the Scilly and
+the Channel Islands. Both with rifle and gun he is a first-rate shot,
+and although he always shoots in spectacles, seldom misses his game.
+
+[Illustration: THE KENRY GATEWAY.]
+
+Lord Dunraven took his seat in the House of Lords as a supporter
+of Mr. Gladstone, who subsequently offered him a minor post in the
+government. But at that time the young traveler took but little
+part in politics, and so declined the flattering invitation. His
+real entry into public life, and, in fact, the foundation of his
+subsequent career as a politician, are due to an article which he
+wrote in the "New York World" on Mr. Gladstone's famous attack on
+Lord Beaconsfield. The article obtained much attention at the
+time, and attracted the notice of the Conservative chief, who was
+much struck at the clever criticism of the young Liberal peer. An
+acquaintance sprang up between Lord Beaconsfield and the writer,
+which later on ripened into friendship, and probably had something
+to do with Lord Dunraven joining the Conservative party.
+
+His early speeches were chiefly on foreign policy, and the intimate
+knowledge he showed respecting treaties of all kinds was an additional
+link between him and the leader of his new party. His favorite theme
+was Egypt, and he rarely missed an opportunity of condemning Mr.
+Gladstone's policy in respect to that country. Later on he interested
+himself more especially in colonial affairs. Here his personal
+acquaintance with the North American colonies stood him in good stead,
+and gained him the ear of the House of Lords. Thus it was scarcely
+surprising that when Lord Salisbury came into office he chose him as
+Under Secretary of State for the colonies, a post he again filled on
+the return of the Conservatives to power in 1886.
+
+Soon after he had taken office the second time, the Newfoundland
+Government passed an act prohibiting the French fishermen from
+purchasing bait in the colony. This act the imperial government at
+first declined to ratify. Lord Dunraven sided with the local
+legislators, on the ground that Newfoundland was a self-governing
+colony. He pressed this view of the case at Downing Street, and, as
+the government declined to yield, resigned his Under Secretaryship.
+Some say he resigned merely to support his friend, Lord Randolph
+Churchill, who had just given up the post of Chancellor of the
+Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons, but, although the two
+resignations may have had some connection, the immediate cause of Lord
+Dunraven's leaving the Colonial Office was as I have stated. Being out
+of office and out of favor with his chief, Lord Dunraven turned his
+attention to social questions, and, when Mr. Burnett's report on the
+Sweating System at the East End of London was presented to Parliament,
+he moved the House of Lords for a select committee to inquire into the
+subject. The request was granted, and he was appointed chairman. For
+more than two years the committee sat, and during all that time Lord
+Dunraven worked most energetically, examining and cross-examining the
+various witnesses sent up from all parts of the United Kingdom, for he
+was not long in discovering that the system was practised quite as
+much in the provincial cities as in the East End of London, and
+quickly took steps to have the reference extended. With much care he
+drafted an exhaustive report, giving, as the chief causes of the
+existence of sweating, unrestricted foreign immigration and
+over-competition. Lord Derby and Lord Thring declined to accept this
+view, and Lord Dunraven, finding himself in a minority, retired from
+the chairmanship. Subsequent events have shown that Lord Dunraven was
+not so far out in his diagnosis as his colleagues supposed. The evil
+effects of foreign immigration upon the unskilled labor market so
+impressed him that, on his own initiative and at his own expense, he
+formed a society for the express purpose of making these effects known
+to the public, and of forcing them upon the attention of Parliament.
+
+[Illustration: ADARE MANOR HOUSE.]
+
+The working-man may have good reason to thank Lord Dunraven, but it
+is doubtful whether the capitalist will regard his efforts in the same
+light. The Sweating Committee brought Mr. Alderman Ben Tillett to the
+front, and Mr. Alderman Ben Tillett, in conjunction with Mr. John
+Burns, M.P., were the promoters of the dock strike. The dock strike
+started "new unionism," and new unionism gave an impetus to the
+eight-hour-day movement. Lord Dunraven and Lord Randolph Churchill
+were the first prominent politicians to openly advocate an eight-hour
+day for miners, and Lord Dunraven's speech on the eight-hours' case
+generally, before the members of the Chamber of Commerce at Liverpool,
+attracted much comment at the time. The Factories and Workshops act
+was really an extension of the very able bill which Lord Dunraven
+introduced into the House of Lords, in order to carry into force
+certain amendments in the law which he had suggested in his draft on
+the sweating inquiry. Together with Lord Sandhurst, the present Under
+Secretary for War, he championed the cause of the laundresses. Indeed,
+there is scarcely a question affecting the interests of the working
+classes in which he has not taken an active part, and when a separate
+state department for labor is established, as it must be eventually,
+Lord Dunraven, supposing the Conservatives to be in power, will
+probably be invited to act as its first minister.
+
+There is scarcely a subject on which he is not well informed. His
+difficulty seems to be in making a choice. In matters of sport he has
+thrown his heart and soul into yachting, and, as a consequence, on
+that subject he is naturally considered the first authority. What he
+has done in yachting he must do in politics, if he is ever to reach
+the position to which his abilities entitle him.
+
+[Illustration: ADARE GALLERY.]
+
+The rough-and-tumble work of the House of Commons would have been a
+far better school for him than the Upper House of Parliament, and had
+he not been a peer he would probably by this time have reached a far
+higher rung on the political ladder than he has done. Although
+nervous, he is a good speaker, and never misses his points. He seldom
+addresses the House without a thorough knowledge of his subject, and
+as a consequence is generally listened to and considered. Naturally
+quick, he soon masters his facts. He has great power of concentration,
+but, like most Irishmen, lacks application. Unlike his race, however,
+he is not impulsive, and seldom speaks without thinking. He has more
+the memory of a barrister than that of a permanent official, and
+should he forget the details, always remembers the line of argument.
+With a little more patience he would make a good judge, as he knows
+well how to sift evidence, and is just in dealing with the opinions of
+others. Thorough himself, he expects thoroughness in those about him.
+Cant and hypocrisy he will have none of. Nor does he believe in
+employing second-rate intellect. The best man and the best price is
+Lord Dunraven's motto. There is no niggardliness about him, yet at
+the same time he intends to get his money's worth. Mistakes are not
+overlooked, but forgiven. As a result he is much liked by all who have
+any dealings with him.
+
+The principal family estates are in Ireland and Wales. Adare Manor,
+the Irish home where the present peer was born, is situated in one of
+the prettiest parts of County Limerick. The house, which had fallen
+into decay during the last century, was entirely rebuilt by Lord
+Dunraven's grandfather. It is of gray stone and in the style of the
+Tudor period. The most imposing apartment is the gallery, which is
+panelled in old oak and has a beautifully carved ceiling. This room is
+approached from the hall by means of a stone stair-case let into the
+wall, and is entered through richly carved double doors brought from
+an old church at Antwerp. It is one hundred and thirty-two feet long
+and twenty-one feet wide. Along the sides hang the family pictures,
+and a few choice paintings by old masters. The hall is lofty, and
+lighted by colored windows, which, together with the organ, hidden
+away in a recess, gives the place more the appearance of a cathedral
+than the entrance to a private house. The river Maigne flows past the
+manor on the south side, and, when at home, the subject of our sketch
+may often be seen fishing for a salmon or shooting a weir in his
+canoe, after the manner of Canadian log men down the rapids. Not far
+from the manor house, on the banks of the river, are the ruins of a
+Franciscan abbey, built in 1464 for the Observant Brothers by a former
+Earl of Kildare, while adjoining lie the ruins of Desmond Castle, so
+celebrated in Irish history.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF DESMOND CASTLE.]
+
+Lord Dunraven is much attached to Ireland and the Irish. He devotes
+large sums of money annually towards improving and keeping up Adare,
+and spends all the income derived from the estate in giving employment
+to the people of the district. This fact alone, seeing that he has
+only a life interest in the place, shows his large-mindedness. His
+property is probably the only one in the south of Ireland on which no
+outrage has ever been committed, and it speaks well for his popularity
+that when he came amongst his own tenants a few months ago to deliver
+a speech against Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule bill, not only was he
+listened to, but, for the time, received the support of many Home
+Rulers in the district. At Adare, Lord Dunraven entertained Lord
+Spencer and the vice-regal court in state, and subsequently received
+Lord Londonderry and Lord Houghton.
+
+Dunraven Castle, in Glamorganshire, is built on the edge of a cliff,
+and overlooks the Bristol Channel. The coast is very dangerous, and
+many a ship has struck and gone to pieces on the treacherous rocks in
+sight of the castle. There is no safe anchorage anywhere near, so Lord
+Dunraven is in the peculiar position of having a home by the sea, but
+is unable to approach it in his yacht. Lately the castle has been
+enlarged, and a new wing and courtyard added. During the last few
+years, owing probably to the unsettled state of Ireland, Lord and Lady
+Dunraven have done most of their entertaining here. Not long ago the
+Duke and Duchess of Teck and the Princess May (Duchess of York) made a
+long stay at the castle. The gardens are well kept, but the want of
+shelter prevents the shrubs and coverts from growing, and gives the
+more exposed part of the estate rather a barren appearance. The
+shooting is fairly good, and the park well stocked with deer.
+
+Kenry House, in the vale of Putney, was until recently used as the
+town residence, but when Lord Dunraven's daughters grew up it was
+necessary to take a house in London. Still Kenry is a favorite
+Saturday to Monday resort of Lord Dunraven during the parliamentary
+session.
+
+Few men in like position have led so varied a life as the owner of
+"Valkyrie," and as a consequence he has come into contact with most
+men and women worth knowing. In social circles he is very popular, and
+no smart entertainment is complete without him. In clubland he is
+always welcome, and is as equally at home at the Beefsteak or the
+Savage as at the Marlborough or the Turf. While Parliament is sitting
+he is often found at the Carlton, discussing with his party the latest
+move on the political chess-board, or talking science and literature
+with his friends at the Athen�um. His energy is boundless. He will
+work all the morning, legislate in the afternoon, dine out, and then
+spend the evening in amusement. Travelling to him is nothing. He never
+tires. He is an early riser, and no matter what time he goes to bed is
+always up and attending to his correspondence at the usual hour the
+next morning. In this way he gets through a great amount of work, and
+is able to find time for the same amount of pleasure. He is very
+generous, and as a result is often imposed upon. Not only is he called
+upon to give money toward the charities in his own neighborhoods, but
+people write to him from all parts of the United Kingdom to help them
+in their distress. Often he yields, and many a home has been made
+happy by a gift of money or money's worth. Scarcely a church or chapel
+on his Welsh estate is self-supporting. All expect, and many get,
+grants from Lord Dunraven. In Ireland, too, he is equally liberal; and
+Father Flanagan, the priest at Adare, could tell many a tale of want
+relieved and assistance given to the Catholics on the estate.
+
+LONDON, ENGLAND.
+
+
+
+
+AT A DANCE.
+
+
+  My queen is tired and craves surcease
+    Of twanging string and clamorous brass;
+  I lean against the mantelpiece,
+    And watch her in the glass.
+
+  One whom I see not where I stand
+    Fans her, and talks in whispers low;
+  Her loose locks flutter as his hand
+    Moves lightly to and fro.
+
+  He begs a flower; her finger tips
+    Stray round a rose half veiled in lace;
+  She grants the boon with smiling lips,
+    Her clear eyes read his face.
+
+  I cannot look--my sight grows dim--
+    While Fate allots, unequally,
+  The living woman's self to him,
+    The mirrored form to me.
+
+
+
+
+DULCES AMARYLLIDIS IR�.
+
+
+  I told my love a truth she liked not well;
+    She spoke no word. I raised my eyes to watch
+  Her cheek's red flush, her bosom's angry swell;
+   She rose to go; her hand was on the latch;
+  When some swift thought--of my fond love, maybe,
+    Or ill-requited patience--bowed her head:
+  She faltered, paused with foot half raised to flee,
+    Then turned, and stole into my arms instead.
+
+  _Reproduced, by special arrangement, from_ "Under the Hawthorn,
+  and Other Verse," by Augusta de Gruchy.
+
+  London: Edwin Matthews and John Lane, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+A SPLENDID TIME--AHEAD.
+
+BY WALTER BESANT.
+
+
+I.
+
+It was Sunday evening in July--an evening aglow with warmth and
+splendor; an evening when even the streets of London were glorious
+with the light of the splendid west; an evening when, if you are young
+(as I sincerely hope you are), only to wander hand-in-hand over the
+grass and under the trees with your sweetheart should be happiness
+enough. One ought to be ashamed to ask for more. Nay, a great many do
+not ask for more.
+
+They are engaged. Some time, but not just yet, they will marry. They
+work separately all the week, but on the Sunday they are free to go
+about together. Of all the days that make the week they dearly love
+but one day--namely the day that lies between the Saturday and Monday.
+Now that the voice of the Sabbatarian has sunk to a whisper or a
+whine; now that we have learned to recognize the beauty, the priceless
+boon, the true holiness of the Sunday, which not only rests body and
+brain, but may be so used as to fill the mind with memories of lovely
+scenes, of sweet and confidential talk, of love-making and of
+happiness, we ought to determine that of all the things which make up
+the British liberties, there is nothing for which the working man
+should more fiercely fight or more jealously watch than the full
+freedom of his Sunday--freedom uncontrolled to wander where he will,
+to make his recreation as he chooses.
+
+If the church doors are open wide, let the doors of the public
+galleries and the museums and the libraries be opened wide as well.
+Let him, if he choose, step from church to library. But if he is wise,
+when the grass is long and the bramble is in blossom, and the foliage
+is thick and heavy on the elms, he will, after dinner, repair to the
+country, if it is only to breathe the air of the fields, and lie on
+his back watching the slow westering of the sun and listening to the
+note of the blackbird in the wood.
+
+Two by two they stroll or sit about Hempstead Heath on such an
+evening. If you were to listen (a pleasant thing to do, but wrong) to
+the talk of these couples you would find that they are mostly silent,
+except that they only occasionally exchange a word or two. Why should
+they talk? They know each other's cares and prospects; they know the
+burden that each has to bear--the evil temper of the boss, the
+uncertainties of employment, the difficulties in the way of an
+improved screw, and the family troubles--there are always family
+troubles, due to some inconsiderate member or other. I declare that we
+have been teaching morality and the proper conduct of life on quite a
+wrong principle--namely, the selfish principle.
+
+We say, "Be good, my child, and you will go to heaven." The
+proposition is no doubt perfectly true. But it proposes a selfish
+motive for action. I would rather say to that child, "Be good, my
+dear, or else you will become an intolerable nuisance to other
+people." Now, no child likes to consider himself an intolerable
+nuisance.
+
+These lovers, therefore, wander about the Heath, sometimes up to their
+knees in bracken, sometimes sitting under the trees, not talking much,
+but, as the old phrase has it, "enjoying themselves" very much indeed.
+At the end of the Spaniards' Road--that high causeway whence one can
+see, in clear weather, the steeple of Harrow Church on one side and
+the dome of St. Paul's on the other--there is a famous clump of firs,
+which have been represented by painters over and over again. Benches
+have been placed under these trees, where one can sit and have a very
+fine view indeed, with the Hendon Lake in the middle distance, and a
+range of hills beyond, and fields and rills between.
+
+On one of these benches were sitting this evening two--Adam and Eve,
+boy and girl--newly entered into paradise. Others were sitting there
+as well--an ancient gentleman whose thoughts were seventy years back,
+a working man with a child of three on his knee, and beside him his
+wife, carrying the baby. But these lovers paid no heed to their
+neighbors. They sat at the end of the bench. The boy was holding the
+girl's hand, and he was talking eagerly.
+
+"Lily," he said, "you must come some evening to our debating society
+when we begin again and hear me speak. No one speaks better. That is
+acknowledged. There is to be a debate on the House of Lords in
+October. I mean to come out grand. When I'm done there will be mighty
+little left of the Lords." He was a handsome lad, tall and well set
+up, straight featured and bright eyed. The girl looked at him proudly.
+He was her own lad--this handsome chap. Not that she was bad-looking
+either. Many an honest fellow has to put up with a girl not nearly so
+good-looking, if you were to compare.
+
+He was a clerk in the city. She was in the post-office. He attended at
+his office daily from half-past nine to six, doing such work as was
+set before him for the salary of a pound a week. She stood all day
+long at the counter, serving out postal orders, selling stamps,
+weighing letters, and receiving telegrams. When I add that she was
+civil to everybody you will understand that she was quite a superior
+clerk--one of the queen's lucky bargains. It is not delicate to talk
+about a young lady's salary, therefore I shall not say for how much
+she gave her services to the British Empire.
+
+He was a clever boy, who read and thought. That is to say, he thought
+that he thought--which is more than most do. As he took his facts from
+the newspapers, and nothing else, and as he was profoundly ignorant
+of English history, English law, the British Constitution, the duties
+of a citizen, and the British Empire generally, his opinions, after he
+had done thinking, were not of so much value to the country, it is
+believed. But still a clever fellow, and able to spout in a frothy way
+which carried his hearers along, if it never convinced or defeated an
+opponent.
+
+To this kind of clever boy there are always two or three dangers. One
+is that he should be led on to think more and more of froth and less
+of fact; another, that he should grow conceited over his eloquence and
+neglect his business. A third temptation which peculiarly besets this
+kind is that he should take to drink. Oratory is thirsty work, and
+places where young men orate are often in immediate proximity to bars.
+As yet, however, Charley was only twenty. He was still at the first
+stage of everything--oratory, business, and love; and he was still at
+the stage when everything appears possible--the total abolition of
+injustice, privilege, class, capital, power, oppression, greed,
+sweating, poverty, suffering--by the simple process of tinkering the
+constitution.
+
+"Oh," he cried, "we shall have the most glorious, the most splendid
+time, Lily! The power of the people is only just beginning; it hasn't
+begun yet. We shall see the most magnificent things...." He enumerated
+them as above indicated. Well, it is very good that young men should
+have such dreams and see such visions. I never heard of any girl being
+thus carried out of herself. The thing belongs exclusively to male man
+in youth, and it is very good for him. When he is older he will
+understand that over and above the law and the constitution there is
+something else more important still--namely, that every individual man
+should be honest, temperate, and industrious. In brief, he will
+understand the force of the admonition: "Be good, my child, or else
+you will become an intolerable nuisance to everybody."
+
+The sun sank behind Harrow-on-the-Hill. The red light of the west
+flamed in the boy's bright eyes. Presently the girl rose.
+
+"Yes, Charley," she said, less sympathetic than might have been
+expected; "yes, and it will be a very fine time, if it comes. But I
+don't know. People will always want to get rich, won't they? I think
+this beautiful time will have to come after us. Perhaps we had better
+be looking after our own nest first."
+
+"Oh, it will come--it will come!"
+
+"I like to hear you talk about it, Charley. But if we are ever to
+marry--if I am to give up the post-office, you must make a bigger
+screw. Remember what you promised. The shorthand and the French class.
+Put them before your speechifying."
+
+"All right, Lily dear, and then we will get married, and we will have
+the most splendid time. Oh, there's the most splendid time for
+us--ahead!"
+
+
+II.
+
+It is six months later and mid-winter, and the time is again the
+evening. The day has been gloomy, with a fog heavy enough to cause the
+offices to be lit with gas, so that the eyes of all London are red and
+the heads of all London are heavy.
+
+Lily stepped outside the post-office, work done. She was going home.
+
+At the door stood her sweetheart, waiting for her. She tossed her head
+and made as if she would pass him without speaking. But he stepped
+after and walked beside her.
+
+"No, Lily," he said, "I will speak to you; even if you don't answer my
+letters you shall hear me speak."
+
+"You have disgraced yourself," she said.
+
+"Yes, I know. But you will forgive me. It is the first time. I swear
+it is the first time."
+
+Well, it was truly the first time that she had seen him in such a
+state.
+
+"Oh, to be a drunkard!" she replied. "Oh, could I ever believe that I
+should see you rolling about the street?"
+
+"It was the first time, Lily, and it shall be the last. Forgive me
+and take me on again. If you give me up I shall go to the devil!"
+
+"Charley"--her voice broke into a sob--"you have made me miserable--I
+was so proud of you. No other girl, I thought, had such a clever
+sweetheart; and last Tuesday--oh! it's dreadful to think of."
+
+"Yes, Lily, I know. There's only one excuse. I spoke for more than an
+hour, and I was exhausted. So what I took went to my head. Another
+time I should not have felt it a bit. And when I found myself
+staggering I was going home as fast as possible, and as bad luck would
+have it, I must needs meet you."
+
+"Good luck, I call it. Else I might never have found it out till too
+late."
+
+"Lily, make it up. Give me another chance. I'll swear off. I'll take
+the pledge."
+
+He caught her hand and held it.
+
+"Oh, Charley," she said, "if I can only trust you."
+
+"You can, you must, Lily. For your sake I will take the pledge. I will
+do whatever you ask me to do."
+
+She gave way, but not without conditions.
+
+"Well," she said, "I will try to think no more about it. But, Charley,
+remember, I could never, never, never marry a man who drinks."
+
+"You never shall, dear," he replied, earnestly.
+
+"And then, another thing, Charley. This speaking work--oh! I know it
+is clever and that--but it doesn't help us forward. How long is it
+since you determined to learn shorthand, because it would advance you
+so much? And French, because a clerk who can write French is worth
+double? Where are your fine resolutions?"
+
+"I will begin again--I will practise hard; see now, Lily, I will do
+all you want. I will promise anything to please you--and do it, too.
+See if I won't. Only not quite to give up the speaking. Think how
+people are beginning to look up to me. Why, when we get a reformed
+House, and the members are paid, they will send me to Parliament--me!
+I shall be a member for Camden Town. Then I shall be made Home
+Secretary, or Attorney General, or something. You will be proud, Lily,
+of your husband when he is a distinguished man. There's a splendid
+time for us--ahead!"
+
+"Yes, dear. But first you know you have got to get a salary that we
+can live on."
+
+He left her at her door with a kiss and a laugh, and turned to go
+home. In the next street he passed a public-house. He stopped, he
+hesitated, he felt in his pocket, he went in and had a go, just a
+single go--Lily would never find out--of Scotch, cold. Then he went
+home and played at practising shorthand for an hour. He had promised
+his Lily. She should see how well he could keep his promise.
+
+
+III.
+
+"It is good of you to come, my dear. Of course, I understand that it
+is all over now. It must be. It is not in nature that you should keep
+him on any longer. But I thought you would see my poor boy once
+more."
+
+It was Charley's mother who spoke. He was the only son of a widow.
+
+"Oh, yes, I came--I came," Lily replied, tearfully. "But what is the
+good? He will promise everything again. How many times has he repented
+and promised--and promised?"
+
+"My poor boy! And we were so proud of him, weren't we, dear?" said the
+mother, wiping away a tear. "He was going to do such great things with
+his cleverness and his speaking. And now--I have seen it coming on, my
+dear, for a year and more, but I durstn't speak to you. When he came
+home night after night with a glassy eye and a husky voice, when he
+reeled across the room, at first I pretended not to notice it. A man
+mustn't be nagged or shamed, must he? Then I spoke in the morning, and
+he promised to pull himself up."
+
+"He will promise--ah! yes--he will promise."
+
+"If you could only forgive him he might keep his promise."
+
+Lily shook her head doubtfully.
+
+"I went to the office this morning, my dear. They have been expecting
+it for weeks. The head clerk warned him. It was known that he had
+fallen into bad company--in the city they don't like spouters. And
+when he came back after his dinner he was so tipsy that he fell along.
+They just turned him out on the spot."
+
+"Mother," said Lily, "it's like this. I can't help forgiving him. We
+two must forgive him, whatever he does. We love him, you see, that's
+what it is."
+
+"Yes, dear, yes."
+
+"It isn't the poor, tipsy boy we love, but the real boy--the clever
+boy behind. We must forgive him. But"--her lips quivered--"I cannot
+marry him. Do not ask me to do that unless--what will never happen--he
+reforms altogether."
+
+"If you would, dear, I think he might keep straight. If you were
+always with him to watch him."
+
+"I could not be always with him. And besides, mother, think what
+might happen as well. Would you have me bring into the world children
+whose lives would make me wretched by a drunken father? And how should
+we live? Because, you see, if I marry I must give up my place."
+
+The mother sighed. "Charley is in his own room," she said, "I will
+send him to you."
+
+Lily sat down and buried her face in her hands. Alas! to this had her
+engagement come. But she loved him. When he came into the room and
+stood before her and she looked up, seeing him shamefaced and with
+hanging head, she was filled with pity as well as love--pity and
+shame, and sorrow for the boy. She took his hand and pressed it
+between her own and burst into tears. "Oh, Charley, Charley!" she
+cried.
+
+"I am a brute and a wretch," he said. "I don't deserve anything. But
+don't throw me over--don't, Lily!"
+
+He fell on his knees before her, crying like a little school-boy. A
+tendency to weep readily sometimes accompanies the consumption of
+strong drink.
+
+Then he made confession, such confession as one makes who puts things
+as prettily as their ugliness allows. He had given way once or twice;
+he had never intended to get drunk; he had been overtaken yesterday.
+The day was close, he had a headache in the morning. To cure his
+headache he took a single glass of beer. When he went back to the
+office he felt giddy. They said he was drunk. They bundled him out on
+the spot without even the opportunity of explaining.
+
+Lily sighed. What could she say or answer? The weakness of the man's
+nature only came out the more clearly by his confession. What could
+she say? To reason with him was useless. To make him promise was
+useless.
+
+"Charley," she said at length, "if my forgiveness will do any good
+take it and welcome. But we cannot undo the past. You have lost your
+place and your character. As for the future----"
+
+"You have forgiven me, Lily," he said; "oh, I can face the future. I
+can get another place easily. I shall very soon retrieve my character.
+Why, all they can say is that I seemed to have taken too much.
+Nothing--that is nothing!"
+
+"What will you do? Have you got any money?"
+
+"No. I must go and look for another place. Until I get one I suppose
+there will be short commons. I deserve it, Lily. You shall not hear me
+grumble."
+
+She took out her purse. "I can spare two pounds," she said. "Take the
+money, Charley. Nay--you must--you shall. You must not go about
+looking half starved."
+
+He hesitated and changed color, but he took the money.
+
+Half an hour later he was laughing, as they all three sat at their
+simple supper, as light-hearted as if there had never been such a
+scene. When a man is forgiven he may as well behave accordingly. Only,
+when he lifted his glass of water to his lips he gasped--it was a
+craving for something stronger than water which tightened his throat
+like hydrophobia. But it passed; he drank the water and set down the
+glass with a nod.
+
+"Good water, that," he said. "Nothing like water. Mean to stick to
+water in future--water and tea. Lily, I've made up my mind. For the
+next six months I shall give up speaking, though it's against my
+interests. Shorthand and French in the evening. By that time I shall
+get a post worth a hundred--ay, a hundred and twenty--pounds a year,
+if I'm lucky, and we'll get married and all live together and be as
+happy as the day is long. You shall never repent your wedding-day, my
+dear. I shall keep you like a lady. Oh, we will have a splendid
+time."
+
+At ten o'clock Lily rose to go home. He sprang to his feet and took
+his hat and went.
+
+"No, no," he said. "Let you go alone? Not if I know it."
+
+She laid her hand on his arm once more, and tried to believe that his
+promise would be kept this time. He led her home, head in air, gallant
+and brave. At the door he kissed her. "Good-night, my dear," he said.
+"You know you can trust me. Haven't I promised?"
+
+On the way home he passed a public-house. The craving came back to
+him, and the tightness of his throat and the yearning of his heart;
+his footsteps were drawn and dragged toward the door.
+
+At eleven o'clock his mother, who was waiting up for him, heard him
+bumping and tumbling about the stairs on his way up. He came in--his
+eyes fishy, his voice thick. "Saw her home," he said. "Good girl,
+Lily. Made--(hic)--faithful promise--we are going to have--splendid
+time!"
+
+
+IV.
+
+The two women stood outside the prison doors. At eight o'clock their
+man would be released; the son of one, the lover of the other. The
+elder woman looked frail and bowed, her face was full of trouble--the
+kind of trouble that nothing can remove. The younger woman stood
+beside her on the pavement; she was thinner, and her cheeks were pale;
+in her eyes, too, you could read abiding trouble.
+
+"We will take him home between us," said the girl. "Not a word of
+reproach. He has sinned and suffered. We must forgive. Oh, we cannot
+choose but forgive!"
+
+Alas! the noble boy--the clever boy she loved--was further off than
+ever. He who loses a place and his character with it never gets
+another berth. This is a rule in the city. We talk of retrieving
+character and getting back to work. Neither the one nor the other
+event ever comes off. The wretch who is in this hapless plight begins
+the weary search for employment in hope. How it ends varies with his
+temperament or with the position of his friends. All day long he
+climbs stairs, puts his head into offices, and asks if a clerk is
+wanted.
+
+No clerk is wanted. Then he comes down the stairs and climbs others,
+and asks the same question and gets the same reply. If ever a clerk is
+wanted a character is wanted with him; and when the character includes
+the qualification of drink, as well as of zeal and ability, the owner
+is told that he may move on.
+
+I am told there is a never-ending procession of clerks out of work up
+and down the London stairs. What becomes of them is never known. It
+is, however, rumored that short commons, long tramps, and hope
+deferred bring most of them to the hospitals, where it is tenderly
+called pneumonia.
+
+Charley began his tramp. After a little--a very little while--his
+money, the money that Lily lent him, was all gone. He was ashamed to
+borrow more, because he would have to confess how that money was
+chiefly spent.
+
+Then he pawned his watch.
+
+Then he borrowed another pound of Lily.
+
+Every evening he came home drunk. His mother knew it, and told Lily.
+They could do nothing. They said nothing. They left off hoping.
+
+Then his mother perceived that things began to disappear. He stole
+the clock on the mantel-shelf first, and pawned it.
+
+Then he stole other things. At last he took the furniture, bit by bit,
+and pawned it, until his mother was left with nothing but a mattress
+and a pair of blankets. He could not take her money, because all she
+had was an annuity of fifteen shillings a week, otherwise he would
+have had that too. He then borrowed Lily's watch and pawned it, and
+her little trinkets and pawned them; he took from her all the money
+she would give him.
+
+Both women half starved themselves to find him in drink and to save
+him from crime. Yes, to save him from crime. They did not use these
+words--they understood. For now he had become mad for drink. There was
+no longer any pretence; he even left off lying; he was drunk every
+day; if he could not get drunk he sat on the bare floor and cried.
+Neither his mother nor Lily reproached him.
+
+An end--a semicolon, if not a full stop--comes to such a course.
+Unfortunately not always the end which is most to be desired--the only
+effectual end.
+
+The end or semicolon which came to this young man was that, having
+nothing more of his mother's that he could pawn, one day he slipped
+into the ground floor lodger's room and made up quite a valuable
+little parcel for his friend the pawnbroker. It contained a Waterbury
+watch, a seven and sixpenny clock, a mug--electro-plate, won at a
+spelling competition--a bound volume of "Tit Bits," and a Bible.
+
+When the lodger came home and found out his loss he proved to be of an
+irascible, suspicious, and revengeful disposition. He immediately, for
+instance, suspected the drunken young man of the first floor. He
+caused secret inquiry to be made, and--but why go on? Alas! the
+conclusion of the affair was eight months' hard.
+
+"Here he comes," said Lily. "Look up, mother; we must meet him with a
+smile. He will come out sober, at any rate."
+
+He was looking much better for his period of seclusion. He walked
+home between them, subdued, but ready, on encouragement, for their
+old confidence.
+
+In fact, it broke out, after an excellent breakfast.
+
+"I have made up my mind," he said, "while I was thinking--oh! I had
+plenty to think about and plenty of time to do my thinking in. Well, I
+have made up my mind. Mother, this is no country for me any longer.
+After what has happened I must go. You two go on living together, just
+for company, but I shall go--I shall go to America. There's always an
+opening, I am told, in America, for fellows who are not afraid of
+work. Cleverness tells there. A man isn't kept down because he's had a
+misfortune. What is there against me, after all? Character gone, eh?
+Well, if you come to that, I don't deny that appearances were against
+me. I could explain, however.
+
+"But there nobody cares about character nor what you've done
+here"--(this remarkable belief is widely spread concerning the
+colonies, as well as the United States)--"it's what can you do? not,
+what have you done? Very well. I mean to go to America, mother. I
+shall polish up the shorthand and pick up the French grammar again. I
+mean to get rich now. Oh, I've sown my wild oats! Then you'll both
+come out to me, and then we'll be married; and, Lily, we'll have a
+most splendid time!"
+
+
+V.
+
+Five years later Lily sat one Sunday morning in the same lodgings. The
+poor old mother was gone, praying her with her last breath not to
+desert the boy. But of Charley not a word had come to her--no news of
+any kind.
+
+She was quite alone--in those days she was generally alone; she had
+kept her place at the post-office, but everybody knew of her trouble,
+and somehow it made a kind of barrier between herself and her sister
+clerks. The sorrows of love are sacred, but when they are mixed up
+with a criminal and a prison there is a feeling--a kind of a
+feeling--as if, well, one doesn't like somehow to be mixed up with it.
+Lily was greatly to be pitied, no doubt; her lover had turned out
+shameful; but she ought to have given up the man long before he got so
+bad.
+
+She was alone. The church bells were beginning to ring. She thought
+she would go to church. While she considered this point, she heard a
+woman's step on the stairs, and there was a knock at the door.
+
+It was a nurse or probationer, dressed in the now familiar garb--a
+young nurse.
+
+"You are Lily Chesters?" she asked. "There is a patient just brought
+in to the London Hospital who wants to see you. He is named Charley,
+he says, and will give no other name. He wrote your address on paper.
+'Tell her,' he said, 'that it is Charley.'"
+
+Lily rose quietly. "I will go to him."
+
+"He is your brother?"
+
+"He is my lover. Is he ill?"
+
+"He is very ill. He came in all in rags, dirty and penniless--he is
+very ill indeed. Prepare yourself. He is dying of pneumonia."
+
+I told you before what they call it.
+
+Lily sat at the bedside of the dying man.
+
+"It is all over," he whispered. "I have reformed, Lily. I have quite
+turned over a new leaf. I have now resolved to taking the pledge. Kiss
+me, dear, and tell me that you forgive me."
+
+"Yes, yes, Charley. God knows that I forgive you. Why, you will come
+back to yourself in a very little while. Thank God for it, dear! Your
+own true self. You will be my dear old boy again--the boy that I have
+always loved; not the drinking, bad boy--the clever, bright boy. Oh,
+my dear, my dear! you will see mother again very soon, and she will
+welcome her boy, returned to himself again."
+
+"Yes," he said, "that's it. A serious reform this time. Lily, I dare
+say I shall be up and well again in a day or two. Then we will see
+what to do next. I am going out to Australia, where everybody has a
+chance--America is a fraud. I shall get rich there, and then you and
+mother will come to me, and we shall get married, and--oh! Lily, Lily,
+after all that we have suffered, we shall have--I see that we shall
+have"--he paused, and his voice grew faint--"we shall have--the most
+splendid time!"
+
+"He is gone," said the nurse.
+
+
+
+
+AN OLD SONG.
+
+AUTHOR UNKNOWN.
+
+
+  As, t'other day, o'er the green meadow I pass'd,
+  A swain overtook me, and held my hand fast;
+  Then cried, "My dear Lucy, thou cause of my care,
+  How long must thy faithful young Thyrsis despair?
+  To grant my petition, no longer be shy;"
+  But, frowning, I answer'd, "O, fie, shepherd, fie!"
+
+  He told me his fondness like time should endure;
+  That beauty which kindled his flame 'twould secure;
+  That all my sweet charms were for homage design'd,
+  And youth was the season to love and be kind.
+  Lord, what could I say? I could hardly deny,
+  And faintly I uttered, "O, fie, shepherd, fie!"
+
+  He swore--with a kiss--that he could not refrain;
+  I told him 'twas rude, but he kissed me again.
+  My conduct, ye fair ones, in question ne'er call,
+  Nor think I did wrong--I did nothing at all!
+  Resolved to resist, yet inclined to comply,
+  I leave it for you to say, "Fie, shepherd, fie!"
+
+
+
+
+STRANGER THAN FICTION.
+
+LOVE IN A COTTAGE. THE IRISH STORY-TELLER. HUGH BRONT� AS A TENANT-RIGHTER.
+
+Stories of the Bront� Family in Ireland.
+
+BY DR. WILLIAM WRIGHT.
+
+
+I. LOVE IN A COTTAGE.
+
+After a brief honeymoon, spent at Warrenpoint, Alice Bront� returned,
+on her brother's invitation, to her old home, and Hugh went back to
+complete his term of service in Loughorne. It soon became desirable
+that his wife should have a home of her own, and he took a cottage in
+Emdale, in the parish of Drumballyroney, with which Drumgooland was
+united at the time.
+
+The house stands near crossroads leading to important towns. In a
+direct line it is about three and three-quarters statute miles from
+Rathfriland, seven and three-quarters from Newry, twelve from
+Warrenpoint, and five and a quarter from Banbridge. The exact position
+of the house, is on the north-west side of the old road, leading, in
+Hugh Bront�'s day, to Newry and Warrenpoint. Almost opposite, on the
+other side of the road, there was a blacksmith's shop, which still
+continues to be a blacksmith's shop. The Bront� house remains, though
+partially in ruins.
+
+The house is now used as a byre, but its dimensions are exactly the
+same as when it became the home of Hugh Bront� and his bride. The rent
+then would be about sixpence per week, and would, in accordance with
+the general custom, be paid by one day's work in the week, with board,
+the work being given in the busy season.
+
+The house consisted of two rooms. That over which the roof still
+stands was without chimney, and was used as bedroom and parlor, and
+the outer room, from which the roof has fallen, was used as a
+corn-kiln, and also as kitchen and reception-room.
+
+A farmer's wife, whose ancestors lived close to the Bront� house long
+before the Bront�s were heard of in County Down, pointing to a spot in
+the corner of the byre opposite to the window, said: "There is the
+very spot where the Reverend Patrick Bront� was born." Then she added,
+"Numbers of great folk have asked me about his birthplace, but och!
+how could I tell them that any _dacent_ man was ever born in such a
+place!" This feeling on the part of the neighbors will probably
+account for the fact that everything written thus far regarding
+Patrick Bront�'s birthplace is wrong, neither the townland, nor even
+the parish of his birth, being correctly given.
+
+In the lowly cottage in Emdale, now known as "The Kiln," and used as a
+cowhouse, Patrick Bront� was born, on the 17th of March, 1777. Men
+have risen to fame from a lowly origin, but few men have ever emerged
+from humbler circumstances than Patrick Bront�.
+
+Many a reader of Mrs. Gaskell's life of Charlotte Bront� has been
+saddened by the picture of the vicar's daughters amid their narrow and
+grim surroundings, but the gray vicarage of Haworth was a palace
+compared with the hovel in which the vicar himself was born and
+reared.
+
+Besides, the Haworth vicarage was never really as sombre as Mrs.
+Gaskell painted it, for Miss Ellen Nussey was a constant visitor, and
+she assures me that the girls were bright and happy in their home,
+always engaged on some project of absorbing interest, and always
+enjoying life in their own sober and thoughtful way.
+
+The Bront� cottage in Emdale was very poor, but it was brightened with
+the perennial sunshine of love. It was love in a cottage, in which the
+bare walls and narrow board were golden in the light of Alice Bront�'s
+smile. It was said in the neighborhood that Mrs. Bront�'s smile "would
+have tamed a mad bull," and on her deathbed she thanked God that her
+husband had never looked upon her with a frown.
+
+In their wedded love they were very poor, but very happy. Hugh's
+constant, steady work provided for the daily wants of an ever-increasing
+family, but it made no provision for the strain of adverse
+circumstances. In fact, the Emdale Bront�s lived like birds, and as
+happy as birds.
+
+Hugh Bront� was one of the industrious poor. The salt of his life was
+honest, manly toil. He had forgotten the luxury of his childhood's
+home, and he did not feel any degradation in his lowly lot.
+
+In our artificial civilization we have come to place too much store on
+the accident of wealth. Our Blessed Saviour, whom all the rich and
+luxurious call "Lord," was born in as lowly a condition of comfortless
+poverty as Patrick Bront�. Cows are now housed in Bront�'s birthplace,
+but our Lord was born among the animals in the _caravans�rai_. And
+yet, in our social code, we have reduced the Decalogue to this one
+commandment, "Thou shalt not be poor."
+
+Hugh Bront� did not choose poverty as his lot, but, being a working
+man, like the carpenter of Nazareth, he did the daily work that came
+to his hand, and then, side by side with Alice, he found the fulness
+of each day sufficient for all its wants.
+
+The happy home was soon crowded with children, and the family removed
+to a larger and better house, in the townland of Lisnacreevy. The
+parish register of Drumballyroney Church, to which the Bront�s
+belonged, unfortunately goes no farther back than 1779, two years
+after the birth of Patrick. The register, which is now kept in the
+parish church of Drumgooland, belonged to the united parishes of
+Drumballyroney and Drumgooland, in which, when united, the Reverend
+Mr. Tighe was vicar for forty-two years. When Patrick Bront� was two
+years old, less one day, his brother William was baptized, and about
+every two succeeding years either a brother or a sister was added
+until the family numbered ten.
+
+
+II. THE DAILY ROUND.
+
+Hugh Bront� and his wife could not live wholly on love in a cottage,
+and Hugh had to bestir himself. He was an unskilled laborer, but he
+understood the art of burning lime. There was no limestone, however,
+in that part of County Down to burn, and as he could not have a
+lime-kiln, he resolved to have a corn-kiln.
+
+At the beginning of this century a corn-kiln in such a district in
+Ireland was a very simple affair. A floor of earthenware tiles,
+pierced nearly through from the underside, was arranged on a kind of
+platform or loft. Beneath there was a furnace, which was heated by
+burning the rough, dry seeds, or outer _shelling_, ground off the
+oats. In front of the furnace there was a hollow, called "the
+logie-hole," in which the kiln man sat, with the shelling or seeds
+heaped up within arm's length around him, and with his right hand he
+_beeked_ the kiln, by throwing, every few seconds, a sprinkling of
+seeds on the flame. In this way he kept up a warm glow under the corn
+till it was sufficiently dried for the mill.
+
+Such was the simple character of the ordinary corn-kiln in County Down
+at the beginning of the century. But I have been assured by the old
+men of the neighborhood that Hugh Bront�'s kiln was of a still more
+primitive structure. The platform, or corn-floor, was constructed by
+laying iron bars across unhewn stones set up on end. On these bars
+straw matting was spread, and on the matting the corn was placed to
+dry. Such a structure was the immediate precursor of the pottery
+floored kiln. The design was the same in both, but the matting was
+always liable to catch fire, and required careful attention.
+
+The kiln was erected in the part of the Bront� cottage now roofless,
+and, like the cottage itself, must have been a very humble affair. It
+has been suggested that the kiln may have stood elsewhere, but it is
+now established beyond all doubt, on the unanimous testimony of the
+inhabitants, that the Bront� kiln stood in the ruined room of the
+Bront� cottage, and, in fact, it is known by the name of "the Bront�s'
+kiln."
+
+Within those walls, now roofless, the grandfather of Charlotte Bront�
+began in 1776 to earn the daily bread of himself and his bride, by
+roasting his neighbors' oats. His wage was known by the name of
+"muther," and consisted of so many pounds of fresh oats taken from
+every hundredweight brought to him to be kiln-dried. The miller, too,
+was paid in kind, but his muther was taken by measure, after the
+shelling, or seeds, had been ground off the grain.
+
+When Hugh Bront� had accumulated a sackful of muther he dried it on
+his kiln, took it to the mill, and paid his muther in turn to the
+miller, to have it ground into meal.
+
+The meal, when taken home, was stored in a barrel, and with the
+produce of the rood of potatoes which Hugh had _sod_ on his
+brother-in-law's farm, became the food of himself and family. As the
+Bront�s could not consume all the muther themselves, the surplus would
+be sold to provide clothing and other necessaries, and though there
+remains no trace of pig-stye or fowl-house, there can be little doubt
+that Mrs. Bront� would have both pigs and fowl to eke out her
+husband's earnings.
+
+Mrs. Bront� was a famous spinner, and she handed down the art to her
+daughters. She had always a couple of sheep grazing on her brother's
+land. She carded and span the wool, her spinning-wheel singing all day
+beside her husband, as he beeked the kiln. Then, during the long, dark
+evenings, when they had no light but the red eye of the kiln, she
+knitted the yarn into hose and vest and shirt, and even head-gear, so
+that Hugh Bront�, like his sons in after years, was almost wholly clad
+in "homespun."
+
+This, probably, had something to do with the general impression, which
+still remains in the neighborhood, of the stately and shapely forms of
+the Bront� men and women. The knitted woollen garments fitted close,
+unlike the fantastic and shapeless habiliments that came from the
+hands of local tailors in those days.
+
+Alice Bront� also span nearly all the garments which she wore, and her
+tall and comely daughters after her were dressed in clothes which
+their own hands had taken from the fleece.
+
+On principle, as well as from necessity, the Bront�s wore woollen
+garments, and the vicar carried the same taste with him to England,
+where his dislike of everything made of cotton was attributed by his
+biographer to dread of fire. The absurd servants' gossip as to his
+cutting up his wife's silk gown had possibly a grain of truth in it,
+owing to his preference for woollen garments; but the atrocity spun
+out of the gossip by Mrs. Gaskell was probably an exaggeration of an
+innocent act. At any rate, the old man characterized the statement, I
+believe truly, by a small but ugly word.
+
+All the Bront�s, father, mother, sons, and daughters, to the number of
+twelve, were clad in wool, and they were the healthiest, handsomest,
+strongest, heartiest family in the whole country. They were a standing
+proof of the excellency of the woollen theory, and it is interesting
+to note how Hugh Bront�'s theory and practice have received approval
+in our own day. For a time the Bront�s had to look to others to weave
+their yarn into the blankets and friezes that they required, but
+Patrick was taught to weave as soon as he was able to throw the
+shuttle and roll the beam, and then his father's house manufactured
+for themselves everything they wore, from the raw staple to the
+gracefully fitting corset.
+
+Even the scarlet mantle for which "Ayles" Bront� is still remembered
+in Ballynaskeagh was carded, spun, knitted, and dyed by Mrs. Bront�'s
+own hands. The spirit of independence manifested by the Bront�s in
+England was a survival of a still sturdier spirit that had had its
+origin in one of the humblest cabins in County Down.
+
+As time passed Hugh Bront� became a famous ditcher. There is a very
+old man called Hugh Norton, living in Ballynaskeagh, who remembers him
+making fences and philosophizing at the same time. It is very probable
+that the introduction of corn-kilns constructed of burnt pottery may
+have left him without custom for his straw-mat kiln, just as the
+introduction of machinery at a later period left the country
+hand-looms idle.
+
+In Hugh Bront�'s time more careful attention began to be given to the
+land. Bogs were drained, fields fenced, roads constructed, bridges
+made, houses built, with greater energy than had ever been known
+before, and, although the landlord generally raised the rent on every
+improvement effected by the tenant, the wave of prosperity and
+improvement continued. Hugh Bront� was a good, steady workman, and
+found constant employment, and at that time wages rose from sixpence
+per day to eightpence and tenpence. The sod fences made by him still
+stand as a monument of honest work, and there are few country
+districts where huntsmen would find greater difficulty with the fences
+than in Emdale and Ballynaskeagh.
+
+As Hugh Bront� advanced in life he continued to prosper. He removed
+from the Emdale cottage to a larger house in Lisnacreevy, and from
+thence he and his family went home to live with Red Paddy, Mrs.
+Bront�'s brother. On the Ballynaskeagh farm the children found full
+scope for their energies, and they continued to prosper and purchase
+surrounding farms until they were in very comfortable circumstances.
+The Bront�s were greatly advanced in their prosperity by a discovery
+made by one of their countrymen. John Loudon Macadam was a County Down
+surveyor. He wrote several treatises on road-making of a revolutionary
+character. His proposal was to make roads by laying down layers of
+broken stones, which he said would become hardened into a solid mass
+by the traffic passing over them.
+
+For a time he was the subject of much ridicule, but he persevered, and
+proved his theory in a practical fashion. The importance of the
+invention was acknowledged by a grant from the government of ten
+thousand pounds, which he accepted, and by the offer of a baronetcy,
+which he declined. He lived to see the world's highways improved by
+his discovery, and the English language enriched by his name.
+
+The old, unscientific road-makers were too conservative to engage in
+the construction of _macadamized_ roads, but the Bront�s were shrewd
+enough to see the value of the new method, and they tendered for
+county contracts, and their tenders were accepted. Then the way to
+fortune lay open before them. They opened quarries on their own land,
+where they found an inexhaustible supply of stone, easily broken to
+the required size. With suitable stone ready to their hands they had a
+great advantage over all rivals, and for a generation the macadamizing
+of the roads in the neighborhood was practically a monopoly in the
+Bront� family.
+
+I remember the excellent carts and horses employed by the Bront�s on
+the road, and I also distinctly recollect that the names painted on
+the carts were spelled "Bront�," the pronunciation being "Bront�,"
+never "Prunty," as has been alleged.
+
+With the lucrative monopoly of road-making added to their farm profits
+the Bront�s grew in wealth. They raised on their farm the oats and
+fodder required by the horses, and, as the brothers did a large amount
+of the work themselves and had nothing to purchase, the money received
+for road-making was nearly all profit.
+
+In those days the Bront�s added field to field, until they farmed a
+considerable tract of land, which they held from a model landlord
+called Sharman Crawford. That was the period at which a two-storied
+house was built, and there were houses occupied by the Bront�s, from
+the two-storied house down to the thatched cottage. In fact, the house
+of Red Paddy McClory, in which Alice was born and reared, stood about
+half-way between the two-storied house and the cabin. The foundations
+of the house in which Charlotte Bront�'s Irish grandmother was born
+are still visible.
+
+Shortly after the death of old Hugh, and in the time of the Bront�
+prosperity, one of the brothers, called Welsh, opened a public-house
+in the thatched cabin referred to, and from that moment, as far as I
+have been able to make out, the tide of the Bront� prosperity turned.
+
+Everything the Bront�s did was genuine. Their whiskey was as good in
+quality as their roads, and I fear it must be added that they were
+among the heartiest customers for their own commodities. They ceased
+to work on the roads, their hard-earned money slipped through their
+fingers, and the public-house became the meeting-place for the fast
+and wild youth of the locality.
+
+Then another brother, called William, but known as Billy, opened on
+the Knock Hill another public-house, which also became a centre of
+demoralization to the young men of the district, and a source of
+degradation to the keeper. I remember both these pests in full force.
+They were much frequented by Orangemen, who, when tired playing "The
+Protestant Boys," used to slake their thirst and fire their hatred of
+the _Papishes_ by drinking Bront�'s whiskey.
+
+I am bound to say distinctly that I do not believe any of Charlotte
+Bront�'s Irish uncles ever became confirmed drunkards. They took to
+the drink business too late in life to be wholly overmastered by the
+passion for alcohol. Besides, their father's example, and the
+industrious habits of their youth and early manhood, had combined to
+give moral fibre to the stubborn Bront� character, which saved them
+from precipitate descent on the down grade.
+
+I never saw any of the Bront�s drunk, and I believe the occasional
+drinking of the family was limited to the two brothers who sold drink,
+and who would always feel bound in honor "to taste a drop" with their
+customers. The other brothers would drink like other people, in fairs
+and markets, where every transaction was ratified by a glass of grog,
+but I do not believe they often drank to excess.
+
+In those days everybody drank. At births, at baptisms, at weddings, at
+wakes, at funerals, and in all the other leading incidents of life,
+intoxicating liquors were considered indispensable. If a man was too
+hot he drank, and if he was too cold he drank. He drank if he was in
+sorrow, and he drank when in joy. When his gains were great he drank,
+and he drank also when crushed by losses. The symbol of universal
+hospitality was the black bottle.
+
+Ministers of the Gospel used to visit their people quarterly. On these
+visitations the minister was accompanied by one of his deacons. Into
+whatever house they entered they were immediately met by the
+hospitable bottle and two glasses, and they were always expected to
+fortify themselves with spirituous draughts before beginning their
+spiritual duties. As the visitors called at from twelve to twenty
+houses on their rounds, they must have been "unco fou" by the close of
+the day.
+
+It is interesting to remember that when the drinking habits of the
+country were at their height the temperance reformation was begun in
+Great Britain, by the best friend the Bront�s had, the Reverend David
+McKee. It is of still greater interest, in our present investigation,
+to know that Mr. McKee was moved to the action which has resulted in
+the great temperance reform by the Bront� public-houses at his door,
+and by the demoralization they were creating.
+
+The little incident which has led to such momentous results came about
+in this way: the Reverend David McKee of Ballynaskeagh was the
+minister of the Presbyterian Church of Anaghlone. He had built his
+church, and he was largely independent of his congregation. One
+Sunday he thought fit to preach on _The Rechabites_. In the sermon he
+ridiculed and denounced the drinking habits of the time. The sermon
+fell on the congregation like a thunderbolt from a cloudless sky.
+Blank amazement in the audience was succeeded by hot indignation.
+
+On the following morning an angry deputation from the congregation
+waited on Mr. McKee. He listened to them with patient courtesy while
+they urged that the sermon should be immediately burnt, and that an
+apology should be tendered to the congregation on the following
+Sunday.
+
+When the deputation had exhausted themselves and their subject, Mr.
+McKee began quietly to draw attention to the happy homes which had
+been desolated by whiskey, the brilliant young men whom it had ruined,
+the amiable neighbors whom it had hurried into drunkards' graves, and
+then he pointed to the Bront�s as an example of the baneful influence
+of the trade on the sellers of the stuff themselves.
+
+The deputation, some of them Orangemen, were in no mood to listen to
+radical doctrines, subversive of their time-honored customs, and they
+began to threaten.
+
+Mr. McKee, who was six feet six inches high, and of great muscular
+power, drew himself up to his full stature, and calling to his
+servant, then at breakfast in the kitchen, told him to saddle his best
+mare, as he wished to ride in haste to Newry, to publish his sermon in
+time for circulation on the following Sunday. Then, turning to the
+deputation, he thanked them for their early visit, which he hoped
+would bear fruit, and bowed them out of his parlor.
+
+He rode the best horse in the whole district, and he never drew rein
+till he reached the printing-office in Newry, and he had the sermon
+ready for circulation on the following Sunday, and handed it to his
+people as they retired.
+
+In 1798 Mr. McKee, then a youth, watched from a hill in his father's
+land the battle of Ballynahinch. He had in his arms at the time a
+little nephew who had been left in his charge. The little nephew
+became the great Doctor Edgar of Belfast, who used to boast playfully
+that he was "up in arms" at the battle of Ballynahinch.
+
+Mr. McKee sent a copy of _The Rechabites_ to his eloquent nephew.
+Doctor Edgar read the sermon, and then, rising from his seat,
+proceeded swiftly to carry all the whiskey he had in the house into
+the street, and empty it into the gutter. With that drink offering
+Doctor Edgar inaugurated the great temperance reform. From Ireland he
+passed to Scotland, and from Scotland to England. The whole kingdom
+was mightily stirred, and the temperance cause has ever since
+continued to flourish. The little seed, stimulated at first by the
+Bront� public-houses, has become a great tree, the branches of which
+extend to all lands.
+
+We have now seen the Bront�s in the daily round of their common
+pursuits. In the next chapter we hope to see old Hugh in the light of
+his Bront� genius.
+
+
+III. THE IRISH RACONTEUR OR STORY-TELLER.
+
+The Hakkaw�ti is the oriental story-teller, the man who beyond all
+others relieves the tedium and wearisomeness of oriental life. I have
+often watched the oriental Hakkaw�ti, seated in the centre of a large
+crowd, weaving stories with subtile plots and startling surprises,
+using pathos and passion and pungent wit, and always interspersing his
+narratives with familiar incidents, and laying on local color, to give
+an appearance of _vraisemblance_, or reality, to the wildest fancies.
+
+The Arabian Hakkaw�ti generally tells his stories at night, when the
+weird and wonderful are most effective. He has always a fire so
+arranged as to light up his countenance with a ruddy glow, so that the
+movements and contortions of a mobile face may add support to the
+narrative. He sometimes proceeds slowly, stumbling and correcting
+himself, like D'Israeli, as if his one great desire was to stick to
+the literal truth.
+
+Without any apparent effort to please, the Hakkaw�ti keeps his finger
+on the pulse of his audience. Should they show signs of weariness, he
+makes them smile by some pleasantry, and as the Arab holds that
+"smiles and tears are in the same _khury_," or wallet, he brings
+something of great seriousness on the heels of the fun, and works
+himself into a white heat of passion over it, the veins rising like
+cords on his forehead, and his whole frame convulsed and throbbing,
+the rapt audience following, in full sympathy with every mood.
+
+I have seen the Arabs shivering and pale with terror, as the Hakkaw�ti
+narrated the fearful deeds of some imaginary _jinn_, and I have seen
+them feeling for their daggers, and ready to spring to their feet, to
+avenge some dastard act of imaginary cruelty; and a few seconds after
+I have seen them melted to tears at the recital of some imaginary tale
+of woe. I never wearied in listening to the Hakkaw�ti, or in watching
+the artlessness of his consummate art; and I have always looked on him
+as the most interesting of all orientals, a positive benefactor to his
+illiterate countrymen.
+
+Hugh Bront� was an Irish Hakkaw�ti, the last of an extinct race. I
+knew several men who had heard him when he was at his best. He would
+sit long winter nights in the logie-hole of his corn-kiln, in the
+Emdale cottage, telling stories to an audience of rapt listeners who
+thronged around him. Mrs. Bront� plied her knitting in the outer
+darkness of the kitchen, for there was no light except the glow from
+the furnace of the kiln, which lighted up old Hugh's face as he
+_beeked_ the kiln, and told his yarns.
+
+The Reverend William McAllister, from whom I got most details as to
+Bront�'s story-telling, had heard his father say that he spent a night
+in Bront�'s kiln either in the winter of 1779 or 1780. Bront�'s fame
+was then new. The place was crowded to suffocation. At that time he
+reserved a place near the fire for Mrs. Bront�, and Patrick, then a
+baby, was lying on the heap of seeds from which the fire was fed, with
+his eyes fixed on his father, and listening, like the rest, in
+breathless silence.
+
+Hugh Bront� seems to have had the rare faculty of believing his own
+stories, even when they were purely imaginary, and he would sometimes
+conjure up scenes so unearthly and awful that both he and his hearers
+were afraid to part company for the night. Frequently his neighbors
+could not face the darkness alone after one of Hugh's gruesome
+stories, and lay upon the _shelling_ seeds till day dawned.
+
+The farmers' sons of the whole neighborhood used to gather round
+Bront� at night to hear his narratives, and he continued to
+manufacture stories of all descriptions as long as he lived.
+
+I have always understood that Hugh Bront�'s stories, though sometimes
+rough in texture and interspersed with emphatic expletives, after the
+manner of the time, had always a healthy moral bearing. As a genuine
+Irishman he never used an immodest word, or by gesture, phrase, or
+innuendo suggested an impure thought. On this point all my informants
+were unanimous. He neither used unchaste words himself, nor permitted
+any one to do so in his house. Tyranny and cruelty of every kind he
+denounced fiercely. Faithlessness and deceit always met condign
+punishment in his romances, and in cases where girls had been
+betrayed, either the ghost of the injured woman, or the devil himself,
+in some awful form, wreaked unutterable vengeance on the betrayer.
+
+Hugh Bront� was a great moral teacher and a power for good, as far as
+his influence extended. There are still some old men living in his
+neighborhood who never understood him, and who are disposed to think
+he was in league with the devil.
+
+It is always at his peril that any man dares to live before his time,
+or to leave the beaten track of the commonplace. The reformers have
+all, without exception, been mad, or worse, in the eyes of dull
+conservatism. Bront� dared to teach his neighbors by allowing them to
+see as well as hear, and those who were too stupid to understand were
+clever enough to denounce.
+
+By a very great effort Hugh Bront� learned to read, late in life. He
+began at Mount Pleasant, with no higher aim than that of being able to
+write letters to Alice McClory, when he could no longer visit her. He
+made rapid strides in learning under the tutelage of his master's
+children, when he lived in Loughorne, and when he went to live in
+Emdale he knew the sweetness and solace of good books, and he had
+always a book on his knee, which he read by the light of the kiln
+fire, when he was alone. He knew the Bible, Bunyan's "Pilgrim's
+Progress," and Burns's poems, well. Those were bookless days. The
+newspaper had not yet found its way to the people, and in a
+neighborhood of mental stagnation it was something to have one man who
+could hold the mirror up to nature, and lead his illiterate visitors
+into enchanted ground.
+
+Many of Hugh's stories were far removed from the region of romance,
+but he had the literary art of giving an artistic touch to everything
+he said, which added a charm to the narration, independent of the
+facts which he narrated.
+
+The story of his early life, which I have tried to reduce to simple
+prose, was delivered in the rhapsodic style of the ancient bards, but
+simple enough to be understood by the most unlettered peasant. None of
+Bront�'s stories were so acceptable as the simple record of his early
+hardships.
+
+Mingled with all his stories, shrewd maxims for life and conduct were
+interwoven; but in his oration on tenant-right he broke new ground,
+and showed that under different circumstances he might have been a
+great statesman, and saved his country from unutterable woe.
+
+Hugh Bront� was superstitious, but while his superstitious character
+descended to all his children, the faculty of story-telling was
+inherited, as far as I have been able to ascertain, by Patrick alone.
+All the sons and daughters talked with a dash of genius--as one of
+their old acquaintances said, "They were very cliver with their
+tongues"--but I have never heard of any of them except Patrick trying
+to tell a story.
+
+Patrick, at the age of two or three, used to lie on the warm shelling
+seeds and listen to his father's entrancing stories, and he seems to
+have caught something of his father's gift and power. Miss Nussey,
+Charlotte's friend, "Miss E.," has often told me of Patrick's power to
+rivet the attention of his children, and awe them with realistic
+descriptions of simple scenes. All the girls used to sit in breathless
+silence, their prominent eyes starting out of their heads, while their
+father unfolded lurid scene after scene; but the greatest effect was
+produced on Emily, who seemed to be unconscious of everything else
+except her father's story, and sometimes the descriptions became so
+vivid, intense, and terrible that they had to implore him to desist.
+
+Miss Nussey had opportunities for observing the Bront� girls that no
+other person had. She became Charlotte's friend at school, when both
+were homesick and needed friends. She continued to be her fast friend
+through life. Gentle Anne Bront� died in her arms, and she was
+Charlotte's true consoler when the heroic Emily passed swiftly away.
+She early discovered the ring of genius in Charlotte's letters, and
+preserved every scrap of them, and it is chiefly through those letters
+that the Bront�s are known in England. She was Charlotte's confidante
+in all private transactions and love matters, and she might have been
+a nearer friend still had Charlotte not refused an offer of marriage
+from her brother--an incident in the novelist's life here for the
+first time made public.
+
+Miss Nussey was not only Charlotte's devoted friend, but she was a
+constant visitor at Haworth, and a keen observer. She had a great
+power of discernment in literary matters, and a very considerable
+literary gift herself. She had not to wait till "Jane Eyre" and
+"Wuthering Heights" were published to learn that Charlotte and Emily
+Bront� were endowed with genius. We owe it to her penetrating sagacity
+that we know so much of the vicar's daughters. She watched their
+growth of intellect and everything that ministered to it, and she
+believes firmly that the girls caught their inspiration from their
+father, and that Emily got not only her inspiration but most of her
+facts from her father's narratives.[4]
+
+  [4] Swinburne, in his "Note on Charlotte Bront�," has alone had the
+      poetic insight and artistic instinct to discern this fact. He is
+      right when he says, "Charlotte evidently never worked so well as
+      when painting more or less directly from nature.... In most
+      cases, probably, the designs begun by means of the camera were
+      transferred for completion to the canvas."
+
+      Swinburne, however, falls short in discernment, when, in
+      contrasting Charlotte with her sister, he says: "Emily Bront�,
+      like William Blake, would probably have said, or at least
+      presumably have felt, that such study after the model was to her
+      impossible--an attempt but too certain to diminish her
+      imaginative insight and disable her creative hand."
+
+      Surely the highest imaginative insight and deftest creative hand
+      work from the model, nature, but the result is not a mere
+      portrait of the model.
+
+"The dirty, ragged, black-haired child," brought home by Mr. Earnshaw
+from Liverpool, is none other than the real dirty, naked, black-haired
+foundling, discovered on the boat between Liverpool and Drogheda, and
+taken home by Charlotte's great-grandfather and great-grandmother to
+the banks of the Boyne. The artist, however, is not a mere copyist,
+and hence, while the story starts from existing facts, and follows the
+general outline of the real, it is not the very image of the real, and
+makes deviations from the original facts to meet the exigencies of
+art.
+
+There is no difficulty, however, in recognizing the original of the
+incarnate fiend Heathcliff in the man Welsh, who tormented Hugh
+Bront�, Patrick's father, in the old family home near Drogheda. Had
+Welsh never played the demon among the Bront�s, Emily Bront� had never
+placed on the canvas Heathcliff, "child neither of lascar nor gypsy,
+but a man's shape animated by demon life--a ghoul, an afrit." Nelly
+Dean, the benevolent but irresolute medium of romance and tragedy, is
+Hugh's Aunt Mary, clear-eyed as to right and duty, but ever slipping
+down before the force of circumstances. And old Gallagher, on the
+banks of the Boyne, with "the Blessed Virgin and all the saints" on
+his side, is none other than the original of the old hypocrite, Joe.
+Gallagher is Joe speaking the Yorkshire dialect.
+
+And Edgar Linton is the gentle and forgiving brother of Alice, our
+friend Red Paddy McClory, who took his sister home after her runaway
+marriage with a Protestant, and finally took the whole Bront� family
+under his roof, and gave them all he possessed. Even Catherine
+Linton's flight and marriage has solid foundation in fact, either in
+Alice Bront�'s romantic elopement with Hugh, or in the more tragic
+circumstances of Mary Bront�'s marriage with Welsh.
+
+It is not credible that Patrick Bront�, in his story-telling moods,
+never narrated to his listening daughters the romance of their
+grandfather and grandmother. It is true Miss Nussey never heard any
+reference to the story, nor did the Bront�s ever in her presence refer
+to their Irish home or friends or history, though, at the very time
+she was visiting Haworth, they were in constant communication with
+their Irish relatives, and, as we shall see, one of the uncles
+actually visited them, as Charlotte's champion, and one of them had
+visited Haworth at an earlier date.
+
+They were too proud to talk even to their most intimate friends of
+their Irish home, much less to expose the foibles of their immediate
+ancestors to phlegmatic English ears; but Patrick Bront� would not
+omit to tell his story-loving daughters the thrilling adventures of
+their ancestors, and the girls, having brooded over the incidents,
+reproduced them in variant forms, and in the sombre setting of their
+own surroundings.
+
+The originals lived and died, acted and were acted upon, in Louth and
+Down; but on the steeps of "Wuthering Heights" they strut again,
+speaking the Yorkshire dialect, and braced by the tonic air of the
+northern downs.
+
+None of the stories betray their origin so clearly as "Wuthering
+Heights," just as none of the novelists were so fascinated with their
+father's tales as Emily. But the stories are all Bront� stories, an
+echo of the thrilling narratives related by old Hugh, and retold, I
+believe, a hundred times by Patrick. Of course, all the stories are
+made to live again under new forms, each writer giving the stamp of
+her own character to the new creations. Artists of the Bront� stamp
+are not portrait painters, nor mere reproducers.
+
+They never were content to be mere lackeys of nature. They were above
+nature, and everything without and within themselves they placed under
+contribution.
+
+Even the rough and rugged characters that have come from the hand of
+Emily show the work of the artist. She added to the repulsive
+Heathcliff qualities of her own. She is perfectly serious when she
+says: "Possibly some people might suspect him [Heathcliff] of a degree
+of under-bred pride. I have a sympathetic chord within me that tells
+me it is nothing of the sort. I know by instinct his reserve springs
+from an aversion to showy display of feeling, to manifestations of
+mutual kindliness. He'll love and hate equally under cover, and esteem
+it a species of impertinence to be loved or hated again. No! I'm
+running on too fast. I bestow my own attributes over-liberally on
+him."
+
+Knowing the model from which Emily Bront� worked, there are few
+passages which throw more light on the artist than this. Catherine
+Linton was modelled on the lovely Alice McClory, who bequeathed to her
+clever granddaughters all the personal attractions they possessed; but
+here again Emily bestows attributes of herself and sisters on her
+stately and lily-like grandmother.
+
+"She [Catherine] was slender, and apparently scarcely past girlhood.
+An admirable form, and the most exquisite little face I had ever had
+the pleasure of beholding; small features, very fair; flaxen
+ringlets, or rather golden, hanging loose on her delicate neck; and
+eyes, had they been agreeable in expression, that would have been
+irresistible."
+
+The picture is neither that of a Bront� of the Haworth vicarage nor is
+it a portraiture of the flower plucked in Ballynaskeagh by Hugh
+Bront�, but it is Alice McClory diluted with a dash of the Penzance
+Branwells, and the effect is a perfect and beautiful picture, more
+pleasing, indeed, than a life-like portrait, with all the radiant
+beauty of the charming Alice, when she rode off to Magherally Church
+with the dashing Hugh Bront�.
+
+
+IV. HUGH BRONT� AS A TENANT-RIGHTER.
+
+Hugh Bront� worked up to his tenant-right doctrines by a series of
+assertions, negative and positive, on religious, political, and
+economic questions. His address, in which he set forth his views on
+such matters, approximated to the form of a lecture more nearly than
+any of his other talks, which were generally in the narrative form.
+The following are the chief points of the discourse, as given to me by
+my old tutor and friend, and the propositions were never varied,
+except in the mere wording, although the statement had never been
+formally written out.
+
+Hugh Bront� always began with a little black Bible in his hand, or on
+his knee, and his first negative assertion was:
+
+I. "The church is not Christ's."
+
+Laying his hand on the little book he would declare that he found
+grace in the Bible, but in the church only greed. Once and only once
+he had appealed to a parson. He was hungry, naked, and bleeding, but
+the great double-chinned, red-faced man had looked on him as if he
+were a rat, and, without hearing his story, had him driven off by a
+grand-looking servant, who cracked a whip over his head and swore at
+him.
+
+In Hugh Bront�'s eyes the parsons got their livings for political
+services, and not for learning or goodness. Enormous sums were paid
+them to do work that they did not do. They rarely visited their
+parishes, and their duties were performed by hungry and ill-paid
+curates. When they did return occasionally to their livings they were
+heard of at banquets, where they ate and drank too freely, and at
+other resorts, where they gambled recklessly. They were seen riding
+over the country after foxes and hounds, and sitting in judgment on
+the men whose grain they had trampled down, and sending them to penal
+servitude for trapping hares in their own gardens. They were said to
+be ignorant, but they were known to be irreligious, immoral,
+arrogant, and cruel. They acted as the ministers of the gentry,
+before whom they were very humble, and they utterly despised the
+people who paid for their luxuries, and supported their own priests
+besides.
+
+They gave the sanction of the church to violence, craft, and crime in
+high places, and they were as far removed as men could be, in origin,
+position, and practices, from the apostles of the New Testament. And
+yet, he added, they claimed, in the most haughty manner, that they and
+they alone were the successors of the apostles, although they showed
+no signs of apostolic spirituality or apostolic service.
+
+Hugh Bront� declared that he could not submit to the Protestant
+parson, who despised him because he was poor, and could not aid in his
+promotion, nor could he yield obedience to the Catholic priest, who
+demanded utter subjection and prostration of both body and mind, and
+enforced his church's claims by a stout stick. With these views it is
+not to be wondered at that Hugh Bront� did not belong to any church.
+
+To us, now, his statements appear exaggerated and too sweeping, but it
+must be remembered that he spoke of the Irish clergy in the closing
+decades of the last century. He expressed himself fiercely regarding
+the parsons, and in return they dubbed him "atheist."
+
+His second negative assertion was:
+
+II. "The world is not God's."
+
+He knew from the Bible that God had made all things very good, and
+that he loved the world, but he held that a number of people had got
+in between God and his world, and made it very bad and hateful. They
+were known as kings and emperors, and they had seized on the world by
+fraud and force. They lived on the best of everything that the land
+produced, and when they disagreed among themselves they sent their
+people to kill each other on their account, while they sat at home in
+peace and luxury.
+
+These usurpers not only held sway over the possessions and lives of
+men, but they decreed the exact thoughts men were to entertain
+concerning God, and the exact words they were to speak concerning God;
+and when men presumed to obey God rather than men they were tied to
+stakes and burned to death as blasphemers. For such sentiments as
+these Hugh Bront� was denounced as a socialist--a very bad and
+dangerous name at the beginning of the present century.
+
+His third negative proposition was:
+
+III. "Ireland is not the king's."
+
+He understood that King George III. was not a wise man, but that he
+was a humane man. Ireland was not governed by King George III., but by
+a gang of rapacious brigands. They constantly invoked the king's name,
+but only to serve more fully their own selfish ends. By the king's
+authority they carried out their policy of systematic outrage, until
+he hated the very name of the king whom he always wished to love.
+
+The chief business of the king's representatives was to plunder his
+majesty's poorer subjects. For this purpose the country was parcelled
+out and divided among a number of base and greedy adventurers, in
+return for odious services. Each of these adventurers became king, or
+landlord, in his own district, and lived on the wretched natives.
+Every meskin of butter made on the farm, every pig reared in the
+cabin, every egg laid by the hens that roosted in the kitchen, went to
+support the land-king.
+
+The cottages were mud hovels. The land was bog and barren waste. The
+men and women were in rags. The children were hungry, pinched, and
+bare-footed. But the landlord carried off everything, except the
+potato crop, which was barely sufficient to sustain life.
+
+The landlord was a very great man. He lived in London, near the king,
+in more than royal splendor. Or he passed his time in some of the
+great cities of Europe, spending as much on gay women as would have
+clothed and fed all the starving children on his estate. In English
+society his pleasantries were said to be most entertaining, regarding
+the poverty, misery, and squalor of his tenants, whom he fleeced; but
+he took care never to come near them, lest his fine sensibilities
+should be shocked at their condition. His serious occupation was the
+making of laws to increase his own power for rapacity, and to take
+away from the people every vestige of rights that they might have
+inherited.
+
+"The landlord takes everything and gives nothing," was Hugh Bront�'s
+simple form of the fine modern phrase regarding landlords' privileges
+and duties.
+
+Hugh Bront� maintained that the landlord was a courteous gentleman,
+graced with polished manners, and that if he had lived among his
+people he might in time have developed a heart. At least, he could
+hardly have kept up a gentlemanly indifference, in the presence of
+squalor and misery. But he kept quite out of sight of his tenantry, or
+he would not have made so much merriment about the pig, which was
+being brought up among the children, to pay for his degrading
+extravagances. The landlord's place among the people was taken by an
+agent, an attorney, and a sub-agent. The agent was a local potentate,
+whose will was law. The attorney's business was to make the law square
+with the agent's acts. And the under agent was employed to do mean and
+vile and inhuman acts, that neither the agent nor attorney could
+conveniently do.
+
+The duty of the three was to find out, by public inspection and by
+private espionage, the uttermost farthing the tenants could pay, and
+extract it from them legally. In getting the rent for the landlord
+each got as much as he could for himself. The key of the situation was
+the word "eviction."
+
+Then Hugh told the story of his ancestors' farm. The Bront�s had
+occupied a piece of forfeited land, with well-defined obligations to a
+chief, or landlord. Soon the landlord succeeded in removing all legal
+restraints which in any way interfered with his absolute control of
+the place. Remonstrance and entreaty were alike unavailing. The
+alterations in title were made by the authority of "George III., by
+the grace of God King of England!"
+
+Hugh's great-grandfather drained the bog and improved the land, at
+enormous expense. Every improvement was followed by a rise in the
+rent. His grandfather built a fine house on the land, by money made in
+dealing, and again the rent was raised, on the increased value given
+to the place by the tenant's industry. Then, the vilest creature in
+human form having ingratiated himself with the agent, by vile
+services, the place was handed over to him, without one farthing of
+compensation to the heirs of the man whose labor had made the place of
+value. All these things were done in the name of George III., though
+the king had no more to do with the nefarious transactions than the
+child unborn.
+
+From this conclusion Hugh Bront� proceeded to his fourth negative
+proposition:
+
+IV. "Irish law is not justice."
+
+He expressed regret that he was unable to respect the laws of the
+country. According to his views, the laws were made by an assembly of
+landlords, purely and solely to serve their own rapacious desires, and
+not in accordance with any dictates of right or wrong. As soon might
+the lambs respect the laws of the wolves as the people of Ireland
+respect the laws of the landlords.
+
+From this point he naturally arrived at his fifth negative proposition:
+
+V. "Obedience to law is not a duty."
+
+He said it might be prudent to obey a bad law, cruelly administered,
+because disobedience might entail inconvenient consequences; but there
+was no moral obligation impelling a man to obey a law which outraged
+decency, and against which every righteous and generous instinct
+revolted. Human laws should be the reflection of divine laws; but the
+landlord-made laws of Ireland had neither the approval of honest men
+nor the sanction of divine justice.
+
+Hugh's sixth and last negative proposition was:
+
+VI. "Patriotism is not a virtue."
+
+He held that every man should love his country, and that every
+Irishman did; but he could not do violence to the most sacred
+instincts of his nature, by any zeal to uphold a system of government
+which dealt with Ireland as the legitimate prey of plunderers.
+
+In other lands men were patriotic because they loved their country. He
+loved his country too well to be a patriot. Love of country more than
+any other passion had prompted to the purest patriotism; but who would
+do heroic acts to maintain a swarm of harpies to pollute and lacerate
+his country? Who would have his zeal aglow to maintain the desolators
+of his native land?
+
+Hugh Bront� gave out his views with a warmth that betrayed _animus_
+arising from personal injury. He was therefore declared to be
+disloyal, and that at a time when there was danger in disloyalty.
+About the time Hugh Bront� was enunciating these sentiments the rising
+of the United Irishmen took place, and the pitched battle of
+Ballynahinch was fought, in 1798. It has always seemed to me strange
+that he should have passed through those times in peace, for the
+"Welsh horse" devastated the country far and wide after the battle,
+and hundreds of innocent people were shot down like dogs. Besides,
+William, his second son, was a United Irishman, and present at the
+battle of Ballynahinch. After the battle he was pursued by cavalry,
+who fired at him repeatedly, but he led them into a bog and escaped.
+
+Hugh Bront� lived in a secluded glen; but the "Welsh horse" visited
+his house, and after a short parley with his wife, in which neither
+understood the other, one of the soldiers struck a light into the
+thatch. Hugh suddenly appeared and spoke to the Welsh soldiers in
+Irish, which it was supposed they understood, as being akin to their
+own language, and they joined heartily with him in extinguishing the
+flames. They joined still more heartily with Hugh in disposing of his
+stock of whiskey. The inability of Hugh's neighbors to communicate
+with the Welsh may account for the fact that a man well known for such
+advanced and disloyal views passed safely through those troublous
+times.
+
+Having completed his negative assertions, or paradoxes, Hugh Bront�
+proceeded to state his theories, or positive conclusions. He laid it
+down as an axiom that justice must be at the root of all good
+government, and he declared emphatically what O'Connell and Agent
+Townsend have since maintained, that the Irish were the most
+justice-loving people in the world. He also held that unjust laws were
+the fruitful source of all the turbulence and crime in Ireland.
+
+Justice, he said, was nothing very grand. It meant simply that every
+man should have his own by legal right. This definition brought him to
+his tenant-right theory. In illustration he returned to the story of
+his ancestral home and the wrongs of his ancestors. He maintained that
+when his forefathers drained the bog and improved the land they were
+entitled to every ounce of improvement they had made. The landlord had
+done nothing for the land. He never went near it, and had never spent
+one farthing upon it, and he should not have been entitled to
+confiscate to his own profit the additional value given to it by the
+labor of another.
+
+He further declared that a just and wise legislature should secure to
+every man, high and low, the fruits of his own labor, and he
+maintained that such simple, natural justice would produce confidence
+in Ireland, and that confidence would beget content and industry, and
+that a contented and industrious people would soon learn to love both
+king and country, and make Ireland happy and England strong. Just laws
+would silence the agitator and the blunderbuss, and range the people
+on the side of the rulers.
+
+Hugh Bront� preached his revolutionary doctrines of simple justice in
+the cheerless east wind, but a little seed, carried I know not how,
+took root in genial soil, and the revolutionary doctrine of "_Every
+man his own_," at which the political parsons used to cry "Anathema,"
+and the short-sighted politicians used to shout "confiscation," has
+become one of the commonplaces of the modern reformation programme of
+fair play. The doctrine of common honesty enunciated by Hugh Bront�
+has lately received the approval of Liberal and Conservative
+governments in what is known as "Tenant-Right," or "The Ulster
+Custom."
+
+And here it is interesting to note that Hugh Bront� was a tenant on
+the estate of Sharman Crawford, a landlord who first took up the cause
+of Irish tenant-right, and after spending a long life in its advocacy,
+bequeathed its defence to his sons and daughters.
+
+Whether Hugh Bront�'s doctrines on the relation of landlord and tenant
+ever came to the ears of the Crawford family, I know not. I think it
+is exceedingly probable that they heard of the remarkable man on their
+estate, and of his stories and theories. The Crawfords were never
+absentee landlords, and, as men of high Christian character, they
+always took a personal interest in their tenants, and would not, I
+believe, have failed to note any special intellectual activity among
+them. It is certain, however, that the Sharman Crawfords, father and
+son in succession, spent their lives largely in the propagation of
+Hugh Bront�'s views, both in the House of Commons and throughout the
+country, and it seems to me not only probable and possible, but almost
+certain, that Bront�'s eloquent and passionate arguments, dropped into
+the justice-loving minds of the Crawfords,[5] _may_ have been the
+primary seeds of the great agrarian harvest which, with the full
+sanction of the legislature, is now being reaped by the farmers in
+Ireland.
+
+  [5] In 1833 W. Sharman Crawford published a pamphlet embodying Hugh
+      Bront�'s doctrines, and making suggestions for the good
+      government of Ireland. The pamphlet was republished by Doctor W.
+      H. Dodd, Q. C., in 1892. Councillor Dodd is an old pupil of the
+      Ballynaskeagh school. He received his early education from Mr.
+      McKee, the friend of the Bront�s, and he was acquainted, as a
+      student, with Charlotte Bront�'s uncles. The following is his
+      summary of the political portion of the pamphlet:
+
+      "Mr. Crawford anticipates, as the probable result of refusing
+      self government to Ireland, the growth of secret societies, the
+      influence of agitation, and the necessity of resorting to force
+      in the government of the country. He touches upon the question
+      of private bill legislation, of a reform of the grand jury
+      system, of county government. He points out that the creation of
+      county councils, without having a central body to control them,
+      is not desirable. And he suggests the creation of a local
+      legislature for Irish affairs, combined with representation in
+      the Imperial Parliament, as the true method of preserving the
+      Union, as the surest bond of the connection between the two
+      countries, and as essentially necessary to tranquillity in
+      Ireland.
+
+      "He refers, among other measures, to the disestablishment of the
+      Irish Church, and the reform of the relations between landlord
+      and tenant, as being pressing.
+
+      "The arguments against his views are met and answered. One would
+      think he had read some of the speeches lately delivered, so apt
+      is his reply.
+
+      "It is curious to note the length of time Ireland has had to
+      wait for the reforms he thought urgent, and it is sad to reflect
+      how much suffering has been endured and how much blood has been
+      shed because the men of his time would not listen to his
+      words."
+
+Should my surmise be correct, and I have never doubted for forty years
+that it is so, great results have flowed from the inhuman treatment of
+a child. Had little Bront� been left in the luxury of his father's
+home, it is not likely he would ever have been shaken up to original
+and independent thought; but the iron of cruel wrong had entered into
+his soul, and he felt that all was not well. He owed no gratitude to
+the existing order of things, and had no compunction in denouncing it;
+and having thought out and formulated a new theory, he proclaimed it
+with the strong conviction of an apostle who sees salvation in his
+gospel alone.
+
+The daring character of Hugh Bront�'s speculations in their
+paradoxical form, combined with the fierce energy of his manner in
+making them known, secured for him an audience and an amount of
+consideration to which, as an uneducated working man, he could have
+had no claim. Indeed, Hugh Bront�'s revolutionary doctrines were known
+far beyond his own immediate neighborhood, and while many said he was
+mad, some declared that he only saw a little clearer than his
+contemporaries.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5,
+October 1893, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1893 ***
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>McClure's Magazine, Vol. I, No. 5, October 1893, a Project Gutenberg eBook</title>
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5, October
+1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5, October 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2011 [EBook #36886]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h1>McClure&#8217;s Magazine</h1>
+<hr class='mini' />
+<p class='center larger'><b>October, 1893.</b></p>
+<p class='center larger'><b>Vol. I. No. 5</b></p>
+<p class='center padtop smaller'><i>Copyright, 1893, by <span class='smcap'>S. S. McClure</span>, Limited. All rights reserved.</i></p>
+<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
+<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Contents' style='margin:1em auto;'>
+<tr>
+  <td />
+  <td valign='top' align='right'><p class="smaller ralign">PAGE</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Thomas B. Reed, of Maine.</span> By Robert P. Porter.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THOMAS_B_REED_OF_MAINE_THE_MAN_AND_HIS_HOME__BY_RO'>375</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>&#8220;Human Documents.&#8221;</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#HUMAN_DOCUMENTS_BIOGRAPHICAL_NOTES'>387</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Joneses&#8217; Telephone.</span> By Annie Howells Fr�chette.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_JONESES_TELEPHONE_BY_ANNIE_HOWELLS_FRCHETTE'>394</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Psychological Laboratory at Harvard.</span> By Herbert Nichols.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_PSYCHOLOGICAL_LABORATORY_AT_HARVARD_BY_HERBERT'>399</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Spire of St. Stephen&#8217;s.</span> By Emma W. Demeritt.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_SPIRE_OF_ST_STEPHENS_BY_EMMA_W_DEMERITT'>410</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Mountaineering Adventure.</span> By Francis Gribble.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#MOUNTAINEERING_ADVENTURE_THE_DANGERS_OF_AVALANCHE_'>417</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Smoke. By George MacDonald.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_SMOKE_FROM_PAUL_FABER_SURGEON__BY_GEORGE_MACDO'>428</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Earl of Dunraven.</span> By C. Kinloch Cooke.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_EARL_OF_DUNRAVEN_BY_C_KINLOCH_COOKE'>429</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>At a Dance.</span> By Augusta de Gruchy.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#AT_A_DANCE'>439</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Dulces Amaryllidis Ir�.</span> By Augusta de Gruchy.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#DULCES_AMARYLLIDIS_IR'>439</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>A Splendid Time&mdash;Ahead.</span> By Walter Besant.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#A_SPLENDID_TIMEAHEAD_BY_WALTER_BESANT'>440</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>An Old Song.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#AN_OLD_SONG_AUTHOR_UNKNOWN'>450</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Stranger Than Fiction.</span> By Dr. William Wright.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#STRANGER_THAN_FICTION_LOVE_IN_A_COTTAGE_THE_IRISH_'>451</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2>Illustrations</h2>
+<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Illustrations' style='margin:1em auto;'>
+<col style='width:75%;' />
+<col style='width:25%;' />
+<tr>
+  <td />
+  <td valign='top' align='right'><p class="smaller ralign">PAGE</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_1'>375</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Mr. Reed&#8217;s Home in Portland.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_2'>377</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>View From the Roof of Mr. Reed&#8217;s House.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_3'>378</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Mr. Reed in His Library.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_4'>380</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>A Corner of the Library.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_5'>381</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Mr. Reed&#8217;s Birthplace in Portland.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_6'>382</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Members of the Pentagon Club of Bowdoin College.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_7'>383</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Mr. Reed&#8217;s Portland Law Office.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_8'>386</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Thomas B. Reed.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_9'>388</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Frances E. Willard.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_12'>390</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Edgar Wilson Nye.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_16'>391</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>George W. Cable.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_20'>392</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Joneses&#8217; Telephone</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_27'>394</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Studying the Effects of Sound and of Attention on Colors.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_33'>400</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Studying the Effects of Colors on Judgments of Time.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_34'>401</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Revolving Chair for Studying Localizations of Sounds.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_36'>402</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Measuring the Time Required for Various Mental Acts.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_37'>404</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Wax Specimens in the Museum.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_38'>406</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Gustave Theodore Fechner.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_39'>406</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Professor Wilhelm Wundt, of Leipsic (1878).</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_40'>407</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>President G. Stanley Hall, Founder of 1st Psychological Lab.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_41'>407</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Professor William James, Harvard University.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_42'>407</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Professor Hugo M�nsterberg, Harvard University.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_43'>408</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Mauvais Pas, Mont Blanc.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_49'>418</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Needle of the Giants and Mont Blanc.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_50'>419</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Matterhorn.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_51'>421</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Dent Blanche.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_52'>422</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Rhone Glacier.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_53'>424</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Passage of a Crevasse, Mont Blanc.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_54'>425</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Pyramids of the Morteratsch.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_55'>426</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Passage of a Crevasse, Mont Blanc.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_56'>428</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Lord Dunraven.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_57'>429</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Lady Dunraven.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_58'>430</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Dunraven Castle.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_59'>431</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Captain William Cranfield of the &#8220;Valkyrie.&#8221;</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_60'>431</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>G. T. Watson, Designer of the &#8220;Valkyrie.&#8221;</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_61'>432</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The &#8220;Valkyrie.&#8221;</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_62'>433</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Kenry Gateway.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_63'>434</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Adare Manor House.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_64'>435</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Adare Gallery.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_65'>436</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Ruins of Desmond Castle.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_66'>437</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<a name='THOMAS_B_REED_OF_MAINE_THE_MAN_AND_HIS_HOME__BY_RO' id='THOMAS_B_REED_OF_MAINE_THE_MAN_AND_HIS_HOME__BY_RO'></a>
+<h2>THOMAS B. REED, OF MAINE.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>THE MAN AND HIS HOME.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>By Robert P. Porter.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>It was at a dinner in Washington
+that I had the good fortune to
+find myself seated next to Thomas B.
+Reed, of Maine. It was a brilliant
+occasion, for around the table sat well-known
+statesmen, scientists, jurists,
+economists, and literary men, besides
+two or three who had gained eminence
+in the medical profession. Mr. Reed
+was at his best, &#8220;better than the best
+champagne.&#8221; His conversation, sparkling
+with good-nature, was not only
+exhilarating to his immediate neighbors,
+but at times to the entire table.
+Being among friends, among the sort
+of men he really liked, he let himself
+out as it were.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_1' id='linki_1'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus374.png' alt='' title='Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893' width='488' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>Before the conversation had gone
+beyond the serious point I remember
+asking the ex-Speaker how he felt at
+the time when the entire Democratic
+press of the country had pounced upon
+him; when he was being held up as
+&#8220;The Czar&#8221;&mdash;a man whose iron heels
+were crushing out American popular
+government. &#8220;Oh,&#8221; he promptly replied,
+&#8220;you mean what were my feelings
+while the uproar about the rules
+of the Fifty-first Congress was going
+on, and while the question was in
+doubt? Well, I had no feeling except
+that of entire serenity, and the reason
+was simple. I knew just what I was
+going to do if the House did not sustain
+me;&#8221; and raising his eyes, with a
+typical twist of his mouth which those
+who have seen it don&#8217;t easily forget,
+he added, &#8220;when a man has decided
+upon a plan of action for either contingency
+there is no need for him to be
+disturbed, you know.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And may I ask what you determined
+to do if the House decided
+adversely?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I should simply have left the Chair,
+resigning the Speakership, and left the
+House, resigning my seat in Congress.
+There were things that could be done,
+you know, outside of political life, and
+for my own part I had made up my
+mind that if political life consisted in
+sitting helplessly in the Speaker&#8217;s
+chair, and seeing the majority powerless
+to pass legislation, I had had
+enough of it, and was ready to step
+down and out.&#8221;</p>
+<p>After a moment&#8217;s pause he turned,
+and, looking me full in the face with a
+half smile, continued: &#8220;Did it ever
+occur to you that it is a very soothing
+thing to know exactly what you are
+going to do, if things do not go your
+way? You have then made yourself
+equal to the worst, and have only to
+wait and find out what was ordained
+before the foundation of the world.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You never had a doubt in your
+own mind that the position taken was
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_376' name='page_376'></a>376</span>
+in perfect accordance with justice and
+common sense?&#8221; I ventured.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Never for a moment. Men, you
+see, being creatures of use and wont,
+are naturally bound up in old traditions.
+While every court which had
+ever considered the question had decided
+one way, we had been used to
+the other. Fortunately for the country,
+there was no wavering in our
+ranks.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;But how did you feel,&#8221; said I,
+&#8220;when the uproar was at its worst,
+when the members of the minority
+were raging on the floor together?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Just as you would feel,&#8221; was the
+reply, &#8220;if a big creature were jumping
+at you, and you knew the exact length
+and strength of his chain, and were
+quite sure of the weapon you had in
+your hands.&#8221;</p>
+<p>This conversation gives a clear insight
+into the character of Thomas B.
+Reed. It shows his chief characteristics:
+manly aggressiveness, an iron
+will&mdash;qualities which friend and foe
+alike have recognized in him&mdash;with a
+certain serenity of temper, a broadness,
+a bigness of horizon which only the
+men who have been brought into personal
+contact with him fully appreciate.</p>
+<p>Standing, as he does, in the foremost
+rank of public men, one of the leaders
+of his party, the public has certainly a
+right to know something of the man.
+First of all, one thing about him has
+to be emphasized; he lacks one of the
+traits that popular leaders too often
+possess. He cannot be all things to
+all men. He is bound to be true to his
+personal convictions, and he is not the
+man to vote for a measure he detests,
+because his constituents clamor for it.
+Every one knows how public men have
+at times voted against their earnest convictions,
+and then gone into the cloak
+room and apologized for it; but it
+would be difficult to imagine a man of
+Mr. Reed&#8217;s composition in this r�le.</p>
+<p>To judge a man well, to know his
+best side, it is necessary to see him at
+home, and I cull from notes made
+several weeks ago, during a visit to
+Mr. Reed in Portland.</p>
+<p>I found Mr. Reed in a three-story
+corner brick house, on one of the most
+sightly spots in town. Over the western
+walls of that modern, substantial
+New England home there clambers a
+mass of Japanese ivy, which, relieving
+the straightness of the architectural
+lines, gives a pleasing something,
+an artistic touch, to the <i>ensemble</i>. Its
+owner having shown his pride in that
+beautiful ivy, straightway took me to
+the roof of the house, to admire the superb
+view of Casco Bay and the picturesque
+expanse of country around Portland.</p>
+<p>The stamp of the man&#8217;s character
+is plain everywhere in that house.
+The rooms are large, airy, and unpretentiously
+furnished, yet with solidity
+and that certain winning grace of domestic
+appointments in old New England.
+Much of Mr. Reed&#8217;s work is
+done at his desk in a wee bit of a room
+on the second floor, where crowded
+book-shelves reach to the ceiling. His
+library long ago overflowed the confines
+of his den, and books are scattered
+through the rooms on every floor;
+books, bought not for binding nor editions,
+but for the contents, ranging
+from miscellaneous novels to the dryest
+historical treatises, from poetry to
+philosophy.</p>
+<p>The library,<a name='FNanchor_0001' id='FNanchor_0001'></a><a href='#Footnote_0001' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> on the ground floor,
+where callers are usually received, has
+among the inevitable book-shelves a
+few photographs of masterpieces.
+Over the mantelpiece a painting of
+Weeks&#8217;s shows that the sympathies of
+the owner extend beyond that sphere
+to which the great public is inclined to
+confine him.</p>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0001' id='Footnote_0001'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0001'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a>
+<p>The picture which forms the frontispiece of the
+Magazine represents him in this room, at his favorite
+seat by the window.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Of the favorite haunts of Mr. Reed,
+the place of all to study his social side
+is at his club, The Cumberland.</p>
+<p>&#8220;You see,&#8221; said Mr. Reed, &#8220;a club
+of this kind is only possible in a conservative
+town like Portland, a staid,
+old place which grows slowly, at the
+rate of about five or six hundred a
+year, where the one hundred club members,
+while belonging to opposite political
+parties, unite to a man in celebrating
+the victory of any of their fellow-members.
+Most of them, friends from
+boyhood, have gone to school together,
+and are known to one another but by
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_377' name='page_377'></a>377</span>
+their Christian names.&#8221; There the
+ex-Czar is always called &#8220;Tom,&#8221; or
+&#8220;Thomas, old boy,&#8221; and there reigns
+supreme a fine spirit of equality, or unpretentious
+&#8220;give and take&#8221; sort of
+intercourse, which is really the ideal
+object of a club.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Indeed, there is no place like it,&#8221;
+said Reed. &#8220;It is the most home-like
+club one can imagine; too small to
+have coteries, and with lots of bright,
+sensible boys, quick at repartee. People
+talk of my wit, but, I tell you, it&#8217;s hard
+work to hold my own there; and then
+no one can try to pose among us, or
+attempt to make a fool of himself, but
+he is properly sat upon. Intercourse
+with your fellow-men in such a <i>milieu</i>
+is the best discipline I know of for a
+man&mdash;except that of political life,&#8221; he
+added, with his droll smile.</p>
+<p>Of course Mr. Reed is interested in
+the welfare of Portland, and he cherishes
+the idea that some day the city
+of his birth will become one of the
+great cities of the continent. &#8220;Portland
+harbor is one of the finest on the
+Atlantic coast. It is at least two days
+nearer Europe than New York, and
+one day nearer Europe than Boston.
+The annexation of Canada to the
+United States, or the union of the two
+countries, one of which is bound to
+come in the course of time, will surely
+bring to Portland the great prosperity
+that should be hers by reason of her
+admirable harbor and her geographical
+position. And,&#8221; he added, &#8220;while I
+like the life in Washington, especially
+when the session is active and there is
+plenty of work to do, it has never yet
+been the case that I have left Portland
+without regret, or gone back to it without
+pleasure.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_2' id='linki_2'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus378.png' alt='' title='' width='630' height='434' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MR. REED&#8217;S HOME IN PORTLAND.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The frame house in which he was
+born still stands, shaded by two elms
+of obvious age. Henry W. Longfellow
+was born just around the corner from
+it, in a dwelling that marks the spot
+where, in 1632, one George Cleeve
+built the first white man&#8217;s habitation
+ever erected in the territory now included
+in Portland&#8217;s boundaries. The
+settlement was called, in tender remembrance
+of an English field, &#8220;Stogumnor,&#8221;
+and its founder&#8217;s life was one of
+almost ceaseless conflict, now with the
+redskins and now with the white neighbors
+of other settlements, so that Cleeve
+left behind him the impress of a bold,
+vigorous fellow. His daughter married
+Michael Mitten, whose two daughters
+in turn married two brothers named
+Brackett. One of the Brackett
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_378' name='page_378'></a>378</span>
+daughters married a fisherman named
+Reed, whose descendant, Thomas
+Brackett Reed, has exhibited, in a different
+way and under vastly different
+circumstances, much of the nerve and
+daring that animated his stern old fighting
+settler-ancestor, George Cleeve.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_3' id='linki_3'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus379.jpg' alt='' title='' width='634' height='469' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+VIEW FROM THE ROOF OF MR. REED&#8217;S HOUSE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>At nine Mr. Reed entered the grammar
+school, at eleven the high school.
+He was sixteen years old when he
+completed his course in the latter.
+His boyhood friends say he was fond
+of fun, though the amount of knowledge
+he absorbed would indicate that
+he was also fond of books; yet Mr.
+Reed himself confesses that literature
+in general, and old romances in particular,
+attracted him more than text-books.
+He still remembers his first
+schoolmaster, a spare young man, &#8220;the
+best disciplinarian I ever knew,&#8221; who
+had the art of holding a turbulent
+school by finding out what was the
+particular spring he could touch to
+control every one of his lawless boys.</p>
+<p>&#8220;He had the pull on me,&#8221; says Mr.
+Reed, &#8220;by simply holding over me in
+critical moments the penalty of dismissal.
+You know, I had a sort of inborn
+idea that the school was a great thing
+for me, and I knew that my parents
+were too poor to afford to send me
+anywhere else, so I kept straight along,
+doing my duty. It was the master&#8217;s
+custom to allow each boy who had no
+demerits to ring his bell before leaving
+the class, and once for three days in
+succession I did not ring that bell. I
+can see now the master coming to me,
+and saying: &#8216;Tom, is it an inadvertence?&#8217;
+&#8216;No, sir.&#8217; &#8216;Did you break the
+rules?&#8217; &#8216;Yes, sir.&#8217; &#8216;Why?&#8217; &#8216;Because
+they were too hard.&#8217; &#8216;Well, boy, you
+know what you can do if the rules are
+too hard; you can leave school.&#8217; I
+hung my head, and he went away, after
+a few moments of, to me, terrible silence,
+saying: &#8216;Never let me hear of
+this again, Tom.&#8217; And I replied: &#8216;No,
+sir.&#8217; And meant it.&#8221;</p>
+<p>On entering Bowdoin College in 1856,
+young Reed had a half-formed desire
+of becoming a minister, which he relinquished,
+however, long before his
+graduation. His life struggle began
+in earnest with that first year at college,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_379' name='page_379'></a>379</span>
+for he had to earn enough to pay
+his way as he went along. His attendance
+at class recitations during
+the first term of his freshman year was
+regular, but he found it necessary to
+drop out the next two terms and earn
+some money by teaching. He kept up
+his studies, however, without an instructor.
+All through the first part of
+his college course young Reed devoted
+a great deal of time to literature, to the
+neglect of his studies. While in the
+high school, a garret in the house of
+one of his mother&#8217;s relations had become
+his Mecca. It was packed full
+of books, especially novels, and there
+he was wont to journey twice a week,
+loading himself with volumes, over
+which he spent his days and the best
+part of his nights. Mr. Reed says
+that it was mostly trashy, imaginative
+stuff, but that it also was full of delight,
+and in some ways full of information
+for him. To that omnivorous
+reading he attributes in large part his
+knowledge of words, and it was also, no
+doubt, an apprenticeship from which
+he naturally stepped into higher literature.</p>
+<p>Graduation was but little more than
+a year off, when, the contents of the
+garret being exhausted, the young man
+realized to his consternation that his
+class standing was very low. His
+place at the end of the college course
+depended on his average class standing
+all through. He had received
+none of the sixteen junior parts which
+were given out during the junior year,
+and to his dismay the English orations,
+corresponding to the junior parts at
+the end of the course, were reduced to
+twelve. There was but one course
+open to the ambitious, spirited boy&mdash;to
+offset the low average of his earlier
+terms by an exceptionally high average
+during his last. Romances and poems
+were laid aside, and from that time
+forward until Commencement he was
+up at five in the morning, and by nine
+o&#8217;clock every night he was in bed, and
+tired enough to drop asleep at once.
+Mr. Reed says very frankly that he
+did not relish this regimen, for by
+nature he is indolent. Apropos of
+this, it was a common saying among
+his comrades that Reed would be somebody
+some day, if he were not so
+lazy.</p>
+<p>The consequences of his three years
+of novel-reading were such a serious
+matter to him that he was afraid to go
+and hear the result of the final examinations
+but remained in his room until
+a friend came to tell him that he was
+one of the first five in his class in his
+average for the entire course. This is
+the other side of Reed, &#8220;the lazy.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Besides this success, his oration on
+&#8220;The Fear of Death&#8221; won the first
+prize for English composition. It was
+in delivering it that Mr. Reed felt the
+first emotions of the orator, when every
+eye in the audience was riveted upon
+him, and when the profound silence
+that prevailed told the deep interest
+which his words aroused. Of the year&#8217;s
+work which won for him the privilege
+of delivering it on that Commencement
+Day, thirty-three years ago, Mr.
+Reed says that it was the hardest of
+his life, and the only time he has forced
+himself up to his full limit for so long
+a period.</p>
+<p>Graduation from college was not by
+any means the end of the struggle for
+the young man. Money was still lacking,
+and to get it he engaged in school-teaching,
+an occupation which he had
+already followed during two terms, and
+in vacation times. He taught at first
+for twenty dollars a month, &#8220;boarding
+round,&#8221; and the highest pay he ever
+received as a teacher was forty-five
+dollars a month. His old comrades
+delight in telling an incident of his
+school-teaching days. He once found
+it necessary to chastise a boy who was
+about his own age, although he had
+been cautioned against whipping, by
+the members of the committee of the
+district, unless he first referred the case
+to them. But Reed was Reed even in
+those days. The committee having
+failed to sustain him in the past, in
+this instance he decided that some
+one must be master at school, and that
+he would be that some one. Accordingly,
+the refractory young man was
+thrashed, after an exciting quarter of
+an hour&mdash;a close victory, which one
+pound more avoirdupois might have
+decided against the teacher.</p>
+<p>Mr. Reed soon gave up school-teaching,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_380' name='page_380'></a>380</span>
+and, thinking that a young man
+would have a better chance out West,
+he went to California. Judge Wallace,
+afterwards Chief Justice of California,
+examined Reed for admission
+to the bar. It was in &#8217;63, during
+the civil war, when the Legal Tender
+Act was much discussed in California,
+where a gold basis was still maintained,
+that Wallace, whose office adjoined the
+one where Reed was studying, happened
+in one day and said, &#8220;Mr. Reed,
+I understand you want to be admitted
+to the bar. Have you studied law?&#8221;
+&#8220;Yes, sir, I studied law in Maine while
+teaching.&#8221; &#8220;Well,&#8221; said Wallace, &#8220;I
+have one question to ask. Is the Legal
+Tender Act constitutional?&#8221; &#8220;Yes,&#8221;
+said Reed. &#8220;You shall be admitted to
+the bar,&#8221; said Wallace. &#8220;Tom Bodley
+[a deputy sheriff, who had legal aspirations]
+was asked the same question,
+and he said &#8216;no.&#8217; We will admit you
+both, for anybody who can answer off-hand
+a question like that ought to practise
+law in this country.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_4' id='linki_4'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus382.jpg' alt='' title='' width='632' height='581' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MR. REED IN HIS LIBRARY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Reed&#8217;s sojourn on the Pacific coast
+was short. In &#8217;64 he was made Assistant
+Paymaster in the United States
+Navy, and served in that capacity until
+his honorable discharge a year or so
+after. His admission to practise before
+the Supreme Court of the State of
+Maine followed on his return to the
+East. Cases came to the young lawyer
+slowly. The first ones were in the
+minor municipal courts. Gradually he
+secured a certain run of commercial
+and admiralty cases which began to
+yield something tangible in the shape
+of fees. Yet the goal of success
+seemed a long way off, when it happened
+that in one of those minor cases
+he cross-examined a refractory witness
+in such a manner as to completely
+overturn the testimony given, and
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_381' name='page_381'></a>381</span>
+thereby won the case for his client.
+The unexpected result was that the
+witness who had been upset by the
+young lawyer&#8217;s skill conceived a great
+admiration for him, and became influential
+in sending him many cases.</p>
+<p>That he made his mark in his modest
+position is shown by the fact that after
+two years, in 1867, Mr. Reed was nominated
+for the State Legislature. Judge
+Nathan Webb, then County Attorney,
+who had known Reed simply as his
+opponent in a number of cases, had
+proposed his name, and, after six ballots,
+had succeeded in nominating him.
+The first thing Reed knew about it was
+when reading the papers the next morning,
+and his first impulse was to decline.
+When Webb came in he urged him to
+accept, saying that a winter&#8217;s legislative
+experience would broaden and be
+in every respect valuable to him. Mr.
+Reed accepted, and after serving two
+terms in the House he was elected to
+the State Senate. Then he was made
+Attorney-General and afterwards City
+Solicitor of Portland, and in 1876 he
+was for the first time nominated to
+represent his district in the House of
+Representatives in Washington.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:504px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_5' id='linki_5'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus383.png' alt='' title='' width='504' height='406' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+A CORNER OF THE LIBRARY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>At&nbsp;the&nbsp;very moment when Reed,
+escorted by one of his colleagues, took
+a seat at the first convenient desk, on
+the day when he began his life as a
+congressman, Mr. Reed&#8217;s massive figure,
+suggestive of physical strength;
+the easy and yet not offensive assurance
+with which he took his seat and
+glanced with quizzical eye about the
+chamber; the unaffected way with
+which he accepted congratulations
+from the New England members who
+knew him, and the reputation he had
+already won as a master of wit and the
+possessor of a tongue which could be
+eloquent with sarcasm, all of these
+things so impressed Mr. S. S. Cox that
+he turned to Mr. William T. Frye,
+then a member for Maine, and said:
+&#8220;Well, Frye, I see your State has sent
+another intellectual and physical giant
+who is a youngster here.&#8221; &#8220;Whom do
+you mean?&#8221; asked Frye. &#8220;This man
+Reed, who must be even now cracking
+a joke, for I see they are all laughing
+about him.&#8221;</p>
+<p>But to maintain the reputation which
+his State had secured for committing
+its interests to master men, Mr. Reed
+had a hard task before him. Blaine,
+who had just passed from the House to
+the Senate, had made Maine of pre�minent
+influence by reason of his
+formidable canvass for the presidential
+nomination. Eugene Hale and Mr.
+William T. Frye represented in part the
+State in the House.
+Hannibal Hamlin
+was a member of
+the Senate, and
+the tradition of
+the remarkable intellectual
+achievements
+of William
+Pitt Fessenden, so
+long a senator
+from Maine, was
+still so fresh in
+the minds of many
+members of Congress
+that it was
+common to hear
+Mr. Fessenden
+spoken of as perhaps
+the ablest
+senator since the
+days of Webster,
+Clay, and Calhoun.
+But, unlike the
+stories that are
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_382' name='page_382'></a>382</span>
+told of the d�buts of many statesmen,
+Mr. Reed&#8217;s first speech was not a failure.
+On the contrary, it was a success.
+A success all the more brilliant because
+won under trying circumstances.</p>
+<p>A bill was under consideration to
+pay the College of William and Mary,
+in Virginia, damages for the occupancy
+of its buildings by United States
+troops during the war. It was one of
+an almost innumerable class of similar
+claims in the South, and its payment
+would have established a precedent
+that would at that time have opened
+the door to the appropriation of millions
+of dollars. It had been put forward
+as being the most meritorious of
+these southern war claims, in the hope
+that the sympathy which could be
+aroused in behalf of the venerable institution
+of learning making the claim
+(it dating back to Washington&#8217;s time,
+and being of a religious and eleemosynary
+as well as educational character)
+would stir up a sentimental feeling
+by means of which the other claims
+could be slipped through the House.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_6' id='linki_6'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus384.jpg' alt='' title='' width='660' height='527' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MR. REED&#8217;S BIRTHPLACE IN PORTLAND.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Doctor Loring, a Republican member
+from Massachusetts, one of the
+most polished and eloquent speakers
+in the House, had made a strong and
+touching appeal, full of pathos and
+sentiment, in favor of the bill. At the
+conclusion of his speech spontaneous
+applause burst from all sides; Republicans
+and Democrats thronged to the
+desk of the orator to congratulate and
+shake him by the hand. The scene was
+a memorable one. Cries of &#8220;Vote,&#8221;
+&#8220;Vote,&#8221; rose from all parts of the
+House, and it seemed inevitable that
+the bill would pass by an almost unanimous
+vote.</p>
+<p>At this juncture Mr. Reed arose.
+He has told that he would at that
+moment have sold his opportunity to
+speak for a very insignificant sum.
+He stood motionless for ten minutes,
+unable to utter a word. Knowing that
+his only chance was to dominate the
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_383' name='page_383'></a>383</span>
+turmoil, he at last raised his voice,
+and, after five minutes, he felt that
+he would have a hearing. Slowly the
+excitement and noise quieted down,
+and for forty minutes he was given
+the closest attention. The speech was
+so clear, forcible, and convincing that,
+in spite of some break in the Republican
+ranks, it recalled members of both
+parties from their temporary emotional
+lapse and turned the tide against these
+dangerous claims.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_7' id='linki_7'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus385.jpg' alt='' title='' width='637' height='436' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE MEMBERS OF THE PENTAGON CLUB OF BOWDOIN COLLEGE. (MR. REED IN THE CENTRE.)<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>In &#8217;77 he was made a member of
+what was known as &#8220;The Potter Committee,&#8221;
+appointed to investigate the
+operations of the returning boards in
+the South. Committee work was essentially
+congenial to Mr. Reed. He
+delighted in cross-examinations, and
+his power of sarcasm and of insinuating
+inquiry furnished the committee
+and the public with the most dramatic
+scenes which occurred at any of its
+sessions. In cross-examining a clever
+scoundrel, one Anderson, for instance,
+for two whole days, he at last compelled
+him to admit that he was a forger.
+&#8220;Who is this man Reed,&#8221; every
+one began to ask, and the young congressman
+found himself, perhaps more
+in his legal capacity than as a legislator,
+famous.</p>
+<p>It is not the purpose of this article
+to describe Mr. Reed&#8217;s public career,
+further than to say that there came a
+day when, upon the departure of Mr.
+Frye from the House to the Senate, and
+the election of General Garfield to the
+presidency, Mr. Reed passed, by common
+agreement and without questioning,
+to the leadership of his party in the
+House, and that, in the logical course
+of events, he was naturally indicated
+as the candidate for the Speakership,
+when, in 1889, after six years of minority,
+his party became a majority.
+What a magnificent combination of assaults
+and eulogies his career as Speaker
+brought forth is too vividly impressed
+upon the popular mind to need more
+than mention.</p>
+<p>During his public career Mr. Reed
+has manifested in a score or more of
+verbal hand-to-hand conflicts his ability
+to meet an emergency to the best
+advantage of his side. Always upon
+his feet when he scents danger, he
+is as quick to scent it as any politician
+who ever occupied a seat upon that
+floor. He is at all times as truly the
+master of all his resources as ever Mr.
+Blaine was in that same tempestuous
+arena of the House.</p>
+<p>From the first he has shown himself
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_384' name='page_384'></a>384</span>
+that <i>rara avis</i>, a born debater&mdash;aggressive
+and cautious, able to strike
+the nail right on the head at critical
+moments, to condense a whole argument
+with epigrammatic brevity. He
+has shown, to my judgment, better
+than any parliamentarian living, how
+the turbulent battlings of great legislative
+bodies, so chaotic in appearance,
+are not chaos at all to one who has the
+capacity to think with clearness and
+precision upon his feet. Such a man assimilates
+the substance of every speech
+and judges its relative bearing upon the
+question. At the beginning it is hard
+to tell where a discussion will hinge, but
+gradually, as the debate goes on, the
+two or three points which are the key
+of the situation become clear to the
+true <i>debater</i>. As I understand the art of
+the <i>debater</i>, it is as if logs were heaped
+in confusion before him, and the thing
+to do was to single out the one log
+which, when removed, starts all the
+others flying down stream&mdash;an easier
+thing to conceive than to accomplish,
+and which demands an alliance of
+widely diverse qualities. I remember
+telling Mr. Reed once that it seemed
+to me as if there must be in the temperament
+of the debater something of
+the artist&#8217;s nature&mdash;a little of the same
+instinct to inspire and guide him. And
+I added: &#8220;Don&#8217;t you, like the artist,
+draw for material everywhere, from
+friend and foe alike, from things bearing
+directly upon your subject as well
+as from things that are apparently more
+removed from it? Don&#8217;t you have
+something akin to inspiration?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, perhaps so,&#8221; Mr. Reed answered,
+&#8220;and an anecdote occurs to
+my mind which you may think fits your
+theory. An obscure chap got up once
+and went for me in what was evidently
+a six months&#8217; laboriously prepared invective.
+I hardly realized what he was
+about, except that I had an impression
+of the man using words in the same
+frantic fashion a windmill uses its arms
+in a blow. All the same, when he had
+finished pitching into me, I could not
+but get up and return the compliment.
+I had no more idea of what I was going
+to say than he had, when, by a hazard,
+my eye caught in the sea of heads before
+me the face of another representative
+from his State&mdash;a man who was
+one of the leaders of his party&mdash;and instantly
+the answer flashed in my mind.
+I had begun with something like &#8216;This
+is only another echo of the minority of
+the Fifty-first Congress, whose echoes
+are dying, not musically, but dying.
+Gentlemen,&#8217; I continued, &#8216;it is too
+much glory for a State to furnish us
+with two such eminent representatives,
+the one to lead the House, the other to
+bring up the rear.&#8217;</p>
+<p>&#8220;But I want to tell you, while we are
+on this subject of the artist and the
+orator,&#8221; Mr. Reed continued, &#8220;that I
+believe there is as much of a rhythm
+in prose as there is in poetry, and if a
+man has not the intuitive feeling of
+that subtile thing, rhythm, he can never
+amount to anything as an orator.
+Certain books of George William Curtis&mdash;&#8216;Prue
+and I,&#8217; especially&mdash;have
+helped me as much as anything to realize
+how delightful a quality rhythm is.&#8221;</p>
+<p>There is a side to Mr. Reed which
+few people suspect. He is a lover of
+good novels, especially such novels as
+those of Balzac and Thackeray, which
+present human nature in a rugged,
+truthful manner. I should think that
+Mr. Reed would have about as much
+respect for a namby-pamby novel as
+he has for a wishy-washy politician.</p>
+<p>Of the English novelists he likes
+Thackeray by far the best. &#8220;Pendennis,&#8221;
+&#8220;The Adventures of Philip,&#8221;
+and &#8220;The Virginians&#8221; he esteems as
+his most interesting works, though
+Thackeray reached high-water mark, in
+Mr. Reed&#8217;s opinion, in &#8220;Vanity Fair.&#8221;
+Charles Reade, too, has found in him
+an assiduous reader. He thinks &#8220;The
+Cloister and the Hearth&#8221; the finest
+and truest picture that has been made
+of life in the fifteenth century, and that
+Charles Reade is the best story-teller
+that ever wrote English.</p>
+<p>In poetry his preference is for Tennyson,
+but he is a constant reader of
+Browning, Holmes, Longfellow, and
+Whittier also. &#8220;Would you mind,&#8221; said
+Mr. Reed, while talking of poets, &#8220;if
+I descend from the great names and
+say that I have a great liking for the
+rhymes of a Kansas lawyer, Eugene F.
+Ware, who writes over the nom-de-plume
+of &#8216;Ironquill&#8217;? They are so
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_385' name='page_385'></a>385</span>
+direct; they present a moral in so
+few and so strikingly well chosen
+words; and then they have just enough
+of that quality of language which is always
+attractive because it is language
+in the making. How do you like this
+example of Mr. Ware&#8217;s sturdy popular
+muse?</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Once a Kansas zephyr strayed</p>
+<p>Where a brass-eyed bull-pup played;</p>
+<p>And that foolish canine bayed</p>
+<p>At that zephyr in a gay,</p>
+<p>Semi-idiotic way.</p>
+<p>Then that zephyr in about</p>
+<p>Half a jiffy took that pup,</p>
+<p>Tipped him over wrong side up;</p>
+<p>Then it turned him wrong side out.</p>
+<p>And it calmly journeyed thence</p>
+<p>With a barn and string of fence.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Moral.</span></p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>When communities turn loose</p>
+<p>Social forces that produce</p>
+<p class='indent2'>The disorders of a gale,</p>
+<p>Act upon a well-known law,</p>
+<p>Face the breeze, but close your jaw;</p>
+<p class='indent2'>It&#8217;s a rule that will not fail.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>If you bay it in a gay,</p>
+<p>Self-sufficient sort of way,</p>
+<p>It will land you, without doubt,</p>
+<p>Upside down and wrong side out.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>Mr. Reed, who learned French after
+he was forty years old, enjoys the
+masterpieces of French fiction and
+French verse in the original. He reads
+and rereads Horace, or, rather, certain
+parts of Horace which appeal strongly
+to him. But his one great admiration
+is Balzac. &#8220;Yes, I like to read Balzac,&#8221;
+Mr. Reed often says. &#8220;His
+closeness to nature and life hold you
+in spite of yourself. There is hardly
+a book of his which is not sad beyond
+tears. &#8216;Eug�nie Grandet&#8217; is a most
+powerful delineation of the absorbing
+grasp which love of money has on a
+strong man, and the power which love
+has over an untutored spirit, but sadness
+permeates everything. That wonderful
+love story of the &#8216;Duchess de
+Langais&#8217; is like no other love story ever
+written. Could anything be more sad
+than her life at the convent, and her
+lover&#8217;s long search for her hiding-place?
+unless it be that lover&#8217;s discovery,
+when he scaled the convent walls, that
+death had been stronger than love, and
+that, after a life of wasted devotion,
+nothing could be said of her beautiful
+form as it sank into the ocean except
+the mournful words, &#8216;She was a woman;
+now she is nothing.&#8217; And what
+an extraordinary picture that is in the
+&#8216;Peau de Chagrin&#8217; of the controlling
+power of society over a fashionable
+woman! And again, in &#8216;P�re Goriot.&#8217;
+How sad they all are, and the
+sadness of a life that toils not nor
+spins! Verily, to be happy we must
+take no note of the flying hours, and
+live outside of ourselves. Is not the
+condition of joyous life to forget that
+we are living? Here most of the characters
+are so entirely selfish that one
+sometimes thinks there is not one single
+friendly heart in the entire story. All
+are so conscious of living&mdash;even those
+in the higher sphere&mdash;and so anxious
+to appear other than they are, that
+their entire lives are only ignoble struggles,
+with nothing of serene repose.
+When the strife is not for gold or position
+it is for love, which is thus degraded!&#8221;</p>
+<p>I was talking the other day to that
+brilliant orator, Benjamin Butterworth,
+of Ohio, and the conversation turned
+to Tom Reed, as Butterworth affectionately
+called him. Said Butterworth:
+&#8220;The way Reed&#8217;s constituents
+have stood by him is one of the most
+gratifying things to me in American
+politics. During one of his campaigns,
+in which I spoke for him, I met some
+Democrats in his district. I said,
+&#8216;Gentlemen, I do not know anything
+about your politics, but you have a
+man of sterling qualities to represent
+you.&#8217; &#8216;Yes,&#8217; they replied, &#8216;he is an
+intense Republican and has peculiarities,
+but we like him because he represents
+the best thought of the district,
+and we vote for him on the sly.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+<p>That plain-speaking man, whose chief
+characteristic is to be true to his own
+convictions, is a pretty good specimen
+of the Puritan. Had he been in Cromwell&#8217;s
+army he either would not have
+prayed at all or he would have prayed
+just as long as Cromwell did. In either
+case he would have fought for what he
+believed to be the right, all the time,
+and given no quarter.</p>
+<p>Apropos of what might be called
+his blunt frankness, I recall an incident
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_386' name='page_386'></a>386</span>
+told me by a member who had
+charge of what was known as the
+Whiskey Bill. Mr. Reed had baffled
+the attempts of the whiskey men to
+get it up, but in his temporary absence,
+through the inadvertence or
+incapacity of a member, the bill was
+forced on the House. Reed ran down
+to the fellow, and vented his feelings
+in the remark, &#8220;You are too big a fool
+to lead, and haven&#8217;t got sense enough
+to follow.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_8' id='linki_8'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus390.jpg' alt='' title='' width='557' height='404' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MR. REED&#8217;S PORTLAND LAW OFFICE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>If his bits of speeches flung about in
+the heat of debate, either in retort or
+in attack, were gathered, they would
+make a mighty interesting book. No
+other man has like him the power to
+condense a whole argument in a few
+striking words. His epigrams are
+worthy of the literary artist in that
+they are perfect in form. Though
+struck out on the spur of the moment
+you cannot take a word from nor recast
+them. They have for solid basis a
+most profound knowledge of human
+nature, of life, and they exhibit to a
+luminous degree the possession in their
+author of that prime quality of a true
+man&mdash;horse sense. I remember this
+fragment of a speech of last session:
+&#8220;Gentlemen, everybody has an opinion
+about silver, except those who have
+talked so much about it that they have
+ceased to think.&#8221;</p>
+<p>There are many people who believe
+that Mr. Reed himself disproves one of
+his epigrams, that &#8220;a statesman is a
+successful politician who is dead.&#8221; As
+for me, I venture to say that Mr. Reed
+is right, but he has there formulated a
+rule to which he is one of the rare
+exceptions.</p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_387' name='page_387'></a>387</span>
+<a name='HUMAN_DOCUMENTS_BIOGRAPHICAL_NOTES' id='HUMAN_DOCUMENTS_BIOGRAPHICAL_NOTES'></a>
+<h2>&#8220;HUMAN DOCUMENTS.&#8221;<br /><span class='smcaplc'>BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Thomas Brackett Reed</span> was born in Portland,
+Me., October 18, 1839. He graduated
+at Bowdoin College in 1860, and then commenced
+to study law. In 1864 he suspended
+his studies and joined the navy as Acting
+Assistant Paymaster, serving until his honorable
+discharge at the close of the war. Resuming
+his legal studies, he was admitted to
+the bar and began to practise in his native town.
+He soon took an active part in politics, and
+was a member of the Maine State Legislature
+from 1868 to 1869. In 1870 he sat in the
+State Senate. From that year until 1872 he
+was State Attorney-General, and in 1874-77 he
+served as solicitor for the city of Portland. He
+was sent to Congress in 1876 and has been continuously
+re-elected since. When the Republican
+party came into power in 1888, he was
+elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.
+He is a powerful debater, an energetic
+politician, and a leading authority upon parliamentary
+procedure.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Frances Elizabeth Willard</span> was born in
+Churchville, N.Y., September 28, 1839. She
+graduated at Northwestern Female College,
+Evanston, Ill., in 1859. She became Professor
+of Natural Science there in 1862, and Principal
+of Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in 1866. After
+two years of travel and study in Europe and the
+Holy Land, she became Professor of Esthetics
+in Northwestern University, and, as Dean of the
+Women&#8217;s College there, developed her system of
+self-government, now generally adopted. In
+1874 Miss Willard identified herself with the
+Woman&#8217;s Christian Temperance Union. As
+secretary of the Union she organized the Home
+Protection movement, and in 1879 was elected
+president. She took a leading part in the establishment
+of the Prohibition party, and in 1887
+was elected President of the Women&#8217;s Council
+of the United States. She also accepted the
+leadership of the White Cross movement, which
+has been successful in obtaining enactments in
+many States for the protection of women. Besides
+being a director of the Women&#8217;s Temperance
+Publishing House, Miss Willard is chief
+contributor to &#8220;The Union Signal&#8221; (Chicago)
+and associate editor of &#8220;Our Day&#8221; (Boston).
+Her chief literary works are &#8220;Nineteen Beautiful
+Years,&#8221; &#8220;Woman and Temperance,&#8221; &#8220;How
+to Win,&#8221; &#8220;Woman in the Pulpit,&#8221; and
+&#8220;Glimpses of Fifty Years.&#8221;</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Edgar Wilson Nye</span>, who has become famous
+as a humorist under the pen name of &#8220;Bill
+Nye,&#8221; was born in Shirley, Piscataqua County,
+Maine, August 25, 1850. His family removed
+to Wisconsin shortly afterwards, and the boy
+was educated at River Falls, in that State. Early
+in the seventies he went to Wyoming Territory;
+he there studied law, and was admitted to the
+bar in 1876. While in Wyoming he served in
+several public capacities, as postmaster of Laramie
+and as a member of the legislature. He
+had early begun to furnish humorous sketches
+to the newspapers, and for some time was connected
+with the press as correspondent. He
+returned to Wisconsin in 1883. In 1886 he was
+connected with the New York &#8220;World,&#8221; and
+since then has been a weekly contributor to
+numerous papers. As a lecturer and reader from
+his own books Mr. Nye has been very successful.
+In 1891 he produced a play, &#8220;The Cadi,&#8221;
+at a New York theatre. His best-known books
+are &#8220;Bill Nye and the Boomerang,&#8221; &#8220;The
+Forty Liars,&#8221; &#8220;Baled Hay,&#8221; and &#8220;Remarks.&#8221;
+Mr. Nye has resided, for some time past, near
+Asheville, N.C.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>George W. Cable</span> was born in New Orleans
+in 1844. He obtained an ordinary public-school
+education. His early life was spent as a
+clerk in a commercial office, varied by successful
+contributions to &#8220;The New Orleans Picayune&#8221;
+under the signature of &#8220;Drop-Shot.&#8221; In 1863
+he joined the Confederate Army, and served
+in the Fourth Regiment Mississippi Cavalry,
+until the end of the civil war. His first literary
+work to attract general attention was a short
+story, &#8220;Sieur George,&#8221; published in the old
+&#8220;Scribner&#8217;s Monthly.&#8221; To that periodical he
+contributed numerous other sketches of creole
+life, which were published in book form in 1879.
+Other stories and articles followed, and Mr.
+Cable, after working up to a leading position in
+the mercantile world, from that of an errand boy,
+devoted himself to literature as a profession.
+&#8220;The Grandissimes,&#8221; in 1880, &#8220;Madame
+Delphine,&#8221; 1881, &#8220;The Creoles of Louisiana&#8221;
+and &#8220;Dr. Sevier,&#8221; 1884, established him in
+a high place amongst modern authors. His
+knowledge of the South, and his studies among
+the creoles and negroes, made him an authority
+upon the questions relating to the past and
+future of the negro and the southern States,
+and involved him in numerous and heated discussions.
+&#8220;The Silent South,&#8221; 1885, and
+&#8220;The Negro Question,&#8221; 1890, are the most
+prominent of his works on this subject. As a
+lecturer and reader he is widely known.</p>
+<h3>THOMAS B. REED.</h3>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_9' id='linki_9'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_388' name='page_388'></a>388</span>
+<img src='images/illus392a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='553' height='700' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+1860. AT GRADUATION.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_10' id='linki_10'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus392b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='204' height='240' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+1864. ON ENTERING THE NAVY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_11' id='linki_11'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_389' name='page_389'></a>389</span>
+<img src='images/illus393.jpg' alt='' title='Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893' width='498' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_390' name='page_390'></a>390</span></div>
+<h3 style='clear: both'>FRANCES E. WILLARD.</h3>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:297px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_12' id='linki_12'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus394a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='297' height='546' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+FROM AN EARLY PICTURE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:314px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_13' id='linki_13'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus394b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='314' height='392' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 20. 1859.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:307px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_14' id='linki_14'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus394c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='307' height='384' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 37. 1876.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:311px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_15' id='linki_15'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus394d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='311' height='412' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MISS WILLARD AT THE PRESENT DAY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_391' name='page_391'></a>391</span></div>
+<h3 style='clear: both'>EDGAR WILSON NYE.</h3>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:314px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_16' id='linki_16'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus395a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='314' height='412' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 20. 1870.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:305px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_17' id='linki_17'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus395b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='305' height='419' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 28. 1878.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:317px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_18' id='linki_18'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus395c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='317' height='464' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+&#8220;BILL NYE&#8221; AT THE PRESENT DAY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:318px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_19' id='linki_19'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus395d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='318' height='463' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+&#8220;BILL NYE&#8221; AT THE PRESENT DAY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_392' name='page_392'></a>392</span></div>
+<h3 style='clear: both'>GEORGE W. CABLE.</h3>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:269px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_20' id='linki_20'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus396a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='269' height='266' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 9. 1853.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:343px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_21' id='linki_21'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus396d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='343' height='449' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+1874. FIRST SKETCHES OF CREOLE LIFE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:251px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_22' id='linki_22'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus396b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='251' height='339' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 19. 1863.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:285px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_23' id='linki_23'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus396e.jpg' alt='' title='' width='285' height='540' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+1882. &#8220;DOCTOR SEVIER.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:211px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_24' id='linki_24'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus396c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='211' height='307' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 24. 1868.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_25' id='linki_25'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_393' name='page_393'></a>393</span>
+<img src='images/illus397a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='410' height='413' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 40. 1884. &#8220;BONAVENTURE.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_26' id='linki_26'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus397b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='547' height='571' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MR. CABLE IN 1892.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_394' name='page_394'></a>394</span>
+<a name='THE_JONESES_TELEPHONE_BY_ANNIE_HOWELLS_FRCHETTE' id='THE_JONESES_TELEPHONE_BY_ANNIE_HOWELLS_FRCHETTE'></a>
+<h2>THE JONESES&#8217; TELEPHONE
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>By Annie Howells Fr�chette.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_27' id='linki_27'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus398.png' alt="THE JONESES' TELEPHONE" title='' width='658' height='598' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Now, we won&#8217;t be
+selfish with our
+telephone, will
+we, dear? We
+will let a few friends
+use it occasionally&mdash;it
+will be such a
+pleasure and a convenience,&#8221;
+and Mrs.
+Jones stood off and
+looked admiringly
+at the new telephone.</p>
+<p>&#8220;By all means. It is
+here and it may as well
+be doing some one a
+service as to stand idle&mdash;and I like
+to feel that a friend isn&#8217;t afraid to ask
+a favor of me now and then. Yes, I
+suppose that telephone will save us
+many a car-fare during the year. You
+can use it to do your marketing, instead
+of tiring yourself out and wasting half
+a day three or four times a week; and
+days when I forget things, think how
+easy it will be to telephone and remind
+me. Why, it will entirely do away with
+the need for strings to tie around my
+fingers.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Of course it will. I&#8217;m sure that
+what we&#8217;ll save on strings and car-fare
+will pay the rent of the instrument,&#8221;
+joyously responded Mrs. Jones, who
+had no great head for figures.</p>
+<p>Thus hope and kindly intentions presided
+at the inauguration of the Joneses&#8217;
+telephone.</p>
+<p>Three months passed, and the great
+invention had carried much information&mdash;useful
+and otherwise&mdash;not only to its
+owners, but to the entire neighborhood
+as well. There were even days when
+the Joneses questioned whether they
+were not running a public telephone,
+so often did the bell ring. It is true, it
+had not quite paid for itself in the anticipated
+saving of car-fares and finger
+strings; still, it had certainly been a
+great comfort, and &#8220;Well, we&#8217;ll just
+face the music and call it a luxury,&#8221;
+said Jones, as he put away the receipt
+for his first quarter&#8217;s rent; &#8220;especially
+for our friends,&#8221; he added, with just a
+touch of bitterness.</p>
+<p>Scarce twenty-four hours after this
+philosophical stand was taken, Mrs.
+Jones, who was rather a light sleeper,
+was aroused by a violent and prolonged
+ringing. It was six o&#8217;clock and Sunday
+morning&mdash;a day and hour usually
+dedicated to undisturbed slumber.
+After a brief debate in her own mind as
+to whether the house was on fire or
+the milkman was ringing, she realized
+that it was the telephone bell. She
+hastily donned slippers and gown and
+ran down-stairs. In reply to her interrogative
+&#8220;Yes?&#8221; (Mrs. Jones could
+never bring herself to say &#8220;Hello!&#8221;)
+came the following, in measured and
+clerical tones:</p>
+<p>&#8220;It is Mr. Brown&mdash;Reverend Mr.
+Brown, speaking.&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_395' name='page_395'></a>395</span></div>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, yes?&#8221; instinctively covering
+her half-clad feet in the folds of her
+gown.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I believe you live near the Reverend
+Mr. Smith, and are a member of
+his church.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Will you be good enough to send
+to him, and ask if he can spare his
+curate to take Mr. Brown&#8217;s early service
+for him, as he is called away. I would
+be glad if you would send immediately,
+as I must have his answer within fifteen
+minutes. Thank you. Please call up
+1001,&#8221; and snap
+went the telephone.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Jones looked
+at her raiment and
+reflected that her
+one servant was at
+mass and would not
+be back for an hour.
+She went slowly up-stairs.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Tom, Tom dear,
+wake up.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;What is it?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;The Reverend
+Brown has telephoned
+to know
+whether the Reverend
+Smith can
+send his curate to
+take his early service.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, what in
+the world have I
+got to do with the
+peddling out of
+early services?&#8221;
+snapped Jones, as he turned and shook
+up his pillows.</p>
+<p>&#8220;He has to have an answer to his
+message within fifteen minutes.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, let Susan take it,&#8221; settling
+back comfortably.</p>
+<p>&#8220;But Susan has gone to mass.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And I suppose that means that I
+am to be turned out of my bed at daybreak,
+and canter half a mile!&#8221; cried
+Jones, in a high and excited voice, as he
+bounced from his bed and began to
+grope sleepily for his clothes. His
+toilet was made amidst grumblings of
+&#8220;Confound their early services, why
+can&#8217;t they stay in bed like Christians,
+instead of prowling about, and sending
+men out in the chilly morning air,&#8221; etc.,
+etc.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:305px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_28' id='linki_28'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus399.png' alt='' title='' width='305' height='444' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>Jones&#8217;s&nbsp;temper was soured for the
+day, and that night, as he was winding
+his watch, he said severely, &#8220;Jane, I&#8217;m
+going to draw the line at delivering
+messages. Tom, Dick, and Harry can
+come here and bellow into the telephone
+until they are hoarse, but I&#8217;ll be
+switched if I&#8217;ll be messenger boy any
+longer.&#8221;</p>
+<p>But messages continued to come and
+go, increasing rather than decreasing
+in frequency. People in the neighborhood
+fell into
+the habit of saying
+to friends in distant
+parts of the city,
+when leaving a
+question open:
+&#8220;Just telephone me
+when you make up
+your mind. I haven&#8217;t
+a telephone myself,
+but the Joneses
+have, and they are
+very obliging about
+letting me use it.&#8221;</p>
+<p>So the fact that
+a telephone was
+owned by an obliging
+family circulated
+almost as rapidly
+as if it had been
+a lie.</p>
+<p>There were times
+when Mrs. Jones
+hadn&#8217;t the face to
+ask Susan to stop
+her work and carry
+these messages, so she carried them herself&mdash;trying
+to keep up her self-respect
+by combining an errand of her own in
+the same direction. There were a few
+messages, however, which remained forever
+indignantly shut within the telephone;
+as, for instance, that of the little
+girl, which came in a shrill, piping
+voice:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Mrs. Jones, will you send your
+servant over to Mrs. Graham&#8217;s to ask
+Milly where she got that perfectly delicious
+delight she gave me the other
+day, and tell her to be quick about it,
+please, for I&#8217;m waiting.&#8221;</p>
+<p>And another which came in chuffy,
+distorted, conversational English&mdash;regular
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_396' name='page_396'></a>396</span>
+&#8220;chappie&#8221; English, very hard
+to understand, but which she finally
+straightened out into: &#8220;I say there&mdash;aw&mdash;oh&mdash;is
+that you, Mrs. Jones? Sorry
+to trouble you, but would you be
+so awfully good as to send word to
+Mrs. Bruce&mdash;aw&mdash;that I&#8217;m awfully cut
+up about it, but I won&#8217;t be able to
+dine there to-night. Aw&mdash;I wouldn&#8217;t
+trouble you, but it&#8217;s so awfully hot
+I can&#8217;t go round to explain to her&mdash;you
+know. Thanks, awfully.&#8221; The
+telephone was closed, and the awfully-cut-up
+young man, whose sole claim
+on Mrs. Jones was that they had once
+met at a party, was left to be healed
+by time.</p>
+<p>He had for company in his fate the
+enthusiastic tennis-player, who, in the
+midst of &#8220;a little summer shower,&#8221;
+summoned Mrs. Jones.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I want to speak to Flannigan, the
+gardener.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;This is not Flannigan&#8217;s telephone.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And who is speaking?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Mrs. Jones.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, well, Mrs. Jones, I can give
+my message to you just as well. I
+want you to tell Flannigan to come
+and roll the tennis ground at once.
+He will understand. Tell him right
+away, please.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Flannigan does not live here.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, you can send him word, I
+suppose,&#8221; in a surprised and offended
+voice, &#8220;to oblige a <i>lady</i>. It is <i>Miss
+Mortimer</i> who is speaking,&#8221; and there
+was an impressive silence. Mrs. Jones
+remembered Miss Mortimer as a high-stepping
+young woman whom she had
+met at a friend&#8217;s house, and who had
+given her the impression of taking an
+inventory of her. So Mrs. Jones took
+pleasure in replying, &#8220;Miss Mortimer
+probably does not know that she is
+addressing a private telephone. Good
+day.&#8221;</p>
+<p>But it was Jones, the luckless Jones,
+who seemed set aside for the cruel
+buffeting of the telephoning public.
+One night, which he will ever point to
+as the wildest and wettest night he has
+known, he had settled himself into his
+most comfortable chair, with a pile of
+new magazines beside him, when he
+was disturbed by a summons from the
+telephone. He responded with readiness,
+for he was rather expecting a call
+from his partner, and to his cheerful
+&#8220;Hello, old fellow, I&#8217;m here,&#8221; came,
+in a sputtering and wind-tossed voice,
+&#8220;Will you please tell Mrs. Goodson
+that as it is so stormy her daughter
+will not go home to-night?&#8221;</p>
+<p>Jones turned and confronted his
+wife, and for a time words refused to
+come.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, this is a little too much!
+Now think of an unknown voice barking
+at me to go out into a storm like this and
+tell the Goodsons that their daughter
+will not be at home to-night!&#8221;</p>
+<p>The Goodsons lived just six squares
+away.</p>
+<p>&#8220;And what will you do, dear? Why
+didn&#8217;t you say plainly that you would
+not and could not go out into a storm
+like this&mdash;that they must send a messenger?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;They shut me off without giving
+me time to answer.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, call them up. Call them up
+at once.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Jane, please have some sense.
+How do I know where Miss Goodson
+has gadded off to? How do I know
+what number to call up?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, I just wouldn&#8217;t go.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, I&#8217;ll have to. They are friends,
+and if they are expecting that girl of
+theirs home to-night and she doesn&#8217;t
+come Mrs. Goodson will go out of her
+mind.&#8221;</p>
+<p>So Jones drove himself forth, clad
+in righteous indignation and a waterproof
+coat. The cold rain lashed him
+and the wind belabored his umbrella,
+and he was more than once obliged to
+pause under friendly porches to get
+his breath. At last the home of the
+Goodsons was reached, and spent and
+weary he staggered up the steps. Goodson
+himself opened the door.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Hello, Jones, you&#8217;re no fair weather
+friend indeed. Come in, come in.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;No, I&#8217;m too wet,&#8221; he answered,
+pointedly (and he felt like adding
+&#8220;and too mad&#8221;). &#8220;I only came to
+tell you that Miss Goodson won&#8217;t be
+at home to-night.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;My daughter! She is at home.
+Don&#8217;t you hear her playing on the
+piano now? Come into the vestibule,
+anyway.&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_397' name='page_397'></a>397</span></div>
+<p>Jones walked in, with the rain streaming
+from his coat.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Katey!&#8221; called Mr. Goodson to
+his wife. &#8220;Here is Jones come to say
+that Julia won&#8217;t be home to-night.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;What?&#8221; demanded Mrs. Goodson,
+appearing in the hall and regarding
+Jones as if he were a mild sort of
+lunatic; &#8220;<i>Julia is</i> at home.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, I don&#8217;t understand it,&#8221; said
+Jones, plaintively. &#8220;I was rung up
+half an hour ago, and asked to come
+and tell you that your daughter wouldn&#8217;t
+be at home on account of the storm.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:327px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_29' id='linki_29'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus402.png' alt='' title='' width='327' height='595' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;And&nbsp;do&nbsp;you mean to say that you
+stand ready to turn out at all hours and
+deliver messages free of cost?&#8221; cried
+Goodson.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It looks that way.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, you are an ass!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Don&#8217;t compliment me too freely,
+Goodson, I can&#8217;t take in much more;
+I&#8217;m soaked as it is.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Mrs. Goodson stood thinking. &#8220;Who
+could have been meant? Oh, I&#8217;ve just
+thought! It must be that Mrs. Goodson
+who sews for Mrs. Jones and me.
+And she has a daughter&mdash;a typewriter
+down town&mdash;and she has friends living
+in the suburbs. She has doubtless
+gone there to dinner and concluded
+to stay all night. But she lives just
+around the corner from you.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Goodson laughed loudly and brutally.
+&#8220;A bonny sort of a night for a respectable
+family man like you, Jones, to be
+skylarking around carrying messages
+for typewriting maidens!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, come now, that&#8217;s a little too
+much!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, old man, I&#8217;ll show my gratitude
+for your friendly intentions toward
+me by going round to the telephone
+people the first thing in the morning,
+and complaining of you. You&#8217;ve no
+right to be running opposition to the
+public telephones in this way.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;<i>If</i> you only would!&#8221; and Jones
+wrung his friend&#8217;s hand while tears of
+thankfulness welled up to his eyes.</p>
+<p>Once in the street, he longed for
+a contemptuous enemy to kick him
+briskly to the door of the Widow Goodson.
+The latter was evidently about to
+retire, as it was a long time before she
+responded to his ring. When, finally,
+she did come, she heard him calmly
+through and then answered languidly:
+&#8220;Yes, I didn&#8217;t much expect Bella home
+to-night, for she said if it come on to
+rain she thought she&#8217;d stay with her
+cousins. Good night. Quite drizzly,
+isn&#8217;t it?&#8221; peering out into the darkness.</p>
+<p>Full of bitterness, Jones turned homeward.
+It seemed to him that his cup
+was full; and so it was, for it refused to
+hold more. As he entered his home,
+chilled without but hot within, he was
+greeted by an unfamiliar voice coming
+from the regions of the telephone.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Give me Blair&#8217;s,&#8221; it said. &#8220;Is that
+Blair&#8217;s? Is that&mdash;Blair&#8217;s&mdash;B-l-a-i-r-&#8217;s,
+do you understand? Oh, yes, it is you,
+is it, Mrs. Blair? Well, say I want to
+speak to Miss McCrea&mdash;Oh&mdash;pshaw!
+you must know her&mdash;she&#8217;s the young
+lady that works for you. Oh, she&#8217;s out,
+is she? Well, when she comes in, tell
+her Miss Doolan told you to say that
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_398' name='page_398'></a>398</span>
+Mr. Brennan has broke his leg&mdash;she&#8217;ll
+know, he drives Judson&#8217;s horses&mdash;and
+me and Mrs. Judson want to know
+whether he&#8217;s to go to the hospital or
+to his friends. You can send your
+answer to No. 999. They&#8217;ll let me
+know. Give Miss McCrea my love and
+tell her not to worry about Mr. Brennan.
+Good-by.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:460px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_30' id='linki_30'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus404a.png' alt='' title='' width='460' height='371' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>Jones&nbsp;confronted a stately creature
+as she stepped into the hall.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Look here, young woman, who are
+you?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I&#8217;m Miss Doolan, and I&#8217;m stopping
+at Judson&#8217;s&mdash;as housemaid,&#8221; she
+answered, so taken aback that for
+the moment her self-possession failed
+her.</p>
+<p>&#8220;And to whom have you been telephoning?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;To Blair&#8217;s&mdash;Judge Blair&#8217;s, over on
+the avenue&mdash;a friend of mine stops
+there.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And are you in the habit of calling
+up ladies in that fashion?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It&#8217;s a very good fashion, for all <i>I</i>
+can see,&#8221; she retorted impudently.</p>
+<p>&#8220;And what business have you to
+order an answer sent here for me to
+carry on a night like this?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Mrs. Judson and me took you for a
+<i>gentleman</i>, sor, and we thought you
+wouldn&#8217;t mind obliging ladies.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Nor do I, but I don&#8217;t know either
+Mrs. Judson or you, and
+I don&#8217;t propose running
+errands for you.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, then don&#8217;t bother
+yourself, sor&mdash;we can
+hire a boy,&#8221; she flung
+back with a scornful
+laugh as she bounced
+out.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Now, Jane, I want
+you to distinctly understand
+that the last message
+has been carried
+from this house. I have
+probably to-night sown
+the seeds of pleurisy and
+pneumonia broadcast
+in my system; I have
+walked twelve squares
+to deliver a message to
+the wrong person; we
+have had a baggage
+here using our telephone as if it were
+her own, and we have been at the beck
+and call of the unpaying public for the
+last six months. Now, if the telephone
+people are not here by noon to-morrow,
+to threaten legal proceedings against
+me (Goodson has promised to complain
+of me) for undermining their
+business, I shall have that wretched
+instrument dragged away, body and
+soul, and we will try some other form
+of economy in the future.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_31' id='linki_31'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus404b.png' alt='' title='' width='642' height='170' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_399' name='page_399'></a>399</span>
+<a name='THE_PSYCHOLOGICAL_LABORATORY_AT_HARVARD_BY_HERBERT' id='THE_PSYCHOLOGICAL_LABORATORY_AT_HARVARD_BY_HERBERT'></a>
+<h2>THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT HARVARD.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>By Herbert Nichols, Ph.D.</span>,<br /><br /><span class='smaller smcap'>Instructor in Psychology, Harvard University.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Editor&#8217;s Note.</span>&mdash;The illustrations of this article are from photographs, specially taken for the Harvard
+University Exhibit at the World&#8217;s Fair.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_32' id='linki_32'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus405.png' alt='' title='' width='669' height='504' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>What do they do there?</p>
+<p>What do they expect to come
+out of it?</p>
+<p>The notion of a mental laboratory is
+still a mystery to most persons. They
+ask themselves the above questions,
+and many feel as they do so an uncanny
+shiver. They cannot realize that the
+study of the mind is already an established
+natural science, here, at sober
+Harvard, in all the leading universities,
+and free of spooks and mediums.</p>
+<p>Yet a psychological laboratory looks
+much like any other modern laboratory.
+Around the rooms run glass-cases filled
+with fine instruments. Shelves line up,
+row after row, of specimen-jars and
+bottles. Charts cover the remainder
+of the walls. The tables and floors are
+crowded with working apparatus. Two
+large rooms and one small one are now
+occupied at Harvard. Four more rooms
+will be added to these this summer.</p>
+<p>Also, the spirit that reigns in these
+rooms is the same that is found in other
+laboratories of exact science. This is
+the important thing. The minds of
+these workers are not wandering in
+dialectics and vagrant hypotheses.
+Reverence has opened her eyes. Hypotheses
+they have, and must have.
+Often they hold conflicting opinions.
+But the referee is always present&mdash;Nature
+herself. To experiment, to show the
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_400' name='page_400'></a>400</span>
+fact, is always the method of debate.
+This is the great advantage of the
+modern way of studying psychology
+over the old.</p>
+<p>The American public is so practical
+that I feel I can alone satisfy its &#8220;whats
+and wherefores&#8221; by explicitly describing
+some of the investigations being
+carried on here.</p>
+<h3>EFFECT OF ELEMENTARY SENSATIONS
+ON ONE ANOTHER.</h3>
+<p>Here is a lantern throwing a steady
+light through a large tube. (See illustration
+below, the right hand group.)
+By transparent slides of colored glass
+or gelatine, the light may be made of
+any color. At the end of the tube is
+a box, like a camera. The operator
+covers his head with a cloth, and observes
+the color of the light as it shines
+from the tube through, or on, a tiny
+hole in the dark box. The size of the
+hole can be varied by moving slides,
+worked by micrometer screws so fine
+that they measure the dimensions of the
+hole to the four-hundredth of an inch.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_33' id='linki_33'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus406.jpg' alt='' title='' width='664' height='614' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF SOUND AND OF ATTENTION ON COLORS.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The first step is to discover the
+&#8220;threshold&#8221; of each separate color.
+That means the smallest-sized hole
+through which each color can be distinguished.
+This varies for different
+colors. But now comes the interesting
+point. The size of the hole, for any
+given <i>color seen</i>, varies according to the
+nature of any <i>sound heard</i> at the same
+time. For instance, in order to distinguish
+a given red, the hole must be
+larger or smaller, in proportion as the
+pitch of a musical tone is lower or
+higher, fainter or stronger.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_34' id='linki_34'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_401' name='page_401'></a>401</span>
+<img src='images/illus407a.png' alt='' title='' width='599' height='350' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF COLORS ON JUDGMENTS OF TIME.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The above experiment is one in a
+system of investigations, intended to
+discover the laws by which the simplest
+sensations modify each other under the
+simplest conditions. These are laws
+as fixed as the laws of gravity, and,
+once determined, we may move on to
+study the combination of these elements
+into the higher thought processes.</p>
+<h3>EFFECTS OF ATTENTION.</h3>
+<p>Another experiment will further illustrate
+this method of study. An apparatus
+is so contrived that a colored disk
+can be made darker or brighter by the
+operator, and a measure of the change
+be recorded. (See illustration on opposite
+page, rear
+group.) The persons
+operated on
+do not know what
+change is made,
+or whether any
+will be made or
+not. They first
+look at the disk
+for ten seconds,
+taking good note
+of its color.
+Next, the operator changes the shade
+(or not) as he sees fit. Then for another
+ten seconds the subject judges the
+shade of color, but this time performs
+meanwhile a sum in addition as the
+operator calls to him simple numbers.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:518px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_35' id='linki_35'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus407b.png' alt='' title='' width='518' height='263' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;experiment is to determine how
+the appearance of the color changes, by
+reason of dividing the attention between
+observing the disk and performing
+the addition. Do the colors of a
+rival&#8217;s bonnet really grow more glaring
+the harder they are looked at? To
+explain this is to touch on a social as
+well as an esthetic problem.</p>
+<p>Diversion of attention changes the
+appearance of distances as well as of
+colors. A large frame covered with
+black cloth stands vertical. Two tiny
+white disks are held in place on the
+cloth by invisible threads manipulated
+behind the frame by the operator.
+When the disks are set a given distance
+apart they rest close upon the smooth
+black ground.
+The eye sees but
+two white spots
+in a free field,
+and may judge
+the distance between
+them without
+complication.
+This is
+done for ten seconds,
+as with the
+color disks. Then
+the spots are covered, and their distance
+apart slightly changed (or not) by the operator.
+Again they are shown, and now
+judged for ten seconds while adding figures.
+The mental process of addition
+changes the judgment of the distance.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_402' name='page_402'></a>402</span></div>
+<p>You will say it is a familiar experience
+that the road seems longer or
+shorter as the mind is busy or not.
+But it is not a familiar thing to determine
+the law of such lengthening and
+shortening for definite distances, and
+under precise mental condition, as in
+the above experiment.</p>
+<h3>JUDGMENTS OF TIME.</h3>
+<p>Every woman knows that color has
+an effect on the apparent size of
+objects; that of her dress on her
+figure.<a name='FNanchor_0002' id='FNanchor_0002'></a><a href='#Footnote_0002' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> It is not as well known that
+color affects our judgments of time.
+Our next experiment examines this
+matter.</p>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0002' id='Footnote_0002'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0002'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a>
+<p>In the diagram on the preceding page the white
+squares show plainly larger than the black squares.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_36' id='linki_36'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus408.png' alt='' title='' width='566' height='488' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+REVOLVING CHAIR FOR STUDYING LOCALIZATIONS OF SOUNDS.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Upon a cylinder, slowly revolving
+by fine clockwork, strips of different
+colored cardboard are fastened, and
+observed through a hole in a screen.
+(See illustration on the preceding
+page.) The time of each rotation is
+measured precisely. By observation it
+is found that the period of rotation
+<i>seems</i> to vary with the colors on the
+cylinder. By combining colors differently
+through a long and tedious series
+of investigations on many people, it
+is being determined what part this
+sort of influence plays in mental processes.
+&#8220;When things look gay, time
+seems short.&#8221; Psychology seeks the
+laws of such happenings.</p>
+<h3>LOCALIZATION OF SOUNDS.</h3>
+<p>They are the most familiar things
+which in our science become the
+strangest. <i>Not</i> to know where you
+are when seasick, still less where your
+mind is, is common enough. Our next
+experiment will trace our power to
+know where sounds are to the same
+origin as seasickness.</p>
+<p>Seasickness starts in the ear. In its
+cavity are three small tubes, each bent
+in a circle, and filled with fluid. The
+three sit at right angles to each other,
+like the three sides at the corner of a
+room or a box. Consequently, in whatever
+direction the head is moved, the
+fluid in some one of the tubes is given
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_403' name='page_403'></a>403</span>
+a circular motion. Hanging out into
+the tubes, from their sides, are hairs or
+<i>cilia</i>, which connect with nerve cells
+and fibres that branch off from the
+auditory nerve. When the head moves
+the fluid moves, the hairs move, the
+cells are &#8220;fired off,&#8221; a nervous current
+is sent up to the brain, and a feeling
+of the head&#8217;s peculiar motion is consequent.</p>
+<p>As for seasickness: this nerve current,
+on its way to the brain, at one
+point runs beside the spot or &#8220;centre&#8221;
+where the nerve governing the stomach
+has its origin. When the rocking of
+the head is abnormally violent and
+prolonged, the stimulus is so great that
+the current leaks over into this adjoining
+&#8220;centre,&#8221; and so excites the
+nerve running to the stomach as to
+cause wretchedness and retching.
+Deaf mutes, whose ear &#8220;canals&#8221; are
+affected, are never seasick.</p>
+<p>But normally the amount of ear-feeling
+which we get by reason of
+moving our head in a particular direction
+comes in a curious way to be a
+measure of the direction of sound.
+The feelings we get from our skin and
+muscles in turning the head play a
+similar <i>r�le</i>. We turn our ear to catch
+a sound. We do this so frequently for
+every point, that in time we learn to
+judge the direction of the sound by
+the way we would have to turn the
+head in order to hear the sound best.
+Thereafter we do not have to turn the
+head to get the direction, for we now
+remember the proper feeling and know
+it. This memory of the old feeling <i>is</i>
+our idea of the present direction. If
+we never moved our heads we never
+could have any such notion of the
+location of sounds as at present&mdash;perhaps
+none whatever.</p>
+<h3>MENTAL ORIGIN OF NUMBERS.</h3>
+<p>Number! surely there can be nothing
+mysterious here; no &#8220;law&#8221; to be
+discovered about one, two, three?
+Well, the next time you shake hands,
+ask the man what he feels. A hand.
+Then ask further and he will feel five
+fingers. Now ask rightly and he will
+feel any number of distinct spots of
+pressure. But the real pressures were
+practically the same all through. Why,
+then, did he feel first one, then five,
+then eight, ten, or a dozen? So with
+the objects we become acquainted with
+through any of our senses! Why does
+the same bit of nature now stand
+before us &#8220;one tree,&#8221; and now a myriad
+of leaves and branches? Why do the
+same outer groupings fall into such
+different inner groupings? Why does
+not the result of each little nerve of
+the millions continually played on in
+eye, ear, and skin stand out by itself,
+and we have so many million feelings?</p>
+<p>To explain this: the first time a
+child opens his eyes he sees, as Professor
+James says, but &#8220;one big, blooming,
+buzzing confusion.&#8221; Not till some
+&#8220;whole&#8221; (knife) be broken up into parts
+(blade, handle) and each part be mentally
+perceived <i>in immediate succession
+the one after the other</i> can the idea of
+&#8220;twoness&#8221; ever be possible to that
+child. The &#8220;twoness&#8221; is a feeling of
+distinct nature apart from the two
+terms (blade, handle). It rises from
+the &#8220;shock of succession.&#8221; It is one of
+the &#8220;modified states&#8221; wrought by one
+element on another, which we studied
+in our first experiment. Once lodged
+in the mind, the feeling may be remembered
+and reawakened, like any
+other. Thereafter the two parts or
+terms may come before the mind,
+awaken this feeling of twoness, and <i>now</i>
+stand side by side, simultaneously and
+numerically separate.</p>
+<p>These are the primary laws of number
+perception. Our experiments illustrate
+and prove them. Though the
+nerves lying under a needle point are
+really several in number, the pressure
+on them is commonly felt as &#8220;one
+prick.&#8221; The area is so small that
+usually, through life, all the nerves
+have been pressed together. They
+have not been split up and pressed
+enough times in succession among
+themselves for a memory of &#8220;twoness&#8221;
+to have been developed among them.
+But, by proper manipulation, not unlike
+some of the processes of hypnotism,
+yet perfectly normal, the &#8220;twoness&#8221;
+of some other group of nerves
+can be yoked to the feeling resulting
+from the pressure of a particular needle
+point. Thereupon the one needle
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_404' name='page_404'></a>404</span>
+will feel like two, as distinctly and
+clearly as any real two.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_37' id='linki_37'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus411.jpg' alt='' title='' width='665' height='587' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MEASURING THE TIME REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS MENTAL ACTS.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<h3>MENTAL ORIGIN OF DISTANCES AND
+SPACE.</h3>
+<p>By similar manipulations the simple
+needle may be made to feel like three
+or like four; now standing in a line,
+now in a triangle, and again in the
+corners of a square. But, since there
+is but one needle, what about the apparent
+distance <i>between</i> these several
+points that are clearly <i>felt</i>? This is
+the most curious thing of all, and from
+the light it throws on the formation of
+our &#8220;ideas&#8221; both of number and of
+space, is the most important.</p>
+<p>To explain this: our notion of distance
+results out of &#8220;series&#8221; of sensations,
+in the same way as our notions
+of number. To have any idea of &#8220;distance&#8221;
+aroused between any two points
+of skin, the line of nerves lying between
+those points must, some time during
+life, have been previously stimulated in
+a line of succession, such as would result
+from a pencil drawn along between
+them. A card edge would give no
+idea of &#8220;distance&#8221; until such a series
+had some time been previously experienced.
+The memory of the &#8220;series&#8221;
+<i>is</i> the idea of the distance.</p>
+<p>Within small areas of the skin, so
+few &#8220;series&#8221; have been experienced
+that no &#8220;distance memories&#8221; have
+been developed. Consequently pin-point
+areas commonly awaken no notion
+of distance. For some regions
+of the body these &#8220;limit areas&#8221; are
+larger than for others; at some places
+are quite large. On the back, spaces
+three inches apart may fail to give any
+idea of number or of distance. Every
+region has such a limit distance.</p>
+<p><i>Now it is this limit distance, the smallest
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_405' name='page_405'></a>405</span>
+distance for which a &#8220;series&#8221; memory
+has been developed for a given region,
+that always shoves itself in, as the apparent
+distance between the several fictitious
+points felt from the single needle in our experiment.
+On the back the one needle feels
+like two set three inches apart; on the forehead
+like two half an inch apart; on the
+tongue one-sixteenth of an inch; and so on.</i></p>
+<p>The upshot, then, of this matter is
+to show that our whole mind&mdash;our notions
+of space, number, time, and all
+else&mdash;is but a bundle of lawful habits,
+formed in relation with the things and
+occurrences around us. Ordinarily we
+have right ideas, because on the whole
+our mind has formed right habits. We
+have the right idea of an inch of skin,
+because the proper idea of an &#8220;inch
+long&#8221; has become habitually joined to
+each inch of skin, or in so far as this
+has been done. When a wrong idea
+gets joined, then we have an illusion;
+that is, the stretch of skin, or, as well,
+the pin-point of skin, seems a fraction
+of an inch in length; or, again,
+like three inches.</p>
+<h3>&#8220;TIME REACTIONS:&#8221; METHODS OF
+MEASURING THE TIME REQUIRED
+FOR PERFORMING VARIOUS MENTAL
+ACTS.</h3>
+<p>A sketch like this would be incomplete
+without a word about time reactions&mdash;a
+subject that historically was
+almost the first in the field, and has occupied
+more workers than any
+other. A generation ago
+&#8220;as quick as thought&#8221; was
+our extreme limit of expression.
+It outran &#8220;quicker
+than lightning.&#8221; The
+great physiologist, Johannes
+M�ller, wrote, in 1844:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>&#8220;We shall probably never secure
+the means of ascertaining the
+speed of nerve activities, because
+we lack the comparative distances
+from which the speed of a movement,
+in this respect analogous to
+light, could be calculated.&#8221;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>We now know that sensory
+processes travel along
+the nerves on an average
+only about one hundred and
+ten feet per second, and
+often less than twenty-six feet. While
+you are performing the commonest
+judgment, electricity or light would
+have shot from continent to continent.
+The time-measurement of different
+mental processes is now one of the chief
+means which the psychologist uses for
+getting at mental laws. When certain
+measures are once determined, he uses
+these as the chemist does his familiar
+reagents, to dissolve the unfamiliar and
+more complicated combinations.</p>
+<p>The following table shows in decimals
+of a second about the average
+length of time which our commonest
+judgments occupy:</p>
+<h4>SECONDS</h4>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Mental Processing Time">
+<tr><td align="left">To recognize the direction of a ray of light</td><td align="left">.011</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">To recognize a color when one of two, as red and blue, and expected to be seen</td><td align="left">.012</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">To recognize the direction of ordinary sounds</td><td align="left">.015</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">To localize mentally, when blindfolded, any place on our body, touched by another person</td><td align="left">.021</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mentally to judge a distance when seen</td><td align="left">.022</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">To recognize the direction of loud sounds</td><td align="left">.062</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">To recognize capital letters</td><td align="left">.180</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">To recognize short English words</td><td align="left">.214</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">To recognize pictures of objects</td><td align="left">.163</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">To add single figures</td><td align="left">.170</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Given a month, to name its season</td><td align="left">.164 to .354</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">To answer such questions as &#8220;Who wrote Hamlet?&#8221;</td><td align="left">.900 and over.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_406' name='page_406'></a>406</span></div>
+<p>Such then, are a few out of the many
+problems which have been experimented
+upon in the Harvard Laboratory
+during the last year&mdash;problems
+in perception, association, attention,
+&#8220;reaction times,&#8221; psycho-physic law,
+kinesthetics, esthetics, memory, will,
+and so on, covering nearly the whole
+range of mental phenomena. I have
+selected these few for presentation
+here, not for their importance over
+others, but because they could be simply
+described in these pages. The
+general aim of all the work is, however,
+very simple. As in the other
+sciences, it seeks to establish fact
+after fact, in orderly manner, along
+the whole line of mental nature; and
+by unifying these to work ever to a
+larger knowledge of the whole.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:424px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_38' id='linki_38'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus412.png' alt='' title='' width='424' height='342' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+WAX SPECIMENS IN THE MUSEUM.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<h3>FACILITIES FOR TEACHING.</h3>
+<p>But the university laboratory is for
+teaching as well as for discovering.
+It is equipped for the undergraduate,
+as well as for the advanced investigator.
+The elementary or demonstrational
+courses are designed to impress
+upon the student the facts, the
+methods, and the spirit of his science.
+There is now furnished for these, at
+Harvard, nearly every kind of apparatus
+commonly used in physical and
+physiological laboratories, for the
+study of neurology, optics, acoustics,
+kinesthetics, esthetics, anthropology,
+and so on. The electrical department
+is a miniature laboratory in itself. And
+the various models in wax, wire, and
+plaster&mdash;of eyes, ears, brains, fishes,
+reptiles, monkeys, children, adults,
+idiots, insane people, and people of
+genius&mdash;is a veritable museum.<a name='FNanchor_0003' id='FNanchor_0003'></a><a href='#Footnote_0003' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0003' id='Footnote_0003'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0003'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a>
+<p>How interesting these things are to a thoughtful
+man may be told to the readers of <span class='smcap'>McClure&#8217;s Magazine</span>
+in an anecdote which they have a peculiar right to hear.
+Its founder, a few months ago, stood before a shelf full
+of the very pedagogic images which his illustrations
+now present to you. I pointed out a series of dainty
+models, showing, comparatively, the various evolutionary
+stages of brain development in the animal
+kingdom. His eyes fastened on them and&mdash;there they
+stayed.</p>
+<p>The same part of each brain was tinted in the same
+color. I showed him the olfactory lobes; in man, two
+little insignificant yellow streaks; in the shark, two big
+bulbs larger than all the rest of the brain together. I
+thus made visible to him how small a sphere &#8220;smell&#8221;
+plays in our mental life, while pretty nearly the whole
+life of the shark must be a world of smells. I showed
+him the optic lobes in the brain of a blind mole, and
+then in that of a carrier pigeon, which sees its way over
+dizzy leagues to familiar places. I showed him the
+cerebellum of the rabbit that hops, the fish that swims,
+and the alligator that crawls. I say, he stood still,
+almost. I could get him to look at nothing else. He
+seemed to see, projecting down future volumes of <span class='smcap'>McClure&#8217;s
+Magazine</span>, pages after pages of comparative
+mental menageries&mdash;pink infundibula swimming in blue
+Gulf Streams; green cerebra flying through gorgeous
+sunsets; oceans of terrific shark-smells diagrammatically
+printed in blood red; and Kipling poems of adventure
+sent to press in surprising variegations of color,
+the more scientifically to express their psychological
+emotions. He stood till he murmured, &#8220;We must have
+an article on this,&#8221; and rushed to the train or to the
+telegraph office, and secured, I suspect, from Professor
+Drummond, his now famous article, &#8220;Where Man Got
+His Ears.&#8221;&mdash;H. N.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:309px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_39' id='linki_39'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus415.png' alt='' title='' width='309' height='362' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+GUSTAVE THEODORE FECHNER.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;laboratory workshop is provided with the common implements
+and facilities required for working in
+wood, glass, and metal. Both for original
+research and for demonstration,
+this laboratory is the most unique,
+the richest, and the most complete in
+any country; and in witness of the
+fame and genius of its present director,
+and of the rapidly spreading
+interest in experimental psychology,
+particularly in America, there are already
+gathered here, under Professor
+M�nsterberg&#8217;s administration, a larger
+number of students specially devoted
+to mental science than ever previously
+studied together in any one
+place.</p>
+<h3>THE FUTURE AND INFLUENCE OF THE
+NEW SCIENCE.</h3>
+<p>So much for the place and what is
+done there. Now, what is expected to
+come from this new psychology? &#8220;Do
+you fellows expect to invent patent
+ways of thinking?&#8221; was once asked
+me. Who can tell? Who, before Galileo,
+would have prophesied that man
+should weigh the stars or know their
+chemistry? Yet there is much ground
+for comparison between the position
+of physical science then and that of
+mental science now. The popular
+opinion of to-day is perhaps even less
+awake to the fact that the world of
+mental phenomena is a world of laws,
+susceptible to scientific experimentation,
+than was the day of Galileo to
+the similar conception regarding physical
+phenomena. Have the physical
+sciences changed aught for man since
+the sixteenth century? Then we must
+not forget how slow was the growth,
+and how long it took to arrive at the
+laws of gravity and of conservation,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_407' name='page_407'></a>407</span>
+not to mention those of evolution.
+Experimental psychology, as a systematic
+science, is almost younger than
+its youngest students. The mental laws
+are as fixed and as determinable as the
+laws of physics. Who then shall say
+what man shall come to know of mental
+composition, of the great mental
+universe, and of ourselves, its wandering
+planets, since minds <i>may</i> be known
+as well as stars!</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:262px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_40' id='linki_40'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus416.jpg' alt='' title='' width='262' height='343' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PROFESSOR WILHELM WUNDT, OF LEIPSIC, FOUNDER OF FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY (1878).<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>But&nbsp;psychology will not have to wait
+till its greater laws shall be wholly established
+before she becomes of practical
+influence in common affairs. He
+who reads most thoughtfully to-day
+will most appreciate this truth. He
+who reads at all,
+reads of &#8220;individualism&#8221;
+as opposed
+to &#8220;socialism.&#8221;
+The Pope of Rome
+has declared that
+the &#8220;preoccupying&#8221;
+problem for
+active Christianity
+must now be the industrial
+problem.
+Every important
+treatise on the subject,
+appearing at
+present, admits that
+the crucial question
+of the industrial
+problem is an
+ethical problem,
+and every ethical
+treatise, that every
+ethical problem is a
+psychological problem. Two years ago
+the Roman Catholic Church established
+a psychological laboratory in its leading
+American college.</p>
+<p>The Presbyterians the coming year
+will follow with a laboratory at Princeton.
+Psychology is no longer feared by
+religion, but is accepted, though in
+places yet too timidly, as a source of its
+further and unending revelation.</p>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:242px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_41' id='linki_41'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus417.jpg' alt='' title='' width='242' height='393' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PRESIDENT G. STANLEY HALL, FOUNDER OF FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY IN AMERICA.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>But&nbsp;psychology is coming close to
+affairs of church and state in more
+than one way. One of the greatest
+crimes of modern society is its conception
+of criminal jurisprudence. Between
+the f&oelig;tal period and adult life
+man passes through, in abridged series,
+all the degrees of evolution that have
+led up through the lower animal stages
+to his own. In early infancy, and even
+in childhood, he is not yet wholly man;
+not yet safely over the brute period of
+his lineal development. If the domestic
+calf and chicken spend their first
+days wild in the woods, this pre-domestic
+environment will seize upon
+and develop their pre-domestic traits;
+and these once set, no amount of
+domestic training will, thereafter, make
+calf or chicken anything else than a
+wild, untamable creature. The early
+instinctive periods of man&#8217;s progeny
+are more prolonged, more delicate, and
+more susceptible than those of lower
+animals, yet are of the same nature. If
+left to evil environment
+in early years
+the latent brute
+within him will
+surely lay hold of
+its own, and ripen
+the yet innocent
+child to a creature
+bearing the same relation
+to the moral
+and civilized man
+that the wild wolf
+does to the house-dog.</p>
+<p>On the other
+hand, the wolf
+whose first lair is
+the hunter&#8217;s hearth,
+grows to share it
+lovingly with the
+hunter&#8217;s children.
+The government
+that ignores the hordes of children
+which crowd to-day the criminal quarters
+of its great cities, and abandons
+them to ripen their pre-civilized propensities
+under such evil influences, becomes
+itself the foster-father of its own
+crimes; nurses its own children to fill
+its poorhouses, and raises its own
+youths to fill its prisons. Psychology,
+if on mere ground of financial economy
+alone, will yet force criminal
+jurisprudence to begin its work before,
+rather than after, this early period of
+&#8220;unalterable penalty.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:307px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_42' id='linki_42'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus418.jpg' alt='' title='' width='307' height='384' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PROFESSOR WILLIAM JAMES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;benefits of a psychological training
+to the medical man are now so
+obvious as to make a knowledge of
+psychology imperative for every first-class
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_408' name='page_408'></a>408</span>
+physician. The nervous activities
+are the regulating activities of
+every part of the body; and the brain
+embodies an ever-meddling three-fourths
+of the body&#8217;s whole neural
+energy. The mind is a play-house
+wherein the skilful physician now looks
+to observe the condition of the general
+system, and with growing precision
+even to read the working of such
+specific organs as the heart, the stomach,
+the bladder, and the liver.</p>
+<p>The relation of our science to
+modern education has long passed
+from novelty to a recognized principle.
+A chair of psychology and a chair of
+pedagogy, side by side and hand in
+hand, is now the requisite of every institution
+of advanced learning. &#8220;To
+get up more &#8216;fads&#8217;? More patent
+methods?&#8221; It is only the ignorant
+now who ask these questions. Galton
+has shown that some men do their
+thinking in visual pictures&mdash;in memories
+of what they see; others, in
+memories of what they hear; others,
+in the memories of their own speaking.
+There is reason to suspect that the
+lightning-calculator&#8217;s speed is largely
+due to peculiar &#8220;image processes&#8221; used
+in his thinking, and that these could be
+taught if science could but catch his
+unconscious secrets. This in time will
+be done, and is but an instance of innumerable
+things that are sure to be accomplished.
+In the face of all present
+pedagogical fads and blunders we may
+yet say with confidence, of the mind,
+the instincts, the emotions, the conduct
+of man, individual and social, all is
+lawful; and the laws may be discovered.
+They are difficult&mdash;more difficult
+than all the physical laws achieved
+from Ptolemy to Darwin. But they
+can be scientifically determined and
+mastered, and modern methods, swift
+with gathering impetus, shall make of
+this no lingering matter.</p>
+<h3>HISTORY OF MENTAL LABORATORIES.</h3>
+<div class='figright' style='width:277px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_43' id='linki_43'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus419.jpg' alt='' title='' width='277' height='383' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PROFESSOR HUGO M�NSTERBERG, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;psychological laboratory sprang
+first from no single mind; not wholly
+from science nor yet from philosophy,
+but from an age. In 1860 Gustave
+Theodore Fechner, the godfather of
+experimental psychology, published
+his famous Law. Fechner was as much
+a mystic as a scientist. His Law was,
+perhaps, the first great impetus to active
+psycho-physical experimentation.
+The prospects now are, however, that
+this Law will stand, a halfway truth,
+beside Newton&#8217;s erroneous theory of
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_409' name='page_409'></a>409</span>
+light, rather than, as was at first claimed
+for it, beside the Law of Gravity, a
+great primary law of nature.</p>
+<p>The spirit of Fechner, of evolution,
+and of our times joined to fall upon
+Wilhelm Wundt, who founded at Leipsic,
+in 1878, the first laboratory in the
+world for regular scientific mental
+experimentation. Professor Wundt is
+the greatest psychologist now living
+in Europe, and a majority of the noted
+psychological experts, both of Germany
+and of America, have been his
+pupils.</p>
+<p>One of these pupils, G. Stanley Hall,
+now President of Clark University,
+opened the first American laboratory
+at Johns Hopkins in 1883, and the
+larger laboratory at Worcester in 1889.
+To him must be credited the founding
+of experimental psychology in
+this country, and an eminent share of
+its present successful growth.</p>
+<p>A foremost figure in modern psychology
+is Professor William James, of
+Harvard, whose great text-book, the
+product of twelve years of labor, appeared
+in 1890. In 1891 he opened
+the present Harvard Laboratory, or,
+at least, expanded a previously slow
+growth to important dimensions.</p>
+<p>In 1892 Harvard established a new
+chair of Experimental Psychology, and
+elected to the same, and to direct its
+new laboratory, Professor Hugo M�nsterberg,
+previously Professor of Philosophy
+at Freyburg, Germany. Professor
+M�nsterberg was at one time
+a pupil of Wundt, but is much more a
+man of original inspiration; and in his
+genius the hopes and destiny of experimental
+psychology at Harvard are
+now centred.</p>
+<p>Some twenty laboratories are now
+actively at work in America, and about
+half that number in Europe. The
+twentieth century will be to mental
+what the sixteenth century was to
+physical science, and the central field
+of its development is likely to be
+America.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Harvard University</span>, <i>July, 1893</i>.</p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_410' name='page_410'></a>410</span>
+<a name='THE_SPIRE_OF_ST_STEPHENS_BY_EMMA_W_DEMERITT' id='THE_SPIRE_OF_ST_STEPHENS_BY_EMMA_W_DEMERITT'></a>
+<h2>THE SPIRE OF ST. STEPHEN&#8217;S.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>By Emma W. Demeritt.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;It needs but a steady
+head and a clear
+conscience and the
+thing is done.&#8221;
+Those were old
+Jacob&#8217;s words.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The clear conscience
+is not lacking,
+thank God! but all these weeks
+of watching by a sick bed, and the
+scanty meals, have made the head anything
+but steady. If it were but three
+months ago, my courage would not
+fail me, but now&mdash;&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+<p>The boy broke off abruptly, and,
+stepping back several feet, stood looking
+up at the stately spire that towered
+above him. Fair and shapely it rose,
+with gradually receding buttress and
+arch, until it terminated at a point over
+four hundred feet from the pavement.</p>
+<p>All day long little groups of men
+had straggled across the Platz and
+gathered in front of the great cathedral,
+elbowing one another, and stretching
+upon tiptoe to read the notice
+nailed to the massive door. Many
+were the jests passed around.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Does the old sexton think men are
+flies, to creep along yonder dizzy
+height?&#8221; asked one.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The prize is indeed worth winning,&#8221;
+said another, &#8220;but&#8221;&mdash;he turned away
+with an expressive shrug of the
+shoulder&mdash;&#8220;life is sweet.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;When I try to reach heaven &#8217;twill
+be by some less steep and dangerous
+way,&#8221; laughed a third, with an upward
+glance at the spire.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It makes a strong man feel a bit
+queer to go up inside as far as the
+great bell and look up at the network
+of crossing ladders; but to stand <i>outside</i>
+and wave a flag!&mdash;why, the mere
+thought of it is enough to make one&#8217;s
+head swim,&#8221; said the first speaker.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Jacob Wirtig is the only man in all
+Vienna who has the nerve for such a
+part.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;But he served a good apprenticeship!
+He learned the knack of keeping
+a steady head during his early
+days of chamois-hunting in the Tyrol.
+But why does he seek to draw others
+into danger? For so much gold many
+a man would risk his life.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I can understand it, Caspar.
+Twice before, on some grand occasion,
+has old Jacob stood on the spire and
+waved a flag as the emperor passed in
+the streets below. And now, after all
+the fighting and the victory, when
+there is to be a triumphal entry into
+the city and a grand review, and such
+rejoicing as was never known before,
+he feels in honor bound to supply the
+customary salute from the cathedral.
+And since this miserable fever, which
+has stricken down so many in the city,
+has left him too weak to attempt it, he
+is trying, as you see by this notice, to
+get some one to take his place. He
+offers all the money which the emperor
+never fails to send as a reward,
+to say nothing of the glory. I&#8217;ll
+wager a florin that he&#8217;ll offer in vain!
+But come, let us be going. There&#8217;s
+too much work to be done, to be
+loitering here.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Twice before on that day, once in
+the early morning, and again at noon,
+had the boy stood as if spellbound,
+with his eyes riveted on the beautiful
+spire. And now the setting of the sun
+had found him a third time at his post.
+The Platz was deserted, but the streets
+beyond were thronged with people
+hurrying to their homes. Was it fear,
+or the chill of the night air, that sent
+a shiver over the slender figure of the
+boy as he stood, letting his eyes slowly
+wander from the top of the spire to the
+base of the tower beneath, as if measuring
+the frightful distance? But as he
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_411' name='page_411'></a>411</span>
+turned away with a little gesture of
+despair, there rose before him the
+vision of a wan and weary face, as
+white as the pillow against which it
+rested, and he heard the physician&#8217;s
+voice as he gently replaced the wasted
+hand on the coverlet: &#8220;The fever
+has gone, my boy, and all that your
+mother needs now to make her well
+and strong is good care and plenty of
+nourishing food.&#8221; The money offered
+by old Jacob would do all that, and
+much more. It would mean comfort
+for two or three years for both mother
+and son, with their simple way of living.</p>
+<p>When the lad again faced the cathedral
+it was with an involuntary straightening
+of the shrinking figure. &#8220;With
+God&#8217;s help I will try,&#8221; he said aloud,
+with a determined ring to his voice,
+&#8220;and I must go at once to let Master
+Wirtig know. Now that I have finally
+decided, it is strange
+how the fear has flown.
+It is the hesitating
+that takes the courage
+out of one. After
+all&#8221;&mdash;he paced back,
+back, back, until he
+was far enough from
+the cathedral to get a
+good view of the noble
+structure&mdash;&#8220;who
+knows? It may look
+more difficult than it
+really is. &#8217;Tis but a
+foothold of a few
+inches, but &#8217;tis enough.
+If it were near the
+ground I should feel
+as safe as if I were
+on the floor of the
+great hall in the Stadt
+Haus. Why, then,
+should I fear up yonder?&#8221;</p>
+<p>The flush in the
+western sky suddenly
+deepened to a vivid
+crimson. The clouds
+above the horizon,
+which a moment before
+had shone like
+waves of gold, became
+a sea of flame. The
+ruddy glow illumined
+the old cathedral, touching rich carving
+and lace-like tracery with a new
+splendor, while far over sculptured
+dome and stately tower rose the lofty
+spire, bathed from finial to base in the
+radiant light.</p>
+<p>The boy made a step forward, and,
+slipping back the little cap from his
+locks, stretched out his clasped hands
+toward the sky. &#8220;O Mary, tender
+mother!&#8221; he cried, &#8220;plead thou for
+me in my time of need to-morrow!
+O Jesu! be near to help and save!&#8221;</p>
+<p>He replaced the cap, and hurried
+across the Platz to the crowded
+thoroughfare beyond. At the end of
+three blocks he turned into a narrow
+street, and stopped in front of a high
+house with steep, tiled roof. The lamp
+in the swinging iron bracket above the
+door gave such a feeble light that he
+was obliged to grope his way through
+the hall to the stairs.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:468px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_44' id='linki_44'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus421.png' alt='' title='' width='468' height='624' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>At&nbsp;the&nbsp;second landing
+he paused for a moment,
+fancying that he heard a
+light footfall behind him,
+but all was still, and he
+hastened on to the next
+floor. Again he stopped,
+thinking that he caught
+the sound of a stealthy,
+cat-like tread on the
+steps below. &#8220;Who&#8217;s
+there?&#8221; he called out
+boldly, but the lingering
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_412' name='page_412'></a>412</span>
+echo of his own voice was the only
+answer.</p>
+<p>&#8220;How foolish I am!&#8221; he exclaimed.
+&#8220;It is but the clatter of my shoes on
+the stone stairs.&#8221; Up another flight
+and down the long, narrow entry he
+went, and still he could not shake off
+the feeling that he was being followed.</p>
+<p>At that moment a door opened and
+a woman peered out, holding a candle
+high above her head. &#8220;Is that you,
+Franz?&#8221; she said. &#8220;My brother has
+been expecting you this half hour.&#8221;
+By the flickering light of the candle
+Franz could see that there was no one
+in the entry. He turned, impelled by
+a strong desire to search the tall cupboard
+near the stairs and see if any one
+had concealed himself within, but the
+dread of being laughed at kept him
+back, and he followed the woman into
+a room where a gray-haired man sat,
+leaning wearily against the back of his
+chair.</p>
+<p>&#8220;You may go now, Katrina,&#8221; said
+the man, motioning to an adjoining
+room; and when the door closed he
+turned to Franz, trembling with eagerness.
+&#8220;Well, have you decided?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I will try, Master Wirtig.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The old sexton wrung his thin hands
+nervously. &#8220;But if you should fail?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;In God is my trust,&#8221; answered the
+boy, calmly. &#8220;But one &#8216;if&#8217; is as good
+as another. Why not say, if you succeed?
+It sounds more cheery.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;God grant it!&#8221; answered the man,
+sinking back in his chair. &#8220;I had
+thought that it would be some hardy
+young sprig who should accept my
+offer&mdash;some sailor or stone-mason,
+whose calling had taught him to carry
+a steady head. I never dreamed that
+it would be a mere lad like thyself, and
+worn out, too, with the care of thy sick
+mother! Even now I feel I do thee
+a grievous wrong to listen to thy entreaties.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Think not of <i>me</i>, Master Wirtig;
+think rather of my mother. Shall we
+let her die, when a few moments on
+yonder spire would furnish the means
+to make her well? The kind physician
+who would have helped me was smitten
+with the fever yesterday, and there is
+no one to whom I can go.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:319px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_45' id='linki_45'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus423.png' alt='' title='' width='319' height='386' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Had&nbsp;I&nbsp;been as prudent as I ought,
+I could have aided thee. But this lingering
+illness has used up what I had
+put aside. Here is a little for thy present
+need&mdash;some broth for thy mother,
+and a bite for thyself, for thy cheeks
+look as pinched as if thou hadst not
+eaten a good meal for a fortnight.&#8221;
+He pulled out a covered basket from
+under the table, and continued: &#8220;I
+shall arrange with Nicholas&mdash;for he has
+worked with me so long that he is as
+familiar with the ladders as myself&mdash;to
+go with thee up to the little sliding
+window, and pass out the flag. Thou
+must let thyself down <i>outside</i> the window
+until thy toes touch the ledge
+below. Then thou must creep cautiously
+around to the opposite side of
+the spire, and wave the flag. Look always
+straight before thee or up at the
+sky. <i>Thy safety lies in not glancing below.</i>
+I believe in my heart thou wilt succeed.
+How I wish that this graceless Nicholas,
+this unruly nephew of mine, were
+such an one as thou! Then should I
+have some comfort. But with his evil
+companions and bad ways, he brings
+me naught but sorrow. Listen, Franz;
+if all goes well, thou shalt have his
+place in helping me with the care of
+the cathedral. There is no longer any
+dependence to be placed on him.&#8221;</p>
+<p>In his excitement old Jacob&#8217;s voice
+rang through the room. &#8220;What is it?&#8221;
+he asked, as he saw Franz start and
+look toward the door.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_413' name='page_413'></a>413</span></div>
+<p>&#8220;I thought I heard a
+rattling of the latch&mdash;as
+if some one were outside.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It&#8217;s nothing but the
+wind drawing through the
+entry.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Franz took up his basket
+and bade the old sexton
+good-night. After he
+had passed into the street
+a figure crept out from
+the cupboard, and stole
+softly down stairs. The
+light by the door showed
+a boy about seventeen
+years old, with an evil
+scowl on his face. &#8220;And
+so thou art to take my
+place, Franz Halle,&#8221; he
+sneered. &#8220;That is nothing
+new. Twice this year
+has our master, the goldsmith,
+preferred thy work
+to mine, and has set thee
+over me. Truly, I wish
+thou mayst fall to-morrow
+and break thy neck.&#8221;</p>
+<p>When Franz reached
+home the kind neighbor
+who was watching by his
+mother&#8217;s bed motioned for
+him to be quiet. &#8220;The sick one is sleeping
+well,&#8221; she said. &#8220;If I had but some
+good broth to give her when she wakes.&#8221;
+Franz pointed to the basket, and the
+delighted woman began the preparations
+for the evening meal. When the
+invalid awoke they gave her a few
+spoonfuls of the broth, and had the
+satisfaction of seeing a faint color
+come into the white cheeks as she
+sank into a peaceful slumber.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Do thou go to bed, Franz! I will
+stay with thy mother to-night, and to-morrow
+too, for that matter, so that
+thou canst have the whole day to thyself.
+Thou needest it after all thy
+care and watching. I like not these
+parades and these marches of triumph.
+They remind me too much of my boy,
+whose young life helped to purchase
+the victory,&#8221; and the good frau wiped
+away a tear.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:203px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_46' id='linki_46'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus424.png' alt='' title='' width='203' height='560' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;morning dawned with a bright
+blue sky and a crisp breeze, which
+shook out the folds of the triumphal
+banners floating from every tower and
+turret. The city was one
+blaze of color. The gorgeous
+festoons on column
+and arch and fa�ade were
+matched by the rich tints
+of the splendid costumes
+in the streets below. On
+every side the black
+eagles of Austria stood
+out distinctly from their
+gleaming orange background.
+The procession
+was due at the cathedral
+by the middle of the afternoon,
+but owing to some
+delay it was nearly sunset
+when the salute from the
+&#8220;Fort&#8221; told of the approach
+of the troops. To
+Franz, the hours had
+dragged wearily on, and
+he sprang up joyfully
+when Nicholas finally appeared
+in the little room
+in the tower, with the
+furled flag under his arm.
+&#8220;Come,&#8221; he said gruffly,
+&#8220;you have just time to
+climb up and take your
+stand on the spire.&#8221; Up
+the boys went, as far as
+the great bell, Franz close behind Nicholas.
+Thus far the ascent had been
+easy, but from this point the steps
+dwindled to long, frail ladders terminating
+in small platforms, and steadied by
+iron bars.</p>
+<p>Still they toiled upward, more slowly
+and cautiously now, for the danger increased
+with every turn. At last they
+halted, side by side, on the little platform
+under the sliding window. To
+Nicholas&#8217;s surprise Franz stood there,
+surveying it all without flinching. The
+younger boy turned to his burly companion:
+&#8220;Somehow, we&#8217;ve never been
+very good friends. I don&#8217;t think the
+fault was all on my side, because you
+wouldn&#8217;t let me be your friend. And
+we have had a good many quarrels.
+Won&#8217;t you shake hands with me now
+and wish me good luck? If&mdash;if&#8221;&mdash;and
+there was just the suspicion of a
+tremor in the winning voice&mdash;&#8220;I should
+never see you again, I should like to feel
+that we were friends at the last. You&#8217;re
+very good to come up here with me.&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_414' name='page_414'></a>414</span></div>
+<p>To his dying day Nicholas never
+forgot the slight, almost girlish, figure,
+standing there, with the wistful little
+smile, and the pleading tenderness
+shining in the blue eyes. He touched
+the slender outstretched hand with
+his own, but dropped it suddenly, as
+if he had received an electric shock.
+He tried to say &#8220;Good luck,&#8221; but his
+tongue seemed glued to the roof of his
+mouth.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Look you, Franz,&#8221; he murmured
+hoarsely, &#8220;when you
+are safe outside I&#8217;ll
+hand out the flag.
+I&#8217;ll wait till you
+reach the opposite
+side of the spire and
+call out, &#8216;All&#8217;s well,&#8217;
+and then I&#8217;ll go
+down and leave you
+to make your way
+back. And glad I
+shall be to leave this
+miserable trap in
+mid air.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Franz&#8217;s face was
+deathly pale, but his
+eyes shone like two
+stars. He climbed
+up nimbly through
+the opening, let himself
+carefully down
+to the stone ledge
+outside, and reached
+up for the flag. A few
+moments passed,
+which seemed like
+ages to the waiting
+Nicholas. Then a
+cheery &#8220;All&#8217;s well&#8221;
+rang out, without a
+quiver in the steady
+voice. The older
+boy&#8217;s face grew
+black with rage.
+&#8220;What nerve the pale, sickly little thing
+has!&#8221; he muttered between his set teeth.
+&#8220;I believe he&#8217;ll do it after all! And
+so this baby gets not only the prizes at
+the goldsmith&#8217;s, but the money and
+the glory of this thing, to say nothing of
+his taking my place in the cathedral.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:484px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_47' id='linki_47'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus425.jpg' alt='' title='' width='484' height='607' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>He&nbsp;raised his hand to the window,
+and stood in front of it for a moment.
+Then he began the descent as if some
+demon were after him. The frail ladders
+vibrated and swayed with the
+dangerous strain, but down he went,
+with reckless haste, until he reached
+the second platform, when he raised
+his hands with an agonized gesture to
+his ears as if he was trying to shut out
+the voice of conscience, that kept calling
+to him, &#8220;Back! back! before it is
+too late! Stain not thy young soul
+with such a crime!&#8221;</p>
+<p>Still he hurried down with flying
+step to the landing near the great bell,
+where he paused, and stood leaning
+breathless against one of the cross-beams
+of the tower. Into the fierce,
+turbulent passions of the troubled face
+stole a softened expression, lighting
+up the swarthy lineaments like a gleam
+of sunshine. &#8220;I will go back and
+undo the horrid deed,&#8221; he cried, as if
+in answer to the good angel pleading
+within his breast. &#8220;I am coming,
+Franz! God forgive me!&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_415' name='page_415'></a>415</span></div>
+<p>He had turned to make the ascent,
+and his hand was stretched out to
+grasp the side of the ladder, when his
+toe caught in a coil of rope on the
+platform, and, missing his hold, he
+plunged down, down, into the space
+beneath.</p>
+<p>In the meantime Franz had made
+his way safely around the spire, and
+stood quietly, with the end of the flagstaff
+on the ledge beneath, waiting for
+the signal. It came in a few moments;
+the thunder of the great gun on the
+Platz, and, bracing his feet firmly, he
+unfurled the flag and slowly waved it
+back and forth. From the answering
+roar of artillery, and the cheer upon
+cheer that floated up through the air,
+he knew that his salute had been seen.</p>
+<p>With a light heart he began to retrace
+his steps, edging himself cautiously,
+inch by inch, to the window. To his
+surprise, the sliding wooden panel was
+closed! With one hand he grasped the
+iron ring fastened to the wall beneath
+the window, and with the other pushed,
+first gently, and then with all his might,
+but the panel remained fast. He tried
+to batter it with the flagstaff, but soon
+found that, in his cramped position, it
+only increased his danger. Again and
+again he endeavored to force it open,
+breaking his nails and bruising his
+finger-tips in his frenzy, but to no purpose.
+Suddenly the conviction dawned
+upon him that the window was bolted
+from the inside. With a despairing sob
+he tottered backward, but his grasp on
+the ring held, and with a supreme effort
+he pulled himself up close to the wall,
+and tried to collect his scattered wits.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It is no use to shout,&#8221; he said
+aloud. &#8220;It is more than folly to attempt
+to make myself heard from this
+height, I might as well save my strength.
+All that remains for me to do is to
+wait patiently. Some one will be sure
+to miss me and come to my relief. In
+God is my trust!&#8221; and his courage rose
+with the words.</p>
+<p>The troops disbanded, and the people
+hurried off to the brilliantly lighted caf�s
+and theatres, all unconscious of the
+pale, silent boy clinging with desperate
+grip to the spire, with but a narrow
+shelf of stone between him and a horrible
+death.</p>
+<p>The sunset faded into the twilight,
+and with a sudden wave darkness
+drifted over the earth. The noise in
+the streets grew fainter and fainter.
+The minutes lengthened into hours, and
+still the boy stood there, as the night
+wore on, occasionally shifting his position
+to ease his cramped and aching
+limbs. The night wind pierced his
+thin clothing, and his hands were benumbed
+with the cold. One by one
+the bright constellations rose and glittered
+and dipped in the sky, and the
+boy still managed to keep his foothold,
+as rigid as the stone statues on the
+dome below.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Two, three, four,&#8221; pealed the bells
+in their hoarse, deep tones, and when
+the first glimmer of dawn tinged the
+eastern horizon with pale yellow, the
+haggard face lighted with expectancy,
+and from the ashen lips, which had been
+moving all night in prayer, came the
+words, &#8220;In God is my trust.&#8221;</p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p>&#8220;What is the meaning of yonder
+crowd?&#8221; asked one of two artisans,
+who had met while hurrying across the
+Platz to their work.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:316px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_48' id='linki_48'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus427.png' alt='' title='' width='316' height='434' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;What! have you not heard? All
+Vienna is ringing with the news! It
+was young Franz, the goldsmith&#8217;s apprentice,
+who climbed out on the spire
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_416' name='page_416'></a>416</span>
+yesterday and waved the flag. In some
+way, the little window near the top
+was fastened on the inside, and the
+poor boy was forced to stay out all
+night clinging to the spire. It is only
+a short time ago that he was discovered
+and brought fainting down the ladders.
+After working over him a little while
+he seemed all right, and was carried
+to his home. And there&#8217;s another
+strange thing. Nicholas, old Jacob
+Wirtig&#8217;s nephew, was picked up, mangled
+and bleeding, at the foot of the
+tower stairs this morning. He has just
+been taken to the hospital.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The next day Franz received a summons
+from the emperor. As he followed
+the officer who had been sent
+to conduct him to the palace, to his
+surprise the marble steps and the corridor
+beyond were lined on either sides
+with the soldiers of the Imperial Guard,
+and as the slender, boyish figure, with
+its crown of golden hair, passed between
+the files, each mailed and bearded
+warrior reverently saluted.</p>
+<p>On he went, through another chamber,
+and into a spacious hall with marble
+floors and hangings of rich tapestry.
+On both sides were rows of courtiers
+and officers, the rich costumes and
+nodding plumes and splendid uniforms,
+with their jewelled orders, contrasting
+strangely with the lad&#8217;s plain, homespun
+garments. &#8220;It is the emperor,&#8221;
+whispered the guide as they drew near
+a canopied throne, and Franz dropped
+on one knee.</p>
+<p>He felt the hand which was placed
+on his bowed head tremble, and a kind
+voice said, &#8220;Rise, my boy! kneel not
+to me! It is I, thy emperor, who
+should rather kneel to do thee homage
+for thy filial piety. My brave lad, I
+know thy story well! Ask of me a
+place near my person, aid for thy sick
+mother, what thou wilt, and it is
+granted thee! And remember that as
+long as the Emperor of Austria shall
+live he will feel himself honored in
+being known as thy friend!&#8221;</p>
+<p>In a short time another summons
+came, this time from the hospital. At
+the end of a long row of beds lay
+Nicholas, with his arm bandaged and
+strips of plaster covering the gashes on
+his forehead.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, Franz!&#8221; he groaned, &#8220;if God
+has forgiven me, why cannot you?
+And you will believe that I speak the
+truth when I tell you that I was sorry
+for what I had done, and I had turned
+to go back and unbolt the door when
+I tripped and fell.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Franz bent over him with a bright
+smile. &#8220;I forgive you everything,
+Nicholas,&#8221; he said, sweetly, &#8220;so please
+let us say no more about it. It wasn&#8217;t
+a bad exchange. I lost an enemy but
+I gained a friend,&#8221; and the hands of
+the two boys met in a firm, loving
+grasp.</p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_417' name='page_417'></a>417</span>
+<a name='MOUNTAINEERING_ADVENTURE_THE_DANGERS_OF_AVALANCHE_' id='MOUNTAINEERING_ADVENTURE_THE_DANGERS_OF_AVALANCHE_'></a>
+<h2>MOUNTAINEERING ADVENTURE.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>THE DANGERS OF AVALANCHE, GLACIER, CREVASSE, AND PRECIPICE.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>By Francis Gribble.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>This is the season
+when the mountaineer
+once more takes
+down his Norfolk
+jacket, his nailed
+boots, and his ice-axe,
+and prepares
+to face the perils
+that may lurk for him above the snowline.</p>
+<p>Strictly speaking&mdash;from the point of
+view of the expert who knows and does
+everything that an expert ought to
+know and do&mdash;mountaineering has two
+dangers only. There is the danger of
+bad weather, and there is the danger
+of the falling stone. But every climber
+is not an expert, and even of experts it
+may be said that <i>nemo horis omnibus
+sapit</i>. So that there are all sorts of
+dangers to be reckoned with, and foremost
+among them is the avalanche.</p>
+<p>Everybody knows&mdash;vaguely, if not
+precisely&mdash;what an avalanche is.
+Masses of snow accumulate in winter
+on the mountain slopes. In spring the
+warmth loosens their coherence, and
+they fall into the valleys, sweeping
+away or burying everything in their
+track. It is bad for the mountaineer,
+if he happens to be in the way of one.</p>
+<p>Says the editor of the volume devoted
+to mountaineering, in the Badminton
+Library: &#8220;The simple rule
+with regard to all forms of avalanche
+is to avoid their track, and all that is
+necessary in the majority of instances
+is to recognize the marks on the snow
+surfaces that denote their cause, and
+to steer clear of them.&#8221;</p>
+<h3>THE NARROW ESCAPE OF MR. TUCKETT.</h3>
+<p>Undoubtedly an admirable rule, if
+only it could be always carried out.
+But mistakes, unhappily, may be made
+even by experts, as witness this story
+of a thrilling adventure which befell F.
+F. Tuckett, twenty-two years ago.</p>
+<p>The season had been exceptionally
+cold and wet. Snow lay thickly everywhere,
+even on the Faulhorn, the Scheinige
+Platte, and the Wengern Alp.
+But in the early days of July an improvement
+began to show itself, and
+Mr. Tuckett, who for a whole month
+had been able to make no big expedition,
+resolved to make an attempt upon
+the Eiger.</p>
+<p>The members of the party were Mr.
+Tuckett, Mr. Whitwell, J. H. Fox, and
+the guides, Christian and Ulrich Lauener.
+They got off between 3 and 4
+<span class='smcaplc'>A.M.</span>, and presently started to ascend
+the Eiger glacier. The surface of it
+was entirely concealed with snow, but,
+for some reason, they neglected to put
+on the rope. High up in front of them
+were the disordered pillars and buttresses
+of the ice-fall, and above the
+ice-fall rested an enormous weight of
+freshly fallen snow.</p>
+<p>Instead of ascending the centre of
+the glacier, the party, fortunately for
+themselves, were keeping to the left,
+towards the rocks of the Rothstock.
+Of a sudden, a sort of crack was heard
+high up above their heads, and every
+eye was turned upon the hanging ice-cliff
+from which it came. A large mass
+of &#8220;<i>s�rac</i>&#8221; was seen to break away,
+mingled with a still larger contingent
+of snow from the slopes above; and
+the whole mass slid down like a cataract,
+filling the &#8220;<i>couloir</i>&#8221; to its brim,
+and dashing in clouds of frozen spray
+over the rocky ridges in its path, towards
+the travellers.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_49' id='linki_49'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_418' name='page_418'></a>418</span>
+<img src='images/illus430.jpg' alt='' title='' width='502' height='700' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE MAUVAIS PAS, MONT BLANC.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>For a moment they did not realize
+that they were in its track. But then
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_419' name='page_419'></a>419</span>
+the knowledge flashed upon them all,
+and they shouted to each other, &#8220;Run
+for your lives,&#8221; and struggled desperately
+through the deep, soft snow to
+reach the rocks of the Rothstock, yet
+with their faces turned to watch the
+swift oncoming of the foe.</p>
+<p>Let Mr. Tuckett himself describe
+that thrilling race for life.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I remember,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;being
+struck with the idea that it seemed as
+though, sure of its prey, it wished to
+play with us for a while, at one moment
+letting us imagine that we had gained
+upon it, and were getting beyond the
+line of its fire, and the next, with mere
+wantonness of vindictive power, suddenly
+rolling out on its right a vast
+volume of grinding blocks and whirling
+snow, as though to show that it
+could outflank us at any moment if it
+chose.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Nearer and nearer it came, its front
+like a mighty wave about to break.
+Now it has traversed the whole width
+of the glacier above us, taking a somewhat
+diagonal direction; and now&mdash;run,
+oh! run, if ever you did, for here it
+comes straight at us, swift, deadly, and
+implacable! The next instant we saw
+no more; a wild confusion of whirling
+snow and fragments of ice&mdash;a frozen
+cloud&mdash;swept over us, entirely concealing
+us from one another, and still we
+were untouched&mdash;at least I knew that I
+was&mdash;and still we ran. Another half-second
+and the mist had passed, and
+there lay the body of the monster,
+whose head was still careering away at
+lightning speed far below us, motionless,
+rigid, and harmless.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The danger was over, and the party
+examined the avalanche at their leisure.
+It had a length of three thousand
+three hundred feet, an average breadth
+of a thousand feet, and an average
+depth of five feet. This is to say, its
+bulk was six hundred and eleven thousand
+cubic yards, and its weight, on a
+moderate computation, about four hundred
+and fifty thousand tons.</p>
+<p>Accidents of this sort, happily, are
+very rare, and the climber who is
+carried away by the avalanche has, as
+a rule, deliberately faced the risk out
+of bravado, and the desire to go home
+and boast that he had done hard
+things. But there is another sort of
+avalanche which is a much more frequent
+source of danger. It consists of
+a stratum of snow loosely adherent to
+a slope of <i>n�v�</i> or ice. The snow
+breaks away under the weight of the
+party, and carries them down with it,
+sometimes to a place of safety, sometimes
+to a crevasse.</p>
+<h3>AN ADVENTURE OF PROFESSOR TYNDALL.</h3>
+<p>Experience, of course, has laid down
+many rules for determining whether
+snow of this sort is safe, but the best
+men&mdash;guides as well as amateurs&mdash;may
+sometimes be misled. Professor Tyndall,
+for instance, was always a cautious
+as well as a brilliant mountaineer; yet
+there was a day when the professor&#8217;s
+snow craft failed him, and he came very
+near to paying for his blunder with his
+life.</p>
+<p>The place was the Piz Morteratsch,
+in the Engadine, and the time the
+month of July, 1864. Professor Tyndall&#8217;s
+companions were Mr. Hutchinson
+and Lee Warner, and the guides Jenni
+and Walter. Jenni was at that time
+the dictator of Pontresina, and he
+seems to have set out with the deliberate
+intention of showing his <i>Herren</i>
+how great and brave a man he was.</p>
+<p>The ascent was accomplished without
+any incident of note. On the way
+down the party reached a broad <i>couloir</i>,
+or gully, filled with snow, which
+had been melted and refrozen, so as to
+expose a steeply sloping wall of ice.
+The question arose whether it would
+be better to descend this wall of ice,
+or to keep to the steep rocks by the
+side of it. Professor Tyndall preferred
+the rocks; Jenni inclined towards the
+slope, and started to lead the way upon
+it.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:440px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_50' id='linki_50'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus433.png' alt='' title='' width='440' height='700' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE NEEDLE OF THE GIANTS AND MONT BLANC.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>There&nbsp;was a remonstrance from the
+professor:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Jenni,&#8221; he said, &#8220;do you know
+where you are going? The slope is
+pure ice.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I know it,&#8221; the guide replied, &#8220;but
+the ice is quite bare for a few rods
+only. Across this exposed portion I
+will cut steps, and then the snow which
+covers the ice will give us a footing.&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_420' name='page_420'></a>420</span></div>
+<p>So they started, roped together,
+Jenni in front, Mr. Tyndall next, followed
+by Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Lee
+Warner, the one inexperienced member
+of the party, and, last of all, the guide
+Walter, ready to check on the instant
+any false step that Mr. Lee Warner
+might make.</p>
+<p>After a few steps Jenni began to see
+that the slope was less safe than he
+had supposed. He stopped and turned
+round to speak a word of warning to
+the three men above him.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Keep carefully in the steps, gentlemen,&#8221;
+he said; &#8220;a
+false step here might
+start an avalanche.&#8221;</p>
+<p>And, even as he
+spoke, the false step
+was made. There
+was a sound of a fall
+and a rush, and Professor
+Tyndall saw
+his friends and their
+guide, all apparently
+entangled, whirled
+past him. He planted
+himself to resist
+the shock, but it
+was irresistible; he,
+too, was torn from
+his foothold, and
+Jenni followed him,
+and all five found
+themselves riding
+downwards, with uncontrollable
+speed,
+on the back of an
+avalanche, which a
+single slip had
+started.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Turn on your
+face, and grind the
+point of your axe or
+baton through the
+moving snow into
+the ice&#8221;&mdash;that is
+the golden rule for
+cases of the kind,
+the only way in
+which the faller can
+do anything to arrest
+his speed. But
+it seldom avails
+much, and in this
+instance it availed
+nothing.</p>
+<p>&#8220;No time,&#8221; writes Professor Tyndall,
+&#8220;was allowed for the break&#8217;s action;
+for I had held it firmly thus for a few
+seconds only, when I came into collision
+with some obstacle and was rudely
+tossed through the air, Jenni at the
+same time being shot down upon me.
+Both of us here lost our batons. We had
+been carried over a crevasse, had hit its
+lower edge, and, instead of dropping
+into it, were pitched by our great velocity
+beyond it. I was quite bewildered
+for a moment, but immediately
+righted myself, and could see the men
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_421' name='page_421'></a>421</span>
+in front of me, half-buried in the snow,
+and jolted from side to side by the ruts
+among which we were passing.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Presently a second crevasse was
+reached. Jenni knew that it was there,
+and did a brave thing. He deliberately
+threw himself into the chasm, thinking
+that the strain thus put upon the rope
+would stop the motion. But, though he
+was over a hundred and eighty pounds
+in weight, he was violently jerked out
+of the fissure, and almost squeezed to
+death by the pressure of the rope.</p>
+<p>And so they continued to slide on.
+Below them was a long slope, leading
+directly downwards to a brow where
+the glacier fell precipitously; and at
+the base of the declivity the ice was cut
+by a series of profound chasms, where
+they must fall, and where the tail of the
+avalanche would cover them up forever.</p>
+<p>The three foremost men rode upon
+the forehead of the avalanche, and were
+at times almost wholly hidden by the
+snow; but behind, the sliding layer
+was not so thick, and Jenni strove
+with desperate energy to arrest his
+progress.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Halt! Herr Jesus! halt!&#8221; he
+shouted, as again and again he drove
+his heels into the firmer surface underneath.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_51' id='linki_51'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus434.jpg' alt='' title='' width='564' height='344' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE MATTERHORN.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>And now let Professor Tyndall tell
+the rest:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Looking in advance, I noticed that
+the slope, for a short distance, became
+less steep, and then fell as before.
+Now or never we must be brought to
+rest. The speed visibly slackened, and
+I thought we were saved. But the momentum
+had been too great; the avalanche
+crossed the brow and in part
+regained its motion. Here Hutchinson
+threw his arm round his friend, all hope
+being extinguished, while I grasped
+my belt and struggled to free myself.
+Finding this difficult, from the tossing,
+I sullenly resumed the strain upon the
+rope. Destiny had so related the downward
+impetus to Jenni&#8217;s pull as to give
+the latter a slight advantage, and the
+whole question was whether the opposing
+force would have sufficient time to
+act. This was also arranged in our
+favor, for we came to rest so near the
+brow that two or three seconds of our
+average motion of descent must have
+carried us over. Had this occurred, we
+should have fallen into the chasms and
+been covered up by the tail of the avalanche.
+Hutchinson emerged from the
+snow with his forehead bleeding, but
+the wound was superficial; Jenni had
+a bit of flesh removed from his hand by
+collision against a stone; the pressure
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_422' name='page_422'></a>422</span>
+of the rope had left black welts on my
+arms, and we all experienced a tingling
+sensation over the hands, like that produced
+by incipient frost-bite, which continued
+for several days. This was all.
+I found a portion of my watch-chain
+hanging round my neck, another portion
+in my pocket; the watch was gone.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Very similar in many respects was
+the famous accident of the Haut de
+Cry, in which J. J. Bennen perished in
+February, 1864. So sure of foot was
+Bennen that it used to be said of him,
+as it was said of Johann Lauener, who
+died upon the Jungfrau, that nothing
+could bring him to grief but an avalanche.
+And the hour came when the
+snowfield which he was crossing with
+his <i>Herren</i> split suddenly and the
+ground on which they stood began to
+move, and Bennen solemnly called out
+the words, &#8220;Wir sind alle verloren,&#8221;
+and never spoke again.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_52' id='linki_52'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus435.png' alt='' title='' width='541' height='591' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE DENT BLANCHE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The avalanche was deeper than the
+one which swept Professor Tyndall
+down the glacier of the Piz Morteratsch.
+&#8220;Before long,&#8221; writes Mr. Gossett,
+one of the survivors of the accident,
+&#8220;I was covered up with snow and
+in utter darkness. I was suffocating,
+when, with a jerk, I suddenly came to
+the surface again. To prevent myself
+sinking again I made use of my arms
+much in the same way as when swimming
+in a standing position. At last I
+noticed that I was moving slower;
+then I saw the pieces of snow in front
+of me stop at some yards distance;
+then the snow straight before me
+stopped, and I heard on a large scale
+the same creaking sound that is produced
+when a heavy cart passes over
+hard, frozen snow in winter.&#8221;</p>
+<p>But the snow behind pressed on and
+buried Mr. Gossett. So intense was
+the pressure that he could not move,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_423' name='page_423'></a>423</span>
+and he began to fear that it would be
+impossible to extricate himself. Then,
+while trying vainly to move his arms,
+he suddenly became aware that his
+hands, as far as the wrist, had the
+faculty of motion. The cheering conclusion
+was that they must be above
+the snow. So Mr. Gossett struggled on.
+At last he saw a faint glimmer of light.
+The crust above his head was getting
+thinner, and let a little air pass; but
+he could no longer reach it with his
+hands. The idea struck him that he
+might pierce it with his breath. He
+tried, and after several efforts he succeeded.
+Then he shouted for help,
+and one of his guides, who had escaped
+uninjured, came and extricated him.
+The snow had to be cut with the axe
+down to his feet before he could be
+pulled out. Then he found that his
+travelling companion, M. Boissonnet,
+was dead, and that no trace of Bennen
+could be seen. His body, however,
+was afterwards recovered. The story
+is told in a letter from Mr. Gossett to
+Professor Tyndall.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Bennen&#8217;s body,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;was
+found with great difficulty the day
+after Boissonnet was found. The cord
+end had been covered up with snow.
+The Cur� d&#8217;Ardon informed me that
+poor Bennen was found eight feet
+under the snow, in a horizontal position,
+the head facing the valley of
+the Luzerne. His watch had been
+wrenched from the chain, probably
+when the cord broke; the chain, however,
+remained attached to his waist-coat.
+This reminds me of your fall on
+the Morteratsch glacier.&#8221;</p>
+<p>It may be said that the principal
+danger of climbing rock-mountains is
+the danger of falling off them. For the
+art consists largely in traversing the
+faces of precipices by means of narrow
+and imperfect ledges, which afford more
+facilities for falling off than will readily
+be believed by any one who has not
+tried to stand on them. The climbers,
+of course, are always securely roped together
+in such places, and the theory is
+that two of them shall always be so
+firmly anchored that they can instantly
+check any slip that the third may make.
+But that is not always feasible. It is
+not feasible, for instance, at the difficult
+corner on the Dent Blanche, where Mr.
+Gabbett and the two Lochmatters came
+to grief.</p>
+<p>As all three climbers were killed on
+that occasion, no details of the accident
+are known. But the elder Lochmatter
+was known to be an exceptionally heavy
+man, and the presumption is that it was
+he who fell, and dragged the rest of the
+party after him. How he came to fall
+may be understood from the following
+description of the &#8220;Mauvais Pas,&#8221;
+given by a traveller who traversed it a
+little afterwards:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Here,&#8221; he writes, &#8220;we must get
+round past a perpendicular ledge by
+creeping out on an overhanging rock,
+and then turning sharp round, with
+head and arms on one side of the rock,
+while the legs are still on the other;
+then we must at once cling to a hardly
+visible fissure, and draw round the rest
+of the body, gently, cautiously, little
+by little, and hang there by the points
+of our fingers until our toes find their
+way to a second fissure lower down.
+I made this passage,&#8221; he adds, &#8220;like a
+bale of goods at the end of a rope,
+without being conscious of the danger,
+and I really do not know how I escaped
+in safety.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The description gives some idea of
+what stiff rock-climbing is really like;
+and it should be remembered that in
+the Dolomites more awkward places
+even than the Lochmatters&#8217; corner
+have often to be passed, and that when,
+as often happens, the rocks are glazed
+with ice, the danger of climbing them
+is more than doubled.</p>
+<p>It is always assumed that the Dent
+Blanche is inaccessible in such a case.
+Yet the story is told of an inexperienced
+climber who managed to get to the
+summit in spite of the ice.</p>
+<p>He was on his first visit to Switzerland;
+and as soon as he got to Zermatt
+he engaged the best available
+guide.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What are considered the hardest
+mountains here?&#8221; he asked.</p>
+<p>The guide told him: &#8220;The Dent
+Blanche, the Weisshorn, and the Ober
+Gabelhorn.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Very well,&#8221; said the novice; &#8220;we&#8217;ll
+begin with the Dent Blanche.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The guide protested. Did not his
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_424' name='page_424'></a>424</span>
+<i>Herr</i> think it would be better to begin
+with something easier&mdash;with the Rothhorn,
+for instance, or the Strahlhorn,
+or the Unter Gabelhorn?</p>
+<p>&#8220;No,&#8221; was the reply; &#8220;you&#8217;ve got to
+take me up the Dent Blanche. I&#8217;ve
+climbed in Wales, and I&#8217;ll undertake to
+climb any rock you show me.&#8221;</p>
+<p>So the guide yielded, and the two
+started, with a porter, and for a certain
+distance got on very well. But at last
+they came to a point where all the hand-holds
+within reach were frozen up; the
+nearest practicable hand-hold could
+only just be found by stretching out
+the ice-axe. The guide explained the
+situation, and insisted that they must
+turn back. But his employer had been
+roused to such a pitch of excitement
+that he would not hear of it.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_53' id='linki_53'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus438.png' alt='' title='' width='670' height='520' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE RHONE GLACIER.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Look here,&#8221; he said, &#8220;you&#8217;re a
+bachelor; I&#8217;m a married man with a
+family. If I can afford to risk my life
+you can afford to risk yours. You&#8217;ve
+got to go on up this mountain. Otherwise
+I&#8217;ll throw myself over the precipice,
+and as you&#8217;re roped to me you&#8217;ll
+have to come, too.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The man was absolutely mad. There
+was no question that, in his excitement,
+he would do what he threatened if he
+were not obeyed. So the guide sullenly
+struck his ice-axe into the fissure,
+and climbed up it hand over hand, and
+took his lunatic up and down the Dent
+Blanche at a time when its ascent
+ought by all the laws of ice-craft to
+have been impossible.</p>
+<h3>CROSSING GLACIERS.</h3>
+<p>To turn from rock to snow climbing.
+Accidents are constantly happening on
+glaciers; yet the observance of the
+most elementary precautions ought to
+make such accidents absolutely impossible.</p>
+<p>An open glacier, of course, is safe
+enough under any circumstances. The
+one thing needful is to look where you
+are going and not try to make flying
+leaps across crevasses. But even when
+the crevasses are masked by snow all
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_425' name='page_425'></a>425</span>
+danger may still quite easily be obviated.
+The simple rule is that the party
+crossing the glacier should never consist
+of less than three, and that the
+three should be roped together in such
+a way that, if one falls into a crevasse,
+the other two can pull him out. And
+this, of course, involves the further
+rule that the rope must always be kept
+taut, so that a fall may be checked before
+it has gained an impetus which
+would make it difficult to resist.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_54' id='linki_54'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus439.jpg' alt='' title='' width='632' height='451' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>By experience it is possible to recognize
+a crevasse, with tolerable accuracy,
+in spite of its snow covering; and by
+sounding with the ice-axe before treading
+on it, one ought to be able to tell
+whether the snow bridge will bear one&#8217;s
+weight. But, now and again, it will
+happen that the most experienced man&#8217;s
+judgment is at fault. Relying upon
+their instinctive perception of such
+things, the Swiss peasantry constantly
+traverse glaciers alone in mid-winter.
+But accidents are very frequent, and
+when guides, tourists, or porters have
+attempted the same thing, accidents
+have constantly befallen them as well.
+As an illustration may be quoted the
+case of a reporter, who foolishly ventured
+to return alone over the Loetschen
+pass. A snow bridge broke and
+he fell into a crevasse, where only his
+knapsack saved him from breaking his
+neck. He lay on his back, wedged into
+the ice in such a way that he could not
+move, and it was by the merest accident
+that he was discovered in time,
+and rescued by a party journeying in
+the same direction.</p>
+<p>So much, as Herodotus would say,
+for crevasses. Another serious Alpine
+danger is the danger of bad weather;
+and bad weather, as Leslie Stephen has
+pointed out, may make the Righi at one
+time as dangerous as the Matterhorn
+at another.</p>
+<p>To a certain extent, of course, bad
+weather can be foreseen; but meteorology
+is not yet an exact science, and
+even the acquired instinct of the guides
+is sometimes at fault, so that grave
+mistakes, often followed by fatal consequences,
+are made almost every year.</p>
+<h3>DANGERS OF BAD WEATHER.</h3>
+<p>Mont Blanc is probably the mountain
+in which bad weather makes the greatest
+difference. On a fine day, the ascent
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_426' name='page_426'></a>426</span>
+of it is scarcely more dangerous
+than the ascent of Primrose Hill; but
+in a storm you will lose your way, and
+wander round and round, until you sink
+down exhausted, and freeze to death.</p>
+<p>In September, 1870, a party of eleven
+persons, eight of whom were guides
+or porters, were lost in this way.
+When their bodies were recovered, a
+memorandum was found in the pocket
+of one of them, J. Beane, of the United
+States of America, finished apparently
+just before his death, and giving a
+brief summary of the circumstances of
+the calamity. This is how it read:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Tuesday, September 6.&mdash;I have
+made the ascent of Mont Blanc, with
+ten persons; eight guides, Mr. Corkendal
+and Mr. Randall. We arrived
+at the summit at 2.30 o&#8217;clock. Immediately
+after leaving it, I was enveloped
+in clouds of snow. We passed the
+night in a grotto excavated out of snow,
+affording very uncomfortable shelter,
+and I was ill all night.</p>
+<p>&#8220;September 7 (morning).&mdash;Intense
+cold; much snow falls uninterruptedly:
+guides restless.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_55' id='linki_55'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus440.jpg' alt='' title='' width='653' height='458' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PYRAMIDS OF THE MORTERATSCH.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;September 7 (evening).&mdash;We have
+been on Mont Blanc for two days in a
+terrible snow-storm: we have lost our
+way and are in a hole scooped out of
+the snow, at a height of fifteen thousand
+feet. I have no hope of descending.
+Perhaps this book may be found and forwarded.
+(Here follow some instructions
+on his private affairs.) We have
+no food; my feet are already frozen
+and I am exhausted; I have only
+strength to write a few words. I die
+in the faith of Jesus Christ, with
+affectionate thoughts of my family.
+My remembrance to all. I trust we may
+meet in heaven.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Says Leslie Stephen, commenting on
+the incident in the &#8220;Alpine Journal:&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;The main facts are so simple that
+little explanation is needed. The one
+special danger of Mont Blanc is bad
+weather. The inexperienced travellers
+were probably ignorant of the fearful
+danger they were encountering, and
+had not the slightest conception of the
+risk to life and limb which accompanies
+even a successful ascent of the mountain
+under such circumstances. I once
+ascended Mont Blanc on a day so
+unusually fine that we could lie on the
+summit for an hour, light matches in
+the open air, and enjoy the temperature.
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_427' name='page_427'></a>427</span>
+Yet, in two or three hours before sunrise,
+the guide of another party which
+ascended the same day was so severely
+frost-bitten as to lose his toes. Such
+things may happen in the finest weather,
+when proper precautions are neglected;
+but in bad weather it is simple madness
+to proceed. Why, one cannot
+help asking, did not the guides oppose
+the wishes of their employers?&#8221;</p>
+<h3>FALLING ICE.</h3>
+<p>Among other dangers that the mountaineer
+has to reckon with are ice avalanches
+and cornices.</p>
+<p>A cornice is a mass of snow projecting
+over the edge of a precipice, and
+resting upon empty space. Occasionally
+it will bear the weight of one, or
+even several, men; but more often it
+gives way when trodden on, carrying a
+whole party to destruction. This was
+the case in the famous accident on the
+Lyskamm&mdash;a mountain where the cornices
+are particularly treacherous&mdash;when
+Messrs. William Arnold Lewis
+and Noel H. Paterson, with the guides
+Niklaus, Johann, and Peter Joseph
+Knubel, met their deaths in the year
+1877. &#8220;The cornice,&#8221; writes Mr. Hartley,
+who visited the scene of the accident
+immediately afterwards, &#8220;had
+broken away in two places, leaving
+some ten feet in the middle still adhering
+to the mountain. The length of
+the parts which broke away was, perhaps,
+forty feet on each side of the
+remaining portion. The distance of
+the fall we estimated at from twelve
+hundred to fifteen hundred feet. The
+bodies, from the nature of the injuries
+they had received, had evidently fallen
+upon their heads on the rocks, and
+then, in one great bound, had reached
+almost the spot where they were found.&#8221;</p>
+<p>A typical instance of the ice-avalanche
+accident happened to, and has
+been recorded by, Mr. Whymper. Accompanied
+by A. W. Moore and the
+guides Croz and Almer, he was trying
+to discover a shorter route than those
+usually taken between Zinal and Zermatt.
+After spending the night in a
+<i>ch�let</i> on the Arpitetta Alp, they started,
+and struck directly up the centre of the
+Moming glacier. The route proved
+impracticable, and it became necessary
+to cut steps across an ice-slope immediately
+below the great pillars and buttresses
+of the ice-fall, which were liable
+to break away and descend upon them
+at any moment.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I am not ashamed to confess,&#8221;
+wrote Mr. Moore in his journal, &#8220;that
+during the whole time we were crossing
+the slope my heart was in my mouth,
+and I never felt so relieved from such a
+load of care as when, after, I suppose,
+a passage of about twenty minutes, we
+got on to the rocks and were in safety.
+I have never heard a positive oath
+come from Almer&#8217;s mouth, but the language
+in which he kept up a running
+commentary, more to himself than to
+me, as we went along, was stronger
+than I should have given him credit
+for using. His prominent feeling
+seemed to be one of indignation that
+we should be in such a position, and
+self-reproach at being a party to the
+proceeding; while the emphatic way
+in which, at intervals, he exclaimed,
+&#8216;Quick; be quick,&#8217; sufficiently betokened
+his alarm.&#8221;</p>
+<p>And now, let the rest of the story be
+told in Mr. Whymper&#8217;s graphic words.
+Croz, it should be remembered, was
+leading, and had advised the perilous
+route.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It was not necessary,&#8221; Mr. Whymper
+says, &#8220;to admonish Croz to be
+quick. He was fully as alive to the
+risk as any of the others. He told me
+afterwards that the place was not only
+the most dangerous he had ever crossed,
+but that no consideration whatever
+would tempt him to cross it again.
+Manfully did he exert himself to escape
+from the impending destruction. His
+head, bent down to his work, never
+turned to the right or to the left. One,
+two, three, went his axe, and then he
+stepped on to the spot where he had
+been cutting. How painfully insecure
+should we have considered those steps
+at any other time! But now we thought
+of nothing but the rocks in front, and
+of the hideous &#8216;<i>s�racs</i>&#8217; lurching over
+above us, apparently in the very act of
+falling.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_56' id='linki_56'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_428' name='page_428'></a>428</span>
+<img src='images/illus443.jpg' alt='' title='' width='653' height='461' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>At last they reached the rocks in
+safety, and, says Mr. Whymper, &#8220;If
+they had been doubly as difficult as
+they were, we should still have been well
+content. We sat down and refreshed
+the inner man; keeping our eyes on
+the towering pinnacles of ice which we
+had passed, but which now were almost
+beneath us. Without a preliminary
+warning sound, one of the largest&mdash;as
+high as the Monument, at London
+Bridge&mdash;fell upon the slope below.
+The stately mass heeled over as if
+upon a hinge (holding together until
+it bent thirty degrees forward), then
+it crushed out its base, and, rent into a
+thousand fragments, plunged vertically
+down upon the slope that we had
+crossed. Every atom of our track that
+was in its course was obliterated; all
+the new snow was swept away, and
+a broad sheet of smooth, glassy ice
+showed the resistless force with which
+it had fallen.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<a name='THE_SMOKE_FROM_PAUL_FABER_SURGEON__BY_GEORGE_MACDO' id='THE_SMOKE_FROM_PAUL_FABER_SURGEON__BY_GEORGE_MACDO'></a>
+<h2>THE SMOKE.<br /><span class='smcap'>From &#8220;Paul Faber, Surgeon.&#8221;</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>By George MacDonald.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='poem' style='max-width: 22em'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Lord, I have laid my heart upon thy altar,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>But cannot get the wood to burn:</p>
+<p>It hardly flares ere it begins to falter,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>And to the dark return.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Old sap, or night-fallen dew, has damped the fuel;</p>
+<p class='indent2'>In vain my breath would flame provoke;</p>
+<p>Yet see&mdash;at every poor attempt&#8217;s renewal,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>To thee ascends the smoke.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8217;Tis all I have&mdash;smoke, failure, foiled endeavor</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Coldness and doubt and palsied lack:</p>
+<p>Such as I have I send thee. Perfect Giver</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Send thou thy lightning back.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_429' name='page_429'></a>429</span>
+<a name='THE_EARL_OF_DUNRAVEN_BY_C_KINLOCH_COOKE' id='THE_EARL_OF_DUNRAVEN_BY_C_KINLOCH_COOKE'></a>
+<h2>THE EARL OF DUNRAVEN.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>By C. Kinloch Cooke.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>Wyndham Thos.
+Wyndhamquin,
+fourth
+Earl of Dunraven
+and Mount Earl,
+was born fifty-two
+years ago. His
+father, who was a
+convert to Roman
+Catholicism, devoted much time to
+scientific pursuits, and wrote a book
+on Irish architecture, which is generally
+recognized as the standard work
+on the subject. His mother was a
+Protestant, and a daughter of Sergeant
+Goold, the eminent Dublin lawyer,
+who, although past forty when
+called to the bar, made both a name
+and a fortune for himself in his profession.
+His grandfather on the paternal
+side supported the Union, but
+Sergeant Goold, like so many of the
+leading men in Dublin at that time,
+more especially barristers, opposed it.
+Here, then, we have a very fair example
+of the fact that the prominent men in
+the counties desired to see the fusion
+of the two countries, while the chief
+representatives of the cities held the
+opposite opinion.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:307px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_57' id='linki_57'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus444b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='307' height='425' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+LORD DUNRAVEN.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Viscount&nbsp;Adare, the title belonging
+to the eldest son in the Dunraven
+family, was educated privately, and
+although fond of athletics, had few
+opportunities of joining in cricket,
+football, rackets, and similar public-school
+games. At an early age he
+was sent abroad with a tutor, and
+while still in his teens had visited and
+explored many of the principal cities
+of Europe. In compliance with his
+father&#8217;s wishes he stayed some time at
+Rome. But neither the influence of
+the priests nor the attractions of the
+Vatican were sufficient to induce him
+to become a Roman Catholic. Soon
+after he returned to England he went
+to Oxford and matriculated at Christ
+Church, where he spent the next three
+years of his life. At college, except
+holding a commission for a year in the
+&#8217;Varsity volunteers, he did nothing to
+distinguish himself from the ordinary
+undergraduate, and, like many others
+of his set, came down without taking a
+degree. He then joined the First Life
+Guards, and spent much of his spare
+time steeplechasing. Pluck and nerve,
+combined with light weight, secured
+him many mounts from Captain Machell
+and others. He was christened
+&#8220;Fly&#8221; by his brother officers, a name
+by which he is still known among his
+most intimate friends.</p>
+<p>So energetic a nature soon tired of
+the London soldier&#8217;s life, and when
+war broke out with Abyssinia he applied
+to the proprietors of the &#8220;Daily
+Telegraph&#8221; to be allowed to act as
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_430' name='page_430'></a>430</span>
+their special correspondent. His offer
+being accepted, he resigned his commission
+and started for North Africa.
+Colonel Phayre, who was Quartermaster-General,
+attached him to his staff,
+and so he obtained the earliest and
+most authentic information. Mr. H.
+M. Stanley, who was doing similar duty
+for the &#8220;New York Herald,&#8221; shared a
+tent with the amateur journalist, and
+was much struck with the workmanlike
+character of the despatches which he
+sent off on every available opportunity.
+At the close of the campaign he returned
+to England and fell in love
+with Lord Charles Lennox Kerr&#8217;s
+daughter, whom he shortly afterwards
+married. In 1869 he started with his
+wife for a tour in the United States,
+where he remained for some time and
+made many friends.</p>
+<p>In journalistic circles he was well
+received, and particularly so by the
+late Mr. Louis Jennings, then editor
+of the &#8220;New York Times,&#8221; Mr. Hurlbert,
+who at that time had charge of
+the &#8220;New York World,&#8221; and the late
+&#8220;Sam&#8221; Ward. At the outbreak of war
+between France and Germany he went
+to Berlin for the &#8220;Daily Telegraph,&#8221;
+and followed the campaign right
+through. As a matter of course he
+carried his life in his hand, but though
+he had some narrow escapes he met
+with no accident, until just before the
+capitulation of Paris, when he broke
+his arm and was invalided home, with
+the result that he missed the days of
+the Commune.</p>
+<p>For twelve years or more he crossed
+the Atlantic annually and travelled in
+the States, Canada, Nova Scotia, and
+Newfoundland. He was the first private
+individual to investigate the Yellowstone
+region, and wrote a capital
+book on the expedition called &#8220;The
+Great Divide,&#8221; which met with a good
+reception both in America and England.
+He hunted and shot with Buffalo
+Bill and Texas Jack long before
+they ever went east of the Mississippi,
+and his name was well known among
+the Indians, who allowed him to travel
+about their territory without interruption.
+His articles in the &#8220;Nineteenth
+Century Review&#8221; on moose and caribou
+hunting, and his stories of animal
+life, drafted on the spot, were much
+appreciated in sporting circles. In
+Colorado he purchased a tract of land
+called Estes Park, which is about to
+be transferred to an English company.
+When the branch railway is made and
+the proposed irrigation works inaugurated,
+the estate should be a valuable
+property.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:220px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_58' id='linki_58'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus446.jpg' alt='' title='' width='220' height='299' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+LADY DUNRAVEN.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Lord&nbsp;Dunraven&#8217;s yachting may be
+said to date from his college days,
+since he generally spent the long vacation
+with his friend Lord Romney,
+voyaging in a small sloop he purchased
+from a Cardiff pilot. In this craft,
+with a man and boy for a crew, he
+used to cruise in all sorts of weather
+round the coasts of Scotland and Ireland.
+Very funny indeed are some of
+the yarns about the dangers and difficulties
+which the &#8220;Cripple&#8221;&mdash;as the
+yacht was named&mdash;and those on board
+met with from time to time. In this
+way he picked up some knowledge of
+navigation, learned how to manage a
+boat, and became well acquainted with
+the discomforts of seafaring life. From
+the days of the &#8220;Cripple&#8221; until 1887
+Lord Dunraven took but little interest
+in yachting or yacht racing. But in
+August of that year he chanced to be
+at Cowes, and went for a sail in the
+&#8220;Irex.&#8221; As usual with Mr. Jameson,
+the conversation turned on yacht
+building. In a very short time Lord
+Dunraven was persuaded to return to
+his old love, and before a month was
+over Mr. Richardson, of Liverpool,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_431' name='page_431'></a>431</span>
+who designed the &#8220;Irex,&#8221; had received
+instructions to build him a cutter.
+The result was the &#8220;Petronilla,&#8221; but,
+in spite of several alterations, the
+yacht was a failure, although she was
+steered by Gomes, who during the last
+two seasons has had charge of &#8220;Meteor&#8221;
+(<i>n�e</i> &#8220;Thistle&#8221;) for the German
+Emperor.</p>
+<p>Disheartened, but not defeated, he
+gave a commission to Mr. Watson,
+of Glasgow, who designed the first
+&#8220;Valkyrie.&#8221; She was a signal success,
+and was sailed by Thomas Diaper, better
+known as Tommy Dutch, and afterwards
+by William Cranfield, who had
+been so fortunate with the &#8220;Yarana,&#8221;
+now the &#8220;Maid Marian,&#8221; for Mr. Ralli.
+Like the present ship, she was built for
+the express purpose of racing for the
+America Cup. The challenge sent by
+the Royal Yacht Squadron was accepted
+by the New York Yacht Club. But
+as conditions, considered distasteful
+by the Squadron, were imposed as to
+the future holding of the cup, and the
+New York Yacht Club declined to
+yield in any way, the match was reluctantly
+abandoned. The following year
+the Watson cutter came out again and
+did as well as before. In the winter
+of 1891-92 Lord Dunraven took her
+to the Mediterranean, where, after winning
+every race she sailed in, she was
+sold to the Archduke Carl Stephan,
+and delivered at Pola.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_59' id='linki_59'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus447.png' alt='' title='' width='543' height='367' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+DUNRAVEN CASTLE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The next order was given to Mr.
+Alfred Payne, of Southampton, who
+was bidden to design a yacht which
+should serve the twofold purpose of a
+fast cruiser and a reliable, seaworthy
+fishing boat. &#8220;L&#8217;Esperance&#8221; was built
+with that object in view, and fully
+realized the expectations of her owner,
+though, of course, she was not fast
+enough to hold her own with the first-class
+racers. During the two seasons
+the yacht was afloat she carried off
+several prizes in handicap matches.</p>
+<p>Last year Lord Dunraven determined
+to have a second try to bring
+off a race for the America Cup, and
+gave an order to Mr. Watson to build
+him another cutter. The success of the
+Clyde designer&#8217;s last venture was probably
+the reason for calling the new
+vessel &#8220;Valkyrie.&#8221; The Royal Yacht
+Squadron again challenged in Lord
+Dunraven&#8217;s behalf, and the challenge
+was duly accepted. Fortunately, no
+difficulties arose on this occasion, and
+the 5th of October is fixed for the first
+match.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:313px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_60' id='linki_60'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus448.jpg' alt='' title='' width='313' height='402' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+CAPTAIN WILLIAM CRANFIELD OF THE &#8220;VALKYRIE.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;new&nbsp;ship was built by Messrs.
+Henderson, of Glasgow, side by side
+with the &#8220;Britannia,&#8221; the Prince of
+Wales&#8217;s yacht. It is a mistake, however,
+to suppose, as some do, that the
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_432' name='page_432'></a>432</span>
+two vessels are copies, one of the
+other. The &#8220;Valkyrie&#8221; was designed
+first, and her building begun, before
+Mr. Watson considered with Mr. Jameson
+the lines of the &#8220;Britannia.&#8221; &#8220;Valkyrie&#8217;s&#8221;
+registered tonnage is 106.55,
+and her length on the load water line
+86.82 feet, which is 1.82 feet above the
+length of the load water line given in
+the challenge, but doubtless she will be
+altered to meet the conditions governing
+the race. Her length from the
+fore part of stem under the bowsprit
+to the aft side of the head of the stern-post
+is 97.75 feet, and her length over
+all 116.25. Her racing rating is 148,
+and her sail area 10,200 square feet,
+being 3,500 square feet more than the
+first &#8220;Valkyrie.&#8221; She carries a crew
+of thirty hands all told, and her cabins
+are prettily fitted up in cedar and cretonne.</p>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:291px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_61' id='linki_61'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus449.jpg' alt='' title='' width='291' height='381' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+G. T. WATSON, DESIGNER OF THE &#8220;VALKYRIE.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;second &#8220;Valkyrie&#8221; has been
+tried in all weathers and in various
+waters with the &#8220;Britannia,&#8221; the &#8220;Satanita,&#8221;
+the &#8220;Calluna,&#8221; and the &#8220;Iverna.&#8221;
+Therefore her capabilities against
+British yachts of her own class are
+pretty well known. Up to the time of
+writing, namely, the eve of the Royal
+Yacht Squadron regatta at Cowes&mdash;the
+regatta in which the schooner
+yacht &#8220;America&#8221; won the cup which
+Lord Dunraven hopes to bring back to
+England&mdash;the &#8220;Valkyrie&#8221; has sailed
+in twenty matches and won fourteen
+flags, eleven first and three second, representing
+a total value of �930. Her
+first match was in the Thames on May
+25, when she had bad luck and only
+came in third, &#8220;Britannia&#8221; being first
+and &#8220;Iverna&#8221; second. In the middle
+of the race she broke her bowsprit off
+short in the stem, and in a few minutes
+was, for all sailing purposes, practically
+a wreck. In the second Royal
+Thames match it was doubtful whether
+&#8220;Britannia&#8221; or &#8220;Valkyrie&#8221; won. The
+Prince of Wales&#8217;s yacht was first in, but
+according to some watches she only
+won by seven seconds, whereas the
+official timekeeper made it seventeen
+seconds, thus covering &#8220;Valkyrie&#8217;s&#8221;
+time allowance. In the Royal Cinque
+Ports regatta several vessels collided,
+with the result that the &#8220;Britannia&#8221;
+did not race at all, and Lord Dunraven&#8217;s
+yacht was detained at the start
+twelve and a half minutes, and so was
+not placed. During the Royal Ulster
+match one of &#8220;Valkyrie&#8217;s&#8221; men fell
+overboard, and the time lost in picking
+up the man could not be recovered.
+It is, however, but fair to say that
+when &#8220;Valkyrie&#8221; won the second
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_433' name='page_433'></a>433</span>
+Royal Western match, &#8220;Britannia&#8221;
+came to grief, while in the second race
+on the Clyde the prince&#8217;s yacht was
+disqualified.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:404px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_62' id='linki_62'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus450.png' alt='' title='' width='404' height='589' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE &#8220;VALKYRIE.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>It&nbsp;now&nbsp;remains to see how she acquits
+herself in contest with the American
+vessels which have been built to meet
+her. The long notice required gives
+a distinct advantage to the other side;
+although only one boat can sail against
+the challenger,
+there is
+nothing to
+prevent any
+number of
+boats being
+designed by
+the party
+challenged.
+The Americans
+have
+built four cutters
+to select
+from, hence
+the chances
+against the
+&#8220;Valkyrie&#8221;
+may be roughly
+calculated
+at four to
+one.</p>
+<p>There is no
+doubt that
+Lord Dunraven&#8217;s
+ship
+is a great improvement
+on
+anything
+hitherto built
+in England,
+and, given
+her time allowance,
+is
+the fastest
+vessel afloat on British waters. She has
+gone much better since she had her top-mast
+clipped and topsails cut. Her
+strong point is going to windward, and
+her best chance is in light weather. She
+leaves England on or about August 20,
+in charge of William Cranfield, than
+whom it would be difficult to find a more
+experienced skipper on either side of the
+Atlantic. He has sailed her all through
+her trial matches and will steer her in
+the races for the cup.</p>
+<p>But it must not be supposed that
+Lord Dunraven is always racing in
+large yachts. On the contrary, he is
+perhaps even more interested in small
+boat sailing, and has, since 1889, built
+four &#8220;fives,&#8221; all of which have given a
+very good account of themselves. This
+year he brought out a twenty-rater,
+but so far she has not proved a success,
+and has succumbed to &#8220;Dragon&#8221;
+on almost every occasion. He is commodore
+of
+the Castle
+Yacht Club,
+a sporting
+little racing
+club on the
+South Coast,
+where races
+take place
+every Saturday
+and often
+twice a week.
+The commodore
+generally
+enters his
+boat for these
+matches, and
+always steers
+himself. Besides
+belonging
+to the
+Royal Yacht
+Squadron and
+the Castle
+Yacht Club,
+Lord Dunraven
+is a
+member of
+the Austrian
+Imperial
+Yacht Squadron;
+the
+Royal Cork,
+London,
+Southern, Southampton, Clyde, Western,
+and Victoria; the New Thames,
+Bristol Channel, Portsmouth, Corinthian
+and many other yachting clubs.</p>
+<p>The same year that he returned to
+yachting he took up racing again, and
+started a stable in partnership with
+Lord Randolph Churchill, having Mr.
+R. W. Sherwood as trainer, and &#8220;Morny&#8221;
+Cannon and Woodburn as jockeys.
+On the whole his horses have been
+fairly successful. L&#8217;Abbesse de Jouarre
+won the Oaks in 1889, and Inverness
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_434' name='page_434'></a>434</span>
+has secured some good stakes.
+Strange to say, on the day the mare
+won at Epsom, Lord Randolph was in
+Norway, and Lord Dunraven was sailing
+in his five-rater at Calshot Castle.
+Under these circumstances it is quite
+permissible to draw the conclusion that
+he prefers yachting to horse racing.
+After four years of partnership racing,
+Lord Dunraven bought Lord Randolph&#8217;s
+share of the stud and now races
+entirely on his own account. He is a
+good fisherman,
+and as
+equally at
+home with his
+salmon rod
+as with a
+deep-sea
+line. He
+knows nearly
+every fishing
+ground round
+the coast,
+and, after the regattas
+are over, generally goes
+trawling. His favorite
+places are off Plymouth,
+the Scilly and the Channel
+Islands. Both with rifle and gun
+he is a first-rate shot, and although he
+always shoots in spectacles, seldom
+misses his game.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:592px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_63' id='linki_63'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus451.png' alt='' title='' width='592' height='545' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE KENRY GATEWAY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Lord&nbsp;Dunraven took his seat in the
+House of Lords as a supporter of Mr.
+Gladstone, who subsequently offered
+him a minor post in the government.
+But at that time the young traveler
+took but little part in politics, and so
+declined the flattering invitation. His
+real entry into public life, and, in fact,
+the foundation of his subsequent career
+as a politician, are due to an article
+which he wrote in the &#8220;New York
+World&#8221; on Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s famous
+attack on Lord Beaconsfield. The
+article obtained much attention at
+the time, and attracted the notice of
+the Conservative chief, who was much
+struck at the clever criticism of the
+young Liberal peer. An acquaintance
+sprang up between Lord Beaconsfield
+and the writer, which later on ripened
+into friendship, and probably had something
+to do with Lord Dunraven
+joining the Conservative party.</p>
+<p>His early speeches were chiefly
+on foreign policy, and the intimate
+knowledge he showed respecting
+treaties of all
+kinds was an additional
+link between him and
+the leader of his new
+party. His favorite
+theme was Egypt, and
+he rarely missed an
+opportunity of condemning
+Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s
+policy in respect
+to that country.
+Later on he interested
+himself more especially
+in colonial affairs.
+Here his personal
+acquaintance
+with the North American colonies
+stood him in good stead, and gained
+him the ear of the House of Lords.
+Thus it was scarcely surprising that
+when Lord Salisbury came into office
+he chose him as Under Secretary of
+State for the colonies, a post he again
+filled on the return of the Conservatives
+to power in 1886.</p>
+<p>Soon after he had taken office the
+second time, the Newfoundland Government
+passed an act prohibiting the
+French fishermen from purchasing bait
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_435' name='page_435'></a>435</span>
+in the colony. This act the imperial
+government at first declined to ratify.
+Lord Dunraven sided with the local
+legislators, on the ground that Newfoundland
+was a self-governing colony.
+He pressed this view of the case at
+Downing Street, and, as the government
+declined to yield, resigned his
+Under Secretaryship. Some say he
+resigned merely to support his friend,
+Lord Randolph Churchill, who had just
+given up the post of Chancellor of the
+Exchequer and leader of the House of
+Commons, but, although the two resignations
+may have had some connection,
+the immediate cause of Lord
+Dunraven&#8217;s leaving the Colonial Office
+was as I have stated. Being out of
+office and out of favor with his chief,
+Lord Dunraven turned his attention to
+social questions, and, when Mr. Burnett&#8217;s
+report on the Sweating System
+at the East End of London was presented
+to Parliament, he moved the
+House of Lords for a select committee
+to inquire into the subject. The request
+was granted, and he was appointed
+chairman. For more than two
+years the committee sat, and during all
+that time Lord Dunraven worked most
+energetically, examining and cross-examining
+the various witnesses sent up
+from all parts of the United Kingdom,
+for he was not long in discovering that
+the system was practised quite as much
+in the provincial cities as in the East
+End of London, and quickly took steps
+to have the reference extended. With
+much care he drafted an exhaustive
+report, giving, as the chief causes of
+the existence of sweating, unrestricted
+foreign immigration and over-competition.
+Lord Derby and Lord Thring
+declined to accept this view, and Lord
+Dunraven, finding himself in a minority,
+retired from the chairmanship. Subsequent
+events have shown that Lord
+Dunraven was not so far out in his
+diagnosis as his colleagues supposed.
+The evil effects of foreign immigration
+upon the unskilled labor market so impressed
+him that, on his own initiative
+and at his own expense, he formed a
+society for the express purpose of
+making these effects known to the
+public, and of forcing them upon the
+attention of Parliament.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_64' id='linki_64'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus452.png' alt='' title='' width='622' height='479' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+ADARE MANOR HOUSE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The working-man may have good
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_436' name='page_436'></a>436</span>
+reason to thank Lord Dunraven,
+but it is doubtful
+whether the capitalist will
+regard his efforts in the same
+light. The Sweating Committee
+brought Mr. Alderman
+Ben Tillett to the front,
+and Mr. Alderman Ben Tillett,
+in conjunction with Mr.
+John Burns, M.P., were the
+promoters of the dock strike.
+The dock strike started
+&#8220;new unionism,&#8221; and new
+unionism gave an impetus
+to the eight-hour-day movement.
+Lord Dunraven and
+Lord Randolph Churchill
+were the first prominent
+politicians to openly advocate
+an eight-hour day for
+miners, and Lord Dunraven&#8217;s speech
+on the eight-hours&#8217; case generally, before
+the members of the Chamber of
+Commerce at Liverpool, attracted much
+comment at the time. The Factories
+and Workshops act was really an extension
+of the very able bill which Lord
+Dunraven introduced into the House
+of Lords, in order to carry into force
+certain amendments in the law which
+he had suggested in his draft on the
+sweating inquiry. Together with Lord
+Sandhurst, the present Under Secretary
+for War, he championed the cause
+of the laundresses. Indeed, there is
+scarcely a question affecting the interests
+of the working classes in which he
+has not taken an active part, and when
+a separate state department for labor
+is established, as it must be eventually,
+Lord Dunraven, supposing the
+Conservatives to be in power, will
+probably be invited to act as its first
+minister.</p>
+<p>There is scarcely a subject on which
+he is not well informed. His difficulty
+seems to be in making a choice. In
+matters of sport he has thrown his
+heart and soul into yachting, and, as
+a consequence, on that subject he is
+naturally considered the first authority.
+What he has done in yachting he must
+do in politics, if he is ever to reach the
+position to which his abilities entitle
+him.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:417px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_65' id='linki_65'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus453.png' alt='' title='' width='417' height='486' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+ADARE GALLERY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;rough-and-tumble work of the
+House of Commons would have been
+a far better
+school for
+him than
+the Upper
+House of
+Parliament,
+and
+had he not
+been a peer he would probably by
+this time have reached a far higher
+rung on the political ladder than he
+has done. Although nervous, he is a
+good speaker, and never misses his
+points. He seldom addresses the
+House without a thorough knowledge
+of his subject, and as a consequence is
+generally listened to and considered.
+Naturally quick, he soon masters his
+facts. He has great power of concentration,
+but, like most Irishmen, lacks
+application. Unlike his race, however,
+he is not impulsive, and seldom speaks
+without thinking. He has more the
+memory of a barrister than that of a
+permanent official, and should he forget
+the details, always remembers the
+line of argument. With a little more
+patience he would make a good judge,
+as he knows well how to sift evidence,
+and is just in dealing with the opinions
+of others. Thorough himself, he expects
+thoroughness in those about him.
+Cant and hypocrisy he will have none
+of. Nor does he believe in employing
+second-rate intellect. The best man
+and the best price is Lord Dunraven&#8217;s
+motto. There is no niggardliness
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_437' name='page_437'></a>437</span>
+about him, yet at the same time he intends
+to get his money&#8217;s worth. Mistakes
+are not overlooked, but forgiven.
+As a result he is much liked by all who
+have any dealings with him.</p>
+<p>The principal family estates are in
+Ireland and Wales. Adare Manor, the
+Irish home where the present peer was
+born, is situated in one of the prettiest
+parts of County Limerick. The house,
+which had fallen into decay during the
+last century, was entirely rebuilt by
+Lord Dunraven&#8217;s grandfather. It is
+of gray stone and in the style of the
+Tudor period. The most imposing
+apartment is the gallery, which is
+panelled in old oak and has a beautifully
+carved ceiling. This room is approached
+from the hall by means of a
+stone stair-case let into the wall, and is
+entered through richly carved double
+doors brought from an old church at
+Antwerp. It is one hundred and thirty-two
+feet long and twenty-one feet
+wide. Along the sides hang the family
+pictures, and a few choice paintings
+by old masters. The hall is lofty, and
+lighted by colored windows, which, together
+with the organ, hidden away in
+a recess, gives the place more the appearance
+of a cathedral than the entrance
+to a private house. The river
+Maigne flows past the manor on the
+south side, and, when at home, the subject
+of our sketch may often be seen
+fishing for a salmon or shooting a weir
+in his canoe, after the manner of Canadian
+log men down the rapids. Not
+far from the manor house, on the
+banks of the river, are the ruins of a
+Franciscan abbey, built in 1464 for the
+Observant Brothers by a former Earl
+of Kildare, while adjoining lie the ruins
+of Desmond Castle, so celebrated in
+Irish history.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_66' id='linki_66'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus454.png' alt='' title='' width='654' height='455' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+RUINS OF DESMOND CASTLE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Lord Dunraven is much attached to
+Ireland and the Irish. He devotes
+large sums of money annually towards
+improving and keeping up Adare, and
+spends all the income derived from the
+estate in giving employment to the
+people of the district. This fact alone,
+seeing that he has only a life interest
+in the place, shows his large-mindedness.
+His property is probably the
+only one in the south of Ireland on
+which no outrage has ever been committed,
+and it speaks well for his popularity
+that when he came amongst his
+own tenants a few months ago to deliver
+a speech against Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s
+Home Rule bill, not only was he
+listened to, but, for the time, received
+the support of many Home Rulers in
+the district. At Adare, Lord Dunraven
+entertained Lord Spencer and
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_438' name='page_438'></a>438</span>
+the vice-regal court in state, and subsequently
+received Lord Londonderry
+and Lord Houghton.</p>
+<p>Dunraven Castle, in Glamorganshire,
+is built on the edge of a cliff, and overlooks
+the Bristol Channel. The coast
+is very dangerous, and many a ship
+has struck and gone to pieces on the
+treacherous rocks in sight of the castle.
+There is no safe anchorage anywhere
+near, so Lord Dunraven is in the peculiar
+position of having a home by
+the sea, but is unable to approach it
+in his yacht. Lately the castle has
+been enlarged, and a new wing and
+courtyard added. During the last few
+years, owing probably to the unsettled
+state of Ireland, Lord and Lady Dunraven
+have done most of their entertaining
+here. Not long ago the Duke
+and Duchess of Teck and the Princess
+May (Duchess of York) made a long
+stay at the castle. The gardens are
+well kept, but the want of shelter prevents
+the shrubs and coverts from
+growing, and gives the more exposed
+part of the estate rather a barren appearance.
+The shooting is fairly good,
+and the park well stocked with deer.</p>
+<p>Kenry House, in the vale of Putney,
+was until recently used as the town
+residence, but when Lord Dunraven&#8217;s
+daughters grew up it was necessary to
+take a house in London. Still Kenry
+is a favorite Saturday to Monday resort
+of Lord Dunraven during the
+parliamentary session.</p>
+<p>Few men in like position have led so
+varied a life as the owner of &#8220;Valkyrie,&#8221;
+and as a consequence he has
+come into contact with most men and
+women worth knowing. In social circles
+he is very popular, and no smart
+entertainment is complete without him.
+In clubland he is always welcome, and
+is as equally at home at the Beefsteak
+or the Savage as at the Marlborough or
+the Turf. While Parliament is sitting
+he is often found at the Carlton, discussing
+with his party the latest move
+on the political chess-board, or talking
+science and literature with his friends
+at the Athen�um. His energy is
+boundless. He will work all the morning,
+legislate in the afternoon, dine
+out, and then spend the evening in
+amusement. Travelling to him is nothing.
+He never tires. He is an early
+riser, and no matter what time he goes
+to bed is always up and attending to
+his correspondence at the usual hour
+the next morning. In this way he gets
+through a great amount of work, and
+is able to find time for the same
+amount of pleasure. He is very generous,
+and as a result is often imposed
+upon. Not only is he called upon to
+give money toward the charities in his
+own neighborhoods, but people write
+to him from all parts of the United
+Kingdom to help them in their distress.
+Often he yields, and many a
+home has been made happy by a gift
+of money or money&#8217;s worth. Scarcely
+a church or chapel on his Welsh estate
+is self-supporting. All expect, and
+many get, grants from Lord Dunraven.
+In Ireland, too, he is equally liberal;
+and Father Flanagan, the priest at
+Adare, could tell many a tale of want
+relieved and assistance given to the
+Catholics on the estate.</p>
+<p class='sig1'><span class='smcap'>London, England.</span></p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_439' name='page_439'></a>439</span>
+<a name='AT_A_DANCE' id='AT_A_DANCE'></a>
+<h2>AT A DANCE.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>My queen is tired and craves surcease</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Of twanging string and clamorous brass;</p>
+<p>I lean against the mantelpiece,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>And watch her in the glass.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>One whom I see not where I stand</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Fans her, and talks in whispers low;</p>
+<p>Her loose locks flutter as his hand</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Moves lightly to and fro.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>He begs a flower; her finger tips</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Stray round a rose half veiled in lace;</p>
+<p>She grants the boon with smiling lips,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Her clear eyes read his face.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>I cannot look&mdash;my sight grows dim&mdash;</p>
+<p class='indent2'>While Fate allots, unequally,</p>
+<p>The living woman&#8217;s self to him,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>The mirrored form to me.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<a name='DULCES_AMARYLLIDIS_IR' id='DULCES_AMARYLLIDIS_IR'></a>
+<h2>DULCES AMARYLLIDIS IR�.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class='poem' style='max-width: 24em'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>I told my love a truth she liked not well;</p>
+<p class='indent2'>She spoke no word. I raised my eyes to watch</p>
+<p>Her cheek&#8217;s red flush, her bosom&#8217;s angry swell;</p>
+<p class='indent1'>She rose to go; her hand was on the latch;</p>
+<p>When some swift thought&mdash;of my fond love, maybe,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Or ill-requited patience&mdash;bowed her head:</p>
+<p>She faltered, paused with foot half raised to flee,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Then turned, and stole into my arms instead.</p>
+</div></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><i>Reproduced, by special arrangement,
+from</i> &#8220;Under the Hawthorn, and Other Verse,&#8221;
+by Augusta de Gruchy.</p>
+<p><i>London: Edwin Matthews and John Lane, 1893.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_440' name='page_440'></a>440</span>
+<a name='A_SPLENDID_TIMEAHEAD_BY_WALTER_BESANT' id='A_SPLENDID_TIMEAHEAD_BY_WALTER_BESANT'></a>
+<h2>A SPLENDID TIME&mdash;AHEAD.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>By Walter Besant.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:583px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_67' id='linki_67'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus457.png' alt='' title='' width='583' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<h3>I.</h3>
+<p>It was Sunday evening in July&mdash;an
+evening aglow with warmth and
+splendor; an evening when even the
+streets of London were glorious with
+the light of the splendid west; an
+evening when, if you are young (as I
+sincerely hope you are), only to wander
+hand-in-hand over the grass and under
+the trees with your sweetheart should
+be happiness enough. One ought to be
+ashamed to ask for more. Nay, a
+great many do not ask for more.</p>
+<p>They are engaged. Some time, but
+not just yet, they will marry. They
+work separately all the week, but on
+the Sunday they are free to go about
+together. Of all the days that make
+the week they dearly love but one day&mdash;namely
+the day that lies between the
+Saturday and Monday. Now that the
+voice of the Sabbatarian has sunk to a
+whisper or a whine; now that we have
+learned to recognize the beauty, the
+priceless boon, the true holiness of the
+Sunday, which not only rests body and
+brain, but may be so used as to fill the
+mind with memories of lovely scenes,
+of sweet and confidential talk, of love-making
+and of happiness, we ought to
+determine that of all the things which
+make up the British liberties, there is
+nothing for which the working man
+should more fiercely fight or more
+jealously watch than the full freedom
+of his Sunday&mdash;freedom uncontrolled
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_441' name='page_441'></a>441</span>
+to wander where he will, to make his
+recreation as he chooses.</p>
+<p>If the church doors are open wide,
+let the doors of the public galleries and
+the museums and the libraries be opened
+wide as well. Let him, if he choose,
+step from church to library. But if he
+is wise, when the grass is long and the
+bramble is in blossom, and the foliage
+is thick and heavy on the elms, he will,
+after dinner, repair to the country, if it
+is only to breathe the air of the fields,
+and lie on his back watching the slow
+westering of the sun and listening to
+the note of the blackbird in the wood.</p>
+<p>Two by two they stroll or sit about
+Hempstead Heath on such an evening.
+If you were to listen (a pleasant thing
+to do, but wrong) to the talk of these
+couples you would find that they are
+mostly silent, except that they only
+occasionally exchange a word or two.
+Why should they talk? They know
+each other&#8217;s cares and prospects; they
+know the burden that each has to bear&mdash;the
+evil temper of the boss, the uncertainties
+of employment, the difficulties
+in the way of an improved screw,
+and the family troubles&mdash;there are always
+family troubles, due to some inconsiderate
+member or other. I declare
+that we have been teaching morality
+and the proper conduct of life on quite
+a wrong principle&mdash;namely, the selfish
+principle.</p>
+<p>We say, &#8220;Be good, my child, and
+you will go to heaven.&#8221; The proposition
+is no doubt perfectly true. But it
+proposes a selfish motive for action. I
+would rather say to that child, &#8220;Be
+good, my dear, or else you will become
+an intolerable nuisance to other people.&#8221;
+Now, no child likes to consider
+himself an intolerable nuisance.</p>
+<p>These lovers, therefore, wander
+about the Heath, sometimes up to
+their knees in bracken, sometimes sitting
+under the trees, not talking
+much, but, as the old phrase has it,
+&#8220;enjoying themselves&#8221; very much
+indeed. At the end of the Spaniards&#8217;
+Road&mdash;that high causeway whence
+one can see, in clear weather, the
+steeple of Harrow Church on one side
+and the dome of St. Paul&#8217;s on the other&mdash;there
+is a famous clump of firs, which
+have been represented by painters over
+and over again. Benches have been
+placed under these trees, where one can
+sit and have a very fine view indeed,
+with the Hendon Lake in the middle
+distance, and a range of hills beyond,
+and fields and rills between.</p>
+<p>On one of these benches were sitting
+this evening two&mdash;Adam and Eve,
+boy and girl&mdash;newly entered into paradise.
+Others were sitting there as
+well&mdash;an ancient gentleman whose
+thoughts were seventy years back, a
+working man with a child of three on
+his knee, and beside him his wife,
+carrying the baby. But these lovers
+paid no heed to their neighbors. They
+sat at the end of the bench. The boy
+was holding the girl&#8217;s hand, and he was
+talking eagerly.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Lily,&#8221; he said, &#8220;you must come
+some evening to our debating society
+when we begin again and hear me
+speak. No one speaks better. That
+is acknowledged. There is to be a
+debate on the House of Lords in October.
+I mean to come out grand.
+When I&#8217;m done there will be mighty
+little left of the Lords.&#8221; He was a
+handsome lad, tall and well set up,
+straight featured and bright eyed.
+The girl looked at him proudly. He
+was her own lad&mdash;this handsome chap.
+Not that she was bad-looking either.
+Many an honest fellow has to put up
+with a girl not nearly so good-looking,
+if you were to compare.</p>
+<p>He was a clerk in the city. She was
+in the post-office. He attended at his
+office daily from half-past nine to six,
+doing such work as was set before him
+for the salary of a pound a week. She
+stood all day long at the counter, serving
+out postal orders, selling stamps,
+weighing letters, and receiving telegrams.
+When I add that she was civil
+to everybody you will understand that
+she was quite a superior clerk&mdash;one
+of the queen&#8217;s lucky bargains. It is
+not delicate to talk about a young
+lady&#8217;s salary, therefore I shall not say
+for how much she gave her services to
+the British Empire.</p>
+<p>He was a clever boy, who read and
+thought. That is to say, he thought
+that he thought&mdash;which is more than
+most do. As he took his facts from
+the newspapers, and nothing else, and
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_442' name='page_442'></a>442</span>
+as he was profoundly ignorant of English
+history, English law, the British
+Constitution, the duties of a citizen,
+and the British Empire generally, his
+opinions, after he had done thinking,
+were not of so much value to the
+country, it is believed. But still a
+clever fellow, and able to spout in a
+frothy way which carried his hearers
+along, if it never convinced or defeated
+an opponent.</p>
+<p>To this kind of clever boy there are
+always two or three dangers. One is
+that he should be led on to think more
+and more of froth and less of fact;
+another, that he should grow conceited
+over his eloquence and neglect his
+business. A third temptation which
+peculiarly besets this kind is that he
+should take to drink. Oratory is thirsty
+work, and places where young men
+orate are often in immediate proximity
+to bars. As yet, however, Charley was
+only twenty. He was still at the first
+stage of everything&mdash;oratory, business,
+and love; and he was still at the stage
+when everything appears possible&mdash;the
+total abolition of injustice, privilege,
+class, capital, power, oppression, greed,
+sweating, poverty, suffering&mdash;by the
+simple process of tinkering the constitution.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh,&#8221; he cried, &#8220;we shall have
+the most glorious, the most splendid
+time, Lily! The power of the people
+is only just beginning; it hasn&#8217;t begun
+yet. We shall see the most magnificent
+things....&#8221; He enumerated
+them as above indicated. Well,
+it is very good that young men should
+have such dreams and see such visions.
+I never heard of any girl being thus
+carried out of herself. The thing belongs
+exclusively to male man in youth,
+and it is very good for him. When he
+is older he will understand that over
+and above the law and the constitution
+there is something else more
+important still&mdash;namely, that every
+individual man should be honest,
+temperate, and industrious. In brief,
+he will understand the force of the admonition:
+&#8220;Be good, my child, or else
+you will become an intolerable nuisance
+to everybody.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The sun sank behind Harrow-on-the-Hill.
+The red light of the west flamed
+in the boy&#8217;s bright eyes. Presently
+the girl rose.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, Charley,&#8221; she said, less sympathetic
+than might have been expected;
+&#8220;yes, and it will be a very
+fine time, if it comes. But I don&#8217;t
+know. People will always want to get
+rich, won&#8217;t they? I think this beautiful
+time will have to come after us.
+Perhaps we had better be looking after
+our own nest first.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, it will come&mdash;it will come!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I like to hear you talk about it,
+Charley. But if we are ever to marry&mdash;if
+I am to give up the post-office,
+you must make a bigger screw. Remember
+what you promised. The
+shorthand and the French class. Put
+them before your speechifying.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;All right, Lily dear, and then we
+will get married, and we will have the
+most splendid time. Oh, there&#8217;s the
+most splendid time for us&mdash;ahead!&#8221;</p>
+<h3>II.</h3>
+<p>It is six months later and mid-winter,
+and the time is again the evening.
+The day has been gloomy, with a fog
+heavy enough to cause the offices to
+be lit with gas, so that the eyes of all
+London are red and the heads of all
+London are heavy.</p>
+<p>Lily stepped outside the post-office,
+work done. She was going home.</p>
+<p>At the door stood her sweetheart,
+waiting for her. She tossed her head
+and made as if she would pass him
+without speaking. But he stepped
+after and walked beside her.</p>
+<p>&#8220;No, Lily,&#8221; he said, &#8220;I will speak
+to you; even if you don&#8217;t answer my
+letters you shall hear me speak.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You have disgraced yourself,&#8221; she
+said.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, I know. But you will forgive
+me. It is the first time. I swear it is
+the first time.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Well, it was truly the first time that
+she had seen him in such a state.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, to be a drunkard!&#8221; she replied.
+&#8220;Oh, could I ever believe
+that I should see you rolling about the
+street?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It was the first time, Lily, and it
+shall be the last. Forgive me and
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_443' name='page_443'></a>443</span>
+take me on again. If you give me up
+I shall go to the devil!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Charley&#8221;&mdash;her voice broke into a
+sob&mdash;&#8220;you have made me miserable&mdash;I
+was so proud of you. No other
+girl, I thought, had such a clever
+sweetheart; and
+last Tuesday&mdash;oh!
+it&#8217;s dreadful to
+think of.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, Lily, I
+know. There&#8217;s
+only one excuse. I
+spoke for more than
+an hour, and I was
+exhausted. So
+what I took went
+to my head. Another
+time I should
+not have felt it a
+bit. And when I found myself staggering
+I was going home as fast as
+possible, and as bad luck would have
+it, I must needs meet you.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_68' id='linki_68'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus462.png' alt='' title='' width='517' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Good luck, I call it. Else I might
+never have found it out till too late.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Lily, make it up. Give me another
+chance. I&#8217;ll swear off. I&#8217;ll take the
+pledge.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He caught her hand and held it.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, Charley,&#8221; she said, &#8220;if I can
+only trust you.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You can, you must, Lily. For your
+sake I will take the
+pledge. I will do
+whatever you ask
+me to do.&#8221;</p>
+<p>She gave way, but not without
+conditions.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well,&#8221; she said, &#8220;I will try to think
+no more about it. But, Charley, remember,
+I could never, never, never
+marry a man who drinks.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You never shall, dear,&#8221; he replied,
+earnestly.</p>
+<p>&#8220;And then, another thing, Charley.
+This speaking work&mdash;oh! I know it is
+clever and that&mdash;but it doesn&#8217;t help us
+forward. How long is it since you
+determined to learn shorthand, because
+it would advance you so much? And
+French, because a clerk who can write
+French is worth double? Where are
+your fine resolutions?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I will begin again&mdash;I will practise
+hard; see now, Lily, I will do all you
+want. I will promise anything to please
+you&mdash;and do it, too. See if I won&#8217;t.
+Only not quite to give up the speaking.
+Think how people are beginning to
+look up to me. Why, when we get a
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_444' name='page_444'></a>444</span>
+reformed House, and the members are
+paid, they will send me to Parliament&mdash;me!
+I shall be a member for Camden
+Town. Then I shall be made Home
+Secretary, or Attorney General, or something.
+You will be proud, Lily, of your
+husband when he is a distinguished
+man. There&#8217;s a splendid time for us&mdash;ahead!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, dear. But first you know you
+have got to get a salary that we can
+live on.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He left her at her door with a kiss
+and a laugh, and turned to go home.
+In the next street he passed a public-house.
+He stopped, he hesitated, he
+felt in his pocket, he went in and had a
+go, just a single go&mdash;Lily would never
+find out&mdash;of Scotch, cold. Then he
+went home and played at practising
+shorthand for an hour. He had promised
+his Lily. She should see how well
+he could keep his promise.</p>
+<h3>III.</h3>
+<p>&#8220;It is good of you to come, my dear.
+Of course, I understand that it is all
+over now. It must be. It is not in
+nature that you should keep him on
+any longer. But I thought you would
+see my poor boy once more.&#8221;</p>
+<p>It was Charley&#8217;s mother who spoke.
+He was the only son of a widow.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, yes, I came&mdash;I came,&#8221; Lily
+replied, tearfully. &#8220;But what is the
+good? He will promise everything
+again. How many times has he repented
+and promised&mdash;and promised?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;My poor boy! And we were so
+proud of him, weren&#8217;t we, dear?&#8221; said
+the mother, wiping away a tear. &#8220;He
+was going to do such great things with
+his cleverness and his speaking. And
+now&mdash;I have seen it coming on, my
+dear, for a year and more, but I durstn&#8217;t
+speak to you. When he came home
+night after night with a glassy eye and
+a husky voice, when he reeled across
+the room, at first I pretended not to
+notice it. A man mustn&#8217;t be nagged
+or shamed, must he? Then I spoke in
+the morning, and he promised to pull
+himself up.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;He will promise&mdash;ah! yes&mdash;he will
+promise.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:315px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_69' id='linki_69'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus464.png' alt='' title='' width='315' height='507' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;could only forgive him he
+might keep his promise.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Lily shook her head doubtfully.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I went to the office this morning,
+my dear. They have been expecting
+it for weeks. The head clerk warned
+him. It was known that he had fallen
+into bad company&mdash;in the city they
+don&#8217;t like spouters. And when he came
+back after his dinner he was so tipsy
+that he fell along. They just turned
+him out on the spot.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Mother,&#8221; said Lily, &#8220;it&#8217;s like this.
+I can&#8217;t help forgiving him. We two
+must forgive him, whatever he does.
+We love him, you see, that&#8217;s what it is.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, dear, yes.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It isn&#8217;t the poor, tipsy boy we love,
+but the real boy&mdash;the clever boy behind.
+We must forgive him. But&#8221;&mdash;her
+lips quivered&mdash;&#8220;I cannot marry
+him. Do not ask me to do that unless&mdash;what
+will never happen&mdash;he reforms
+altogether.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;If you would, dear, I think he
+might keep straight. If you were
+always with him to watch him.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I could not be always with him.
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_445' name='page_445'></a>445</span>
+And besides, mother, think what might
+happen as well. Would you have me
+bring into the world children whose
+lives would make me wretched by a
+drunken father? And how should we
+live? Because, you see, if I marry I
+must give up my place.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The mother sighed. &#8220;Charley is in
+his own room,&#8221; she said, &#8220;I will send
+him to you.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Lily sat down and buried her face in
+her hands. Alas! to this had her engagement
+come. But she loved him.
+When he came into the room and stood
+before her and she looked up, seeing
+him shamefaced and with hanging
+head, she was filled with pity
+as well as love&mdash;pity and
+shame, and sorrow for the
+boy. She took his hand and
+pressed it between her own
+and burst into tears. &#8220;Oh,
+Charley, Charley!&#8221; she
+cried.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I am a brute and a
+wretch,&#8221; he said. &#8220;I don&#8217;t
+deserve anything. But
+don&#8217;t throw me over&mdash;don&#8217;t,
+Lily!&#8221;</p>
+<p>He fell on his knees before
+her, crying like a little school-boy.
+A tendency to weep
+readily sometimes accompanies
+the consumption of
+strong drink.</p>
+<p>Then he made confession,
+such confession as one makes
+who puts things as prettily
+as their ugliness allows. He
+had given way once or twice;
+he had never intended to get
+drunk; he had been overtaken
+yesterday. The day
+was close, he had a headache
+in the morning. To cure
+his headache he took a single
+glass of beer. When he
+went back to the office he
+felt giddy. They said he
+was drunk. They bundled
+him out on the spot without
+even the opportunity of explaining.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:380px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_70' id='linki_70'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus465.png' alt='' title='' width='380' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>Lily&nbsp;sighed. What could
+she say or answer? The
+weakness of the man&#8217;s nature
+only came out the more clearly
+by his confession. What could she
+say? To reason with him was useless.
+To make him promise was useless.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Charley,&#8221; she said at length, &#8220;if
+my forgiveness will do any good take
+it and welcome. But we cannot undo
+the past. You have lost your place
+and your character. As for the
+future&mdash;&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You have forgiven me, Lily,&#8221; he
+said; &#8220;oh, I can face the future. I can
+get another place easily. I shall very
+soon retrieve my character. Why, all
+they can say is that I seemed to have
+taken too much. Nothing&mdash;that is
+nothing!&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_446' name='page_446'></a>446</span></div>
+<p>&#8220;What will you do? Have you got
+any money?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;No. I must go and look for another
+place. Until I get one I suppose
+there will be short commons. I deserve
+it, Lily. You shall not hear me grumble.&#8221;</p>
+<p>She took out her purse. &#8220;I can
+spare two pounds,&#8221; she said. &#8220;Take
+the money, Charley. Nay&mdash;you must&mdash;you
+shall. You must not go about
+looking half
+starved.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He hesitated
+and changed
+color, but he took
+the money.</p>
+<p>Half an hour
+later he was laughing,
+as they all
+three sat at their
+simple supper, as
+light-hearted as if
+there had never
+been such a scene.
+When a man is
+forgiven he may
+as well behave accordingly.
+Only,
+when he lifted his
+glass of water to
+his lips he gasped&mdash;it
+was a craving
+for something
+stronger than
+water which tightened
+his throat
+like hydrophobia.
+But it passed; he
+drank the water
+and set down the
+glass with a nod.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Good water,
+that,&#8221; he said.
+&#8220;Nothing like
+water. Mean to stick to water in
+future&mdash;water and tea. Lily, I&#8217;ve
+made up my mind. For the next six
+months I shall give up speaking, though
+it&#8217;s against my interests. Shorthand
+and French in the evening. By that
+time I shall get a post worth a hundred&mdash;ay,
+a hundred and twenty&mdash;pounds
+a year, if I&#8217;m lucky, and we&#8217;ll get married
+and all live together and be as
+happy as the day is long. You shall
+never repent your wedding-day, my
+dear. I shall keep you like a lady.
+Oh, we will have a splendid time.&#8221;</p>
+<p>At ten o&#8217;clock Lily rose to go home.
+He sprang to his feet and took his hat
+and went.</p>
+<p>&#8220;No, no,&#8221; he said. &#8220;Let you go
+alone? Not if I know it.&#8221;</p>
+<p>She laid her hand on his arm once
+more, and tried to believe that his
+promise would be kept this time. He
+led her home, head in air, gallant and
+brave. At the
+door he kissed
+her. &#8220;Good-night,
+my dear,&#8221;
+he said. &#8220;You
+know you can
+trust me. Haven&#8217;t
+I promised?&#8221;</p>
+<p>On the way
+home he passed a
+public-house.
+The craving came
+back to him, and
+the tightness of
+his throat and the
+yearning of his
+heart; his footsteps
+were drawn
+and dragged toward
+the door.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:306px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_71' id='linki_71'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus466.png' alt='' title='' width='306' height='570' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>At&nbsp;eleven
+o&#8217;clock his
+mother, who was
+waiting up for
+him, heard him
+bumping and
+tumbling about
+the stairs on his
+way up. He came
+in&mdash;his eyes fishy,
+his voice thick.
+&#8220;Saw her home,&#8221;
+he said. &#8220;Good
+girl, Lily. Made&mdash;(hic)&mdash;faithful
+promise&mdash;we are going
+to have&mdash;splendid time!&#8221;</p>
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+<p>The two women stood outside the
+prison doors. At eight o&#8217;clock their
+man would be released; the son of
+one, the lover of the other. The elder
+woman looked frail and bowed, her
+face was full of trouble&mdash;the kind of
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_447' name='page_447'></a>447</span>
+trouble that nothing can remove. The
+younger woman stood beside her on
+the pavement; she was thinner, and
+her cheeks were pale; in her eyes, too,
+you could read abiding trouble.</p>
+<p>&#8220;We will take him home between
+us,&#8221; said the girl. &#8220;Not a word of reproach.
+He has sinned and suffered.
+We must forgive. Oh, we cannot
+choose but forgive!&#8221;</p>
+<p>Alas! the noble boy&mdash;the clever
+boy she loved&mdash;was further off than
+ever. He who loses a place and his
+character with it never gets another
+berth. This is a rule in the city. We
+talk of retrieving character and getting
+back to work. Neither the one
+nor the other event ever comes off.
+The wretch who is in this hapless
+plight begins the weary search for
+employment in hope. How it ends
+varies with his temperament or with
+the position of his friends. All day
+long he climbs stairs, puts his head
+into offices, and asks if a clerk is
+wanted.</p>
+<p>No clerk is wanted. Then he comes
+down the stairs and climbs others, and
+asks the same question and gets the
+same reply. If ever a clerk is wanted
+a character is wanted with him; and
+when the character includes the qualification
+of drink, as well as of zeal and
+ability, the owner is told that he may
+move on.</p>
+<p>I am told there is a never-ending
+procession of clerks out of work up
+and down the London stairs. What
+becomes of them is never known. It
+is, however, rumored that short commons,
+long tramps, and hope deferred
+bring most of them to the hospitals,
+where it is tenderly called pneumonia.</p>
+<p>Charley began his tramp. After a
+little&mdash;a very little while&mdash;his money,
+the money that Lily lent him, was all
+gone. He was ashamed to borrow
+more, because he would have to confess
+how that money was chiefly spent.</p>
+<p>Then he pawned his watch.</p>
+<p>Then he borrowed another pound of
+Lily.</p>
+<p>Every evening he came home drunk.
+His mother knew it, and told Lily.
+They could do nothing. They said
+nothing. They left off hoping.</p>
+<p>Then his mother perceived that
+things began to disappear. He stole
+the clock on the mantel-shelf first, and
+pawned it.</p>
+<p>Then he stole other things. At last
+he took the furniture, bit by bit, and
+pawned it, until his mother was left
+with nothing but a mattress and a pair
+of blankets. He could not take her
+money, because all she had was an annuity
+of fifteen shillings a week, otherwise
+he would have had that too. He
+then borrowed Lily&#8217;s watch and pawned
+it, and her little trinkets and pawned
+them; he took from her all the money
+she would give him.</p>
+<p>Both women half starved themselves
+to find him in drink and to save him
+from crime. Yes, to save him from
+crime. They did not use these words&mdash;they
+understood. For now he had
+become mad for drink. There was
+no longer any pretence; he even left
+off lying; he was drunk every day; if
+he could not get drunk he sat on the
+bare floor and cried. Neither his
+mother nor Lily reproached him.</p>
+<p>An end&mdash;a semicolon, if not a full
+stop&mdash;comes to such a course. Unfortunately
+not always the end which
+is most to be desired&mdash;the only effectual
+end.</p>
+<p>The end or semicolon which came
+to this young man was that, having
+nothing more of his mother&#8217;s that he
+could pawn, one day he slipped into
+the ground floor lodger&#8217;s room and
+made up quite a valuable little parcel
+for his friend the pawnbroker. It contained
+a Waterbury watch, a seven and
+sixpenny clock, a mug&mdash;electro-plate,
+won at a spelling competition&mdash;a bound
+volume of &#8220;Tit Bits,&#8221; and a Bible.</p>
+<p>When the lodger came home and
+found out his loss he proved to be of
+an irascible, suspicious, and revengeful
+disposition. He immediately, for instance,
+suspected the drunken young
+man of the first floor. He caused
+secret inquiry to be made, and&mdash;but
+why go on? Alas! the conclusion of
+the affair was eight months&#8217; hard.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Here he comes,&#8221; said Lily. &#8220;Look
+up, mother; we must meet him with a
+smile. He will come out sober, at any
+rate.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He was looking much better for his
+period of seclusion. He walked home
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_448' name='page_448'></a>448</span>
+between them, subdued, but ready, on
+encouragement, for their old confidence.</p>
+<p>In fact, it broke out, after an excellent
+breakfast.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I have made up my mind,&#8221; he said,
+&#8220;while I was thinking&mdash;oh! I had
+plenty to think about and plenty of
+time to do my thinking in. Well, I
+have made up my mind. Mother, this
+is no country for me any longer. After
+what has happened I must go. You
+two go on living together, just for
+company, but I shall go&mdash;I shall go
+to America. There&#8217;s always an opening,
+I am told, in America, for fellows
+who are not afraid of work. Cleverness
+tells there. A man isn&#8217;t kept down
+because he&#8217;s had a misfortune. What
+is there against me, after all? Character
+gone, eh? Well, if you come to
+that, I don&#8217;t deny that appearances were
+against me. I could explain, however.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_72' id='linki_72'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus469.png' alt='' title='' width='618' height='588' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;But there nobody cares about
+character nor what you&#8217;ve done here&#8221;&mdash;(this
+remarkable belief is widely
+spread concerning the colonies, as well
+as the United States)&mdash;&#8220;it&#8217;s what can
+you do? not, what have you done?
+Very well. I mean to go to America,
+mother. I shall polish up the shorthand
+and pick up the French grammar
+again. I mean to get rich now. Oh,
+I&#8217;ve sown my wild oats! Then you&#8217;ll
+both come out to me, and then we&#8217;ll
+be married; and, Lily, we&#8217;ll have a
+most splendid time!&#8221;</p>
+<h3>V.</h3>
+<p>Five years later Lily sat one Sunday
+morning in the same lodgings. The
+poor old mother was gone, praying
+her with her last breath not to desert
+the boy. But of Charley not a word
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_449' name='page_449'></a>449</span>
+had come to her&mdash;no news of any
+kind.</p>
+<p>She was quite alone&mdash;in those days
+she was generally alone; she had kept
+her place at the post-office, but everybody
+knew of her trouble, and somehow
+it made a kind of barrier between
+herself and her sister clerks. The sorrows
+of love are sacred, but when they
+are mixed up with a criminal and a
+prison there is a feeling&mdash;a kind of a
+feeling&mdash;as if, well, one doesn&#8217;t like
+somehow to be mixed up with it. Lily
+was greatly to be pitied, no doubt; her
+lover had turned out shameful; but she
+ought to have given up the man long
+before he got so bad.</p>
+<p>She was alone. The church bells
+were beginning to ring. She thought
+she would go to church. While she
+considered this point, she heard a woman&#8217;s
+step on the stairs, and there was a
+knock at the door.</p>
+<p>It was a nurse or probationer, dressed
+in the now familiar garb&mdash;a young
+nurse.</p>
+<p>&#8220;You are Lily Chesters?&#8221; she asked.
+&#8220;There is a patient just brought in to
+the London Hospital who wants to see
+you. He is named Charley, he says,
+and will give no other name. He
+wrote your address on paper. &#8216;Tell
+her,&#8217; he said, &#8216;that it is Charley.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+<p>Lily rose quietly. &#8220;I will go to
+him.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;He is your brother?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;He is my lover. Is he ill?&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_73' id='linki_73'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus470.png' alt='' title='' width='620' height='350' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;He is very ill. He came in all in
+rags, dirty and penniless&mdash;he is very ill
+indeed. Prepare yourself. He is dying
+of pneumonia.&#8221;</p>
+<p>I told you before what they call it.</p>
+<p>Lily sat at the bedside of the dying
+man.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It is all over,&#8221; he whispered. &#8220;I
+have reformed, Lily. I have quite
+turned over a new leaf. I have now
+resolved to taking the pledge. Kiss
+me, dear, and tell me that you forgive
+me.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, yes, Charley. God knows that
+I forgive you. Why, you will come
+back to yourself in a very little while.
+Thank God for it, dear! Your own
+true self. You will be my dear old boy
+again&mdash;the boy that I have always
+loved; not the drinking, bad boy&mdash;the
+clever, bright boy. Oh, my dear, my
+dear! you will see mother again very
+soon, and she will welcome her boy,
+returned to himself again.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes,&#8221; he said, &#8220;that&#8217;s it. A serious
+reform this time. Lily, I dare say I
+shall be up and well again in a day or
+two. Then we will see what to do
+next. I am going out to Australia,
+where everybody has a chance&mdash;America
+is a fraud. I shall get rich there,
+and then you and mother will come to
+me, and we shall get married, and&mdash;oh!
+Lily, Lily, after all that we have
+suffered, we shall have&mdash;I see that we
+shall have&#8221;&mdash;he paused, and his voice
+grew faint&mdash;&#8220;we shall have&mdash;the most
+splendid time!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;He is gone,&#8221; said the nurse.</p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_450' name='page_450'></a>450</span>
+<a name='AN_OLD_SONG_AUTHOR_UNKNOWN' id='AN_OLD_SONG_AUTHOR_UNKNOWN'></a>
+<h2>AN OLD SONG.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>Author Unknown.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='poem' style='max-width: 24em'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>As, t&#8217;other day, o&#8217;er the green meadow I pass&#8217;d,</p>
+<p>A swain overtook me, and held my hand fast;</p>
+<p>Then cried, &#8220;My dear Lucy, thou cause of my care,</p>
+<p>How long must thy faithful young Thyrsis despair?</p>
+<p>To grant my petition, no longer be shy;&#8221;</p>
+<p>But, frowning, I answer&#8217;d, &#8220;O, fie, shepherd, fie!&#8221;</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>He told me his fondness like time should endure;</p>
+<p>That beauty which kindled his flame &#8217;twould secure;</p>
+<p>That all my sweet charms were for homage design&#8217;d,</p>
+<p>And youth was the season to love and be kind.</p>
+<p>Lord, what could I say? I could hardly deny,</p>
+<p>And faintly I uttered, &#8220;O, fie, shepherd, fie!&#8221;</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>He swore&mdash;with a kiss&mdash;that he could not refrain;</p>
+<p>I told him &#8217;twas rude, but he kissed me again.</p>
+<p>My conduct, ye fair ones, in question ne&#8217;er call,</p>
+<p>Nor think I did wrong&mdash;I did nothing at all!</p>
+<p>Resolved to resist, yet inclined to comply,</p>
+<p>I leave it for you to say, &#8220;Fie, shepherd, fie!&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_451' name='page_451'></a>451</span>
+<a name='STRANGER_THAN_FICTION_LOVE_IN_A_COTTAGE_THE_IRISH_' id='STRANGER_THAN_FICTION_LOVE_IN_A_COTTAGE_THE_IRISH_'></a>
+<h2>STRANGER THAN FICTION.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>LOVE IN A COTTAGE. THE IRISH STORY-TELLER. HUGH BRONT� AS A TENANT-RIGHTER.</span><br /><br /><span class='smaller smcap'>Stories of the Bront� Family in Ireland.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><span class='smcap'>By Dr. William Wright.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<h3>I. <br />LOVE IN A COTTAGE.</h3>
+<p>After a brief honeymoon, spent
+at Warrenpoint, Alice Bront� returned,
+on her brother&#8217;s invitation, to
+her old home, and Hugh went back to
+complete his term of service in Loughorne.
+It soon became desirable that
+his wife should have a home of her
+own, and he took a cottage in Emdale,
+in the parish of Drumballyroney,
+with which Drumgooland was united
+at the time.</p>
+<p>The house stands near crossroads
+leading to important towns. In a
+direct line it is about three and three-quarters
+statute miles from Rathfriland,
+seven and three-quarters from Newry,
+twelve from Warrenpoint, and five and
+a quarter from Banbridge. The exact
+position of the house, is on the north-west
+side of the old road, leading, in
+Hugh Bront�&#8217;s day, to Newry and
+Warrenpoint. Almost opposite, on the
+other side of the road, there was a
+blacksmith&#8217;s shop, which still continues
+to be a blacksmith&#8217;s shop. The
+Bront� house remains, though partially
+in ruins.</p>
+<p>The house is now used as a byre,
+but its dimensions are exactly the
+same as when it became the home of
+Hugh Bront� and his bride. The rent
+then would be about sixpence per
+week, and would, in accordance with
+the general custom, be paid by one
+day&#8217;s work in the week, with board,
+the work being given in the busy season.</p>
+<p>The house consisted of two rooms.
+That over which the roof still stands
+was without chimney, and was used as
+bedroom and parlor, and the outer
+room, from which the roof has fallen,
+was used as a corn-kiln, and also as
+kitchen and reception-room.</p>
+<p>A farmer&#8217;s wife, whose ancestors
+lived close to the Bront� house long
+before the Bront�s were heard of in
+County Down, pointing to a spot in
+the corner of the byre opposite to the
+window, said: &#8220;There is the very spot
+where the Reverend Patrick Bront� was
+born.&#8221; Then she added, &#8220;Numbers of
+great folk have asked me about his
+birthplace, but och! how could I tell
+them that any <i>dacent</i> man was ever
+born in such a place!&#8221; This feeling
+on the part of the neighbors will
+probably account for the fact that
+everything written thus far regarding
+Patrick Bront�&#8217;s birthplace is wrong,
+neither the townland, nor even the parish
+of his birth, being correctly given.</p>
+<p>In the lowly cottage in Emdale, now
+known as &#8220;The Kiln,&#8221; and used as a
+cowhouse, Patrick Bront� was born,
+on the 17th of March, 1777. Men have
+risen to fame from a lowly origin, but
+few men have ever emerged from
+humbler circumstances than Patrick
+Bront�.</p>
+<p>Many a reader of Mrs. Gaskell&#8217;s
+life of Charlotte Bront� has been saddened
+by the picture of the vicar&#8217;s
+daughters amid their narrow and grim
+surroundings, but the gray vicarage of
+Haworth was a palace compared with
+the hovel in which the vicar himself
+was born and reared.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_452' name='page_452'></a>452</span></div>
+<p>Besides, the Haworth vicarage was
+never really as sombre as Mrs. Gaskell
+painted it, for Miss Ellen Nussey was
+a constant visitor, and she assures me
+that the girls were bright and happy
+in their home, always engaged on
+some project of absorbing interest,
+and always enjoying life in their own
+sober and thoughtful way.</p>
+<p>The Bront� cottage in Emdale was
+very poor, but it was brightened with
+the perennial sunshine of love. It
+was love in a cottage, in which the
+bare walls and narrow board were
+golden in the light of Alice Bront�&#8217;s
+smile. It was said in the neighborhood
+that Mrs. Bront�&#8217;s smile &#8220;would
+have tamed a mad bull,&#8221; and on her
+deathbed she thanked God that her husband
+had never looked upon her with
+a frown.</p>
+<p>In their wedded love they were very
+poor, but very happy. Hugh&#8217;s constant,
+steady work provided for the
+daily wants of an ever-increasing family,
+but it made no provision for the
+strain of adverse circumstances. In
+fact, the Emdale Bront�s lived like
+birds, and as happy as birds.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� was one of the industrious
+poor. The salt of his life was
+honest, manly toil. He had forgotten
+the luxury of his childhood&#8217;s home,
+and he did not feel any degradation in
+his lowly lot.</p>
+<p>In our artificial civilization we have
+come to place too much store on the
+accident of wealth. Our Blessed Saviour,
+whom all the rich and luxurious
+call &#8220;Lord,&#8221; was born in as lowly a
+condition of comfortless poverty as
+Patrick Bront�. Cows are now housed
+in Bront�&#8217;s birthplace, but our Lord
+was born among the animals in the
+<i>caravans�rai</i>. And yet, in our social
+code, we have reduced the Decalogue to
+this one commandment, &#8220;Thou shalt
+not be poor.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� did not choose poverty
+as his lot, but, being a working man, like
+the carpenter of Nazareth, he did the
+daily work that came to his hand, and
+then, side by side with Alice, he found
+the fulness of each day sufficient for
+all its wants.</p>
+<p>The happy home was soon crowded
+with children, and the family removed
+to a larger and better house, in the
+townland of Lisnacreevy. The parish
+register of Drumballyroney Church, to
+which the Bront�s belonged, unfortunately
+goes no farther back than 1779,
+two years after the birth of Patrick.
+The register, which is now kept in
+the parish church of Drumgooland,
+belonged to the united parishes of
+Drumballyroney and Drumgooland, in
+which, when united, the Reverend Mr.
+Tighe was vicar for forty-two years.
+When Patrick Bront� was two years
+old, less one day, his brother William
+was baptized, and about every two
+succeeding years either a brother or a
+sister was added until the family numbered
+ten.</p>
+<h3>II. <br />THE DAILY ROUND.</h3>
+<p>Hugh Bront� and his wife could
+not live wholly on love in a cottage,
+and Hugh had to bestir himself. He
+was an unskilled laborer, but he understood
+the art of burning lime. There
+was no limestone, however, in that part
+of County Down to burn, and as he
+could not have a lime-kiln, he resolved
+to have a corn-kiln.</p>
+<p>At the beginning of this century a
+corn-kiln in such a district in Ireland
+was a very simple affair. A floor of
+earthenware tiles, pierced nearly
+through from the underside, was arranged
+on a kind of platform or loft.
+Beneath there was a furnace, which
+was heated by burning the rough, dry
+seeds, or outer <i>shelling</i>, ground off the
+oats. In front of the furnace there
+was a hollow, called &#8220;the logie-hole,&#8221;
+in which the kiln man sat, with the
+shelling or seeds heaped up within
+arm&#8217;s length around him, and with his
+right hand he <i>beeked</i> the kiln, by throwing,
+every few seconds, a sprinkling of
+seeds on the flame. In this way he
+kept up a warm glow under the corn till
+it was sufficiently dried for the mill.</p>
+<p>Such was the simple character of the
+ordinary corn-kiln in County Down at
+the beginning of the century. But I
+have been assured by the old men of
+the neighborhood that Hugh Bront�&#8217;s
+kiln was of a still more primitive structure.
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_453' name='page_453'></a>453</span>
+The platform, or corn-floor, was
+constructed by laying iron bars across
+unhewn stones set up on end. On these
+bars straw matting was spread, and on
+the matting the corn was placed to dry.
+Such a structure was the immediate
+precursor of the pottery floored kiln.
+The design was the same in both, but
+the matting was always liable to catch
+fire, and required careful attention.</p>
+<p>The kiln was erected in the part of
+the Bront� cottage now roofless, and,
+like the cottage itself, must have been
+a very humble affair. It has been suggested
+that the kiln may have stood
+elsewhere, but it is now established
+beyond all doubt, on the unanimous
+testimony of the inhabitants, that the
+Bront� kiln stood in the ruined room
+of the Bront� cottage, and, in fact, it is
+known by the name of &#8220;the Bront�s&#8217;
+kiln.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Within those walls, now roofless, the
+grandfather of Charlotte Bront� began
+in 1776 to earn the daily bread of himself
+and his bride, by roasting his
+neighbors&#8217; oats. His wage was known
+by the name of &#8220;muther,&#8221; and consisted
+of so many pounds of fresh
+oats taken from every hundredweight
+brought to him to be kiln-dried. The
+miller, too, was paid in kind, but his
+muther was taken by measure, after the
+shelling, or seeds, had been ground off
+the grain.</p>
+<p>When Hugh Bront� had accumulated
+a sackful of muther he dried it on his
+kiln, took it to the mill, and paid his
+muther in turn to the miller, to have it
+ground into meal.</p>
+<p>The meal, when taken home, was
+stored in a barrel, and with the produce
+of the rood of potatoes which
+Hugh had <i>sod</i> on his brother-in-law&#8217;s
+farm, became the food of himself and
+family. As the Bront�s could not consume
+all the muther themselves, the
+surplus would be sold to provide clothing
+and other necessaries, and though
+there remains no trace of pig-stye or
+fowl-house, there can be little doubt
+that Mrs. Bront� would have both pigs
+and fowl to eke out her husband&#8217;s
+earnings.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Bront� was a famous spinner,
+and she handed down the art to her
+daughters. She had always a couple
+of sheep grazing on her brother&#8217;s land.
+She carded and span the wool, her
+spinning-wheel singing all day beside
+her husband, as he beeked the kiln.
+Then, during the long, dark evenings,
+when they had no light but the red eye
+of the kiln, she knitted the yarn into
+hose and vest and shirt, and even head-gear,
+so that Hugh Bront�, like his sons
+in after years, was almost wholly clad
+in &#8220;homespun.&#8221;</p>
+<p>This, probably, had something to do
+with the general impression, which still
+remains in the neighborhood, of the
+stately and shapely forms of the Bront�
+men and women. The knitted woollen
+garments fitted close, unlike the fantastic
+and shapeless habiliments that
+came from the hands of local tailors in
+those days.</p>
+<p>Alice Bront� also span nearly all the
+garments which she wore, and her tall
+and comely daughters after her were
+dressed in clothes which their own
+hands had taken from the fleece.</p>
+<p>On principle, as well as from necessity,
+the Bront�s wore woollen garments,
+and the vicar carried the same taste
+with him to England, where his dislike
+of everything made of cotton was attributed
+by his biographer to dread of
+fire. The absurd servants&#8217; gossip as
+to his cutting up his wife&#8217;s silk gown
+had possibly a grain of truth in it,
+owing to his preference for woollen
+garments; but the atrocity spun out
+of the gossip by Mrs. Gaskell was probably
+an exaggeration of an innocent
+act. At any rate, the old man characterized
+the statement, I believe truly,
+by a small but ugly word.</p>
+<p>All the Bront�s, father, mother, sons,
+and daughters, to the number of twelve,
+were clad in wool, and they were the
+healthiest, handsomest, strongest, heartiest
+family in the whole country. They
+were a standing proof of the excellency
+of the woollen theory, and it is interesting
+to note how Hugh Bront�&#8217;s theory
+and practice have received approval in
+our own day. For a time the Bront�s
+had to look to others to weave their
+yarn into the blankets and friezes that
+they required, but Patrick was taught
+to weave as soon as he was able to
+throw the shuttle and roll the beam,
+and then his father&#8217;s house manufactured
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_454' name='page_454'></a>454</span>
+for themselves everything they
+wore, from the raw staple to the gracefully
+fitting corset.</p>
+<p>Even the scarlet mantle for which
+&#8220;Ayles&#8221; Bront� is still remembered
+in Ballynaskeagh was carded, spun,
+knitted, and dyed by Mrs. Bront�&#8217;s
+own hands. The spirit of independence
+manifested by the Bront�s in
+England was a survival of a still
+sturdier spirit that had had its origin
+in one of the humblest cabins in
+County Down.</p>
+<p>As time passed Hugh Bront� became
+a famous ditcher. There is a very old
+man called Hugh Norton, living in
+Ballynaskeagh, who remembers him
+making fences and philosophizing at
+the same time. It is very probable
+that the introduction of corn-kilns
+constructed of burnt pottery may
+have left him without custom for his
+straw-mat kiln, just as the introduction
+of machinery at a later period
+left the country hand-looms idle.</p>
+<p>In Hugh Bront�&#8217;s time more careful
+attention began to be given to the land.
+Bogs were drained, fields fenced, roads
+constructed, bridges made, houses
+built, with greater energy than had
+ever been known before, and, although
+the landlord generally raised the rent
+on every improvement effected by the
+tenant, the wave of prosperity and
+improvement continued. Hugh Bront�
+was a good, steady workman, and
+found constant employment, and at
+that time wages rose from sixpence
+per day to eightpence and tenpence.
+The sod fences made by him still
+stand as a monument of honest work,
+and there are few country districts
+where huntsmen would find greater
+difficulty with the fences than in
+Emdale and Ballynaskeagh.</p>
+<p>As Hugh Bront� advanced in life he
+continued to prosper. He removed
+from the Emdale cottage to a larger
+house in Lisnacreevy, and from thence
+he and his family went home to live
+with Red Paddy, Mrs. Bront�&#8217;s brother.
+On the Ballynaskeagh farm the children
+found full scope for their energies,
+and they continued to prosper and
+purchase surrounding farms until they
+were in very comfortable circumstances.
+The Bront�s were greatly
+advanced in their prosperity by a discovery
+made by one of their countrymen.
+John Loudon Macadam was a
+County Down surveyor. He wrote
+several treatises on road-making of a
+revolutionary character. His proposal
+was to make roads by laying down
+layers of broken stones, which he said
+would become hardened into a solid
+mass by the traffic passing over them.</p>
+<p>For a time he was the subject of
+much ridicule, but he persevered, and
+proved his theory in a practical fashion.
+The importance of the invention was
+acknowledged by a grant from the
+government of ten thousand pounds,
+which he accepted, and by the offer of
+a baronetcy, which he declined. He
+lived to see the world&#8217;s highways
+improved by his discovery, and the
+English language enriched by his
+name.</p>
+<p>The old, unscientific road-makers
+were too conservative to engage in the
+construction of <i>macadamized</i> roads, but
+the Bront�s were shrewd enough to see
+the value of the new method, and they
+tendered for county contracts, and
+their tenders were accepted. Then the
+way to fortune lay open before them.
+They opened quarries on their own
+land, where they found an inexhaustible
+supply of stone, easily broken to
+the required size. With suitable stone
+ready to their hands they had a great
+advantage over all rivals, and for a
+generation the macadamizing of the
+roads in the neighborhood was practically
+a monopoly in the Bront� family.</p>
+<p>I remember the excellent carts and
+horses employed by the Bront�s on the
+road, and I also distinctly recollect that
+the names painted on the carts were
+spelled &#8220;Bront�,&#8221; the pronunciation
+being &#8220;Bront�,&#8221; never &#8220;Prunty,&#8221; as
+has been alleged.</p>
+<p>With the lucrative monopoly of road-making
+added to their farm profits the
+Bront�s grew in wealth. They raised
+on their farm the oats and fodder
+required by the horses, and, as the
+brothers did a large amount of the
+work themselves and had nothing to
+purchase, the money received for road-making
+was nearly all profit.</p>
+<p>In those days the Bront�s added
+field to field, until they farmed a considerable
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_455' name='page_455'></a>455</span>
+tract of land, which they held
+from a model landlord called Sharman
+Crawford. That was the period at
+which a two-storied house was built,
+and there were houses occupied by the
+Bront�s, from the two-storied house
+down to the thatched cottage. In fact,
+the house of Red Paddy McClory, in
+which Alice was born and reared, stood
+about half-way between the two-storied
+house and the cabin. The foundations
+of the house in which Charlotte Bront�&#8217;s
+Irish grandmother was born are still
+visible.</p>
+<p>Shortly after the death of old Hugh,
+and in the time of the Bront� prosperity,
+one of the brothers, called Welsh,
+opened a public-house in the thatched
+cabin referred to, and from that moment,
+as far as I have been able to make
+out, the tide of the Bront� prosperity
+turned.</p>
+<p>Everything the Bront�s did was genuine.
+Their whiskey was as good in
+quality as their roads, and I fear it
+must be added that they were among
+the heartiest customers for their own
+commodities. They ceased to work
+on the roads, their hard-earned money
+slipped through their fingers, and the
+public-house became the meeting-place
+for the fast and wild youth of the
+locality.</p>
+<p>Then another brother, called William,
+but known as Billy, opened on the
+Knock Hill another public-house, which
+also became a centre of demoralization
+to the young men of the district, and
+a source of degradation to the keeper.
+I remember both these pests in full
+force. They were much frequented by
+Orangemen, who, when tired playing
+&#8220;The Protestant Boys,&#8221; used to slake
+their thirst and fire their hatred of
+the <i>Papishes</i> by drinking Bront�&#8217;s
+whiskey.</p>
+<p>I am bound to say distinctly that
+I do not believe any of Charlotte
+Bront�&#8217;s Irish uncles ever became confirmed
+drunkards. They took to the
+drink business too late in life to be
+wholly overmastered by the passion
+for alcohol. Besides, their father&#8217;s example,
+and the industrious habits of
+their youth and early manhood, had
+combined to give moral fibre to the
+stubborn Bront� character, which saved
+them from precipitate descent on the
+down grade.</p>
+<p>I never saw any of the Bront�s drunk,
+and I believe the occasional drinking
+of the family was limited to the two
+brothers who sold drink, and who
+would always feel bound in honor &#8220;to
+taste a drop&#8221; with their customers.
+The other brothers would drink like
+other people, in fairs and markets,
+where every transaction was ratified by
+a glass of grog, but I do not believe
+they often drank to excess.</p>
+<p>In those days everybody drank. At
+births, at baptisms, at weddings, at
+wakes, at funerals, and in all the other
+leading incidents of life, intoxicating
+liquors were considered indispensable.
+If a man was too hot he drank, and if
+he was too cold he drank. He drank
+if he was in sorrow, and he drank when
+in joy. When his gains were great he
+drank, and he drank also when crushed
+by losses. The symbol of universal
+hospitality was the black bottle.</p>
+<p>Ministers of the Gospel used to visit
+their people quarterly. On these visitations
+the minister was accompanied
+by one of his deacons. Into whatever
+house they entered they were immediately
+met by the hospitable bottle
+and two glasses, and they were always
+expected to fortify themselves with
+spirituous draughts before beginning
+their spiritual duties. As the visitors
+called at from twelve to twenty houses
+on their rounds, they must have been
+&#8220;unco fou&#8221; by the close of the day.</p>
+<p>It is interesting to remember that when
+the drinking habits of the country were
+at their height the temperance reformation
+was begun in Great Britain, by
+the best friend the Bront�s had, the
+Reverend David McKee. It is of still
+greater interest, in our present investigation,
+to know that Mr. McKee was
+moved to the action which has resulted
+in the great temperance reform by the
+Bront� public-houses at his door, and
+by the demoralization they were creating.</p>
+<p>The little incident which has led to
+such momentous results came about in
+this way: the Reverend David McKee
+of Ballynaskeagh was the minister of
+the Presbyterian Church of Anaghlone.
+He had built his church, and he was
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_456' name='page_456'></a>456</span>
+largely independent of his congregation.
+One Sunday he thought fit to
+preach on <i>The Rechabites</i>. In the sermon
+he ridiculed and denounced the
+drinking habits of the time. The sermon
+fell on the congregation like a thunderbolt
+from a cloudless sky. Blank
+amazement in the audience was succeeded
+by hot indignation.</p>
+<p>On the following morning an angry
+deputation from the congregation
+waited on Mr. McKee. He listened to
+them with patient courtesy while they
+urged that the sermon should be immediately
+burnt, and that an apology
+should be tendered to the congregation
+on the following Sunday.</p>
+<p>When the deputation had exhausted
+themselves and their subject, Mr. McKee
+began quietly to draw attention to
+the happy homes which had been desolated
+by whiskey, the brilliant young
+men whom it had ruined, the amiable
+neighbors whom it had hurried into
+drunkards&#8217; graves, and then he pointed
+to the Bront�s as an example of the
+baneful influence of the trade on the
+sellers of the stuff themselves.</p>
+<p>The deputation, some of them Orangemen,
+were in no mood to listen to
+radical doctrines, subversive of their
+time-honored customs, and they began
+to threaten.</p>
+<p>Mr. McKee, who was six feet six
+inches high, and of great muscular
+power, drew himself up to his full
+stature, and calling to his servant, then
+at breakfast in the kitchen, told him
+to saddle his best mare, as he wished to
+ride in haste to Newry, to publish his
+sermon in time for circulation on the
+following Sunday. Then, turning to
+the deputation, he thanked them for
+their early visit, which he hoped would
+bear fruit, and bowed them out of his
+parlor.</p>
+<p>He rode the best horse in the whole
+district, and he never drew rein till he
+reached the printing-office in Newry,
+and he had the sermon ready for circulation
+on the following Sunday, and
+handed it to his people as they retired.</p>
+<p>In 1798 Mr. McKee, then a youth,
+watched from a hill in his father&#8217;s land
+the battle of Ballynahinch. He had in
+his arms at the time a little nephew
+who had been left in his charge. The
+little nephew became the great Doctor
+Edgar of Belfast, who used to boast
+playfully that he was &#8220;up in arms&#8221; at
+the battle of Ballynahinch.</p>
+<p>Mr. McKee sent a copy of <i>The
+Rechabites</i> to his eloquent nephew.
+Doctor Edgar read the sermon, and
+then, rising from his seat, proceeded
+swiftly to carry all the whiskey he had
+in the house into the street, and empty
+it into the gutter. With that drink
+offering Doctor Edgar inaugurated the
+great temperance reform. From Ireland
+he passed to Scotland, and from
+Scotland to England. The whole
+kingdom was mightily stirred, and the
+temperance cause has ever since continued
+to flourish. The little seed,
+stimulated at first by the Bront� public-houses,
+has become a great tree, the
+branches of which extend to all lands.</p>
+<p>We have now seen the Bront�s in the
+daily round of their common pursuits.
+In the next chapter we hope to see old
+Hugh in the light of his Bront� genius.</p>
+<h3>III. <br />THE IRISH RACONTEUR OR STORY-TELLER.</h3>
+<p>The
+Hakkaw&#257;ti
+is the oriental story-teller,
+the man who beyond all others
+relieves the tedium and wearisomeness
+of oriental life. I have often watched
+the oriental
+Hakkaw&#257;ti,
+seated in the
+centre of a large crowd, weaving stories
+with subtile plots and startling surprises,
+using pathos and passion and
+pungent wit, and always interspersing
+his narratives with familiar incidents,
+and laying on local color, to give an
+appearance of <i>vraisemblance</i>, or reality,
+to the wildest fancies.</p>
+<p>The Arabian
+Hakkaw&#257;ti
+generally
+tells his stories at night, when the
+weird and wonderful are most effective.
+He has always a fire so arranged as to
+light up his countenance with a ruddy
+glow, so that the movements and contortions
+of a mobile face may add support
+to the narrative. He sometimes
+proceeds slowly, stumbling and correcting
+himself, like D&#8217;Israeli, as if his one
+great desire was to stick to the literal
+truth.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_457' name='page_457'></a>457</span></div>
+<p>Without any apparent effort to please,
+the
+Hakkaw&#257;ti
+keeps his finger on the
+pulse of his audience. Should they
+show signs of weariness, he makes them
+smile by some pleasantry, and as the
+Arab holds that &#8220;smiles and tears are
+in the same <i>khury</i>,&#8221; or wallet, he brings
+something of great seriousness on the
+heels of the fun, and works himself into
+a white heat of passion over it, the
+veins rising like cords on his forehead,
+and his whole frame convulsed
+and throbbing, the rapt audience following,
+in full sympathy with every
+mood.</p>
+<p>I have seen the Arabs shivering and
+pale with terror, as the
+Hakkaw&#257;ti
+narrated
+the fearful deeds of some imaginary
+<i>jinn</i>, and I have seen them feeling
+for their daggers, and ready to spring
+to their feet, to avenge some dastard
+act of imaginary cruelty; and a few
+seconds after I have seen them melted
+to tears at the recital of some imaginary
+tale of woe. I never wearied
+in listening to the
+Hakkaw&#257;ti,
+or in
+watching the artlessness of his consummate
+art; and I have always looked
+on him as the most interesting of all
+orientals, a positive benefactor to his
+illiterate countrymen.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� was an Irish
+Hakkaw&#257;ti,
+the last of an extinct race. I
+knew several men who had heard him
+when he was at his best. He would sit
+long winter nights in the logie-hole of
+his corn-kiln, in the Emdale cottage,
+telling stories to an audience of rapt
+listeners who thronged around him.
+Mrs. Bront� plied her knitting in the
+outer darkness of the kitchen, for there
+was no light except the glow from the
+furnace of the kiln, which lighted up
+old Hugh&#8217;s face as he <i>beeked</i> the kiln,
+and told his yarns.</p>
+<p>The Reverend William McAllister,
+from whom I got most details as to
+Bront�&#8217;s story-telling, had heard his
+father say that he spent a night in
+Bront�&#8217;s kiln either in the winter of
+1779 or 1780. Bront�&#8217;s fame was then
+new. The place was crowded to suffocation.
+At that time he reserved a
+place near the fire for Mrs. Bront�, and
+Patrick, then a baby, was lying on the
+heap of seeds from which the fire was
+fed, with his eyes fixed on his father,
+and listening, like the rest, in breathless
+silence.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� seems to have had the
+rare faculty of believing his own stories,
+even when they were purely imaginary,
+and he would sometimes conjure up
+scenes so unearthly and awful that
+both he and his hearers were afraid
+to part company for the night. Frequently
+his neighbors could not face
+the darkness alone after one of Hugh&#8217;s
+gruesome stories, and lay upon the
+<i>shelling</i> seeds till day dawned.</p>
+<p>The farmers&#8217; sons of the whole neighborhood
+used to gather round Bront�
+at night to hear his narratives, and he
+continued to manufacture stories of all
+descriptions as long as he lived.</p>
+<p>I have always understood that Hugh
+Bront�&#8217;s stories, though sometimes
+rough in texture and interspersed with
+emphatic expletives, after the manner
+of the time, had always a healthy
+moral bearing. As a genuine Irishman
+he never used an immodest word,
+or by gesture, phrase, or innuendo
+suggested an impure thought. On
+this point all my informants were
+unanimous. He neither used unchaste
+words himself, nor permitted any one
+to do so in his house. Tyranny and
+cruelty of every kind he denounced
+fiercely. Faithlessness and deceit always
+met condign punishment in his
+romances, and in cases where girls had
+been betrayed, either the ghost of the
+injured woman, or the devil himself,
+in some awful form, wreaked unutterable
+vengeance on the betrayer.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� was a great moral
+teacher and a power for good, as far
+as his influence extended. There are
+still some old men living in his neighborhood
+who never understood him,
+and who are disposed to think he was
+in league with the devil.</p>
+<p>It is always at his peril that any
+man dares to live before his time, or
+to leave the beaten track of the commonplace.
+The reformers have all,
+without exception, been mad, or worse,
+in the eyes of dull conservatism.
+Bront� dared to teach his neighbors
+by allowing them to see as well as
+hear, and those who were too stupid
+to understand were clever enough to
+denounce.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_458' name='page_458'></a>458</span></div>
+<p>By a very great effort Hugh Bront�
+learned to read, late in life. He began
+at Mount Pleasant, with no higher aim
+than that of being able to write letters
+to Alice McClory, when he could
+no longer visit her. He made rapid
+strides in learning under the tutelage
+of his master&#8217;s children, when he lived
+in Loughorne, and when he went to
+live in Emdale he knew the sweetness
+and solace of good books, and he had
+always a book on his knee, which he
+read by the light of the kiln fire, when
+he was alone. He knew the Bible,
+Bunyan&#8217;s &#8220;Pilgrim&#8217;s Progress,&#8221; and
+Burns&#8217;s poems, well. Those were bookless
+days. The newspaper had not
+yet found its way to the people, and
+in a neighborhood of mental stagnation
+it was something to have one
+man who could hold the mirror up to
+nature, and lead his illiterate visitors
+into enchanted ground.</p>
+<p>Many of Hugh&#8217;s stories were far removed
+from the region of romance, but
+he had the literary art of giving an artistic
+touch to everything he said, which
+added a charm to the narration, independent
+of the facts which he narrated.</p>
+<p>The story of his early life, which I
+have tried to reduce to simple prose,
+was delivered in the rhapsodic style of
+the ancient bards, but simple enough
+to be understood by the most unlettered
+peasant. None of Bront�&#8217;s stories
+were so acceptable as the simple record
+of his early hardships.</p>
+<p>Mingled with all his stories, shrewd
+maxims for life and conduct were interwoven;
+but in his oration on tenant-right
+he broke new ground, and
+showed that under different circumstances
+he might have been a great
+statesman, and saved his country from
+unutterable woe.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� was superstitious, but
+while his superstitious character descended
+to all his children, the faculty
+of story-telling was inherited, as far
+as I have been able to ascertain,
+by Patrick alone. All the sons and
+daughters talked with a dash of
+genius&mdash;as one of their old acquaintances
+said, &#8220;They were very cliver
+with their tongues&#8221;&mdash;but I have never
+heard of any of them except Patrick
+trying to tell a story.</p>
+<p>Patrick, at the age of two or three,
+used to lie on the warm shelling seeds
+and listen to his father&#8217;s entrancing
+stories, and he seems to have caught
+something of his father&#8217;s gift and
+power. Miss Nussey, Charlotte&#8217;s
+friend, &#8220;Miss E.,&#8221; has often told me
+of Patrick&#8217;s power to rivet the attention
+of his children, and awe them with
+realistic descriptions of simple scenes.
+All the girls used to sit in breathless
+silence, their prominent eyes starting
+out of their heads, while their father
+unfolded lurid scene after scene; but
+the greatest effect was produced on
+Emily, who seemed to be unconscious
+of everything else except her father&#8217;s
+story, and sometimes the descriptions
+became so vivid, intense, and terrible
+that they had to implore him to desist.</p>
+<p>Miss Nussey had opportunities for
+observing the Bront� girls that no other
+person had. She became Charlotte&#8217;s
+friend at school, when both were homesick
+and needed friends. She continued
+to be her fast friend through life.
+Gentle Anne Bront� died in her arms,
+and she was Charlotte&#8217;s true consoler
+when the heroic Emily passed swiftly
+away. She early discovered the ring
+of genius in Charlotte&#8217;s letters, and preserved
+every scrap of them, and it is
+chiefly through those letters that the
+Bront�s are known in England. She
+was Charlotte&#8217;s confidante in all private
+transactions and love matters, and she
+might have been a nearer friend still
+had Charlotte not refused an offer of
+marriage from her brother&mdash;an incident
+in the novelist&#8217;s life here for the first
+time made public.</p>
+<p>Miss Nussey was not only Charlotte&#8217;s
+devoted friend, but she was a
+constant visitor at Haworth, and a
+keen observer. She had a great power
+of discernment in literary matters, and
+a very considerable literary gift herself.
+She had not to wait till &#8220;Jane Eyre&#8221;
+and &#8220;Wuthering Heights&#8221; were published
+to learn that Charlotte and
+Emily Bront� were endowed with
+genius. We owe it to her penetrating
+sagacity that we know so much of the
+vicar&#8217;s daughters. She watched their
+growth of intellect and everything that
+ministered to it, and she believes firmly
+that the girls caught their inspiration
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_459' name='page_459'></a>459</span>
+from their father, and that Emily got
+not only her inspiration but most of her
+facts from her father&#8217;s narratives.<a name='FNanchor_0004' id='FNanchor_0004'></a><a href='#Footnote_0004' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0004' id='Footnote_0004'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0004'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a>
+<p>Swinburne, in his &#8220;Note on Charlotte Bront�,&#8221;
+has alone had the poetic insight and artistic instinct to
+discern this fact. He is right when he says, &#8220;Charlotte
+evidently never worked so well as when painting more
+or less directly from nature.... In most cases,
+probably, the designs begun by means of the camera
+were transferred for completion to the canvas.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Swinburne, however, falls short in discernment,
+when, in contrasting Charlotte with her sister, he says:
+&#8220;Emily Bront�, like William Blake, would probably
+have said, or at least presumably have felt, that such
+study after the model was to her impossible&mdash;an
+attempt but too certain to diminish her imaginative
+insight and disable her creative hand.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Surely the highest imaginative insight and deftest
+creative hand work from the model, nature, but the
+result is not a mere portrait of the model.</p>
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;The dirty, ragged, black-haired
+child,&#8221; brought home by Mr. Earnshaw
+from Liverpool, is none other
+than the real dirty, naked, black-haired
+foundling, discovered on the boat between
+Liverpool and Drogheda, and
+taken home by Charlotte&#8217;s great-grandfather
+and great-grandmother to the
+banks of the Boyne. The artist, however,
+is not a mere copyist, and hence,
+while the story starts from existing
+facts, and follows the general outline
+of the real, it is not the very image of
+the real, and makes deviations from
+the original facts to meet the exigencies
+of art.</p>
+<p>There is no difficulty, however, in
+recognizing the original of the incarnate
+fiend Heathcliff in the man Welsh,
+who tormented Hugh Bront�, Patrick&#8217;s
+father, in the old family home near
+Drogheda. Had Welsh never played
+the demon among the Bront�s, Emily
+Bront� had never placed on the canvas
+Heathcliff, &#8220;child neither of lascar
+nor gypsy, but a man&#8217;s shape
+animated by demon life&mdash;a ghoul, an
+afrit.&#8221; Nelly Dean, the benevolent
+but irresolute medium of romance and
+tragedy, is Hugh&#8217;s Aunt Mary, clear-eyed
+as to right and duty, but ever
+slipping down before the force of circumstances.
+And old Gallagher, on
+the banks of the Boyne, with &#8220;the
+Blessed Virgin and all the saints&#8221; on
+his side, is none other than the original
+of the old hypocrite, Joe. Gallagher
+is Joe speaking the Yorkshire dialect.</p>
+<p>And Edgar Linton is the gentle and
+forgiving brother of Alice, our friend
+Red Paddy McClory, who took his sister
+home after her runaway marriage
+with a Protestant, and finally took the
+whole Bront� family under his roof,
+and gave them all he possessed. Even
+Catherine Linton&#8217;s flight and marriage
+has solid foundation in fact, either in
+Alice Bront�&#8217;s romantic elopement
+with Hugh, or in the more tragic circumstances
+of Mary Bront�&#8217;s marriage
+with Welsh.</p>
+<p>It is not credible that Patrick Bront�,
+in his story-telling moods, never narrated
+to his listening daughters the
+romance of their grandfather and
+grandmother. It is true Miss Nussey
+never heard any reference to the story,
+nor did the Bront�s ever in her presence
+refer to their Irish home or
+friends or history, though, at the very
+time she was visiting Haworth, they
+were in constant communication with
+their Irish relatives, and, as we shall
+see, one of the uncles actually visited
+them, as Charlotte&#8217;s champion, and
+one of them had visited Haworth at an
+earlier date.</p>
+<p>They were too proud to talk even to
+their most intimate friends of their
+Irish home, much less to expose the
+foibles of their immediate ancestors to
+phlegmatic English ears; but Patrick
+Bront� would not omit to tell his story-loving
+daughters the thrilling adventures
+of their ancestors, and the girls,
+having brooded over the incidents, reproduced
+them in variant forms, and
+in the sombre setting of their own
+surroundings.</p>
+<p>The originals lived and died, acted
+and were acted upon, in Louth and
+Down; but on the steeps of &#8220;Wuthering
+Heights&#8221; they strut again, speaking
+the Yorkshire dialect, and braced
+by the tonic air of the northern downs.</p>
+<p>None of the stories betray their origin
+so clearly as &#8220;Wuthering Heights,&#8221;
+just as none of the novelists were so
+fascinated with their father&#8217;s tales as
+Emily. But the stories are all Bront�
+stories, an echo of the thrilling narratives
+related by old Hugh, and retold,
+I believe, a hundred times by
+Patrick. Of course, all the stories are
+made to live again under new forms,
+each writer giving the stamp of her
+own character to the new creations.
+Artists of the Bront� stamp are not
+portrait painters, nor mere reproducers.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_460' name='page_460'></a>460</span></div>
+<p>They never were content to be mere
+lackeys of nature. They were above
+nature, and everything without and
+within themselves they placed under
+contribution.</p>
+<p>Even the rough and rugged characters
+that have come from the hand of
+Emily show the work of the artist.
+She added to the repulsive Heathcliff
+qualities of her own. She is perfectly
+serious when she says: &#8220;Possibly some
+people might suspect him [Heathcliff]
+of a degree of under-bred pride. I
+have a sympathetic chord within me
+that tells me it is nothing of the sort.
+I know by instinct his reserve springs
+from an aversion to showy display of
+feeling, to manifestations of mutual
+kindliness. He&#8217;ll love and hate equally
+under cover, and esteem it a species
+of impertinence to be loved or hated
+again. No! I&#8217;m running on too fast.
+I bestow my own attributes over-liberally
+on him.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Knowing the model from which
+Emily Bront� worked, there are few
+passages which throw more light on
+the artist than this. Catherine Linton
+was modelled on the lovely Alice McClory,
+who bequeathed to her clever
+granddaughters all the personal attractions
+they possessed; but here
+again Emily bestows attributes of herself
+and sisters on her stately and lily-like
+grandmother.</p>
+<p>&#8220;She [Catherine] was slender, and
+apparently scarcely past girlhood. An
+admirable form, and the most exquisite
+little face I had ever had the pleasure
+of beholding; small features, very
+fair; flaxen ringlets, or rather golden,
+hanging loose on her delicate neck;
+and eyes, had they been agreeable in
+expression, that would have been irresistible.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The picture is neither that of a
+Bront� of the Haworth vicarage nor
+is it a portraiture of the flower plucked
+in Ballynaskeagh by Hugh Bront�, but
+it is Alice McClory diluted with a dash
+of the Penzance Branwells, and the
+effect is a perfect and beautiful picture,
+more pleasing, indeed, than a life-like
+portrait, with all the radiant
+beauty of the charming Alice, when
+she rode off to Magherally Church
+with the dashing Hugh Bront�.</p>
+<h3>IV. <br />HUGH BRONT� AS A TENANT-RIGHTER.</h3>
+<p>Hugh Bront� worked up to his
+tenant-right doctrines by a series of
+assertions, negative and positive, on
+religious, political, and economic questions.
+His address, in which he set
+forth his views on such matters, approximated
+to the form of a lecture
+more nearly than any of his other
+talks, which were generally in the narrative
+form. The following are the
+chief points of the discourse, as given
+to me by my old tutor and friend, and
+the propositions were never varied,
+except in the mere wording, although
+the statement had never been formally
+written out.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� always began with a
+little black Bible in his hand, or on his
+knee, and his first negative assertion
+was:</p>
+<p>I. &#8220;The church is not Christ&#8217;s.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Laying his hand on the little book
+he would declare that he found grace
+in the Bible, but in the church only
+greed. Once and only once he had
+appealed to a parson. He was hungry,
+naked, and bleeding, but the great
+double-chinned, red-faced man had
+looked on him as if he were a rat, and,
+without hearing his story, had him
+driven off by a grand-looking servant,
+who cracked a whip over his head and
+swore at him.</p>
+<p>In Hugh Bront�&#8217;s eyes the parsons
+got their livings for political services,
+and not for learning or goodness.
+Enormous sums were paid them to do
+work that they did not do. They rarely
+visited their parishes, and their duties
+were performed by hungry and ill-paid
+curates. When they did return occasionally
+to their livings they were
+heard of at banquets, where they ate
+and drank too freely, and at other resorts,
+where they gambled recklessly.
+They were seen riding over the country
+after foxes and hounds, and sitting
+in judgment on the men whose grain
+they had trampled down, and sending
+them to penal servitude for trapping
+hares in their own gardens. They
+were said to be ignorant, but they were
+known to be irreligious, immoral, arrogant,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_461' name='page_461'></a>461</span>
+and cruel. They acted as the
+ministers of the gentry, before whom
+they were very humble, and they utterly
+despised the people who paid for their
+luxuries, and supported their own
+priests besides.</p>
+<p>They gave the sanction of the
+church to violence, craft, and crime
+in high places, and they were as far
+removed as men could be, in origin,
+position, and practices, from the apostles
+of the New Testament. And yet,
+he added, they claimed, in the most
+haughty manner, that they and they
+alone were the successors of the apostles,
+although they showed no signs of
+apostolic spirituality or apostolic service.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� declared that he could
+not submit to the Protestant parson,
+who despised him because he was poor,
+and could not aid in his promotion,
+nor could he yield obedience to the
+Catholic priest, who demanded utter
+subjection and prostration of both
+body and mind, and enforced his
+church&#8217;s claims by a stout stick. With
+these views it is not to be wondered at
+that Hugh Bront� did not belong to
+any church.</p>
+<p>To us, now, his statements appear
+exaggerated and too sweeping, but it
+must be remembered that he spoke of
+the Irish clergy in the closing decades
+of the last century. He expressed
+himself fiercely regarding the parsons,
+and in return they dubbed him &#8220;atheist.&#8221;</p>
+<p>His second negative assertion was:</p>
+<p>II. &#8220;The world is not God&#8217;s.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He knew from the Bible that God
+had made all things very good, and
+that he loved the world, but he held
+that a number of people had got in
+between God and his world, and made
+it very bad and hateful. They were
+known as kings and emperors, and
+they had seized on the world by fraud
+and force. They lived on the best of
+everything that the land produced, and
+when they disagreed among themselves
+they sent their people to kill each other
+on their account, while they sat at
+home in peace and luxury.</p>
+<p>These usurpers not only held sway
+over the possessions and lives of men,
+but they decreed the exact thoughts
+men were to entertain concerning God,
+and the exact words they were to speak
+concerning God; and when men presumed
+to obey God rather than men
+they were tied to stakes and burned to
+death as blasphemers. For such sentiments
+as these Hugh Bront� was denounced
+as a socialist&mdash;a very bad and
+dangerous name at the beginning of
+the present century.</p>
+<p>His third negative proposition was:</p>
+<p>III. &#8220;Ireland is not the king&#8217;s.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He understood that King George III.
+was not a wise man, but that he was a
+humane man. Ireland was not governed
+by King George III., but by a
+gang of rapacious brigands. They
+constantly invoked the king&#8217;s name,
+but only to serve more fully their own
+selfish ends. By the king&#8217;s authority
+they carried out their policy of systematic
+outrage, until he hated the very
+name of the king whom he always
+wished to love.</p>
+<p>The chief business of the king&#8217;s representatives
+was to plunder his majesty&#8217;s
+poorer subjects. For this purpose
+the country was parcelled out and
+divided among a number of base and
+greedy adventurers, in return for odious
+services. Each of these adventurers
+became king, or landlord, in his own
+district, and lived on the wretched natives.
+Every meskin of butter made
+on the farm, every pig reared in the
+cabin, every egg laid by the hens that
+roosted in the kitchen, went to support
+the land-king.</p>
+<p>The cottages were mud hovels. The
+land was bog and barren waste. The
+men and women were in rags. The children
+were hungry, pinched, and bare-footed.
+But the landlord carried off
+everything, except the potato crop,
+which was barely sufficient to sustain
+life.</p>
+<p>The landlord was a very great man.
+He lived in London, near the king, in
+more than royal splendor. Or he passed
+his time in some of the great cities of
+Europe, spending as much on gay women
+as would have clothed and fed all
+the starving children on his estate. In
+English society his pleasantries were
+said to be most entertaining, regarding
+the poverty, misery, and squalor of his
+tenants, whom he fleeced; but he took
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_462' name='page_462'></a>462</span>
+care never to come near them, lest his
+fine sensibilities should be shocked at
+their condition. His serious occupation
+was the making of laws to increase
+his own power for rapacity, and to take
+away from the people every vestige of
+rights that they might have inherited.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The landlord takes everything and
+gives nothing,&#8221; was Hugh Bront�&#8217;s
+simple form of the fine modern phrase
+regarding landlords&#8217; privileges and
+duties.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� maintained that the
+landlord was a courteous gentleman,
+graced with polished manners, and that
+if he had lived among his people he
+might in time have developed a heart.
+At least, he could hardly have kept up
+a gentlemanly indifference, in the presence
+of squalor and misery. But he
+kept quite out of sight of his tenantry,
+or he would not have made so much
+merriment about the pig, which was
+being brought up among the children,
+to pay for his degrading extravagances.
+The landlord&#8217;s place among the people
+was taken by an agent, an attorney,
+and a sub-agent. The agent was a
+local potentate, whose will was law.
+The attorney&#8217;s business was to make
+the law square with the agent&#8217;s acts.
+And the under agent was employed to
+do mean and vile and inhuman acts,
+that neither the agent nor attorney
+could conveniently do.</p>
+<p>The duty of the three was to find
+out, by public inspection and by private
+espionage, the uttermost farthing the
+tenants could pay, and extract it from
+them legally. In getting the rent for
+the landlord each got as much as he
+could for himself. The key of the
+situation was the word &#8220;eviction.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Then Hugh told the story of his ancestors&#8217;
+farm. The Bront�s had occupied
+a piece of forfeited land, with well-defined
+obligations to a chief, or landlord.
+Soon the landlord succeeded in
+removing all legal restraints which in
+any way interfered with his absolute
+control of the place. Remonstrance
+and entreaty were alike unavailing.
+The alterations in title were made by
+the authority of &#8220;George III., by the
+grace of God King of England!&#8221;</p>
+<p>Hugh&#8217;s great-grandfather drained
+the bog and improved the land, at
+enormous expense. Every improvement
+was followed by a rise in the
+rent. His grandfather built a fine
+house on the land, by money made in
+dealing, and again the rent was raised,
+on the increased value given to the
+place by the tenant&#8217;s industry. Then,
+the vilest creature in human form having
+ingratiated himself with the agent,
+by vile services, the place was handed
+over to him, without one farthing of
+compensation to the heirs of the man
+whose labor had made the place of
+value. All these things were done in
+the name of George III., though the
+king had no more to do with the nefarious
+transactions than the child unborn.</p>
+<p>From this conclusion Hugh Bront�
+proceeded to his fourth negative proposition:</p>
+<p>IV. &#8220;Irish law is not justice.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He expressed regret that he was unable
+to respect the laws of the country.
+According to his views, the laws were
+made by an assembly of landlords,
+purely and solely to serve their own
+rapacious desires, and not in accordance
+with any dictates of right or
+wrong. As soon might the lambs respect
+the laws of the wolves as the
+people of Ireland respect the laws of
+the landlords.</p>
+<p>From this point he naturally arrived
+at his fifth negative proposition:</p>
+<p>V. &#8220;Obedience to law is not a
+duty.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He said it might be prudent to obey
+a bad law, cruelly administered, because
+disobedience might entail inconvenient
+consequences; but there was
+no moral obligation impelling a man
+to obey a law which outraged decency,
+and against which every righteous and
+generous instinct revolted. Human
+laws should be the reflection of divine
+laws; but the landlord-made laws of
+Ireland had neither the approval of
+honest men nor the sanction of divine
+justice.</p>
+<p>Hugh&#8217;s sixth and last negative proposition
+was:</p>
+<p>VI. &#8220;Patriotism is not a virtue.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He held that every man should love
+his country, and that every Irishman
+did; but he could not do violence to
+the most sacred instincts of his nature,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_463' name='page_463'></a>463</span>
+by any zeal to uphold a system of
+government which dealt with Ireland
+as the legitimate prey of plunderers.</p>
+<p>In other lands men were patriotic
+because they loved their country. He
+loved his country too well to be a patriot.
+Love of country more than any
+other passion had prompted to the
+purest patriotism; but who would do
+heroic acts to maintain a swarm of
+harpies to pollute and lacerate his
+country? Who would have his zeal
+aglow to maintain the desolators of
+his native land?</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� gave out his views with
+a warmth that betrayed <i>animus</i> arising
+from personal injury. He was therefore
+declared to be disloyal, and that
+at a time when there was danger in
+disloyalty. About the time Hugh
+Bront� was enunciating these sentiments
+the rising of the United Irishmen
+took place, and the pitched battle
+of Ballynahinch was fought, in 1798.
+It has always seemed to me strange
+that he should have passed through
+those times in peace, for the &#8220;Welsh
+horse&#8221; devastated the country far and
+wide after the battle, and hundreds of
+innocent people were shot down like
+dogs. Besides, William, his second son,
+was a United Irishman, and present at
+the battle of Ballynahinch. After the
+battle he was pursued by cavalry, who
+fired at him repeatedly, but he led them
+into a bog and escaped.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� lived in a secluded
+glen; but the &#8220;Welsh horse&#8221; visited
+his house, and after a short parley with
+his wife, in which neither understood
+the other, one of the soldiers struck a
+light into the thatch. Hugh suddenly
+appeared and spoke to the Welsh soldiers
+in Irish, which it was supposed
+they understood, as being akin to their
+own language, and they joined heartily
+with him in extinguishing the flames.
+They joined still more heartily with
+Hugh in disposing of his stock of
+whiskey. The inability of Hugh&#8217;s
+neighbors to communicate with the
+Welsh may account for the fact that a
+man well known for such advanced
+and disloyal views passed safely
+through those troublous times.</p>
+<p>Having completed his negative assertions,
+or paradoxes, Hugh Bront� proceeded
+to state his theories, or positive
+conclusions. He laid it down as an
+axiom that justice must be at the root
+of all good government, and he declared
+emphatically what O&#8217;Connell and Agent
+Townsend have since maintained, that
+the Irish were the most justice-loving
+people in the world. He also held
+that unjust laws were the fruitful
+source of all the turbulence and crime
+in Ireland.</p>
+<p>Justice, he said, was nothing very
+grand. It meant simply that every
+man should have his own by legal
+right. This definition brought him to
+his tenant-right theory. In illustration
+he returned to the story of his
+ancestral home and the wrongs of his
+ancestors. He maintained that when
+his forefathers drained the bog and
+improved the land they were entitled
+to every ounce of improvement they
+had made. The landlord had done
+nothing for the land. He never went
+near it, and had never spent one farthing
+upon it, and he should not have
+been entitled to confiscate to his own
+profit the additional value given to it
+by the labor of another.</p>
+<p>He further declared that a just and
+wise legislature should secure to every
+man, high and low, the fruits of his
+own labor, and he maintained that such
+simple, natural justice would produce
+confidence in Ireland, and that confidence
+would beget content and industry,
+and that a contented and industrious
+people would soon learn to love
+both king and country, and make
+Ireland happy and England strong.
+Just laws would silence the agitator and
+the blunderbuss, and range the people
+on the side of the rulers.</p>
+<p>Hugh Bront� preached his revolutionary
+doctrines of simple justice in
+the cheerless east wind, but a little
+seed, carried I know not how, took
+root in genial soil, and the revolutionary
+doctrine of &#8220;<i>Every man his own</i>,&#8221;
+at which the political parsons used to
+cry &#8220;Anathema,&#8221; and the short-sighted
+politicians used to shout &#8220;confiscation,&#8221;
+has become one of the commonplaces
+of the modern reformation programme
+of fair play. The doctrine of common
+honesty enunciated by Hugh Bront�
+has lately received the approval of
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_464' name='page_464'></a>464</span>
+Liberal and Conservative governments
+in what is known as &#8220;Tenant-Right,&#8221;
+or &#8220;The Ulster Custom.&#8221;</p>
+<p>And here it is interesting to note
+that Hugh Bront� was a tenant on the
+estate of Sharman Crawford, a landlord
+who first took up the cause of
+Irish tenant-right, and after spending a
+long life in its advocacy, bequeathed
+its defence to his sons and daughters.</p>
+<p>Whether Hugh Bront�&#8217;s doctrines
+on the relation of landlord and tenant
+ever came to the ears of the Crawford
+family, I know not. I think it is exceedingly
+probable that they heard of
+the remarkable man on their estate,
+and of his stories and theories. The
+Crawfords were never absentee landlords,
+and, as men of high Christian
+character, they always took a personal
+interest in their tenants, and would
+not, I believe, have failed to note any
+special intellectual activity among
+them. It is certain, however, that the
+Sharman Crawfords, father and son in
+succession, spent their lives largely
+in the propagation of Hugh Bront�&#8217;s
+views, both in the House of Commons
+and throughout the country, and it
+seems to me not only probable and
+possible, but almost certain, that Bront�&#8217;s
+eloquent and passionate arguments,
+dropped into the justice-loving
+minds of the Crawfords,<a name='FNanchor_0005' id='FNanchor_0005'></a><a href='#Footnote_0005' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> <i>may</i> have
+been the primary seeds of the great
+agrarian harvest which, with the full
+sanction of the legislature, is now
+being reaped by the farmers in Ireland.</p>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0005' id='Footnote_0005'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0005'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a>
+<p>In 1833 W. Sharman Crawford published a pamphlet
+embodying Hugh Bront�&#8217;s doctrines, and making
+suggestions for the good government of Ireland. The
+pamphlet was republished by Doctor W. H. Dodd,
+Q. C., in 1892. Councillor Dodd is an old pupil of the
+Ballynaskeagh school. He received his early education
+from Mr. McKee, the friend of the Bront�s, and
+he was acquainted, as a student, with Charlotte Bront�&#8217;s
+uncles. The following is his summary of the political
+portion of the pamphlet:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Crawford anticipates, as the probable result of
+refusing self government to Ireland, the growth of
+secret societies, the influence of agitation, and the
+necessity of resorting to force in the government of the
+country. He touches upon the question of private bill
+legislation, of a reform of the grand jury system, of
+county government. He points out that the creation
+of county councils, without having a central body to
+control them, is not desirable. And he suggests the
+creation of a local legislature for Irish affairs, combined
+with representation in the Imperial Parliament,
+as the true method of preserving the Union, as the
+surest bond of the connection between the two countries,
+and as essentially necessary to tranquillity in Ireland.</p>
+<p>&#8220;He refers, among other measures, to the disestablishment
+of the Irish Church, and the reform of the relations
+between landlord and tenant, as being pressing.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The arguments against his views are met and answered.
+One would think he had read some of the
+speeches lately delivered, so apt is his reply.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It is curious to note the length of time Ireland has
+had to wait for the reforms he thought urgent, and it is
+sad to reflect how much suffering has been endured
+and how much blood has been shed because the men of
+his time would not listen to his words.&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+<p>Should my surmise be correct, and I
+have never doubted for forty years
+that it is so, great results have flowed
+from the inhuman treatment of a child.
+Had little Bront� been left in the luxury
+of his father&#8217;s home, it is not likely
+he would ever have been shaken up to
+original and independent thought; but
+the iron of cruel wrong had entered
+into his soul, and he felt that all was
+not well. He owed no gratitude to the
+existing order of things, and had no
+compunction in denouncing it; and
+having thought out and formulated a
+new theory, he proclaimed it with the
+strong conviction of an apostle who
+sees salvation in his gospel alone.</p>
+<p>The daring character of Hugh Bront�&#8217;s
+speculations in their paradoxical
+form, combined with the fierce energy
+of his manner in making them known,
+secured for him an audience and an
+amount of consideration to which, as
+an uneducated working man, he could
+have had no claim. Indeed, Hugh
+Bront�&#8217;s revolutionary doctrines were
+known far beyond his own immediate
+neighborhood, and while many said he
+was mad, some declared that he only
+saw a little clearer than his contemporaries.</p>
+
+<!-- generated by ppg.rb version: 3.22k4 -->
+<!-- timestamp: 2011-07-28 17:35:18 -0500 -->
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5,
+October 1893, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1893 ***
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,5191 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5, October
+1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5, October 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2011 [EBook #36886]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. I    OCTOBER, 1893    No. 5
+
+
+_Copyright, 1893, by S. S. McClure, Limited. All rights reserved._
+
+Table of Contents
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  Thomas B. Reed, of Maine. By Robert P. Porter.                   375
+  "Human Documents."                                               387
+  The Joneses' Telephone. By Annie Howells Frechette.              394
+  The Psychological Laboratory at Harvard. By Herbert Nichols.     399
+  The Spire of St. Stephen's. By Emma W. Demeritt.                 410
+  Mountaineering Adventure. By Francis Gribble.                    417
+  The Smoke. By George MacDonald.                                  428
+  The Earl of Dunraven. By C. Kinloch Cooke.                       429
+  At a Dance. By Augusta de Gruchy.                                439
+  Dulces Amaryllidis Irae. By Augusta de Gruchy.                    439
+  A Splendid Time--Ahead. By Walter Besant.                        440
+  An Old Song.                                                     450
+  Stranger Than Fiction. By Dr. William Wright.                    451
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893.                       375
+  Mr. Reed's Home in Portland.                                     377
+  View From the Roof of Mr. Reed's House.                          378
+  Mr. Reed in His Library.                                         380
+  A Corner of the Library.                                         381
+  Mr. Reed's Birthplace in Portland.                               382
+  The Members of the Pentagon Club of Bowdoin College.             383
+  Mr. Reed's Portland Law Office.                                  386
+  Thomas B. Reed.                                                  388
+  Frances E. Willard.                                              390
+  Edgar Wilson Nye.                                                391
+  George W. Cable.                                                 392
+  The Joneses' Telephone                                           394
+  Studying the Effects of Sound and of Attention on Colors.        400
+  Studying the Effects of Colors on Judgments of Time.             401
+  Revolving Chair for Studying Localizations of Sounds.            402
+  Measuring the Time Required for Various Mental Acts.             404
+  Wax Specimens in the Museum.                                     406
+  Gustave Theodore Fechner.                                        406
+  Professor Wilhelm Wundt, of Leipsic (1878).                      407
+  President G. Stanley Hall, Founder of 1st Psychological Lab.     407
+  Professor William James, Harvard University.                     407
+  Professor Hugo Muensterberg, Harvard University.                  408
+  The Mauvais Pas, Mont Blanc.                                     418
+  The Needle of the Giants and Mont Blanc.                         419
+  The Matterhorn.                                                  421
+  The Dent Blanche.                                                422
+  The Rhone Glacier.                                               424
+  Passage of a Crevasse, Mont Blanc.                               425
+  Pyramids of the Morteratsch.                                     426
+  Passage of a Crevasse, Mont Blanc.                               428
+  Lord Dunraven.                                                   429
+  Lady Dunraven.                                                   430
+  Dunraven Castle.                                                 431
+  Captain William Cranfield of the "Valkyrie."                     431
+  G. T. Watson, Designer of the "Valkyrie."                        432
+  The "Valkyrie."                                                  433
+  The Kenry Gateway.                                               434
+  Adare Manor House.                                               435
+  Adare Gallery.                                                   436
+  Ruins of Desmond Castle.                                         437
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS B. REED, OF MAINE.
+
+THE MAN AND HIS HOME.
+
+BY ROBERT P. PORTER.
+
+
+It was at a dinner in Washington that I had the good fortune to find
+myself seated next to Thomas B. Reed, of Maine. It was a brilliant
+occasion, for around the table sat well-known statesmen, scientists,
+jurists, economists, and literary men, besides two or three who had
+gained eminence in the medical profession. Mr. Reed was at his best,
+"better than the best champagne." His conversation, sparkling with
+good-nature, was not only exhilarating to his immediate neighbors, but
+at times to the entire table. Being among friends, among the sort of
+men he really liked, he let himself out as it were.
+
+[Illustration: Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893]
+
+Before the conversation had gone beyond the serious point I remember
+asking the ex-Speaker how he felt at the time when the entire
+Democratic press of the country had pounced upon him; when he was
+being held up as "The Czar"--a man whose iron heels were crushing out
+American popular government. "Oh," he promptly replied, "you mean what
+were my feelings while the uproar about the rules of the Fifty-first
+Congress was going on, and while the question was in doubt? Well, I
+had no feeling except that of entire serenity, and the reason was
+simple. I knew just what I was going to do if the House did not
+sustain me;" and raising his eyes, with a typical twist of his mouth
+which those who have seen it don't easily forget, he added, "when a
+man has decided upon a plan of action for either contingency there is
+no need for him to be disturbed, you know."
+
+"And may I ask what you determined to do if the House decided
+adversely?"
+
+"I should simply have left the Chair, resigning the Speakership, and
+left the House, resigning my seat in Congress. There were things that
+could be done, you know, outside of political life, and for my own
+part I had made up my mind that if political life consisted in sitting
+helplessly in the Speaker's chair, and seeing the majority powerless
+to pass legislation, I had had enough of it, and was ready to step
+down and out."
+
+After a moment's pause he turned, and, looking me full in the face
+with a half smile, continued: "Did it ever occur to you that it is a
+very soothing thing to know exactly what you are going to do, if
+things do not go your way? You have then made yourself equal to the
+worst, and have only to wait and find out what was ordained before the
+foundation of the world."
+
+"You never had a doubt in your own mind that the position taken was
+in perfect accordance with justice and common sense?" I ventured.
+
+"Never for a moment. Men, you see, being creatures of use and wont,
+are naturally bound up in old traditions. While every court which had
+ever considered the question had decided one way, we had been used to
+the other. Fortunately for the country, there was no wavering in our
+ranks."
+
+"But how did you feel," said I, "when the uproar was at its worst,
+when the members of the minority were raging on the floor together?"
+
+"Just as you would feel," was the reply, "if a big creature were
+jumping at you, and you knew the exact length and strength of his
+chain, and were quite sure of the weapon you had in your hands."
+
+This conversation gives a clear insight into the character of Thomas
+B. Reed. It shows his chief characteristics: manly aggressiveness, an
+iron will--qualities which friend and foe alike have recognized in
+him--with a certain serenity of temper, a broadness, a bigness of
+horizon which only the men who have been brought into personal contact
+with him fully appreciate.
+
+Standing, as he does, in the foremost rank of public men, one of the
+leaders of his party, the public has certainly a right to know
+something of the man. First of all, one thing about him has to be
+emphasized; he lacks one of the traits that popular leaders too often
+possess. He cannot be all things to all men. He is bound to be true to
+his personal convictions, and he is not the man to vote for a measure
+he detests, because his constituents clamor for it. Every one knows
+how public men have at times voted against their earnest convictions,
+and then gone into the cloak room and apologized for it; but it would
+be difficult to imagine a man of Mr. Reed's composition in this role.
+
+To judge a man well, to know his best side, it is necessary to see him
+at home, and I cull from notes made several weeks ago, during a visit
+to Mr. Reed in Portland.
+
+I found Mr. Reed in a three-story corner brick house, on one of the
+most sightly spots in town. Over the western walls of that modern,
+substantial New England home there clambers a mass of Japanese ivy,
+which, relieving the straightness of the architectural lines, gives a
+pleasing something, an artistic touch, to the _ensemble_. Its owner
+having shown his pride in that beautiful ivy, straightway took me to
+the roof of the house, to admire the superb view of Casco Bay and the
+picturesque expanse of country around Portland.
+
+The stamp of the man's character is plain everywhere in that house.
+The rooms are large, airy, and unpretentiously furnished, yet with
+solidity and that certain winning grace of domestic appointments in
+old New England. Much of Mr. Reed's work is done at his desk in a wee
+bit of a room on the second floor, where crowded book-shelves reach to
+the ceiling. His library long ago overflowed the confines of his den,
+and books are scattered through the rooms on every floor; books,
+bought not for binding nor editions, but for the contents, ranging
+from miscellaneous novels to the dryest historical treatises, from
+poetry to philosophy.
+
+The library,[1] on the ground floor, where callers are usually
+received, has among the inevitable book-shelves a few photographs of
+masterpieces. Over the mantelpiece a painting of Weeks's shows that
+the sympathies of the owner extend beyond that sphere to which the
+great public is inclined to confine him.
+
+  [1] The picture which forms the frontispiece of the Magazine
+      represents him in this room, at his favorite seat by the
+      window.
+
+Of the favorite haunts of Mr. Reed, the place of all to study his
+social side is at his club, The Cumberland.
+
+"You see," said Mr. Reed, "a club of this kind is only possible in a
+conservative town like Portland, a staid, old place which grows
+slowly, at the rate of about five or six hundred a year, where the
+one hundred club members, while belonging to opposite political
+parties, unite to a man in celebrating the victory of any of their
+fellow-members. Most of them, friends from boyhood, have gone to
+school together, and are known to one another but by their
+Christian names." There the ex-Czar is always called "Tom," or
+"Thomas, old boy," and there reigns supreme a fine spirit of
+equality, or unpretentious "give and take" sort of intercourse,
+which is really the ideal object of a club.
+
+"Indeed, there is no place like it," said Reed. "It is the most
+home-like club one can imagine; too small to have coteries, and with
+lots of bright, sensible boys, quick at repartee. People talk of my
+wit, but, I tell you, it's hard work to hold my own there; and then no
+one can try to pose among us, or attempt to make a fool of himself,
+but he is properly sat upon. Intercourse with your fellow-men in such
+a _milieu_ is the best discipline I know of for a man--except that of
+political life," he added, with his droll smile.
+
+Of course Mr. Reed is interested in the welfare of Portland, and he
+cherishes the idea that some day the city of his birth will become one
+of the great cities of the continent. "Portland harbor is one of the
+finest on the Atlantic coast. It is at least two days nearer Europe
+than New York, and one day nearer Europe than Boston. The annexation
+of Canada to the United States, or the union of the two countries, one
+of which is bound to come in the course of time, will surely bring to
+Portland the great prosperity that should be hers by reason of her
+admirable harbor and her geographical position. And," he added, "while
+I like the life in Washington, especially when the session is active
+and there is plenty of work to do, it has never yet been the case that
+I have left Portland without regret, or gone back to it without
+pleasure."
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED'S HOME IN PORTLAND.]
+
+The frame house in which he was born still stands, shaded by two elms
+of obvious age. Henry W. Longfellow was born just around the corner
+from it, in a dwelling that marks the spot where, in 1632, one George
+Cleeve built the first white man's habitation ever erected in the
+territory now included in Portland's boundaries. The settlement was
+called, in tender remembrance of an English field, "Stogumnor," and
+its founder's life was one of almost ceaseless conflict, now with the
+redskins and now with the white neighbors of other settlements, so
+that Cleeve left behind him the impress of a bold, vigorous fellow.
+His daughter married Michael Mitten, whose two daughters in turn
+married two brothers named Brackett. One of the Brackett daughters
+married a fisherman named Reed, whose descendant, Thomas Brackett
+Reed, has exhibited, in a different way and under vastly different
+circumstances, much of the nerve and daring that animated his stern
+old fighting settler-ancestor, George Cleeve.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW FROM THE ROOF OF MR. REED'S HOUSE.]
+
+At nine Mr. Reed entered the grammar school, at eleven the high
+school. He was sixteen years old when he completed his course in the
+latter. His boyhood friends say he was fond of fun, though the amount
+of knowledge he absorbed would indicate that he was also fond of
+books; yet Mr. Reed himself confesses that literature in general, and
+old romances in particular, attracted him more than text-books. He
+still remembers his first schoolmaster, a spare young man, "the best
+disciplinarian I ever knew," who had the art of holding a turbulent
+school by finding out what was the particular spring he could touch to
+control every one of his lawless boys.
+
+"He had the pull on me," says Mr. Reed, "by simply holding over me in
+critical moments the penalty of dismissal. You know, I had a sort of
+inborn idea that the school was a great thing for me, and I knew that
+my parents were too poor to afford to send me anywhere else, so I kept
+straight along, doing my duty. It was the master's custom to allow
+each boy who had no demerits to ring his bell before leaving the
+class, and once for three days in succession I did not ring that bell.
+I can see now the master coming to me, and saying: 'Tom, is it an
+inadvertence?' 'No, sir.' 'Did you break the rules?' 'Yes, sir.'
+'Why?' 'Because they were too hard.' 'Well, boy, you know what you can
+do if the rules are too hard; you can leave school.' I hung my head,
+and he went away, after a few moments of, to me, terrible silence,
+saying: 'Never let me hear of this again, Tom.' And I replied: 'No,
+sir.' And meant it."
+
+On entering Bowdoin College in 1856, young Reed had a half-formed
+desire of becoming a minister, which he relinquished, however, long
+before his graduation. His life struggle began in earnest with that
+first year at college, for he had to earn enough to pay his way as he
+went along. His attendance at class recitations during the first term
+of his freshman year was regular, but he found it necessary to drop
+out the next two terms and earn some money by teaching. He kept up his
+studies, however, without an instructor. All through the first part of
+his college course young Reed devoted a great deal of time to
+literature, to the neglect of his studies. While in the high school, a
+garret in the house of one of his mother's relations had become his
+Mecca. It was packed full of books, especially novels, and there he
+was wont to journey twice a week, loading himself with volumes, over
+which he spent his days and the best part of his nights. Mr. Reed says
+that it was mostly trashy, imaginative stuff, but that it also was
+full of delight, and in some ways full of information for him. To that
+omnivorous reading he attributes in large part his knowledge of words,
+and it was also, no doubt, an apprenticeship from which he naturally
+stepped into higher literature.
+
+Graduation was but little more than a year off, when, the contents
+of the garret being exhausted, the young man realized to his
+consternation that his class standing was very low. His place at the
+end of the college course depended on his average class standing all
+through. He had received none of the sixteen junior parts which were
+given out during the junior year, and to his dismay the English
+orations, corresponding to the junior parts at the end of the course,
+were reduced to twelve. There was but one course open to the
+ambitious, spirited boy--to offset the low average of his earlier
+terms by an exceptionally high average during his last. Romances
+and poems were laid aside, and from that time forward until
+Commencement he was up at five in the morning, and by nine o'clock
+every night he was in bed, and tired enough to drop asleep at once.
+Mr. Reed says very frankly that he did not relish this regimen, for
+by nature he is indolent. Apropos of this, it was a common saying
+among his comrades that Reed would be somebody some day, if he were
+not so lazy.
+
+The consequences of his three years of novel-reading were such a
+serious matter to him that he was afraid to go and hear the result of
+the final examinations but remained in his room until a friend came to
+tell him that he was one of the first five in his class in his average
+for the entire course. This is the other side of Reed, "the lazy."
+
+Besides this success, his oration on "The Fear of Death" won the first
+prize for English composition. It was in delivering it that Mr. Reed
+felt the first emotions of the orator, when every eye in the audience
+was riveted upon him, and when the profound silence that prevailed
+told the deep interest which his words aroused. Of the year's work
+which won for him the privilege of delivering it on that Commencement
+Day, thirty-three years ago, Mr. Reed says that it was the hardest of
+his life, and the only time he has forced himself up to his full limit
+for so long a period.
+
+Graduation from college was not by any means the end of the struggle
+for the young man. Money was still lacking, and to get it he engaged
+in school-teaching, an occupation which he had already followed during
+two terms, and in vacation times. He taught at first for twenty
+dollars a month, "boarding round," and the highest pay he ever
+received as a teacher was forty-five dollars a month. His old comrades
+delight in telling an incident of his school-teaching days. He once
+found it necessary to chastise a boy who was about his own age,
+although he had been cautioned against whipping, by the members of the
+committee of the district, unless he first referred the case to them.
+But Reed was Reed even in those days. The committee having failed to
+sustain him in the past, in this instance he decided that some one
+must be master at school, and that he would be that some one.
+Accordingly, the refractory young man was thrashed, after an exciting
+quarter of an hour--a close victory, which one pound more avoirdupois
+might have decided against the teacher.
+
+Mr. Reed soon gave up school-teaching, and, thinking that a young man
+would have a better chance out West, he went to California. Judge
+Wallace, afterwards Chief Justice of California, examined Reed for
+admission to the bar. It was in '63, during the civil war, when the
+Legal Tender Act was much discussed in California, where a gold
+basis was still maintained, that Wallace, whose office adjoined
+the one where Reed was studying, happened in one day and said, "Mr.
+Reed, I understand you want to be admitted to the bar. Have you
+studied law?" "Yes, sir, I studied law in Maine while teaching."
+"Well," said Wallace, "I have one question to ask. Is the Legal
+Tender Act constitutional?" "Yes," said Reed. "You shall be admitted
+to the bar," said Wallace. "Tom Bodley [a deputy sheriff, who had
+legal aspirations] was asked the same question, and he said 'no.' We
+will admit you both, for anybody who can answer off-hand a question
+like that ought to practise law in this country."
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED IN HIS LIBRARY.]
+
+Reed's sojourn on the Pacific coast was short. In '64 he was made
+Assistant Paymaster in the United States Navy, and served in that
+capacity until his honorable discharge a year or so after. His
+admission to practise before the Supreme Court of the State of Maine
+followed on his return to the East. Cases came to the young lawyer
+slowly. The first ones were in the minor municipal courts. Gradually
+he secured a certain run of commercial and admiralty cases which began
+to yield something tangible in the shape of fees. Yet the goal of
+success seemed a long way off, when it happened that in one of those
+minor cases he cross-examined a refractory witness in such a manner as
+to completely overturn the testimony given, and thereby won the case
+for his client. The unexpected result was that the witness who had
+been upset by the young lawyer's skill conceived a great admiration
+for him, and became influential in sending him many cases.
+
+That he made his mark in his modest position is shown by the fact that
+after two years, in 1867, Mr. Reed was nominated for the State
+Legislature. Judge Nathan Webb, then County Attorney, who had known
+Reed simply as his opponent in a number of cases, had proposed his
+name, and, after six ballots, had succeeded in nominating him. The
+first thing Reed knew about it was when reading the papers the next
+morning, and his first impulse was to decline. When Webb came in he
+urged him to accept, saying that a winter's legislative experience
+would broaden and be in every respect valuable to him. Mr. Reed
+accepted, and after serving two terms in the House he was elected to
+the State Senate. Then he was made Attorney-General and afterwards
+City Solicitor of Portland, and in 1876 he was for the first time
+nominated to represent his district in the House of Representatives in
+Washington.
+
+[Illustration: A CORNER OF THE LIBRARY.]
+
+At the very moment when Reed, escorted by one of his colleagues, took
+a seat at the first convenient desk, on the day when he began his life
+as a congressman, Mr. Reed's massive figure, suggestive of physical
+strength; the easy and yet not offensive assurance with which he took
+his seat and glanced with quizzical eye about the chamber; the
+unaffected way with which he accepted congratulations from the New
+England members who knew him, and the reputation he had already won as
+a master of wit and the possessor of a tongue which could be eloquent
+with sarcasm, all of these things so impressed Mr. S. S. Cox that he
+turned to Mr. William T. Frye, then a member for Maine, and said:
+"Well, Frye, I see your State has sent another intellectual and
+physical giant who is a youngster here." "Whom do you mean?" asked
+Frye. "This man Reed, who must be even now cracking a joke, for I see
+they are all laughing about him."
+
+But to maintain the reputation which his State had secured for
+committing its interests to master men, Mr. Reed had a hard task
+before him. Blaine, who had just passed from the House to the Senate,
+had made Maine of preeminent influence by reason of his formidable
+canvass for the presidential nomination. Eugene Hale and Mr. William
+T. Frye represented in part the State in the House. Hannibal Hamlin
+was a member of the Senate, and the tradition of the remarkable
+intellectual achievements of William Pitt Fessenden, so long a senator
+from Maine, was still so fresh in the minds of many members of
+Congress that it was common to hear Mr. Fessenden spoken of as perhaps
+the ablest senator since the days of Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. But,
+unlike the stories that are told of the debuts of many statesmen, Mr.
+Reed's first speech was not a failure. On the contrary, it was a
+success. A success all the more brilliant because won under trying
+circumstances.
+
+A bill was under consideration to pay the College of William and Mary,
+in Virginia, damages for the occupancy of its buildings by United
+States troops during the war. It was one of an almost innumerable
+class of similar claims in the South, and its payment would have
+established a precedent that would at that time have opened the door
+to the appropriation of millions of dollars. It had been put forward
+as being the most meritorious of these southern war claims, in the
+hope that the sympathy which could be aroused in behalf of the
+venerable institution of learning making the claim (it dating back to
+Washington's time, and being of a religious and eleemosynary as well
+as educational character) would stir up a sentimental feeling by means
+of which the other claims could be slipped through the House.
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED'S BIRTHPLACE IN PORTLAND.]
+
+Doctor Loring, a Republican member from Massachusetts, one of the most
+polished and eloquent speakers in the House, had made a strong and
+touching appeal, full of pathos and sentiment, in favor of the bill.
+At the conclusion of his speech spontaneous applause burst from all
+sides; Republicans and Democrats thronged to the desk of the orator to
+congratulate and shake him by the hand. The scene was a memorable one.
+Cries of "Vote," "Vote," rose from all parts of the House, and it
+seemed inevitable that the bill would pass by an almost unanimous
+vote.
+
+At this juncture Mr. Reed arose. He has told that he would at that
+moment have sold his opportunity to speak for a very insignificant
+sum. He stood motionless for ten minutes, unable to utter a word.
+Knowing that his only chance was to dominate the turmoil, he at last
+raised his voice, and, after five minutes, he felt that he would have
+a hearing. Slowly the excitement and noise quieted down, and for forty
+minutes he was given the closest attention. The speech was so clear,
+forcible, and convincing that, in spite of some break in the
+Republican ranks, it recalled members of both parties from their
+temporary emotional lapse and turned the tide against these dangerous
+claims.
+
+[Illustration: THE MEMBERS OF THE PENTAGON CLUB OF BOWDOIN COLLEGE. (MR.
+REED IN THE CENTRE.)]
+
+In '77 he was made a member of what was known as "The Potter
+Committee," appointed to investigate the operations of the returning
+boards in the South. Committee work was essentially congenial to Mr.
+Reed. He delighted in cross-examinations, and his power of sarcasm and
+of insinuating inquiry furnished the committee and the public with the
+most dramatic scenes which occurred at any of its sessions. In
+cross-examining a clever scoundrel, one Anderson, for instance, for
+two whole days, he at last compelled him to admit that he was a
+forger. "Who is this man Reed," every one began to ask, and the young
+congressman found himself, perhaps more in his legal capacity than as
+a legislator, famous.
+
+It is not the purpose of this article to describe Mr. Reed's public
+career, further than to say that there came a day when, upon the
+departure of Mr. Frye from the House to the Senate, and the election
+of General Garfield to the presidency, Mr. Reed passed, by common
+agreement and without questioning, to the leadership of his party in
+the House, and that, in the logical course of events, he was naturally
+indicated as the candidate for the Speakership, when, in 1889, after
+six years of minority, his party became a majority. What a magnificent
+combination of assaults and eulogies his career as Speaker brought
+forth is too vividly impressed upon the popular mind to need more than
+mention.
+
+During his public career Mr. Reed has manifested in a score or more of
+verbal hand-to-hand conflicts his ability to meet an emergency to the
+best advantage of his side. Always upon his feet when he scents
+danger, he is as quick to scent it as any politician who ever occupied
+a seat upon that floor. He is at all times as truly the master of all
+his resources as ever Mr. Blaine was in that same tempestuous arena of
+the House.
+
+From the first he has shown himself that _rara avis_, a born
+debater--aggressive and cautious, able to strike the nail right on the
+head at critical moments, to condense a whole argument with
+epigrammatic brevity. He has shown, to my judgment, better than any
+parliamentarian living, how the turbulent battlings of great
+legislative bodies, so chaotic in appearance, are not chaos at all to
+one who has the capacity to think with clearness and precision upon
+his feet. Such a man assimilates the substance of every speech and
+judges its relative bearing upon the question. At the beginning it is
+hard to tell where a discussion will hinge, but gradually, as the
+debate goes on, the two or three points which are the key of the
+situation become clear to the true _debater_. As I understand the art
+of the _debater_, it is as if logs were heaped in confusion before
+him, and the thing to do was to single out the one log which, when
+removed, starts all the others flying down stream--an easier thing to
+conceive than to accomplish, and which demands an alliance of widely
+diverse qualities. I remember telling Mr. Reed once that it seemed to
+me as if there must be in the temperament of the debater something of
+the artist's nature--a little of the same instinct to inspire and
+guide him. And I added: "Don't you, like the artist, draw for material
+everywhere, from friend and foe alike, from things bearing directly
+upon your subject as well as from things that are apparently more
+removed from it? Don't you have something akin to inspiration?"
+
+"Well, perhaps so," Mr. Reed answered, "and an anecdote occurs to my
+mind which you may think fits your theory. An obscure chap got up once
+and went for me in what was evidently a six months' laboriously
+prepared invective. I hardly realized what he was about, except that I
+had an impression of the man using words in the same frantic fashion a
+windmill uses its arms in a blow. All the same, when he had finished
+pitching into me, I could not but get up and return the compliment. I
+had no more idea of what I was going to say than he had, when, by a
+hazard, my eye caught in the sea of heads before me the face of
+another representative from his State--a man who was one of the
+leaders of his party--and instantly the answer flashed in my mind. I
+had begun with something like 'This is only another echo of the
+minority of the Fifty-first Congress, whose echoes are dying, not
+musically, but dying. Gentlemen,' I continued, 'it is too much glory
+for a State to furnish us with two such eminent representatives, the
+one to lead the House, the other to bring up the rear.'
+
+"But I want to tell you, while we are on this subject of the artist
+and the orator," Mr. Reed continued, "that I believe there is as
+much of a rhythm in prose as there is in poetry, and if a man has not
+the intuitive feeling of that subtile thing, rhythm, he can never
+amount to anything as an orator. Certain books of George William
+Curtis--'Prue and I,' especially--have helped me as much as anything
+to realize how delightful a quality rhythm is."
+
+There is a side to Mr. Reed which few people suspect. He is a lover of
+good novels, especially such novels as those of Balzac and Thackeray,
+which present human nature in a rugged, truthful manner. I should
+think that Mr. Reed would have about as much respect for a namby-pamby
+novel as he has for a wishy-washy politician.
+
+Of the English novelists he likes Thackeray by far the best.
+"Pendennis," "The Adventures of Philip," and "The Virginians" he
+esteems as his most interesting works, though Thackeray reached
+high-water mark, in Mr. Reed's opinion, in "Vanity Fair." Charles
+Reade, too, has found in him an assiduous reader. He thinks "The
+Cloister and the Hearth" the finest and truest picture that has been
+made of life in the fifteenth century, and that Charles Reade is the
+best story-teller that ever wrote English.
+
+In poetry his preference is for Tennyson, but he is a constant reader
+of Browning, Holmes, Longfellow, and Whittier also. "Would you mind,"
+said Mr. Reed, while talking of poets, "if I descend from the great
+names and say that I have a great liking for the rhymes of a Kansas
+lawyer, Eugene F. Ware, who writes over the nom-de-plume of
+'Ironquill'? They are so direct; they present a moral in so few and
+so strikingly well chosen words; and then they have just enough of
+that quality of language which is always attractive because it is
+language in the making. How do you like this example of Mr. Ware's
+sturdy popular muse?
+
+  "'Once a Kansas zephyr strayed
+  Where a brass-eyed bull-pup played;
+  And that foolish canine bayed
+  At that zephyr in a gay,
+  Semi-idiotic way.
+  Then that zephyr in about
+  Half a jiffy took that pup,
+  Tipped him over wrong side up;
+  Then it turned him wrong side out.
+  And it calmly journeyed thence
+  With a barn and string of fence.
+
+                 MORAL.
+
+  When communities turn loose
+  Social forces that produce
+    The disorders of a gale,
+  Act upon a well-known law,
+  Face the breeze, but close your jaw;
+    It's a rule that will not fail.
+
+  If you bay it in a gay,
+  Self-sufficient sort of way,
+  It will land you, without doubt,
+  Upside down and wrong side out.'"
+
+Mr. Reed, who learned French after he was forty years old, enjoys the
+masterpieces of French fiction and French verse in the original. He
+reads and rereads Horace, or, rather, certain parts of Horace which
+appeal strongly to him. But his one great admiration is Balzac. "Yes,
+I like to read Balzac," Mr. Reed often says. "His closeness to nature
+and life hold you in spite of yourself. There is hardly a book of his
+which is not sad beyond tears. 'Eugenie Grandet' is a most powerful
+delineation of the absorbing grasp which love of money has on a strong
+man, and the power which love has over an untutored spirit, but
+sadness permeates everything. That wonderful love story of the
+'Duchess de Langais' is like no other love story ever written. Could
+anything be more sad than her life at the convent, and her lover's
+long search for her hiding-place? unless it be that lover's discovery,
+when he scaled the convent walls, that death had been stronger than
+love, and that, after a life of wasted devotion, nothing could be
+said of her beautiful form as it sank into the ocean except the
+mournful words, 'She was a woman; now she is nothing.' And what an
+extraordinary picture that is in the 'Peau de Chagrin' of the
+controlling power of society over a fashionable woman! And again, in
+'Pere Goriot.' How sad they all are, and the sadness of a life that
+toils not nor spins! Verily, to be happy we must take no note of the
+flying hours, and live outside of ourselves. Is not the condition of
+joyous life to forget that we are living? Here most of the characters
+are so entirely selfish that one sometimes thinks there is not one
+single friendly heart in the entire story. All are so conscious of
+living--even those in the higher sphere--and so anxious to appear
+other than they are, that their entire lives are only ignoble
+struggles, with nothing of serene repose. When the strife is not for
+gold or position it is for love, which is thus degraded!"
+
+I was talking the other day to that brilliant orator, Benjamin
+Butterworth, of Ohio, and the conversation turned to Tom Reed, as
+Butterworth affectionately called him. Said Butterworth: "The way
+Reed's constituents have stood by him is one of the most gratifying
+things to me in American politics. During one of his campaigns, in
+which I spoke for him, I met some Democrats in his district. I said,
+'Gentlemen, I do not know anything about your politics, but you have a
+man of sterling qualities to represent you.' 'Yes,' they replied, 'he
+is an intense Republican and has peculiarities, but we like him
+because he represents the best thought of the district, and we vote
+for him on the sly.'"
+
+That plain-speaking man, whose chief characteristic is to be true to
+his own convictions, is a pretty good specimen of the Puritan. Had he
+been in Cromwell's army he either would not have prayed at all or he
+would have prayed just as long as Cromwell did. In either case he
+would have fought for what he believed to be the right, all the time,
+and given no quarter.
+
+Apropos of what might be called his blunt frankness, I recall an
+incident told me by a member who had charge of what was known as the
+Whiskey Bill. Mr. Reed had baffled the attempts of the whiskey men to
+get it up, but in his temporary absence, through the inadvertence or
+incapacity of a member, the bill was forced on the House. Reed ran
+down to the fellow, and vented his feelings in the remark, "You are
+too big a fool to lead, and haven't got sense enough to follow."
+
+[Illustration: MR. REED'S PORTLAND LAW OFFICE.]
+
+If his bits of speeches flung about in the heat of debate, either in
+retort or in attack, were gathered, they would make a mighty
+interesting book. No other man has like him the power to condense a
+whole argument in a few striking words. His epigrams are worthy of the
+literary artist in that they are perfect in form. Though struck out on
+the spur of the moment you cannot take a word from nor recast them.
+They have for solid basis a most profound knowledge of human nature,
+of life, and they exhibit to a luminous degree the possession in their
+author of that prime quality of a true man--horse sense. I remember
+this fragment of a speech of last session: "Gentlemen, everybody has
+an opinion about silver, except those who have talked so much about it
+that they have ceased to think."
+
+There are many people who believe that Mr. Reed himself disproves one
+of his epigrams, that "a statesman is a successful politician who is
+dead." As for me, I venture to say that Mr. Reed is right, but he has
+there formulated a rule to which he is one of the rare exceptions.
+
+
+
+
+"HUMAN DOCUMENTS."
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
+
+
+THOMAS BRACKETT REED was born in Portland, Me., October 18, 1839. He
+graduated at Bowdoin College in 1860, and then commenced to study law.
+In 1864 he suspended his studies and joined the navy as Acting
+Assistant Paymaster, serving until his honorable discharge at the
+close of the war. Resuming his legal studies, he was admitted to the
+bar and began to practise in his native town. He soon took an active
+part in politics, and was a member of the Maine State Legislature from
+1868 to 1869. In 1870 he sat in the State Senate. From that year until
+1872 he was State Attorney-General, and in 1874-77 he served as
+solicitor for the city of Portland. He was sent to Congress in 1876
+and has been continuously re-elected since. When the Republican party
+came into power in 1888, he was elected Speaker of the House of
+Representatives. He is a powerful debater, an energetic politician,
+and a leading authority upon parliamentary procedure.
+
+FRANCES ELIZABETH WILLARD was born in Churchville, N.Y., September 28,
+1839. She graduated at Northwestern Female College, Evanston, Ill., in
+1859. She became Professor of Natural Science there in 1862, and
+Principal of Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in 1866. After two years of
+travel and study in Europe and the Holy Land, she became Professor of
+Esthetics in Northwestern University, and, as Dean of the Women's
+College there, developed her system of self-government, now generally
+adopted. In 1874 Miss Willard identified herself with the Woman's
+Christian Temperance Union. As secretary of the Union she organized
+the Home Protection movement, and in 1879 was elected president. She
+took a leading part in the establishment of the Prohibition party, and
+in 1887 was elected President of the Women's Council of the United
+States. She also accepted the leadership of the White Cross movement,
+which has been successful in obtaining enactments in many States for
+the protection of women. Besides being a director of the Women's
+Temperance Publishing House, Miss Willard is chief contributor to "The
+Union Signal" (Chicago) and associate editor of "Our Day" (Boston).
+Her chief literary works are "Nineteen Beautiful Years," "Woman and
+Temperance," "How to Win," "Woman in the Pulpit," and "Glimpses of
+Fifty Years."
+
+EDGAR WILSON NYE, who has become famous as a humorist under the pen
+name of "Bill Nye," was born in Shirley, Piscataqua County, Maine,
+August 25, 1850. His family removed to Wisconsin shortly afterwards,
+and the boy was educated at River Falls, in that State. Early in the
+seventies he went to Wyoming Territory; he there studied law, and was
+admitted to the bar in 1876. While in Wyoming he served in several
+public capacities, as postmaster of Laramie and as a member of the
+legislature. He had early begun to furnish humorous sketches to the
+newspapers, and for some time was connected with the press as
+correspondent. He returned to Wisconsin in 1883. In 1886 he was
+connected with the New York "World," and since then has been a weekly
+contributor to numerous papers. As a lecturer and reader from his own
+books Mr. Nye has been very successful. In 1891 he produced a play,
+"The Cadi," at a New York theatre. His best-known books are "Bill Nye
+and the Boomerang," "The Forty Liars," "Baled Hay," and "Remarks." Mr.
+Nye has resided, for some time past, near Asheville, N.C.
+
+GEORGE W. CABLE was born in New Orleans in 1844. He obtained an
+ordinary public-school education. His early life was spent as a clerk
+in a commercial office, varied by successful contributions to "The New
+Orleans Picayune" under the signature of "Drop-Shot." In 1863 he
+joined the Confederate Army, and served in the Fourth Regiment
+Mississippi Cavalry, until the end of the civil war. His first
+literary work to attract general attention was a short story, "Sieur
+George," published in the old "Scribner's Monthly." To that periodical
+he contributed numerous other sketches of creole life, which were
+published in book form in 1879. Other stories and articles followed,
+and Mr. Cable, after working up to a leading position in the
+mercantile world, from that of an errand boy, devoted himself to
+literature as a profession. "The Grandissimes," in 1880, "Madame
+Delphine," 1881, "The Creoles of Louisiana" and "Dr. Sevier," 1884,
+established him in a high place amongst modern authors. His knowledge
+of the South, and his studies among the creoles and negroes, made him
+an authority upon the questions relating to the past and future of the
+negro and the southern States, and involved him in numerous and heated
+discussions. "The Silent South," 1885, and "The Negro Question," 1890,
+are the most prominent of his works on this subject. As a lecturer and
+reader he is widely known.
+
+
+THOMAS B. REED.
+
+[Illustration: 1860. AT GRADUATION.]
+
+[Illustration: 1864. ON ENTERING THE NAVY.]
+
+[Illustration: Thomas B. Reed, Portland Me, 17 July 1893]
+
+
+FRANCES E. WILLARD.
+
+[Illustration: FROM AN EARLY PICTURE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 20. 1859.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 37. 1876.]
+
+[Illustration: MISS WILLARD AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+EDGAR WILSON NYE.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 20. 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 28. 1878.]
+
+[Illustration: "BILL NYE" AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+[Illustration: "BILL NYE" AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+GEORGE W. CABLE.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 9. 1853.]
+
+[Illustration: 1874. FIRST SKETCHES OF CREOLE LIFE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 19. 1863.]
+
+[Illustration: 1882. "DOCTOR SEVIER."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 24. 1868.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 40. 1884. "BONAVENTURE."]
+
+[Illustration: MR. CABLE IN 1892.]
+
+
+
+
+THE JONESES' TELEPHONE
+
+BY ANNIE HOWELLS FRECHETTE.
+
+[Illustration: THE JONESES' TELEPHONE]
+
+
+"Now, we won't be selfish with our telephone, will we, dear? We will
+let a few friends use it occasionally--it will be such a pleasure and
+a convenience," and Mrs. Jones stood off and looked admiringly at the
+new telephone.
+
+"By all means. It is here and it may as well be doing some one a
+service as to stand idle--and I like to feel that a friend isn't
+afraid to ask a favor of me now and then. Yes, I suppose that
+telephone will save us many a car-fare during the year. You can use it
+to do your marketing, instead of tiring yourself out and wasting half
+a day three or four times a week; and days when I forget things, think
+how easy it will be to telephone and remind me. Why, it will entirely
+do away with the need for strings to tie around my fingers."
+
+"Of course it will. I'm sure that what we'll save on strings and
+car-fare will pay the rent of the instrument," joyously responded Mrs.
+Jones, who had no great head for figures.
+
+Thus hope and kindly intentions presided at the inauguration of the
+Joneses' telephone.
+
+Three months passed, and the great invention had carried much
+information--useful and otherwise--not only to its owners, but to the
+entire neighborhood as well. There were even days when the Joneses
+questioned whether they were not running a public telephone, so often
+did the bell ring. It is true, it had not quite paid for itself in the
+anticipated saving of car-fares and finger strings; still, it had
+certainly been a great comfort, and "Well, we'll just face the music
+and call it a luxury," said Jones, as he put away the receipt for his
+first quarter's rent; "especially for our friends," he added, with
+just a touch of bitterness.
+
+Scarce twenty-four hours after this philosophical stand was taken,
+Mrs. Jones, who was rather a light sleeper, was aroused by a violent
+and prolonged ringing. It was six o'clock and Sunday morning--a day
+and hour usually dedicated to undisturbed slumber. After a brief
+debate in her own mind as to whether the house was on fire or the
+milkman was ringing, she realized that it was the telephone bell. She
+hastily donned slippers and gown and ran down-stairs. In reply to her
+interrogative "Yes?" (Mrs. Jones could never bring herself to say
+"Hello!") came the following, in measured and clerical tones:
+
+"It is Mr. Brown--Reverend Mr. Brown, speaking."
+
+"Oh, yes?" instinctively covering her half-clad feet in the folds of
+her gown.
+
+"I believe you live near the Reverend Mr. Smith, and are a member of
+his church."
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Will you be good enough to send to him, and ask if he can spare his
+curate to take Mr. Brown's early service for him, as he is called
+away. I would be glad if you would send immediately, as I must have
+his answer within fifteen minutes. Thank you. Please call up 1001,"
+and snap went the telephone.
+
+Mrs. Jones looked at her raiment and reflected that her one servant
+was at mass and would not be back for an hour. She went slowly
+up-stairs.
+
+"Tom, Tom dear, wake up."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"The Reverend Brown has telephoned to know whether the Reverend Smith
+can send his curate to take his early service."
+
+"Well, what in the world have I got to do with the peddling out of
+early services?" snapped Jones, as he turned and shook up his
+pillows.
+
+"He has to have an answer to his message within fifteen minutes."
+
+"Well, let Susan take it," settling back comfortably.
+
+"But Susan has gone to mass."
+
+"And I suppose that means that I am to be turned out of my bed at
+daybreak, and canter half a mile!" cried Jones, in a high and excited
+voice, as he bounced from his bed and began to grope sleepily for his
+clothes. His toilet was made amidst grumblings of "Confound their
+early services, why can't they stay in bed like Christians, instead of
+prowling about, and sending men out in the chilly morning air," etc.,
+etc.
+
+Jones's temper was soured for the day, and that night, as he was
+winding his watch, he said severely, "Jane, I'm going to draw the line
+at delivering messages. Tom, Dick, and Harry can come here and bellow
+into the telephone until they are hoarse, but I'll be switched if I'll
+be messenger boy any longer."
+
+But messages continued to come and go, increasing rather than
+decreasing in frequency. People in the neighborhood fell into the
+habit of saying to friends in distant parts of the city, when leaving
+a question open: "Just telephone me when you make up your mind. I
+haven't a telephone myself, but the Joneses have, and they are very
+obliging about letting me use it."
+
+So the fact that a telephone was owned by an obliging family
+circulated almost as rapidly as if it had been a lie.
+
+There were times when Mrs. Jones hadn't the face to ask Susan to stop
+her work and carry these messages, so she carried them herself--trying
+to keep up her self-respect by combining an errand of her own in the
+same direction. There were a few messages, however, which remained
+forever indignantly shut within the telephone; as, for instance, that
+of the little girl, which came in a shrill, piping voice:
+
+"Mrs. Jones, will you send your servant over to Mrs. Graham's to ask
+Milly where she got that perfectly delicious delight she gave me the
+other day, and tell her to be quick about it, please, for I'm
+waiting."
+
+And another which came in chuffy, distorted, conversational
+English--regular "chappie" English, very hard to understand, but
+which she finally straightened out into: "I say there--aw--oh--is that
+you, Mrs. Jones? Sorry to trouble you, but would you be so awfully
+good as to send word to Mrs. Bruce--aw--that I'm awfully cut up
+about it, but I won't be able to dine there to-night. Aw--I
+wouldn't trouble you, but it's so awfully hot I can't go round to
+explain to her--you know. Thanks, awfully." The telephone was closed,
+and the awfully-cut-up young man, whose sole claim on Mrs. Jones
+was that they had once met at a party, was left to be healed by time.
+
+He had for company in his fate the enthusiastic tennis-player, who, in
+the midst of "a little summer shower," summoned Mrs. Jones.
+
+"I want to speak to Flannigan, the gardener."
+
+"This is not Flannigan's telephone."
+
+"And who is speaking?"
+
+"Mrs. Jones."
+
+"Oh, well, Mrs. Jones, I can give my message to you just as well. I
+want you to tell Flannigan to come and roll the tennis ground at once.
+He will understand. Tell him right away, please."
+
+"Flannigan does not live here."
+
+"Well, you can send him word, I suppose," in a surprised and offended
+voice, "to oblige a _lady_. It is _Miss Mortimer_ who is speaking,"
+and there was an impressive silence. Mrs. Jones remembered Miss
+Mortimer as a high-stepping young woman whom she had met at a friend's
+house, and who had given her the impression of taking an inventory of
+her. So Mrs. Jones took pleasure in replying, "Miss Mortimer probably
+does not know that she is addressing a private telephone. Good day."
+
+But it was Jones, the luckless Jones, who seemed set aside for the
+cruel buffeting of the telephoning public. One night, which he will
+ever point to as the wildest and wettest night he has known, he had
+settled himself into his most comfortable chair, with a pile of new
+magazines beside him, when he was disturbed by a summons from the
+telephone. He responded with readiness, for he was rather expecting a
+call from his partner, and to his cheerful "Hello, old fellow, I'm
+here," came, in a sputtering and wind-tossed voice, "Will you please
+tell Mrs. Goodson that as it is so stormy her daughter will not go
+home to-night?"
+
+Jones turned and confronted his wife, and for a time words refused to
+come.
+
+"Well, this is a little too much! Now think of an unknown voice
+barking at me to go out into a storm like this and tell the Goodsons
+that their daughter will not be at home to-night!"
+
+The Goodsons lived just six squares away.
+
+"And what will you do, dear? Why didn't you say plainly that you would
+not and could not go out into a storm like this--that they must send a
+messenger?"
+
+"They shut me off without giving me time to answer."
+
+"Well, call them up. Call them up at once."
+
+"Jane, please have some sense. How do I know where Miss Goodson has
+gadded off to? How do I know what number to call up?"
+
+"Well, I just wouldn't go."
+
+"Oh, I'll have to. They are friends, and if they are expecting that
+girl of theirs home to-night and she doesn't come Mrs. Goodson will go
+out of her mind."
+
+So Jones drove himself forth, clad in righteous indignation and a
+waterproof coat. The cold rain lashed him and the wind belabored his
+umbrella, and he was more than once obliged to pause under friendly
+porches to get his breath. At last the home of the Goodsons was
+reached, and spent and weary he staggered up the steps. Goodson
+himself opened the door.
+
+"Hello, Jones, you're no fair weather friend indeed. Come in, come
+in."
+
+"No, I'm too wet," he answered, pointedly (and he felt like adding
+"and too mad"). "I only came to tell you that Miss Goodson won't be at
+home to-night."
+
+"My daughter! She is at home. Don't you hear her playing on the piano
+now? Come into the vestibule, anyway."
+
+Jones walked in, with the rain streaming from his coat.
+
+"Katey!" called Mr. Goodson to his wife. "Here is Jones come to say
+that Julia won't be home to-night."
+
+"What?" demanded Mrs. Goodson, appearing in the hall and regarding
+Jones as if he were a mild sort of lunatic; "_Julia is_ at home."
+
+"Well, I don't understand it," said Jones, plaintively. "I was rung up
+half an hour ago, and asked to come and tell you that your daughter
+wouldn't be at home on account of the storm."
+
+"And do you mean to say that you stand ready to turn out at all hours
+and deliver messages free of cost?" cried Goodson.
+
+"It looks that way."
+
+"Well, you are an ass!"
+
+"Don't compliment me too freely, Goodson, I can't take in much more;
+I'm soaked as it is."
+
+Mrs. Goodson stood thinking. "Who could have been meant? Oh, I've just
+thought! It must be that Mrs. Goodson who sews for Mrs. Jones and me.
+And she has a daughter--a typewriter down town--and she has friends
+living in the suburbs. She has doubtless gone there to dinner and
+concluded to stay all night. But she lives just around the corner from
+you."
+
+Goodson laughed loudly and brutally. "A bonny sort of a night for a
+respectable family man like you, Jones, to be skylarking around
+carrying messages for typewriting maidens!"
+
+"Oh, come now, that's a little too much!"
+
+"Well, old man, I'll show my gratitude for your friendly intentions
+toward me by going round to the telephone people the first thing in
+the morning, and complaining of you. You've no right to be running
+opposition to the public telephones in this way."
+
+"_If_ you only would!" and Jones wrung his friend's hand while tears
+of thankfulness welled up to his eyes.
+
+Once in the street, he longed for a contemptuous enemy to kick him
+briskly to the door of the Widow Goodson. The latter was evidently
+about to retire, as it was a long time before she responded to his
+ring. When, finally, she did come, she heard him calmly through and
+then answered languidly: "Yes, I didn't much expect Bella home
+to-night, for she said if it come on to rain she thought she'd stay
+with her cousins. Good night. Quite drizzly, isn't it?" peering out
+into the darkness.
+
+Full of bitterness, Jones turned homeward. It seemed to him that his
+cup was full; and so it was, for it refused to hold more. As he
+entered his home, chilled without but hot within, he was greeted by an
+unfamiliar voice coming from the regions of the telephone.
+
+"Give me Blair's," it said. "Is that Blair's? Is
+that--Blair's--B-l-a-i-r-'s, do you understand? Oh, yes, it is you, is
+it, Mrs. Blair? Well, say I want to speak to Miss McCrea--Oh--pshaw!
+you must know her--she's the young lady that works for you. Oh, she's
+out, is she? Well, when she comes in, tell her Miss Doolan told you to
+say that Mr. Brennan has broke his leg--she'll know, he drives
+Judson's horses--and me and Mrs. Judson want to know whether he's to
+go to the hospital or to his friends. You can send your answer to No.
+999. They'll let me know. Give Miss McCrea my love and tell her not to
+worry about Mr. Brennan. Good-by."
+
+Jones confronted a stately creature as she stepped into the hall.
+
+"Look here, young woman, who are you?"
+
+"I'm Miss Doolan, and I'm stopping at Judson's--as housemaid," she
+answered, so taken aback that for the moment her self-possession
+failed her.
+
+"And to whom have you been telephoning?"
+
+"To Blair's--Judge Blair's, over on the avenue--a friend of mine stops
+there."
+
+"And are you in the habit of calling up ladies in that fashion?"
+
+"It's a very good fashion, for all _I_ can see," she retorted
+impudently.
+
+"And what business have you to order an answer sent here for me to
+carry on a night like this?"
+
+"Mrs. Judson and me took you for a _gentleman_, sor, and we thought
+you wouldn't mind obliging ladies."
+
+"Nor do I, but I don't know either Mrs. Judson or you, and I don't
+propose running errands for you."
+
+"Oh, then don't bother yourself, sor--we can hire a boy," she flung
+back with a scornful laugh as she bounced out.
+
+"Now, Jane, I want you to distinctly understand that the last message
+has been carried from this house. I have probably to-night sown the
+seeds of pleurisy and pneumonia broadcast in my system; I have walked
+twelve squares to deliver a message to the wrong person; we have had a
+baggage here using our telephone as if it were her own, and we have
+been at the beck and call of the unpaying public for the last six
+months. Now, if the telephone people are not here by noon to-morrow,
+to threaten legal proceedings against me (Goodson has promised to
+complain of me) for undermining their business, I shall have that
+wretched instrument dragged away, body and soul, and we will try some
+other form of economy in the future."
+
+
+
+
+THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT HARVARD.
+
+BY HERBERT NICHOLS, PH.D.,
+
+Instructor in Psychology, Harvard University.
+
+  EDITOR'S NOTE.--The illustrations of this article are from
+  photographs, specially taken for the Harvard University Exhibit at
+  the World's Fair.
+
+
+What do they do there?
+
+What do they expect to come out of it?
+
+The notion of a mental laboratory is still a mystery to most persons.
+They ask themselves the above questions, and many feel as they do so
+an uncanny shiver. They cannot realize that the study of the mind is
+already an established natural science, here, at sober Harvard, in all
+the leading universities, and free of spooks and mediums.
+
+Yet a psychological laboratory looks much like any other modern
+laboratory. Around the rooms run glass-cases filled with fine
+instruments. Shelves line up, row after row, of specimen-jars and
+bottles. Charts cover the remainder of the walls. The tables and
+floors are crowded with working apparatus. Two large rooms and one
+small one are now occupied at Harvard. Four more rooms will be added
+to these this summer.
+
+Also, the spirit that reigns in these rooms is the same that is found
+in other laboratories of exact science. This is the important thing.
+The minds of these workers are not wandering in dialectics and vagrant
+hypotheses. Reverence has opened her eyes. Hypotheses they have, and
+must have. Often they hold conflicting opinions. But the referee is
+always present--Nature herself. To experiment, to show the fact, is
+always the method of debate. This is the great advantage of the modern
+way of studying psychology over the old.
+
+The American public is so practical that I feel I can alone satisfy
+its "whats and wherefores" by explicitly describing some of the
+investigations being carried on here.
+
+
+EFFECT OF ELEMENTARY SENSATIONS ON ONE ANOTHER.
+
+Here is a lantern throwing a steady light through a large tube.
+(See illustration below, the right hand group.) By transparent
+slides of colored glass or gelatine, the light may be made of any
+color. At the end of the tube is a box, like a camera. The operator
+covers his head with a cloth, and observes the color of the light as
+it shines from the tube through, or on, a tiny hole in the dark
+box. The size of the hole can be varied by moving slides, worked by
+micrometer screws so fine that they measure the dimensions of the
+hole to the four-hundredth of an inch.
+
+[Illustration: STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF SOUND AND OF ATTENTION ON COLORS.]
+
+The first step is to discover the "threshold" of each separate color.
+That means the smallest-sized hole through which each color can be
+distinguished. This varies for different colors. But now comes the
+interesting point. The size of the hole, for any given _color seen_,
+varies according to the nature of any _sound heard_ at the same time.
+For instance, in order to distinguish a given red, the hole must be
+larger or smaller, in proportion as the pitch of a musical tone is
+lower or higher, fainter or stronger.
+
+[Illustration: STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF COLORS ON JUDGMENTS OF TIME.]
+
+The above experiment is one in a system of investigations, intended to
+discover the laws by which the simplest sensations modify each other
+under the simplest conditions. These are laws as fixed as the laws of
+gravity, and, once determined, we may move on to study the combination
+of these elements into the higher thought processes.
+
+
+EFFECTS OF ATTENTION.
+
+Another experiment will further illustrate this method of study. An
+apparatus is so contrived that a colored disk can be made darker or
+brighter by the operator, and a measure of the change be recorded.
+(See illustration on opposite page, rear group.) The persons operated
+on do not know what change is made, or whether any will be made or
+not. They first look at the disk for ten seconds, taking good note of
+its color. Next, the operator changes the shade (or not) as he sees
+fit. Then for another ten seconds the subject judges the shade of
+color, but this time performs meanwhile a sum in addition as the
+operator calls to him simple numbers.
+
+The experiment is to determine how the appearance of the color
+changes, by reason of dividing the attention between observing the
+disk and performing the addition. Do the colors of a rival's bonnet
+really grow more glaring the harder they are looked at? To explain
+this is to touch on a social as well as an esthetic problem.
+
+Diversion of attention changes the appearance of distances as well as
+of colors. A large frame covered with black cloth stands vertical. Two
+tiny white disks are held in place on the cloth by invisible threads
+manipulated behind the frame by the operator. When the disks are set a
+given distance apart they rest close upon the smooth black ground. The
+eye sees but two white spots in a free field, and may judge the
+distance between them without complication. This is done for ten
+seconds, as with the color disks. Then the spots are covered, and
+their distance apart slightly changed (or not) by the operator. Again
+they are shown, and now judged for ten seconds while adding figures.
+The mental process of addition changes the judgment of the distance.
+
+You will say it is a familiar experience that the road seems longer or
+shorter as the mind is busy or not. But it is not a familiar thing to
+determine the law of such lengthening and shortening for definite
+distances, and under precise mental condition, as in the above
+experiment.
+
+
+JUDGMENTS OF TIME.
+
+Every woman knows that color has an effect on the apparent size of
+objects; that of her dress on her figure.[2] It is not as well known
+that color affects our judgments of time. Our next experiment examines
+this matter.
+
+  [2] In the diagram on the preceding page the white squares show
+      plainly larger than the black squares.
+
+[Illustration: REVOLVING CHAIR FOR STUDYING LOCALIZATIONS OF SOUNDS.]
+
+Upon a cylinder, slowly revolving by fine clockwork, strips of
+different colored cardboard are fastened, and observed through a hole
+in a screen. (See illustration on the preceding page.) The time of
+each rotation is measured precisely. By observation it is found that
+the period of rotation _seems_ to vary with the colors on the
+cylinder. By combining colors differently through a long and tedious
+series of investigations on many people, it is being determined what
+part this sort of influence plays in mental processes. "When things
+look gay, time seems short." Psychology seeks the laws of such
+happenings.
+
+
+LOCALIZATION OF SOUNDS.
+
+They are the most familiar things which in our science become the
+strangest. _Not_ to know where you are when seasick, still less where
+your mind is, is common enough. Our next experiment will trace our
+power to know where sounds are to the same origin as seasickness.
+
+Seasickness starts in the ear. In its cavity are three small tubes,
+each bent in a circle, and filled with fluid. The three sit at right
+angles to each other, like the three sides at the corner of a room or
+a box. Consequently, in whatever direction the head is moved, the
+fluid in some one of the tubes is given a circular motion. Hanging
+out into the tubes, from their sides, are hairs or _cilia_, which
+connect with nerve cells and fibres that branch off from the auditory
+nerve. When the head moves the fluid moves, the hairs move, the cells
+are "fired off," a nervous current is sent up to the brain, and a
+feeling of the head's peculiar motion is consequent.
+
+As for seasickness: this nerve current, on its way to the brain, at
+one point runs beside the spot or "centre" where the nerve governing
+the stomach has its origin. When the rocking of the head is abnormally
+violent and prolonged, the stimulus is so great that the current leaks
+over into this adjoining "centre," and so excites the nerve running to
+the stomach as to cause wretchedness and retching. Deaf mutes, whose
+ear "canals" are affected, are never seasick.
+
+But normally the amount of ear-feeling which we get by reason of
+moving our head in a particular direction comes in a curious way to be
+a measure of the direction of sound. The feelings we get from our skin
+and muscles in turning the head play a similar _role_. We turn our ear
+to catch a sound. We do this so frequently for every point, that in
+time we learn to judge the direction of the sound by the way we would
+have to turn the head in order to hear the sound best. Thereafter we
+do not have to turn the head to get the direction, for we now remember
+the proper feeling and know it. This memory of the old feeling _is_
+our idea of the present direction. If we never moved our heads we
+never could have any such notion of the location of sounds as at
+present--perhaps none whatever.
+
+
+MENTAL ORIGIN OF NUMBERS.
+
+Number! surely there can be nothing mysterious here; no "law" to be
+discovered about one, two, three? Well, the next time you shake hands,
+ask the man what he feels. A hand. Then ask further and he will feel
+five fingers. Now ask rightly and he will feel any number of distinct
+spots of pressure. But the real pressures were practically the same
+all through. Why, then, did he feel first one, then five, then eight,
+ten, or a dozen? So with the objects we become acquainted with through
+any of our senses! Why does the same bit of nature now stand before us
+"one tree," and now a myriad of leaves and branches? Why do the same
+outer groupings fall into such different inner groupings? Why does not
+the result of each little nerve of the millions continually played on
+in eye, ear, and skin stand out by itself, and we have so many million
+feelings?
+
+To explain this: the first time a child opens his eyes he sees, as
+Professor James says, but "one big, blooming, buzzing confusion." Not
+till some "whole" (knife) be broken up into parts (blade, handle) and
+each part be mentally perceived _in immediate succession the one after
+the other_ can the idea of "twoness" ever be possible to that child.
+The "twoness" is a feeling of distinct nature apart from the two terms
+(blade, handle). It rises from the "shock of succession." It is one of
+the "modified states" wrought by one element on another, which we
+studied in our first experiment. Once lodged in the mind, the feeling
+may be remembered and reawakened, like any other. Thereafter the two
+parts or terms may come before the mind, awaken this feeling of
+twoness, and _now_ stand side by side, simultaneously and numerically
+separate.
+
+These are the primary laws of number perception. Our experiments
+illustrate and prove them. Though the nerves lying under a needle
+point are really several in number, the pressure on them is commonly
+felt as "one prick." The area is so small that usually, through life,
+all the nerves have been pressed together. They have not been split up
+and pressed enough times in succession among themselves for a memory
+of "twoness" to have been developed among them. But, by proper
+manipulation, not unlike some of the processes of hypnotism, yet
+perfectly normal, the "twoness" of some other group of nerves can be
+yoked to the feeling resulting from the pressure of a particular
+needle point. Thereupon the one needle will feel like two, as
+distinctly and clearly as any real two.
+
+[Illustration: MEASURING THE TIME REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS MENTAL ACTS.]
+
+
+MENTAL ORIGIN OF DISTANCES AND SPACE.
+
+By similar manipulations the simple needle may be made to feel like
+three or like four; now standing in a line, now in a triangle, and
+again in the corners of a square. But, since there is but one needle,
+what about the apparent distance _between_ these several points that
+are clearly _felt_? This is the most curious thing of all, and from
+the light it throws on the formation of our "ideas" both of number and
+of space, is the most important.
+
+To explain this: our notion of distance results out of "series" of
+sensations, in the same way as our notions of number. To have any idea
+of "distance" aroused between any two points of skin, the line of
+nerves lying between those points must, some time during life, have
+been previously stimulated in a line of succession, such as would
+result from a pencil drawn along between them. A card edge would give
+no idea of "distance" until such a series had some time been
+previously experienced. The memory of the "series" _is_ the idea of
+the distance.
+
+Within small areas of the skin, so few "series" have been experienced
+that no "distance memories" have been developed. Consequently
+pin-point areas commonly awaken no notion of distance. For some
+regions of the body these "limit areas" are larger than for others; at
+some places are quite large. On the back, spaces three inches apart
+may fail to give any idea of number or of distance. Every region has
+such a limit distance.
+
+_Now it is this limit distance, the smallest distance for which a
+"series" memory has been developed for a given region, that always
+shoves itself in, as the apparent distance between the several
+fictitious points felt from the single needle in our experiment. On
+the back the one needle feels like two set three inches apart; on the
+forehead like two half an inch apart; on the tongue one-sixteenth of
+an inch; and so on._
+
+The upshot, then, of this matter is to show that our whole mind--our
+notions of space, number, time, and all else--is but a bundle of
+lawful habits, formed in relation with the things and occurrences
+around us. Ordinarily we have right ideas, because on the whole our
+mind has formed right habits. We have the right idea of an inch of
+skin, because the proper idea of an "inch long" has become habitually
+joined to each inch of skin, or in so far as this has been done. When
+a wrong idea gets joined, then we have an illusion; that is, the
+stretch of skin, or, as well, the pin-point of skin, seems a fraction
+of an inch in length; or, again, like three inches.
+
+
+"TIME REACTIONS:" METHODS OF MEASURING THE TIME REQUIRED FOR
+PERFORMING VARIOUS MENTAL ACTS.
+
+A sketch like this would be incomplete without a word about time
+reactions--a subject that historically was almost the first in the
+field, and has occupied more workers than any other. A generation ago
+"as quick as thought" was our extreme limit of expression. It outran
+"quicker than lightning." The great physiologist, Johannes Mueller,
+wrote, in 1844:
+
+  "We shall probably never secure the means of ascertaining the
+  speed of nerve activities, because we lack the comparative
+  distances from which the speed of a movement, in this respect
+  analogous to light, could be calculated."
+
+We now know that sensory processes travel along the nerves on an
+average only about one hundred and ten feet per second, and often less
+than twenty-six feet. While you are performing the commonest judgment,
+electricity or light would have shot from continent to continent. The
+time-measurement of different mental processes is now one of the chief
+means which the psychologist uses for getting at mental laws. When
+certain measures are once determined, he uses these as the chemist
+does his familiar reagents, to dissolve the unfamiliar and more
+complicated combinations.
+
+The following table shows in decimals of a second about the average
+length of time which our commonest judgments occupy:
+
+SECONDS
+
+  To recognize the direction of a ray of light            .011
+
+  To recognize a color when one of two, as red and blue,  .012
+  and expected to be seen
+
+  To recognize the direction of ordinary sounds           .015
+
+  To localize mentally, when blindfolded, any place on    .021
+  our body, touched by another person
+
+  Mentally to judge a distance when seen                  .022
+
+  To recognize the direction of loud sounds               .062
+
+  To recognize capital letters                            .180
+
+  To recognize short English words                        .214
+
+  To recognize pictures of objects                        .163
+
+  To add single figures                                   .170
+
+  Given a month, to name its season                       .164 to .354
+
+  To answer such questions as "Who wrote Hamlet?"       .900 and over
+
+Such then, are a few out of the many problems which have been
+experimented upon in the Harvard Laboratory during the last
+year--problems in perception, association, attention, "reaction
+times," psycho-physic law, kinesthetics, esthetics, memory, will, and
+so on, covering nearly the whole range of mental phenomena. I have
+selected these few for presentation here, not for their importance
+over others, but because they could be simply described in these
+pages. The general aim of all the work is, however, very simple. As in
+the other sciences, it seeks to establish fact after fact, in orderly
+manner, along the whole line of mental nature; and by unifying these
+to work ever to a larger knowledge of the whole.
+
+[Illustration: WAX SPECIMENS IN THE MUSEUM.]
+
+
+FACILITIES FOR TEACHING.
+
+But the university laboratory is for teaching as well as for
+discovering. It is equipped for the undergraduate, as well as for the
+advanced investigator. The elementary or demonstrational courses are
+designed to impress upon the student the facts, the methods, and the
+spirit of his science. There is now furnished for these, at Harvard,
+nearly every kind of apparatus commonly used in physical and
+physiological laboratories, for the study of neurology, optics,
+acoustics, kinesthetics, esthetics, anthropology, and so on. The
+electrical department is a miniature laboratory in itself. And the
+various models in wax, wire, and plaster--of eyes, ears, brains,
+fishes, reptiles, monkeys, children, adults, idiots, insane people,
+and people of genius--is a veritable museum.[3]
+
+  [3] How interesting these things are to a thoughtful man may be told
+      to the readers of MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE in an anecdote which they
+      have a peculiar right to hear. Its founder, a few months ago,
+      stood before a shelf full of the very pedagogic images which his
+      illustrations now present to you. I pointed out a series of
+      dainty models, showing, comparatively, the various evolutionary
+      stages of brain development in the animal kingdom. His eyes
+      fastened on them and--there they stayed.
+
+      The same part of each brain was tinted in the same color. I
+      showed him the olfactory lobes; in man, two little insignificant
+      yellow streaks; in the shark, two big bulbs larger than all the
+      rest of the brain together. I thus made visible to him how small
+      a sphere "smell" plays in our mental life, while pretty nearly
+      the whole life of the shark must be a world of smells. I showed
+      him the optic lobes in the brain of a blind mole, and then in
+      that of a carrier pigeon, which sees its way over dizzy leagues
+      to familiar places. I showed him the cerebellum of the rabbit
+      that hops, the fish that swims, and the alligator that crawls. I
+      say, he stood still, almost. I could get him to look at nothing
+      else. He seemed to see, projecting down future volumes of
+      MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, pages after pages of comparative mental
+      menageries--pink infundibula swimming in blue Gulf Streams;
+      green cerebra flying through gorgeous sunsets; oceans of
+      terrific shark-smells diagrammatically printed in blood red; and
+      Kipling poems of adventure sent to press in surprising
+      variegations of color, the more scientifically to express their
+      psychological emotions. He stood till he murmured, "We must have
+      an article on this," and rushed to the train or to the telegraph
+      office, and secured, I suspect, from Professor Drummond, his now
+      famous article, "Where Man Got His Ears."--H. N.
+
+[Illustration: GUSTAVE THEODORE FECHNER.]
+
+The laboratory workshop is provided with the common implements and
+facilities required for working in wood, glass, and metal. Both for
+original research and for demonstration, this laboratory is the most
+unique, the richest, and the most complete in any country; and in
+witness of the fame and genius of its present director, and of the
+rapidly spreading interest in experimental psychology, particularly
+in America, there are already gathered here, under Professor
+Muensterberg's administration, a larger number of students specially
+devoted to mental science than ever previously studied together in
+any one place.
+
+
+THE FUTURE AND INFLUENCE OF THE NEW SCIENCE.
+
+So much for the place and what is done there. Now, what is expected to
+come from this new psychology? "Do you fellows expect to invent patent
+ways of thinking?" was once asked me. Who can tell? Who, before
+Galileo, would have prophesied that man should weigh the stars or know
+their chemistry? Yet there is much ground for comparison between the
+position of physical science then and that of mental science now. The
+popular opinion of to-day is perhaps even less awake to the fact that
+the world of mental phenomena is a world of laws, susceptible to
+scientific experimentation, than was the day of Galileo to the similar
+conception regarding physical phenomena. Have the physical sciences
+changed aught for man since the sixteenth century? Then we must not
+forget how slow was the growth, and how long it took to arrive at the
+laws of gravity and of conservation, not to mention those of
+evolution. Experimental psychology, as a systematic science, is almost
+younger than its youngest students. The mental laws are as fixed and
+as determinable as the laws of physics. Who then shall say what man
+shall come to know of mental composition, of the great mental
+universe, and of ourselves, its wandering planets, since minds _may_
+be known as well as stars!
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR WILHELM WUNDT, OF LEIPSIC, FOUNDER OF FIRST
+PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY (1878).]
+
+But psychology will not have to wait till its greater laws shall be
+wholly established before she becomes of practical influence in common
+affairs. He who reads most thoughtfully to-day will most appreciate
+this truth. He who reads at all, reads of "individualism" as opposed
+to "socialism." The Pope of Rome has declared that the "preoccupying"
+problem for active Christianity must now be the industrial problem.
+Every important treatise on the subject, appearing at present, admits
+that the crucial question of the industrial problem is an ethical
+problem, and every ethical treatise, that every ethical problem is a
+psychological problem. Two years ago the Roman Catholic Church
+established a psychological laboratory in its leading American
+college.
+
+The Presbyterians the coming year will follow with a laboratory at
+Princeton. Psychology is no longer feared by religion, but is
+accepted, though in places yet too timidly, as a source of its further
+and unending revelation.
+
+[Illustration: PRESIDENT G. STANLEY HALL, FOUNDER OF FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL
+LABORATORY IN AMERICA.]
+
+But psychology is coming close to affairs of church and state in more
+than one way. One of the greatest crimes of modern society is its
+conception of criminal jurisprudence. Between the foetal period and
+adult life man passes through, in abridged series, all the degrees of
+evolution that have led up through the lower animal stages to his own.
+In early infancy, and even in childhood, he is not yet wholly man; not
+yet safely over the brute period of his lineal development. If the
+domestic calf and chicken spend their first days wild in the woods,
+this pre-domestic environment will seize upon and develop their
+pre-domestic traits; and these once set, no amount of domestic
+training will, thereafter, make calf or chicken anything else than a
+wild, untamable creature. The early instinctive periods of man's
+progeny are more prolonged, more delicate, and more susceptible than
+those of lower animals, yet are of the same nature. If left to evil
+environment in early years the latent brute within him will surely lay
+hold of its own, and ripen the yet innocent child to a creature
+bearing the same relation to the moral and civilized man that the wild
+wolf does to the house-dog.
+
+On the other hand, the wolf whose first lair is the hunter's hearth,
+grows to share it lovingly with the hunter's children. The government
+that ignores the hordes of children which crowd to-day the criminal
+quarters of its great cities, and abandons them to ripen their
+pre-civilized propensities under such evil influences, becomes itself
+the foster-father of its own crimes; nurses its own children to fill
+its poorhouses, and raises its own youths to fill its prisons.
+Psychology, if on mere ground of financial economy alone, will yet
+force criminal jurisprudence to begin its work before, rather than
+after, this early period of "unalterable penalty."
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR WILLIAM JAMES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.]
+
+The benefits of a psychological training to the medical man are now so
+obvious as to make a knowledge of psychology imperative for every
+first-class physician. The nervous activities are the regulating
+activities of every part of the body; and the brain embodies an
+ever-meddling three-fourths of the body's whole neural energy. The
+mind is a play-house wherein the skilful physician now looks to
+observe the condition of the general system, and with growing
+precision even to read the working of such specific organs as the
+heart, the stomach, the bladder, and the liver.
+
+The relation of our science to modern education has long passed from
+novelty to a recognized principle. A chair of psychology and a
+chair of pedagogy, side by side and hand in hand, is now the
+requisite of every institution of advanced learning. "To get up
+more 'fads'? More patent methods?" It is only the ignorant now who
+ask these questions. Galton has shown that some men do their thinking
+in visual pictures--in memories of what they see; others, in memories
+of what they hear; others, in the memories of their own speaking.
+There is reason to suspect that the lightning-calculator's speed is
+largely due to peculiar "image processes" used in his thinking, and
+that these could be taught if science could but catch his unconscious
+secrets. This in time will be done, and is but an instance of
+innumerable things that are sure to be accomplished. In the face of
+all present pedagogical fads and blunders we may yet say with
+confidence, of the mind, the instincts, the emotions, the conduct of
+man, individual and social, all is lawful; and the laws may be
+discovered. They are difficult--more difficult than all the physical
+laws achieved from Ptolemy to Darwin. But they can be scientifically
+determined and mastered, and modern methods, swift with gathering
+impetus, shall make of this no lingering matter.
+
+
+HISTORY OF MENTAL LABORATORIES.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR HUGO MUeNSTERBERG, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.]
+
+The psychological laboratory sprang first from no single mind; not
+wholly from science nor yet from philosophy, but from an age. In
+1860 Gustave Theodore Fechner, the godfather of experimental
+psychology, published his famous Law. Fechner was as much a mystic
+as a scientist. His Law was, perhaps, the first great impetus to
+active psycho-physical experimentation. The prospects now are,
+however, that this Law will stand, a halfway truth, beside Newton's
+erroneous theory of light, rather than, as was at first claimed
+for it, beside the Law of Gravity, a great primary law of nature.
+
+The spirit of Fechner, of evolution, and of our times joined to fall
+upon Wilhelm Wundt, who founded at Leipsic, in 1878, the first
+laboratory in the world for regular scientific mental experimentation.
+Professor Wundt is the greatest psychologist now living in Europe, and
+a majority of the noted psychological experts, both of Germany and of
+America, have been his pupils.
+
+One of these pupils, G. Stanley Hall, now President of Clark
+University, opened the first American laboratory at Johns Hopkins in
+1883, and the larger laboratory at Worcester in 1889. To him must be
+credited the founding of experimental psychology in this country, and
+an eminent share of its present successful growth.
+
+A foremost figure in modern psychology is Professor William James, of
+Harvard, whose great text-book, the product of twelve years of labor,
+appeared in 1890. In 1891 he opened the present Harvard Laboratory,
+or, at least, expanded a previously slow growth to important
+dimensions.
+
+In 1892 Harvard established a new chair of Experimental Psychology,
+and elected to the same, and to direct its new laboratory, Professor
+Hugo Muensterberg, previously Professor of Philosophy at Freyburg,
+Germany. Professor Muensterberg was at one time a pupil of Wundt, but
+is much more a man of original inspiration; and in his genius the
+hopes and destiny of experimental psychology at Harvard are now
+centred.
+
+Some twenty laboratories are now actively at work in America, and
+about half that number in Europe. The twentieth century will be to
+mental what the sixteenth century was to physical science, and the
+central field of its development is likely to be America.
+
+HARVARD UNIVERSITY, _July, 1893_.
+
+
+
+
+THE SPIRE OF ST. STEPHEN'S.
+
+BY EMMA W. DEMERITT.
+
+
+"It needs but a steady head and a clear conscience and the thing is
+done." Those were old Jacob's words.
+
+"The clear conscience is not lacking, thank God! but all these weeks
+of watching by a sick bed, and the scanty meals, have made the head
+anything but steady. If it were but three months ago, my courage would
+not fail me, but now----"
+
+The boy broke off abruptly, and, stepping back several feet, stood
+looking up at the stately spire that towered above him. Fair and
+shapely it rose, with gradually receding buttress and arch, until it
+terminated at a point over four hundred feet from the pavement.
+
+All day long little groups of men had straggled across the Platz and
+gathered in front of the great cathedral, elbowing one another, and
+stretching upon tiptoe to read the notice nailed to the massive door.
+Many were the jests passed around.
+
+"Does the old sexton think men are flies, to creep along yonder dizzy
+height?" asked one.
+
+"The prize is indeed worth winning," said another, "but"--he turned
+away with an expressive shrug of the shoulder--"life is sweet."
+
+"When I try to reach heaven 'twill be by some less steep and dangerous
+way," laughed a third, with an upward glance at the spire.
+
+"It makes a strong man feel a bit queer to go up inside as far as the
+great bell and look up at the network of crossing ladders; but to
+stand _outside_ and wave a flag!--why, the mere thought of it is
+enough to make one's head swim," said the first speaker.
+
+"Jacob Wirtig is the only man in all Vienna who has the nerve for such
+a part."
+
+"But he served a good apprenticeship! He learned the knack of keeping
+a steady head during his early days of chamois-hunting in the Tyrol.
+But why does he seek to draw others into danger? For so much gold many
+a man would risk his life."
+
+"I can understand it, Caspar. Twice before, on some grand occasion,
+has old Jacob stood on the spire and waved a flag as the emperor
+passed in the streets below. And now, after all the fighting and the
+victory, when there is to be a triumphal entry into the city and a
+grand review, and such rejoicing as was never known before, he feels
+in honor bound to supply the customary salute from the cathedral. And
+since this miserable fever, which has stricken down so many in the
+city, has left him too weak to attempt it, he is trying, as you see by
+this notice, to get some one to take his place. He offers all the
+money which the emperor never fails to send as a reward, to say
+nothing of the glory. I'll wager a florin that he'll offer in vain!
+But come, let us be going. There's too much work to be done, to be
+loitering here."
+
+Twice before on that day, once in the early morning, and again at
+noon, had the boy stood as if spellbound, with his eyes riveted on the
+beautiful spire. And now the setting of the sun had found him a third
+time at his post. The Platz was deserted, but the streets beyond were
+thronged with people hurrying to their homes. Was it fear, or the
+chill of the night air, that sent a shiver over the slender figure of
+the boy as he stood, letting his eyes slowly wander from the top of
+the spire to the base of the tower beneath, as if measuring the
+frightful distance? But as he turned away with a little gesture of
+despair, there rose before him the vision of a wan and weary face, as
+white as the pillow against which it rested, and he heard the
+physician's voice as he gently replaced the wasted hand on the
+coverlet: "The fever has gone, my boy, and all that your mother needs
+now to make her well and strong is good care and plenty of nourishing
+food." The money offered by old Jacob would do all that, and much
+more. It would mean comfort for two or three years for both mother and
+son, with their simple way of living.
+
+When the lad again faced the cathedral it was with an involuntary
+straightening of the shrinking figure. "With God's help I will try,"
+he said aloud, with a determined ring to his voice, "and I must go at
+once to let Master Wirtig know. Now that I have finally decided, it is
+strange how the fear has flown. It is the hesitating that takes the
+courage out of one. After all"--he paced back, back, back, until he
+was far enough from the cathedral to get a good view of the noble
+structure--"who knows? It may look more difficult than it really is.
+'Tis but a foothold of a few inches, but 'tis enough. If it were near
+the ground I should feel as safe as if I were on the floor of the
+great hall in the Stadt Haus. Why, then, should I fear up yonder?"
+
+The flush in the western sky suddenly deepened to a vivid crimson. The
+clouds above the horizon, which a moment before had shone like waves
+of gold, became a sea of flame. The ruddy glow illumined the old
+cathedral, touching rich carving and lace-like tracery with a new
+splendor, while far over sculptured dome and stately tower rose the
+lofty spire, bathed from finial to base in the radiant light.
+
+The boy made a step forward, and, slipping back the little cap from
+his locks, stretched out his clasped hands toward the sky. "O Mary,
+tender mother!" he cried, "plead thou for me in my time of need
+to-morrow! O Jesu! be near to help and save!"
+
+He replaced the cap, and hurried across the Platz to the crowded
+thoroughfare beyond. At the end of three blocks he turned into a
+narrow street, and stopped in front of a high house with steep, tiled
+roof. The lamp in the swinging iron bracket above the door gave such a
+feeble light that he was obliged to grope his way through the hall to
+the stairs.
+
+At the second landing he paused for a moment, fancying that he heard a
+light footfall behind him, but all was still, and he hastened on to
+the next floor. Again he stopped, thinking that he caught the sound of
+a stealthy, cat-like tread on the steps below. "Who's there?" he
+called out boldly, but the lingering echo of his own voice was the
+only answer.
+
+"How foolish I am!" he exclaimed. "It is but the clatter of my shoes
+on the stone stairs." Up another flight and down the long, narrow
+entry he went, and still he could not shake off the feeling that he
+was being followed.
+
+At that moment a door opened and a woman peered out, holding a candle
+high above her head. "Is that you, Franz?" she said. "My brother has
+been expecting you this half hour." By the flickering light of the
+candle Franz could see that there was no one in the entry. He turned,
+impelled by a strong desire to search the tall cupboard near the
+stairs and see if any one had concealed himself within, but the dread
+of being laughed at kept him back, and he followed the woman into a
+room where a gray-haired man sat, leaning wearily against the back of
+his chair.
+
+"You may go now, Katrina," said the man, motioning to an adjoining
+room; and when the door closed he turned to Franz, trembling with
+eagerness. "Well, have you decided?"
+
+"I will try, Master Wirtig."
+
+The old sexton wrung his thin hands nervously. "But if you should
+fail?"
+
+"In God is my trust," answered the boy, calmly. "But one 'if' is as
+good as another. Why not say, if you succeed? It sounds more cheery."
+
+"God grant it!" answered the man, sinking back in his chair. "I had
+thought that it would be some hardy young sprig who should accept my
+offer--some sailor or stone-mason, whose calling had taught him to
+carry a steady head. I never dreamed that it would be a mere lad like
+thyself, and worn out, too, with the care of thy sick mother! Even now
+I feel I do thee a grievous wrong to listen to thy entreaties."
+
+"Think not of _me_, Master Wirtig; think rather of my mother. Shall we
+let her die, when a few moments on yonder spire would furnish the
+means to make her well? The kind physician who would have helped me
+was smitten with the fever yesterday, and there is no one to whom I
+can go."
+
+"Had I been as prudent as I ought, I could have aided thee. But this
+lingering illness has used up what I had put aside. Here is a little
+for thy present need--some broth for thy mother, and a bite for
+thyself, for thy cheeks look as pinched as if thou hadst not eaten a
+good meal for a fortnight." He pulled out a covered basket from under
+the table, and continued: "I shall arrange with Nicholas--for he has
+worked with me so long that he is as familiar with the ladders as
+myself--to go with thee up to the little sliding window, and pass out
+the flag. Thou must let thyself down _outside_ the window until thy
+toes touch the ledge below. Then thou must creep cautiously around to
+the opposite side of the spire, and wave the flag. Look always
+straight before thee or up at the sky. _Thy safety lies in not
+glancing below._ I believe in my heart thou wilt succeed. How I wish
+that this graceless Nicholas, this unruly nephew of mine, were such an
+one as thou! Then should I have some comfort. But with his evil
+companions and bad ways, he brings me naught but sorrow. Listen,
+Franz; if all goes well, thou shalt have his place in helping me with
+the care of the cathedral. There is no longer any dependence to be
+placed on him."
+
+In his excitement old Jacob's voice rang through the room. "What is
+it?" he asked, as he saw Franz start and look toward the door.
+
+"I thought I heard a rattling of the latch--as if some one were
+outside."
+
+"It's nothing but the wind drawing through the entry."
+
+Franz took up his basket and bade the old sexton good-night. After he
+had passed into the street a figure crept out from the cupboard, and
+stole softly down stairs. The light by the door showed a boy about
+seventeen years old, with an evil scowl on his face. "And so thou art
+to take my place, Franz Halle," he sneered. "That is nothing new.
+Twice this year has our master, the goldsmith, preferred thy work to
+mine, and has set thee over me. Truly, I wish thou mayst fall
+to-morrow and break thy neck."
+
+When Franz reached home the kind neighbor who was watching by his
+mother's bed motioned for him to be quiet. "The sick one is sleeping
+well," she said. "If I had but some good broth to give her when she
+wakes." Franz pointed to the basket, and the delighted woman began the
+preparations for the evening meal. When the invalid awoke they gave
+her a few spoonfuls of the broth, and had the satisfaction of seeing a
+faint color come into the white cheeks as she sank into a peaceful
+slumber.
+
+"Do thou go to bed, Franz! I will stay with thy mother to-night, and
+to-morrow too, for that matter, so that thou canst have the whole day
+to thyself. Thou needest it after all thy care and watching. I like
+not these parades and these marches of triumph. They remind me too
+much of my boy, whose young life helped to purchase the victory," and
+the good frau wiped away a tear.
+
+The morning dawned with a bright blue sky and a crisp breeze, which
+shook out the folds of the triumphal banners floating from every tower
+and turret. The city was one blaze of color. The gorgeous festoons on
+column and arch and facade were matched by the rich tints of the
+splendid costumes in the streets below. On every side the black eagles
+of Austria stood out distinctly from their gleaming orange background.
+The procession was due at the cathedral by the middle of the
+afternoon, but owing to some delay it was nearly sunset when the
+salute from the "Fort" told of the approach of the troops. To Franz,
+the hours had dragged wearily on, and he sprang up joyfully when
+Nicholas finally appeared in the little room in the tower, with the
+furled flag under his arm. "Come," he said gruffly, "you have just
+time to climb up and take your stand on the spire." Up the boys went,
+as far as the great bell, Franz close behind Nicholas. Thus far the
+ascent had been easy, but from this point the steps dwindled to long,
+frail ladders terminating in small platforms, and steadied by iron
+bars.
+
+Still they toiled upward, more slowly and cautiously now, for the
+danger increased with every turn. At last they halted, side by side,
+on the little platform under the sliding window. To Nicholas's
+surprise Franz stood there, surveying it all without flinching. The
+younger boy turned to his burly companion: "Somehow, we've never been
+very good friends. I don't think the fault was all on my side, because
+you wouldn't let me be your friend. And we have had a good many
+quarrels. Won't you shake hands with me now and wish me good luck?
+If--if"--and there was just the suspicion of a tremor in the winning
+voice--"I should never see you again, I should like to feel that we
+were friends at the last. You're very good to come up here with me."
+
+To his dying day Nicholas never forgot the slight, almost girlish,
+figure, standing there, with the wistful little smile, and the
+pleading tenderness shining in the blue eyes. He touched the slender
+outstretched hand with his own, but dropped it suddenly, as if he had
+received an electric shock. He tried to say "Good luck," but his
+tongue seemed glued to the roof of his mouth.
+
+"Look you, Franz," he murmured hoarsely, "when you are safe outside
+I'll hand out the flag. I'll wait till you reach the opposite side of
+the spire and call out, 'All's well,' and then I'll go down and leave
+you to make your way back. And glad I shall be to leave this miserable
+trap in mid air."
+
+Franz's face was deathly pale, but his eyes shone like two stars. He
+climbed up nimbly through the opening, let himself carefully down to
+the stone ledge outside, and reached up for the flag. A few moments
+passed, which seemed like ages to the waiting Nicholas. Then a cheery
+"All's well" rang out, without a quiver in the steady voice. The older
+boy's face grew black with rage. "What nerve the pale, sickly little
+thing has!" he muttered between his set teeth. "I believe he'll do it
+after all! And so this baby gets not only the prizes at the
+goldsmith's, but the money and the glory of this thing, to say nothing
+of his taking my place in the cathedral."
+
+He raised his hand to the window, and stood in front of it for a
+moment. Then he began the descent as if some demon were after him. The
+frail ladders vibrated and swayed with the dangerous strain, but down
+he went, with reckless haste, until he reached the second platform,
+when he raised his hands with an agonized gesture to his ears as if he
+was trying to shut out the voice of conscience, that kept calling to
+him, "Back! back! before it is too late! Stain not thy young soul with
+such a crime!"
+
+Still he hurried down with flying step to the landing near the great
+bell, where he paused, and stood leaning breathless against one of the
+cross-beams of the tower. Into the fierce, turbulent passions of the
+troubled face stole a softened expression, lighting up the swarthy
+lineaments like a gleam of sunshine. "I will go back and undo the
+horrid deed," he cried, as if in answer to the good angel pleading
+within his breast. "I am coming, Franz! God forgive me!"
+
+He had turned to make the ascent, and his hand was stretched out to
+grasp the side of the ladder, when his toe caught in a coil of rope on
+the platform, and, missing his hold, he plunged down, down, into the
+space beneath.
+
+In the meantime Franz had made his way safely around the spire, and
+stood quietly, with the end of the flagstaff on the ledge beneath,
+waiting for the signal. It came in a few moments; the thunder of the
+great gun on the Platz, and, bracing his feet firmly, he unfurled the
+flag and slowly waved it back and forth. From the answering roar of
+artillery, and the cheer upon cheer that floated up through the air,
+he knew that his salute had been seen.
+
+With a light heart he began to retrace his steps, edging himself
+cautiously, inch by inch, to the window. To his surprise, the sliding
+wooden panel was closed! With one hand he grasped the iron ring
+fastened to the wall beneath the window, and with the other pushed,
+first gently, and then with all his might, but the panel remained
+fast. He tried to batter it with the flagstaff, but soon found that,
+in his cramped position, it only increased his danger. Again and again
+he endeavored to force it open, breaking his nails and bruising his
+finger-tips in his frenzy, but to no purpose. Suddenly the conviction
+dawned upon him that the window was bolted from the inside. With a
+despairing sob he tottered backward, but his grasp on the ring held,
+and with a supreme effort he pulled himself up close to the wall, and
+tried to collect his scattered wits.
+
+"It is no use to shout," he said aloud. "It is more than folly to
+attempt to make myself heard from this height, I might as well save my
+strength. All that remains for me to do is to wait patiently. Some one
+will be sure to miss me and come to my relief. In God is my trust!"
+and his courage rose with the words.
+
+The troops disbanded, and the people hurried off to the brilliantly
+lighted cafes and theatres, all unconscious of the pale, silent boy
+clinging with desperate grip to the spire, with but a narrow shelf of
+stone between him and a horrible death.
+
+The sunset faded into the twilight, and with a sudden wave darkness
+drifted over the earth. The noise in the streets grew fainter and
+fainter. The minutes lengthened into hours, and still the boy stood
+there, as the night wore on, occasionally shifting his position to
+ease his cramped and aching limbs. The night wind pierced his thin
+clothing, and his hands were benumbed with the cold. One by one the
+bright constellations rose and glittered and dipped in the sky, and
+the boy still managed to keep his foothold, as rigid as the stone
+statues on the dome below.
+
+"Two, three, four," pealed the bells in their hoarse, deep tones, and
+when the first glimmer of dawn tinged the eastern horizon with pale
+yellow, the haggard face lighted with expectancy, and from the ashen
+lips, which had been moving all night in prayer, came the words, "In
+God is my trust."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"What is the meaning of yonder crowd?" asked one of two artisans, who
+had met while hurrying across the Platz to their work.
+
+"What! have you not heard? All Vienna is ringing with the news! It was
+young Franz, the goldsmith's apprentice, who climbed out on the spire
+yesterday and waved the flag. In some way, the little window near the
+top was fastened on the inside, and the poor boy was forced to stay
+out all night clinging to the spire. It is only a short time ago that
+he was discovered and brought fainting down the ladders. After working
+over him a little while he seemed all right, and was carried to his
+home. And there's another strange thing. Nicholas, old Jacob Wirtig's
+nephew, was picked up, mangled and bleeding, at the foot of the tower
+stairs this morning. He has just been taken to the hospital."
+
+The next day Franz received a summons from the emperor. As he followed
+the officer who had been sent to conduct him to the palace, to his
+surprise the marble steps and the corridor beyond were lined on either
+sides with the soldiers of the Imperial Guard, and as the slender,
+boyish figure, with its crown of golden hair, passed between the
+files, each mailed and bearded warrior reverently saluted.
+
+On he went, through another chamber, and into a spacious hall with
+marble floors and hangings of rich tapestry. On both sides were rows
+of courtiers and officers, the rich costumes and nodding plumes and
+splendid uniforms, with their jewelled orders, contrasting strangely
+with the lad's plain, homespun garments. "It is the emperor,"
+whispered the guide as they drew near a canopied throne, and Franz
+dropped on one knee.
+
+He felt the hand which was placed on his bowed head tremble, and a
+kind voice said, "Rise, my boy! kneel not to me! It is I, thy emperor,
+who should rather kneel to do thee homage for thy filial piety. My
+brave lad, I know thy story well! Ask of me a place near my person,
+aid for thy sick mother, what thou wilt, and it is granted thee! And
+remember that as long as the Emperor of Austria shall live he will
+feel himself honored in being known as thy friend!"
+
+In a short time another summons came, this time from the hospital. At
+the end of a long row of beds lay Nicholas, with his arm bandaged and
+strips of plaster covering the gashes on his forehead.
+
+"Oh, Franz!" he groaned, "if God has forgiven me, why cannot you? And
+you will believe that I speak the truth when I tell you that I was
+sorry for what I had done, and I had turned to go back and unbolt the
+door when I tripped and fell."
+
+Franz bent over him with a bright smile. "I forgive you everything,
+Nicholas," he said, sweetly, "so please let us say no more about it.
+It wasn't a bad exchange. I lost an enemy but I gained a friend," and
+the hands of the two boys met in a firm, loving grasp.
+
+
+
+
+MOUNTAINEERING ADVENTURE.
+
+THE DANGERS OF AVALANCHE, GLACIER, CREVASSE, AND PRECIPICE.
+
+BY FRANCIS GRIBBLE.
+
+
+This is the season when the mountaineer once more takes down his
+Norfolk jacket, his nailed boots, and his ice-axe, and prepares to
+face the perils that may lurk for him above the snowline.
+
+Strictly speaking--from the point of view of the expert who knows and
+does everything that an expert ought to know and do--mountaineering
+has two dangers only. There is the danger of bad weather, and there is
+the danger of the falling stone. But every climber is not an expert,
+and even of experts it may be said that _nemo horis omnibus sapit_. So
+that there are all sorts of dangers to be reckoned with, and foremost
+among them is the avalanche.
+
+Everybody knows--vaguely, if not precisely--what an avalanche is.
+Masses of snow accumulate in winter on the mountain slopes. In spring
+the warmth loosens their coherence, and they fall into the valleys,
+sweeping away or burying everything in their track. It is bad for the
+mountaineer, if he happens to be in the way of one.
+
+Says the editor of the volume devoted to mountaineering, in the
+Badminton Library: "The simple rule with regard to all forms of
+avalanche is to avoid their track, and all that is necessary in the
+majority of instances is to recognize the marks on the snow surfaces
+that denote their cause, and to steer clear of them."
+
+
+THE NARROW ESCAPE OF MR. TUCKETT.
+
+Undoubtedly an admirable rule, if only it could be always carried out.
+But mistakes, unhappily, may be made even by experts, as witness this
+story of a thrilling adventure which befell F. F. Tuckett, twenty-two
+years ago.
+
+The season had been exceptionally cold and wet. Snow lay thickly
+everywhere, even on the Faulhorn, the Scheinige Platte, and the
+Wengern Alp. But in the early days of July an improvement began to
+show itself, and Mr. Tuckett, who for a whole month had been able to
+make no big expedition, resolved to make an attempt upon the Eiger.
+
+The members of the party were Mr. Tuckett, Mr. Whitwell, J. H. Fox,
+and the guides, Christian and Ulrich Lauener. They got off between 3
+and 4 A.M., and presently started to ascend the Eiger glacier. The
+surface of it was entirely concealed with snow, but, for some reason,
+they neglected to put on the rope. High up in front of them were the
+disordered pillars and buttresses of the ice-fall, and above the
+ice-fall rested an enormous weight of freshly fallen snow.
+
+Instead of ascending the centre of the glacier, the party, fortunately
+for themselves, were keeping to the left, towards the rocks of the
+Rothstock. Of a sudden, a sort of crack was heard high up above their
+heads, and every eye was turned upon the hanging ice-cliff from which
+it came. A large mass of "_serac_" was seen to break away, mingled
+with a still larger contingent of snow from the slopes above; and the
+whole mass slid down like a cataract, filling the "_couloir_" to its
+brim, and dashing in clouds of frozen spray over the rocky ridges in
+its path, towards the travellers.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAUVAIS PAS, MONT BLANC.]
+
+For a moment they did not realize that they were in its track. But
+then the knowledge flashed upon them all, and they shouted to each
+other, "Run for your lives," and struggled desperately through the
+deep, soft snow to reach the rocks of the Rothstock, yet with their
+faces turned to watch the swift oncoming of the foe.
+
+Let Mr. Tuckett himself describe that thrilling race for life.
+
+"I remember," he writes, "being struck with the idea that it seemed as
+though, sure of its prey, it wished to play with us for a while, at
+one moment letting us imagine that we had gained upon it, and were
+getting beyond the line of its fire, and the next, with mere
+wantonness of vindictive power, suddenly rolling out on its right a
+vast volume of grinding blocks and whirling snow, as though to show
+that it could outflank us at any moment if it chose.
+
+"Nearer and nearer it came, its front like a mighty wave about to
+break. Now it has traversed the whole width of the glacier above
+us, taking a somewhat diagonal direction; and now--run, oh! run,
+if ever you did, for here it comes straight at us, swift, deadly,
+and implacable! The next instant we saw no more; a wild confusion
+of whirling snow and fragments of ice--a frozen cloud--swept over
+us, entirely concealing us from one another, and still we were
+untouched--at least I knew that I was--and still we ran. Another
+half-second and the mist had passed, and there lay the body of
+the monster, whose head was still careering away at lightning
+speed far below us, motionless, rigid, and harmless."
+
+The danger was over, and the party examined the avalanche at their
+leisure. It had a length of three thousand three hundred feet, an
+average breadth of a thousand feet, and an average depth of five feet.
+This is to say, its bulk was six hundred and eleven thousand cubic
+yards, and its weight, on a moderate computation, about four hundred
+and fifty thousand tons.
+
+Accidents of this sort, happily, are very rare, and the climber who is
+carried away by the avalanche has, as a rule, deliberately faced the
+risk out of bravado, and the desire to go home and boast that he had
+done hard things. But there is another sort of avalanche which is a
+much more frequent source of danger. It consists of a stratum of snow
+loosely adherent to a slope of _neve_ or ice. The snow breaks away
+under the weight of the party, and carries them down with it,
+sometimes to a place of safety, sometimes to a crevasse.
+
+
+AN ADVENTURE OF PROFESSOR TYNDALL.
+
+Experience, of course, has laid down many rules for determining
+whether snow of this sort is safe, but the best men--guides as well as
+amateurs--may sometimes be misled. Professor Tyndall, for instance,
+was always a cautious as well as a brilliant mountaineer; yet there
+was a day when the professor's snow craft failed him, and he came very
+near to paying for his blunder with his life.
+
+The place was the Piz Morteratsch, in the Engadine, and the time the
+month of July, 1864. Professor Tyndall's companions were Mr.
+Hutchinson and Lee Warner, and the guides Jenni and Walter. Jenni was
+at that time the dictator of Pontresina, and he seems to have set out
+with the deliberate intention of showing his _Herren_ how great and
+brave a man he was.
+
+The ascent was accomplished without any incident of note. On the way
+down the party reached a broad _couloir_, or gully, filled with snow,
+which had been melted and refrozen, so as to expose a steeply sloping
+wall of ice. The question arose whether it would be better to descend
+this wall of ice, or to keep to the steep rocks by the side of it.
+Professor Tyndall preferred the rocks; Jenni inclined towards the
+slope, and started to lead the way upon it.
+
+[Illustration: THE NEEDLE OF THE GIANTS AND MONT BLANC.]
+
+There was a remonstrance from the professor:
+
+"Jenni," he said, "do you know where you are going? The slope is pure
+ice."
+
+"I know it," the guide replied, "but the ice is quite bare for a few
+rods only. Across this exposed portion I will cut steps, and then the
+snow which covers the ice will give us a footing."
+
+So they started, roped together, Jenni in front, Mr. Tyndall next,
+followed by Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Lee Warner, the one inexperienced
+member of the party, and, last of all, the guide Walter, ready to
+check on the instant any false step that Mr. Lee Warner might make.
+
+After a few steps Jenni began to see that the slope was less safe than
+he had supposed. He stopped and turned round to speak a word of
+warning to the three men above him.
+
+"Keep carefully in the steps, gentlemen," he said; "a false step here
+might start an avalanche."
+
+And, even as he spoke, the false step was made. There was a sound of a
+fall and a rush, and Professor Tyndall saw his friends and their
+guide, all apparently entangled, whirled past him. He planted himself
+to resist the shock, but it was irresistible; he, too, was torn from
+his foothold, and Jenni followed him, and all five found themselves
+riding downwards, with uncontrollable speed, on the back of an
+avalanche, which a single slip had started.
+
+"Turn on your face, and grind the point of your axe or baton through
+the moving snow into the ice"--that is the golden rule for cases of
+the kind, the only way in which the faller can do anything to arrest
+his speed. But it seldom avails much, and in this instance it availed
+nothing.
+
+"No time," writes Professor Tyndall, "was allowed for the break's
+action; for I had held it firmly thus for a few seconds only, when I
+came into collision with some obstacle and was rudely tossed through
+the air, Jenni at the same time being shot down upon me. Both of us
+here lost our batons. We had been carried over a crevasse, had hit its
+lower edge, and, instead of dropping into it, were pitched by our
+great velocity beyond it. I was quite bewildered for a moment, but
+immediately righted myself, and could see the men in front of me,
+half-buried in the snow, and jolted from side to side by the ruts
+among which we were passing."
+
+Presently a second crevasse was reached. Jenni knew that it was there,
+and did a brave thing. He deliberately threw himself into the chasm,
+thinking that the strain thus put upon the rope would stop the motion.
+But, though he was over a hundred and eighty pounds in weight, he was
+violently jerked out of the fissure, and almost squeezed to death by
+the pressure of the rope.
+
+And so they continued to slide on. Below them was a long slope,
+leading directly downwards to a brow where the glacier fell
+precipitously; and at the base of the declivity the ice was cut by a
+series of profound chasms, where they must fall, and where the tail of
+the avalanche would cover them up forever.
+
+The three foremost men rode upon the forehead of the avalanche, and
+were at times almost wholly hidden by the snow; but behind, the
+sliding layer was not so thick, and Jenni strove with desperate energy
+to arrest his progress.
+
+"Halt! Herr Jesus! halt!" he shouted, as again and again he drove his
+heels into the firmer surface underneath.
+
+[Illustration: THE MATTERHORN.]
+
+And now let Professor Tyndall tell the rest:
+
+"Looking in advance, I noticed that the slope, for a short distance,
+became less steep, and then fell as before. Now or never we must be
+brought to rest. The speed visibly slackened, and I thought we were
+saved. But the momentum had been too great; the avalanche crossed the
+brow and in part regained its motion. Here Hutchinson threw his arm
+round his friend, all hope being extinguished, while I grasped my belt
+and struggled to free myself. Finding this difficult, from the
+tossing, I sullenly resumed the strain upon the rope. Destiny had so
+related the downward impetus to Jenni's pull as to give the latter a
+slight advantage, and the whole question was whether the opposing
+force would have sufficient time to act. This was also arranged in our
+favor, for we came to rest so near the brow that two or three seconds
+of our average motion of descent must have carried us over. Had this
+occurred, we should have fallen into the chasms and been covered up by
+the tail of the avalanche. Hutchinson emerged from the snow with his
+forehead bleeding, but the wound was superficial; Jenni had a bit of
+flesh removed from his hand by collision against a stone; the
+pressure of the rope had left black welts on my arms, and we all
+experienced a tingling sensation over the hands, like that produced by
+incipient frost-bite, which continued for several days. This was all.
+I found a portion of my watch-chain hanging round my neck, another
+portion in my pocket; the watch was gone."
+
+Very similar in many respects was the famous accident of the Haut de
+Cry, in which J. J. Bennen perished in February, 1864. So sure of foot
+was Bennen that it used to be said of him, as it was said of Johann
+Lauener, who died upon the Jungfrau, that nothing could bring him to
+grief but an avalanche. And the hour came when the snowfield which he
+was crossing with his _Herren_ split suddenly and the ground on which
+they stood began to move, and Bennen solemnly called out the words,
+"Wir sind alle verloren," and never spoke again.
+
+[Illustration: THE DENT BLANCHE.]
+
+The avalanche was deeper than the one which swept Professor Tyndall
+down the glacier of the Piz Morteratsch. "Before long," writes Mr.
+Gossett, one of the survivors of the accident, "I was covered up with
+snow and in utter darkness. I was suffocating, when, with a jerk, I
+suddenly came to the surface again. To prevent myself sinking again I
+made use of my arms much in the same way as when swimming in a
+standing position. At last I noticed that I was moving slower; then I
+saw the pieces of snow in front of me stop at some yards distance;
+then the snow straight before me stopped, and I heard on a large scale
+the same creaking sound that is produced when a heavy cart passes over
+hard, frozen snow in winter."
+
+But the snow behind pressed on and buried Mr. Gossett. So intense was
+the pressure that he could not move, and he began to fear that it
+would be impossible to extricate himself. Then, while trying vainly to
+move his arms, he suddenly became aware that his hands, as far as the
+wrist, had the faculty of motion. The cheering conclusion was that
+they must be above the snow. So Mr. Gossett struggled on. At last he
+saw a faint glimmer of light. The crust above his head was getting
+thinner, and let a little air pass; but he could no longer reach it
+with his hands. The idea struck him that he might pierce it with his
+breath. He tried, and after several efforts he succeeded. Then he
+shouted for help, and one of his guides, who had escaped uninjured,
+came and extricated him. The snow had to be cut with the axe down to
+his feet before he could be pulled out. Then he found that his
+travelling companion, M. Boissonnet, was dead, and that no trace of
+Bennen could be seen. His body, however, was afterwards recovered. The
+story is told in a letter from Mr. Gossett to Professor Tyndall.
+
+"Bennen's body," he writes, "was found with great difficulty the day
+after Boissonnet was found. The cord end had been covered up with
+snow. The Cure d'Ardon informed me that poor Bennen was found eight
+feet under the snow, in a horizontal position, the head facing the
+valley of the Luzerne. His watch had been wrenched from the chain,
+probably when the cord broke; the chain, however, remained attached to
+his waist-coat. This reminds me of your fall on the Morteratsch
+glacier."
+
+It may be said that the principal danger of climbing rock-mountains is
+the danger of falling off them. For the art consists largely in
+traversing the faces of precipices by means of narrow and imperfect
+ledges, which afford more facilities for falling off than will readily
+be believed by any one who has not tried to stand on them. The
+climbers, of course, are always securely roped together in such
+places, and the theory is that two of them shall always be so firmly
+anchored that they can instantly check any slip that the third may
+make. But that is not always feasible. It is not feasible, for
+instance, at the difficult corner on the Dent Blanche, where Mr.
+Gabbett and the two Lochmatters came to grief.
+
+As all three climbers were killed on that occasion, no details of the
+accident are known. But the elder Lochmatter was known to be an
+exceptionally heavy man, and the presumption is that it was he who
+fell, and dragged the rest of the party after him. How he came to fall
+may be understood from the following description of the "Mauvais Pas,"
+given by a traveller who traversed it a little afterwards:
+
+"Here," he writes, "we must get round past a perpendicular ledge by
+creeping out on an overhanging rock, and then turning sharp round,
+with head and arms on one side of the rock, while the legs are still
+on the other; then we must at once cling to a hardly visible fissure,
+and draw round the rest of the body, gently, cautiously, little by
+little, and hang there by the points of our fingers until our toes
+find their way to a second fissure lower down. I made this passage,"
+he adds, "like a bale of goods at the end of a rope, without being
+conscious of the danger, and I really do not know how I escaped in
+safety."
+
+The description gives some idea of what stiff rock-climbing is really
+like; and it should be remembered that in the Dolomites more awkward
+places even than the Lochmatters' corner have often to be passed, and
+that when, as often happens, the rocks are glazed with ice, the danger
+of climbing them is more than doubled.
+
+It is always assumed that the Dent Blanche is inaccessible in such a
+case. Yet the story is told of an inexperienced climber who managed to
+get to the summit in spite of the ice.
+
+He was on his first visit to Switzerland; and as soon as he got to
+Zermatt he engaged the best available guide.
+
+"What are considered the hardest mountains here?" he asked.
+
+The guide told him: "The Dent Blanche, the Weisshorn, and the Ober
+Gabelhorn."
+
+"Very well," said the novice; "we'll begin with the Dent Blanche."
+
+The guide protested. Did not his _Herr_ think it would be better to
+begin with something easier--with the Rothhorn, for instance, or the
+Strahlhorn, or the Unter Gabelhorn?
+
+"No," was the reply; "you've got to take me up the Dent Blanche. I've
+climbed in Wales, and I'll undertake to climb any rock you show me."
+
+So the guide yielded, and the two started, with a porter, and for a
+certain distance got on very well. But at last they came to a point
+where all the hand-holds within reach were frozen up; the nearest
+practicable hand-hold could only just be found by stretching out the
+ice-axe. The guide explained the situation, and insisted that they
+must turn back. But his employer had been roused to such a pitch of
+excitement that he would not hear of it.
+
+[Illustration: THE RHONE GLACIER.]
+
+"Look here," he said, "you're a bachelor; I'm a married man with a
+family. If I can afford to risk my life you can afford to risk yours.
+You've got to go on up this mountain. Otherwise I'll throw myself over
+the precipice, and as you're roped to me you'll have to come, too."
+
+The man was absolutely mad. There was no question that, in his
+excitement, he would do what he threatened if he were not obeyed. So
+the guide sullenly struck his ice-axe into the fissure, and climbed up
+it hand over hand, and took his lunatic up and down the Dent Blanche
+at a time when its ascent ought by all the laws of ice-craft to have
+been impossible.
+
+
+CROSSING GLACIERS.
+
+To turn from rock to snow climbing. Accidents are constantly happening
+on glaciers; yet the observance of the most elementary precautions
+ought to make such accidents absolutely impossible.
+
+An open glacier, of course, is safe enough under any circumstances.
+The one thing needful is to look where you are going and not try to
+make flying leaps across crevasses. But even when the crevasses are
+masked by snow all danger may still quite easily be obviated. The
+simple rule is that the party crossing the glacier should never
+consist of less than three, and that the three should be roped
+together in such a way that, if one falls into a crevasse, the other
+two can pull him out. And this, of course, involves the further rule
+that the rope must always be kept taut, so that a fall may be checked
+before it has gained an impetus which would make it difficult to
+resist.
+
+[Illustration: PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC.]
+
+By experience it is possible to recognize a crevasse, with tolerable
+accuracy, in spite of its snow covering; and by sounding with the
+ice-axe before treading on it, one ought to be able to tell whether
+the snow bridge will bear one's weight. But, now and again, it will
+happen that the most experienced man's judgment is at fault. Relying
+upon their instinctive perception of such things, the Swiss peasantry
+constantly traverse glaciers alone in mid-winter. But accidents are
+very frequent, and when guides, tourists, or porters have attempted
+the same thing, accidents have constantly befallen them as well. As an
+illustration may be quoted the case of a reporter, who foolishly
+ventured to return alone over the Loetschen pass. A snow bridge broke
+and he fell into a crevasse, where only his knapsack saved him from
+breaking his neck. He lay on his back, wedged into the ice in such a
+way that he could not move, and it was by the merest accident that he
+was discovered in time, and rescued by a party journeying in the same
+direction.
+
+So much, as Herodotus would say, for crevasses. Another serious Alpine
+danger is the danger of bad weather; and bad weather, as Leslie
+Stephen has pointed out, may make the Righi at one time as dangerous
+as the Matterhorn at another.
+
+To a certain extent, of course, bad weather can be foreseen; but
+meteorology is not yet an exact science, and even the acquired
+instinct of the guides is sometimes at fault, so that grave mistakes,
+often followed by fatal consequences, are made almost every year.
+
+
+DANGERS OF BAD WEATHER.
+
+Mont Blanc is probably the mountain in which bad weather makes the
+greatest difference. On a fine day, the ascent of it is scarcely more
+dangerous than the ascent of Primrose Hill; but in a storm you will
+lose your way, and wander round and round, until you sink down
+exhausted, and freeze to death.
+
+In September, 1870, a party of eleven persons, eight of whom were
+guides or porters, were lost in this way. When their bodies were
+recovered, a memorandum was found in the pocket of one of them, J.
+Beane, of the United States of America, finished apparently just
+before his death, and giving a brief summary of the circumstances of
+the calamity. This is how it read:
+
+"Tuesday, September 6.--I have made the ascent of Mont Blanc, with ten
+persons; eight guides, Mr. Corkendal and Mr. Randall. We arrived at
+the summit at 2.30 o'clock. Immediately after leaving it, I was
+enveloped in clouds of snow. We passed the night in a grotto excavated
+out of snow, affording very uncomfortable shelter, and I was ill all
+night.
+
+"September 7 (morning).--Intense cold; much snow falls uninterruptedly:
+guides restless.
+
+[Illustration: PYRAMIDS OF THE MORTERATSCH.]
+
+"September 7 (evening).--We have been on Mont Blanc for two days in a
+terrible snow-storm: we have lost our way and are in a hole scooped
+out of the snow, at a height of fifteen thousand feet. I have no hope
+of descending. Perhaps this book may be found and forwarded. (Here
+follow some instructions on his private affairs.) We have no food; my
+feet are already frozen and I am exhausted; I have only strength to
+write a few words. I die in the faith of Jesus Christ, with
+affectionate thoughts of my family. My remembrance to all. I trust we
+may meet in heaven."
+
+Says Leslie Stephen, commenting on the incident in the "Alpine
+Journal:"
+
+"The main facts are so simple that little explanation is needed. The
+one special danger of Mont Blanc is bad weather. The inexperienced
+travellers were probably ignorant of the fearful danger they were
+encountering, and had not the slightest conception of the risk to life
+and limb which accompanies even a successful ascent of the mountain
+under such circumstances. I once ascended Mont Blanc on a day so
+unusually fine that we could lie on the summit for an hour, light
+matches in the open air, and enjoy the temperature. Yet, in two or
+three hours before sunrise, the guide of another party which ascended
+the same day was so severely frost-bitten as to lose his toes. Such
+things may happen in the finest weather, when proper precautions are
+neglected; but in bad weather it is simple madness to proceed. Why,
+one cannot help asking, did not the guides oppose the wishes of their
+employers?"
+
+
+FALLING ICE.
+
+Among other dangers that the mountaineer has to reckon with are ice
+avalanches and cornices.
+
+A cornice is a mass of snow projecting over the edge of a precipice,
+and resting upon empty space. Occasionally it will bear the weight of
+one, or even several, men; but more often it gives way when trodden
+on, carrying a whole party to destruction. This was the case in the
+famous accident on the Lyskamm--a mountain where the cornices are
+particularly treacherous--when Messrs. William Arnold Lewis and Noel
+H. Paterson, with the guides Niklaus, Johann, and Peter Joseph Knubel,
+met their deaths in the year 1877. "The cornice," writes Mr. Hartley,
+who visited the scene of the accident immediately afterwards, "had
+broken away in two places, leaving some ten feet in the middle still
+adhering to the mountain. The length of the parts which broke away
+was, perhaps, forty feet on each side of the remaining portion. The
+distance of the fall we estimated at from twelve hundred to fifteen
+hundred feet. The bodies, from the nature of the injuries they had
+received, had evidently fallen upon their heads on the rocks, and
+then, in one great bound, had reached almost the spot where they were
+found."
+
+A typical instance of the ice-avalanche accident happened to, and has
+been recorded by, Mr. Whymper. Accompanied by A. W. Moore and the
+guides Croz and Almer, he was trying to discover a shorter route than
+those usually taken between Zinal and Zermatt. After spending the
+night in a _chalet_ on the Arpitetta Alp, they started, and struck
+directly up the centre of the Moming glacier. The route proved
+impracticable, and it became necessary to cut steps across an
+ice-slope immediately below the great pillars and buttresses of the
+ice-fall, which were liable to break away and descend upon them at any
+moment.
+
+"I am not ashamed to confess," wrote Mr. Moore in his journal, "that
+during the whole time we were crossing the slope my heart was in my
+mouth, and I never felt so relieved from such a load of care as when,
+after, I suppose, a passage of about twenty minutes, we got on to the
+rocks and were in safety. I have never heard a positive oath come from
+Almer's mouth, but the language in which he kept up a running
+commentary, more to himself than to me, as we went along, was stronger
+than I should have given him credit for using. His prominent feeling
+seemed to be one of indignation that we should be in such a position,
+and self-reproach at being a party to the proceeding; while the
+emphatic way in which, at intervals, he exclaimed, 'Quick; be quick,'
+sufficiently betokened his alarm."
+
+And now, let the rest of the story be told in Mr. Whymper's graphic
+words. Croz, it should be remembered, was leading, and had advised the
+perilous route.
+
+"It was not necessary," Mr. Whymper says, "to admonish Croz to be
+quick. He was fully as alive to the risk as any of the others. He told
+me afterwards that the place was not only the most dangerous he had
+ever crossed, but that no consideration whatever would tempt him to
+cross it again. Manfully did he exert himself to escape from the
+impending destruction. His head, bent down to his work, never turned
+to the right or to the left. One, two, three, went his axe, and then
+he stepped on to the spot where he had been cutting. How painfully
+insecure should we have considered those steps at any other time! But
+now we thought of nothing but the rocks in front, and of the hideous
+'_seracs_' lurching over above us, apparently in the very act of
+falling."
+
+[Illustration: PASSAGE OF A CREVASSE, MONT BLANC.]
+
+At last they reached the rocks in safety, and, says Mr. Whymper, "If
+they had been doubly as difficult as they were, we should still have
+been well content. We sat down and refreshed the inner man; keeping
+our eyes on the towering pinnacles of ice which we had passed, but
+which now were almost beneath us. Without a preliminary warning sound,
+one of the largest--as high as the Monument, at London Bridge--fell
+upon the slope below. The stately mass heeled over as if upon a hinge
+(holding together until it bent thirty degrees forward), then it
+crushed out its base, and, rent into a thousand fragments, plunged
+vertically down upon the slope that we had crossed. Every atom of our
+track that was in its course was obliterated; all the new snow was
+swept away, and a broad sheet of smooth, glassy ice showed the
+resistless force with which it had fallen."
+
+
+
+
+THE SMOKE.
+
+FROM "PAUL FABER, SURGEON."
+
+BY GEORGE MACDONALD.
+
+
+  Lord, I have laid my heart upon thy altar,
+    But cannot get the wood to burn:
+  It hardly flares ere it begins to falter,
+    And to the dark return.
+
+  Old sap, or night-fallen dew, has damped the fuel;
+    In vain my breath would flame provoke;
+  Yet see--at every poor attempt's renewal,
+    To thee ascends the smoke.
+
+  'Tis all I have--smoke, failure, foiled endeavor
+    Coldness and doubt and palsied lack:
+  Such as I have I send thee. Perfect Giver
+    Send thou thy lightning back.
+
+
+
+
+THE EARL OF DUNRAVEN.
+
+BY C. KINLOCH COOKE.
+
+
+Wyndham Thos. Wyndhamquin, fourth Earl of Dunraven and Mount Earl, was
+born fifty-two years ago. His father, who was a convert to Roman
+Catholicism, devoted much time to scientific pursuits, and wrote a
+book on Irish architecture, which is generally recognized as the
+standard work on the subject. His mother was a Protestant, and a
+daughter of Sergeant Goold, the eminent Dublin lawyer, who, although
+past forty when called to the bar, made both a name and a fortune for
+himself in his profession. His grandfather on the paternal side
+supported the Union, but Sergeant Goold, like so many of the leading
+men in Dublin at that time, more especially barristers, opposed it.
+Here, then, we have a very fair example of the fact that the prominent
+men in the counties desired to see the fusion of the two countries,
+while the chief representatives of the cities held the opposite
+opinion.
+
+[Illustration: LORD DUNRAVEN.]
+
+Viscount Adare, the title belonging to the eldest son in the Dunraven
+family, was educated privately, and although fond of athletics, had
+few opportunities of joining in cricket, football, rackets, and
+similar public-school games. At an early age he was sent abroad with a
+tutor, and while still in his teens had visited and explored many of
+the principal cities of Europe. In compliance with his father's wishes
+he stayed some time at Rome. But neither the influence of the priests
+nor the attractions of the Vatican were sufficient to induce him to
+become a Roman Catholic. Soon after he returned to England he went to
+Oxford and matriculated at Christ Church, where he spent the next
+three years of his life. At college, except holding a commission for a
+year in the 'Varsity volunteers, he did nothing to distinguish himself
+from the ordinary undergraduate, and, like many others of his set,
+came down without taking a degree. He then joined the First Life
+Guards, and spent much of his spare time steeplechasing. Pluck and
+nerve, combined with light weight, secured him many mounts from
+Captain Machell and others. He was christened "Fly" by his brother
+officers, a name by which he is still known among his most intimate
+friends.
+
+So energetic a nature soon tired of the London soldier's life, and
+when war broke out with Abyssinia he applied to the proprietors of the
+"Daily Telegraph" to be allowed to act as their special correspondent.
+His offer being accepted, he resigned his commission and started for
+North Africa. Colonel Phayre, who was Quartermaster-General, attached
+him to his staff, and so he obtained the earliest and most authentic
+information. Mr. H. M. Stanley, who was doing similar duty for the
+"New York Herald," shared a tent with the amateur journalist, and was
+much struck with the workmanlike character of the despatches which he
+sent off on every available opportunity. At the close of the campaign
+he returned to England and fell in love with Lord Charles Lennox Kerr's
+daughter, whom he shortly afterwards married. In 1869 he started with
+his wife for a tour in the United States, where he remained for some
+time and made many friends.
+
+In journalistic circles he was well received, and particularly so by
+the late Mr. Louis Jennings, then editor of the "New York Times," Mr.
+Hurlbert, who at that time had charge of the "New York World," and the
+late "Sam" Ward. At the outbreak of war between France and Germany he
+went to Berlin for the "Daily Telegraph," and followed the campaign
+right through. As a matter of course he carried his life in his hand,
+but though he had some narrow escapes he met with no accident, until
+just before the capitulation of Paris, when he broke his arm and was
+invalided home, with the result that he missed the days of the
+Commune.
+
+For twelve years or more he crossed the Atlantic annually and
+travelled in the States, Canada, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. He was
+the first private individual to investigate the Yellowstone region,
+and wrote a capital book on the expedition called "The Great Divide,"
+which met with a good reception both in America and England. He hunted
+and shot with Buffalo Bill and Texas Jack long before they ever went
+east of the Mississippi, and his name was well known among the
+Indians, who allowed him to travel about their territory without
+interruption. His articles in the "Nineteenth Century Review" on moose
+and caribou hunting, and his stories of animal life, drafted on the
+spot, were much appreciated in sporting circles. In Colorado he
+purchased a tract of land called Estes Park, which is about to be
+transferred to an English company. When the branch railway is made and
+the proposed irrigation works inaugurated, the estate should be a
+valuable property.
+
+[Illustration: LADY DUNRAVEN.]
+
+Lord Dunraven's yachting may be said to date from his college days,
+since he generally spent the long vacation with his friend Lord
+Romney, voyaging in a small sloop he purchased from a Cardiff pilot.
+In this craft, with a man and boy for a crew, he used to cruise in all
+sorts of weather round the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Very funny
+indeed are some of the yarns about the dangers and difficulties which
+the "Cripple"--as the yacht was named--and those on board met with
+from time to time. In this way he picked up some knowledge of
+navigation, learned how to manage a boat, and became well acquainted
+with the discomforts of seafaring life. From the days of the "Cripple"
+until 1887 Lord Dunraven took but little interest in yachting or yacht
+racing. But in August of that year he chanced to be at Cowes, and went
+for a sail in the "Irex." As usual with Mr. Jameson, the conversation
+turned on yacht building. In a very short time Lord Dunraven was
+persuaded to return to his old love, and before a month was over Mr.
+Richardson, of Liverpool, who designed the "Irex," had received
+instructions to build him a cutter. The result was the "Petronilla,"
+but, in spite of several alterations, the yacht was a failure,
+although she was steered by Gomes, who during the last two seasons has
+had charge of "Meteor" (_nee_ "Thistle") for the German Emperor.
+
+Disheartened, but not defeated, he gave a commission to Mr. Watson, of
+Glasgow, who designed the first "Valkyrie." She was a signal success,
+and was sailed by Thomas Diaper, better known as Tommy Dutch, and
+afterwards by William Cranfield, who had been so fortunate with the
+"Yarana," now the "Maid Marian," for Mr. Ralli. Like the present ship,
+she was built for the express purpose of racing for the America Cup.
+The challenge sent by the Royal Yacht Squadron was accepted by the New
+York Yacht Club. But as conditions, considered distasteful by the
+Squadron, were imposed as to the future holding of the cup, and the
+New York Yacht Club declined to yield in any way, the match was
+reluctantly abandoned. The following year the Watson cutter came out
+again and did as well as before. In the winter of 1891-92 Lord
+Dunraven took her to the Mediterranean, where, after winning every
+race she sailed in, she was sold to the Archduke Carl Stephan, and
+delivered at Pola.
+
+[Illustration: DUNRAVEN CASTLE.]
+
+The next order was given to Mr. Alfred Payne, of Southampton, who was
+bidden to design a yacht which should serve the twofold purpose of a
+fast cruiser and a reliable, seaworthy fishing boat. "L'Esperance" was
+built with that object in view, and fully realized the expectations of
+her owner, though, of course, she was not fast enough to hold her own
+with the first-class racers. During the two seasons the yacht was
+afloat she carried off several prizes in handicap matches.
+
+Last year Lord Dunraven determined to have a second try to bring off a
+race for the America Cup, and gave an order to Mr. Watson to build him
+another cutter. The success of the Clyde designer's last venture was
+probably the reason for calling the new vessel "Valkyrie." The Royal
+Yacht Squadron again challenged in Lord Dunraven's behalf, and the
+challenge was duly accepted. Fortunately, no difficulties arose on
+this occasion, and the 5th of October is fixed for the first match.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN WILLIAM CRANFIELD OF THE "VALKYRIE."]
+
+The new ship was built by Messrs. Henderson, of Glasgow, side by side
+with the "Britannia," the Prince of Wales's yacht. It is a mistake,
+however, to suppose, as some do, that the two vessels are copies, one
+of the other. The "Valkyrie" was designed first, and her building
+begun, before Mr. Watson considered with Mr. Jameson the lines of the
+"Britannia." "Valkyrie's" registered tonnage is 106.55, and her length
+on the load water line 86.82 feet, which is 1.82 feet above the length
+of the load water line given in the challenge, but doubtless she will
+be altered to meet the conditions governing the race. Her length from
+the fore part of stem under the bowsprit to the aft side of the head
+of the stern-post is 97.75 feet, and her length over all 116.25. Her
+racing rating is 148, and her sail area 10,200 square feet, being
+3,500 square feet more than the first "Valkyrie." She carries a crew
+of thirty hands all told, and her cabins are prettily fitted up in
+cedar and cretonne.
+
+[Illustration: G. T. WATSON, DESIGNER OF THE "VALKYRIE."]
+
+The second "Valkyrie" has been tried in all weathers and in various
+waters with the "Britannia," the "Satanita," the "Calluna," and the
+"Iverna." Therefore her capabilities against British yachts of her own
+class are pretty well known. Up to the time of writing, namely, the
+eve of the Royal Yacht Squadron regatta at Cowes--the regatta in which
+the schooner yacht "America" won the cup which Lord Dunraven hopes to
+bring back to England--the "Valkyrie" has sailed in twenty matches and
+won fourteen flags, eleven first and three second, representing a
+total value of L930. Her first match was in the Thames on May 25, when
+she had bad luck and only came in third, "Britannia" being first and
+"Iverna" second. In the middle of the race she broke her bowsprit off
+short in the stem, and in a few minutes was, for all sailing purposes,
+practically a wreck. In the second Royal Thames match it was doubtful
+whether "Britannia" or "Valkyrie" won. The Prince of Wales's yacht was
+first in, but according to some watches she only won by seven seconds,
+whereas the official timekeeper made it seventeen seconds, thus
+covering "Valkyrie's" time allowance. In the Royal Cinque Ports
+regatta several vessels collided, with the result that the "Britannia"
+did not race at all, and Lord Dunraven's yacht was detained at the
+start twelve and a half minutes, and so was not placed. During the
+Royal Ulster match one of "Valkyrie's" men fell overboard, and the
+time lost in picking up the man could not be recovered. It is,
+however, but fair to say that when "Valkyrie" won the second Royal
+Western match, "Britannia" came to grief, while in the second race on
+the Clyde the prince's yacht was disqualified.
+
+[Illustration: THE "VALKYRIE."]
+
+It now remains to see how she acquits herself in contest with the
+American vessels which have been built to meet her. The long notice
+required gives a distinct advantage to the other side; although only
+one boat can sail against the challenger, there is nothing to prevent
+any number of boats being designed by the party challenged. The
+Americans have built four cutters to select from, hence the chances
+against the "Valkyrie" may be roughly calculated at four to one.
+
+There is no doubt that Lord Dunraven's ship is a great improvement on
+anything hitherto built in England, and, given her time allowance, is
+the fastest vessel afloat on British waters. She has gone much better
+since she had her top-mast clipped and topsails cut. Her strong point
+is going to windward, and her best chance is in light weather. She
+leaves England on or about August 20, in charge of William Cranfield,
+than whom it would be difficult to find a more experienced skipper on
+either side of the Atlantic. He has sailed her all through her trial
+matches and will steer her in the races for the cup.
+
+But it must not be supposed that Lord Dunraven is always racing in
+large yachts. On the contrary, he is perhaps even more interested
+in small boat sailing, and has, since 1889, built four "fives," all
+of which have given a very good account of themselves. This year he
+brought out a twenty-rater, but so far she has not proved a
+success, and has succumbed to "Dragon" on almost every occasion. He
+is commodore of the Castle Yacht Club, a sporting little racing
+club on the South Coast, where races take place every Saturday and
+often twice a week. The commodore generally enters his boat for
+these matches, and always steers himself. Besides belonging to the
+Royal Yacht Squadron and the Castle Yacht Club, Lord Dunraven is a
+member of the Austrian Imperial Yacht Squadron; the Royal Cork,
+London, Southern, Southampton, Clyde, Western, and Victoria; the
+New Thames, Bristol Channel, Portsmouth, Corinthian and many other
+yachting clubs.
+
+The same year that he returned to yachting he took up racing again,
+and started a stable in partnership with Lord Randolph Churchill,
+having Mr. R. W. Sherwood as trainer, and "Morny" Cannon and Woodburn
+as jockeys. On the whole his horses have been fairly successful.
+L'Abbesse de Jouarre won the Oaks in 1889, and Inverness has secured
+some good stakes. Strange to say, on the day the mare won at Epsom,
+Lord Randolph was in Norway, and Lord Dunraven was sailing in his
+five-rater at Calshot Castle. Under these circumstances it is quite
+permissible to draw the conclusion that he prefers yachting to horse
+racing. After four years of partnership racing, Lord Dunraven bought
+Lord Randolph's share of the stud and now races entirely on his own
+account. He is a good fisherman, and as equally at home with his
+salmon rod as with a deep-sea line. He knows nearly every fishing
+ground round the coast, and, after the regattas are over, generally
+goes trawling. His favorite places are off Plymouth, the Scilly and
+the Channel Islands. Both with rifle and gun he is a first-rate shot,
+and although he always shoots in spectacles, seldom misses his game.
+
+[Illustration: THE KENRY GATEWAY.]
+
+Lord Dunraven took his seat in the House of Lords as a supporter
+of Mr. Gladstone, who subsequently offered him a minor post in the
+government. But at that time the young traveler took but little
+part in politics, and so declined the flattering invitation. His
+real entry into public life, and, in fact, the foundation of his
+subsequent career as a politician, are due to an article which he
+wrote in the "New York World" on Mr. Gladstone's famous attack on
+Lord Beaconsfield. The article obtained much attention at the
+time, and attracted the notice of the Conservative chief, who was
+much struck at the clever criticism of the young Liberal peer. An
+acquaintance sprang up between Lord Beaconsfield and the writer,
+which later on ripened into friendship, and probably had something
+to do with Lord Dunraven joining the Conservative party.
+
+His early speeches were chiefly on foreign policy, and the intimate
+knowledge he showed respecting treaties of all kinds was an additional
+link between him and the leader of his new party. His favorite theme
+was Egypt, and he rarely missed an opportunity of condemning Mr.
+Gladstone's policy in respect to that country. Later on he interested
+himself more especially in colonial affairs. Here his personal
+acquaintance with the North American colonies stood him in good stead,
+and gained him the ear of the House of Lords. Thus it was scarcely
+surprising that when Lord Salisbury came into office he chose him as
+Under Secretary of State for the colonies, a post he again filled on
+the return of the Conservatives to power in 1886.
+
+Soon after he had taken office the second time, the Newfoundland
+Government passed an act prohibiting the French fishermen from
+purchasing bait in the colony. This act the imperial government at
+first declined to ratify. Lord Dunraven sided with the local
+legislators, on the ground that Newfoundland was a self-governing
+colony. He pressed this view of the case at Downing Street, and, as
+the government declined to yield, resigned his Under Secretaryship.
+Some say he resigned merely to support his friend, Lord Randolph
+Churchill, who had just given up the post of Chancellor of the
+Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons, but, although the two
+resignations may have had some connection, the immediate cause of Lord
+Dunraven's leaving the Colonial Office was as I have stated. Being out
+of office and out of favor with his chief, Lord Dunraven turned his
+attention to social questions, and, when Mr. Burnett's report on the
+Sweating System at the East End of London was presented to Parliament,
+he moved the House of Lords for a select committee to inquire into the
+subject. The request was granted, and he was appointed chairman. For
+more than two years the committee sat, and during all that time Lord
+Dunraven worked most energetically, examining and cross-examining the
+various witnesses sent up from all parts of the United Kingdom, for he
+was not long in discovering that the system was practised quite as
+much in the provincial cities as in the East End of London, and
+quickly took steps to have the reference extended. With much care he
+drafted an exhaustive report, giving, as the chief causes of the
+existence of sweating, unrestricted foreign immigration and
+over-competition. Lord Derby and Lord Thring declined to accept this
+view, and Lord Dunraven, finding himself in a minority, retired from
+the chairmanship. Subsequent events have shown that Lord Dunraven was
+not so far out in his diagnosis as his colleagues supposed. The evil
+effects of foreign immigration upon the unskilled labor market so
+impressed him that, on his own initiative and at his own expense, he
+formed a society for the express purpose of making these effects known
+to the public, and of forcing them upon the attention of Parliament.
+
+[Illustration: ADARE MANOR HOUSE.]
+
+The working-man may have good reason to thank Lord Dunraven, but it
+is doubtful whether the capitalist will regard his efforts in the same
+light. The Sweating Committee brought Mr. Alderman Ben Tillett to the
+front, and Mr. Alderman Ben Tillett, in conjunction with Mr. John
+Burns, M.P., were the promoters of the dock strike. The dock strike
+started "new unionism," and new unionism gave an impetus to the
+eight-hour-day movement. Lord Dunraven and Lord Randolph Churchill
+were the first prominent politicians to openly advocate an eight-hour
+day for miners, and Lord Dunraven's speech on the eight-hours' case
+generally, before the members of the Chamber of Commerce at Liverpool,
+attracted much comment at the time. The Factories and Workshops act
+was really an extension of the very able bill which Lord Dunraven
+introduced into the House of Lords, in order to carry into force
+certain amendments in the law which he had suggested in his draft on
+the sweating inquiry. Together with Lord Sandhurst, the present Under
+Secretary for War, he championed the cause of the laundresses. Indeed,
+there is scarcely a question affecting the interests of the working
+classes in which he has not taken an active part, and when a separate
+state department for labor is established, as it must be eventually,
+Lord Dunraven, supposing the Conservatives to be in power, will
+probably be invited to act as its first minister.
+
+There is scarcely a subject on which he is not well informed. His
+difficulty seems to be in making a choice. In matters of sport he has
+thrown his heart and soul into yachting, and, as a consequence, on
+that subject he is naturally considered the first authority. What he
+has done in yachting he must do in politics, if he is ever to reach
+the position to which his abilities entitle him.
+
+[Illustration: ADARE GALLERY.]
+
+The rough-and-tumble work of the House of Commons would have been a
+far better school for him than the Upper House of Parliament, and had
+he not been a peer he would probably by this time have reached a far
+higher rung on the political ladder than he has done. Although
+nervous, he is a good speaker, and never misses his points. He seldom
+addresses the House without a thorough knowledge of his subject, and
+as a consequence is generally listened to and considered. Naturally
+quick, he soon masters his facts. He has great power of concentration,
+but, like most Irishmen, lacks application. Unlike his race, however,
+he is not impulsive, and seldom speaks without thinking. He has more
+the memory of a barrister than that of a permanent official, and
+should he forget the details, always remembers the line of argument.
+With a little more patience he would make a good judge, as he knows
+well how to sift evidence, and is just in dealing with the opinions of
+others. Thorough himself, he expects thoroughness in those about him.
+Cant and hypocrisy he will have none of. Nor does he believe in
+employing second-rate intellect. The best man and the best price is
+Lord Dunraven's motto. There is no niggardliness about him, yet at
+the same time he intends to get his money's worth. Mistakes are not
+overlooked, but forgiven. As a result he is much liked by all who have
+any dealings with him.
+
+The principal family estates are in Ireland and Wales. Adare Manor,
+the Irish home where the present peer was born, is situated in one of
+the prettiest parts of County Limerick. The house, which had fallen
+into decay during the last century, was entirely rebuilt by Lord
+Dunraven's grandfather. It is of gray stone and in the style of the
+Tudor period. The most imposing apartment is the gallery, which is
+panelled in old oak and has a beautifully carved ceiling. This room is
+approached from the hall by means of a stone stair-case let into the
+wall, and is entered through richly carved double doors brought from
+an old church at Antwerp. It is one hundred and thirty-two feet long
+and twenty-one feet wide. Along the sides hang the family pictures,
+and a few choice paintings by old masters. The hall is lofty, and
+lighted by colored windows, which, together with the organ, hidden
+away in a recess, gives the place more the appearance of a cathedral
+than the entrance to a private house. The river Maigne flows past the
+manor on the south side, and, when at home, the subject of our sketch
+may often be seen fishing for a salmon or shooting a weir in his
+canoe, after the manner of Canadian log men down the rapids. Not far
+from the manor house, on the banks of the river, are the ruins of a
+Franciscan abbey, built in 1464 for the Observant Brothers by a former
+Earl of Kildare, while adjoining lie the ruins of Desmond Castle, so
+celebrated in Irish history.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF DESMOND CASTLE.]
+
+Lord Dunraven is much attached to Ireland and the Irish. He devotes
+large sums of money annually towards improving and keeping up Adare,
+and spends all the income derived from the estate in giving employment
+to the people of the district. This fact alone, seeing that he has
+only a life interest in the place, shows his large-mindedness. His
+property is probably the only one in the south of Ireland on which no
+outrage has ever been committed, and it speaks well for his popularity
+that when he came amongst his own tenants a few months ago to deliver
+a speech against Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule bill, not only was he
+listened to, but, for the time, received the support of many Home
+Rulers in the district. At Adare, Lord Dunraven entertained Lord
+Spencer and the vice-regal court in state, and subsequently received
+Lord Londonderry and Lord Houghton.
+
+Dunraven Castle, in Glamorganshire, is built on the edge of a cliff,
+and overlooks the Bristol Channel. The coast is very dangerous, and
+many a ship has struck and gone to pieces on the treacherous rocks in
+sight of the castle. There is no safe anchorage anywhere near, so Lord
+Dunraven is in the peculiar position of having a home by the sea, but
+is unable to approach it in his yacht. Lately the castle has been
+enlarged, and a new wing and courtyard added. During the last few
+years, owing probably to the unsettled state of Ireland, Lord and Lady
+Dunraven have done most of their entertaining here. Not long ago the
+Duke and Duchess of Teck and the Princess May (Duchess of York) made a
+long stay at the castle. The gardens are well kept, but the want of
+shelter prevents the shrubs and coverts from growing, and gives the
+more exposed part of the estate rather a barren appearance. The
+shooting is fairly good, and the park well stocked with deer.
+
+Kenry House, in the vale of Putney, was until recently used as the
+town residence, but when Lord Dunraven's daughters grew up it was
+necessary to take a house in London. Still Kenry is a favorite
+Saturday to Monday resort of Lord Dunraven during the parliamentary
+session.
+
+Few men in like position have led so varied a life as the owner of
+"Valkyrie," and as a consequence he has come into contact with most
+men and women worth knowing. In social circles he is very popular, and
+no smart entertainment is complete without him. In clubland he is
+always welcome, and is as equally at home at the Beefsteak or the
+Savage as at the Marlborough or the Turf. While Parliament is sitting
+he is often found at the Carlton, discussing with his party the latest
+move on the political chess-board, or talking science and literature
+with his friends at the Athenaeum. His energy is boundless. He will
+work all the morning, legislate in the afternoon, dine out, and then
+spend the evening in amusement. Travelling to him is nothing. He never
+tires. He is an early riser, and no matter what time he goes to bed is
+always up and attending to his correspondence at the usual hour the
+next morning. In this way he gets through a great amount of work, and
+is able to find time for the same amount of pleasure. He is very
+generous, and as a result is often imposed upon. Not only is he called
+upon to give money toward the charities in his own neighborhoods, but
+people write to him from all parts of the United Kingdom to help them
+in their distress. Often he yields, and many a home has been made
+happy by a gift of money or money's worth. Scarcely a church or chapel
+on his Welsh estate is self-supporting. All expect, and many get,
+grants from Lord Dunraven. In Ireland, too, he is equally liberal; and
+Father Flanagan, the priest at Adare, could tell many a tale of want
+relieved and assistance given to the Catholics on the estate.
+
+LONDON, ENGLAND.
+
+
+
+
+AT A DANCE.
+
+
+  My queen is tired and craves surcease
+    Of twanging string and clamorous brass;
+  I lean against the mantelpiece,
+    And watch her in the glass.
+
+  One whom I see not where I stand
+    Fans her, and talks in whispers low;
+  Her loose locks flutter as his hand
+    Moves lightly to and fro.
+
+  He begs a flower; her finger tips
+    Stray round a rose half veiled in lace;
+  She grants the boon with smiling lips,
+    Her clear eyes read his face.
+
+  I cannot look--my sight grows dim--
+    While Fate allots, unequally,
+  The living woman's self to him,
+    The mirrored form to me.
+
+
+
+
+DULCES AMARYLLIDIS IRAE.
+
+
+  I told my love a truth she liked not well;
+    She spoke no word. I raised my eyes to watch
+  Her cheek's red flush, her bosom's angry swell;
+   She rose to go; her hand was on the latch;
+  When some swift thought--of my fond love, maybe,
+    Or ill-requited patience--bowed her head:
+  She faltered, paused with foot half raised to flee,
+    Then turned, and stole into my arms instead.
+
+  _Reproduced, by special arrangement, from_ "Under the Hawthorn,
+  and Other Verse," by Augusta de Gruchy.
+
+  London: Edwin Matthews and John Lane, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+A SPLENDID TIME--AHEAD.
+
+BY WALTER BESANT.
+
+
+I.
+
+It was Sunday evening in July--an evening aglow with warmth and
+splendor; an evening when even the streets of London were glorious
+with the light of the splendid west; an evening when, if you are young
+(as I sincerely hope you are), only to wander hand-in-hand over the
+grass and under the trees with your sweetheart should be happiness
+enough. One ought to be ashamed to ask for more. Nay, a great many do
+not ask for more.
+
+They are engaged. Some time, but not just yet, they will marry. They
+work separately all the week, but on the Sunday they are free to go
+about together. Of all the days that make the week they dearly love
+but one day--namely the day that lies between the Saturday and Monday.
+Now that the voice of the Sabbatarian has sunk to a whisper or a
+whine; now that we have learned to recognize the beauty, the priceless
+boon, the true holiness of the Sunday, which not only rests body and
+brain, but may be so used as to fill the mind with memories of lovely
+scenes, of sweet and confidential talk, of love-making and of
+happiness, we ought to determine that of all the things which make up
+the British liberties, there is nothing for which the working man
+should more fiercely fight or more jealously watch than the full
+freedom of his Sunday--freedom uncontrolled to wander where he will,
+to make his recreation as he chooses.
+
+If the church doors are open wide, let the doors of the public
+galleries and the museums and the libraries be opened wide as well.
+Let him, if he choose, step from church to library. But if he is wise,
+when the grass is long and the bramble is in blossom, and the foliage
+is thick and heavy on the elms, he will, after dinner, repair to the
+country, if it is only to breathe the air of the fields, and lie on
+his back watching the slow westering of the sun and listening to the
+note of the blackbird in the wood.
+
+Two by two they stroll or sit about Hempstead Heath on such an
+evening. If you were to listen (a pleasant thing to do, but wrong) to
+the talk of these couples you would find that they are mostly silent,
+except that they only occasionally exchange a word or two. Why should
+they talk? They know each other's cares and prospects; they know the
+burden that each has to bear--the evil temper of the boss, the
+uncertainties of employment, the difficulties in the way of an
+improved screw, and the family troubles--there are always family
+troubles, due to some inconsiderate member or other. I declare that we
+have been teaching morality and the proper conduct of life on quite a
+wrong principle--namely, the selfish principle.
+
+We say, "Be good, my child, and you will go to heaven." The
+proposition is no doubt perfectly true. But it proposes a selfish
+motive for action. I would rather say to that child, "Be good, my
+dear, or else you will become an intolerable nuisance to other
+people." Now, no child likes to consider himself an intolerable
+nuisance.
+
+These lovers, therefore, wander about the Heath, sometimes up to their
+knees in bracken, sometimes sitting under the trees, not talking much,
+but, as the old phrase has it, "enjoying themselves" very much indeed.
+At the end of the Spaniards' Road--that high causeway whence one can
+see, in clear weather, the steeple of Harrow Church on one side and
+the dome of St. Paul's on the other--there is a famous clump of firs,
+which have been represented by painters over and over again. Benches
+have been placed under these trees, where one can sit and have a very
+fine view indeed, with the Hendon Lake in the middle distance, and a
+range of hills beyond, and fields and rills between.
+
+On one of these benches were sitting this evening two--Adam and Eve,
+boy and girl--newly entered into paradise. Others were sitting there
+as well--an ancient gentleman whose thoughts were seventy years back,
+a working man with a child of three on his knee, and beside him his
+wife, carrying the baby. But these lovers paid no heed to their
+neighbors. They sat at the end of the bench. The boy was holding the
+girl's hand, and he was talking eagerly.
+
+"Lily," he said, "you must come some evening to our debating society
+when we begin again and hear me speak. No one speaks better. That is
+acknowledged. There is to be a debate on the House of Lords in
+October. I mean to come out grand. When I'm done there will be mighty
+little left of the Lords." He was a handsome lad, tall and well set
+up, straight featured and bright eyed. The girl looked at him proudly.
+He was her own lad--this handsome chap. Not that she was bad-looking
+either. Many an honest fellow has to put up with a girl not nearly so
+good-looking, if you were to compare.
+
+He was a clerk in the city. She was in the post-office. He attended at
+his office daily from half-past nine to six, doing such work as was
+set before him for the salary of a pound a week. She stood all day
+long at the counter, serving out postal orders, selling stamps,
+weighing letters, and receiving telegrams. When I add that she was
+civil to everybody you will understand that she was quite a superior
+clerk--one of the queen's lucky bargains. It is not delicate to talk
+about a young lady's salary, therefore I shall not say for how much
+she gave her services to the British Empire.
+
+He was a clever boy, who read and thought. That is to say, he thought
+that he thought--which is more than most do. As he took his facts from
+the newspapers, and nothing else, and as he was profoundly ignorant
+of English history, English law, the British Constitution, the duties
+of a citizen, and the British Empire generally, his opinions, after he
+had done thinking, were not of so much value to the country, it is
+believed. But still a clever fellow, and able to spout in a frothy way
+which carried his hearers along, if it never convinced or defeated an
+opponent.
+
+To this kind of clever boy there are always two or three dangers. One
+is that he should be led on to think more and more of froth and less
+of fact; another, that he should grow conceited over his eloquence and
+neglect his business. A third temptation which peculiarly besets this
+kind is that he should take to drink. Oratory is thirsty work, and
+places where young men orate are often in immediate proximity to bars.
+As yet, however, Charley was only twenty. He was still at the first
+stage of everything--oratory, business, and love; and he was still at
+the stage when everything appears possible--the total abolition of
+injustice, privilege, class, capital, power, oppression, greed,
+sweating, poverty, suffering--by the simple process of tinkering the
+constitution.
+
+"Oh," he cried, "we shall have the most glorious, the most splendid
+time, Lily! The power of the people is only just beginning; it hasn't
+begun yet. We shall see the most magnificent things...." He enumerated
+them as above indicated. Well, it is very good that young men should
+have such dreams and see such visions. I never heard of any girl being
+thus carried out of herself. The thing belongs exclusively to male man
+in youth, and it is very good for him. When he is older he will
+understand that over and above the law and the constitution there is
+something else more important still--namely, that every individual man
+should be honest, temperate, and industrious. In brief, he will
+understand the force of the admonition: "Be good, my child, or else
+you will become an intolerable nuisance to everybody."
+
+The sun sank behind Harrow-on-the-Hill. The red light of the west
+flamed in the boy's bright eyes. Presently the girl rose.
+
+"Yes, Charley," she said, less sympathetic than might have been
+expected; "yes, and it will be a very fine time, if it comes. But I
+don't know. People will always want to get rich, won't they? I think
+this beautiful time will have to come after us. Perhaps we had better
+be looking after our own nest first."
+
+"Oh, it will come--it will come!"
+
+"I like to hear you talk about it, Charley. But if we are ever to
+marry--if I am to give up the post-office, you must make a bigger
+screw. Remember what you promised. The shorthand and the French class.
+Put them before your speechifying."
+
+"All right, Lily dear, and then we will get married, and we will have
+the most splendid time. Oh, there's the most splendid time for
+us--ahead!"
+
+
+II.
+
+It is six months later and mid-winter, and the time is again the
+evening. The day has been gloomy, with a fog heavy enough to cause the
+offices to be lit with gas, so that the eyes of all London are red and
+the heads of all London are heavy.
+
+Lily stepped outside the post-office, work done. She was going home.
+
+At the door stood her sweetheart, waiting for her. She tossed her head
+and made as if she would pass him without speaking. But he stepped
+after and walked beside her.
+
+"No, Lily," he said, "I will speak to you; even if you don't answer my
+letters you shall hear me speak."
+
+"You have disgraced yourself," she said.
+
+"Yes, I know. But you will forgive me. It is the first time. I swear
+it is the first time."
+
+Well, it was truly the first time that she had seen him in such a
+state.
+
+"Oh, to be a drunkard!" she replied. "Oh, could I ever believe that I
+should see you rolling about the street?"
+
+"It was the first time, Lily, and it shall be the last. Forgive me
+and take me on again. If you give me up I shall go to the devil!"
+
+"Charley"--her voice broke into a sob--"you have made me miserable--I
+was so proud of you. No other girl, I thought, had such a clever
+sweetheart; and last Tuesday--oh! it's dreadful to think of."
+
+"Yes, Lily, I know. There's only one excuse. I spoke for more than an
+hour, and I was exhausted. So what I took went to my head. Another
+time I should not have felt it a bit. And when I found myself
+staggering I was going home as fast as possible, and as bad luck would
+have it, I must needs meet you."
+
+"Good luck, I call it. Else I might never have found it out till too
+late."
+
+"Lily, make it up. Give me another chance. I'll swear off. I'll take
+the pledge."
+
+He caught her hand and held it.
+
+"Oh, Charley," she said, "if I can only trust you."
+
+"You can, you must, Lily. For your sake I will take the pledge. I will
+do whatever you ask me to do."
+
+She gave way, but not without conditions.
+
+"Well," she said, "I will try to think no more about it. But, Charley,
+remember, I could never, never, never marry a man who drinks."
+
+"You never shall, dear," he replied, earnestly.
+
+"And then, another thing, Charley. This speaking work--oh! I know it
+is clever and that--but it doesn't help us forward. How long is it
+since you determined to learn shorthand, because it would advance you
+so much? And French, because a clerk who can write French is worth
+double? Where are your fine resolutions?"
+
+"I will begin again--I will practise hard; see now, Lily, I will do
+all you want. I will promise anything to please you--and do it, too.
+See if I won't. Only not quite to give up the speaking. Think how
+people are beginning to look up to me. Why, when we get a reformed
+House, and the members are paid, they will send me to Parliament--me!
+I shall be a member for Camden Town. Then I shall be made Home
+Secretary, or Attorney General, or something. You will be proud, Lily,
+of your husband when he is a distinguished man. There's a splendid
+time for us--ahead!"
+
+"Yes, dear. But first you know you have got to get a salary that we
+can live on."
+
+He left her at her door with a kiss and a laugh, and turned to go
+home. In the next street he passed a public-house. He stopped, he
+hesitated, he felt in his pocket, he went in and had a go, just a
+single go--Lily would never find out--of Scotch, cold. Then he went
+home and played at practising shorthand for an hour. He had promised
+his Lily. She should see how well he could keep his promise.
+
+
+III.
+
+"It is good of you to come, my dear. Of course, I understand that it
+is all over now. It must be. It is not in nature that you should keep
+him on any longer. But I thought you would see my poor boy once
+more."
+
+It was Charley's mother who spoke. He was the only son of a widow.
+
+"Oh, yes, I came--I came," Lily replied, tearfully. "But what is the
+good? He will promise everything again. How many times has he repented
+and promised--and promised?"
+
+"My poor boy! And we were so proud of him, weren't we, dear?" said the
+mother, wiping away a tear. "He was going to do such great things with
+his cleverness and his speaking. And now--I have seen it coming on, my
+dear, for a year and more, but I durstn't speak to you. When he came
+home night after night with a glassy eye and a husky voice, when he
+reeled across the room, at first I pretended not to notice it. A man
+mustn't be nagged or shamed, must he? Then I spoke in the morning, and
+he promised to pull himself up."
+
+"He will promise--ah! yes--he will promise."
+
+"If you could only forgive him he might keep his promise."
+
+Lily shook her head doubtfully.
+
+"I went to the office this morning, my dear. They have been expecting
+it for weeks. The head clerk warned him. It was known that he had
+fallen into bad company--in the city they don't like spouters. And
+when he came back after his dinner he was so tipsy that he fell along.
+They just turned him out on the spot."
+
+"Mother," said Lily, "it's like this. I can't help forgiving him. We
+two must forgive him, whatever he does. We love him, you see, that's
+what it is."
+
+"Yes, dear, yes."
+
+"It isn't the poor, tipsy boy we love, but the real boy--the clever
+boy behind. We must forgive him. But"--her lips quivered--"I cannot
+marry him. Do not ask me to do that unless--what will never happen--he
+reforms altogether."
+
+"If you would, dear, I think he might keep straight. If you were
+always with him to watch him."
+
+"I could not be always with him. And besides, mother, think what
+might happen as well. Would you have me bring into the world children
+whose lives would make me wretched by a drunken father? And how should
+we live? Because, you see, if I marry I must give up my place."
+
+The mother sighed. "Charley is in his own room," she said, "I will
+send him to you."
+
+Lily sat down and buried her face in her hands. Alas! to this had her
+engagement come. But she loved him. When he came into the room and
+stood before her and she looked up, seeing him shamefaced and with
+hanging head, she was filled with pity as well as love--pity and
+shame, and sorrow for the boy. She took his hand and pressed it
+between her own and burst into tears. "Oh, Charley, Charley!" she
+cried.
+
+"I am a brute and a wretch," he said. "I don't deserve anything. But
+don't throw me over--don't, Lily!"
+
+He fell on his knees before her, crying like a little school-boy. A
+tendency to weep readily sometimes accompanies the consumption of
+strong drink.
+
+Then he made confession, such confession as one makes who puts things
+as prettily as their ugliness allows. He had given way once or twice;
+he had never intended to get drunk; he had been overtaken yesterday.
+The day was close, he had a headache in the morning. To cure his
+headache he took a single glass of beer. When he went back to the
+office he felt giddy. They said he was drunk. They bundled him out on
+the spot without even the opportunity of explaining.
+
+Lily sighed. What could she say or answer? The weakness of the man's
+nature only came out the more clearly by his confession. What could
+she say? To reason with him was useless. To make him promise was
+useless.
+
+"Charley," she said at length, "if my forgiveness will do any good
+take it and welcome. But we cannot undo the past. You have lost your
+place and your character. As for the future----"
+
+"You have forgiven me, Lily," he said; "oh, I can face the future. I
+can get another place easily. I shall very soon retrieve my character.
+Why, all they can say is that I seemed to have taken too much.
+Nothing--that is nothing!"
+
+"What will you do? Have you got any money?"
+
+"No. I must go and look for another place. Until I get one I suppose
+there will be short commons. I deserve it, Lily. You shall not hear me
+grumble."
+
+She took out her purse. "I can spare two pounds," she said. "Take the
+money, Charley. Nay--you must--you shall. You must not go about
+looking half starved."
+
+He hesitated and changed color, but he took the money.
+
+Half an hour later he was laughing, as they all three sat at their
+simple supper, as light-hearted as if there had never been such a
+scene. When a man is forgiven he may as well behave accordingly. Only,
+when he lifted his glass of water to his lips he gasped--it was a
+craving for something stronger than water which tightened his throat
+like hydrophobia. But it passed; he drank the water and set down the
+glass with a nod.
+
+"Good water, that," he said. "Nothing like water. Mean to stick to
+water in future--water and tea. Lily, I've made up my mind. For the
+next six months I shall give up speaking, though it's against my
+interests. Shorthand and French in the evening. By that time I shall
+get a post worth a hundred--ay, a hundred and twenty--pounds a year,
+if I'm lucky, and we'll get married and all live together and be as
+happy as the day is long. You shall never repent your wedding-day, my
+dear. I shall keep you like a lady. Oh, we will have a splendid
+time."
+
+At ten o'clock Lily rose to go home. He sprang to his feet and took
+his hat and went.
+
+"No, no," he said. "Let you go alone? Not if I know it."
+
+She laid her hand on his arm once more, and tried to believe that his
+promise would be kept this time. He led her home, head in air, gallant
+and brave. At the door he kissed her. "Good-night, my dear," he said.
+"You know you can trust me. Haven't I promised?"
+
+On the way home he passed a public-house. The craving came back to
+him, and the tightness of his throat and the yearning of his heart;
+his footsteps were drawn and dragged toward the door.
+
+At eleven o'clock his mother, who was waiting up for him, heard him
+bumping and tumbling about the stairs on his way up. He came in--his
+eyes fishy, his voice thick. "Saw her home," he said. "Good girl,
+Lily. Made--(hic)--faithful promise--we are going to have--splendid
+time!"
+
+
+IV.
+
+The two women stood outside the prison doors. At eight o'clock their
+man would be released; the son of one, the lover of the other. The
+elder woman looked frail and bowed, her face was full of trouble--the
+kind of trouble that nothing can remove. The younger woman stood
+beside her on the pavement; she was thinner, and her cheeks were pale;
+in her eyes, too, you could read abiding trouble.
+
+"We will take him home between us," said the girl. "Not a word of
+reproach. He has sinned and suffered. We must forgive. Oh, we cannot
+choose but forgive!"
+
+Alas! the noble boy--the clever boy she loved--was further off than
+ever. He who loses a place and his character with it never gets
+another berth. This is a rule in the city. We talk of retrieving
+character and getting back to work. Neither the one nor the other
+event ever comes off. The wretch who is in this hapless plight begins
+the weary search for employment in hope. How it ends varies with his
+temperament or with the position of his friends. All day long he
+climbs stairs, puts his head into offices, and asks if a clerk is
+wanted.
+
+No clerk is wanted. Then he comes down the stairs and climbs others,
+and asks the same question and gets the same reply. If ever a clerk is
+wanted a character is wanted with him; and when the character includes
+the qualification of drink, as well as of zeal and ability, the owner
+is told that he may move on.
+
+I am told there is a never-ending procession of clerks out of work up
+and down the London stairs. What becomes of them is never known. It
+is, however, rumored that short commons, long tramps, and hope
+deferred bring most of them to the hospitals, where it is tenderly
+called pneumonia.
+
+Charley began his tramp. After a little--a very little while--his
+money, the money that Lily lent him, was all gone. He was ashamed to
+borrow more, because he would have to confess how that money was
+chiefly spent.
+
+Then he pawned his watch.
+
+Then he borrowed another pound of Lily.
+
+Every evening he came home drunk. His mother knew it, and told Lily.
+They could do nothing. They said nothing. They left off hoping.
+
+Then his mother perceived that things began to disappear. He stole
+the clock on the mantel-shelf first, and pawned it.
+
+Then he stole other things. At last he took the furniture, bit by bit,
+and pawned it, until his mother was left with nothing but a mattress
+and a pair of blankets. He could not take her money, because all she
+had was an annuity of fifteen shillings a week, otherwise he would
+have had that too. He then borrowed Lily's watch and pawned it, and
+her little trinkets and pawned them; he took from her all the money
+she would give him.
+
+Both women half starved themselves to find him in drink and to save
+him from crime. Yes, to save him from crime. They did not use these
+words--they understood. For now he had become mad for drink. There was
+no longer any pretence; he even left off lying; he was drunk every
+day; if he could not get drunk he sat on the bare floor and cried.
+Neither his mother nor Lily reproached him.
+
+An end--a semicolon, if not a full stop--comes to such a course.
+Unfortunately not always the end which is most to be desired--the only
+effectual end.
+
+The end or semicolon which came to this young man was that, having
+nothing more of his mother's that he could pawn, one day he slipped
+into the ground floor lodger's room and made up quite a valuable
+little parcel for his friend the pawnbroker. It contained a Waterbury
+watch, a seven and sixpenny clock, a mug--electro-plate, won at a
+spelling competition--a bound volume of "Tit Bits," and a Bible.
+
+When the lodger came home and found out his loss he proved to be of an
+irascible, suspicious, and revengeful disposition. He immediately, for
+instance, suspected the drunken young man of the first floor. He
+caused secret inquiry to be made, and--but why go on? Alas! the
+conclusion of the affair was eight months' hard.
+
+"Here he comes," said Lily. "Look up, mother; we must meet him with a
+smile. He will come out sober, at any rate."
+
+He was looking much better for his period of seclusion. He walked
+home between them, subdued, but ready, on encouragement, for their
+old confidence.
+
+In fact, it broke out, after an excellent breakfast.
+
+"I have made up my mind," he said, "while I was thinking--oh! I had
+plenty to think about and plenty of time to do my thinking in. Well, I
+have made up my mind. Mother, this is no country for me any longer.
+After what has happened I must go. You two go on living together, just
+for company, but I shall go--I shall go to America. There's always an
+opening, I am told, in America, for fellows who are not afraid of
+work. Cleverness tells there. A man isn't kept down because he's had a
+misfortune. What is there against me, after all? Character gone, eh?
+Well, if you come to that, I don't deny that appearances were against
+me. I could explain, however.
+
+"But there nobody cares about character nor what you've done
+here"--(this remarkable belief is widely spread concerning the
+colonies, as well as the United States)--"it's what can you do? not,
+what have you done? Very well. I mean to go to America, mother. I
+shall polish up the shorthand and pick up the French grammar again. I
+mean to get rich now. Oh, I've sown my wild oats! Then you'll both
+come out to me, and then we'll be married; and, Lily, we'll have a
+most splendid time!"
+
+
+V.
+
+Five years later Lily sat one Sunday morning in the same lodgings. The
+poor old mother was gone, praying her with her last breath not to
+desert the boy. But of Charley not a word had come to her--no news of
+any kind.
+
+She was quite alone--in those days she was generally alone; she had
+kept her place at the post-office, but everybody knew of her trouble,
+and somehow it made a kind of barrier between herself and her sister
+clerks. The sorrows of love are sacred, but when they are mixed up
+with a criminal and a prison there is a feeling--a kind of a
+feeling--as if, well, one doesn't like somehow to be mixed up with it.
+Lily was greatly to be pitied, no doubt; her lover had turned out
+shameful; but she ought to have given up the man long before he got so
+bad.
+
+She was alone. The church bells were beginning to ring. She thought
+she would go to church. While she considered this point, she heard a
+woman's step on the stairs, and there was a knock at the door.
+
+It was a nurse or probationer, dressed in the now familiar garb--a
+young nurse.
+
+"You are Lily Chesters?" she asked. "There is a patient just brought
+in to the London Hospital who wants to see you. He is named Charley,
+he says, and will give no other name. He wrote your address on paper.
+'Tell her,' he said, 'that it is Charley.'"
+
+Lily rose quietly. "I will go to him."
+
+"He is your brother?"
+
+"He is my lover. Is he ill?"
+
+"He is very ill. He came in all in rags, dirty and penniless--he is
+very ill indeed. Prepare yourself. He is dying of pneumonia."
+
+I told you before what they call it.
+
+Lily sat at the bedside of the dying man.
+
+"It is all over," he whispered. "I have reformed, Lily. I have quite
+turned over a new leaf. I have now resolved to taking the pledge. Kiss
+me, dear, and tell me that you forgive me."
+
+"Yes, yes, Charley. God knows that I forgive you. Why, you will come
+back to yourself in a very little while. Thank God for it, dear! Your
+own true self. You will be my dear old boy again--the boy that I have
+always loved; not the drinking, bad boy--the clever, bright boy. Oh,
+my dear, my dear! you will see mother again very soon, and she will
+welcome her boy, returned to himself again."
+
+"Yes," he said, "that's it. A serious reform this time. Lily, I dare
+say I shall be up and well again in a day or two. Then we will see
+what to do next. I am going out to Australia, where everybody has a
+chance--America is a fraud. I shall get rich there, and then you and
+mother will come to me, and we shall get married, and--oh! Lily, Lily,
+after all that we have suffered, we shall have--I see that we shall
+have"--he paused, and his voice grew faint--"we shall have--the most
+splendid time!"
+
+"He is gone," said the nurse.
+
+
+
+
+AN OLD SONG.
+
+AUTHOR UNKNOWN.
+
+
+  As, t'other day, o'er the green meadow I pass'd,
+  A swain overtook me, and held my hand fast;
+  Then cried, "My dear Lucy, thou cause of my care,
+  How long must thy faithful young Thyrsis despair?
+  To grant my petition, no longer be shy;"
+  But, frowning, I answer'd, "O, fie, shepherd, fie!"
+
+  He told me his fondness like time should endure;
+  That beauty which kindled his flame 'twould secure;
+  That all my sweet charms were for homage design'd,
+  And youth was the season to love and be kind.
+  Lord, what could I say? I could hardly deny,
+  And faintly I uttered, "O, fie, shepherd, fie!"
+
+  He swore--with a kiss--that he could not refrain;
+  I told him 'twas rude, but he kissed me again.
+  My conduct, ye fair ones, in question ne'er call,
+  Nor think I did wrong--I did nothing at all!
+  Resolved to resist, yet inclined to comply,
+  I leave it for you to say, "Fie, shepherd, fie!"
+
+
+
+
+STRANGER THAN FICTION.
+
+LOVE IN A COTTAGE. THE IRISH STORY-TELLER. HUGH BRONTE AS A TENANT-RIGHTER.
+
+Stories of the Bronte Family in Ireland.
+
+BY DR. WILLIAM WRIGHT.
+
+
+I. LOVE IN A COTTAGE.
+
+After a brief honeymoon, spent at Warrenpoint, Alice Bronte returned,
+on her brother's invitation, to her old home, and Hugh went back to
+complete his term of service in Loughorne. It soon became desirable
+that his wife should have a home of her own, and he took a cottage in
+Emdale, in the parish of Drumballyroney, with which Drumgooland was
+united at the time.
+
+The house stands near crossroads leading to important towns. In a
+direct line it is about three and three-quarters statute miles from
+Rathfriland, seven and three-quarters from Newry, twelve from
+Warrenpoint, and five and a quarter from Banbridge. The exact position
+of the house, is on the north-west side of the old road, leading, in
+Hugh Bronte's day, to Newry and Warrenpoint. Almost opposite, on the
+other side of the road, there was a blacksmith's shop, which still
+continues to be a blacksmith's shop. The Bronte house remains, though
+partially in ruins.
+
+The house is now used as a byre, but its dimensions are exactly the
+same as when it became the home of Hugh Bronte and his bride. The rent
+then would be about sixpence per week, and would, in accordance with
+the general custom, be paid by one day's work in the week, with board,
+the work being given in the busy season.
+
+The house consisted of two rooms. That over which the roof still
+stands was without chimney, and was used as bedroom and parlor, and
+the outer room, from which the roof has fallen, was used as a
+corn-kiln, and also as kitchen and reception-room.
+
+A farmer's wife, whose ancestors lived close to the Bronte house long
+before the Brontes were heard of in County Down, pointing to a spot in
+the corner of the byre opposite to the window, said: "There is the
+very spot where the Reverend Patrick Bronte was born." Then she added,
+"Numbers of great folk have asked me about his birthplace, but och!
+how could I tell them that any _dacent_ man was ever born in such a
+place!" This feeling on the part of the neighbors will probably
+account for the fact that everything written thus far regarding
+Patrick Bronte's birthplace is wrong, neither the townland, nor even
+the parish of his birth, being correctly given.
+
+In the lowly cottage in Emdale, now known as "The Kiln," and used as a
+cowhouse, Patrick Bronte was born, on the 17th of March, 1777. Men
+have risen to fame from a lowly origin, but few men have ever emerged
+from humbler circumstances than Patrick Bronte.
+
+Many a reader of Mrs. Gaskell's life of Charlotte Bronte has been
+saddened by the picture of the vicar's daughters amid their narrow and
+grim surroundings, but the gray vicarage of Haworth was a palace
+compared with the hovel in which the vicar himself was born and
+reared.
+
+Besides, the Haworth vicarage was never really as sombre as Mrs.
+Gaskell painted it, for Miss Ellen Nussey was a constant visitor, and
+she assures me that the girls were bright and happy in their home,
+always engaged on some project of absorbing interest, and always
+enjoying life in their own sober and thoughtful way.
+
+The Bronte cottage in Emdale was very poor, but it was brightened with
+the perennial sunshine of love. It was love in a cottage, in which the
+bare walls and narrow board were golden in the light of Alice Bronte's
+smile. It was said in the neighborhood that Mrs. Bronte's smile "would
+have tamed a mad bull," and on her deathbed she thanked God that her
+husband had never looked upon her with a frown.
+
+In their wedded love they were very poor, but very happy. Hugh's
+constant, steady work provided for the daily wants of an ever-increasing
+family, but it made no provision for the strain of adverse
+circumstances. In fact, the Emdale Brontes lived like birds, and as
+happy as birds.
+
+Hugh Bronte was one of the industrious poor. The salt of his life was
+honest, manly toil. He had forgotten the luxury of his childhood's
+home, and he did not feel any degradation in his lowly lot.
+
+In our artificial civilization we have come to place too much store on
+the accident of wealth. Our Blessed Saviour, whom all the rich and
+luxurious call "Lord," was born in as lowly a condition of comfortless
+poverty as Patrick Bronte. Cows are now housed in Bronte's birthplace,
+but our Lord was born among the animals in the _caravanserai_. And
+yet, in our social code, we have reduced the Decalogue to this one
+commandment, "Thou shalt not be poor."
+
+Hugh Bronte did not choose poverty as his lot, but, being a working
+man, like the carpenter of Nazareth, he did the daily work that came
+to his hand, and then, side by side with Alice, he found the fulness
+of each day sufficient for all its wants.
+
+The happy home was soon crowded with children, and the family removed
+to a larger and better house, in the townland of Lisnacreevy. The
+parish register of Drumballyroney Church, to which the Brontes
+belonged, unfortunately goes no farther back than 1779, two years
+after the birth of Patrick. The register, which is now kept in the
+parish church of Drumgooland, belonged to the united parishes of
+Drumballyroney and Drumgooland, in which, when united, the Reverend
+Mr. Tighe was vicar for forty-two years. When Patrick Bronte was two
+years old, less one day, his brother William was baptized, and about
+every two succeeding years either a brother or a sister was added
+until the family numbered ten.
+
+
+II. THE DAILY ROUND.
+
+Hugh Bronte and his wife could not live wholly on love in a cottage,
+and Hugh had to bestir himself. He was an unskilled laborer, but he
+understood the art of burning lime. There was no limestone, however,
+in that part of County Down to burn, and as he could not have a
+lime-kiln, he resolved to have a corn-kiln.
+
+At the beginning of this century a corn-kiln in such a district in
+Ireland was a very simple affair. A floor of earthenware tiles,
+pierced nearly through from the underside, was arranged on a kind of
+platform or loft. Beneath there was a furnace, which was heated by
+burning the rough, dry seeds, or outer _shelling_, ground off the
+oats. In front of the furnace there was a hollow, called "the
+logie-hole," in which the kiln man sat, with the shelling or seeds
+heaped up within arm's length around him, and with his right hand he
+_beeked_ the kiln, by throwing, every few seconds, a sprinkling of
+seeds on the flame. In this way he kept up a warm glow under the corn
+till it was sufficiently dried for the mill.
+
+Such was the simple character of the ordinary corn-kiln in County Down
+at the beginning of the century. But I have been assured by the old
+men of the neighborhood that Hugh Bronte's kiln was of a still more
+primitive structure. The platform, or corn-floor, was constructed by
+laying iron bars across unhewn stones set up on end. On these bars
+straw matting was spread, and on the matting the corn was placed to
+dry. Such a structure was the immediate precursor of the pottery
+floored kiln. The design was the same in both, but the matting was
+always liable to catch fire, and required careful attention.
+
+The kiln was erected in the part of the Bronte cottage now roofless,
+and, like the cottage itself, must have been a very humble affair. It
+has been suggested that the kiln may have stood elsewhere, but it is
+now established beyond all doubt, on the unanimous testimony of the
+inhabitants, that the Bronte kiln stood in the ruined room of the
+Bronte cottage, and, in fact, it is known by the name of "the Brontes'
+kiln."
+
+Within those walls, now roofless, the grandfather of Charlotte Bronte
+began in 1776 to earn the daily bread of himself and his bride, by
+roasting his neighbors' oats. His wage was known by the name of
+"muther," and consisted of so many pounds of fresh oats taken from
+every hundredweight brought to him to be kiln-dried. The miller, too,
+was paid in kind, but his muther was taken by measure, after the
+shelling, or seeds, had been ground off the grain.
+
+When Hugh Bronte had accumulated a sackful of muther he dried it on
+his kiln, took it to the mill, and paid his muther in turn to the
+miller, to have it ground into meal.
+
+The meal, when taken home, was stored in a barrel, and with the
+produce of the rood of potatoes which Hugh had _sod_ on his
+brother-in-law's farm, became the food of himself and family. As the
+Brontes could not consume all the muther themselves, the surplus would
+be sold to provide clothing and other necessaries, and though there
+remains no trace of pig-stye or fowl-house, there can be little doubt
+that Mrs. Bronte would have both pigs and fowl to eke out her
+husband's earnings.
+
+Mrs. Bronte was a famous spinner, and she handed down the art to her
+daughters. She had always a couple of sheep grazing on her brother's
+land. She carded and span the wool, her spinning-wheel singing all day
+beside her husband, as he beeked the kiln. Then, during the long, dark
+evenings, when they had no light but the red eye of the kiln, she
+knitted the yarn into hose and vest and shirt, and even head-gear, so
+that Hugh Bronte, like his sons in after years, was almost wholly clad
+in "homespun."
+
+This, probably, had something to do with the general impression, which
+still remains in the neighborhood, of the stately and shapely forms of
+the Bronte men and women. The knitted woollen garments fitted close,
+unlike the fantastic and shapeless habiliments that came from the
+hands of local tailors in those days.
+
+Alice Bronte also span nearly all the garments which she wore, and her
+tall and comely daughters after her were dressed in clothes which
+their own hands had taken from the fleece.
+
+On principle, as well as from necessity, the Brontes wore woollen
+garments, and the vicar carried the same taste with him to England,
+where his dislike of everything made of cotton was attributed by his
+biographer to dread of fire. The absurd servants' gossip as to his
+cutting up his wife's silk gown had possibly a grain of truth in it,
+owing to his preference for woollen garments; but the atrocity spun
+out of the gossip by Mrs. Gaskell was probably an exaggeration of an
+innocent act. At any rate, the old man characterized the statement, I
+believe truly, by a small but ugly word.
+
+All the Brontes, father, mother, sons, and daughters, to the number of
+twelve, were clad in wool, and they were the healthiest, handsomest,
+strongest, heartiest family in the whole country. They were a standing
+proof of the excellency of the woollen theory, and it is interesting
+to note how Hugh Bronte's theory and practice have received approval
+in our own day. For a time the Brontes had to look to others to weave
+their yarn into the blankets and friezes that they required, but
+Patrick was taught to weave as soon as he was able to throw the
+shuttle and roll the beam, and then his father's house manufactured
+for themselves everything they wore, from the raw staple to the
+gracefully fitting corset.
+
+Even the scarlet mantle for which "Ayles" Bronte is still remembered
+in Ballynaskeagh was carded, spun, knitted, and dyed by Mrs. Bronte's
+own hands. The spirit of independence manifested by the Brontes in
+England was a survival of a still sturdier spirit that had had its
+origin in one of the humblest cabins in County Down.
+
+As time passed Hugh Bronte became a famous ditcher. There is a very
+old man called Hugh Norton, living in Ballynaskeagh, who remembers him
+making fences and philosophizing at the same time. It is very probable
+that the introduction of corn-kilns constructed of burnt pottery may
+have left him without custom for his straw-mat kiln, just as the
+introduction of machinery at a later period left the country
+hand-looms idle.
+
+In Hugh Bronte's time more careful attention began to be given to the
+land. Bogs were drained, fields fenced, roads constructed, bridges
+made, houses built, with greater energy than had ever been known
+before, and, although the landlord generally raised the rent on every
+improvement effected by the tenant, the wave of prosperity and
+improvement continued. Hugh Bronte was a good, steady workman, and
+found constant employment, and at that time wages rose from sixpence
+per day to eightpence and tenpence. The sod fences made by him still
+stand as a monument of honest work, and there are few country
+districts where huntsmen would find greater difficulty with the fences
+than in Emdale and Ballynaskeagh.
+
+As Hugh Bronte advanced in life he continued to prosper. He removed
+from the Emdale cottage to a larger house in Lisnacreevy, and from
+thence he and his family went home to live with Red Paddy, Mrs.
+Bronte's brother. On the Ballynaskeagh farm the children found full
+scope for their energies, and they continued to prosper and purchase
+surrounding farms until they were in very comfortable circumstances.
+The Brontes were greatly advanced in their prosperity by a discovery
+made by one of their countrymen. John Loudon Macadam was a County Down
+surveyor. He wrote several treatises on road-making of a revolutionary
+character. His proposal was to make roads by laying down layers of
+broken stones, which he said would become hardened into a solid mass
+by the traffic passing over them.
+
+For a time he was the subject of much ridicule, but he persevered, and
+proved his theory in a practical fashion. The importance of the
+invention was acknowledged by a grant from the government of ten
+thousand pounds, which he accepted, and by the offer of a baronetcy,
+which he declined. He lived to see the world's highways improved by
+his discovery, and the English language enriched by his name.
+
+The old, unscientific road-makers were too conservative to engage in
+the construction of _macadamized_ roads, but the Brontes were shrewd
+enough to see the value of the new method, and they tendered for
+county contracts, and their tenders were accepted. Then the way to
+fortune lay open before them. They opened quarries on their own land,
+where they found an inexhaustible supply of stone, easily broken to
+the required size. With suitable stone ready to their hands they had a
+great advantage over all rivals, and for a generation the macadamizing
+of the roads in the neighborhood was practically a monopoly in the
+Bronte family.
+
+I remember the excellent carts and horses employed by the Brontes on
+the road, and I also distinctly recollect that the names painted on
+the carts were spelled "Bronte," the pronunciation being "Bronte,"
+never "Prunty," as has been alleged.
+
+With the lucrative monopoly of road-making added to their farm profits
+the Brontes grew in wealth. They raised on their farm the oats and
+fodder required by the horses, and, as the brothers did a large amount
+of the work themselves and had nothing to purchase, the money received
+for road-making was nearly all profit.
+
+In those days the Brontes added field to field, until they farmed a
+considerable tract of land, which they held from a model landlord
+called Sharman Crawford. That was the period at which a two-storied
+house was built, and there were houses occupied by the Brontes, from
+the two-storied house down to the thatched cottage. In fact, the house
+of Red Paddy McClory, in which Alice was born and reared, stood about
+half-way between the two-storied house and the cabin. The foundations
+of the house in which Charlotte Bronte's Irish grandmother was born
+are still visible.
+
+Shortly after the death of old Hugh, and in the time of the Bronte
+prosperity, one of the brothers, called Welsh, opened a public-house
+in the thatched cabin referred to, and from that moment, as far as I
+have been able to make out, the tide of the Bronte prosperity turned.
+
+Everything the Brontes did was genuine. Their whiskey was as good in
+quality as their roads, and I fear it must be added that they were
+among the heartiest customers for their own commodities. They ceased
+to work on the roads, their hard-earned money slipped through their
+fingers, and the public-house became the meeting-place for the fast
+and wild youth of the locality.
+
+Then another brother, called William, but known as Billy, opened on
+the Knock Hill another public-house, which also became a centre of
+demoralization to the young men of the district, and a source of
+degradation to the keeper. I remember both these pests in full force.
+They were much frequented by Orangemen, who, when tired playing "The
+Protestant Boys," used to slake their thirst and fire their hatred of
+the _Papishes_ by drinking Bronte's whiskey.
+
+I am bound to say distinctly that I do not believe any of Charlotte
+Bronte's Irish uncles ever became confirmed drunkards. They took to
+the drink business too late in life to be wholly overmastered by the
+passion for alcohol. Besides, their father's example, and the
+industrious habits of their youth and early manhood, had combined to
+give moral fibre to the stubborn Bronte character, which saved them
+from precipitate descent on the down grade.
+
+I never saw any of the Brontes drunk, and I believe the occasional
+drinking of the family was limited to the two brothers who sold drink,
+and who would always feel bound in honor "to taste a drop" with their
+customers. The other brothers would drink like other people, in fairs
+and markets, where every transaction was ratified by a glass of grog,
+but I do not believe they often drank to excess.
+
+In those days everybody drank. At births, at baptisms, at weddings, at
+wakes, at funerals, and in all the other leading incidents of life,
+intoxicating liquors were considered indispensable. If a man was too
+hot he drank, and if he was too cold he drank. He drank if he was in
+sorrow, and he drank when in joy. When his gains were great he drank,
+and he drank also when crushed by losses. The symbol of universal
+hospitality was the black bottle.
+
+Ministers of the Gospel used to visit their people quarterly. On these
+visitations the minister was accompanied by one of his deacons. Into
+whatever house they entered they were immediately met by the
+hospitable bottle and two glasses, and they were always expected to
+fortify themselves with spirituous draughts before beginning their
+spiritual duties. As the visitors called at from twelve to twenty
+houses on their rounds, they must have been "unco fou" by the close of
+the day.
+
+It is interesting to remember that when the drinking habits of the
+country were at their height the temperance reformation was begun in
+Great Britain, by the best friend the Brontes had, the Reverend David
+McKee. It is of still greater interest, in our present investigation,
+to know that Mr. McKee was moved to the action which has resulted in
+the great temperance reform by the Bronte public-houses at his door,
+and by the demoralization they were creating.
+
+The little incident which has led to such momentous results came about
+in this way: the Reverend David McKee of Ballynaskeagh was the
+minister of the Presbyterian Church of Anaghlone. He had built his
+church, and he was largely independent of his congregation. One
+Sunday he thought fit to preach on _The Rechabites_. In the sermon he
+ridiculed and denounced the drinking habits of the time. The sermon
+fell on the congregation like a thunderbolt from a cloudless sky.
+Blank amazement in the audience was succeeded by hot indignation.
+
+On the following morning an angry deputation from the congregation
+waited on Mr. McKee. He listened to them with patient courtesy while
+they urged that the sermon should be immediately burnt, and that an
+apology should be tendered to the congregation on the following
+Sunday.
+
+When the deputation had exhausted themselves and their subject, Mr.
+McKee began quietly to draw attention to the happy homes which had
+been desolated by whiskey, the brilliant young men whom it had ruined,
+the amiable neighbors whom it had hurried into drunkards' graves, and
+then he pointed to the Brontes as an example of the baneful influence
+of the trade on the sellers of the stuff themselves.
+
+The deputation, some of them Orangemen, were in no mood to listen to
+radical doctrines, subversive of their time-honored customs, and they
+began to threaten.
+
+Mr. McKee, who was six feet six inches high, and of great muscular
+power, drew himself up to his full stature, and calling to his
+servant, then at breakfast in the kitchen, told him to saddle his best
+mare, as he wished to ride in haste to Newry, to publish his sermon in
+time for circulation on the following Sunday. Then, turning to the
+deputation, he thanked them for their early visit, which he hoped
+would bear fruit, and bowed them out of his parlor.
+
+He rode the best horse in the whole district, and he never drew rein
+till he reached the printing-office in Newry, and he had the sermon
+ready for circulation on the following Sunday, and handed it to his
+people as they retired.
+
+In 1798 Mr. McKee, then a youth, watched from a hill in his father's
+land the battle of Ballynahinch. He had in his arms at the time a
+little nephew who had been left in his charge. The little nephew
+became the great Doctor Edgar of Belfast, who used to boast playfully
+that he was "up in arms" at the battle of Ballynahinch.
+
+Mr. McKee sent a copy of _The Rechabites_ to his eloquent nephew.
+Doctor Edgar read the sermon, and then, rising from his seat,
+proceeded swiftly to carry all the whiskey he had in the house into
+the street, and empty it into the gutter. With that drink offering
+Doctor Edgar inaugurated the great temperance reform. From Ireland he
+passed to Scotland, and from Scotland to England. The whole kingdom
+was mightily stirred, and the temperance cause has ever since
+continued to flourish. The little seed, stimulated at first by the
+Bronte public-houses, has become a great tree, the branches of which
+extend to all lands.
+
+We have now seen the Brontes in the daily round of their common
+pursuits. In the next chapter we hope to see old Hugh in the light of
+his Bronte genius.
+
+
+III. THE IRISH RACONTEUR OR STORY-TELLER.
+
+The Hakkawati is the oriental story-teller, the man who beyond all
+others relieves the tedium and wearisomeness of oriental life. I have
+often watched the oriental Hakkawati, seated in the centre of a large
+crowd, weaving stories with subtile plots and startling surprises,
+using pathos and passion and pungent wit, and always interspersing his
+narratives with familiar incidents, and laying on local color, to give
+an appearance of _vraisemblance_, or reality, to the wildest fancies.
+
+The Arabian Hakkawati generally tells his stories at night, when the
+weird and wonderful are most effective. He has always a fire so
+arranged as to light up his countenance with a ruddy glow, so that the
+movements and contortions of a mobile face may add support to the
+narrative. He sometimes proceeds slowly, stumbling and correcting
+himself, like D'Israeli, as if his one great desire was to stick to
+the literal truth.
+
+Without any apparent effort to please, the Hakkawati keeps his finger
+on the pulse of his audience. Should they show signs of weariness, he
+makes them smile by some pleasantry, and as the Arab holds that
+"smiles and tears are in the same _khury_," or wallet, he brings
+something of great seriousness on the heels of the fun, and works
+himself into a white heat of passion over it, the veins rising like
+cords on his forehead, and his whole frame convulsed and throbbing,
+the rapt audience following, in full sympathy with every mood.
+
+I have seen the Arabs shivering and pale with terror, as the Hakkawati
+narrated the fearful deeds of some imaginary _jinn_, and I have seen
+them feeling for their daggers, and ready to spring to their feet, to
+avenge some dastard act of imaginary cruelty; and a few seconds after
+I have seen them melted to tears at the recital of some imaginary tale
+of woe. I never wearied in listening to the Hakkawati, or in watching
+the artlessness of his consummate art; and I have always looked on him
+as the most interesting of all orientals, a positive benefactor to his
+illiterate countrymen.
+
+Hugh Bronte was an Irish Hakkawati, the last of an extinct race. I
+knew several men who had heard him when he was at his best. He would
+sit long winter nights in the logie-hole of his corn-kiln, in the
+Emdale cottage, telling stories to an audience of rapt listeners who
+thronged around him. Mrs. Bronte plied her knitting in the outer
+darkness of the kitchen, for there was no light except the glow from
+the furnace of the kiln, which lighted up old Hugh's face as he
+_beeked_ the kiln, and told his yarns.
+
+The Reverend William McAllister, from whom I got most details as to
+Bronte's story-telling, had heard his father say that he spent a night
+in Bronte's kiln either in the winter of 1779 or 1780. Bronte's fame
+was then new. The place was crowded to suffocation. At that time he
+reserved a place near the fire for Mrs. Bronte, and Patrick, then a
+baby, was lying on the heap of seeds from which the fire was fed, with
+his eyes fixed on his father, and listening, like the rest, in
+breathless silence.
+
+Hugh Bronte seems to have had the rare faculty of believing his own
+stories, even when they were purely imaginary, and he would sometimes
+conjure up scenes so unearthly and awful that both he and his hearers
+were afraid to part company for the night. Frequently his neighbors
+could not face the darkness alone after one of Hugh's gruesome
+stories, and lay upon the _shelling_ seeds till day dawned.
+
+The farmers' sons of the whole neighborhood used to gather round
+Bronte at night to hear his narratives, and he continued to
+manufacture stories of all descriptions as long as he lived.
+
+I have always understood that Hugh Bronte's stories, though sometimes
+rough in texture and interspersed with emphatic expletives, after the
+manner of the time, had always a healthy moral bearing. As a genuine
+Irishman he never used an immodest word, or by gesture, phrase, or
+innuendo suggested an impure thought. On this point all my informants
+were unanimous. He neither used unchaste words himself, nor permitted
+any one to do so in his house. Tyranny and cruelty of every kind he
+denounced fiercely. Faithlessness and deceit always met condign
+punishment in his romances, and in cases where girls had been
+betrayed, either the ghost of the injured woman, or the devil himself,
+in some awful form, wreaked unutterable vengeance on the betrayer.
+
+Hugh Bronte was a great moral teacher and a power for good, as far as
+his influence extended. There are still some old men living in his
+neighborhood who never understood him, and who are disposed to think
+he was in league with the devil.
+
+It is always at his peril that any man dares to live before his time,
+or to leave the beaten track of the commonplace. The reformers have
+all, without exception, been mad, or worse, in the eyes of dull
+conservatism. Bronte dared to teach his neighbors by allowing them to
+see as well as hear, and those who were too stupid to understand were
+clever enough to denounce.
+
+By a very great effort Hugh Bronte learned to read, late in life. He
+began at Mount Pleasant, with no higher aim than that of being able to
+write letters to Alice McClory, when he could no longer visit her. He
+made rapid strides in learning under the tutelage of his master's
+children, when he lived in Loughorne, and when he went to live in
+Emdale he knew the sweetness and solace of good books, and he had
+always a book on his knee, which he read by the light of the kiln
+fire, when he was alone. He knew the Bible, Bunyan's "Pilgrim's
+Progress," and Burns's poems, well. Those were bookless days. The
+newspaper had not yet found its way to the people, and in a
+neighborhood of mental stagnation it was something to have one man who
+could hold the mirror up to nature, and lead his illiterate visitors
+into enchanted ground.
+
+Many of Hugh's stories were far removed from the region of romance,
+but he had the literary art of giving an artistic touch to everything
+he said, which added a charm to the narration, independent of the
+facts which he narrated.
+
+The story of his early life, which I have tried to reduce to simple
+prose, was delivered in the rhapsodic style of the ancient bards, but
+simple enough to be understood by the most unlettered peasant. None of
+Bronte's stories were so acceptable as the simple record of his early
+hardships.
+
+Mingled with all his stories, shrewd maxims for life and conduct were
+interwoven; but in his oration on tenant-right he broke new ground,
+and showed that under different circumstances he might have been a
+great statesman, and saved his country from unutterable woe.
+
+Hugh Bronte was superstitious, but while his superstitious character
+descended to all his children, the faculty of story-telling was
+inherited, as far as I have been able to ascertain, by Patrick alone.
+All the sons and daughters talked with a dash of genius--as one of
+their old acquaintances said, "They were very cliver with their
+tongues"--but I have never heard of any of them except Patrick trying
+to tell a story.
+
+Patrick, at the age of two or three, used to lie on the warm shelling
+seeds and listen to his father's entrancing stories, and he seems to
+have caught something of his father's gift and power. Miss Nussey,
+Charlotte's friend, "Miss E.," has often told me of Patrick's power to
+rivet the attention of his children, and awe them with realistic
+descriptions of simple scenes. All the girls used to sit in breathless
+silence, their prominent eyes starting out of their heads, while their
+father unfolded lurid scene after scene; but the greatest effect was
+produced on Emily, who seemed to be unconscious of everything else
+except her father's story, and sometimes the descriptions became so
+vivid, intense, and terrible that they had to implore him to desist.
+
+Miss Nussey had opportunities for observing the Bronte girls that no
+other person had. She became Charlotte's friend at school, when both
+were homesick and needed friends. She continued to be her fast friend
+through life. Gentle Anne Bronte died in her arms, and she was
+Charlotte's true consoler when the heroic Emily passed swiftly away.
+She early discovered the ring of genius in Charlotte's letters, and
+preserved every scrap of them, and it is chiefly through those letters
+that the Brontes are known in England. She was Charlotte's confidante
+in all private transactions and love matters, and she might have been
+a nearer friend still had Charlotte not refused an offer of marriage
+from her brother--an incident in the novelist's life here for the
+first time made public.
+
+Miss Nussey was not only Charlotte's devoted friend, but she was a
+constant visitor at Haworth, and a keen observer. She had a great
+power of discernment in literary matters, and a very considerable
+literary gift herself. She had not to wait till "Jane Eyre" and
+"Wuthering Heights" were published to learn that Charlotte and Emily
+Bronte were endowed with genius. We owe it to her penetrating sagacity
+that we know so much of the vicar's daughters. She watched their
+growth of intellect and everything that ministered to it, and she
+believes firmly that the girls caught their inspiration from their
+father, and that Emily got not only her inspiration but most of her
+facts from her father's narratives.[4]
+
+  [4] Swinburne, in his "Note on Charlotte Bronte," has alone had the
+      poetic insight and artistic instinct to discern this fact. He is
+      right when he says, "Charlotte evidently never worked so well as
+      when painting more or less directly from nature.... In most
+      cases, probably, the designs begun by means of the camera were
+      transferred for completion to the canvas."
+
+      Swinburne, however, falls short in discernment, when, in
+      contrasting Charlotte with her sister, he says: "Emily Bronte,
+      like William Blake, would probably have said, or at least
+      presumably have felt, that such study after the model was to her
+      impossible--an attempt but too certain to diminish her
+      imaginative insight and disable her creative hand."
+
+      Surely the highest imaginative insight and deftest creative hand
+      work from the model, nature, but the result is not a mere
+      portrait of the model.
+
+"The dirty, ragged, black-haired child," brought home by Mr. Earnshaw
+from Liverpool, is none other than the real dirty, naked, black-haired
+foundling, discovered on the boat between Liverpool and Drogheda, and
+taken home by Charlotte's great-grandfather and great-grandmother to
+the banks of the Boyne. The artist, however, is not a mere copyist,
+and hence, while the story starts from existing facts, and follows the
+general outline of the real, it is not the very image of the real, and
+makes deviations from the original facts to meet the exigencies of
+art.
+
+There is no difficulty, however, in recognizing the original of the
+incarnate fiend Heathcliff in the man Welsh, who tormented Hugh
+Bronte, Patrick's father, in the old family home near Drogheda. Had
+Welsh never played the demon among the Brontes, Emily Bronte had never
+placed on the canvas Heathcliff, "child neither of lascar nor gypsy,
+but a man's shape animated by demon life--a ghoul, an afrit." Nelly
+Dean, the benevolent but irresolute medium of romance and tragedy, is
+Hugh's Aunt Mary, clear-eyed as to right and duty, but ever slipping
+down before the force of circumstances. And old Gallagher, on the
+banks of the Boyne, with "the Blessed Virgin and all the saints" on
+his side, is none other than the original of the old hypocrite, Joe.
+Gallagher is Joe speaking the Yorkshire dialect.
+
+And Edgar Linton is the gentle and forgiving brother of Alice, our
+friend Red Paddy McClory, who took his sister home after her runaway
+marriage with a Protestant, and finally took the whole Bronte family
+under his roof, and gave them all he possessed. Even Catherine
+Linton's flight and marriage has solid foundation in fact, either in
+Alice Bronte's romantic elopement with Hugh, or in the more tragic
+circumstances of Mary Bronte's marriage with Welsh.
+
+It is not credible that Patrick Bronte, in his story-telling moods,
+never narrated to his listening daughters the romance of their
+grandfather and grandmother. It is true Miss Nussey never heard any
+reference to the story, nor did the Brontes ever in her presence refer
+to their Irish home or friends or history, though, at the very time
+she was visiting Haworth, they were in constant communication with
+their Irish relatives, and, as we shall see, one of the uncles
+actually visited them, as Charlotte's champion, and one of them had
+visited Haworth at an earlier date.
+
+They were too proud to talk even to their most intimate friends of
+their Irish home, much less to expose the foibles of their immediate
+ancestors to phlegmatic English ears; but Patrick Bronte would not
+omit to tell his story-loving daughters the thrilling adventures of
+their ancestors, and the girls, having brooded over the incidents,
+reproduced them in variant forms, and in the sombre setting of their
+own surroundings.
+
+The originals lived and died, acted and were acted upon, in Louth and
+Down; but on the steeps of "Wuthering Heights" they strut again,
+speaking the Yorkshire dialect, and braced by the tonic air of the
+northern downs.
+
+None of the stories betray their origin so clearly as "Wuthering
+Heights," just as none of the novelists were so fascinated with their
+father's tales as Emily. But the stories are all Bronte stories, an
+echo of the thrilling narratives related by old Hugh, and retold, I
+believe, a hundred times by Patrick. Of course, all the stories are
+made to live again under new forms, each writer giving the stamp of
+her own character to the new creations. Artists of the Bronte stamp
+are not portrait painters, nor mere reproducers.
+
+They never were content to be mere lackeys of nature. They were above
+nature, and everything without and within themselves they placed under
+contribution.
+
+Even the rough and rugged characters that have come from the hand of
+Emily show the work of the artist. She added to the repulsive
+Heathcliff qualities of her own. She is perfectly serious when she
+says: "Possibly some people might suspect him [Heathcliff] of a degree
+of under-bred pride. I have a sympathetic chord within me that tells
+me it is nothing of the sort. I know by instinct his reserve springs
+from an aversion to showy display of feeling, to manifestations of
+mutual kindliness. He'll love and hate equally under cover, and esteem
+it a species of impertinence to be loved or hated again. No! I'm
+running on too fast. I bestow my own attributes over-liberally on
+him."
+
+Knowing the model from which Emily Bronte worked, there are few
+passages which throw more light on the artist than this. Catherine
+Linton was modelled on the lovely Alice McClory, who bequeathed to her
+clever granddaughters all the personal attractions they possessed; but
+here again Emily bestows attributes of herself and sisters on her
+stately and lily-like grandmother.
+
+"She [Catherine] was slender, and apparently scarcely past girlhood.
+An admirable form, and the most exquisite little face I had ever had
+the pleasure of beholding; small features, very fair; flaxen
+ringlets, or rather golden, hanging loose on her delicate neck; and
+eyes, had they been agreeable in expression, that would have been
+irresistible."
+
+The picture is neither that of a Bronte of the Haworth vicarage nor is
+it a portraiture of the flower plucked in Ballynaskeagh by Hugh
+Bronte, but it is Alice McClory diluted with a dash of the Penzance
+Branwells, and the effect is a perfect and beautiful picture, more
+pleasing, indeed, than a life-like portrait, with all the radiant
+beauty of the charming Alice, when she rode off to Magherally Church
+with the dashing Hugh Bronte.
+
+
+IV. HUGH BRONTE AS A TENANT-RIGHTER.
+
+Hugh Bronte worked up to his tenant-right doctrines by a series of
+assertions, negative and positive, on religious, political, and
+economic questions. His address, in which he set forth his views on
+such matters, approximated to the form of a lecture more nearly than
+any of his other talks, which were generally in the narrative form.
+The following are the chief points of the discourse, as given to me by
+my old tutor and friend, and the propositions were never varied,
+except in the mere wording, although the statement had never been
+formally written out.
+
+Hugh Bronte always began with a little black Bible in his hand, or on
+his knee, and his first negative assertion was:
+
+I. "The church is not Christ's."
+
+Laying his hand on the little book he would declare that he found
+grace in the Bible, but in the church only greed. Once and only once
+he had appealed to a parson. He was hungry, naked, and bleeding, but
+the great double-chinned, red-faced man had looked on him as if he
+were a rat, and, without hearing his story, had him driven off by a
+grand-looking servant, who cracked a whip over his head and swore at
+him.
+
+In Hugh Bronte's eyes the parsons got their livings for political
+services, and not for learning or goodness. Enormous sums were paid
+them to do work that they did not do. They rarely visited their
+parishes, and their duties were performed by hungry and ill-paid
+curates. When they did return occasionally to their livings they were
+heard of at banquets, where they ate and drank too freely, and at
+other resorts, where they gambled recklessly. They were seen riding
+over the country after foxes and hounds, and sitting in judgment on
+the men whose grain they had trampled down, and sending them to penal
+servitude for trapping hares in their own gardens. They were said to
+be ignorant, but they were known to be irreligious, immoral,
+arrogant, and cruel. They acted as the ministers of the gentry,
+before whom they were very humble, and they utterly despised the
+people who paid for their luxuries, and supported their own priests
+besides.
+
+They gave the sanction of the church to violence, craft, and crime in
+high places, and they were as far removed as men could be, in origin,
+position, and practices, from the apostles of the New Testament. And
+yet, he added, they claimed, in the most haughty manner, that they and
+they alone were the successors of the apostles, although they showed
+no signs of apostolic spirituality or apostolic service.
+
+Hugh Bronte declared that he could not submit to the Protestant
+parson, who despised him because he was poor, and could not aid in his
+promotion, nor could he yield obedience to the Catholic priest, who
+demanded utter subjection and prostration of both body and mind, and
+enforced his church's claims by a stout stick. With these views it is
+not to be wondered at that Hugh Bronte did not belong to any church.
+
+To us, now, his statements appear exaggerated and too sweeping, but it
+must be remembered that he spoke of the Irish clergy in the closing
+decades of the last century. He expressed himself fiercely regarding
+the parsons, and in return they dubbed him "atheist."
+
+His second negative assertion was:
+
+II. "The world is not God's."
+
+He knew from the Bible that God had made all things very good, and
+that he loved the world, but he held that a number of people had got
+in between God and his world, and made it very bad and hateful. They
+were known as kings and emperors, and they had seized on the world by
+fraud and force. They lived on the best of everything that the land
+produced, and when they disagreed among themselves they sent their
+people to kill each other on their account, while they sat at home in
+peace and luxury.
+
+These usurpers not only held sway over the possessions and lives of
+men, but they decreed the exact thoughts men were to entertain
+concerning God, and the exact words they were to speak concerning God;
+and when men presumed to obey God rather than men they were tied to
+stakes and burned to death as blasphemers. For such sentiments as
+these Hugh Bronte was denounced as a socialist--a very bad and
+dangerous name at the beginning of the present century.
+
+His third negative proposition was:
+
+III. "Ireland is not the king's."
+
+He understood that King George III. was not a wise man, but that he
+was a humane man. Ireland was not governed by King George III., but by
+a gang of rapacious brigands. They constantly invoked the king's name,
+but only to serve more fully their own selfish ends. By the king's
+authority they carried out their policy of systematic outrage, until
+he hated the very name of the king whom he always wished to love.
+
+The chief business of the king's representatives was to plunder his
+majesty's poorer subjects. For this purpose the country was parcelled
+out and divided among a number of base and greedy adventurers, in
+return for odious services. Each of these adventurers became king, or
+landlord, in his own district, and lived on the wretched natives.
+Every meskin of butter made on the farm, every pig reared in the
+cabin, every egg laid by the hens that roosted in the kitchen, went to
+support the land-king.
+
+The cottages were mud hovels. The land was bog and barren waste. The
+men and women were in rags. The children were hungry, pinched, and
+bare-footed. But the landlord carried off everything, except the
+potato crop, which was barely sufficient to sustain life.
+
+The landlord was a very great man. He lived in London, near the king,
+in more than royal splendor. Or he passed his time in some of the
+great cities of Europe, spending as much on gay women as would have
+clothed and fed all the starving children on his estate. In English
+society his pleasantries were said to be most entertaining, regarding
+the poverty, misery, and squalor of his tenants, whom he fleeced; but
+he took care never to come near them, lest his fine sensibilities
+should be shocked at their condition. His serious occupation was the
+making of laws to increase his own power for rapacity, and to take
+away from the people every vestige of rights that they might have
+inherited.
+
+"The landlord takes everything and gives nothing," was Hugh Bronte's
+simple form of the fine modern phrase regarding landlords' privileges
+and duties.
+
+Hugh Bronte maintained that the landlord was a courteous gentleman,
+graced with polished manners, and that if he had lived among his
+people he might in time have developed a heart. At least, he could
+hardly have kept up a gentlemanly indifference, in the presence of
+squalor and misery. But he kept quite out of sight of his tenantry, or
+he would not have made so much merriment about the pig, which was
+being brought up among the children, to pay for his degrading
+extravagances. The landlord's place among the people was taken by an
+agent, an attorney, and a sub-agent. The agent was a local potentate,
+whose will was law. The attorney's business was to make the law square
+with the agent's acts. And the under agent was employed to do mean and
+vile and inhuman acts, that neither the agent nor attorney could
+conveniently do.
+
+The duty of the three was to find out, by public inspection and by
+private espionage, the uttermost farthing the tenants could pay, and
+extract it from them legally. In getting the rent for the landlord
+each got as much as he could for himself. The key of the situation was
+the word "eviction."
+
+Then Hugh told the story of his ancestors' farm. The Brontes had
+occupied a piece of forfeited land, with well-defined obligations to a
+chief, or landlord. Soon the landlord succeeded in removing all legal
+restraints which in any way interfered with his absolute control of
+the place. Remonstrance and entreaty were alike unavailing. The
+alterations in title were made by the authority of "George III., by
+the grace of God King of England!"
+
+Hugh's great-grandfather drained the bog and improved the land, at
+enormous expense. Every improvement was followed by a rise in the
+rent. His grandfather built a fine house on the land, by money made in
+dealing, and again the rent was raised, on the increased value given
+to the place by the tenant's industry. Then, the vilest creature in
+human form having ingratiated himself with the agent, by vile
+services, the place was handed over to him, without one farthing of
+compensation to the heirs of the man whose labor had made the place of
+value. All these things were done in the name of George III., though
+the king had no more to do with the nefarious transactions than the
+child unborn.
+
+From this conclusion Hugh Bronte proceeded to his fourth negative
+proposition:
+
+IV. "Irish law is not justice."
+
+He expressed regret that he was unable to respect the laws of the
+country. According to his views, the laws were made by an assembly of
+landlords, purely and solely to serve their own rapacious desires, and
+not in accordance with any dictates of right or wrong. As soon might
+the lambs respect the laws of the wolves as the people of Ireland
+respect the laws of the landlords.
+
+From this point he naturally arrived at his fifth negative proposition:
+
+V. "Obedience to law is not a duty."
+
+He said it might be prudent to obey a bad law, cruelly administered,
+because disobedience might entail inconvenient consequences; but there
+was no moral obligation impelling a man to obey a law which outraged
+decency, and against which every righteous and generous instinct
+revolted. Human laws should be the reflection of divine laws; but the
+landlord-made laws of Ireland had neither the approval of honest men
+nor the sanction of divine justice.
+
+Hugh's sixth and last negative proposition was:
+
+VI. "Patriotism is not a virtue."
+
+He held that every man should love his country, and that every
+Irishman did; but he could not do violence to the most sacred
+instincts of his nature, by any zeal to uphold a system of government
+which dealt with Ireland as the legitimate prey of plunderers.
+
+In other lands men were patriotic because they loved their country. He
+loved his country too well to be a patriot. Love of country more than
+any other passion had prompted to the purest patriotism; but who would
+do heroic acts to maintain a swarm of harpies to pollute and lacerate
+his country? Who would have his zeal aglow to maintain the desolators
+of his native land?
+
+Hugh Bronte gave out his views with a warmth that betrayed _animus_
+arising from personal injury. He was therefore declared to be
+disloyal, and that at a time when there was danger in disloyalty.
+About the time Hugh Bronte was enunciating these sentiments the rising
+of the United Irishmen took place, and the pitched battle of
+Ballynahinch was fought, in 1798. It has always seemed to me strange
+that he should have passed through those times in peace, for the
+"Welsh horse" devastated the country far and wide after the battle,
+and hundreds of innocent people were shot down like dogs. Besides,
+William, his second son, was a United Irishman, and present at the
+battle of Ballynahinch. After the battle he was pursued by cavalry,
+who fired at him repeatedly, but he led them into a bog and escaped.
+
+Hugh Bronte lived in a secluded glen; but the "Welsh horse" visited
+his house, and after a short parley with his wife, in which neither
+understood the other, one of the soldiers struck a light into the
+thatch. Hugh suddenly appeared and spoke to the Welsh soldiers in
+Irish, which it was supposed they understood, as being akin to their
+own language, and they joined heartily with him in extinguishing the
+flames. They joined still more heartily with Hugh in disposing of his
+stock of whiskey. The inability of Hugh's neighbors to communicate
+with the Welsh may account for the fact that a man well known for such
+advanced and disloyal views passed safely through those troublous
+times.
+
+Having completed his negative assertions, or paradoxes, Hugh Bronte
+proceeded to state his theories, or positive conclusions. He laid it
+down as an axiom that justice must be at the root of all good
+government, and he declared emphatically what O'Connell and Agent
+Townsend have since maintained, that the Irish were the most
+justice-loving people in the world. He also held that unjust laws were
+the fruitful source of all the turbulence and crime in Ireland.
+
+Justice, he said, was nothing very grand. It meant simply that every
+man should have his own by legal right. This definition brought him to
+his tenant-right theory. In illustration he returned to the story of
+his ancestral home and the wrongs of his ancestors. He maintained that
+when his forefathers drained the bog and improved the land they were
+entitled to every ounce of improvement they had made. The landlord had
+done nothing for the land. He never went near it, and had never spent
+one farthing upon it, and he should not have been entitled to
+confiscate to his own profit the additional value given to it by the
+labor of another.
+
+He further declared that a just and wise legislature should secure to
+every man, high and low, the fruits of his own labor, and he
+maintained that such simple, natural justice would produce confidence
+in Ireland, and that confidence would beget content and industry, and
+that a contented and industrious people would soon learn to love both
+king and country, and make Ireland happy and England strong. Just laws
+would silence the agitator and the blunderbuss, and range the people
+on the side of the rulers.
+
+Hugh Bronte preached his revolutionary doctrines of simple justice in
+the cheerless east wind, but a little seed, carried I know not how,
+took root in genial soil, and the revolutionary doctrine of "_Every
+man his own_," at which the political parsons used to cry "Anathema,"
+and the short-sighted politicians used to shout "confiscation," has
+become one of the commonplaces of the modern reformation programme of
+fair play. The doctrine of common honesty enunciated by Hugh Bronte
+has lately received the approval of Liberal and Conservative
+governments in what is known as "Tenant-Right," or "The Ulster
+Custom."
+
+And here it is interesting to note that Hugh Bronte was a tenant on
+the estate of Sharman Crawford, a landlord who first took up the cause
+of Irish tenant-right, and after spending a long life in its advocacy,
+bequeathed its defence to his sons and daughters.
+
+Whether Hugh Bronte's doctrines on the relation of landlord and tenant
+ever came to the ears of the Crawford family, I know not. I think it
+is exceedingly probable that they heard of the remarkable man on their
+estate, and of his stories and theories. The Crawfords were never
+absentee landlords, and, as men of high Christian character, they
+always took a personal interest in their tenants, and would not, I
+believe, have failed to note any special intellectual activity among
+them. It is certain, however, that the Sharman Crawfords, father and
+son in succession, spent their lives largely in the propagation of
+Hugh Bronte's views, both in the House of Commons and throughout the
+country, and it seems to me not only probable and possible, but almost
+certain, that Bronte's eloquent and passionate arguments, dropped into
+the justice-loving minds of the Crawfords,[5] _may_ have been the
+primary seeds of the great agrarian harvest which, with the full
+sanction of the legislature, is now being reaped by the farmers in
+Ireland.
+
+  [5] In 1833 W. Sharman Crawford published a pamphlet embodying Hugh
+      Bronte's doctrines, and making suggestions for the good
+      government of Ireland. The pamphlet was republished by Doctor W.
+      H. Dodd, Q. C., in 1892. Councillor Dodd is an old pupil of the
+      Ballynaskeagh school. He received his early education from Mr.
+      McKee, the friend of the Brontes, and he was acquainted, as a
+      student, with Charlotte Bronte's uncles. The following is his
+      summary of the political portion of the pamphlet:
+
+      "Mr. Crawford anticipates, as the probable result of refusing
+      self government to Ireland, the growth of secret societies, the
+      influence of agitation, and the necessity of resorting to force
+      in the government of the country. He touches upon the question
+      of private bill legislation, of a reform of the grand jury
+      system, of county government. He points out that the creation of
+      county councils, without having a central body to control them,
+      is not desirable. And he suggests the creation of a local
+      legislature for Irish affairs, combined with representation in
+      the Imperial Parliament, as the true method of preserving the
+      Union, as the surest bond of the connection between the two
+      countries, and as essentially necessary to tranquillity in
+      Ireland.
+
+      "He refers, among other measures, to the disestablishment of the
+      Irish Church, and the reform of the relations between landlord
+      and tenant, as being pressing.
+
+      "The arguments against his views are met and answered. One would
+      think he had read some of the speeches lately delivered, so apt
+      is his reply.
+
+      "It is curious to note the length of time Ireland has had to
+      wait for the reforms he thought urgent, and it is sad to reflect
+      how much suffering has been endured and how much blood has been
+      shed because the men of his time would not listen to his
+      words."
+
+Should my surmise be correct, and I have never doubted for forty years
+that it is so, great results have flowed from the inhuman treatment of
+a child. Had little Bronte been left in the luxury of his father's
+home, it is not likely he would ever have been shaken up to original
+and independent thought; but the iron of cruel wrong had entered into
+his soul, and he felt that all was not well. He owed no gratitude to
+the existing order of things, and had no compunction in denouncing it;
+and having thought out and formulated a new theory, he proclaimed it
+with the strong conviction of an apostle who sees salvation in his
+gospel alone.
+
+The daring character of Hugh Bronte's speculations in their
+paradoxical form, combined with the fierce energy of his manner in
+making them known, secured for him an audience and an amount of
+consideration to which, as an uneducated working man, he could have
+had no claim. Indeed, Hugh Bronte's revolutionary doctrines were known
+far beyond his own immediate neighborhood, and while many said he was
+mad, some declared that he only saw a little clearer than his
+contemporaries.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 5,
+October 1893, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1893 ***
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